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Diving the Cape Peninsula and False Bay/MV Aster
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The dive site M.V. Aster is a recent wreck in the Hout Bay area on the Atlantic seaboard of the Cape Peninsula, near Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is easily accessible by a short boat trip, and the ship was prepared for diving before it was sunk.
Map showing the positions and features of the wrecks of the Aster (right) and Katsu Maru (left)
Rats leaving the sinking ship — The scuttling crew prepare to jump off as the Aster starts going down
[edit] Understand
The wreck's position is well protected from the south easterly wind, and the depth is conveniently suitable for advanced divers. It supports a large variety of marine life, and is structurally still fairly intact.
During the preparation of the ship for scuttling, the interior was stripped of most snags and contaminants, and some access holes were cut in bulkheads and topsides, and as a consequence, the wreck is relatively safe for penetration by suitably skilled and equipped divers. Most of the compartments have some opening to the outside, through which light can enter, and only a few compartments are truly dark. This makes it a very suitable site for wreck penetration training.
[edit] Position
S34°03.901’ E018°20.967’
S34°03.891’ E018°20.955’ (Mast)
In the middle of the mouth of Hout Bay, near the wreck of the Katsu Maru, about 700m offshore, and just beyond the main traffic lane.
This site is in a Marine Protected Area (2004). A permit is required.
[edit] Name
The 340 ton "MFV Aster" was a South African registered lobster fishing vessel which was prepared as a diver-friendly artificial reef by cleaning and cutting openings into the structure before scuttling. The Aster was scuttled in Hout Bay near the wreck of the Katzu Maru on 9th August 1997. It has been used as a training site for wreck penetration, and a general dive site for advanced divers.
[edit] Depth
Maximum depth is about 28m in the scour at the bow and stern at low tide. This may reach 30m at high spring tides. Average depth of the wreck is over 20m. The gunwale of the main deck is at about 24m at low tide, and the top of the mast is at about 9m depth.
[edit] Visibility
Visibility will vary from poor to about as good as you will get in Cape Town. 20m is possible, but 10m is more likely on a fairly good day, and less than 5m is entirely possible. The wreck is on fine sand and the visibility is significantly affected by swell. Large or long period swell will keep particles in suspension near the bottom. There is virtually no silting on the exterior of the wreck, but the interior is heavily silted in quiet corners. Interior visibility will also depend on diver skill and equipment, and not only will clumsy finning stir up the bottom, but bubbles may disturb material from the deckhead, which will then sink and reduce visibility. This is unavoidable unless diving on a rebreather, so only the first diver of the day will get clean water, and then only on a good day. The deckhead particulates are not as bad as the silt though, so it is still important to maintain precise buoyancy control and avoid bumping into things.
[edit] Topography
Warning — This drawing may not be entirely accurate. Use for dive planning at your own risk.
The ship stands almost level, embedded in the flat bottom as if floating in sand. The bow points towards approximately 330° magnetic (northwest). There is deep scouring of the sand at the bow and stern, usually to about 28m maximum at low tide, but has been known to reach 30m on a high tide. The vessel is is essentially intact and still looks much like when it was afloat. The hull has a few holes cut in it, and the superstructure is intact except for the wheelhouse, which has lost its forward bulkhead and roof. The tripod mast at the break of the forecastle and the forecastle deck are also intact. There is a fairly large rectangular hatch just forward of the superstructure, leading to a hold, and a winch with drums at each side on the main deck under the wheelhouse, open forward and to starboard and accessible also through a hole cut in the port topsides.
The vessel is about 36m long and the beam is about 8m.
The Aster is marked on the charts at the same position as the Katsu Maru and both wrecks can be visited on the same dive. The layout shown on the map is reasonably accurate, as it is based on the GPS tracks round both wrecks on the same dive.
The interior is generally very open, with almost no clutter of wreckage, but there are deep piles of silt in places. The engine room is quite crowded, but is the most interesting compartment as it is full of engine and exhaust ducting. There is also a ladder and a small catwalk. There is a bit of light in most compartments except the after accommodation below the main deck, and a few small compartments in the forward and aft accommodation areas. Most doors are very narrow, about 600mm, which is rather tight for a large person. Some access holes and hatches are even slightly smaller, so it can be rather tight for a large diver or if you are carrying large cylinders.
Most compartments are not more than two compartments away from outside access, and most have a window or porthole admitting light from outside. As a result there are several 'through routes' possible where you can go in at one point and come out at another. Obviously someone will have to go back to recover the line, and if several divers have passed through the visibility will be poor.
General arrangement of the interior: (see the drawing, it is not altogether accurate, but is a useful guide)
• The wheelhouse has lost its forward bulkhead and deckhead (roof), and is also now open to the captain's cabin behind it. These are totally open and accessible from outside, and do not constitute a penetration.
• The forward hold (Fish hold) has two rows of pillars supporting the deck. There is a large rectangular opening and a large more square hatchway with a raised coaming in the main deck providing direct access to the outside, and large access holes both forward and aft into other compartments at this level. The bulkhead between the fish hold and the offal room appears to have been removed and it is now a single large compartment. There is also a small square hatch to the main deck forward, but this is obstructed by invertebrate growth. Forward is the store, and aft is the engine room.
• The store under the forecastle is accessible from the fish hold aft through a big cutout on both sides of the mast, through a compartment which has some machinery in the middle. There is also an adequately sized hatch through the main deck just forward of the base of the mast.
• The forecastle is accessible through a wide doorway in the aft bulkhead on the port side. The crew washroom door is just to the right as you go in. The crew washroom is very small, but the accommodation space is quite roomy. There is a small square hatch down into the chain locker that is too small for a diver wearing a cylinder.
• The engine room is accessible from the aft end of the Fish hold/Offal room space below the main deck and extends up through the superstructure where there are doors to other superstructure areas on both sides, and up behind the funnel where there was probably a set of skylights or ventilation hatches, where a fairly large access hole has been provided. The engine room is quite large, but relatively cramped due to the fuel oil wing tanks to port and starboard forward, the engine in the middle, the stack ducting above the engine, and the ladder and catwalk aft. The ladder is to port of the engine and leads up to a catwalk at main deck level, with a door to port leading to the aft accommodation spaces, which are all interlinked and have several access routes.
• on the starboard side there is access via very tight catwalks to the forward comparment on the starboard side below the wheelhouse.
• There is a fairly large compartment in the superstructure on the starboard side just aft of the winch area. This has a door to the main deck and has access to the engine room.
• The aft accommodation spaces in the superstructure can be reached from the engine room at the upper deck level by a doorway on the port side, through two doorways on the upper deck on the starboard side, through a hatchway from the bridgedeck, and through a cutout in the upper part of the transom. The hatch from the bridgedeck is fairly tight, and it may be too small for some divers. Light comes in through various portholes and rusted areas in the plating.
• The wide opening on the starboard side of the superstructure next to a ladder to the quarterdeck leads to a small compartment, with another door inboard. This leads into what was probably the crew's messroom. There are a number of small compartments leading off this space. On the port side forward is what may have been an office or the engineer's cabin. It is close to a door to the engine room, and there is an opening in the deckhead into the wheelhouse above. Aft of this is a small compartment without windows, which may have been a store or very small office.
• Aft of the entry on the starboard side there is another small compartment, containing a hatchway down to the sleeping quarters, and with a skylight above. The hatchway down is fairly big (big enough for a 1.8m, 90kg diver with a single 15l cylinder on a backplate and a small bailout cylinder, but a close fit), but the space below is very dark, and a light is absolutely necessary. The accomodation space is virtually empty, but there is a lot of silt on the deck. There is a second access hatch central on the aft bulkhead, which is smaller than the forward hatch, and accessed through a small tight compartment with a narrow door on the main accommodation deck.
• Behind the wide door on the starboard side there is a small store opening only to the upper deck, and then a door to the upper deck at the extreme aft end of the narrow side deck on main deck level, under the quarterdeck.
• More or less central at the aft end of the messroom there is a small alleyway leading to a compartment across the transom, where a large opening has been cut for diver access.
• On the starboard side there is a narrow compartment running fore and aft. Inboard of that is a small toilet compartment (heads), athwartships.
• On the port side is a small empty compartment, possibly a store.
• On the port side just forward of this space there is a another small compartment, possibly a store, with a small hatch giving access to the steering compartment. The hatch looks too small for a diver wearing a back mounted set, and forward of that, with a door facing forward, another small compartment.
• Forward and slightly outboard of that is another small compartment with a door facing forward.
• To starboard of the alleyway, opposite the compartment with the hatch down to the steering compartment, there is a very narrow compartment with a hatchway leading down into the aft accomodation in the lower part of the hull. This hatchway is very small and probably too tight for most divers while wearing a back mount cylinder and buoyancy compensator. Only divers with side-mount equipment and the requisite skills should consider penetrating this compartment, but if you stick your light down the hatch you will be able to take a look inside. This compartment is the same one that is accessed by the larger hatch further forward.
Geology: Flat fine quartz sand bottom.
[edit] Conditions
The site is exposed to south westerly swells, which are beam on to the wreck and can cause a strong surge. The site is usually at its best in summer but there are also occasional opportunities in autumn and winter. On rare occasions there may be no surge at all and visibility of over 20m. The light levels are also highly variable, and not directly related to the visibility, as on some days it can be quite dark due to a dirty upper layer, and still have good visibility, while at other times the visibility gets worse with depth, but can be quite light due to strong sunlight and clear upper water.
This is an area which sometimes has upwellings, caused by strong south easterly winds, resulting in cold clear water, which may develop a plankton bloom over a few days, which will reduce the visibility again.
Keep a lookout for times when the south west swell is low and short period, and there is not too much south easterly wind forecast.
[edit] Get in
Access is only reasonably practicable by boat. The site is about a 2.2km ride from the harbour slipway. The wreck is in the harbour approaches, and there may be significant boat traffic. Dive boats will usually drop a shotline with a large marker buoy. This is the best place to descend and ascend as the boat will remain nearby and this indicates to passing traffic that divers are on site and they will keep clear.
[edit][add listing] See
[edit] Marine life
The wreck is heavily encrusted with common feather stars and sponges, with good representation by colonial ascidians and hydroids. The mast has urchins, black mussels and barnacles near the top. There is a fair range of other species, and the rarely sighted Tasselled nudibranch Kaloplocamus ramosus has been seen here several times. Large rock lobster lurk in the recesses, and rock crabs scuttle around amongst the encrustations of invertebrates. A few small kelp plants have established themselves on shallower parts of the wreck.
[edit] Features
The Aster is a recent wreck in fairly intact condition. The structure is sound and apertures have been cut to make the wreck more diver-friendly for penetrations. Most of the structure is clearly recognisable, and all of the exterior is easily accessible for the advanced diver.
Much of the interior is accessible to competent wreck divers, depending on skill and equipment, and to some extent physical size. Penetrations of varying levels of difficulty are possible. The structure is fairly sound, and relatively uncomplicated.
[edit] Photography
Macro and/or wide angle equipment is recommended. Most of the time macro equipment will give the better results, but on a really good day you may get some fine wide angle shots. Macro will require flash.
[edit] Routes
No special route is recommended.
• Start deep and progress upward. The wreck is small enough to swim around on a single dive if you just want to see the view. Start wherever convenient, and visit the scour pits at the propeller aperture and bow if you want to record maximum depth. Then ascend to the top of the hull on either side and swim around it at the depth of the gunwale, visiting the main deck and break of the forecastle as excursions. Finish the dive on the shallower parts on the superstructure, or work your way up the mast if not using a SMB or shotline.
• If you wish to visit the Katsu Maru, swim to the southwest from the middle of the port side of the Aster, perpendicular to the length axis of the Aster. It is about 30m away — too far to see even on a good day — but a large enough target to find quite easily if you are moderately skilled at navigation. To return, find the wheelhouse of the Katsu Maru, swim over the hull to the keel, and swim away perpendicular to the line of the keel.
• Penetration is possible if the surge is not too strong, but should not be attempted by divers without appropriate training and equipment. It is a good idea to scout the proposed route from outside first and check that the exit hole will be big enough for you and your equipment. There are plenty of convenient tie-off points near the access openings.
[edit] Stay safe
[edit] Hazards
Hazards at this site are due to cold water, occasional fog, and boat traffic. There is also a danger of possible entrapment if the wreck is penetrated. Some of the structure may be unstable, and the superstructure has lost a few components. Strong surge is common if the swell is large or the period long, as the vessel lies directly across the prevailing swell direction and a strong surge will create severe turbulence over the weather side gunwale.
Penetration is relatively easy as the wreck was prepared for divers before sinking. However, not all divers will fit through all of the access openings, and this also depends on your rig. Bulky BCs, dangly hoses, big cylinders and long, hinged or split fins all provide a collection of things to get snagged.
It is quite possible for a group of divers to enter the wreck, and for only the smaller ones to be able to get out the chosen exit hole, so bigger divers may have to backtrack to get out.
[edit] Skills
No special skills are required unless penetration is intended. It is necessary to be qualified for 30m dives, so most "Advanced diver" certifications are appropriate.
Penetration is not recommended unless you are trained in the procedures and have suitable equipment. This being said, the Aster is a good wreck for wreck penetration training, as it is small, compact, and relatively snag-free, with an adequate number of access holes so that it is not likely to be more than three compartments from an exit.
[edit] Equipment
A light will restore colour and allow you to look into the wreck. A reel and DSMB are worth carrying in case it is necessary to surface away from the shotline. A dry-suit is recommended as the water is usually quite cold, but many divers have dived the Aster in wet suits. Nitrox is recommended to extend no-decompression time.
Divers competent to plan and execute penetrations will know what additional equipment they will need. If you don't know, then stay out and stay alive, or attend a wreck diving training programme — there are several local schools offering the training.
Back to Diving the Cape Peninsula and False Bay#Hout Bay
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Methodology article
Targeting the hemangioblast with a novel cell type-specific enhancer
Vera Teixeira1, Natacha Arede1, Rui Gardner1, Joaquín Rodríguez-León1,2 and Ana T Tavares1,3*
Author Affiliations
1 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
2 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
3 Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Developmental Biology 2011, 11:76 doi:10.1186/1471-213X-11-76
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/11/76
Received:22 July 2011
Accepted:28 December 2011
Published:28 December 2011
© 2011 Teixeira et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Hemangioblasts are known as the common precursors for primitive hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. Their existence has been supported mainly by the observation that both cell types develop in close proximity and by in vitro differentiation and genetic studies. However, more compelling evidence will arise from tracking their cell fates using a lineage-specific marker.
Results
We report the identification of a hemangioblast-specific enhancer (Hb) located in the cis-regulatory region of chick Cerberus gene (cCer) that is able to direct the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) to the precursors of yolk sac blood and endothelial cells in electroporated chick embryos. Moreover, we present the Hb-eGFP reporter as a powerful live imaging tool for visualizing hemangioblast cell fate and blood island morphogenesis.
Conclusions
We hereby introduce the Hb enhancer as a valuable resource for genetically targeting the hemangioblast population as well as for studying the dynamics of vascular and blood cell development.
Background
In the early vertebrate embryo, both hematopoietic and endothelial lineages derive from aggregates of mesodermal cells that form the blood islands in the extraembryonic yolk sac [1]. This observation led to the hypothesis that both lineages derive from a common precursor named the hemangioblast [2]. Although still debatable, the existence of hemangioblasts is mainly supported by in vitro differentiation studies [3,4] as well as by evidence that blood and endothelial progenitors express a number of genes in common, such as VEGFR2, GATA2, Lmo2 and Scl/Tal1 [5], some of which regulate the differentiation of both cell lineages [6-8]. Other than these in vitro and genetic studies, further insight into hemangioblast cell fate will require time-lapse imaging studies using a lineage-specific marker.
Hemangioblast reporters have been described in transgenic mouse and zebrafish models [9,10]. However, a particularly suitable system for visualizing live hematovascular development is the yolk sac of the avian embryo [11,12]. During the study of chick Cerberus (cCer) transcriptional regulation [13], we isolated a cis-regulatory region that drives reporter gene expression specifically in blood-island progenitors or hemangioblasts. Here, we report the identification and characterization of this novel hemangioblast-specific enhancer and reveal its potential as a live imaging tool for studying blood and vascular development.
Results and Discussion
To study the transcriptional activity of cCer cis-regulatory region, chick embryos were electroporated with reporter constructs containing cCer 5' genomic sequences of different lengths upstream of the coding sequence for enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), and observed under a fluorescent microscope (Figures 1 and 2) [13]. Our initial results showed that a 400-base pairs (bp) promoter fragment upstream from the ATG of cCer (Cer0.4) is able to drive eGFP expression in cell populations that express cCer, i.e., the anterior mesendoderm (Figure 1) and the left-side mesoderm [13,14]. Further deletion analysis revealed an ectopic domain of expression in the posterior extraembryonic mesoderm where hemangioblasts are located [5]. This pattern was observed in embryos electroporated with constructs that lack the -400 to -360 bp sequence (i.e., Cer0.36, PCR5 and PCR6; Figure 1), suggesting that this region may contain a silencer of hemangioblast expression. Cer-eGFP expression was abolished in the anterior mesendoderm and restricted to hemangioblasts in embryos electroporated with constructs that lack the -204 to -120 bp sequence (i.e., PCR2 and PCR8; Figure 1 and data not shown). PCR8 regulatory sequence is hereafter named the hemangioblast or Hb enhancer, and the hemangioblast-specific reporters PCR2-eGFP and PCR8-eGFP are named Hb-eGFP.
Figure 1. Identification of the cCer hemangioblast enhancer. (A) Enhancer analysis of the cCer cis-regulatory region. cCer 5' genomic sequences (black boxes) were either directly fused to the eGFP reporter gene (green boxes) or sub-cloned into an enhancerless vector carrying the human β-globin minimal promoter (dark blue boxes) upstream of the eGFP coding sequence. Emut, G1mut, G2mut and Smut constructs were designed by introducing mutations in the ETS, GATA (G1 and G2) or FoxH1 (F) binding elements of the PCR8 sequence, respectively (asterisks; see sequence below). The presence ("+") or absence ("-") of eGFP expression in the anterior mesendoderm (AM) and in hemangioblasts (Hb) of electroporated chick embryos is listed on the right. Each result is representative of at least 12 embryos. A schematic representation of cCer -400 to -120 bp regulatory region and the nucleotide sequence of the PCR8 fragment (-255 to -204 bp) are shown in the bottom. Binding sites for the transcription factors ETS (E; blue), GATA (G1 and G2; green), FoxH1 (F; orange) and Nkx-2.5 (yellow) are outlined. The ETS site in the -400 to -360 bp silencing region may be responsible for the repression of hemangioblast expression, whereas the two Nkx-2.5 sites in the -204 to -120 bp sequence may regulate anterior mesendoderm expression. Mutations introduced into the E, G1, G2 and F sites of the Emut, G1mut, G2mut and Smut constructs are also indicated in the PCR8 sequence. (B) Cer-eGFP reporter expression in electroporated chick embryos. Embryos were co-transfected with pCAGGS-RFP (positive control; red fluorescence) and each Cer-eGFP reporter construct (green fluorescence) at stage HH3 and fixed at HH6. Examples of electroporated embryos with ubiquitous RFP fluorescence and specific eGFP expression in the AM (Cer0.4), AM and Hb (PCR6), and Hb alone (PCR8), or without eGFP expression (G2mut).
Figure 2. Characterization of the Hb-eGFP-positive cell population. Chick embryos were processed for cVEGFR2 whole mount in situ hybridization at HH5 (A) or co-electroporated at HH3-4 with the Hb-eGFP reporter construct (PCR2) and the ubiquitous reporter pCAGGS-RFP (B-J) and imaged as whole mounts at HH5 (B), HH7 (C), HH9 (D) and HH11 (E), criosectioned through the yolk sac region at HH11 (F, H-J), or processed for microarray analysis at HH5-6 (G). (B-D) Overlay of bright field, Hb-eGFP green fluorescence and RFP red fluorescence images. (E) RFP fluorescence (left), Hb-eGFP fluorescence (middle) and overlay (right). (F, H-J) Top left: bright field and DAPI (F), bright field alone (H), or bright field and RFP (in blue; I and J); top right: Hb-eGFP green fluorescence; bottom left: RFP red fluorescence (F) or immunolabeling of cVEGFR2 (H), red blood cells (RBC; I) and smooth muscle actin (SMA; J); bottom right: overlay of bright field and fluorescence images. At HH5, cVEGFR2 expression is detected in the posterior extraembryonic population of hemangioblasts (A). At this early stage, Hb-eGFP fluorescence is specifically observed in the same cell population (B). At later stages, eGFP-fluorescent cells aggregate in the extraembryonic region (C), give rise to blood islands (D), and integrate the vascular plexus of the yolk sac (E). Note that the control RFP reporter is ubiquitously expressed, whereas Hb-eGFP fluorescence is restricted to the blood islands (E and F). At early stages, the gene expression profile of Hb-eGFP-positive cells revealed that known hemangioblast markers are enriched, whereas genes expressed in other tissues are downregulated in this cell population (G; see also Additional file 2). At later stages, Hb-eGFP fluorescence is detected in cVEGFR2-positive endothelial cells (H; arrow) and blood cells or erythroblasts (I; arrows), but not in smooth muscle cells (J; arrowheads).
Sequence analysis of the Hb enhancer identified binding sites for transcription factors implicated in endothelial and blood cell differentiation, namely ETS, GATA and FoxH1 [15-17] (Figure 1A). To determine which of these binding elements may be responsible for the regulation of hemangioblast-specific expression, we analyzed the expression of reporter constructs containing mutations in the ETS (E), GATA (G1 and G2) or FoxH1 (F) sites in the PCR8 sequence [17-19] (Figure 1A). Hemangioblast expression was unaltered in embryos electroporated with the Emut, G1mut and Fmut constructs, but abolished in those electroporated with the G2mut construct (Figure 1B). These observations demonstrate that the G2 site is essential for the induction or maintenance of transcription in hemangioblasts, and suggest that the GATA2 is a transcriptional activator of the Hb enhancer in blood-island progenitors [5].
In the avian embryo, hemangioblasts ingress through the posterior primitive streak between stages HH2 and HH9 [20]. To characterize the expression pattern of the Hb-eGFP reporter, embryos were electroporated at either early or late stages (HH3-4 and HH5-6, respectively), placed in culture and observed at successive time points (HH4-13). In embryos electroporated at HH3-4, Hb-eGFP fluorescence was initially detected in posterior primitive streak cells (data not shown) and in a cVEGFR2-positive population of posterior extraembryonic cells (HH5; Figures 2A and 2B). At later stages, eGFP-positive cells migrate away from the embryo and form aggregates in the extraembryonic region (HH7; Figure 2C) that will give rise to the blood islands (HH9; Figure 2D). At HH11, Hb-eGFP fluorescence was restricted to differentiated blood islands and the vascular cells that connect them (Figure 2E and 2F). In embryos electroporated at HH5-6, Hb-eGFP expression was specifically detected in the blood islands that form closer to the embryo (Additional file 1). Taken together, these observations suggest that the Hb enhancer is continually activated in ingressing hemangioblasts that populate the extraembryonic region in a lateral to medial temporal progression [21].
Additional file 1. Hb-eGFP expression in chick embryos electroporated at late stages. Chick embryos were co-electroporated with Hb-eGFP (PCR2) and pCAGGS-RFP reporter constructs at HH5 and fixed at HH11. Top left: bright field (BF); top right: Hb-eGFP green fluorescence; bottom left: RFP red fluorescence; bottom right: overlay of bright field and fluorescence images. Hb-eGFP expression is detected in blood islands (arrows) and in the vascular plexus of the area pellucida (arrowhead).
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To confirm the specificity of the Hb-eGFP reporter, we analyzed the gene expression profile of early Hb-eGFP-positive cells and investigated the co-localization of eGFP fluorescence with known markers of hemangioblast-derived cells. As expected, genes expressed in hemangioblasts, such as Lmo2 (+3.73 fold), Tal1 (+3.62 fold) and CD34 (+2.39 fold), are enriched in the Hb-eGFP-positive population, whereas those expressed in other cell types, such as the endoderm (e.g., Sox17), neuroectoderm (e.g., Otx2) and paraxial mesoderm (e.g., Msgn1), are downregulated (Figure 2G; Additional file 2). At a later stage (HH11), Hb-eGFP fluorescence is detected both in endothelial cells, which express cVEGFR2 protein (Figure 2H), and in blood cells, which express the RBC antigen (Figure 2I). However, Hb-eGFP expression is not observed in the SMA-positive smooth muscle cells that surround the blood islands (Figure 2J). This observation supports the hypothesis that smooth muscle cells are not derived from hemangioblasts [22].
Additional file 2. List of selected genes up- and down-regulated in Hb-eGFP+ cells at HH5-6. Listed genes exhibit greater than 1.7-fold change (lower bound) in expression in Hb-eGFP+ versus Hb-eGFP- cells. Gene function and expression patterns are given when known and were obtained from GEISHA http://geisha.arizona.edu/geisha webcite and from the literature.
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Taken together, our observations indicate that Hb-eGFP expression is initiated in hemangioblasts as they emerge from the primitive streak and is detected in differentiated endothelial and blood cells at least until HH13 (data not shown). This pattern was confirmed by time-lapse imaging of live electroporated embryos. At low amplification, we could see the eGFP-fluorescent cells moving away from the posterior primitive streak, aggregating to form the blood islands, and giving rise to the vascular plexus by connecting the separate islands (Additional file 3). At higher magnification, we were able to follow the movements of individual endothelial and blood cells (Additional file 4), such as the interchange of cells between different blood islands and the cell division of an erythroblast. Moreover, in older embryos, the Hb-eGFP reporter proved to be a very useful tool to record blood cell flow in the vascular plexus of the yolk sac (Additional file 5).
Additional file 3. Time-lapse movie of a developing chick embryo co-electroporated with Hb-eGFP (PCR2) and pCAGGS-RFP reporter constructs (stages HH4 to HH11). As the embryo elongates, Hb-eGFP-positive cells move away from the primitive streak, aggregate to form the blood islands, and give rise to the vascular plexus by connecting the separate islands. Anterior side of the embryo is to the top; images were taken under a Leica DMIRE2 inverted microscope (2.5 × objective; green, Hb-e GFP; red, RFP); 6 min per frame; total time = 24 hours and 12 min; time is indicated in hours in the upper left corner of the image.
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Additional file 4. Time-lapse movie of yolk sac blood islands. The chick embryo was co-electroporated with Hb-eGFP (PCR2) and pCAGGS-RFP reporter constructs at stage HH4 and imaged from HH10 to HH11. eGFP-positive cells are found in blood islands as well as in the vascular-like structures that connect individual blood islands. In this video, we could identify individual cells moving between different blood islands (white arrowhead) as well as the division of a hematopoietic cell in one of the blood islands (yellow arrowheads). Images were taken under a Leica Sp5 confocal microscope (10 × objective; green, Hb-eGFP; red, RFP; small square = 50 mm); 3 min per frame; total time = 4 hours and 6 min; time is indicated in hours in the upper left corner of the image.
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Additional file 5. Time-lapse movie of blood cell flow in the yolk sac. The chick embryo was co-electroporated with Hb-eGFP (PCR8) and pCAGGS-RFP reporter constructs at stage HH4- and imaged at HH12. At this stage, movements of eGFP fluorescent blood cells are already observed within the vascular plexus of the yolk sac. Images were taken under a Leica Sp5 confocal microscope (10 × objective; green, Hb-e GFP; red, RFP); 3 min per frame; total time = 75 min; time is indicated in minutes in the upper left corner of the image.
Format: MOV Size: 550KB Download file | Watch movie
Conclusions
In summary, we identified a hemangioblast enhancer located in cCer cis-regulatory region and describe its activity in developing chick embryos. Furthermore, we have used the Hb-eGFP reporter to characterize the gene expression profile of hemangioblasts and visualize blood island morphogenesis and differentiation in living embryos. In the future, the Hb-eGFP reporter may become a valuable genetic tool for targeting ectopic gene expression to the hemangioblast population as well as for studying live vasculogenesis and blood flow.
Methods
DNA constructs
The isolation and cloning of cCer 5' genomic sequences was performed as previously reported [13]. In particular, cCer regulatory sequences were amplified by PCR using the Cer0.36-eGFP construct DNA as template (primer sequences provided upon request), and sub-cloned into the SacI/SpeI restriction sites of the p1229-eGFP enhancerless vector, which carries the human beta-globin minimal promoter [23] upstream of the eGFP coding sequence (Clontech). Putative binding elements for ETS, GATA (sites 1 and 2) and FoxH1 transcription factors were identified in the analysis of cCer genomic sequences using MatInspector Professional release 7.4 [24] and MatchTM [25]http://www.gene-regulation.com/ webcite. Mutations in these elements were designed according to the literature [18,19,26] and introduced into the PCR8 construct by PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis. The pCAGGS-RFP vector (gift from D. Henrique), which contains the CAGGS promoter and the cDNA of monomeric red fluorescent protein (RFP; Clontech) [27] was used to control the electroporation efficiency.
Embryo electroporation and imaging
Chicken embryos were explanted and electroporated at stages HH3-5 [28] as described previously [13]. Electroporated embryos were grown in New culture [29] until stages HH6-11, observed under a Zeiss SteREO Lumar fluorescence stereomicroscope (Carl Zeiss) and photographed using a Hamamatsu C8484 digital camera (Hamamatsu Photonics) and AxioVision software (Carl Zeiss).
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
Chicken embryos were electroporated at HH3 with Hb-eGFP and pCAGGS-RFP constructs, harvested at stage HH5-6 into three groups of four embryos each, dissociated into single cell suspensions using trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich) and filtered through a 35 μm cell strainer (BD Bioscience). The eGFP+ and eGFP-/RFP+ cell populations were FACS-sorted in a Moflo high-speed cell sorter (Beckman Coulter), using a 70 μm ceramic nozzle with 0.414MPa (60 psi) sheath pressure, a 488 nm laser line from a Coherent Sapphire 488-200 CDRH laser for eGFP excitation, and a 561 nm laser line from a CrystaLaser GCL-050-561 50 mW DPSS laser coupled to fiber optics (38 mW output) to excite RFP. eGFP+ and RFP+ cells were detected using 530/40 nm and 630/75 nm HQ band pass filters, respectively, and collected simultaneously into two different tubes containing RNAlater (Ambion).
RNA Isolation and Microarray Expression Analysis
Total RNA was extracted from triplicates of each cell population using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). Concentration and purity was determined by spectrophotometry and integrity confirmed using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer with a RNA 6000 Nano Assay (Agilent Technologies). Prior to processing for microarray hybridization, RNA samples from FACS-sorted eGFP+ and eGFP-/RFP+ populations were analyzed for the expression of control and marker genes (GAPDH, eGFP, RFP, cVEGFR2, cLmo2 and cBra) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (data not shown). For each of the six samples, 40 ng of total RNA was processed according to the manufacturer's Two-Cycle Target Labeling Assay. Size distribution of the cRNA was assessed using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer with a RNA 6000 Nano Assay. Affymetrix GeneChip Chicken Genome Arrays were hybridized at 45°C for 16 h with 15 μg of fragmented cRNA, washed and double-stained on an Affymetrix GeneChip Fluidics Station 450, and scanned on an Affymetrix GeneChip scanner 3000 7G. The arrays were analyzed using Affymetrix GCOS 1.4 and dChip 2008 software (http://www.dchip.org webcite, Wong Lab, Harvard). Normalized CEL intensities of the six arrays were used to obtain gene expression indices based on a Perfect Match-only model. Only genes with a lower 90% confidence bound of the fold change above 1.7 were regard as differentially expressed and used for further analysis. Annotations for the 33.457 transcripts that are represented on the GeneChip Chicken Genome Array were obtained from the NetAffx database http://www.affymetrix.com webcite as of September 2008. Out of this total number of transcripts, 658 were differentially expressed in the two populations, including 476 known genes (fold change > 1.7). Of these, 170 were upregulated and 306 downregulated in Hb-eGFP+ cells. Microarray data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with the accession number GSE32494.
In situ hybridization and Immunohistochemistry
Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed as described previously [14]. The cVegfr2 riboprobe fragment (nucleotides 2488-2771) was generated by RT-PCR and cloned into pGEMTeasy vector (Promega). Embryo images were acquired using a Leica MZ FLIII stereomicroscope, a Leica DFC420C digital camera (Leica Microsystems) and IrfanView software http://www.irfanview.com/ webcite.
For immunohistochemistry, electroporated embryos were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, cryoprotected in 15% sucrose, embedded in 7.5% gelatine/15% sucrose and cryosectioned at 16 or 20 μm. Immunostaining was performed using primary antibodies against avian VEGFR2 (gift from Anne Eichmann) [3], chicken Red Blood Cells (RBC; #103-4139; Rockland Immunochemicals), and alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA; #ab5694; Abcam), and secondary antibodies labeled with the fluorescent probe Alexa Fluor 568 (#A11004; Molecular Probes/Invitrogen) or Alexa Fluor 647 (#A21245; Molecular Probes). Cell nuclei were labeled with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Molecular Probes). Sections were mounted in Fluorescence Mounting Medium (Dako), photographed using either a Leica DMRA2 fluorescence microscope with a HC PL Fluotar 20/0.50 objective (Leica Microsystems), Photometrics CoolSNAP HQ camera (Photometrics) and MetaMorph software (Molecular Devices; Figures 2F, Additional file 1 and 1), or a Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope with a HCX PL Apo CS 40/1.40-0.60 objective and Leica Application Suite software (Leica Microsystems; Figures 2H-J). Images were processed and assembled using Photoshop CS3 (Adobe Systems) and Imaris (Bitplane).
Authors' contributions
VT, NA and ATT carried out experiments and analyzed data. RG performed the FACS assays. JR-L analyzed data and critically commented on the manuscript. ATT designed the study and prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Anne Eichmann for the VEGFR2 antibody, Domingos Henrique for the pCAGGS-RFP construct, Jörg Becker, Gabriel Martins, Nuno Moreno, Sofia Andrade and Paulo Duarte for technical assistance, and Jennifer Rowland for revising the manuscript. This work was supported by Centro de Biologia do Desenvolvimento and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PPCDT/SAU-MMO/59725/2004).
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The New Breed of Startups Master These 5 Processes
Posted by martinzwilling under Startups
From http://blog.startupprofessionals.com 148 days ago
Made Hot by: JimmyJams on December 21, 2012 8:07 am
I see more and more entrepreneurs who seem to have everything going for them – vision, motivation, passion, even a good business plan, product, and money, and yet they can’t close customers. Maybe it’s time to look harder at the mantra of a new breed of gurus and successful entrepreneurs, including Steve Blank and Eric Ries, called “nail it then scale it” (NISI).
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This article is part of the series Jean Mawhin’s Achievements in Nonlinear Analysis.
Research
Multiplicity of positive solutions for eigenvalue problems of ( p , 2 ) -equations
Leszek Gasiński1* and Nikolaos S Papageorgiou2
Author affiliations
1 Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, ul. Łojasiewicza 6, Kraków, 30-348, Poland
2 Department of Mathematics, National Technical University, Zografou Campus, Athens, 15780, Greece
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Boundary Value Problems 2012, 2012:152 doi:10.1186/1687-2770-2012-152
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.boundaryvalueproblems.com/content/2012/1/152
Received:13 September 2012
Accepted:7 December 2012
Published:28 December 2012
© 2012 Gasiński and Papageorgiou; licensee Springer
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We consider a nonlinear parametric equation driven by the sum of a p-Laplacian () and a Laplacian (a -equation) with a Carathéodory reaction, which is strictly -sublinear near +∞. Using variational methods coupled with truncation and comparison techniques, we prove a bifurcation-type theorem for the nonlinear eigenvalue problem. So, we show that there is a critical parameter value such that for the problem has at least two positive solutions, if , then the problem has at least one positive solution and for , it has no positive solutions.
MSC: 35J25, 35J92.
Keywords:
nonlinear regularity; tangency principle; p-Laplacian; bifurcation-type theorem; positive solutions
1 Introduction
Let be a bounded domain with a -boundary Ω. In this paper, we study the following nonlinear Dirichlet eigenvalue problem:
Here, by we denote the p-Laplace differential operator defined by
(with ). In , is a parameter and is a Carathéodory function (i.e., for all , the function is measurable and for almost all , the function is continuous), which exhibits strictly -sublinear growth in the ζ-variable near +∞. The aim of this paper is to determine the precise dependence of the set of positive solutions on the parameter . So, we prove a bifurcation-type theorem, which establishes the existence of a critical parameter value such that for all , problem has at least two nontrivial positive smooth solutions, for , problem has at least one nontrivial positive smooth solution and for , problem has no positive solution. Similar nonlinear eigenvalue problems with -sublinear reaction were studied by Maya and Shivaji [1] and Rabinowitz [2] for problems driven by the Laplacian and by Guo [3], Hu and Papageorgiou [4] and Perera [5] for problems driven by the p-Laplacian. However, none of the aforementioned works produces the precise dependence of the set of positive solutions on the parameter (i.e., they do not prove a bifurcation-type theorem). We mention that in problem the differential operator is not homogeneous in contrast to the case of the Laplacian and p-Laplacian. This fact is the source of difficulties in the study of problem which lead to new tools and methods.
We point out that -equations (i.e., equations in which the differential operator is the sum of a p-Laplacian and a Laplacian) are important in quantum physics in the search for solitions. We refer to the work of Benci, D’Avenia-Fortunato and Pisani [6]. More recently, there have been some existence and multiplicity results for such problems; see Cingolani and Degiovanni [7], Sun [8]. Finally, we should mention the recent papers of Marano and Papageorgiou [9,10]. In [9] the authors deal with parametric p-Laplacian equations in which the reaction exhibits competing nonlinearities (concave-convex nonlinearity). In [10], they study a nonparametric -equation with a reaction that has different behavior both at ±∞ and at 0 from those considered in the present paper, and so the geometry of the problem is different.
Out approach is variational based on the critical point theory, combined with suitable truncation and comparison techniques. In the next section, for the convenience of the reader, we briefly recall the main mathematical tools that we use in this paper.
2 Mathematical background
Let X be a Banach space and let be its topological dual. By we denote the duality brackets for the pair . Let . A point is a critical point of φ if . A number is a critical value of φ if there exists a critical point such that .
We say that satisfies the Palais-Smale condition if the following is true:
‘Every sequence , such that is bounded and
admits a strongly convergent subsequence.’
This compactness-type condition is crucial in proving a deformation theorem which in turn leads to the minimax theory of certain critical values of (see, e.g., Gasinski and Papageorgiou [11]). A well-written discussion of this compactness condition and its role in critical point theory can be found in Mawhin and Willem [12]. One of the minimax theorems needed in the sequel is the well-known ‘mountain pass theorem’.
Theorem 2.1Ifsatisfies the Palais-Smale condition, , ,
and
where
thenandcis a critical value ofφ.
In the analysis of problem , in addition to the Sobolev space , we will also use the Banach space
This is an ordered Banach space with a positive cone:
This cone has a nonempty interior given by
where by we denote the outward unit normal on Ω.
Let be a Carathéodory function with subcritical growth in , i.e.,
with , and , where
(the critical Sobolev exponent).
We set
and consider the -functional defined by
(2.1)
The next proposition is a special case of a more general result proved by Gasinski and Papageorgiou [13]. We mention that the first result of this type was proved by Brezis and Nirenberg [14].
Proposition 2.2Ifis defined by (2.1) andis a local-minimizer of, i.e., there existssuch that
thenfor someandis also a local-minimizer of, i.e., there existssuch that
Let . We say that if for all compact subsets , we can find such that
Clearly, if and for all , then . A slight modification of the proof of Proposition 2.6 of Arcoya and Ruiz [15] in order to accommodate the presence of the extra linear term leads to the following strong comparison principle.
Proposition 2.3If, , and, are solutions of the problems
then.
Let and let (where ) be a nonlinear map defined by
(2.2)
The next proposition can be found in Dinca, Jebelean and Mawhin [16] and Gasiński and Papageorgiou [11].
Proposition 2.4If (where) is defined by (2.2), thenis continuous, strictly monotone (hence maximal monotone too), bounded and of type, i.e., ifweakly inand
thenin.
If , then we write .
In what follows, by we denote the first eigenvalue of the negative Dirichlet p-Laplacian . We know that and it admits the following variational characterization:
(2.3)
Finally, throughout this work, by we denote the norm of the Sobolev space . By virtue of the Poincaré inequality, we have
The notation will also be used to denote the norm of . No confusion is possible since it will always be clear from the context which norm is used. For , we set . Then for , we define . We know that
If is superpositionally measurable (for example, a Carathéodory function), then we set
By we denote the Lebesgue measure on .
3 Positive solutions
The hypotheses on the reaction f are the following.
H: is a Carathéodory function such that for almost all , for almost all and all and
(i) for every , there exists such that
(ii) uniformly for almost all ;
(iii) uniformly for almost all ;
(iv) for every , there exists such that for almost all , the map is nondecreasing on ;
(v) if
then there exists such that
Remark 3.1 Since we are looking for positive solutions and hypotheses H concern only the positive semiaxis , we may and will assume that for almost all and all . Hypothesis H(ii) implies that for almost all , the map is strictly -sublinear near +∞. Hypothesis H(iv) is much weaker than assuming the monotonicity of for almost all .
Example 3.2 The following functions satisfy hypotheses H (for the sake of simplicity, we drop the z-dependence):
with . Clearly is not monotone.
Let
and let be the set of solutions of . We set
(if , then ).
Proposition 3.3If hypotheses H hold, then
Proof Clearly, the result is true if . So, suppose that and let . So, we can find such that
From Ladyzhenskaya and Uraltseva [[17], p.286], we have that . Then we can apply Theorem 1 of Lieberman [18] and have that . Let and let be as postulated by hypothesis H(iv). Then
so
From the strong maximum principle of Pucci and Serrin [[19], p.34], we have that
So, we can apply the boundary point theorem of Pucci and Serrin [[19], p.120] and have that . Therefore, .
By virtue of hypotheses H(ii) and (iii), we see that we can find such that
(3.1)
Let and . Suppose that . Then from the first part of the proof, we know that we can find . We have
so
(see (3.1) and recall that ), which contradicts (2.3). Therefore, . □
For , let be the energy functional for problem defined by
Evidently, .
Proposition 3.4If hypotheses H hold, then.
Proof By virtue of hypotheses H(i) and (ii), for a given , we can find such that
(3.2)
Then for and , we have
(3.3)
(see (3.2) and (2.3)).
Let . Then from (3.3) it follows that is coercive. Also, exploiting the compactness of the embedding (by the Sobolev embedding theorem), we see that is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous. So, by the Weierstrass theorem, we can find such that
(3.4)
Consider the integral functional defined by
Hypothesis H(v) implies that and since for almost all , all , we may assume that . Since is dense in and , we can find , , such that . Then for large, we have
so
and thus
(see (3.4)), hence . From (3.4), we have
so
(3.5)
On (3.5), we act with . Then
hence , .
From (3.5), we have
so (see Proposition 3.3).
So, for big, we have and so . □
Proposition 3.5If hypotheses H hold and, then.
Proof Since by hypothesis , we can find a solution of (see Proposition 3.3). Let and consider the following truncation of the reaction in problem :
(3.6)
This is a Carathéodory function. Let
and consider the -functional , defined by
As in the proof of Proposition 3.4, using hypotheses H(i) and (ii), we see that is coercive. Also, it is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous. So, we can find such that
so
and thus
(3.7)
On (3.7) we act with . Then
(see (3.6) and use the facts that and ), so
thus
and hence .
Therefore, (3.7) becomes
so
hence . This proves that . □
Proposition 3.6If hypotheses H hold, then for everyproblemhas at least two positive solutions
Proof Note that Proposition 3.5 implies that . Let . Then we can find and . We have
(3.8)
(3.9)
(recall that and ). As in the proof of Proposition 3.5, we can show that . We introduce the following truncation of the reaction in problem :
(3.10)
This is a Carathéodory function. We set
and consider the -functional defined by
It is clear from (3.10) that is coercive. Also, it is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous. So, we can find such that
so
and thus
(3.11)
Acting on (3.11) with and next with (similarly as in the proof of Proposition 3.5), we get
Hence, we have
where .
Then (3.11) becomes
(see (3.10)), so
Let
Then (recall that ) and
so
Note that
So, we can apply the tangency principle of Pucci and Serrin [[19], p.35] and infer that
(3.12)
Let and let be as postulated by hypothesis H(iv). Then
(see hypothesis H(iv) and use the facts that and ), so
(3.13)
(see (3.12) and Proposition 2.3).
In a similar fashion, we show that
(3.14)
From (3.13) and (3.14), it follows that
(3.15)
From (3.10), we see that
for some .
So, (3.15) implies that is a local -minimizer of . Invoking Proposition 2.3, we have that
(3.16)
Hypotheses H(i), (ii) and (iii) imply that for given and , we can find such that
(3.17)
Then for all , we have
(3.18)
for some (see (3.17) and (2.3)).
Choose . Then, from (3.18) and since , we infer that is a local minimizer of . Without any loss of generality, we may assume that (the analysis is similar if the opposite inequality holds). By virtue of (3.16), as in Gasinski and Papageorgiou [20] (see the proof of Theorem 2.12), we can find such that
(3.19)
Recall that is coercive, hence it satisfies the Palais-Smale condition. This fact and (3.19) permit the use of the mountain pass theorem (see Theorem 2.1). So, we can find such that
(3.20)
and
(3.21)
From (3.20) and (3.19), we have that , . From (3.21), it follows that . □
Next, we examine what happens at the critical parameter .
Proposition 3.7If hypotheses H hold, then.
Proof Let be a sequence such that
and
For every , we can find , such that
(3.22)
We claim that the sequence is bounded. Arguing indirectly, suppose that the sequence is unbounded. By passing to a suitable subsequence if necessary, we may assume that . Let
Then and for all . From (3.22), we have
(3.23)
Recall that
(see (3.1)), so the sequence is bounded. This fact and hypothesis H(ii) imply that at least for a subsequence, we have
(3.24)
(see Gasinski and Papageorgiou [20]). Also, passing to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume that
(3.25)
(3.26)
On (3.23) we act with , pass to the limit as and use (3.24) and (3.26). Then
so
Using Proposition 2.4, we have that
and so
(3.27)
Passing to the limit as in (3.23) and using (3.24), (3.27) and the fact that , we obtain
so , which contradicts (3.27).
This proves that the sequence is bounded. So, passing to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume that
(3.28)
(3.29)
On (3.22) we act with , pass to the limit as and use (3.28) and (3.29). Then
so
(since A is monotone) and thus
(3.30)
(see Proposition 2.4).
Therefore, if in (3.22) we pass to the limit as and use (3.30), then
and so is a solution of problem .
We need to show that . From (3.22), we have
From Ladyzhenskaya and Uraltseva [[17], p.286], we know that we can find such that
Then applying Theorem 1 of Lieberman [18], we can find and such that
Recall that is embedded compactly in . So, by virtue of (3.28), we have
Suppose that . Then
(3.31)
Hypothesis H(iii) implies that for a given , we can find such that
(3.32)
From (3.31), it follows that we can find such that
(3.33)
Therefore, for almost all and all , we have
(see (3.32) and (3.33)), so
(see (2.3)), thus
and so
Let to get a contradiction. This proves that and so , hence . □
The bifurcation-type theorem summarizes the situation for problem .
Theorem 3.8If hypotheses H hold, then there existssuch that
(a) for everyproblemhas at least two positive solutions:
(b) forproblemhas at least one positive solution;
(c) forproblemhas no positive solution.
Remark 3.9 As the referee pointed out, it is an interesting problem to produce an example in which, at the bifurcation point , the equation has exactly one solution. We believe that the recent paper of Gasiński and Papageorgiou [21] on the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions will be helpful. Concerning the existence of nodal solutions for , we mention the recent paper of Gasiński and Papageorgiou [22], which studies the -equations and produces nodal solutions for them.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
The authors declare that the work was realized in collaboration with the same responsibility. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Dedicated to Professor Jean Mawhin on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
The authors would like to express their gratitude to both knowledgeable referees for their corrections and remarks. This research has been partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland under Grants no. N201 542438 and N201 604640.
References
1. Maya, C, Shivaji, R: Multiple positive solutions for a class of semilinear elliptic boundary value problems . Nonlinear Anal.. 38, 497–504 (1999). Publisher Full Text
2. Rabinowitz, PH: Pairs of positive solutions of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations . Indiana Univ. Math. J.. 23, 173–186 (1973). Publisher Full Text
3. Guo, Z: Some existence and multiplicity results for a class of quasilinear elliptic eigenvalue problems . Nonlinear Anal.. 18, 957–971 (1992). Publisher Full Text
4. Hu, S, Papageorgiou, NS: Multiple positive solutions for nonlinear eigenvalue problems with the p-Laplacian . Nonlinear Anal.. 69, 4286–4300 (2008). Publisher Full Text
5. Perera, K: Multiple positive solutions of a class of quasilinear elliptic boundary value problems . Electron. J. Differ. Equ.. 7, 1–5 (2003)
6. Benci, V, D’Avenia, P, Fortunato, D, Pisani, L: Solitons in several space dimensions: Derrick’s problem and infinitely many solutions . Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal.. 154, 297–324 (2000). Publisher Full Text
7. Cingolani, S, Degiovanni, M: Nontrivial solutions for p-Laplace equations with right hand side having p-linear growth at infinity . Commun. Partial Differ. Equ.. 30, 1191–1203 (2005). Publisher Full Text
8. Sun, M: Multiplicity of solutions for a class of the quasilinear elliptic equations at resonance . J. Math. Anal. Appl.. 386, 661–668 (2012). Publisher Full Text
9. Marano, SA, Papageorgiou, NS: Multiple solutions to a Dirichlet problem with p-Laplacian and nonlinearity depending on a parameter . Adv. Nonlinear Stud.. 3, 257–275 (2012)
10. Marano, SA, Papageorgiou, NS: Constant-sign and nodal solutions of coercive -Laplacian problems . Nonlinear Anal.. 77, 118–129 (2013)
11. Gasiński, L, Papageorgiou, NS: Nonlinear Analysis, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton (2006)
12. Mawhin, J, Willem, M: Origin and evolution of the Palais-Smale condition in critical point theory . J. Fixed Point Theory Appl.. 7, 265–290 (2010). Publisher Full Text
13. Gasiński, L, Papageorgiou, NS: Multiple solutions for nonlinear coercive problems with a nonhomogeneous differential operator and a nonsmooth potential . Set-Valued Var. Anal.. 20, 417–443 (2012). Publisher Full Text
14. Brézis, H, Nirenberg, L: versus local minimizers . C. R. Acad. Sci., Sér. 1 Math.. 317, 465–472 (1993)
15. Arcoya, D, Ruiz, D: The Ambrosetti-Prodi problem for the p-Laplace operator . Commun. Partial Differ. Equ.. 31, 849–865 (2006). Publisher Full Text
16. Dinca, G, Jebelean, P, Mawhin, J: Variational and topological methods for Dirichlet problems with p-Laplacian . Port. Math.. 58, 339–378 (2001)
17. Ladyzhenskaya, OA, Uraltseva, N: Linear and Quasilinear Elliptic Equations, Academic Press, New York (1968)
18. Lieberman, GM: Boundary regularity for solutions of degenerate elliptic equations . Nonlinear Anal.. 12, 1203–1219 (1988). Publisher Full Text
19. Pucci, P, Serrin, J: The Maximum Principle, Birkhäuser, Basel (2007)
20. Gasiński, L, Papageorgiou, NS: Nodal and multiple constant sign solutions for resonant p-Laplacian equations with a nonsmooth potential . Nonlinear Anal.. 71, 5747–5772 (2009). Publisher Full Text
21. Gasiński, L, Papageorgiou, NS: Existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for the Neumann p-Laplacian . Positivity doi:10.1007/s11117-012-0168-6 (published online) (2012)
22. Gasiński, L, Papageorgiou, NS: Multiplicity theorems for -equations (submitted)
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A Predictive Determinant of Quality of Life among Homestay Program Participants in Malaysia
Aziz Amin, Ahmad Munir Mohd Salleh, Mohd Shaladdin Muda, Yahaya Ibrahim
Abstract
Tourism industry in Malaysia had become very crucial and important in the era of globalization in the 21st century. In Malaysia, tourism is the second largest contributor to the economy after the manufacturing sector. In 2008, the numbers of tourists recorded 22.05 million and tourism had contributed RM49.6 billion (USD13.4 billion) in revenue. Apart from that the total receipts of RM6.3 million had contributed by the homestay program through 68,416 domestic visitors and 23,117 foreign visitors. Therefore the main objective of this study is to identify the predictive determinant of quality of life, government role and attitude that influenced the general well-being amongst the homestay participant. A total of 306 samples was taken from the Homestay Program participants and the data was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Among the analysis is a reliability test, descriptive and inferential analysis. The growth of the home stay program has provided huge opportunities for the human development. These include positive impact to the rural socioeconomic development, social capital development, as well as increase the quality of life among participants in the homestay program.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ass.v9n3p33
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Application of a Series of Continuously Fed Aerated Tank Reactors System for Recycling of Swine Slurry Nutrients
Anni Alitalo, Tuomas Pelto-Huikko, Erkki Aura
Abstract
Single tank aeration systems operated in batch mode or sequential batch reactors based on intermittent aeration are generally applied for swine manure treatment in order to reduce nutrient content and odor. This study evaluated the feasibility of aerobic biological treatment conducted in a serial arrangement of continuously fed aerated tank reactors configuration with swine slurry on a pilot-scale. Compared to municipal wastewater treatment swine slurry rich in nutrients and solids requires different treatment standards for the applied methods to be economically and ecologically relevant. This study presents a sequential process scheme, in which biological treatment serves as a means of achieving a pH raise. This makes it possible to separate part of the nitrogen by stripping and enhances slurry precipitating/coagulation characteristics without substantial carbon or nitrogen loss in gaseous form (which is the opposite to that in a conventional active sludge process). The system was run with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of three to four days (whole system), and a feedback of 0.8±0.2. During treatment, total organic carbon (TOC) reduction varied between 2.4% and 14.6% and the total nitrogen concentration change was less than 3%. Nearly 50% of the total phosphorus was reduced. The results indicated that the odor of liquid manure had decreased efficiently at best to a level at which there was no odor or only very faint odor. Concurrently, manure pH rose to 8.7.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jsd.v6n2p26
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Sustainable Development ISSN 1913-9063 (Print) ISSN 1913-9071 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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File:0001-Makefile-Add-option-to-disable-gcc-automatic-inlinin.patch
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"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Iowa_Emigration_and_Immigration",
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Iowa Emigration and ImmigrationEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Emigration and Immigration Iowa Emigration and Immigration
Iowa has no ports; consequently, many Iowa residents immigrated through ports in New York, New Orleans, or Canada. Passenger lists since 1820 may contain a person’s age, the state or country of birth, immigration date, occupation, names of children. After 29 July 1906, the passenger lists also contain a physical description.
Contents
Groups
The principal groups that came to Iowa from the early 1800s to the early 1900s were:
1788-1810
The first European settlers in Iowa were French-Canadians, who worked in the lead mines near present-day Dubuque. [1]
1833–50
The Black Hawk Treaty of 1833 opened most of Iowa to white settlement. Southern Iowa immigration began as the American government negotiated treaties extinguishing the remaining Indian claims. Settlers came from other states, particularly Kentucky and Tennessee. Northern Iowa immigration came primarily from Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and the Middle Atlantic and New England states.
1850–60
The population of Iowa nearly tripled. Ohio and Indiana contributed more settlers than all other states and immigration from Europe increased. Among the many German immigrants were the Amana colonists, who settled in Iowa in 1855 after having first lived near Buffalo, New York. Many immigrants arrived from Britain and Ireland.
Late 1800
Many Scandinavians immigrated.
• Chapters on Scandinavian immigration to Iowa [3]
Early 1900s
Small groups of Austro-Hungarians and Italians arrived.
Routes to Iowa
Many early settlers of Iowa came by way of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The main steamboat route from the Middle Atlantic states and the Southern states followed the Ohio River and the Mississippi River to Keokuk.
Many of the migrants into Iowa did not stay long. Some left for the gold rush, Others went to lands in the West.
• The westward migration of Latter-day Saints opened an overland trail from the Mississippi River to Council Bluffs which was still used by covered wagons long after the railroad first reached the Mississippi in 1854.
• Mormon handcart story [4] Lists captain of company, number in company, number died, date of departure from Iowa City, Iowa, and date of arrival in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Until 1850 most overseas immigrants came through the ports of New Orleans or New York. After 1850 most European settlers came through ports in New York or Canada.
For detailed information about federal immigration sources, including Canadian border-crossing records, see the Canada Emigration
• Ancestry’s Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources, [5] Contains bibliographies and background information on history and ethnic groups. Also contains maps and tables showing when each county was created.
Websites
Sources and Footnotes
1. Lead and Zinc Mining in the Dubuque Area
2. Hermann Guth.The Amish-Mennonites of Waldeck and Wittgenstein (Elverson, Pennsylvania Mennonite Family History, c1986). FHL Book, 943.41 D2g.
3. Chapters on Scandinavian immigration to Iowa George T. (Tobias) Flom. (Iowa City: Iowa:The State Historical Society of Iowa. Reprinted from Iowa Journal of History and politics for 1905-6). 150 p. FHL Film 989450 Item 7
4. Mormon handcart story by Gustive Olaf Larson. (Salt Lake City, Utah : Deseret Book, c1956) FHL Book 979.2 H2Lm
5. Ancestry’s Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources Alice Eichholz, ed. (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1992). FHL book 973 D27rb 1992.
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Community Crime Fighters Turn to Facebook
Invasive contributor
6Aug2009,01:12 #1
Constable Scott Mills has served as a police officer with the Toronto Police Service in Canada since 2002. His current role is Community Youth Officer for the Toronto Crime Stoppers program, where he works to build healthy relationships between young people, community members and the police department. We've asked Scott to share his experiences using Facebook to fight crime by connecting with the community.
There's no doubt that Facebook has revolutionized the act of sharing and communicating with friends. Often overlooked, however, is the impact these tools can have on public safety. Because community engagement is critical to effective law enforcement, police officers must be where the people are, and these days, the people are on Facebook.
For the last two years, I have used my Facebook account, as well as Facebook groups, events and Pages, to inform Toronto residents about crimes in their area and encourage them to provide anonymous tips. Messages can be broadcast quickly and easily to wide audiences with immediate feedback. Outreach through Facebook has helped Toronto Crime Stoppers sniff out threats against local schools, bring much needed help to people at risk of committing suicide, warn the public about criminals on the loose and even locate missing persons.
In addition to enabling us to gather tips more efficiently and effectively, Facebook also has helped us build a stronger, more meaningful connection with the community we serve. My department runs programs aimed at keeping kids off the street and away from trouble. These programs include presentations at local schools, Bicycle Moto-Cross (BMX) camps, legal graffiti competitions and dance contests. Through photos, videos, and links, Facebook has allowed us to promote these programs to those who need them most and hopefully leading to fewer people getting involved with crime because of boredom or lack of options.
I'm proud of the work we've done and passionate about the potential for tools like Facebook to aid law enforcement. Policymakers and police officers from around the world still have a lot to learn about how to use social media to build connections to enlist the public in preventing and solving crimes, but police departments in cities around the world are starting to take notice. Last fall, at a conference hosted by the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) in Johannesburg, South Africa, the group's Secretary General Ronald K. Noble said:
People routinely use the Internet to find former classmates or individuals with similar interests.... there is no reason why law enforcement should not use this same resource to find fugitives or encourage members of the public to use social networking sites to report sightings of criminals.
Recently, police departments — in municipalities as large as Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada and as small as Brunswick, Maine in the U.S. — have created presences on Facebook to communicate more efficiently with the public. I'm happy to see this trend develop across Canada and around the world, including in the U.S. where the municipality of Boston is now using social media to track down stolen bikes. We'll continue to work hard to make sure law enforcement is taking full advantage of today's communication tools. All of us can do our part by using the Internet not just to keep up with friends but also to help keep our communities safe.
Scott Mills is asking for your help through a Facebook status update
Source: http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=115119102130
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 536982, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/536982
Research Article
Stochastic Approximations and Monotonicity of a Single Server Feedback Retrial Queue
1Laboratory of Modeling and Optimization of Systems, University of Béjaïa, Béjaïa 06000, Algeria
2Department of Mathematics, University of Annaba, Annaba 23000, Algeria
Received 30 October 2011; Accepted 16 January 2012
Academic Editor: M. D. S. Aliyu
Copyright © 2012 Mohamed Boualem et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This paper focuses on stochastic comparison of the Markov chains to derive some qualitative approximations for an retrial queue with a Bernoulli feedback. The main objective is to use stochastic ordering techniques to establish various monotonicity results with respect to arrival rates, service time distributions, and retrial parameters.
1. Introduction
Retrial queueing systems are described by the feature that the arriving customers (or calls) who find the server busy join the orbit to try again for their requests in a random order and at random time intervals. Retrial queues are widely and successfully used as mathematical models of several computer systems and telecommunication networks. For excellent and recent bibliographies on retrial queues, the reader is referred to [13].
Most of the queueing systems with repeated attempts assume that each customer in the retrial group seeks service independently of each other after a random time exponentially distributed with rate so that the probability of repeated attempt during the interval given that there were customers in orbit at time is . This discipline for access to the server from the retrial group is called classical retrial policy [4, 5].
Several papers on retrial queues have analyzed the systems without customer feedback. A more practical retrial queue with the Bernoulli feedback of the customers occurs in many real world situations: for instance, in communication networks where data transmissions need to be guaranteed to be error free within some specified probability, feedback schemes are used to request retransmission of packets that are lost or received in a corrupted form.
Because of complexity of retrial queueing models, analytic results are generally difficult to obtain. In contrast, there are a great number of numerical and approximation methods which are of practical importance. One important approach is monotonicity which allow to establish some stochastic bounds helpful in understanding complicated models by more simpler models for which an evaluation can be made using the stochastic comparison method based on the general theory of stochastic orderings [6].
Stochastic orders represent an important tool for many problems in probability and statistics. They lead to powerful approximation methods and bounds in situations where realistic stochastic models are too complex for rigorous treatment. They are also helpful in situations where fundamental model distributions are only known partially. Further details and applications about these stochastic orders may be found in [68].
There exists a flourishing literature on stochastic comparison methods and monotonicity of queues. Oukid and Aissani [9] obtain lower bound and new upper bound for the mean busy period of queue with breakdowns and FIFO discipline. Boualem et al. [10] investigate some monotonicity properties of an queue with constant retrial policy in which the server operates under a general exhaustive service and multiple vacation policy relative to strong stochastic ordering and convex ordering. These results imply in particular simple insensitive bounds for the stationary queue length distribution. More recently, Taleb and Aissani [11] investigate some monotonicity properties of an unreliable retrial queue relative to strong stochastic ordering and increasing convex ordering.
In this work, we use the tools of the qualitative analysis to investigate various monotonicity properties for an retrial queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback relative to strong stochastic ordering, increasing convex ordering and the Laplace ordering. Instead of studying a performance measure in a quantitative fashion, this approach attempts to reveal the relationship between the performance measures and the parameters of the system.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the mathematical model in detail and derive the generating function of the stationary distribution. In Section 3, we present some useful lemmas that will be used in what follows. Section 4 focusses on stochastic monotonicity of the transition operator of the embedded Markov chain and gives comparability conditions of two transition operators. Stochastic bounds for the stationary number of customers in the system are discussed in Section 5. In Section 6, we obtain approximations for the conditional distribution of the stationary queue given that the server is idle.
2. Description and Analysis of the Queueing System
We consider a single server retrial queue with the Bernoulli feedback at which customers arrive from outside the system according to a Poisson process with rate . An arriving customer receives immediate service if the server is idle, otherwise he leaves the service area temporarily to join the retrial group. Any orbiting customer produces a Poisson stream of repeated calls with intensity until the time at which he finds the server idle and starts his service. The service times follow a general probability law with distribution function having finite mean and Laplace-Stieltjes transform . After the customer is completely served, he will decide either to join the retrial group again for another service with probability () or to leave the system forever with probability .
We finally assume that the input flow of primary arrivals, intervals between repeated attempts and service times, are mutually independent.
The state of the system at time can be described by the Markov process , where is the indicator function of the server state: is equal to 0 or 1 depending on whether the server is free or busy at time and is the number of customers occupying the orbit. If , then corresponds to the elapsed time of the customer being served at time .
Note that the stationary distribution of the system state (the stationary joint distribution of the server state and the number of customers in the orbit) was found in [12], using the supplementary variables method. In this section, we are interested in the embedded Markov chain. To this end, we describe the structure of the latter, determine its ergodicity condition, and obtain its stationary distribution.
2.1. Embedded Markov Chain
Let be the time of the th departure and the number of customers in the orbit just after the time , then and , . We have the following fundamental recursive equation: where (i) is the number of primary customers arriving at the system during the service time which ends at . It does not depend on events which have occurred before the beginning of the st service. Its distribution is given by: with generating function ,
(ii) the Bernoulli random variable is equal to 1 or 0 depending on whether the customer who leaves the service area at time proceeds from the orbit or otherwise. Its conditional distribution is given by
(iii) the random variable is 0 or 1 depending on whether the served customer leaves the system or goes to orbit. We have also that and .
The sequence forms an embedded Markov chain with transition probability matrix , where , defined by Note that only for .
Theorem 2.1. The embedded Markov chain is ergodic if and only if .
Proof. It is not difficult to see that is irreducible and aperiodic. To find a sufficient condition, we use Foster's criterion which consists to show the existence of a nonnegative function , , and such that the mean drift is finite for all and for all except perhaps a finite number. In our case, we consider the function for all . Then, the mean drift is given by Let . Then . Therefore, the sufficient condition is .
To prove that the previous condition is also a necessary condition for ergodicity of our embedded Markov chain, we apply Kaplan's condition: , for all , and there is an such that , for . In our case, this condition is verified because for and (see (2.4)).
2.2. Generating Function of the Stationary Distribution
Now, under the condition , we find the stationary distribution . Using (2.4), one can obtain Kolmogorov equations for the distribution Because of presence of convolutions, these equations can be transformed with the help of the generating functions to Since from (2.7) and (2.8), we have We consider now the function .
It is easy to show that Therefore the function is decreasing on the interval , is the only zero there and for the function is positive, that is, (as ) for we have: .
Besides, that is, the function can be defined at the point as .
This means that for we can rewrite (2.9) as follows: The solution of the differential equation (2.12) is given by From (2.8), we have We obtain from the normalization condition that .
Finally we get the following formula for the generating function of the steady state queue size distribution at departure epochs (which is known in the literature as the stochastic decomposition property): It is easy to see that the right hand part of expression (2.15) can be decomposed into two factors. The first factor is the generating function for the number of customers in queueing system with Bernoulli feedback (see [13]); the remaining one is the generating function for the number of customers in the retrial queue with feedback given that the server is idle [12]. One can see that formula (2.15) is cumbersome (it includes integrals of Laplace transform, solutions of functional equations). It is why we use, in the rest of the paper, the general theory of stochastic orderings to investigate the monotonicity properties of the system relative to the strong stochastic ordering, convex ordering, and Laplace ordering.
3. Preliminaries
3.1. Stochastic Orders and Ageing Notions
First, let us recall some stochastic orders and ageing notions which are most pertinent to the main results to be developed in the subsequent section.
Definition 3.1. For two random variables and with densities and and cumulative distribution functions and , respectively, let and be the survival functions. As the ratios in the statements below are well defined, is said to be smaller than in: (a)stochastic ordering (denoted by ) if and only if , , (b)increasing convex ordering (denoted by ) if and only if , (c)Laplace ordering (denoted by ) if and only if . If the random variables of interest are of discrete type and , are the corresponding distributions, then the definitions above can be given in the following forms: (a) if and only if , for all , (b) if and only if , for all , (c) if and only if , for all .
For a comprehensive discussion on these stochastic orders see [68].
Definition 3.2. Let be a positive random variable with distribution function : (a) is HNBUE (harmonically new better than used in expectation) if and only if , (b) is HNWUE (harmonically new worse than used in expectation) if and only if , (c) is of class if and only if , where is the exponential distribution function with the same mean as .
3.2. Some Useful Lemmas
Consider two retrial queues with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback with parameters and , . Let be the distribution of the number of primary calls which arrive during the service time of a call in the th system.
The following lemma turns out to be a useful tool for showing the monotonicity properties of the embedded Markov chain.
Lemma 3.3. If and , then , where is either or .
Proof. To prove that , we have to establish the usual numerical inequalities: The rest of the proof is known in the more general setting of a random summation.
The next lemma is key to proving the main result in Section 6.
Lemma 3.4. If and , then .
Proof. We have, , where , are the corresponding distributions of the number of new arrivals during a service time.
Let , . To prove that , we have to establish that The inequality means that for all .
In particular, for we have Since any Laplace transform is a decreasing function, implies that By transitivity, (3.3) and (3.4) give (3.2).
4. Stochastic Monotonicity of Transition Operator
Let be the transition operator of an embedded Markov chain, which associates to every distribution , a distribution such that .
Corollary 4.1 (see [6]). The operator is monotone with respect to if and only if , and is monotone with respect to if and only if . Here, and .
Theorem 4.2. The transition operator of the embedded chain is monotone with respect to the orders and .
Proof. We have Thus Based on Corollary 4.1 we obtain the stated result.
In Theorem 4.3, we give comparability conditions of two transition operators. Consider two retrial queues with classical retrial policy and feedback with parameters , and , respectively. Let , be the transition operators of the corresponding embedded Markov chains.
Theorem 4.3. If , where is either or , then , that is, for any distribution , one has .
Proof. From Stoyan [6], we wish to establish that To prove inequality (4.3), we have (for ) By hypothesis, we have that Since the function is increasing, we have Moreover, . Then Similarly, the function is increasing, we have Besides, implies that . Hence Using inequalities (4.8)–(4.10) and Lemma 3.3 (for -ordering) we get Following the technique above and using Lemma 3.3 (for -ordering), we establish inequality (4.4).
5. Stochastic Bounds for the Stationary Distribution
Consider two retrial queues with classical retrial policy and feedback with parameters and , respectively, and let , be the corresponding stationary distributions of the number of customers in the system.
Theorem 5.1. If , then , where is one of the symbols or .
Proof. Using Theorems 4.2 and 4.3 which state, respectively, that are monotone with respect to the order and , we have by induction for any distribution , where . Taking the limit, we obtain the stated result.
Based on Theorem 5.1 we can establish insensitive stochastic bounds for the generating function of the stationary distribution of the embedded Markov chain defined in (2.15).
Theorem 5.2. For any retrial queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback the distribution is greater relative to the increasing convex ordering than the distribution with the generating function
Proof. Consider an auxiliary retrial queue with classical retrial policy and feedback having the same arrival rate , retrial rate , mean service time , and probability , as those of the retrial queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback. The service times follow a deterministic low with distribution function: From Stoyan [6], it is known that . Therefore, the required result follows from Theorem 5.1.
Theorem 5.3. If in the retrial queue with classical retrial policy and feedback the service time distribution is HNBUE (or HNWUE), then (or ), where is the stationary distribution of the number of customers in the retrial queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback with the same parameters as those of the retrial queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback.
Proof. Consider an auxiliary retrial queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback with the same arrival rate , probability , retrial rate , and mean service time as in the retrial queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback, but with exponentially distributed service time . If is , then (if is , then ). Therefore, by using Theorem 5.1, we deduce the statement of this theorem.
6. Stochastic Approximations for the Conditional Distribution
We consider the conditional distribution of the stationary queue given that the server is idle. This distribution has also appeared in the stochastic decomposition law for the stationary queue length, see equation (2.15). As we saw its generating function was given by
Theorem 6.1. Suppose we have two retrial queues with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback with parameters and , respectively. If , then .
Proof. By Lemma 3.4, we have .
Moreover, one has .
This implies that Besides, and and thus Therefore By combining this latter inequality with the inequality: , we get , which means the stochastic inequality .
Theorem 6.2. For any retrial queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback the distribution is less relative to the Laplace ordering than the distribution with the generating function and if is of class then the distribution is greater relative to the ordering than the corresponding distribution in the queue with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback.
Proof. Consider an auxiliary and retrial queues with classical retrial policy and Bernoulli feedback with the same arrival rates , probability , retrial rates , and mean service times .
Since is always less, relative to the ordering , than a deterministic distribution with the same mean value, based on Theorem 6.1 we obtain the stated result.
If is of class then is greater relative to the ordering than the exponential distribution with the same mean, based on Theorem 6.1 we can guarantee the second inequality.
7. Conclusion and Further Research
In this paper, we prove the monotonicity of the transition operator of the embedded Markov chain relative to strong stochastic ordering and increasing convex ordering. We obtain comparability conditions for the distribution of the number of customers in the system. Inequalities are derived for conditional distribution of the stationary queue given that the server is idle. The obtained results allow us to place in a prominent position the insensitive bounds for both the stationary distribution and the conditional distribution of the stationary queue of the considered model.
Monotonicity results are of importance in robustness analysis: if there is insecurity on the input of the model, then our order results provide information on what kind of deviation from the nominal model to expect. Moreover, in gradient estimation one has to control the growth of the cycle length as function of a change of the model. More precisely, the results established in this paper allow to bound the measure-valued derivative of the stationary distribution where the derivative can be translated into unbiased (higher order) derivative estimators with respect to some parameter (e.g., arrival rate () or retrial rate () parameter). Such bounds can be used to derive information on the speed of convergence of the gradient estimator. Finally, under some conditions (order holds in the strong sense), those results imply a fast convergence of the gradient estimator of the stationary distribution [1416].
References
1. J. R. Artalejo, “Accessible bibliography on retrial queues: progress in 2000–2009,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 51, no. 9-10, pp. 1071–1081, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH
2. J. R. Artalejo and A. Gómez-Corral, Retrial queueing system: A Computation Approach, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
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4. G. Ayyappan, A. Muthu Ganapathi Subramanian, and G. Sekar, “M/M/1 retrial queueing system with loss and feedback under non-pre-emptive priority service by matrix geometric method,” Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 45–48, pp. 2379–2389, 2010. View at Zentralblatt MATH
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9. N. Oukid and A. Aissani, “Bounds on busy period for queues with breakdowns,” Advances and Applications in Statistics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 137–156, 2009. View at Zentralblatt MATH
10. M. Boualem, N. Djellab, and D. Aïssani, “Stochastic inequalities for M/G/1 retrial queues with vacations and constant retrial policy,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 50, no. 1-2, pp. 207–212, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH
11. S. Taleb and A. Aissani, “Unreliable M/G/1 retrial queue: monotonicity and comparability,” Queueing Systems. Theory and Applications, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 227–252, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH
12. N. Djellab, “On the M/G/1 retrial queue with feedback,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Mathematical Methods of Optimization of Telecommunication Networks, pp. 32–35, Minsk, Byelorussia, 2005.
13. L. Takács, “A single-server queue with feedback,” The Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 42, pp. 505–519, 1963.
14. B. Heidergott and F. J. Vázquez-Abad, “Measure-valued differentiation for Markov chains,” Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 187–209, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH
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Bibliography: A Touch of Hell
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Title: A Touch of Hell
Author: Richard Parks
Year: 2007
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortstory
ISFDB Record Number: 1188803
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Molecules 1999, 4(8), M101; doi:10.3390/M101
Short Note
1,3-Diphenyl-2-phenylsulfonylpropane
1 Laboratoire de chimie organique et physique, Université Mohamed 1er, Faculté des sciences, Oujda, Maroc 2 Laboratoire des réactions sélectives sur supports, CNRS, UA 478, ICMO, Université Paris XI, bâtiment 410, 91405 Orsay cédex, France
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 28 June 1999 / Accepted: 2 July 1999 / Published: 20 August 1999
(This article belongs to the Section Molbank Section of Molecules, 1997-2001)
Download PDF Full-Text [89 KB, uploaded 5 May 2009 09:28 CEST]
No abstract available
Supplementary Files
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Ramdani, M.; Loupy, A.; Petit, A. 1,3-Diphenyl-2-phenylsulfonylpropane. Molecules 1999, 4, M101.
AMA Style
Ramdani M, Loupy A, Petit A. 1,3-Diphenyl-2-phenylsulfonylpropane. Molecules. 1999; 4(8):M101.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ramdani, Mohammed; Loupy, André; Petit, Alain. 1999. "1,3-Diphenyl-2-phenylsulfonylpropane." Molecules 4, no. 8: M101.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Water 2012, 4(4), 995-1008; doi:10.3390/w4040995
Article
Winter Performance of Inter-Locking Pavers—Stormwater Quantity and Quality
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P6, Canada 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 10 October 2012; in revised form: 25 November 2012 / Accepted: 12 December 2012 / Published: 17 December 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Water Management)
Download PDF Full-Text [861 KB, uploaded 17 December 2012 13:47 CET]
Abstract: This study examined the effectiveness of open-joint inter-locking pavers in a permeable pavement in cold (winter) conditions. A field-scale inter-locking paver cell (UNI Eco-Optiloc®) was built to evaluate the hydraulic performance and water quality improvements experienced during freeze-thaw and frozen conditions in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Hydraulic performance was assessed using stormwater runoff reduction (peaks and volumes) and surface infiltration capacity. Water quality performance for removal of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP) and three heavy metals: copper, lead and zinc, was assessed. Results from the study demonstrated that the inter-locking pavers were effective in attenuating stormwater runoff peak volumes. The surface infiltration capacity decreased significantly due to the deposition of sanding and de-icing materials on the pavement surface during winter operation. Infiltrated stormwater was stored and treated within the pavement structure, which showed removal rates of 91% for TSS, 78% for TP, 6% for TN, 68% for zinc, 69% for copper and 55% for lead.
Keywords: infiltration; permeable pavement; on-site treatment; pollutant removal; runoff reduction; stormwater management; water quality
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Huang, J.; Valeo, C.; He, J.; Chu, A. Winter Performance of Inter-Locking Pavers—Stormwater Quantity and Quality. Water 2012, 4, 995-1008.
AMA Style
Huang J, Valeo C, He J, Chu A. Winter Performance of Inter-Locking Pavers—Stormwater Quantity and Quality. Water. 2012; 4(4):995-1008.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Huang, Jian; Valeo, Caterina; He, Jianxun; Chu, Angus. 2012. "Winter Performance of Inter-Locking Pavers—Stormwater Quantity and Quality." Water 4, no. 4: 995-1008.
Water EISSN 2073-4441 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Very High Activity
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[16] And they are fond of laughter, and therefore witty; for wit is cultured insolence. Such then is the character of the young.
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PubCon 2010: SEO for Multimedia
Nov 9, 2010 • 5:30 pm | (0) by | Filed Under PubCon 2010 Las Vegas Conference
Below is live coverage of the SEO for Multimedia from the PubCon 2010 conference.
This coverage is provided by Brian Ussery of Search Discovery.
We are using a live blogging tool to provide the real time coverage, please excuse any typos. You can also interact with us and while we are live blogging, so feel free to ask us questions as we blog. We will publish the archive below after the session is completed.
Previous story: PubCon 2010: Ecommerce and Shopping Cart Optimization
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Daily Search Forum Recap: January 12, 2011
Jan 12, 2011 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Title Tags Influence Over Outbound Links
A WebmasterWorld thread has discussion on the topic of the influence over a page's title tag and the outbound links on that page. In short...
• Sick & Tired Of Google AdWords Quality Score
Google made AdWords famous with their Quality Score component. I am not going to explain what Quality Score is, for that, read here. But advertisers, long time advertisers are becoming really tired of it...
• Google AdWords To Lower Case Domains
Google announced they will begin lowercasing the domain and subdomains of the display ads for AdWords. Let me show you what this means. If I wanted my ad to have a display URL that looked like www.RustyBrick.com...
• Significant Delays For Google News Submissions
Before the 2010/2011 holiday season, Google News informed us their would be a slow down in reviewing sites for inclusion in Google News. Harvey P. from Google said this would last "through the end of the year." Yesterday...
• Quilt: iPhone With Google
A picture of an iPhone with Google's home page on a quilt.
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Title Tags Influence Over Outbound Links
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Place:Carlisle, Union, South Carolina, United States
Watchers
NameCarlisle
Alt namesFish Damsource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS45002370
Hillssource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS45002370
TypeTown
Coordinates34.592°N 81.464°W
Located inUnion, South Carolina, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Carlisle is a town in Union County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 436 according to the 2010 United States Census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Carlisle, South Carolina. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Clinical prediction rule
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Clinical prediction rule
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Ujjwal Rastogi, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
A clinical prediction rule is type of medical research study in which researchers try to identify the best combination of medical sign, symptoms, and other findings in predicting the probability of a specific disease or outcome.[1]
Physicians have difficulty in estimated risks of diseases; frequently erring towards overestimation[2], perhaps due to cognitive biases such as base rate fallacy in which the risk of an adverse outcome is exaggerated.
Methods
In a prediction rule study, investigators identify a consecutive group of patients who are suspected of a having a specific disease or outcome. The investigators then compare the value of clinical findings available to the physician versus the results of more intensive testing or the results of delayed clinical follow up.
Effect on Health Outcomes
Few prediction rules have had the consequences of their usage by physicians quantified.[3]
When studied, the impact of providing the information alone (for example, providing the calculated probability of disease) has been negative.[4][5]
However, when the prediction rule is implemented as part of a critical pathway, so that a hospital or clinic has procedures and policies established for how to manage patients identified as high or low risk of disease, the prediction rule has more impact on clinical outcomes.[6]
The more intensively the prediction rule is implemented the more benefit will occur.[7]
Examples of Prediction Rules
Cardiovascular Diseases
Acute MI / Unstable Angina
For the main page on acute coronary syndromes, click here
Risk Score Year published Purpose
TIMI risk score 2000 Unstable Angina
TIMI risk score 2000 STEMI
Morrow et al (TIME II substudy) [8] 2001 Predicting mortality in STEMI
Silver et al [9] 1994 To predict preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients after MI
The GRACE risk score 2003 For risk of death in NSTEMI
ACI-TIPI risk score [10] 1991 To assess the likelihood of patients having acute cardiac ischemia and thus the appropriateness of admitting them to the coronary care unit (CCU).
Goldman algorithm [11] 1988 To predict the likelihood that a patient has a myocardial infarction.
Hathaway et al [12] 1998 Prognosis based on initial ECG
Selker et al [13] 1991 Risk of death in AMI
Piombo et al [14] 2003 To stratify risk in unstable angina.
Solomon et al [15] 2001 To identify which patients benefit from immediate coronary angiography and revascularization.
Sabatine et al [16] 2001 Benefit with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy in patients with unstable angina pectoris.
Stroke, Atrial Fibrillation
Risk Score Year published Purpose
HAS-BLED 2010 Bleeding risk stratification score for those on oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation.
ABCD 2 [17] 2010 Stroke risk with TIA
CHA2DS2-VASc Score 2009 To predict clinical risk of stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation.
Schnabel et al [18] Framingham Heart Study [3] 2009 10 years risk of Atrial fibrillation
HEMORR2HAGES [19] 2006 Bleeding Risk Score
ABCD [20] 2005 Stroke risk after TIA
van Walraven et al [21] 2003 Stroke risk - atrial fib
Wang et al [22] 2003 To predict 1 year stroke mortality
Counsel et al [23] 2003 Acute stroke prognosis (6 variable score)
Wang et al [24] Framingham Heart Study [4] 2003 Stroke after Atrial fibrillation
Wang et al [24] Framingham Heart Study [5] 2003 Stroke or death after Atrial fibrillation.
Efstathiou et al [25] 2002 To differentiate Ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke
Lumley et al [26] 2002 To predict stroke in elderly.
CHADS2 2001 Risk of stroke with AFIB
Baird et al [27] 2001 To predict stroke recovery.
Wang et al [28] 2001 To predict 30 days stroke mortality
NIH Stroke Scale [29] 1999 To predicts the likelihood of a patient's recovery after stroke.
Cincinnati stroke scale [30] 1999 Stroke diagnosis
D'Agostino et al [31] Framingham Heart Study [6] 1994 Risk of stroke
Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Risk Score Year published Purpose
Wells score 2000 Pulmonary embolism
Hypertension, Lipid and Screening
Risk Score Year published Purpose
Parikh et al [32] Framingham Heart Study [7] 2008 Hypertension Risk Score
NCEP ATP III [33] 2001 Screening: lipid guideline
Krijnen et al [34] 1998 To predict renal artery stenosis.
Murabito et al [35] Framingham Heart Study [8] 1997 Intermittent claudication
Chest Pain and CAD
Risk Score Year published Purpose
Panic Screening Score [36] 2011 Screening score to improve recognition of panic-like anxiety in emergency department (ED) patients with unexplained chest pain.
Pencina et al [37] Framingham Heart Study [9] 2009 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease.
North American Chest Pain Rule [38] 2008 For early discharge of patients with chest pain.
Vancouver chest pain rule [39] 2006 For early discharge of patients with chest pain.
Duke treadmill score [40] 1999 To risk-stratify patients with ST-T abnormalities on the resting ECG
Wilson et al [41] Framingham Heart Study [10] 1998 10-year risk of coronary heart disease.
Diamond et al [42] 1979 Pretest probability of CAD.
Angioplasty
Risk Score Year published Purpose
Halkin et al [43] 2005 Angioplasty complication rate
Fortescue et al [44] 2003 Angioplasty complication rate
Singh et al [45] 2002 Angioplasty complication rate
Resnic et al [46] 2001 Angioplasty complication rate
Moscucci et al [47] 2001 Mortality after angioplasty.
Valve and Endocarditis
Risk Score Year published Purpose
Otto et al [48] 1988 AV replacement in aortic stenosis.
Koplan et al [49] 2003 To predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery.
Hasbun et al [50] 2003 Endocarditis prognosis.
Others
Risk Score Year published Purpose
Feringa et al [51] 2007 Peripheral vascular disease prognosis.
Other Organ System
Risk Score Purpose
Gastroentestinal diseases
Ranson criteria To predict the severity of acute pancreatitis.
Tygerberg score To diffrentiate tuberculosis as a cause of pericarditis.
Orthopedic diseases
QFracture score Osteoporosis [11]
Ottawa ankle rules To decide for offering Xray to patient with foot or ankle pain.
Rules predicting complications in diseased patients
Risk Score Purpose
Pneumonia severity index To calculate the probability of morbidityand mortality among patients with community acquired pneumonia.
CURB-65 To predict mortality in community-acquired pneumonia.
MELD To assess the severity of chronic liver disease.
Apnea-hypopnea index To assess the overall severity of sleep apnea.
Amar et al [52] To calculate pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery for primary Lung Cancer
Adverse Effects
Patients may not be comfortable with the way a doctor may integrate decision support into practice.[53]
References
1. McGinn TG, Guyatt GH, Wyer PC, Naylor CD, Stiell IG, Richardson WS (2000). "Users' guides to the medical literature: XXII: how to use articles about clinical decision rules. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group". JAMA 284 (1): 79-84. PMID 10872017.
2. Friedmann PD, Brett AS, Mayo-Smith MF (1996). "Differences in generalists' and cardiologists' perceptions of cardiovascular risk and the outcomes of preventive therapy in cardiovascular disease". Ann. Intern. Med. 124 (4): 414-21. PMID 8554250.
3. Reilly BM, Evans AT (2006). "Translating clinical research into clinical practice: impact of using prediction rules to make decisions". Ann. Intern. Med. 144 (3): 201-9. PMID 16461965.
4. Lee TH, Pearson SD, Johnson PA, et al (1995). "Failure of information as an intervention to modify clinical management. A time-series trial in patients with acute chest pain". Ann. Intern. Med. 122 (6): 434-7. PMID 7856992.
5. Poses RM, Cebul RD, Wigton RS (1995). "You can lead a horse to water--improving physicians' knowledge of probabilities may not affect their decisions". Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making 15 (1): 65-75. PMID 7898300.
6. Marrie TJ, Lau CY, Wheeler SL, Wong CJ, Vandervoort MK, Feagan BG (2000). "A controlled trial of a critical pathway for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. CAPITAL Study Investigators. Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intervention Trial Assessing Levofloxacin". JAMA 283 (6): 749-55. PMID 10683053.
7. Yealy DM, Auble TE, Stone RA, et al (2005). "Effect of increasing the intensity of implementing pneumonia guidelines: a randomized, controlled trial". Ann. Intern. Med. 143 (12): 881-94. PMID 16365469.
8. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Giugliano RP, Cairns R, Charlesworth A, Murphy SA, de Lemos JA, McCabe CH, Braunwald E (November 2001). "A simple risk index for rapid initial triage of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an InTIME II substudy". Lancet 358 (9293): 1571–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06649-1. PMID 11716882. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
9. Silver MT, Rose GA, Paul SD, O'Donnell CJ, O'Gara PT, Eagle KA (November 1994). "A clinical rule to predict preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients after myocardial infarction". Ann. Intern. Med. 121 (10): 750–6. PMID 7944052. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
10. Selker HP, Griffith JL, D'Agostino RB (July 1991). "A tool for judging coronary care unit admission appropriateness, valid for both real-time and retrospective use. A time-insensitive predictive instrument (TIPI) for acute cardiac ischemia: a multicenter study". Med Care 29 (7): 610–27. PMID 2072767. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
11. Goldman L, Cook EF, Brand DA, Lee TH, Rouan GW, Weisberg MC, Acampora D, Stasiulewicz C, Walshon J, Terranova G (March 1988). "A computer protocol to predict myocardial infarction in emergency department patients with chest pain". N. Engl. J. Med. 318 (13): 797–803. doi:10.1056/NEJM198803313181301. PMID 3280998. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
12. Hathaway WR, Peterson ED, Wagner GS, Granger CB, Zabel KM, Pieper KS, Clark KA, Woodlief LH, Califf RM (February 1998). "Prognostic significance of the initial electrocardiogram in patients with acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries". JAMA 279 (5): 387–91. PMID 9459474. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
13. Selker HP, Griffith JL, D'Agostino RB (December 1991). "A time-insensitive predictive instrument for acute myocardial infarction mortality: a multicenter study". Med Care 29 (12): 1196–211. PMID 1745078. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
14. Piombo AC, Gagliardi JA, Guetta J, Fuselli J, Salzberg S, Fairman E, Bertolasi C (August 2003). "A new scoring system to stratify risk in unstable angina". BMC Cardiovasc Disord 3: 8. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-3-8. PMID 12930562. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
15. Solomon DH, Stone PH, Glynn RJ, Ganz DA, Gibson CM, Tracy R, Avorn J (October 2001). "Use of risk stratification to identify patients with unstable angina likeliest to benefit from an invasive versus conservative management strategy". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38 (4): 969–76. PMID 11583866. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
16. Sabatine MS, Januzzi JL, Snapinn S, Théroux P, Jang IK (September 2001). "A risk score system for predicting adverse outcomes and magnitude of benefit with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor therapy in patients with unstable angina pectoris". Am. J. Cardiol. 88 (5): 488–92. PMID 11524055. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
17. Giles MF, Rothwell PM (2010). "Systematic review and pooled analysis of published and unpublished validations of the ABCD and ABCD2 transient ischemic attack risk scores.". Stroke 41 (4): 667-73. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571174. PMID 20185786.
18. Schnabel RB, Sullivan LM, Levy D, Pencina MJ, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB, Newton-Cheh C, Yamamoto JF, Magnani JW, Tadros TM, Kannel WB, Wang TJ, Ellinor PT, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ (February 2009). "Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): a community-based cohort study". Lancet 373 (9665): 739–45. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60443-8. PMID 19249635. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
19. Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE, Waterman AD, Culverhouse R, Rich MW, Radford MJ (March 2006). "Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF)". Am. Heart J. 151 (3): 713–9. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.04.017. PMID 16504638. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
20. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E, Lovelock CE, Redgrave JN, Warlow CP et al. (2005). "A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack.". Lancet 366 (9479): 29-36. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66702-5. PMID 15993230. Review in: Evid Based Nurs. 2006 Jan;9(1):26 Review in: ACP J Club. 2006 Jan-Feb;144(1):24 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2006 Feb;11(1):27
21. van Walraven C, Hart RG, Wells GA, Petersen P, Koudstaal PJ, Gullov AL et al. (2003). "A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with atrial fibrillation and a low risk for stroke while taking aspirin.". Arch Intern Med 163 (8): 936-43. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.8.936. PMID 12719203. Review in: ACP J Club. 2004 Jan-Feb;140(1):25
22. Wang Y, Lim LL, Heller RF, Fisher J, Levi CR (2003). "A prediction model of 1-year mortality for acute ischemic stroke patients.". Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84 (7): 1006-11. PMID 12881825.
23. Counsel C, Dennis MS, Lewis S, Warlow C, FOOD Trial Collaboration. Feed Or Ordinary Diet (2003). "Performance of a statistical model to predict stroke outcome in the context of a large, simple, randomized, controlled trial of feeding.". Stroke 34 (1): 127-33. PMID 12511763.
24. 24.0 24.1 Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Benjamin EJ (August 2003). "A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study". JAMA 290 (8): 1049–56. doi:10.1001/jama.290.8.1049. PMID 12941677. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
25. Efstathiou SP, Tsioulos DI, Zacharos ID, Tsiakou AG, Mitromaras AG, Mastorantonakis SE et al. (2002). "A new classification tool for clinical differentiation between haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke.". J Intern Med 252 (2): 121-9. PMID 12190887.
26. Lumley T, Kronmal RA, Cushman M, Manolio TA, Goldstein S (2002). "A stroke prediction score in the elderly: validation and Web-based application.". J Clin Epidemiol 55 (2): 129-36. PMID 11809350.
27. Baird AE, Dambrosia J, Janket S, Eichbaum Q, Chaves C, Silver B et al. (2001). "A three-item scale for the early prediction of stroke recovery.". Lancet 357 (9274): 2095-9. PMID 11445104.
28. Wang Y, Lim LL, Levi C, Heller RF, Fischer J (2001). "A prognostic index for 30-day mortality after stroke.". J Clin Epidemiol 54 (8): 766-73. PMID 11470384.
29. Adams HP, Davis PH, Leira EC, Chang KC, Bendixen BH, Clarke WR et al. (1999). "Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: A report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST).". Neurology 53 (1): 126-31. PMID 10408548.
30. Kothari RU, Pancioli A, Liu T, Brott T, Broderick J (1999). "Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale: reproducibility and validity.". Ann Emerg Med 33 (4): 373-8. PMID 10092713.
31. D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB (January 1994). "Stroke risk profile: adjustment for antihypertensive medication. The Framingham Study". Stroke 25 (1): 40–3. PMID 8266381. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
32. Parikh NI, Pencina MJ, Wang TJ, Benjamin EJ, Lanier KJ, Levy D, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Vasan RS (January 2008). "A risk score for predicting near-term incidence of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study". Ann. Intern. Med. 148 (2): 102–10. PMID 18195335. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
33. (May 2001) "Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)". JAMA 285 (19): 2486–97. PMID 11368702. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
34. Krijnen P, van Jaarsveld BC, Steyerberg EW, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA, Habbema JD (November 1998). "A clinical prediction rule for renal artery stenosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 129 (9): 705–11. PMID 9841602. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
35. Murabito JM, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Wilson WF (July 1997). "Intermittent claudication. A risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study". Circulation 96 (1): 44–9. PMID 9236415. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
36. Foldes-Busque G, Fleet R, Poitras J, Chauny JM, Belleville G, Denis I, Diodati JG, Pelland MÈ, Lessard MJ, Marchand A (March 2011). "Preliminary investigation of the Panic Screening Score for emergency department patients with unexplained chest pain". Acad Emerg Med 18 (3): 322–5. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01009.x. PMID 21352398. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
37. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Larson MG, Massaro JM, Vasan RS (June 2009). "Predicting the 30-year risk of cardiovascular disease: the framingham heart study". Circulation 119 (24): 3078–84. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.816694. PMID 19506114. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
38. Hess EP, Wells GA, Jaffe A, Stiell IG (2008). "A study to derive a clinical decision rule for triage of emergency department patients with chest pain: design and methodology". BMC Emerg Med 8: 3. doi:10.1186/1471-227X-8-3. PMID 18254973. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
39. Christenson J, Innes G, McKnight D, Thompson CR, Wong H, Yu E, Boychuk B, Grafstein E, Rosenberg F, Gin K, Anis A, Singer J (January 2006). "A clinical prediction rule for early discharge of patients with chest pain". Ann Emerg Med 47 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.08.007. PMID 16387209. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
40. Kwok JM, Miller TD, Christian TF, Hodge DO, Gibbons RJ (September 1999). "Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in symptomatic patients with nonspecific ST-T abnormalities on resting ECG". JAMA 282 (11): 1047–53. PMID 10493203. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
41. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB (May 1998). "Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories". Circulation 97 (18): 1837–47. PMID 9603539. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
42. Diamond GA, Forrester JS (June 1979). "Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 300 (24): 1350–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM197906143002402. PMID 440357. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
43. Halkin A, Singh M, Nikolsky E, Grines CL, Tcheng JE, Garcia E, Cox DA, Turco M, Stuckey TD, Na Y, Lansky AJ, Gersh BJ, O'Neill WW, Mehran R, Stone GW (May 2005). "Prediction of mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: the CADILLAC risk score". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45 (9): 1397–405. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.041. PMID 15862409. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
44. Fortescue EB, Kahn K, Bates DW (January 2003). "Major adverse outcomes after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a clinical prediction rule". J Clin Epidemiol 56 (1): 17–27. PMID 12589866. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
45. Singh M, Lennon RJ, Holmes DR, Bell MR, Rihal CS (August 2002). "Correlates of procedural complications and a simple integer risk score for percutaneous coronary intervention". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40 (3): 387–93. PMID 12142101. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
46. Resnic FS, Ohno-Machado L, Selwyn A, Simon DI, Popma JJ (July 2001). "Simplified risk score models accurately predict the risk of major in-hospital complications following percutaneous coronary intervention". Am. J. Cardiol. 88 (1): 5–9. PMID 11423050. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
47. Moscucci M, Kline-Rogers E, Share D, O'Donnell M, Maxwell-Eward A, Meengs WL, Kraft P, DeFranco AC, Chambers JL, Patel K, McGinnity JG, Eagle KA (July 2001). "Simple bedside additive tool for prediction of in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary interventions". Circulation 104 (3): 263–8. PMID 11457742. Retrieved on 2012-05-15.
48. Otto CM, Pearlman AS (December 1988). "Doppler echocardiography in adults with symptomatic aortic stenosis. Diagnostic utility and cost-effectiveness". Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (12): 2553–60. PMID 3143323. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
49. Koplan BA, Stevenson WG, Epstein LM, Aranki SF, Maisel WH (March 2003). "Development and validation of a simple risk score to predict the need for permanent pacing after cardiac valve surgery". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41 (5): 795–801. PMID 12628725. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
50. Hasbun R, Vikram HR, Barakat LA, Buenconsejo J, Quagliarello VJ (April 2003). "Complicated left-sided native valve endocarditis in adults: risk classification for mortality". JAMA 289 (15): 1933–40. doi:10.1001/jama.289.15.1933. PMID 12697795. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
51. Feringa HH, Bax JJ, Hoeks S, van Waning VH, Elhendy A, Karagiannis S, Vidakovic R, Schouten O, Boersma E, Poldermans D (December 2007). "A prognostic risk index for long-term mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease". Arch. Intern. Med. 167 (22): 2482–9. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.22.2482. PMID 18071171. Retrieved on 2012-05-16.
52. Amar D, Munoz D, Shi W, Zhang H, Thaler HT (May 2010). "A clinical prediction rule for pulmonary complications after thoracic surgery for primary lung cancer". Anesth. Analg. 110 (5): 1343–8. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181bf5c99. PMID 19861366. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
53. Shaffer VA, Probst CA, Merkle EC, Arkes HR, Medow MA (2013). "Why do patients derogate physicians who use a computer-based diagnostic support system?". Med Decis Making 33 (1): 108-18. doi:10.1177/0272989X12453501. PMID 22820049.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6102.0 - Labour Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2001
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 18/05/2001 Ceased
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
INTRODUCTION
20.12.1 This survey was conducted in July 1997, and collected information on the labour force status and other characteristics of persons who had been retrenched or made redundant in the three year period to 30 June 1997. The survey had not been conducted previously and is intended to continue on an irregular basis only.
20.12.2 Results from the survey provide information on the employment consequences of structural change in the economy, and are used for policy development and planning of services to workers who have been retrenched or made redundant.
20.12.3 This section describes only those aspects of the methodology that are unique to this survey, and hence should be used in conjunction with the overview part of this chapter, which outlines the survey methodology used in supplementary surveys.
SURVEY OUTPUT
20.12.4 Data from the survey were published in Retrenchment and Redundancy, Australia (Cat. no. 6266.0). More detailed data are available on request.
20.12.5 Data from the survey relate to persons aged 18 to 64. The main population of interest was persons who had been retrenched or made redundant in the three years to 30 June 1997. Estimates are available on an original basis only (i.e. not seasonally adjusted) and include:
Socio-demographic information
.
Sex, age, marital status, relationship in household, family, geographic region, educational attainment, birthplace and year of arrival in Australia.
.
Persons who had held a job in the three years prior to 30 June 1997
.
Current labour force status, number of times retrenched in three years prior to 30 June 1997.
.
Persons who had been retrenched in the three years prior to 30 June 1997
.
Details of job most recently retrenched from including occupation, industry, full-time or part-time status, permanent or casual status, sector, and duration of employment; details of the retrenchment including reasons for retrenchment and whether given notice; and details of advice sought after retrenchment including agencies visited, assistance provided, whether attending an educational institution, and current labour force status.
.
Persons who had been retrenched in the three years prior to 30 June 1997 and currently employed
.
Details of main job including occupation, industry, full-time or part-time status, sector, permanent or casual status; and differences between current job and job retrenched from including whether changed occupation, whether changed industry, and whether changed full-time or part-time status.
.
Persons who had been retrenched in the three years prior to 30 June 1997 and currently unemployedType of work sought (full-time or part-time), duration of current period of unemployment, active steps to find work, whether would move if offered a suitable job, difficulties experienced finding work, offers of employment, number of spells of looking for work, and total time spent looking for work in previous 12 months.
20.12.6 Data collected in the survey are compiled according to concepts and definitions outlined in Chapter 2 (labour force status), Chapter 3 (employment), Chapter 4 (employment characteristics), Chapter 6 (unemployment) and Chapter 15 (socio-demographic information, sector and industry).
SCOPE
20.12.7 The scope of this survey is restricted to persons aged 18 to 64. The standard scope restrictions for supplementary surveys outlined in the overview part of Chapter 20 also apply to this survey.
DATA COMPARABILITY OVER TIME
20.12.8 The survey was conducted for the first time in 1997 and has not been conducted again since.
FURTHER INFORMATION
20.12.9 For further details contact the Assistant Director, Monthly and Multi-purpose Population Surveys Section, on Canberra (02) 6252 6660.
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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11 December 2012
Mesh Block Counts now available
Originally advertised to be released on 28 March 2013, 2011 Mesh block counts for usual resident population and dwellings are now available to be downloaded from our website. You can download these as Excel or CSV files. For more information go to the Mesh Block Counts page.
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Anthony Cirinelli
Unregistered less info
11 reputation
1
bio website buildboxcm.com
location
age
visits member for 1 year, 7 months
seen Oct 7 '11 at 22:50
stats profile views 10
New around here. Trying to learn some things about starting a 'start-up' and managing a new website.
This user has not answered any questions
0 Votes Cast
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121 reputation
1
bio website ArtOfBabel.com
location Toronto, Canada
age
visits member for 2 years, 1 month
seen Jul 7 '11 at 13:25
stats profile views 22
I specialize in enterprise application integration using BizTalk server and other technologies. With over 12 years experience, I have perspective that helps me understand your organization's problems, and design and implement effective solutions.
Industries I have worked in include Healthcare (HL7 v3), Insurance, Banking/Finance, Publishing, Logistics, and Telecommunications.
I am also the editor and publisher of an online magazine about systems integration / EAI - ArtOfBabel.com.
Visit my site Erik Westermann.
Presently on-contract, yet available for off-site (remote) part-time consulting
This user has no reviews
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Friday, February 29, 2008
Why care about open source?
1. Without open source you will never get true portability in the utility computing world.
2. Without portability you will never get truly competitive utility computing markets.
3. Without a competitive utility computing market you will never overcome the adoption fears.
4. Without overcoming the adoption fears, you will never get a widespread reduction in energy consumption and material wastage (silicon is also used in photo-voltaics).
5. Reducing energy consumption and the environmental cost of energy production is good for ducks.
6. I like ducks.
Hence:
open source == kindness to ducks
closed source == cruelty to ducks
Well, almost ... :-)
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Mozilla DB News, Fri Apr 27th
Sheeri
It has been 4 weeks since I last posted the goings-on for Mozilla DBs. April is always a crazy month because of the annual MySQL conference (Some great pics here). This year it was the Percona Live: MySQL Conference and Expo. And of course as soon as I get caught up from the conference, I have to submit more sessions to MySQL Connect (call for papers closes Sunday May 6th) and Percona Live: NYC (anyone know when the call for papers for this will close?).
At the conference, I gave a lightning talk and a tutorial. I have posted the slides for those interested. Unfortunately, Percona asked me not to post the recordings of tutorials. I had cleared recording with them, but apparently during the last tutorial session one of the 2 video cameras was turned off and I was informed after the fact that I was not supposed to be recording them. Which is odd, since
O’Reilly had no problems with me recording tutorials in 2008 (memcached tutorial), 2009 (part 1 and part 2 of a metadata tutorial) and 2010 (part 1 and part 2 of a tutorial about config options). I have no videos from 2011 since I did not attend the conference.
At any rate, this is just to let you know that due to Percona’s policy, there will not be any tutorial recordings available (should they decide to change their policy, the tapes have not been recorded over yet). The session recordings are forthcoming, I will blog here when they are ready for viewing.
We have also been busy with data center moves! Due to MySQL’s flexibile architecture, we were able to move db services with very little interruption to the end user. This is a big deal because we have to change monitoring checks and network flows as well as MySQL ACLs (database authorization – Mozilla is very good about only allowing specific hosts or groups of hosts to connect to MySQL!)
In the last 4 weeks, we have done many moves:
• We not only moved the database cluster that buildbot was on, but we also built a cluster specifically for buildbot, with no other services on it. Before, it shared a database with other services such as graphs, cruncher and autoland.
• Upgraded a production slave of Bugzilla to MySQL 5.1 and put it in the mix. It has been running for a few weeks without any problems, so I will be upgrading the other slaves as soon as I have time.
• Helped debug why https://reps.mozilla.org/people/ was slow. It was not a database issue. (I have to say, after doing 5 years of consulting, where problems are usually the database, it’s nice to work in a shop where the problem usually is NOT the database!)
• Started to turn an old mail server, which had lots of space, into a backup server in our Phoenix data center.
• Added some metadata for http://graphs.mozilla.org.
• Moved our PHPMyAdmin server. It moved, and nobody noticed, so either I did a good job, or nobody’s really using it!
• Added new database grants so our metrics team could access new customBugzilla fields.
• Moved our metrics databases.
• Moved the web development databases.
• Move our internal inventory database. This is tricky, because we relied heavily on our inventory database during our move, so we had to be extra careful that we did not cause any problems with the move…while we were moving this server! Of course that was not a huge issue, as we had a database in a third data center that took all the traffic and became the active database cluster as we moved the original cluster (from San Jose to Santa Clara).
• There was plenty of PostgreSQL work to do as well. I learned how to refresh our stage database from production and also got a lot more practice in reprocessing crash reports for our Crash Stats database.
• Did a test-run of moving the database behind a Mozilla wiki, and mentored the Web Operations team on how to do it. They did it successfully, which meant I did not have to be up in the wee hours of the morning!
• Got a sanitized copy of the Bugzilla database to some developers, a few times.
• Created the Mozilla Labs database cluster.
• Created the Bedrock database cluster – on Percona Server 5.5! I am very excited to be using a 5.5 version on new projects. One of the goals I am making slow progress on is upgrading servers from MySQL 5.0.
• Created the new developer database cluster.
• Created the Personas database cluster.
• Decommissioned old http://support.mozilla.com database servers.
• Decommissioned old http://addons.mozilla.com database servers.
• Decommissioned old Bugzilla staging database servers.
• Created a new Bugzilla staging database cluster.
• Debugged a Hive problem – For reference, the problem was getting this error:
ERROR metadata.Hive: javax.jdo.JDOException: Couldnt obtain a new sequence (unique id) : Binary logging not possible. Message: Transaction level 'READ-COMMITTED' in InnoDB is not safe for binlog mode 'STATEMENT'
The problem is that Hive automatically sets the transaction isolation level to be READ_COMMITTED by default. The solution is
to change Hive’s configuration settings to set the transaction isolation level to REPEATABLE_READ, to match MySQL’s default.
It has been a crazy few weeks, and will only get crazier as I will be traveling more and more!
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"warc_url": "http://crantastic.org/packages/ecodist"
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ecodist (1.2.7)
0 users
Dissimilarity-based functions for ecological analysis.
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ecodist
Dissimilarity-based analysis functions including ordination and Mantel test functions, intended for use with spatial and community data.
Maintainer: Sarah Goslee
Author(s): Sarah Goslee and Dean Urban
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: Does not use any package
Reverse depends: survJamda
Reverse suggests: gstudio
Released about 1 year ago.
4 previous versions
Ratings
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Related packages: ade4, cocorresp, e1071, labdsv, lme4, pscl, vegan, VGAM, MASS, aqp, adehabitat, amap, analogue, aod, ape, dyn, dynlm, BiodiversityR, CircStats, circular(20 best matches, based on common tags.)
Search for ecodist on google, google scholar, r-help, r-devel.
Visit ecodist on R Graphical Manual.
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"warc_url": "http://creativecommons.org/tag/choosing-an-open-license/feed/rss"
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Creative Commons » choosing an open license http://creativecommons.org Share, reuse, and remix — legally. Fri, 17 May 2013 00:22:14 +0000 en-US hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.5.1 Choosing An Open License – the P2PU Experience http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/22098 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/22098#comments Tue, 25 May 2010 14:32:00 +0000 Jane Park http://creativecommons.org/?p=22098 There are a lot of things to consider when it comes to choosing a CC license. The factors are different for everyone, whether you’re an individual creator or an institution. Usually, the decision is made and the process by which it was made fades into memory or only remains via word of mouth or blog posts. The Peer 2 Peer University (P2PU) didn’t want this to happen so they decided to document their process when the community held its first workshop in Berlin. A Guide to CHOOSING AN OPEN LICENCE: The Peer 2 Peer University Experience is the result of their efforts. From the announcement:
P2PU has always been committed to openness in everything we do, from the way we run our activities, to how we licence the materials we produce. However, as many people who have worked in the Open Educational space will attest, choosing the right kind of licence, one that provides both the protections and the freedoms that a project like P2PU may require, can be a tricky process…
As we went through the process, we also realised that our experiences may be useful for other people who are undergoing a similar exercises. So we decided to document what we did, and why, and how it turned out. And today, we are proud to announce the publication of our Guide to Choosing an Open Licence (with a CC licence, of course!) In this document, you’ll find details of every step we took to choose our licence, and a range of opinions from several open educators, lawyers and practitioners which we found invaluable.
The P2PU experience is only one of many, and it is not necessarily the process or the license that everyone should choose. It is simply one example of a process that worked for a diverse community of people with various viewpoints. In the end, they chose CC BY-SA (with the allowance of CC BY for when content is entirely funded by a third party). The document is thorough, objective, helpful, and not very long–so make sure to check it out, especially if you’re wondering how to go about choosing a CC license for your own project. (The document itself is available via CC BY-SA).
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Data Description
Show Map Google Earth RIS BibTeX
Citation:
Mackensen, A et al. (2000): Stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition of benthic foraminifera. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.779473,
Supplement to: Mackensen, Andreas; Schumacher, Stefanie; Radke, Jens; Schmidt, Daniela N (2000): Microhabitat preferences and stable carbon isotopes of endobenthic foraminifera: clue to quantitative reconstruction of oceanic new production?. Marine Micropaleontology, 40(3), 233-258, doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00040-2
Abstract:
Seventeen surface sediment samples from the North Atlantic Ocean off NE-Greenland between 76° and 81°N, and nine samples from the South Atlantic Ocean close to Bouvet Island between 48° and 55°S were taken with the aid of a Multiple Corer and investigated for their live (Rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminiferal content within the upper 15 cm of sediment. Preferentially endobenthic Melonis barleeanum, Melonis zaandami, and Bulimina aculeata as well as preferentially epibenthic Lobatula lobatula were counted from 1-cm-thick sediment slices each and analyzed for stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of their calcareous tests. Live and dead specimens were counted and measured separately. The carbon isotopic composition of the foraminifera was compared to that of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of simultaneously sampled bottom water. During a period of one month, one station off NE-Greenland was replicately sampled once every week and samples were processed as above.
Live specimens of Lobatula lobatula are confined to the uppermost two centimeters of sediment. Live specimens of Melonis spp. are found down to 8 cm within the sediment but with a distinct sub-surface maximum between 2 and 5 cm. The down-core distribution of live Bulimina aculeata shows a distinct surface maximum in the top centimeter and constant but low numbers down to 11-cm subbottom depth.
The average stable carbon isotopic composition (d13C versus per mil PDB) of live Lobatula lobatula off NE-Greenland is by 0.4±0.1 per mil higher than the d13CDIC of the ambient bottom water at the time of sampling. There is evidence that this species calcify before the ice-free season, when bottom water d13CDIC is supposed to be higher. This would reconfirm the one-to-one relationship between d13C of ambient water DIC and cibicids, widely used by paleoceanographers. Live Melonis barleeanum show a negative offset from bottom water DIC of -1.7±0.6 per mil in the uppermost sediment and of -2.2±0.5 per mil in 3-4-cm subbottom depth. All d13C values of live Melonis spp. decrease within the upper four centimeters, regardless of the time of sampling and site investigated. The offset of live Bulimina aculeata from bottom water d13CDIC values of 8 stations rather constantly amounts to -0.6±0.1 per mil, no matter what subbottom depth the specimens are from. At one station however, where is strong indication of elevated organic carbon flux, the negative offset averaged over all sub-bottom depths increases to -1.5±0.2 per mil.
Buliminids actively move within the sediment and by this either record an average isotope signal of the pore water or the signal of one specific calcification depth. The recorded signal, however, depends on the organic carbon flux and reflects general but site-specific pore water d13CDIC values. If compared with epibenthic d13C values from the same site, not influenced by pore water and related phytodetritus layer effects, Buliminad13C values bear some potential as a paleoproductivity proxy. Specimens of Melonis spp. seem to prefer a more static way of life and calcify at different but individually fix depths within the sediment. Although live specimens thus record a stratified pore water d13C signal, there is no means yet to correct for bioturbational and early diagenetic effects in fossil faunas.
Related to:
Mackensen, Andreas; Schumacher, Stefanie; Radke, Jens; Schmidt, Daniela N (2001): Erratum to "Microhabitat preferences and stable carbon isotopes of endobenthic foraminifera: clue to quantitative reconstruction of new production?" [Mar. Micropaleontol. 40 (2000) 233-258]. Marine Micropaleontology, 42(1-2), 101, doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(01)00007-X
Project(s):
Coverage:
Median Latitude: 14.164646 * Median Longitude: -6.212677 * South-bound Latitude: -54.540000 * West-bound Longitude: -15.755833 * North-bound Latitude: 81.385000 * East-bound Longitude: 3.781000
Event(s):
PS1771-4 (PS16/316) * Latitude: -53.759000 * Longitude: 3.781000 * Date/Time: 1989-11-12T15:55:00 * Elevation: -1819.0 m * Recovery: 0.20 m * Penetration: 0.20 m * Location: Indian-Antarctic Ridge * Campaign: ANT-VIII/3 (PS16) * Basis: Polarstern * Device: MultiCorer
PS1777-7 (PS16/342) * Latitude: -48.233333 * Longitude: -11.033333 * Date/Time: 1989-11-17T23:19:00 * Elevation: -2575.0 m * Recovery: 0.19 m * Penetration: 0.19 m * Location: Atlantic Ridge * Campaign: ANT-VIII/3 (PS16) * Basis: Polarstern * Device: MultiCorer
PS2092-1 (PS18/250) * Latitude: -54.009667 * Longitude: 3.479000 * Date/Time: 1991-04-09T05:30:00 * Elevation: -1897.0 m * Recovery: 0.25 m * Penetration: 0.00 m * Location: Atlantic Ridge * Campaign: ANT-IX/4 (PS18) * Basis: Polarstern * Device: MultiCorer * Comment: 10 Rohre
License:
Size:
4 datasets
Download Data
Download ZIP file containing all datasets as tab-delimited text (use the following character encoding: )
Datasets listed in this Collection
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:20721",
"uncompressed_offset": 98996113,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Category:Woodford_County,_Illinois",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:3c88631a-201a-4f46-a4a3-07630d7e643d>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Category:Woodford_County,_Illinois"
}
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Category:Woodford County, IllinoisEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Pages in category "Woodford County, Illinois"
This category contains only the following page.
W
Media in category "Woodford County, Illinois"
The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total.
• This page was last modified on 16 July 2011, at 07:17.
• This page has been accessed 103 times.
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 120023951,
"url": "googlesystem.blogspot.com/2006/10/silent-companion.html",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:3c88631a-201a-4f46-a4a3-07630d7e643d>",
"warc_url": "http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2006/10/silent-companion.html"
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
October 14, 2006
The Silent Companion
New York Times has an article titled Planet Google Wants You in which contemplates the ever-growing Google ubiquity. The ending is really beautiful:
Toni Carreiro, a Web designer in San Rafael, Calif., and a self-described Google addict, said that the elegant simplicity of Google's design is a blank slate upon which she can impose her own personality: It's not there to sell you on anything, just to help you, while other sites, she said, are full of blinking ads and clutter.
"They have all this animation going," she said. "I just want my stuff. That's what Google gives you — 'me.'"
Google is not the only company that says it cares about the users, but Google is afraid that people start to hate it, so it does everything to prevent that. Google's simplicity is just one way of being friendly. Another way is giving options and not forcing users to choose things they don't want to. And if they have to make a choice, Google tries to be honest (and sometimes pay for the honesty).
Google is a silent companion that listens to you and tries to help you only when you ask for it. Others do like Bonzi Buddy: try to sell you stuff, try to make themselves useful when you don't need them, ask silly questions and make you feel you owe them. And maybe that's why Tony identify herself with Google.
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 137990917,
"url": "ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/p/bit-more-about-ipkat.html",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:3c88631a-201a-4f46-a4a3-07630d7e643d>",
"warc_url": "http://ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/p/bit-more-about-ipkat.html"
}
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
A bit more about the IPKat
A bit more about the IPKat
Launched in 2003 as a teaching aid for Intellectual Property Law students in London, the IPKat’s weblog has become a popular source of material, comment and amusement for IP owners, practitioners, judges, students and administrators. Here are a few facts you may not know:
• · The IPKat does not carry paid advertising and does not subscribe to any online advertising services;
• · The IPKat does not carry reciprocal links to other weblogs or websites;
• · IPKAT is a registered Community trade mark. You can see the details here;
• Many of the cat illustrations featured on the blog are photographs of readers’ cats;
• · You can follow the IPKat on Twitter at http://twitter.com/ipkat
• · The IPKat has two URLs: www.ipkat.com and http://ipkitten.blogspot.com
• · The top left hand corner of the weblog has a word-search facility to help you find what you’re looking for;
• · The IPKat can be emailed at theipkat@gmail.com and blogmeister Jeremy has a separate email address for Kat-related issues at ipkatforever-ipblog@yahoo.co.uk
• · The IPKat has never been sued for copyright infringement or trade mark infringement, though it has been threatened with legal action for defamation (twice, both threats being retracted) and contempt of court (once, the threat being retracted)
• · The IPKat has an automatic take-down policy whenever an IP rights owner asks it to cease use of its material;
• · Press releases and public announcements should be sent to theipkat@gmail.com
Books and periodicals for review, as well as proposals for IPKat-organised seminars and training sessions should be sent to Jeremy at ipkatforever-ipblog@yahoo.co.uk
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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{
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:3c88631a-201a-4f46-a4a3-07630d7e643d>",
"warc_url": "http://linuxgamingnews.org/tag/nexuiz/"
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The Case Of Nexuiz
Posted on 7th March 2010 in Uncategorized
The FREE GPLed Arena FPS game Nexuiz from Alientrap has going trough some major changes …and it doesn’t seems good. The founder of the Nexuiz project with many of it’s major contributors agreed to “sell” their domain and GPLed sources to IllFonic, LLC. While the GPLed Nexuiz will remain free the “New” Nexuiz (which is [...]
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Any historian of the literature of the modern age will take virtually for granted the adversary intention, the actually subversive intention, that characterizes modern writing -- he will perceive its clear purpose of detaching the reader from the habits of thought and feeling that the larger culture imposes, of giving him a ground and a vantage point from which to judge and condemn, and perhaps revise, the culture that produces him. Trilling, Lionel
This quote is about literature · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Trilling, Lionel ...
Lionel Trilling (July 4, 1905 November 5, 1975) was an American literary critic, author, and teacher. Trilling was one of the group known as "The New York Intellectuals" and was viewed as one of the great literary critics of his time. He is probably most famous to the general public for his introduction to a 1952 reissue of George Orwell's book, Homage to Catalonia. He was also a regular contributor to the Partisan Review.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
My father said: You must never try to make all the money that's in a deal. Let the other fellow make some money too, because if you have a reputation for always making all the money, you won't have many deals. Getty, J. Paul
This quote is about negotiation · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Getty, J. Paul ...
Getty, Jean Paul, 1892-1976, American business executive, one of the richest men in the world during his life, b. Minneapolis, Minn. He inherited his father's oil business, George F. Getty, Inc., becoming its president and general manager in 1930. When it was reorganized (1956) as the Getty Oil Company, he became the firm's director and principal owner. From the early 1950s until his death, Getty resided in Great Britain. From his 16th-century Tudor estate, known as Sutton Place, Getty controlled a vast business empire made up of almost 200 concerns. His personal worth was estimated to be approximately $3 billion.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Now the Name of Jesus is a concrete and powerful means of transforming men and women into their hidden, innermost utmost reality. Bible
This quote is about potential · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Bible ...
The Bible (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Good Book, Word of God, The Word, or Scripture), from Greek, (ta) biblia, "(the) books", is the classical name for the Hebrew Bible of Judaism or the combination of the Old Testament and New Testament of Christianity ("The Bible" actually refers to at least two different Bibles). It is thus applied to sacred scriptures. Many Christian English speakers refer to the Christian Bible as "the good book" (Gospel means "good news"). For many people their Bible is the revealed word of God, or an authoritative record of the relationship between God, the world and humankind.
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Quotation added by staff
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A tool is but the extension of a man's hand, and a machine is but a complex tool. And he that invents a machine augments the power of a man and the well-being of mankind. Beecher, Henry Ward
This quote is about tools · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Beecher, Henry Ward ...
Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 - March 8, 1887) was a theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman and reformer, and author who was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the eighth of nine children of Lyman Beecher by his first wife (and the eighth of thirteen children in all). One of his elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
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Research article
Fitness consultations in routine care of patients with type 2 diabetes in general practice: an 18-month non-randomised intervention study
Henning Lohmann1,2*, Volkert Siersma2 and Niels F Olivarius2
Author Affiliations
1 General practice, Korsør, Denmark
2 The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Family Practice 2010, 11:83 doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-83
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/11/83
Received:17 October 2009
Accepted:3 November 2010
Published:3 November 2010
© 2010 Lohmann et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Increasing physical activity is a cornerstone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and in general practice it is a challenge to achieve long-term adherence to this life style change. The aim of this study was to investigate in a non-randomised design whether the introduction of motivational interviewing combined with fitness tests in the type 2 diabetes care programme was followed by a change in cardio-respiratory fitness expressed by VO2max, muscle strength of upper and lower extremities, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and HDL-cholesterol.
Methods
Uncontrolled 18-month intervention study with follow-up and effect assessment every 3 months in a primary care unit in Denmark with six general practitioners (GPs). Of 354 eligible patients with type 2 diabetes, 127 (35.9%) were included. Maximum work capacity was tested on a cycle ergometer and converted to VO2max. Muscle strength was measured with an arm curl test and a chair stand test. The results were used in a subsequent motivational interview conducted by one of the GPs. Patients were encouraged to engage in lifestyle exercise and simple home-based self-managed exercise programmes. Data were analysed with mixed models.
Results
At end of study, 102 (80.3%) participants remained in the intervention. Over 18 months, VO2max increased 2.5% (p = 0.032) while increases of 33.2% (p < 0.001) and 34.1% (p < 0.001) were registered for the arm curl test and chair stand test, respectively. HDL-cholesterol increased 8.6% (p < 0.001), but HbA1c remained unchanged (p = 0.57) on a low level (6.8%). Patients without cardiovascular disease or pain from function limitation increased their VO2max by 5.2% (p < 0.0001) and 7.9% (p = 0.0008), respectively.
Conclusions
In this 18-month study, participants who had repeated fitness consultations, including physical testing and motivational interviewing to improve physical activity, improved VO2max, muscle strength, and lipid profile. Our results indicate that physical testing combined with motivational interviewing is feasible in a primary health care setting. Here, a fitness consultation tailored to the individual patient, his/her comorbidities and conditions in the local area can be incorporated into the diabetes programme to improve patients' muscle strength and cardio-respiratory fitness.
Background
Increases in cardio-respiratory fitness, muscle strength and level of physical activity are associated with decreased mortality and protect against age-related disabilities [1-7]. A substantial proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes have low levels of physical fitness and do not engage in the recommended level of physical activity [1,8]. These patients have increased cardiovascular mortality [9] and many comorbidities [10], e. g. hypertension, cardiovascular disease and arthritis, which may preclude some physical activities or require evaluation by a physician before the activities can be undertaken.
Regular exercise in type 2 diabetic individuals may have a significant effect on VO2max and may result in decreased HbA1c [11,12]. Similarly, HDL-cholesterol increases with cardio-respiratory fitness [13,14]. It has also been demonstrated that progressive resistance training increases muscle strength in type 2 diabetic patients [15].
Interventions that include fitness testing and individual exercise prescription are associated with more effect on fitness outcomes than interventions without these elements [16], and in recent years the use of individual behavioural approaches to increase physical activity has been advocated. It seems relevant to use motivational interviewing and include testing of muscle strength, cardio-respiratory fitness as well as exercise prescription in the motivational armamentarium of a diabetes care programme [17-22]. In a study of home-based resistance training in elderly people it was concluded that a positive attitude towards exercise and a sense of control over it were associated with adherence to the exercise regimen [23]. There are many laboratory studies with supervised exercise that demonstrate an effect on cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength, but results from general practice are scarce [11].
The over-all purpose of the present study was to see whether it was feasible for general practitioners (GPs) and their staff to motivate people with type 2 diabetes to increase and maintain their muscle strength and cardio-respiratory fitness by self-managed physical activities during an 18-month intervention period. We assumed that by providing patients with knowledge of their own muscle strength and cardio-respiratory fitness, they would become aware of discrepancies between their current physical fitness and personal goals for future health, and this realisation could induce behavioural changes [16,20]. In those patients who accepted to undergo the intervention, we measured a number of outcomes before, during and after the inclusion of fitness tests and motivational interviewing in the patients' regular diabetes control consultations. The primary outcomes were VO2max (maximal oxygen uptake, ml O2 kg-1 min-1), muscle strength of upper and lower extremities, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and HDL-cholesterol during the 18-month intervention period. Secondary outcomes were waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides.
Methods
Study design and participants
The study was designed as an uncontrolled study in a primary health care unit with six GPs providing health services to approx. half of the 20,000 population of a town in Denmark. All health care providers in the unit participated. In Denmark, routine care of patients with type 2 diabetes is usually given by GPs and practice nurses in primary care units in a national structured diabetes programme recommending control every 3 months.
Of 399 patients with known type 2 diabetes, 127 were included (Figure 1). All were Caucasians. During the study, participants were considered lost to follow-up after non-response to one reminder. The reasons for exclusion or loss to follow-up appear from Figure 1. The ethics committee of West Zealand approved the protocol. Patients gave written informed consent.
Figure 1. Flow of patients through the trial and the number of different physical tests done at fitness consultation No. 1, 4 and 7.
The fitness consultation
The six GPs involved were trained in the principles of aerobic and resistance exercise testing and training in a 3-hour session, and they were introduced to the strategies and techniques of motivational interviewing in another 3-hour session conducted by a researcher with wide experience of motivational interviewing.
During the 18 months of intervention, the patients were seen on two different days every three months in connection with the scheduled visits in the usual diabetes care programme.
On the first day, the practice nurse or the laboratory technician tested maximum work capacity (Wattmax) and muscle strength and measured weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure and HbA1c. At baseline and after 9 and 18 months, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, serum creatinine, HbA1c, and urinary albumin/creatinine-ratio were measured as well.
On the second day, the GPs, in conjunction with the usual diabetes control, carried out a fitness consultation. At every fitness consultation the GPs had to judge and note in the patient file the patient's position in relation to the Stages of change model (Pre-contemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance and Relapse). The consultation was then held bearing this knowledge in mind. The doctors and patients worked with ambivalent attitudes, using the results of the physical tests, the pro and cons of increased physical activity, resistance, readiness and ability to change. The GPs were recommended not to try to persuade patients to certain behaviour changes but to accept the choices made by the patients.
Results of the physical tests were presented to the patient using age- and sex-stratified nomograms and information about changes since the previous visit [2,24]. Life-style exercise, i.e. increasing physical activity in daily life, actions such as walking up and down stairs instead of using the lift, cycling instead of using the car, gardening etc., were suggested. A realistic goal of physical activity was negotiated, aiming at 2,500 kcal per week corresponding to approximately a half-hour walking and a half-hour cycling a day seven days a week. This is a level where the maximal effect on cardiovascular risk and HbA1c might be expected [4,25,26].
Self-managed resistance exercise was suggested for each of the major muscle groups three times a week gradually progressing to two or three sets with a resistance that could be done between a minimum of 10 times and a maximum of 15 times [24].
Tests of fitness and muscle strength
Before testing, all patients had a 6-minute light warm-up period on the bicycle ergometer with 50% of maximum workload. Tests of muscle strength were done as described in "Senior Fitness Test" [2] by two tests: (a) an arm curl test during which the patient lifted weights from full extension to maximum flexion as many times as possible within 30 seconds. The outcome was the number of flexions; (b) a chair stand test where the patient stood up and sat down from a 40 cm high chair as many times as possible within 30 seconds. The outcome was the number of stand ups. The chair stand test is a measure of lower body strength and has a moderately high correlation to leg press scores (R = 0.78 for men and R = 0.71 for women). The arm curl test is a measure of upper body strength and has a moderately high correlation to combined 1-RM (repetition max) biceps, chest, and upper back (R = 0.84 for men and R = 0.79 for women). The test-retest reliability (95% confidence interval) for the chair stand test is 0.89 (0.79-0.93) and for the arm curl test 0.81 (0.72-0.88) [2].
Cardio-respiratory fitness was tested with an individualized symptom-limited ramp cycle ergometer (Monark®) test where we used a protocol with an individualized initial workload and a 12.5-watt increase per min. aiming at a testing time between six and 10 minutes. The results, i.e. the Wattmax attained, were converted to VO2max (ml O2 kg-1 min-1) by use of conversion formulas [27]. This method of measuring cardio-respiratory fitness has a high correlation, R = 0.97, with measurements of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange [27].
We did not screen all participants with stress testing before exercise testing, but all were assessed clinically and with a resting ECG with regard to the risk of ischaemic heart disease and, at the discretion of the GP, referred to a cardiologist before testing [28]. Contraindications for the maximal exercise test were blood pressure > 180/110 mmHg, unstable angina pectoris, severe ischaemia on resting ECG, severe heart arrhythmia, aorta stenosis, pacemaker with fixed heart rate, autonomic neuropathy (resting heart rate > 100 bpm, orthostatic vertigo), proliferative retinopathy, and acute disease [24,28]. Patients on insulin treatment with blood glucose < 7 mmol/l were given 20 g glucose 15 minutes before testing. All tests were stopped if the patient felt unwell in any way. The health centre had access to resuscitation equipment including a heart starter.
Biochemical and clinical variables
All blood samples were taken in the morning after an eight-hour overnight fast and a resting period of at least 15 min and no hard physical activity within the foregoing two hours. Samples were analysed at Slagelse Hospital. Fraction of HbA1c was measured by a high performance liquid chromatography method (a Tosoh Automated Glycohaemoglobin Analyzer HLC-723 G. Reference interval: 0.042-0.063). Serum total cholesterol concentration was measured enzymatically with cholesterol esterase-cholesterol oxidase-peroxidase reagent. Serum triglyceride concentrations were determined enzymatically with a lipase-glycerolkinase-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase-peroxidase reagent. HDL-cholesterol was determined by a homogeneous enzymatic colorimetric method. Plasma glucose was measured by a hexokinase method. In freshly voided morning urine, creatinine was determined by a Jaffé reaction and albumin by an immunoturbidimetric method.
Body weight and height were measured without shoes and outer garments on the same scales throughout the study. BMI was calculated as (weight in kg)/(height in metres)2. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest cm in the mid-horizontal plane between lowest rib and iliac crest. Blood pressure was measured after 10 min. rest in the seated position as the lowest of three values using a mercury sphygmomanometer.
Pain with function limitation was defined as pain from joints and/or muscles in arms, shoulders, legs and/or back which reduced the performance at the physical tests at the 9- and/or 18-month follow-up as indicated by the patient. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as history of myocardial infarction and/or verified stenosis of coronary arteries and/or stroke and/or arteriosclerosis of the lower extremities verified by distal pressure measurement recorded at baseline and/or after 9 and/or 18 months.
Statistical analysis
Differences between study subjects and excluded patients were investigated by χ2 tests or Kruskal-Wallis tests. The development of each outcome variable was described in a mixed model with a separate fixed effect for each examination, and a random patient intercept [29]. The concatenation of fixed effects was interpreted as the average development of the outcome, and was superimposed on the cross-sectional distributions of the outcome (shown as box-plots) in Figure 2. Whether the outcome remains the same over time was tested by a Wald test for the null hypothesis that all parameters of the fixed effects were the same. A heuristic measure of increase was Δ: the difference between the modelled baseline outcome and the modelled outcome at the seventh examination. A power calculation shows that the study has a power of 80% to detect a difference in change in VO2max from 0 (no change) to 1.3 ml O2 kg-1 min-1 during 18 months when n = 127.
Figure 2. Changes over 18 months in arm curl test (A), chair stand test (B), and VO2max (C).
Subgroup analyses were done by adding the stratification variable to the mixed model both as a main fixed effect and interacting with the fixed effects of the separate examinations. This allowed for completely different developments in the subgroups. The test for the significance of the difference between the developments was the Wald test for the null hypothesis that all parameters of fixed effects containing the subgroup variable were zero. Here Δ was the difference between the subgroup-specific modelled baseline and seventh examination outcome. Significance of the comparison tests was determined controlling for the false discovery rate at 5% [30]. Data were analysed with SAS PROC MIXED.
Results
Of 354 eligible patients, 127 (35.9%) participated in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the 227 non-responders and the 127 participants with regard to age (67.5/67.0 years, p = 0.77), gender (women, 42.3/42.5%, p = 0.96) and HbA1c (6.8/6.9%, p = 0.30) before the start of intervention (Figure 1). At baseline, participants were characterised by a low HbA1c and a high comorbidity (Table 1). Thirteen patients had atypical courses due to severe disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, accidents, and cancer) and one patient started participation in a placebo trial after inclusion. Test results from these patients were excluded from analysis from the date of the event.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients
Primary outcome measures
Over the 18 months, clear average increases of approximately one third were obtained for both arm curl test and chair stand test, while VO2max increased moderately (Table 2). The average increase in muscle strength abated over the 18 months but never declined (Figure 2). HDL-cholesterol also increased, but HbA1c remained unchanged on a low level.
Table 2. Developments in primary outcome measures during the study according to baseline variables
Subgroup analyses
The development of VO2max varied with age, sex, CVD and pain with function limitation (Table 2). In a full multivariate model including all the baseline variables listed in Table 2 as predictors and VO2max as outcome, only CVD (p = 0.001) and pain with function limitation (p = 0.023) were statistically significant. Patients without cardiovascular disease or pain from function limitation increased their VO2max by 5.2% (p < 0.0001) and 7.9% (p = 0.0008), respectively. All subgroups increased their muscle strength, but high age and microalbuminuria were associated with relatively small improvements in muscle strength tests.
Secondary outcome measures
Waist circumference, BMI and fasting plasma glucose did not change, and there was a slight increase in systolic and diastolic pressure. The lipid profile improved (Table 3).
Table 3. Changes in secondary outcome measures during the study period
The course of the intervention
Ten of the 127 participants were referred to initial supervision by a physiotherapist, and two attended local fitness centres, but most chose lifestyle exercise or self-managed home-based exercise programmes or both. The programmes included aerobic training using an exercise bike and resistance training with weights or use of own body weight [2]. The intervention was safe and well tolerated with a dropout rate of 19.6% despite a high degree of comorbidity (Table 1). One maximal exercise test was stopped because the patient felt unwell, but there were no other complications associated with the test procedures except for slight tenderness of joints and muscles. Reasons for not performing all three tests at the final session were musculoskeletal disease (14/102), blood pressure >180/110 (7/102), heart disease (9/102), and acute illness (1/102). The extra time attributed to the expansion of the usual diabetes control to include a fitness consultation was estimated to be 10 min.
Discussion
In this 18-month uncontrolled intervention study, repeated fitness consultations including fitness testing and motivational interviewing resulted in the participants having increased muscle strength and VO2max, and an improved lipid profile, while HbA1c remained unchanged on a low level. Among the secondary outcome measures, waist circumference, BMI and fasting plasma glucose were unchanged, blood pressures increased slightly, whereas total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol decreased.
Comparison with relevant literature
In the studies by David et al. [31,32], six months of supervised progressive high-intensity resistance training three times a week in older (mean age 67.6 years) type 2 diabetic patients with few comorbidities resulted in a 41.7% increase in upper body muscle strength and a 28.0% increase in lower body muscle strength. Additional home-based resistance training for 6 months was effective in maintaining the gymnasium-based improvements in muscle strength. These results are comparable with the increase and maintenance of muscle strength attained in the present study considering its less intensive intervention (Table 2 and Figure 2).
A meta-analysis has reported an 11.8% increase of VO2max in structured aerobic exercise studies with the following average characteristics: 3.4 sessions per week, 49 min. per session for 20 weeks with exercise intensities of 50-75% of VO2max [11]. The study populations in the meta-analysis were selected so they had a minimum of cardiovascular or orthopaedic limitations and were on average 12 years younger than the present study population. During our intervention, there was a slight (2.4%) but significant increase in VO2max for the whole group. There was a more substantial increase of 7,9% in the subgroup (n = 53) without function-limiting pain and 5,2% in the subgroup (n = 61) without CVD (Table 2). In light of these post hoc explanatory subgroup analyses, our study indicated that physical tests and motivational interviewing had an impact comparable with supervised exercise sessions on muscle strength and VO2max.
There is a steep inverse relationship between cardio-respiratory fitness and mortality in men with documented diabetes [5]. This could mean that an improvement in fitness, like the one we observed, is of clinical significance. In an observational prospective study of men, an increase of 7.0 ml/kg/min in VO2max over 4.9 years was associated with an estimated reduction of 30% in mortality risk during the following 5.1 years [7]. HbA1c did not change in participants during the present study, which perhaps is explained by the low baseline level of HbA1c [33]. The increase in HDL-cholesterol may be a result of increased muscle strength and increased VO2max [34]. The intervention had no impact on BMI and waist circumference. Nevertheless the intervention may have had a clinically significant effect on health as the inverse gradient between fitness and mortality in men with documented diabetes mentioned above is independent of BMI [4,5]. The improvement in glycaemic control following endurance and strength training may also be observed with unchanged BMI [35].
Strengths and limitations of the study
The study was done in the setting of a primary health care unit using primary care practitioners to carry out the intervention. The whole town was aware of the project, which made it difficult and demanding to do a randomised controlled trial, e.g. using the idea of waiting list controls. Unlike most other studies, patients with cardiovascular or musculoskeletal disease were not excluded [11]. The idea of physical testing was completely new to the patients and this, in combination with the relatively high median age, was probably the major reason for the low participation rate.
The lack of a control group is a major limitation of the study which leaves the possibility that the improvements in outcomes could be due to the general development in the natural history of type 2 diabetes and, for the physical tests in particular, to some degree of habituation. However, it is unlikely that the observed improvements in cardio-respiratory fitness and muscle strength can be explained entirely by these effects. Firstly, control groups in previous randomised studies show a decrease in VO2max of 1% over a period of 20 weeks and small non-significant increases of 1.5% and 5% in upper and lower body strength [11,31]. Secondly, the expected age-related decline in muscle strength and VO2max over 18 months can be estimated to be 2.5% and 2.2% respectively in the population of the present study [2,36]. Thirdly, if habituation explained the improvement, the same development should be expected in the different subgroups, and this is not the case (Table 2).
The arm curl test and the chair stand test are validated methods for measuring muscle strength in upper and lower extremities. These tests have a high test-retest reliability, are simple to use in everyday practice, and can be done by nearly all patients [2] (Figure 1). Until now, experience with these tests has been limited to a population over 60 years of age. In this study, it was assumed that they could also be used with younger people to measure changes in muscle strength. The bicycle ergometer test is known to give an accurate estimate of VO2max [24,27], but about one third of the type 2 diabetic participants were unable to do the test because of contraindications and comorbidity (Figure 1). However, all the participants were able to perform at least one of the three tests so all got a result that could be used in the motivational interview.
Conclusion
Clinical implementation of increased physical activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is still far from being standard practice. Our results indicate that physical testing combined with motivational interviewing can be done in a primary health care setting. Here, a fitness consultation tailored to the individual patient, his/her comorbidities and conditions in the local area can be incorporated into the diabetes programme to improve patients' muscle strength and cardio-respiratory fitness. The extra workload caused by fitness consultations in primary care could for instance be carried by practice nurses or physiotherapists who have received training in motivational interviewing and physical testing. Randomised trials are needed to confirm our findings and to optimise recommendations for the content and the frequency of the fitness consultations [37].
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
HL made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study, planned and conducted it, collected, analysed and interpreted data and drafted the manuscript,. VS did the statistical analysis and interpreted data and has been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content.,. NO made substantial contributions to conception, design, analysis and interpretation. He has revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
The study was supported by The Danish Board of Health and the Region of West-Zealand.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the contributions of the participating patients. We thank our colleagues P. E. Elkjær-Andersen, J. Essam, J. Knabe, S. Sand, and A. Stærke for doing the fitness consultations and L. Nielsen, C. Krumphardt, J. Lynge Olsen and W. Karlslund for technical and logistical support. T. Thorsen gave instruction to the GPs in motivational interviewing. We thank the two reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.
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26. Di Loreto C: Make Your Diabetic Patients Walk.
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27. Storer TW, Davis JA, Caiozzo VJ: Accurate prediction of VO2max in cycle ergometry.
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28. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa C, White RD: Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association.
Diabetes Care 2006, 29:1433-1438. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
29. Verbeke G, Molenberghs G: Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data. Springer series in statistics. Springer, New York; 2000.
30. Benjamini Y, H Y: "Controlling for the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing".
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31. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Court, Shaw J, Zimmet P: High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes.
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32. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, Vulikh E, Shaw J, Zimmet P: Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care 2005, 28:3-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
33. Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Boule NG, Wells GA, Prud'homme D, Fortier M, Reid RD, Tulloch H, Coyle D, Phillips P, et al.: Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
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34. Balducci S, Leonetti F, Di MU, Fallucca F: Is a long-term aerobic plus resistance training program feasible for and effective on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetic patients?
Diabetes Care 2004, 27:841-842. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
35. Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, Wagner O, Georg P, Prager R, Kostner K, et al.: The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005, 86:1527-1533. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
36. Paterson DH, Cunningham DA, Koval JJ, St Croix CM: Aerobic fitness in a population of independently living men and women aged 55-86 years.
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37. Praet SF, van Loon LJ: Exercise: the brittle cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/11/83/prepub
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Research article
Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Beijing, China assessed by Spoligotyping, LSPs and VNTR profiles
Bing Lu1, Ping Zhao2, Binbin Liu1,3, Haiyan Dong1, Qin Yu1,4, Xiuqin Zhao1 and Kanglin Wan1*
Author Affiliations
1 State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention & National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
2 Chaoyang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
3 Hunan Provincial Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Changsha, 410006, P. R. China
4 University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, P. R. China
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Infectious Diseases 2012, 12:372 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-372
Published: 23 December 2012
Abstract
Background
Tuberculosis is one of the most infectious diseases in the world. Molecular typing methods such as spoligotyping, and VNTR (variable number tandem repeats), IS6110 in the NTF region and LSP (large sequence polymorphisms) analysis are generally useful tools for the resolution of various issues related to the classical epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis).
Methods
To determine the transmission characteristics of M. tuberculosis strains isolated in Beijing, China, and their genetic relationships, especially those among Beijing family strains, 260 M. tuberculosis strains isolated from patients presenting pulmonary tuberculosis were analyzed by spoligotyping, and by examining 22 VNTR loci and the presence/absence of IS6110 in the NTF region, RD105 and RD181.
Results
81% (211 strains) of the isolates studied were Beijing family strains, 174 (82.5%) of which were identified as modern Beijing strains based on the presence of IS6110 upstream of the NTF region. RD181 was intact in 9 of the other 37 (17.5%) ancestral Beijing strains. The percentage of Beijing family strains in this study was consistent with previous reports. There are many differences, however, in allele diversity among VNTR loci between reports on strains from different areas.
Conclusions
The Beijing family is the most prevalent genotype in Beijing city and the predominance of Beijing family strains has not altered in almost twenty years. Differences in the alleles and discrimination ability of VNTR loci between different regions is likely due to population differences in the regions where these M. tuberculosis strains were isolated or to differences in sampling times.
Keywords:
M. tuberculosis; Beijing family; Genotyping
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A Single-Case Experiment for an innovative Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Auditory Hallucinations and Delusions in Schizophrenia
Eric Quintin, Claude Bélanger, Valerie Lamontagne
Abstract
This single-case experiment evaluates the impact of an innovative rational-emotive cognitive treatment focused on hallucination and delusions on quality of life, depression, anxiety, and insight in a female patient suffering from schizophrenia. The cognitive treatment developed for this experiment was directly inspired by the work of Ellis and Chadwick, Birchwood, and Trower. The rational-emotive cognitive approach used in the present study effectively reduced the patient’s anxiety and depression, increased the patient’s overall quality of life and insight. The gains were maintained at 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up. Future investigations into treatments for psychosis should focus on patients’ insight regarding the origin of their hallucinations. Further, the link between negative and positive psychotic symptoms should be explored.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijps.v4n1p114
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Psychological Studies ISSN 1918-7211 (Print) ISSN 1918-722X (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Rate This Article
Average: 2/5
Species richness
Ecology Theory:
Species richness
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: J. Emmett Duffy
Species richness is simply the number of species present in a sample, community, or taxonomic group. Species richness is one component of the concept of species diversity, which also incorporates evenness, that is, the relative abundance of species. Species diversity is one component of the broader concept of biodiversity. About 1.75 million living species and 300,000 fossil species have been described by scientists. Estimates of the total species richness of the Earth range from three to 10 million, with some estimates as high as 50 million.
Patterns of Species Richness
Patterns of species richness can be observed at a variety of levels. The causes of these patterns remain active areas of research in ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology.
Some taxonomic groups of organisms have more species than other groups. For example, there are almost three times more species of beetles (Order Coleoptera) than there are in any other order of insects. In fact, there are so many species of beetles that there are more species of beetles than the total number of species currently living in the Phyla Echinodermata, Mollusca, Annelida, Platyhelminthes, Cnidaria, and Porifera combined!
Geographic patterns in species richness also exist. Latitudinal gradients in species richness are common in many taxonomic groups. Generally, species richness is higher in tropical regions than it is in temperate or polar regions. Not surprisingly, the two most species-rich habitat types, rainforests and coral reefs, are located in tropical regions. There are interesting patterns of species richness associated with island groups. Species richness is typically greater on larger islands and more species are found on islands that are nearer to the mainland (the source of colonization). Similar patterns can be observed in "habitat islands" such as forested mountaintops surrounded by arid land.
Local species richness can be influenced by ecological factors. For example, species richness is often higher in areas with higher productivity (the amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per time). Disturbances, such as fires, hurricanes, and floods, can also affect species richness. In many communities, species richness is greatest at intermediate frequency and/or intensity of disturbance (the intermediate disturbance hypothesis). This is because very frequent disturbance eliminates sensitive species, whereas very infrequent disturbance allows time for superior competitors to eliminate species that cannot compete.
New species arise through the process of speciation and species are lost by the process of extinction. Because extinction and speciation rates are not constant over time, species richness also varies considerably through evolutionary time as well. The number of species in particular taxonomic groups also can vary over time. Rapid rates of speciation can occur during adaptive radiations, resulting in an increase in the species richness of a taxon. Extinction rates also vary among taxa and over time. There have been at least five periods of mass extinction during the history of the Earth during which the species richness of the planet was reduced dramatically. Many scientists believe that Earth is currently experiencing the sixth mass extinction as a result of human transformation of the global environment.
Further Reading
• Wilson, E.O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. New York, NY. ISBN: 0393310477
Citation
Mark McGinley (Lead Author);J. Emmett Duffy (Topic Editor) "Species richness". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth April 27, 2010; Last revised Date September 10, 2011; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Species_richness?topic=58074>
The Author
Mark McGinley is an Associate Professor in the Honors College and Department of Biological Sciences at Texas Tech University. He has conducted research in the evolutionary, behavioral, and community ecology of animals and plants. Dr. McGinley’s recent scholarly interests focus on educating the general public about scientific (particularly environmental) issues. He is currently working closely with students in an interdisciplinary degree program, Natural History and Humanities, which combine ... (Full Bio)
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Desertcreat, TyroneEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Ireland County Tyrone Desertcreat Civil Parish
The following information is a starting point for records about the civil parish of Desertcreat. The information is based on locations and records before 1922.
Contents
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Government registration of births and deaths began in 1864. Registration of Protestant marriages began in 1845, with all marriages being registered by 1864. Go to the Ireland Civil Registration article to read more about these records.
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Revision history of "Personal History - Recording with a Camcorder"
From FamilySearch Wiki
Diff selection: Mark the radio boxes of the revisions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.
Legend: (cur) = difference with latest revision, (prev) = difference with preceding revision, m = minor edit.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Case Reports in Orthopedics
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 624628, 5 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/624628
Case Report
Skeletal Manifestations of Scurvy: A Case Report from Dubai
1Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopaedics, Aga Khan University, P.O. Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
2Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
3Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
Received 6 June 2012; Accepted 1 August 2012
Academic Editors: A. Jawahar, D. S. Karataglis, and A. Sakamoto
Copyright © 2012 Shahryar Noordin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Introduction. Nutritional deficiencies are rarely reported in developed countries. We report a child of Pakistani origin brought up in Dubai who developed skeletal manifestations of scurvy due to peculiar dietary habits. Case Presentation. A 4.5 year old boy presented with pain and swelling of multiple joints for three months and inability to walk for two months. Dietary history was significant for exclusive meat intake for the preceding two years. On examination the child’s height and weight were below the 5th percentile for his age. He was pale and tachycardic. There was significant swelling and tenderness over the wrist, knee and ankle joints, along with painful restriction of motion. Basic blood workup was unremarkable except for anemia. However, X-rays showed delayed bone age, severe osteopenia of the long bones, epiphyseal separation, cortical thinning and dense zone of provisional calcification, suggesting a radiological diagnosis of scurvy. The child was started on vitamin C replacement therapy. Over the following two months, the pain and swelling substantially reduced and the child became able to walk. Repeat X-rays showed improvement in the bony abnormalities. Conclusion. Although scurvy is not a very commonly encountered entity in the modern era, inappropriate dietary intake can lead to skeletal abnormalities which may be confused with rickets. A high index of suspicion is thus required for prompt diagnosis of scurvy in patients with bone and joint symptoms.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Pharmacological Sciences
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 846163, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/846163
Research Article
Trends in Ambulatory Prescribing of Antiplatelet Therapy among US Ischemic Stroke Patients: 2000–2007
1College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
2RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
3Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
4Division of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
5Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
6Health Services Management and Policy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
7Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
8Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
Received 15 June 2012; Accepted 30 October 2012
Academic Editor: Paola Patrignani
Copyright © 2012 Sudeep Karve et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Objective. Study objectives were to assess temporal trends and identify patient- and practice-level predictors of the prescription of antiplatelet medications in a national sample of ischemic stroke (IS) patients seeking ambulatory care. Methods. IS-related outpatient visits by adults were identified using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for the years 2000–2007. We assessed prescribing of antiplatelet medications using the generic drug code and drug entry codes in these data. Temporal trends in antiplatelet prescribing were assessed using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for trend. Results. We identified 9.5 million IS-related ambulatory visits. Antiplatelet medications were prescribed at 35.5% of visits. Physician office prescribing of the clopidogrel-aspirin combination increased significantly from 0.5% in 2000 to 22.0% in 2007 (), whereas prescribing of aspirin decreased from 17.9% to 7.0% () during the same period. Conclusion. We observed a continued increase in prescription of the aspirin-clopidogrel combination from 2000 to 2007. Clinical trial evidence suggests that the aspirin-clopidogrel combination does not provide any additional benefit compared with clopidogrel alone; however, our study findings indicate that even with lack of adequate clinical evidence physician prescribing of this combination has increased in real-world community settings.
1. Introduction
In 2008, approximately 7 million individuals were reported to have a history of stroke [1]. Stroke survivors have a 4 to 14% annual risk of recurrent stroke and a 1–5% annual risk of myocardial infarction (MI). To reduce the recurrence of ischemic stroke (IS), the major stroke type accounting for 85% of strokes, modification of vascular risk factors [24], and antithrombotic therapy are recommended for stroke survivors [5, 6]. Antithrombotic therapy may include vitamin K antagonist therapy if atrial fibrillation is present (cardioembolic strokes) or antiplatelet therapy (noncardioembolic strokes). Antiplatelet therapy can reduce the relative risk of IS by approximately 15% [7]. Four antiplatelet agents (aspirin, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, and dipyridamole) are used alone or in combination to treat IS patients. However, few clinical trials of IS patients provide direct comparisons among antiplatelet alternatives. As a result, clinicians have uncertainty regarding the selection of antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention among patients with noncardioembolic IS [817].
Between 2001 and 2006, several clinical trials were published that may influence clinicians’ prescribing of anti-platelet therapy to IS patients: CURE (Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events) [18], CREDO (Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation trial) [19], and MATCH (Management of ATherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Recent Transient Ischemic Attacks or Ischemic Stroke) [20]. The CURE trial which showed that the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin was more effective than aspirin in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease (absolute risk reduction 2%) may have led to increases in prescription of the clopidogrel-aspirin combination to patients with other types of vascular disease such as IS. Subsequently, this enthusiasm may have dampened when later trials (MATCH and CHARISMA) showed that dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel was no more effective than clopidogrel therapy alone and, in fact, the combination may be harmful. Alternatively, the European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia trial (ESPRIT) showed that, in patients with nonembolic recent minor cerebral ischemia, aspirin plus dipyridamole was more effective than aspirin alone in preventing vascular events, findings consistent with other studies. In 2006, updated clinical practice guidelines for secondary stroke prevention were published that generated much of these trial data and also discouraged the routine use of the aspirin and clopidogrel combination in IS patients.
Despite these major changes in the evidence and recommendations for antiplatelet therapy in vascular patients, few studies have examined temporal trends in physicians’ prescribing of antiplatelet therapy to IS stroke patients in the ambulatory setting or in a population-based fashion [12]. As a result, little is known about temporal changes in ambulatory prescribing practices of antiplatelet agents to the US population of stroke survivors. In addition, the patient and physician predictors of antiplatelet therapy selection are unknown. Therefore, we assessed the temporal trends in prescribing of the various antiplatelet agents, alone or in combination, among patients with IS seeking ambulatory care using a nationally representative population-based survey. We also explored patient-level and physician-level characteristics associated with prescription of specific antiplatelet therapies.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
This study was a retrospective analysis of two national surveys: (1) National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) [21] and (2) National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) [22] for the years 2000 through 2007. The NAMCS is a national survey on the utilization of ambulatory medical care services provided by nonfederally employed physicians. The NHAMCS is a national survey on ambulatory care services provided in general and short stay (average length of stay ) hospital outpatient departments (OPD) and emergency departments (ED). Federal, military, and veterans administration hospitals are excluded from this survey. Both NAMCS and NHAMCS are conducted annually and they utilize a multi-stage probability sampling with counties, groups of counties, county equivalents or towns, and townships within the US and the District of Columbia as the primary sampling unit. Both surveys provide information related to patient demographic characteristics, patient described reason for visit, physician diagnosis, payment source for the visit, and physician office/hospital location. Additionally, information on medication provided/prescribed (2000–2002: up to 6 medications are recorded; 2003–2007: up to 8 medications are recorded) during the visit is available. Each record in the data represents a patient visit. Patient visit weights provided in these data were used to obtain national estimates on ambulatory utilization at the physician office, hospital OPD, and hospital ED.
2.2. Patient Population
We identified all patients age 18 years or older who had an ambulatory visit with a primary physician diagnosis of ischemic stroke (IS) using valid ICD-9-CM codes (433.x1, 434.xx, 436.xx) [2326] and recorded in the NAMCS and NHAMCS data from January 2000 through December 2007. Patients with a diagnosis for atrial fibrillation (ICD-9-CM code = 427.3x) or prescription for warfarin (generic drug code: 56205, drug entry codes: 34775, 07930; multum code: d00022) were excluded because these patients are likely to have cardioembolic stroke. The antiplatelet agents are primarily recommended for patients with noncardioembolic stroke and thus we excluded IS patients with diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or drug mention of warfarin.
2.3. Outcome Measure
The primary outcome was an ambulatory IS visit with medication mention for antiplatelet agents. The antiplatelet agents considered for this study were aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, and ticlopidine as these agents were available during 2000 to 2007. We then categorized the antiplatelet agents into the following mutually exclusive categories: (1) aspirin only, (2) clopidogrel only, (3) aspirin and clopidogrel, (4) aspirin and dipyridamole, (5) dipyridamole only, and (6) ticlopidine.
The NAMCS [21] and NHAMCS [22] collect data on medications ordered or supplied at the physician office or ED/OPD visit. The medication data is then classified and coded using the drug coding system developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and is made available in the NAMCS and NHAMCS dataset. To assess the proportion of IS visits resulting in an antiplatelet medication documentation we used antiplatelet drug codes provided in the NAMCS and NHAMCS data.
2.4. Covariates
The various patient characteristics considered in the analysis included race (white, black, and other), age (18–44 years, 45–64 years, and ≥65 years), gender (male and female), and primary payment source for the visit (private, Medicare, Medicaid and other). The various physician office/hospital characteristics in the analysis included region of the physician office or the hospital as defined by the US census bureau (Northeast, Midwest, South, West), location (urban: Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), rural: non-MSA), and visit setting (physician office, hospital OPD, and hospital ED).
3. Statistical Analysis
Patient visit weights were used to assess the national estimate on annual IS visits with and without a mention of antiplatelet agents. Temporal changes in the proportion of IS visits resulting in mention of antiplatelet agents were assessed during the 8-year study period, that is, 2000 to 2007, using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for trend. We further stratified the utilization trends by visit setting, that is, physician office, hospital ED, and hospital OPD, using indicator variable for visit setting available in the dataset. Associations between antiplatelet prescribing and patient and physician office/hospital characteristics were tested using the Chi-square test. All the statistical analyses were performed in SAS-callable SUDAAN (version 10.0.1 hosted on the Windows platform) to account for the complex survey design of the NAMCS and NHAMCS and to provide weighted results that reflect population estimates. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Ohio State University.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Results
4.1.1. Patient Characteristics
During the 8 year period, there were 9.5 million ischemic stroke-related ambulatory visits of which 6.8 million (71.1%) occurred in a physician office, 0.3 million (3.4%) in a hospital OPD, and 2.4 million (25.5%) in a hospital ED (Table 1). Over 77% of the visits were by whites and approximately 50.1% were by females; 67.5% were by patients aged over 65 years. Among persons aged <65 years the proportion of visits increased from 26.8% in 2000-01 to 36.7% in 2006-07, whereas, the proportion of visits in the MSA region increased from 71.1% in 2000-01 to 92.4% in 2006-07.
Table 1: Ischemic stroke patient characteristics and antiplatelet agents prescribed: NAMCS, NAMCS 2000–2007a,b.
4.1.2. Associations between Patient and Physician Office/Hospital Characteristics and Antiplatelet Medications Prescribed
Table 2 represents the univariate association between patient and physician office/hospital characteristics and antiplatelet drugs prescribed. No significant differences in prescribing of aspirin or clopidogrel monotherapy or aspirin-clopidogrel combination were observed by race or region. Older adults were more likely to receive clopidogrel monotherapy compared with younger adults (). The aspirin-clopidogrel combination was significantly more likely to be prescribed among men compared with women (80.3% versus 19.7%; ). Clopidogrel monotherapy (88.7%, ) or in combination with aspirin (89.0%, ) was more likely to be prescribed in a physician office compared with a hospital ED or a OPD. Overall, 0.98 million visits resulted in prescribing of aspirin-clopidogrel combination, for which the proportion increased significantly from 2.4% (0.02 million) in 2000-01 to 31.2% (0.30 million) in 2006-07 ().
Table 2: Association between patient demographic and physician office/hospital characteristics and antiplatelet agent prescribed: NAMCS, NHAMCS 2000–2007a , b.
4.1.3. Antiplatelet Prescribing Trend
Among the IS patients, the proportion of patients receiving antiplatelet drugs increased from 28.1% in 2000-01 to 47.1% in 2006-07 () (Table 1). In 2000, the proportion of visits resulting in clopidogrel-aspirin combination was 0.8% which significantly increased to 16.1% in 2007 () (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Antiplatelet prescribing trends among patients with ischemic stroke: NAMCS, NHAMCS, 2000–2007. NAMCS: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; NHAMCS: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; values based on Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for trend. Years of publication of the 3 clinical trials shown in the figure above: 2001—CURE (Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events trial); 2002—CREDO (Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation); 2004—MATCH (Management of ATherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk patients).
No significant changes in prescribing of dipyridamole-aspirin combination were seen () in this study. During the same period, the proportion of patients receiving aspirin monotherapy declined from 13.6% in 2000 to 11.4% in 2007 (), while prescribing for clopidogrel monotherapy increased significantly from 2.9% in 2000 to 13.0% in 2007 ().
Prescribing trends varied significantly by the physician practice setting (Figure 2). Proportion of IS patients receiving clopidogrel-aspirin combination significantly increased in the physician office setting (2000: 0.5%–2007: 22.0%; ) whereas no significant changes in prescribing were observed in the hospital OPD/ED (2000: 1.4%–2007: 3.2%; ) (Figure 2). In contrast, the proportion of IS patients receiving aspirin decreased considerably in the physician office setting (2000: 17.9%–2007: 7.0%; ), while it increased significantly in the hospital OPD/ED setting (2000: 6.5%–2007: 20.9%; ) (Figure 2). No significant differences in prescribing of clopidogrel monotherapy and dipyridamole-aspirin combination in either setting were observed.
Figure 2: Antiplatelet prescribing trends among patients with ischemic stroke, by visit setting: 2000–2007. Physician office visits based on National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data; Hospital ED/OPD visits based on National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data; OPD: Outpatient Department; ED: Emergency Department; values based on Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for trend. Years of publication of the 3 clinical trials shown in the figure above: 2001—CURE (Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events trial); 2002—CREDO (Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation); 2004—MATCH (Management of ATherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk patients).
5. Discussion
To the authors knowledge this is the first comprehensive study evaluating the ambulatory (physician office, hospital ED, and hospital OPD) prescribing trends for antiplatelet agents among community dwelling IS patients. We have identified significant changes in utilization pattern of antiplatelet agents among IS patients. During the 8 year study period (2000–2007), clopidogrel-aspirin prescribing increased significantly in the physician office setting. In contrast, the prescribing of clopidogrel-aspirin combination remained relatively low and stable in the hospital OPD and ED during the same period. However, the prescription of aspirin monotherapy increased dramatically in the hospital OPD and ED settings while it declined significantly in the physician office setting. We found that prescribing of clopidogrel alone was considerably higher among elderly compared with younger IS patients. Prior study findings suggest that the risk of bleeding is higher among elderly patients using aspirin plus clopidogrel combination compared with patients only using clopidogrel [27]. Additionally, a study assessing risk factors associated with bleeding reported that compared with aspirin only users, patients using aspirin in combination with ticlopidine or clopidogrel had a 68% higher risk of bleeding (odds ratio: 1.68; 95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.77) [20]. We also found a higher use of clopidogrel plus aspirin combination among males compared with females. Findings of a recent meta-analysis suggest that the use of clopidogrel plus aspirin was associated with lower risk of CVD events among both men and women; however, the addition of clopidogrel to aspirin therapy was associated with a 43% and 21% increased risk of bleeding among females and males, respectively [28].
Our findings suggest that physician prescribing of clopidogrel-aspirin combination may have been influenced by the publication of three major clinical trials. Findings from both CURE (08/01) [18] and CREDO (11/02) [19] suggest that the use of clopidogrel-aspirin combination can significantly reduce the relative risk for the primary outcome measure (death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or IS). Publication of these trials along with aggressive marketing and promotion by the drug manufacturers [12] may have resulted in the increased prescribing of the clopidogrel-aspirin combination during the study period.
During the period under consideration for this study, MATCH [20] was the third major published trial evaluating clopidogrel-aspirin combination versus aspirin monotherapy for the primary composite endpoint; that is, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular death, or rehospitalization for acute ischemia. The findings of this study did not indicate any benefit of adding aspirin to clopidogrel treatment in reducing the risk of the primary outcome but in contrast increased the risk of bleeding. Hill and Johnston reported a decline in hospital use of this combination following the publication of MATCH [12, 20], in contrast we found that the use of this combination continued to increase especially in the physician office setting after publication of MATCH. However, we did observe an increase in the prescribing of clopidogrel monotherapy in physician office setting following the publication of MATCH. Similarly, the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines published in 2006 that cautioned on the use of aspirin-clopidogrel combination did not seem to have an effect on physician office prescribing of this combination [6].
We found a significant increase in prescribing of aspirin monotherapy in the hospital OPD and ED settings from 2000 to 2007. One of the reasons for this increased use may be the publication of the Chinese Acute Stroke Trial [29] and International Stroke Trial [30] and subsequent publication of the American Stroke Association guidelines (07/02) [31], recommending the use of aspirin among patients suspected with acute stroke. Moreover since patients visiting hospital ED were more likely to present with acute IS it may explain the increased use of aspirin monotherapy in hospital ED setting.
Surprisingly, during the entire study period the prescribing of dipyridamole-aspirin combination remained low even though this combination was shown to be effective in reducing the risk of recurrent IS or death as compared to aspirin monotherapy in the European Stroke Prevention Study 2 (ESPS-2) published in 1996 [32]. However, we did observe a considerable increase in prescribing of this combination in 2007. This increase may be due to the publication of ESPRIT trial in 2006, which highlighted the relative risk reduction in the primary outcome measure (i.e., composite of death from all vascular causes, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or major bleeding complication) among patients using dipyridamole-aspirin combination compared with patients using aspirin monotherapy [33].
In the wake of the above findings, there is a need to recognize certain limitations of this study. In this study the proportion of patients receiving antiplatelet medications ranged from 28% to 47% compared to 89% reported by Hill and Johnston [12]. This may be due to several reasons; firstly, both the NAMCS and NHAMCS data do not provide information on several important factors such as stroke severity, stroke type (first versus recurrent, acute versus nonacute), and contraindication to antiplatelet therapy. Secondly, antiplatelet agents are primarily recommended for patients with noncardioembolic IS; the data we used does not permit distinction between patients with cardioembolic or noncardioembolic stroke. However, we excluded patients with atrial fibrillation and those using warfarin considering this as a proxy for patients with cardioembolic stroke. Moreover, the important distinction between these two studies is the setting; our study focused on the ambulatory prescribing trends which may vary significantly from inpatient prescribing. Additionally, our analysis was restricted to patients with primary IS diagnosis selected using previously validated high sensitivity and specificity ICD-9-CM codes (433.x1, 434.xx, and 436.xx). Expanding the analysis to patients with secondary IS diagnosis or the use of other low sensitivity ICD-9-CM code(s) (e.g., 433.xx—without the 5th digit modifier) may affect the national estimates on IS-related outpatient visits and anti-platelet prescribing trends. In sensitivity analyses using a low-specificity algorithm (433.xx, 434.xx, and 436.xx) [34, 35], estimates on the number of IS-related ambulatory visits varied; however the proportion of patients receiving antiplatelet therapy remained relatively similar (data available upon request). The cross-sectional nature of the survey does not permit the evaluation of a patient’s prior IS treatment. Even though the data provide information on both prescription and over the counter (OTC) medications prescribed or provided at the visit, the OTC availability of aspirin may underestimate the actual reporting of the aspirin use. Moreover, for both NAMCS and NHAMCS data the information on maximum number of medications provided has changed over the years; information on 6 medications was available during 2000 to 2002 which increased to 8 medications in 2003 to 2007. Finally, NHAMCS data do not contain information on physician specialty and thus we could not assess the association between physician specialty and antiplatelet use.
6. Conclusions
Our study highlights important changes in the prescribing patterns of antiplatelet therapy among IS patients. Our findings suggest that even with the lack of adequate efficacy evidence, safety concerns, and higher cost, the prescribing of clopidogrel-aspirin combination increased substantially during the study period. Quality improvement measures are warranted to educate physicians of the evidence regarding antiplatelet drugs for secondary stroke prevention and improve prescribing of safe antiplatelet drugs among IS patients.
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Bibliography: Un caso de conciencia
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Title: Un caso de conciencia
Author: James Blish
Year: 1987
Variant Title of: A Case of Conscience (by James Blish ) [may list more publications, awards and reviews]
Type: NOVEL
Storylen: novella
Series: After Such Knowledge
Series Number: 3
Language: Spanish
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User:John M. Eppley
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 10:13, 16 July 2007 by John M. Eppley (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a software engineer and microbial ecologist working in the DeLong Lab.
Until I get set up here, you can visit my old, old web page at Berkeley.
Personal tools
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Place:Beaverdam Lake-Salisbury Mills, Orange, New York, United States
Watchers
NameBeaverdam Lake-Salisbury Mills
TypeCensus-designated place
Coordinates41.436°N 74.111°W
Located inOrange, New York, United States
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Beaverdam Lake-Salisbury Mills was a census-designated place (CDP) in Orange County, New York, United States. It encompassed a region in the corner of the towns of Blooming Grove, Cornwall, and New Windsor. As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,779. For the 2010 census, the area was counted as two separate CDPs: Beaver Dam Lake (pop. 2,242) in the towns of Blooming Grove and New Windsor and Salisbury Mills (pop. 536) in the towns of Blooming Grove and Cornwall. Beaverdam Lake is also the name of a lake next to the community.
The area is part of the PoughkeepsieNewburghMiddletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New YorkNewarkBridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Beaverdam Lake-Salisbury Mills, New York. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Corlier, Ain, France
Watchers
NameCorlier
TypeCommune
Located inAin, France
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Corlier is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Corlier. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Humoral immunity
Jump to: navigation, search
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
The Humoral Immune Response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity which involves T lymphocytes), produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). Secreted antibodies bind to antigens on the surfaces of invading microbes (such as viruses or bacteria), which flags them for destruction.[1] Humoral immunity is called as such, because it involves substances found in the humours, or body fluids.
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system is divided into a more primitive innate immune system, and acquired or adaptive immune system of vertebrates, the latter of which is further divided into humoral and cellular components.
Humoral immunity refers to antibody production, and the accessory processes that accompany it, including: Th2 activation and cytokine production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, affinity maturation and memory cell generation. It also refers to the effector functions of antibody, which include pathogen and toxin neutralization, classical complement activation, and opsonin promotion of phagocytosis and pathogen elimination.[2]
History
The concept of humoral immunity developed based on analysis of antibacterial activity of the components of serum. Hans Buchner is credited with the development of the humoral theory.[3] In 1890 he described alexins, or “protective substances”, which exist in the serum and other bodily fluids and are capable of killing microorganisms. Alexins, later redefined "complement" by Paul Ehrlich, were shown to be the soluble components of the innate response that lead to a combination of cellular and humoral immunity, and bridged the features of innate and acquired immunity.[3]
Following the 1888 discovery of diphtheria and tetanus, Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato showed that disease need not be caused by microorganisms themselves. They discovered that cell-free filtrates were sufficient to cause disease. In 1890, filtrates of diphtheria (later named diphtheria toxins) were used to immunize animals in an attempt to demonstrate that immunized serum contained an antitoxin that could neutralize the activity of the toxin and could transfer immunity to non immune animals.[4] In 1897, Paul Ehrlich showed that antibodies form against the plant toxins ricin and abrin, and proposed that these antibodies are responsible for immunity.[3] Ehrlich, with his friend Emil von Behring, went on to develop the diphtheria antitoxin, which became the first major success of modern immunotherapy.[4] The presence and specificity of antibodies became the major tool for standardizing the state of immunity and identifying the presence of previous infections.[4]
Major discoveries in the study of humoral immunity[4]
Substance Activity Discovery
Alexin(s)
Complement
Soluble components in the serum
that are capable of killing microorganisms
Buchner (1890),
Ehrlich (1892)[3]
Antitoxins Substances in the serum that can neutralize
the activity of toxins, enabling passive immunization
von Bhering and Kitasato (1890)[5]
Bacteriolysins Serum substances that work with the
complement proteins to induce bacterial lysis
Richard Pfeiffer (1895)[6]
Bacterial agglutinins
& precipitins
Serum substances that agglutinate bacteria
and precipitate bacterial toxins
von Gruber and Durham (1896),[7]
Kraus (1897)[8]
Hemolysins Serum substances that work with complement
to lyse red blood cells
Belfanti and Carbone (1898)[9]
Jules Bordet (1899)[10]
Opsonins serum substances that coat the outer membrane
of foreign substances and enhance the rate of
phagocytosis by macrophages
Wright and Douglas (1903)[11]
Antibody formation (1900), antigen-antibody binding
hypothesis (1938), produced by B cells (1948),
structure (1972), immunoglobulin genes (1976)
Founder: P Ehrlich[3]
Complement system
Main article: Complement system
The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps clear pathogens from an organism. It is derived from many small plasma proteins that work together to disrupt the target cell's plasma membrane leading to cytolysis of the cell. The complement system consists of more than 35 soluble and cell-bound proteins, 12 of which are directly involved in the complement pathways.[2] The complement system is involved in the activities of both innate immunity and acquired immunity.
Activation of this system leads to cytolysis, chemotaxis, opsonization, immune clearance, and inflammation, as well as the marking of pathogens for phagocytosis. The proteins account for 5% of the serum globulin fraction. Most of these proteins circulate as zymogens, which are inactive until proteolytic cleavage.
Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternate complement pathway, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway. The classical complement pathway typically requires antibodies for activation and is a specific immune response, while the alternate pathway can be activated without the presence of antibodies and is considered a non-specific immune response.[2] Antibodies, in particular the IgG1 class, can also "fix" complement.
Antibodies
Main article: Antibody
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily that function as antibodies. The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. They are found in the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions. In structure, they are large Y-shaped globular proteins. In mammals there are five types of antibody: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each immunoglobulin class differs in its biological properties and has evolved to deal with different antigens.[1] Antibodies are synthesized and secreted by plasma cells that are derived from the B cells of the immune system.
An antibody is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. By binding their specific antigens, antibodies can cause agglutination and precipitation of antibody-antigen products, prime for phagocytosis by macrophages and other cells, block viral receptors, and stimulate other immune responses, such as the complement pathway.
An incompatible blood transfusion, causes a transfusion reaction, which is mediated by the humoral immune response. This type of reaction, called an acute hemolytic reaction, results in the rapid destruction (hemolysis) of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies. The cause is usually a clerical error (i.e. the wrong unit of blood being given to the wrong patient). The symptoms are fever and chills, sometimes with back pain and pink or red urine (hemoglobinuria). The major complication is that hemoglobin released by the destruction of red blood cells can cause acute renal failure.
B cells
Main article: B cell
The principal function of B cells is to make antibodies against soluble antigens. B cell recognition of antigen is not the only element necessary for B cell activation (a combination of clonal proliferation and terminal differentiation into plasma cells).
Naive B cells can be activated in a T-cell dependent or independent manner, but two signals are always required to initiate activation.
B-cell activation depends on one of three mechanisms: Type 1 T cell-independent (polyclonal) activation, type 2 T cell-dependent activation (in which macrophages present several of the same antigen in a way that causes cross-linking of antibodies on the surface of B cells), and, T cell-dependent activation. During T cell-dependent activation, an antigen presenting cell (APC) presents a processed antigen to a helper T (Th) cell, priming it. When a B cell processes and presents the same antigen to the primed Th cell, the T cell releases cytokines that activate the B cell.[2]
See also
References
1. 1.0 1.1 Pier GB, Lyczak JB, Wetzler LM (2004). Immunology, Infection, and Immunity. ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-246-5.
2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Janeway CA, Jr. et al (2001). Immunobiology., 5th ed., Garland Publishing. (electronic full text via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-8153-3642-X.
3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Metchnikoff, Elie (1905) Immunity in infectious disease (Full Text Version) Cambridge University Press
4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gherardi E. The experimental foundations of Immunology Immunology Course Medical School, University of Pavia.
5. von Behring E, Kitasato S. (1890) On the acquisition of immunity against diptheria and tetanus in animals (German). Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 16: 1145-1148
6. Peer biography by Paul Fildes Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 2, Nov., 1956 (Nov., 1956), pp. 237-247
7. hygiene of the sexual life (German, fulltext)
8. Mentioned in On the Formation of Specific Anti-Bodies in the Blood, Following Upon Treatment with the Sera of Different Animals, George H. F. Nuttall American Naturalist, Vol. 35, No. 419 (Nov., 1901), pp. 927-932
9. BELFANTI, S. AND CARBONE, T.: Produzione di sostanze tossiche mmcl siero di animale inoculati con sangue eterogeneo. Gior. d.r. Accad. di. med. di Torino, Series 4, 46: 321, 1898.
10. Bordet, J. 1898. Sur l'agglutination et la dissolution des globules rouges par le serum d'animaux injectes de sang defibrine. Ann. De l'Inst. Pasteur. xii: 688-695.
11. Wright, A. E., and S. R. Douglas. 1904. An experimental investigation of the role of the body fluids in connection with phagocytosis. Proc. R. Soc. London 72:357-370.
Further reading
• The following article reviews some of the early experiments that laid the foundations of the humoral theory:
Meltzer, S. J. and Charles Norris (1897) The Bactericidal Action of Lymph Taken From the Toracic [sic] Duct of the Dog. (Full Text-pdf) Journal of Experimental Medicine Vol. 2, Issue 6, 701-709.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
So we launched our website almost exactly one and a half months ago. We have about 900 unique visitors in that time. Not nearly as many as we all would have hoped, but hey, it's still early, and we really haven't done a lot in terms of marketing it yet. Also, we're continuing to add more features and get up to the point of completeness that we had in mind when launching it.
We kind of set this time line up right now, and I wanted to know if you guys though it had any holes, or if there were any other things we should be doing or be aware of.
From Today
• Add as many of the planned features we have noted down to our site. Our site really needs a re-design as well, but we want to get as much onto it as possible so when a designer does take a look at it, he knows not to leave certain things out, and can create a more inclusive design. (1-2 months)
• Get a re-design. Once all the features are added and we feel like we have as feature-rich of a site as possible, hire someone to start putting together a much better and fluid looking design that incorporates all of our features in a truly unique and clean way. (about a month)
• Once the site is re-designed, we really want to then get an iPhone and Android app created that match the newly renovated and feature rich site. (1-2 months)
• Market the hell out of everything. The apps & the site at this point will both we complete and as close to perfect as we feel they need to be, so it makes sense to market everything like crazy. Obviously we will still be adding stuff and fixing bugs, but nothing major enough to change the way people use and interact with it. (as long as we need to - to get users)
Questions
1. Does this list/timeframe look like a good plan?
2. Is there anything that looks like it's missing from it, or anything we shouldn't focus on that is there?
3. Waiting another 6+ months until we get to really get into marketing seems like a while, and we're nervous about someone copying our idea and putting a lot more money behind it than we have available from our angel investor. Should we worry about this? How should we approach this issue?
4. What are good ways we can make sure we maintain and grow our (small) user base in the meantime, even though we are going through much change and re-design, to make sure we don't completely fall off the map before all of this starts to really happen? We've tried putting an ad up on Facebook and posting some things on Hacker News. We've also send a bunch of pitches into blogs with no luck yet.
share|improve this question
closed as not a real question by Ross, Zuly Gonzalez Nov 18 '12 at 14:00
It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, see the FAQ.
4 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
You have your priorities backwards. The numbers indicate that no one has seen your site (900 people in 6 weeks). Therefore, any more features you add will not make the least of a difference, since you have a marketing problem.
Learn on how to get traffic for your target customers, see if you can get them to even visit your site. Once you have that nailed, then improve the product. Not the other way around.
share|improve this answer
Just a note, your question might get closed, because it's so open ended.
I would suggest a couple things:
• When I first logged into the site, I wanted to close it. That means you need to do a redesign. After looking at it for a minute, and clicking the "What is" link, I figured it out. But you have very little call to action - what do you want me to do?
• Your concern about someone else stealing your idea could be valid, but no sense in marketing a product that isn't ready for the market. You'll just be wasting your effort.
• I would either quickly redesign the UX and UI, and start marketing it, or if you don't have the resources to quickly redo it, take it offline until you have something really marketable.
Great idea though - keep with it!
share|improve this answer
Just my opinion, but I think you are pretty much guaranteed to blow any timelines you set at some point when you're a startup. There's just so many hats you have to wear that the more detailed that timeline gets, the more likely it's going to get screwed up at some point. My startup certainly has, with changing customers, products, and home lives. But don't be discouraged by that; you just have to be ready to adjust. Take it one step at a time, keeping your end goal in sight, and realizing you're probably going to screw something up at some point and that's just part of the journey. The fact you have thought out the next steps so far is great - I would just say that getting too caught up in a particular time frame could come back to bite you in the end.
The other thing I'd say is that you shouldn't bother being worried about someone stealing your idea - read around on this site and a lot of people will tell you that there IS no really original ideas left, especially around the short message/twitter arena that your site seems to follow. It's guaranteed that there's several other companies and startups of different sizes doing something similar. All you can do is aim to create the product you believe will be successful, market the hell out of it, and pray it all works out. It's almost never the ideas, its the execution that determines winners.
share|improve this answer
that thing could be interesting, I see some potential it it. That being said:
• you need a redesign - ASAP. Usability of that website is pretty low - as is the overall look & feel of the website
But this idea cries for a someone to really throw money at it. You want to get big, and you want to get big very fast. If you fail to get big really fast, someone else may steal that idea and push you out of market.
Article governing this situation
share|improve this answer
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I need to generate some traffic for a internet startup and have been brainstorming ideas. My budget is limited, so I came up with the idea to give money to people who follow my startup on twitter. Not much, but possibly give $1 to $5 to one randomly selected twitter follower each day. Some days maybe more, depending on how it goes.
Has this type of marketing been done before? Would you recommend it? Would Twitter allow it?
Thanks!
share|improve this question
4 Answers
The type of your planned campaign is sweepstake. There has been a lot, and Twitter generally allows it with some guidelines(for both contests and sweepstakes): http://support.twitter.com/articles/68877-guidelines-for-contests-on-twitter
Though allowed, I don't recommend it. Reasons:
• You may attract much more users who is interested in this sweepstake instead of your business.
• You still need traffic or resources to promote this campaign. The resource could be better used for business directly.
• Seeing many people doing similar, the effect probably can't be so popular with low budget.
• There is some extra work needed for setting up this campaign especially for fair rules. More hassle than benefit IMO.
Some ideas just for your reference
• Create free resources useful to your target audience. Suggest or force their following you when getting this resource.
• Use ads, paid tweets etc to promote this resource.
share|improve this answer
I agree with Billy Chan. This strategy isn't going to produce any results for you. It will end up being a waste of time.
You state that your goal is to generate traffic to your site. But this isn't going to do it. If you get any people to follow you based on this, they won't be the least bit interested in engaging with you. They will just be interested in the money, so it's not going to generate any traffic to your site.
Additionally, a chance to be randomly selected to win $1 to $5 is about as weak an incentive as I can think of. A guaranteed $1 to $5 prize is already a super weak prize, but now you're reducing that even more by not even guaranteeing that miniscule amount. I seriously doubt you'll get anyone to bite with such a weak offer.
Plus consider that it's not just the prize money that it's going to cost you. The overhead associated with setting up and managing the contest will cost you more than the prize itself.
share|improve this answer
I have seen people give away iPads, etc every month, or every follower milestone, but that just seems to get them followers who want a free iPad. Nobody cares about the message.
If you have to bribe people to follow you, you're doing something wrong, IMHO, although of course, YMMV.
share|improve this answer
No! I run a social media marketing company and one of my clients got somewhat results, around 300 followers, doing that on Twitter. Then one of the followers tweeted "who got paid by __ to follow @__" and all her following favorited the comment.
share|improve this answer
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My foreign client requested me to send him a copy of my passport page
I am a business translator/interpreter in Hangzhou, China. A British client said that he is going to China and he will hire me as his interpreter when he is in China. He asked my bank information ...
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The Reliability of Accruals and the Prediction of Future Cash Flow
Ehsan Khansalar
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the reliability of accruals in predicting cash flows. Three categories of
accrual are considered (trading, non-trading and financial accruals), which are calculated on the basis of the
balance sheet information available in the Worldscope database. Different levels of reliability are assigned to the
different types of accrual dependent on their expected propensity to manipulation, using a three-point scale of
reliability (low, medium and high). We expect a higher degree of reliability in financial accruals to be associated
with greater predictive power with respect to cash flows, and likewise for a lower level to be associated with
lower predictability in non-trading accruals, and evidence is presented that supports these predictions.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijbm.v7n2p45
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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You are here: Home » Content
The content in Connexions comes in two formats: modules, which are like small "knowledge chunks," and collections, groups of modules structured into books or course notes, or for other uses. Our open license allows for free use and reuse of all our content.
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Saturday, June 20, 2009
Canada Geese at Donaldson Park
As I mentioned in yesterday's Loose Feathers, the USDA is planning to capture and kill resident Canada Geese at 20 locations around New Jersey's airports. The article does not state how many geese will be killed under the plan. There are currently around 80,000 resident Canada Geese in the state. The goal of the program is to prevent airplanes from striking birds. How successful this project will be is uncertain. As in New York, resident geese are hardly the only birds a plane might strike, and lethal control presents more problems for other species. Geese also reproduce at a very high rate, with multiple clutches of a dozen or so eggs each breeding season.
Just how daunting a task it will be to reduce the state's Canada Goose population was apparent during a walk in my local park this afternoon. Even in this small park, during breeding season when goose numbers should be at their lowest, there was a flock totaling a little over 200 geese. Multiple ages were present, from adults to early-season goslings to more recent goslings. I am including a few images below.
The last two photos show some of the older goslings. These birds are molting out of their fuzzy juvenile plumage into mature plumage but still retain the fuzzballs on the tops of their heads.
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DeSoto Parish, LouisianaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Louisiana DeSoto Parish
Guide to DeSoto Parish Louisiana genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, and military records.
Louisiana
Online Records
DeSoto Parish, Louisiana
Map
Location in the state of Louisiana
Location of Louisiana in the U.S.
Facts
Founded April 1, 1843
County Seat Mansfield
Courthouse
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
LAGenWeb Project
who welcome you to contribute.
Jane Sanford Keppler
Parish Coordinator
DeSoto Parish LAGenWeb
Adopt a page today
Contents
Parish Courthouse
DeSoto Parish Courthouse
Parish Courthouse
Mansfield, LA 71052
Phone: 318.872.3110
Parish Clerk has marriage and land records
from 1843, divorce, probate and court records. [1]
Parish Courthouse
LADesoto1courthouse.jpg
LADeSotocourthouse.jpg
Quick Facts
• Named for Hernando deSoto (small "d"), the Spaniard who explored the future southeastern United States, discovered and named the Mississippi River.
• The first Parish courthouse was a log house.
Parent Parish
• 1 April 1843: DeSoto Parish was created from Natchitoches and Caddo Parishes.
Parish seat: Mansfield [1]
Boundary Changes
• Eastern part of the parish was set off 2 March 1871 to form Red River Parish
• See an interactive map of DeSoto Parish boundary changes. (map also shows parish boundaries for census years)
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
• City: Mansfield
• Towns: Keachi . Logansport . Stonewall
• Villages: Grand Cane . Longstreet . South Mansfield . Stanley
Neighboring Parishes or Counties
Resources
Ladesoto.png
African American
Archives and Libraries
Cemeteries
Census
Census Pop.
190025,063
191027,68910.5%
192029,3766.1%
193031,0165.6%
194031,8032.5%
195024,398−23.3%
196024,248−0.6%
197022,764−6.1%
198025,72713.0%
199025,346−1.5%
200025,4940.6%
Est. 200626,390[2]3.5%
De Soto Parish Census Data[3]
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
Louisiana Museums
Maps
Military
Civil War
Civil War Battle
The following Civil War battles were fought in DeSoto Parish.
Map showing Civil War battles in Louisiana.
Louisiana Military History Online
Newspapers
Probate
Louisiana Probate Records ~ information on.
Taxation
Vital Records
Louisiana Records and Statistics Information ~ where and how to order information.
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. 1.0 1.1 The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. DeSoto Parish, Louisiana p 290 (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
2. United States Census Bureau. "De Soto Parish Quickfacts". http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/22031.html. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
3. United States Census Bureau. "Louisiana Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/la190090.txt. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
4. Heritage Preservation Services, Civil War Battle Summaries by State, (accessed 8 August, 2012)
5. Heritage Preservation Services, Civil War Battle Summaries by State, (accessed 8 August, 2012)
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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• This page was last modified on 19 April 2013, at 04:16.
• This page has been accessed 2,965 times.
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A SLOPING DUCT FOR THE STUDY OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
Jesper S. Damgaard, Richard J.S. Whitehouse, Richard L. Soulsby
Abstract
The details of a large sloping duct at HR Wallingford Ltd. are presented. The duct is capable of sloping to the angle of ±33° which exceeds the angle of repose of normal quartz sand. The duct can be tilted laterally as well as longitudinally so that; 1) the effect of combined slopes can be investigated; 2) the aspect ratio can be inverted. At present the duct operates with a steady flow but it can accommodate a wave piston.
Keywords
sediment transport; sloping duct
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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login ask-a-question questions unanswered tags faq
Just simple. What is the best tool for replacing flat tire. It shall not be too heavy and easy to use and reliable.
asked May 07 '12 at 09:32
Lee
1
I just call my wife.
link
answered Jun 09 '12 at 00:01
Robert P
16
Your car comes with a tire iron and screw jack. What's wrong with that?
link
answered May 15 '12 at 09:33
Christopher
300
If you want something "not be too heavy and easy to use and reliable", stick an AAA card in your wallet.
link
answered Jul 12 '12 at 08:43
Dave
176
The best thing to buy is tire patching kit, needle nose pliers and a portable air compressor you can usually find the nail with the tire still attached and plug it and pump it back up, even my wife can do it!
link
answered Aug 29 '12 at 11:19
tke248
1
Maybe what most people lack when changing a tire is practice: Where's the jack/iron/tire? Where do I put the jack under the car? Why'd I park in loose soil? Which way do I turn the nuts? How do I leave a message for my loved ones after I'm killed by oncoming traffic?
And don't buy crappy tires in the first place.
link
answered Sep 07 '12 at 08:15
Wayne R
31
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Asked: May 07 '12 at 09:32
Seen: 2,051 times
Last updated: Sep 07 '12 at 08:15
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Older blog entries for jwp9447 (starting at number 62)
24 Nov 2009 (updated 26 Nov 2009 at 02:02 UTC) »
NASA Robotic Rocket Plane To Survey Martian Surface
<!--paging_filter-->
Since budget cuts and the inability to overcome problems like boredom and high radiation doses have ruled out any manned mission to Mars in the foreseeable future, NASA has shifted gears back towards a program of robotic exploration. To that end, NASA now wants a rocket-powered UAV to fly around the Red Planet, photographing the surface.
The plane, repetitively named ARES (not to be confused with NASA's shuttle replacement, also named ARES), would fly to Mars in a regular rocket. Once it reaches the fourth rock from the Sun, it would pop out of the capsule, deploy its wings, and fire the rockets for an hour-long flight through the Martian sky. During that flight, ARES would cover about 373 miles, which is a little less than 100 times the area covered by the Spirit rover over the last five years.
Any aircraft flying on Mars would need some serious horsepower. The Martian atmosphere is 169 times thinner than the air here on Earth, so generating lift over ARES's wings may prove tricky. NASA has already devoted five years to initial design, but still has a long, long way to go before this thing takes flight. Of course, when the end product is a Martian rocket plane, the wait is worth it.
[The Register]
Syndicated 2009-11-24 18:29:22 from Popular Science - robots
18 Nov 2009 (updated 21 Nov 2009 at 12:06 UTC) »
iPhone Touchscreen Interface Puts Robot Control At Your Fingertips
<!--paging_filter-->
Adding a new wrinkle to the 'droid versus iPhone debate, a project at Keio University in Tokyo have created iPhone software specifically designed to control androids. More specifically, they've created an interface that puts control of a humanoid robot right at your fingertips.
"Walky" takes advantage of an iPhone or iPod's touchscreen to create an intuitive interface that requires virtually no learning. Your fingers simulate the robot's legs: a walking motion using the index and middle fingers makes the robot walk, tapping the screen makes it jump up and down, and a flicking motion with one finger elicits a kicking motion.
The idea is to make the robot's motion as intuitive as possible. Most controller commands, like joysticks, paddles and buttons, don't have any natural relation to each other. That's why you keep getting fragged in Modern Warfare; until you become very familiar with the controls, your knee-jerk reactions aren't necessarily the ones programmed into the game. By making the robot respond to commands that the user already knows, they've created a sort of universal remote that anyone can pick up and start using.
On that note, the team at Keio thinks their software could also be employed in controlling digital characters -- think on-screen avatars in video games -- but for now it's best suited to bipedal robots. While it won't be integrated into gadgets this holiday season, it will debut officially in December at SIGGRAPH Asia in Yokohama.
[DesignBoom via Fast Company]
Syndicated 2009-11-18 14:33:47 from Popular Science - robots
Robotic Surrogate Takes Your Place at Work
Having one of those days where even a hearty bowl of Fruit Loops and Jack Daniels can't get you out of bed? A telepresence robot can come into the office for you, elevating telecommuting to a decidedly new level. The somewhat humanoid 'bots, produced by Mountain View, California-based Anybots, are controlled via video-game-like controls from your laptop, allowing you to be "present" without actually being in the office.
The robots are equipped with a screen displaying your smiling mug to your co-workers, as well as a camera that beams a feed straight to your computer screen. They're also mobile, so you can still drop by co-workers' offices unannounced, presumably to let them know that a robot will be filling in for you today. There are a few variations that Anybots is toying with, including one with long arms and hands, and another with a laser pointer that, while useful for pointing things out in a physical environment, will prove slightly less cool than Johnny 5's shoulder-mounted laser cannon.
In all seriousness, Anybots plans to have a telepresence robot to market in the second half of next year. While it may seem to be little more than an expensive videoconferencing link (the product is expected to retail between $10,000 and $15,000), it could be a valuable tool in workplace environments where a more physical presence is handy, such as for U.S. businesses trying to keep an eye on manufacturing floors overseas. After all, you never know when a surrogate might come in handy.
All right, all right. See QA operating from both sides of the link in the (real) videos below.
[Anybots via Technology Review]
Syndicated 2009-11-17 21:16:26 from Popular Science - robots
Doctors Equip Yorkshire Man With Cyborg Sphincter
Meet Ged Galvin, the Steve Austin of colorectal surgery. After a car crash in which Galvin almost died, surgeons at Royal London Hospital realized they could rebuild his crushed organs. Stronger. Faster. They had the technology to give him a cyborg colon.
"The operation changed my life and gave me back my pride and confidence," Galvin told the Daily Telegraph.
After he spent a short time with a colostomy bag, the doctors surgically removed muscle from Galvin's leg, fashioned it into an ersatz sphincter, and surgically implanted electrodes into the new muscle ring. Doctors then installed the device in Galvin.
Now, Galvin is free from the indignity of a colostomy bag. He controls his functions with a small remote control, about the size of a cell phone, that operates the electrodes. Now he can do his business at his leisure, although the muscles and electrodes will need replacement every five years. "Because of the remote control I can lead a normal life again," Galvin said.
Armed with his new sense of confidence, all Galvin has to do now to steal Steve Austin's crown is fight Sasquatch.
[Daily Telegraph, via Geekologie]
Syndicated 2009-11-17 16:47:08 from Popular Science - robots
Robo-Negotiator Talks Down Armed Lunatic
Hostage situations are often described like explosive devices, as ticking time bombs waiting to go off. And just as bomb disposal units have robots to help with their job, now police negotiators have a bot of their own for defusing a different kind of explosive situation.
In Colorado, a heavily armed 61-year-old man had barricaded himself in his home. Afraid that the volatile suspect would shoot anyone sent in to negotiate his surrender, the police found themselves at an impasse. Then, they sent in the robot.
The police equipped a bomb disposal robot with a microphone, a camera, and speakers, and maneuvered it into the house. An operator navigated the droid to the suspect, and then began to talk him down. Eventually, the man surrendered to the robot, and was taken into police custody.
Usually, when Murphy said "dead or alive, you're coming with me", the "alive" option rarely panned out. This robocop, however, already seems to be getting better results.
[Glenwood Springs Post Independent, via The Register]
Syndicated 2009-11-12 16:33:14 from Popular Science - robots
11 Nov 2009 (updated 15 Nov 2009 at 11:28 UTC) »
Soccer-Ball-Sized Submersible Robots Will Track Ocean Currents and Disasters at Sea
The National Science Foundation has awarded almost $1 million to develop a swarm of underwater robotic explorers <!--paging_filter-->
Hundreds of soccer-ball-sized robot drones could soon ply the friendly waves to help scientists track ocean currents and harmful algae blooms, or even swarm to disaster sites such as oil spills and airplane crashes. That's no mere flight of fancy, now that the National Science Foundation has provided almost $1 million in funding to researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego.
<!--break-->
The underwater swarm would coordinate with larger mothership drones as they move around and gauge the physics of ocean currents. Such information might allow researchers to scout out critical nursery habitats in protected marine areas, and might likewise lead salvage teams to recover the black boxes from airplane crash sites.
"You put 100 of these AUEs [Autonomous Underwater Explorers] in the ocean and let 'er rip," said Peter Franks, an oceanographer at Scripps. "We'll be able to look at how they spread apart and how they move to get a sense of the physics driving the flow."
More data gathered over time could also feed into better ocean models that try to capture the ocean weather and climate.
Scripps researchers first plan to build five or six prototypes the size of soccer balls, along with 20 smaller versions. They would join a growing fleet of underwater robots ranging from U.S. Navy submarine drones to ring-wing robots designed for oil exploration.
[via PhysOr g]
Syndicated 2009-11-11 19:02:03 from Popular Science - robots
Neuron-Like Computer Chips Could Portably Digitize Human Brain
Simulating the brain with traditional chips would require impractical megawatts of power. One scientist has an alternative
According to Kwabena Boahen, a computer scientist at Stanford University, a robot with a processor as smart as the human brain would require at least 10 megawatts to operate. That's the amount of energy produced by a small hydroelectric plant. But a small group of computer scientists may have hit on a new neural supercomputer that could someday emulate the human brain's low energy requirements of just 20 watts -- barely enough to run a dim light bulb.
Discover Magazine has the story on how the Neurogrid computer could completely overhaul the traditional approach to computers. It trades the extreme precision of digital transistors for the brain's chaos of many neurons firing, with misfires 30 percent to 90 percent of the time. Yet the brain works with this messy system by relying on crowds of neurons to shout over the noise of misfires and competing signals.
That willingness to give up precision for chaos could lead to a new era of creative computing that simulates the unpredictable patterns of brain activity. It could also represent a far more energy-efficient era -- the Neurogrid fits in a briefcase and runs on what amounts to a few D batteries, or less than a watt. Rather than transistors, it uses capacitors that get the same voltage of neurons.
Boahen has so far managed to squeeze a million neurons onto his new supercomputer, compared to just 45,000 silicon neurons on previous neural machines. A next-generation Neurogrid may host as many as 64 million silicon neurons by 2011, or approximately the brain of a mouse.
This new type of supercomputer will not replace the precise calculations of current machines. But its energy efficiency could provide the necessary breakthrough to continue upholding Moore's Law, which suggests that the number of transistors on a silicon chip can double about every two years. Perhaps equally exciting, the creative chaos from a chaotic supercomputer system could ultimately lay the foundation for the processing power necessary to raise artificial intelligence to human levels.
[Discover Magazine]
Syndicated 2009-11-06 20:43:33 from Popular Science - robots
Wearable Artificial Intelligence Could Help Astronauts Troll Mars for Signs of Life
Not since RoboCop has being a cyborg seemed so very cool. University of Chicago geoscientists are developing an artificial intelligence system that future Mars explorers could incorporate into their spacesuits to help them recognize signs of life on Mars' barren surface.
The systems would entail an AI system known as a Hopfield neural network that uses processes closely mimicking human thought to weigh evidence and make decisions based on previously known facts and patterns. Using digital eyes incorporated into astronauts' suits, the AI system would collect data from the environment and analyze it in the Hopfield networks located on the hips of the suits.
Preloaded data as well as data collected as the astronauts go about their Martian surface walks would be turned over in the AI systems much in the same way a human brain would crunch it. For instance, the Hopfield's algorithm can learn colors from a single image, then relate it to previously observed instances of that color, making connections between the two. Recent tests of a complete, wearable prototype suit at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah found that the AI could tell the difference between lichen and the rock surrounding it.
But that's just scratching the surface; next, researchers plan to teach the Hopfield to differentiate between textures, and ultimately to engineer the system to work at scales ranging from wide landscapes to the minuscule. They have plenty of time to do so, as no one plans to send a manned mission to Mars any time soon. But the data the algorithm is already learning on Earth could ride with robotic missions to Mars in the more immediate future.
[PhysOrg]
Syndicated 2009-11-05 14:39:18 from Popular Science - robots
MIT Introduces a Friendly Robot Companion For Your Dashboard
Kitt? KITT? Is that you?
With all the sensors, computerized gadgetry and even Internet connectivity being built into cars these days, it's a wonder our automobiles aren't more like Optimus Prime. Our cars will now email us when they need to have their oil changed, and recognize our facial expressions to determine whether we're enjoying ourselves, but for all the information available to us when we're driving, it's often not possible to organize it all in real-time and package it in a way that we can digest while behind the wheel. Researchers at MIT and Audi created the Affective Intelligent Driving Agent to address exactly that problem.
AIDA communicates with the driver via a small, sociable robot built into the dashboard. The idea is to develop an informed and friendly passenger, the buddy perpetually riding shotgun who aside from reading the map and helping with navigation, acts as a companion. As such, AIDA is being developed to read drivers' moods via their facial expressions and other cues (hand gestures?) and respond to them in the proper social context. It communicates back in very human ways as well: with a smile, the blink of an eye, the drooping of its head.
Prompting memories of KIT from the (most excellent) television series Knight Rider, the idea is for AIDA to have personality and establish a relationship with the driver in which both parties learn from each another and help each other out. AIDA analyzes the driver's mobility patterns, common routes and destinations, and driving habits. It then merges its knowledge of the driver with its knowledge of the city around it, mashing up the drivers priorities and needs with real-time information on everything from tourist attractions to environmental conditions to commercial activity to help the driver make better decisions.
If, for instance, there's a parade route between you and the grocery store, AIDA will tell you about it and help you find your way around it. Or it might simply remind you that your gas tank is low, knowing that given the time of day you must be on your way to work several miles away. AIDA will even give you feedback on your driving, helping you increase your fuel efficiency or suggesting that your policy of making rolling illegal lefts through stop signs while in school zones may be ill-advised.
Unlike the sci-fi cars of our childhood fancy -- KIT, the Batmobile, Herbie -- AIDA is still a ways from pulling off daring rescue maneuvers or other heroic acts of derring-do. But it can make the road a safer, more informed place, and if the MIT robotics researchers have their way, one that's not quite so lonely.
[MIT]
Syndicated 2009-10-29 19:11:54 from Popular Science - robots
MIT researchers and designers are developing the Affective Intelligent Driving Agent (AIDA) - a new in-car personal robot that aims to change the way we interact with our car. The project is a collaboration between the Personal Robots Group at the MIT Media Lab, MIT’s SENSEable City Lab and the Volkswagen Group of America’s Electronics Research Lab.
“With the ubiquity of sensors and mobile computers, information about our surroundings is ever abundant. AIDA embodies a new effort to make sense of these great amounts of data, harnessing our personal electronic devices as tools for behavioral support,” comments professor Carlo Ratti, director of the SENSEable City Lab. “In developing AIDA we asked ourselves how we could design a system that would offer the same kind of guidance as an informed and friendly companion.”
AIDA communicates with the driver through a small robot embedded in the dashboard. "AIDA builds on our long experience in building sociable robots,” explains professor Cynthia Breazeal, director of the Personal Robots Group at the MIT Media Lab. “We are developing AIDA to read the driver's mood from facial expression and other cues and respond in a socially appropriate and informative way."
AIDA communicates in a very immediate way: with the seamlessness of a smile or the blink of an eye. Over time, the project envisions that a kind of symbiotic relationship develops between the driver and AIDA, whereby both parties learn from each other and establish an affective bond.
To identify the set of goals the driver would like to achieve, AIDA analyses the driver’s mobility patterns, keeping track of common routes and destinations. AIDA draws on an understanding of the city beyond what can be seen through the windshield, incorporating real-time event information and knowledge of environmental conditions, as well as commercial activity, tourist attractions, and residential areas.
“When it merges knowledge about the city with an understanding of the driver’s priorities and needs, AIDA can make important inferences,” explains Assaf Biderman, associate director of the SENSEable City Lab. “Within a week AIDA will have figured out your home and work location. Soon afterwards the system will be able to direct you to your preferred grocery store, suggesting a route that avoids a street fair-induced traffic jam. On the way AIDA might recommend a stop to fill up your tank, upon noticing that you are getting low on gas," says Biderman. “AIDA can also give you feedback on your driving, helping you achieve more energy efficiency and safer behavior.”
AIDA was developed in partnership with Audi, a premium brand of the Volkswagen Group, and the Volkswagen Group of America's Electronics Research Lab. The AIDA team is directed by Professor Cynthia Breazeal, Carlo Ratti, and Assaf Biderman. The SENSEable City Lab team includes team leader Giusy di Lorenzo and includes Francisco Pereira, Fabio Pinelli, Pedro Correia, E Roon Kang, Jennifer Dunnam, and Shaocong Zhou. The Personal Robots Group's technical and aesthetic team includes Mikey Siegel, Fardad Faridi and Ryan Wistort as well as videographers Paula Aguilera and Jonathan Williams. Chuhee Lee and Charles Lee represent the Volkswagen Group of America’s Electronics Research Lab.
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Document Type
Article
Date
2009
Embargo Period
10-18-2010
Keywords
bookbinding, history of the book, craft
Disciplines
Art Practice | Book and Paper | Other Arts and Humanities | Other German Language and Literature
Description/Abstract
DER PRESSBENGEL/THE BONE FOLDER: A DIALOGUE BETWEEN AN AESTHETICALLY- INCLINED BIBLIOPHILE AND A WELL-VERSED-IN-ALL-ASPECTS-OF-THE- CRAFT BOOKBINDER By Ernst Collin, translated and introduced by Peter D. Verheyen Der Pressbengel, by Ernst Collin, was originally published in German in 1922. This is its first translation into English. Conceived as a dialogue between a bibliophile and a master bookbinder on all aspects of the bookbinding craft as well as specific techniques, the text also addresses the conflicts between quality and cost and matters of good taste. An introduction by the translator discusses the historical context of the decline of formal training, a trend that continues today. Full text of the original German text as well as pdf laid out in signatures for binding and "trade" edition are available at http://www.philobiblon.com/pressbengel.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Seaside (California)
From Wikitravel
Monterey County : Seaside
Revision as of 22:39, 31 December 2011 by Nurg (Talk | contribs)
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Seaside is a city in Monterey County in the Central Coast region of California. It is on the coast of the Monterey Bay, just north of the city of Monterey. Formerly the site of the Fort Ord military base, Seaside now has a PGA Tour-hosting golf course and the California State University of Monterey Bay. It is a good home base from which to see all the towns on Monterey Bay.
Sand City, a three-square-mile town with a population of around 300, is surrounded by Seaside on three sides. A former sand manufacturing area, it has become an artist's colony, and its industrial buildings now house an array of galleries.
[edit] Get in
Most visitors get to Seaside by driving. It is located directly on coastal Route 1. Visitors coming from Route 101 South can take Route 68 west to Route 1 North; visitors coming from Route 101 North can take Route 156 west toward the Monterey Peninsula. Route 156 merges with Route 1 South and leads directly to Seaside.
Visitors can also take Amtrak's Coast Starlight to Salinas, and then take Monterey-Salinas Transit (MST) Route 20 to the Edgewater Transit Exchange, at the Edgewater Shopping Plaza in Sand City, across the street from Seaside.
[edit] Get around
Seaside is a small town and can easily be seen on foot. Many people use bicycles to get around and they can be rented from vendors near the beach in Monterey. For car drivers, traffic jams are rare, and parking spots are plentiful.
Bus service from Monterey-Salinas Transit gives access to Seaside and nearby towns, such as Monterey and Pacific Grove.
[edit][add listing] See
• Sand City has a large number of artist's galleries, most open to the public. It also has an annual arts festival, the Sand City Westend Celebration, every August.
• Seaside Beach and Sand City beach are great places to watch the sun set.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Seaside Beach is a popular spot for kite-flying, while Sand City beach is known for its parasailers.
• Bayonet and Black Horse Golf Course, [1]. edit, recently renovated, has 36 holes. It was originally the golf course for the Fort Ord military base, but has been upgraded since.
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Stammtisch, 1204 Echo Ave #C, Seaside, CA, 93955, 831-899-3070. edit is an authentic German restaurant run by a Bavarian couple renowned up and down the coast for its fantastic menu of genuine German comfort food.
• Monterey Bay Chocolates, 1291 Fremont Boulevard, Seaside, CA 93955, 831-899-7963, [2]. edit is known for its 40-foot long chocolate buffet.
• Fishwife, 789 Trinity Ave., Seaside, CA 93955, 831-394-2027, [3]. edit serves fresh, local produce and seafood with both California and Caribbean influences.
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Ol' Factory Cafe, 1725 Contra Costa St., Sand City, CA 93955, 831-394-7366, [4]. edit is a coffee shop during the day, and a bar at night. It has the deepest beer list in Monterey County. There are regular live music performances, as well as local art shows.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Best Western Magic Carpet Lodge, 1875 Fremont Boulevard, +1 831 899-4221 (toll free: +1 800 232-4232, fax: +1 831 899-3377), [5]. edit
• Holiday Inn Express, 1400 Del Monte Blvd, +1 831 394-5335, [6]. edit
[edit] Get out
• Monterey is right next door, and it's only a five minute drive from most Seaside hotels to the historic district of that town. Just beyond Monterey is Pacific Grove and Carmel. Big Sur is about 45 minutes south on Route 1.
Routes through Seaside
Santa CruzMarina N S MontereySan Luis Obispo
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1352.0.55.028 - Research Paper: Impact of non-response bias in business surveys (Methodology Advisory Committee), Nov 1999
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/11/2000 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
About this Release
The paper "Low response rates and their effects on survey results" is the product of research undertaken to address a key issue within the Statistical Clearing House (SCH). Many non-ABS surveys suffer from low response rates and it is often difficult to convince survey managers of the importance in maximising response rates. Sampling error is usually addressed adequately, and it is believed that a primary reason for this is the relative ease in demonstrating the error introduced by taking samples as opposed to censuses. Demonstrating the effect of non-response bias is far more difficult, and this research was aimed to provide evidence of the deleterious effects on low response rates and consequential non-response bias.
There are primarily two issues we would like MAC feedback on this research.
An important aspect of this research is to achieve an effective outcome in demonstrating the deleterious effects on low response rates to a wide range of survey managers. The paper provides the basis for such a demonstration, but it now needs to be utilised to inform survey managers. We have made a start in this regard by presenting the paper (and the message) to the 28th National Conference of the Market Research Society of Australia in Adelaide, 3-6 October, 1999. We also intend to place the paper in our "Research documents" section of the SCH Web site (this section is yet to be developed). Other strategies for educating the survey manager community would be appreciated.
Secondly, there are a few limitations identified while conducting the research. These limitations are briefly discussed as an attachment to the paper. The views of MAC on these limitations and other limitations identified by MAC members would also be appreciated. MAC advice on alternative approaches to the problem of demonstrating the ill effects of non-response for business surveys would also be appreciated, as would any references to papers describing other relevant studies.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Research article
RNA-Seq Atlas of Glycine max: A guide to the soybean transcriptome
Andrew J Severin1*, Jenna L Woody1, Yung-Tsi Bolon2, Bindu Joseph1, Brian W Diers3, Andrew D Farmer4, Gary J Muehlbauer6, Rex T Nelson5, David Grant5, James E Specht7, Michelle A Graham1,5, Steven B Cannon1,5, Gregory D May4, Carroll P Vance2,6 and Randy C Shoemaker1,5
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
2 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Research Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
3 Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
4 National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA
5 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Resources Unit, Ames, IA 50011, USA
6 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
7 Department of Agronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Plant Biology 2010, 10:160 doi:10.1186/1471-2229-10-160
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/10/160
Received:25 February 2010
Accepted:5 August 2010
Published:5 August 2010
© 2010 Severin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Next generation sequencing is transforming our understanding of transcriptomes. It can determine the expression level of transcripts with a dynamic range of over six orders of magnitude from multiple tissues, developmental stages or conditions. Patterns of gene expression provide insight into functions of genes with unknown annotation.
Results
The RNA Seq-Atlas presented here provides a record of high-resolution gene expression in a set of fourteen diverse tissues. Hierarchical clustering of transcriptional profiles for these tissues suggests three clades with similar profiles: aerial, underground and seed tissues. We also investigate the relationship between gene structure and gene expression and find a correlation between gene length and expression. Additionally, we find dramatic tissue-specific gene expression of both the most highly-expressed genes and the genes specific to legumes in seed development and nodule tissues. Analysis of the gene expression profiles of over 2,000 genes with preferential gene expression in seed suggests there are more than 177 genes with functional roles that are involved in the economically important seed filling process. Finally, the Seq-atlas also provides a means of evaluating existing gene model annotations for the Glycine max genome.
Conclusions
This RNA-Seq atlas extends the analyses of previous gene expression atlases performed using Affymetrix GeneChip technology and provides an example of new methods to accommodate the increase in transcriptome data obtained from next generation sequencing. Data contained within this RNA-Seq atlas of Glycine max can be explored at http://www.soybase.org/soyseq webcite.
Background
Early hybridization-based studies indicated that the soybean genome has undergone at least one round of large-scale duplication [1]. This finding was supported by analyses of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) [2,3], which suggested an additional duplication event, with estimated times of approximately 14 and 44 mya. The generation of so many duplicated genes likely gave rise to a large number of new, novel and perhaps unique gene functions [4,5]. It is possible to gain insight into their gene function through the exploration of transcriptome data.
With the release of a high-quality draft of the G. max genomic sequence [6], we are in a position to significantly improve our understanding of the soybean transcriptome. Previous gene expression studies have been performed using EST sequencing, spotted microarrays and Affymetrix GeneChip technology. These include a study in soybean seed development using laser capture microdissection [7] and studies of the iron stress response in soybean [8]. Other expression atlases have been produced for Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula [9-12]. However, array-based methodologies are constrained by prior knowledge of gene sequences. This limits the patterns of gene expression to a subset of the total transcriptional activity in an organism. For instance, the soybean Affymetrix GeneChips used in the Le et al. (2007) study contained sequences that represent 21,790 genes in the Glyma1.01 genome assembly [13,14]. This is less than half of the genes identified as "high confidence" gene models in G. max in the Glyma1.01 annotation release, and less than a third of all the predicted genes in G. max [6]. As a result, information collected using these GeneChips is incomplete, providing only a fragmented picture of transcript accumulation patterns.
The recent development of next-generation sequencing technology provides information on gene expression independent of genomic sequence knowledge. It also has the advantage of higher sensitivity and greater dynamic range of gene expression than array-based technologies [15-17]. The RNA Sequencing method (RNA-Seq) was originally developed to take advantage of the next-generation Illumina sequencing technology to improve the annotation of the yeast genome and explore its transcriptional expression profile [17]. The RNA-Seq approach was shown to have relatively little variation between technical replicates [16] for identifying differentially expressed genes. This technique has since been applied to several other organisms to answer questions regarding gene annotation and gene expression, but to our knowledge has not been applied to create an organism-wide gene expression atlas [15,18-23].
In this report, we apply RNA-Seq to investigate seven tissues and seven stages in seed development in G. max, and compare transcript reads to the most recent release of the G. max genome sequence (assembly Glyma1.01). We present an overview of the RNA-Seq data for soybean as a potential model for future RNA-Seq atlases, and address several challenges that arise due to the nature and quantity of next-generation transcriptomic sequence data.
Results
Mapping of short-read sequences
Tissues from leaf, flower, pod, two stages of pod-shell, root, nodule and seven stages of seed development were collected from soybean plants (experimental line A81-356022) and raised in growth chambers designed to mimic Illinois field growth conditions. Throughout this manuscript, tissues from stages of development are labeled according to approximated Days After Flowering (DAF) where appropriate (see Experimental Procedures). Total RNA from each tissue and developmental stage was isolated and sent to the National Center for Genome Resources (NCGR) for sequencing. Data from the Illumina Genome Analyzer II instruments produced 5.8 to 8.9 million 36-bp reads for each of seven non-seed tissues and 2.7 to 9.6 million 36-bp reads for each of seven stages of seed development (Additional file 1). The alignment program GSNAP [24] was used to map the reads to two reference genomes: G. max and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. A digital gene expression analysis was performed on the 'uniquely mappable' genome [15] which includes reads that mapped to the reference genomes with at most two mismatches or one indel and no mismatches [25]. Reads that failed these criteria or mapped to multiple locations were excluded.
Additional file 1. Summary of the RNA-Seq short read sequences. This table includes the number of reads that were of low quality, not mappable to the reference genomes, mapped to the B. Rhizobium genome, highly repetitive (mapped to over 100 locations), repetitive (mapped between 2-100 locations), High quality reads (reads that passed our filtering criteria), unique (mapped to 1 location) and total mappable reads (sum of the highly repetitive and high quality reads).
Format: XLS Size: 43KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Excel Viewer
The following groups of short-read sequences (from all 14 tissues) were excluded: 14.5% of the reads failed our criteria due to mismatches or indels, 35.2% mapped to multiple locations and 0.2% mapped to the B. japonicum genome. Highly repetitive sequences, defined as reads that mapped to 100 or more locations, ranged from 3.6% of the total reads in nodule to 52.3% of the total reads in seed 28-DAF suggesting that these highly repetitive reads may have important functional roles in specific tissues. Further investigation of highly duplicated genes plus transposable elements [26] may be warranted to determine what functional role highly repetitive sequences may have in these tissues.
There were 50.1% of the reads that passed the filtering criteria and mapped uniquely to the G. max reference genome. These reads were used in the digital gene expression analysis of all 14 tissues. Of the 66,210 predicted gene models in G. max (consisting of 46,430 high-confidence models and 19,780 lower-confidence models), 49,151 (74.2%) genes were transcriptionally active by the following definition: having a sum of at least two counts in one or more tissues in this study (Additional file 2). In the Glyma1.01 annotation set [6], 46,430 genes were identified as "high confidence" as determined by the following criteria: correlation to full-length cDNAs, Expressed Sequence Tags, homology, and ab initio methods [12, Supplementary Information section 2]. Of those 46,430 highly-confident genes [6], 41,975 (90.4%) genes were transcriptionally active in this study (Additional file 3) and 4,455 (9.6%) highly-confident genes were not. Conversely, there are an additional 7,176 (10.8%) transcriptionally active gene models from the lower-confidence gene models (Additional file 4). These gene models will be evaluated for possible inclusion to the list of highly-confident gene models.
Additional file 2. Transcriptionally active genes from all predicted gene models. List of gene models from all the predicted gene models that were transcriptionally active. A gene model was considered transcriptionally active if the sum of the raw counts that mapped to the model in one or more tissues was greater than 1.
Format: TXT Size: 673KB Download file
Additional file 3. Transcriptionally active genes from the highly-confident gene models. List of gene models from the highly-confident gene models that were transcriptionally active. A gene model was considered transcriptionally active if the sum of the raw counts that mapped to the model in one or more tissues was greater than 1.
Format: TXT Size: 574KB Download file
Additional file 4. Transcriptionally active genes not from the highly-confident gene models. List of gene models that were transcriptionally active but not part of the list of genes models that are currently considered highly-confident gene models. A gene model was considered transcriptionally active if the sum of the raw counts that mapped to the model across all tissues was greater than 1.
Format: TXT Size: 98KB Download file
Expression and gene structure
Since transcription of genes may be inversely correlated with gene size in plants [27], the coding regions of the predicted genes were inspected to provide insight into the characteristics of an expressed gene in G. max. The average lengths of the first, internal and last exon for the predicted genes were 313.6 ± 386.4, 179.8 ± 172.3 and 245.5 ± 298.8 base pairs respectively (Table 1: a). This is similar to values reported for Arabidopsis: 320.3 ± 371.8, 167.6 ± 195.7 and 328.3 ± 354.5 base pairs, respectively [28]. The GC content of the exons in G. max and A. thaliana were also similar (Table 1: a). The significance in the size differences were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test with a p-value cutoff of 10e-04 [27]. Interestingly, the coding regions of genes that were not found to be transcriptionally active in this study were smaller and had a lower GC content than coding regions in genes that were transcriptionally active (Table 1: b,c). A similar trend was found for the genes identified as highly-confident and for genes that were not identified as highly-confident (Table 1: d,e). The genes identified as neither highly-confident nor transcriptionally active (Table 1: f) have the smallest exon length and lowest percentage GC content in G. max. This group, which has the smallest genes, may correspond to pseudogenes or may indicate that further improvement is needed in gene model prediction. However, a larger sampling of tissues over several developmental stages and environmental stresses is required before pseudogene determinations can be made.
Table 1. Gene structure and transcriptional activity
Tissue-specific analysis of the soybean transcriptome
For the tissue-specific analyses, raw digital gene expression counts were normalized using a variation of the reads/Kb/Million (RPKM) method [15,17]. The RPKM method corrects for biases in total gene exon size and normalizes for the total short read sequences obtained in each tissue library. A hierarchical clustering analysis of the transcriptional profiles between tissues and developmental stages using a Pearson correlation suggested three groupings of tissues: underground tissues (root and nodule), seed development (seed 10-DAF, seed 14-DAF, seed 21-DAF, seed 25-DAF, seed 28-DAF, seed 35-DAF and seed 42-DAF) and aerial tissues (leaf, flower, pod-shell 10-DAF, pod-shell 14-DAF and one-cm pod) (Figure 1) [11].
Figure 1. Hierarchical clustering of transcriptional profiles in 14 tissues. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the transcriptional profiles was performed using the hclust command in R [39] and the default complete linkage method. The analysis reveals three clades of tissues with similar transcriptional profiles: underground, aerial and seed.
A Z-score analysis was conducted to gain insight into the gene expression patterns of each tissue [11]. The Z-score numerical value is calculated by taking for each gene and tissue the (RPKM)-normalized log2-transformed transcript count, subtracting the normalized mean transcript count of all tissues and dividing by the standard deviation of the normalized transcript count of all tissues. The Z-score numerical value measures the number of standard deviations the expression level of a gene in a specific tissue is from the mean expression level in all tissues. The Z-score analysis revealed that aerial and underground tissues are distinguished from seed tissue by a bimodal expression pattern with more genes from aerial and underground tissues shifted toward higher expression values (Figure 2). Transcription values in non-seed tissues are less similar than transcription values in stages of seed development resulting in a greater distribution of Z-score values and a noticeable portion of genes with Z-score values near the positive extreme between 3.4 and 3.6 indicating a high specificity for the tissue. We provide a supplementary list of genes with Z-scores in the 3.4 to 3.6 value range for each tissue (Additional file 5). To examine the validity of tissue specificity using Z-score analysis, we inspected the gene annotations based on the Dana Farber tentative consensus sequences [29] for all genes greater than 5000 (RPKM) normalized count in nodule tissues. Of the ten genes with this level of expression found between a Z-score value of 3.4 and 3.6 in nodules, all genes had an annotation. We identified four genes: Glyma10g34290, Glyma10g34280, Glyma20g33290 and Glyma10g34260 as leghemoglobin A, leghemoglobin C1, leghemoglobin C2 and leghemoglobin C3, respectively. We identified another five genes: Glyma13g40400, Glyma14g05690, Glyma15g05010, Glyma19g22210 and Glyma13g44100 as nodulin 20, nodulin 22, nodulin 24, nodulin 26B and nodulin 44, respectively. The last gene, Glyma08g14020, was identified as a nodule specific extensin gene based on the PANTHER classification system [30]. These gene annotations support the validity of using high Z-score values for identifying tissue specific genes from RNA-Seq data.
Additional file 5. Tissue Specific genes based on Z-score analysis. List of gene models that are that have Z-score value between 3.4 and 3.6 in each tissue.
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Figure 2. Relative expression levels based on Z-score analysis. (a) Relative expression levels in early seed development stages (seed 10-DAF, seed 14-DAF and seed 21-DAF, (b) late seed development stages (seed 25-DAF, seed 28-DAF, seed 35-DAF and seed 42-DAF, (c) aerial tissues (leaf, flower, pod, pod-shell 10-DAF and pod-shell 14-DAF, and (d) underground tissues (root and nodule) were visualized using a Z-score plot. High Z-score values indicate genes with tissue specificity.
A heatmap of the RPKM normalized log2-transformed transcription count was generated on the top 500 genes with the highest expression (Figure 3). Two areas on the heatmap indicate high gene expression and specificity to seed and nodule, respectively (Figure 3 boxes). The genes that are specific to nodule are many of the same as those identified by the Z-score analysis (Additional file 6) whereas the genes specific to all of seed development were less apparent in the Z-score analysis (Additional file 7). These genes specific to seed development have gene annotations based on the Dana Farber tentative consensus sequence that include many well known seed specific molecular functions: beta-conglycinin, oleosin, lectin, lipoxygenase, sucrose-binding protein and seed coat BURP domain protein. The high expression levels of these genes suggest an important role during seed development and warrant further investigation especially for those genes with no known annotation. The Z-score analysis of all tissues and heatmap of genes with the highest expression values in this RNA-Seq atlas is provided for further investigation into tissue specific genes.
Additional file 6. Nodule Specific gene expression. Genes with high gene expression specific to nodule tissue.
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Additional file 7. Seed specific gene expression. Genes with high gene expression specific to seed development.
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Figure 3. Heatmap of the top 500 highest expressed genes. The color key represents RPKM normalized log2 transformed counts. Violet indicates high expression, green indicates intermediate expression and white indicates no expression. It is straightforward to identify highly expressed genes in specific tissues from this figure. Tissues are labeled with Days After Flowering (DAF) where appropriate.
Gene specific analysis of transcription in multiple tissues
On the other side of the gene expression spectrum are genes that have little variation across all tissues and developmental stages. These are thought to fulfill housekeeping functions. Housekeeping genes (HKGs) are commonly used as reference genes to normalize expression counts across tissues and developmental stages [31]. As a starting point for identifying HKGs in soybean, we provide a list of 1000 genes generated from the lowest coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation/mean) among the RPKM normalized expression counts of the predicted gene models in the 14 tissues (Additional file 8).
Additional file 8. Potential House keeping genes. The top 1000 gene models that showed the lowest coefficient of variance (CV) among all the predicted gene models for all 14 tissues (CV = standard deviation/mean).
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A GOslim analysis [8,32] on the HKGs was performed to determine what functions are represented in this list. A Fisher's exact test [33] determined the GOslim functions that were over-represented in the HKGs when compared with all expressed genes and indicated an over-representation of the following functions: 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity (GO:0004134), RNA binding (GO:0003723), mRNA 3'-UTR binding (GO:0003730), structural constituent of ribosome (GO:0003735) and translation initiation factor activity (GO:0003743). Several other organisms contain genes with similar functions have also been indicated as stably expressed adding support to the list of HKGs generated here [12,34].
Interestingly, when all the tissues are included in the HKG analysis only three genes had a correlation of variance below 20%. However, if only the subset of tissues that represent seed development are included in the analysis 324 genes, many of which have HKG related annotations, have a correlation of variance value below 20% (Additional file 9). Although it would be advantageous to identify genes to use as universal references for normalization, it may not be possible to identify genes that are constitutively expressed at high and stable levels in all tissues and developmental stages under all biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, these lists should be used as guides and the raw (Additional file 10) and RPKM normalized data (Additional file 11) is provided for reanalysis to identify the best constitutively expressed genes in the particular tissues of interest.
Additional file 9. Housekeeping genes in seed development. Gene list sorted by coefficient of variance for the seven stages in seed development.
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Additional file 10. Raw short read sequence count data. Raw short read sequence count data after our filtering criteria (see methods) but before normalization for every predicted gene model in 14 tissues.
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Additional file 11. RPKM normalized short read sequence count data. Short read sequence count data after RPKM normalization for every predicted gene model in 14 tissues.
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In the Glyma1.01 gene set [6], 448 soybean genes were identified as specific to legumes. In the context of the Schmutz et al. paper, this means the gene was identified in M. truncatula and G. max and not in Populus trichocarpa or more distantly-related species. In our study, 315 of these Legume-Specific Genes (LSGs) had a RPKM normalized log2 transformed transcription count greater than zero in at least one tissue. An analysis of the transcription patterns of these LSGs in the 14 tissues indicated a propensity for the LSGs to be transcribed in specific tissues as indicated by boxes in the heatmap (Figure 4). Every major tissue group contained a cluster of genes with unique transcription of legume-specific genes. There were also constitutively expressed LSGs with transcription in all tissues. Legume-specific expression in specific tissues is also supported by evidence of preferential gene expression in nodules of Medicago [11].
Figure 4. Heatmap of the Legume Specific Genes. The color key represents RPKM normalized log2 transformed counts of 315 legume specific genes. Violet indicates high expression, green indicates intermediate expression and white indicates no expression. The heatmap suggests some legume specific genes have tissue specific transcription. Tissues are labeled with Days After Flowering (DAF) as appropriate.
An inspection of the legume specific genes found only in seed development revealed three genes with similar expression profiles that vary between no expression in seed 10-DAF and some of the highest expression seen in the heatmap in seed 42-DAF. The first two genes, Glyma06g08290 and Glyma04g08220 are oleosins (based on annotations in the Dana Farber tentative consensus sequences). The third gene, Glyma02g01590, has an annotated of "lectin precursor 1" [35]. These three genes were also identified in the heatmap for the highest expressed genes. Oleosins are membrane proteins found in seed oil bodies [36] whereas lectin precursor 1 is localized to protein storage vacuoles [35]. A more in-depth analysis may be warranted for these genes to determine how their similar expression profiles in seed development is affected by the negative correlation between protein and oil seed content.
General trends in expression profiles for all genes were examined by a comparison of the transcription count for every tissue to every other tissue using a Fisher's exact test with a FDR correction of 0.05 [37]. To visualize the number of genes that have significantly different expression between two tissues, we created a table in which each cell represents the number of genes that have a significant increase in gene expression between a tissue on the vertical axis and a tissue on the horizontal axis (Figure 5). Under this scheme, all differentially expressed genes for two tissues, for example root and leaf, are given by the genes in the root (left) to leaf (bottom) cell plus the genes in the leaf (left) to root (bottom) cell. This table indicates that the two tissues with the greatest number of genes exhibiting a significant increase in gene expression occur between seed 28-DAF and flower with 27,945 differentially expressed genes. Similarly, the tissues that have the least number of genes with a significant increase in gene expression occur between seed 25-DAF and seed 28-DAF with 168 genes.
Figure 5. Tissue by tissue comparison. This figure shows the total number of genes with a significant increase in gene expression between the row tissue (left) and the column tissue (bottom). For the genes reported in each cell, there is more transcriptional activity in the column tissue than the row tissue. For example, there are 7,298 genes that have a higher transcriptional activity in young leaf than in flower. Also, there are 10,262 genes that have a higher transcriptional activity in flower than in young leaf. These two statements are mutually exclusive and therefore each cell represents a different set of genes.
One application of this table is to explore the differential gene expression between two developmental time points in a tissue of interest to gain insight into the gene functions and thereby the biological processes that occur during particular stages of development. For instance, the GOslim molecular functions over-represented in the 168 genes that show a significant increase in gene expression between seed 25-DAF and seed 28-DAF are cellulose synthase activity, nutrient reservoir activity and urease activity. For the 334 genes with a significant increase in gene expression between seed 35-DAF and seed 42-DAF the over-represented GOslim molecular functions are structural constituents of cell wall, nutrient reservoir activity and urease activity. We see that both nutrient reservoir activity and urease activity are important biological processes that occur during these stages of development. A web interface for this table is provided that links each table cell to a downloadable list of genes.
We also explored gene expression in the underground, seed and aerial tissue groups identified by the hierarchical clustering analysis. A gene is considered preferentially expressed in one of these groups if there is a significant increase in transcriptional activity based on a Fisher's exact test (as described above) in at least one tissue of the group over all other tissues. The underground, seed and aerial gene lists contain 6,939 (Additional file 12), 2,036 (Additional file 13) and 6,425 (Additional file 14) genes, respectively.
Additional file 12. Genes significantly expressed in underground tissues. List of gene models for which there was as significant change in gene expression in one of the underground tissues (root and nodule) over all other tissues in this study.
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Additional file 13. Genes significantly expressed in seed tissues. List of gene models for which there was as significant change in gene expression in one of the seed tissues (seed 10-DAF, seed 14-DAF, seed 21-DAF, seed 25-DAF, seed 28-DAF, seed 35-DAF and seed 42-DAF) over all other tissues in this study.
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Additional file 14. Genes significantly expressed in aerial tissues. List of gene models for which there was as significant change in gene expression in one of the aerial tissues (young leaf, flower, one cm pod, pod-shell 10-DAF, pod-shell 14-DAF) over all other tissues in this study.
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The characterization of the coding region of genes found in each tissue group may improve our understanding about how exon size and tissue-specificity may be related.
An analysis of exon length and GC content for each of these groups revealed that gene expression in each group of tissues has larger coding regions and a higher percentage of GC content than the average of all predicted genes (Table 2). However, interpretation of these results needs to be made with caution since the larger exon size and higher GC content may be an artifact of identifying significantly expressed genes resulting in an increase in the average transcriptional activity within the group [27]. However, since the process of identifying genes with preferential expression is identical for each group, a comparison between groups is straightforward. Using a Mann-Whitney test [38] to verify our observations, we find that genes with preferential expression for underground tissues have a larger first exon than seed and aerial tissues. On the other hand, aerial tissues have a greater number of exons than seed and underground tissues. The Mann-Whitney test also suggests the differences between the lengths of the total transcribed regions for seed, underground and aerial tissues are significant. The total length of the transcribed regions for each of the tissue groups are 2992.7 ± 4804.5, 3483.8 ± 2738 and 4208 ± 3308.5, respectively. Since the total exon length for each group did not vary significantly, this suggests the average total intron length varies depending on tissues type. Additionally, no significant relationship between GC content and tissue-specificity was found.
Table 2. Genes structure and tissue specific gene expression
Each list of preferentially expressed genes contains a wealth of information about gene coexpression. As an example, we explored a dendrogram (Additional file 15) generated in the R programming language using the hclust command [39]. A dendrogram shows how genes are clustered based on gene expression but lacks a description of the log2 transformed expression data for the genes found in each subclade. Dendrograms of this size were not explored in previous gene expression analyses [10-12] likely due to the challenge of displaying the dendrogram in a meaningful way. The number of genes in the seed dendrogram resulted in a figure that was much wider than it was tall making visualization of the overall clade structure difficult.
Additional file 15. Hierarchical clustering of genes significantly expressed in seed tissues. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram of genes with significant expression in seed tissues.
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To better summarize the hierarchical clustering analysis, we present a boxplot dendrogram. The seed dendrogram was simplified to provide the viewer with an overview of the clade structure (Figure 6). The genes below the overview dendrogram, representing a subclade, were grouped together and the log2 gene expression values for each tissue in the transcriptional profile were displayed as boxplots (Figure 6). The advantage to this type of display is apparent in the three figure inserts, which indicate that the clustering resulted in three clades. Clade 1, clade 2-1 and clade 2-2 correspond to genes with significant increase in transcription primarily in early seed development (seed 10-DAF, seed 14-DAF and seed 21-DAF), genes with significant increase in transcription primarily in late seed development (seed 25-DAF, seed 28-DAF, seed 35-DAF and seed 42-DAF) and genes with a significant increase in transcription primarily at an intermediate stage in seed development (seed 14-DAF, seed 21-DAF and seed 25-DAF), respectively. Hierarchical clustering was also performed to generate dendrograms for the aerial and underground preferentially expressed genes lists and are provided as supplementary figures (Additional file 16, Additional file 17). All dendrograms and lists can also be access via the RNA-Seq website [40].
Additional file 16. Hierarchical clustering of genes significantly expressed in aerial tissues. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram of genes with significant expression in aerial tissues.
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Additional file 17. Hierarchical clustering of genes significantly expressed in underground tissues. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram of genes with significant expression in underground tissues.
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Figure 6. Boxplot Dendrogram of preferential expressed genes in seed development. Combination plot of the hierarchical clustering of the genes preferentially expressed in seed stages of development and the RPKM normalized log2-transformed expression profiles for the genes in specified subclades represented as a boxplots of each tissue. Boxes contain the number of genes with the GOslim molecular function of nutrient reservoir activity. Circles contain the number of genes with the GOslim molecular function of lipoxygenase activity. Arrows indicate which subclade the specified genes belong. (a) Overview of the clade structure that resulted from the hierarchical clustering analysis is shown. Numbers in parenthesis next to subclades indicates the number of genes represented in the subclade. (b, c, d) Enlarged boxplots of subclades that represent the three main clades defined in the overview as clade 1, clade 2-1 and clade 2-2 are shown. Aerial (leaf, flower, pod, pod-shell 10-DAF and pod-shell 14-DAF), seed (seed 10-DAF, seed 14-DAF, seed 21-DAF, seed 25-DAF, seed 28-DAF, seed 35-DAF, and seed 42-DAF) and underground tissues (root and nodule) are represented in color for each boxplot as blue, green and red respectively.
Discussion
In this report we present an RNA-Seq Atlas (Seq-Atlas) for Glycine max using next generation Illumina sequencing of the soybean transcriptome. One of the open questions concerning the RNA-Seq method is what to do with short read sequences that map to multiple locations in a genome. This question is particularly relevant in the paleopolyploid genome of G. max, which has undergone two rounds of large-scale duplication events in the last ~60 My that resulted in as many as four regions of synteny within most of the genome [6]. Previous studies have indicated the potential for under-representing the total number of counts for a gene especially in closely related gene families [15]. We found that as long as we were aware of the potential pitfalls of under-representing the gene counts, valuable insight into gene expression and the functional relatedness of genes could be obtained from the uniquely mappable reads alone.
Given our limited understanding of the full complexity of the soybean genome, it is gratifying that only a small percentage (3.5%) of the reads that mapped uniquely were located outside the predicted gene models. This suggests that the initial annotation of the soybean genome sequence has captured the majority of transcriptional activity. Using the additional information on transcriptionally active regions, refinement of the existing gene models and the ability to identify new gene models will be improved.
In an analysis of gene-specific expression in multiple tissues, one of the challenges is overcoming the large dynamic range of expression counts generated by next generation sequencing technology to identify genes with similar overall expression profiles. The data presented here has a dynamic range for gene expression greater than six orders of magnitude. Although a log2-transformation can significantly reduce the dynamic range, a hierarchical clustering on log2-transformed data [11,16,17] has the potential to miss genes with highly similar gene expression profiles but with significantly lower or higher gene expression at each tissue. To identify all genes with similar gene expression profiles, a Fisher's exact test with a FDR correction of 0.05 for a given gene was performed on the raw expression counts between each tissue and every other tissue resulting in a complete description of change in gene expression. Since the Fisher's Exact test normalizes for total counts in the calculation and the comparison was between counts of the same gene and therefore have the same gene length, the raw counts (pre-RPKM normalization) were used. A hierarchical clustering of gene expression based on the direction of change in expression and whether or not it fails the null hypothesis that the expression levels are the same between two tissues identifies all genes with similar expression profiles regardless of the expression levels in each tissue.
In the analysis of tissue-specific gene expression (Figure 1), we determined that the general pattern of gene expression fell into three groups (Figure 1): underground, seed and aerial tissues. The similarity between this clustering using RNA-Seq and the clustering of transcriptionally similar tissues in Medicago [11] using Affymetrix GeneChip technology further validates this result. The tissues in soybean are clustered by closely related plant structures: nodules are modified root cortical cells; each seed stage is part of seed development and pods, shells and flowers are modified leaves [41,42]. In addition, seed developmental stages are more similar to aerial tissues than to underground tissues, as seeds are more similar to pods than to roots.
Although expression profile similarity does not necessarily imply similar function, it may provide insight into co-regulated networks of genes. Clusters of genes that are similarly expressed in specific tissues or developmental stages may provide a hint as to the functional role of the genes with no known molecular function. In an effort to divide the data into manageable pieces, we first identified genes that were significantly expressed in seed over the other two tissue groups: underground and aerial. Then, we performed a hierarchical clustering analysis to identify interesting sub-clades of genes with similar expression profiles in seed development. Many of the challenges in displaying and interpreting a dendrogram (Additional file 15) were overcome by combining the dendrogram with log2-based boxplots of each tissue (Figure 6) resulted in three clades. Clade 1, clade 2-1 and clade 2-2 contain genes with significant increase in transcription primarily in early, late and intermediate seed development stages. A Fisher's exact test with a Bonferroni correction was performed on the GOslim categories for genes the three clades to determine which GOslim categories were over-represented when compared to the GOslim categories for all genes in the genome. The early seed development clade was over-represented in beta-glucuronidase activity, galactosyltransferase activity, structural constituents of ribosomes and glutamate dehydrogenase activity. The intermediate seed development clade (2-2) was over-represented in leucocyanidin oxygenase activity, whereas the late seed development clade was over-represented in nutrient reservoir activity.
Since seed protein is negatively correlated with seed oil content and yield [43], genes with a GOslim function of nutrient reservoir activity may provide insight into the seed-filling process. To better understand the extent of clustering for genes with nutrient reservoir activity in the late seed development clade and to determine their relationship with seed filling, we identified all genes (143) in G. max with a GOslim molecular function corresponding to nutrient reservoir activity (Additional file 18). Of these genes, 83 are transcriptionally active in our data set, with a total transcription count greater than two in all tissues. Of these transcriptionally active genes, 19 are found in four subclades of the late seed development clade (Figure 6a: numbers in squares). Twelve of the genes with nutrient reservoir activity are found in the subclade 2-1:G (Figure 6b). These genes are highly expressed with an RPKM normalized total transcription count in all tissues ranging from 39 to 62,401 counts. Additionally, the genes identified in clade 2-1 with a Goslim molecular function of nutrient reservoir activity are part of the seed-filling process as most of these genes have functions based on the Dana Farber tentative consensus sequence [29,44] that include glycinin, beta-conglycinin and sucrose-binding protein (Additional file 19). Since the other genes in the late seed development clade identified above have similar expression profiles to these 19 genes it is likely that there are other genes in the late seed development clade and in particular, genes in subclade 2-1:G that have similar or complementary roles in seed filling. Further data analysis is required to elucidate how the other genes in the late seed development clade relate to the GOslim-identified nutrient reservoir genes and how insight into the seed filling process will improve seed protein quality, content and yield. This RNA-Seq atlas provides a starting point for such an analysis.
Additional file 18. All genes annotated with nutrient reservoir activity. List of gene models from all predicted models that have a GOslim annotation of nutrient reservoir activity.
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Additional file 19. Genes annotated with nutrient reservoir activity expressed in seed development. Table of gene models with a GOslim annotation of nutrient reservoir activity found in seed development and their possible function based on their homologous Dana Farber tentative consensus sequence.
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As a final example to demonstrate the power of combining a RNA-Seq atlas with the genomic sequence, consider the soybean lipoxygenase genes (LOXs) [45]. Lipoxygenase enzymes act on polyunsaturated fatty acids to form polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides that can be converted to aldehydes and alcohols, which result in a lower flavor quality in soybeans [46,47]. Null genotypes were identified in gamma-irradiation experiments that knocked out the three lipoxygenase genes: LOX1, LOX2 and LOX3, that expressed during seed development [48,49]. LOX1 and LOX2 are linked and found on Chromosome 13, while LOX3 is located on Chromosome 15 [45]. The G. max Seq-atlas confirms that for the 72 lipoxygenase genes (Additional file 20) identified in the soybean genome and designated with a GOslim molecular function of lipoxygenase activity (GO:0016165), only 3 genes are highly and significantly expressed during seed development based on a Fisher's exact test with a FDR correction of 0.05 during seed development. The genes are: Glyma13g42310, Glyma13g42320 and Glyma15g03030 (Figure 6: numbers in circles). The Seq-Atlas data and the latest genome release support the tight linkage between LOX1 and LOX2 on chromosome 13 - only approximately 7000 base pairs separate the two genes. Although the identities of these lipoxygenase genes were determined prior to knowledge of the genomic sequence and access to next generation sequencing [50], it is not difficult to imagine how the RNA-Seq atlas could be used to increase the efficiency of scientific discovery.
Additional file 20. All genes annotated with lipoxygenase activity. List of gene models from all predicted models that have a GOslim annotation of lipoxygenase activity.
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Conclusions
In summary, the G. max Seq-Atlas brings together RNA-Seq data from a diverse collection of tissues and provides new tools for the analysis of large transcriptome data sets obtained from next generation sequencing. This was achieved using the uniquely-mappable short read sequences in an RNA-Seq digital gene expression analysis of the paleopolyploidy soybean genome. We demonstrate how insight can be gained from the global expression patterns of genes, present a method for visualizing a hierarchical clustering of genes based on gene expression and show examples of how this SoySeq-Atlas can be mined. Genomic data from the emerging next generation sequencing technology [50,51] is rapidly accumulating and new methods for analyzing this data is required to improve our understanding of the genetics and genomics of legumes. The SoySeq-Atlas presented here provides a valuable resource for understanding the subtle nuances of the soybean genome and will allow scientists to generate the technological advances in legume agriculture that are required to meet the increasing demand for soybean products.
Methods
Plant material and RNA isolation
The seeds were derived from introgressing G. soja (PI468916) into G. max (A81-356022). Specifically, the BC5F5 plant P-C609-45-2-2 was heterozygous for the LG I protein QTL introgression from G. soja. These seeds were planted directly into pots containing Bradyrhizobium japonicum-inoculated soil and supplemented with full nutrient fertilizer (Osmocote 14-14-14) in growth chambers at the University of Minnesota. Chambers were set initially to a photoperiod of 14/10 and thermocycle of 22°C/10°C and monitored to mimic Illinois field growing conditions. Relative humidity settings were 50-60%, and light intensity was measured at 550-740 μE m-2 sec-1. All harvests occurred at 1400 hours and consisted of samples pooled from a minimum of three plants [52]. Samples were harvested from plants in parallel and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen before storage at -80°C. Open flowers and young leaf tissue samples were collected simultaneously. Pods and seeds were harvested by seed weight and pod lengths that correspond to approximated Days After Flowering (DAF) as specified. The one-cm pod was processed intact (approximately 7-DAF), while the four and five cm pods (approximately 10-13 DAF and 14-17 DAF) were divided into seed and pod-shell components. Seed 21-DAF, Seed 25-DAF, Seed 28-DAF and Seed 35-DAF had seed weights between 10 and 25 milligrams, 25 and 50 milligrams, 50 and 100 milligrams, 100 and 200 milligrams, and greater than 200 milligrams, respectively.
Root and nodule tissues were harvested from plants grown in growth chambers set to 16-hr photoperiods with light intensities ranging from 310-380 μE m-2 sec-1. Seeds were imbibed for three days, planted in quartz sand and fertilized with a full nutrient solution. Root tissue was harvested after 12 days. Nodules were harvested at 20-25 days after inoculation; for these samples, plants were fertilized for the first seven days with nutrient solution containing 3.5 mM NO3 and subsequently fertilized every other day with a full nutrient solution lacking nitrogen.
Soybean tissue samples were ground with liquid nitrogen by mortar and pestle. Total RNA was isolated by a modified TRIzol® (Invitrogen) protocol [53]. DNA was removed by digest with on-column RNase-free DNase (Qiagen), and RNA was purified and concentrated by RNeasy column (Qiagen). RNA quality was evaluated by gel electrophoresis, spectrophotometer and Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer.
Plant Ontology
The plant ontology obtained from Soybase [54] gives an approximate stage of development for each tissue in this study (Table 3). These definitions are based on development stages in tissues as presented by Carlson and Lersten (2004) [55] and Le et. al. (2007) [7]. The developmental process is affected by genotype, temperature, lighting and nutrition. Therefore, the plant ontology is provided as an estimate of the developmental stage of each tissue.
Table 3. Plant Ontology
Exon length and transcriptional activity
A gene is considered transcriptionally active by our definition if two or more short read sequences uniquely map to a gene in one or more tissues. The first, internal, last exon lengths, percentage GC content, number of exons, and total exon length were extracted from the Glyma1.gff file represented on Soybase [56] as the 'gene models' track (Glyma1.01 genome assembly). Internal exon lengths were averaged and standard deviation was calculated for all values.
Sequencing, data processing, normalization and analysis
Total RNA was sent to the National Center for Genome Resources for next generation Illumina sequencing. Poly-A containing RNA was isolated from total RNA using oligo-dT25 magnetic beads (Dynabeads; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The resulting RNA is denatured and used as template for random-primed cDNA synthesis then end repaired withT4 DNA polymerase, Klenow polymerase and dNTPs. The polished fragments are phosphorylated by T4 polynucleotide kinase, followed by the addition of a single "A" base to the 3'-end of the blunt-ended phosphorylated DNA fragments. Illumina adapters are then added to the DNA fragments by ligation and size selected by electrophoresis for a desired size range of ~500 bp. Purified DNA libraries are amplified by PCR for 15 cycles. Libraries are qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by Nanodrop ND-1000 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) UV/Vis spectroscopy and DNA BioAnalyzer 2100 microfluidics (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). Two picomoles of the size-selected cDNA library are loaded on an Illumina single-end flow cell using the Illumina Cluster Station (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA). 36 bp reads are collected on an Illumina Genome Analyzer using sequencing-by-synthesis technology. Image data acquired from the sequencing run were mirrored to an off-instrument computer using the Illumina platform to perform image analysis, base-calling, quality filtering, and per base confidence scores. Sequence reads were then aligned using GSNAP [24] against a reference composed of the 8× soybean genome sequence assembly (Glyma1.01 genome assembly) to which was added the genome sequence of the symbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The default settings in GSNAP were used. These settings include spliced alignments of the transcript reads to the genomic reference sequences requiring canonical splice sites and allowing introns of up to 10,000 bp; alignments were also allowed to include small indels and mismatches. The reads were divided into five classes: not mappable reads, highly repetitive reads, rhizobium reads, unique high quality reads, repetitive high quality reads and low quality reads.
A sequence was considered not mappable if a read did not map to an interval on the reference genomes as identified by GSNAP [24]. If the Illumina read sequence mapped to over 100 locations on the reference genomes or to the B. japonicum reference genome then the sequences were considered highly repetitive or of rhizobium origin respectively. The remaining Illumina reads were sorted into high quality or low quality reads based on a cutoff of no more than two mismatches or one indel and no mismatches [25]. The high quality reads were further subdivided into uniquely mappable reads and repetitive reads if the best mapping for the read matched only one location or if the read mapped to 2-100 locations respectively. Reads from the high quality category that mapped uniquely were used for the digital gene expression counts. The determination of digital gene expression counts for each soybean gene model was performed in R (Additional file 21). The boundaries of each gene were taken as the maximal starting and ending positions from any of the transcripts associated with the gene, and any read alignment partially contained within this span was counted toward the expression of that gene in the given sample. The raw digital gene expression counts were normalized using a slight variation of the RPKM method [15,17]. The following equation was used: RPKM = 109(C)/(N L) where C is the uniquely mapped counts determined from the high quality category, L is the length of the cDNA for the longest splice variant for a particular gene model and N is the total mappable reads which was determined as the sum of the high quality reads and the highly repetitive reads. Log2-transformations of this normalization were performed as specified in the methods below.
Additional file 21. Interval matching script. Script to perform interval matching of short read sequence intervals after lignment with GSNAP and predicted gene models (Glyma1.01 genome assembly).
Format: R Size: 4KB Download file
Gene list generation and Hierarchical clustering
Transcriptionally active genes were identified as genes with at least two uniquely mapped raw counts in any combination of tissues or developmental stages. The Fisher's Exact test with a false discovery rate correction of 0.05 [37] was performed on every combination of the 14 tissues resulting in a 196-element vector of change in transcriptional activity for each gene. Each element of the vector was assigned a -1, 0 or 1 corresponding to a significant decrease, no change, or a significant increase in transcriptional activity respectively. To identify genes with preferential gene expression in one of the underground, seed or aerial tissue groups (Figure 6), the 196-element vector generated using the Fisher's exact test was filtered for genes that showed a significant increase in transcriptional activity in at least one tissue of the group over all tissues not in the group. Hierarchical clustering of genes in these lists was used to generate dendrograms for each tissue group based on the 196-element vector using the hclust command and the default complete linkage method in R [39]. To generate the boxplot dendrogram, nodes were chosen that provided an overall picture of the clade structure. Genes below these nodes were grouped into subclades and a boxplot analysis was performed on the RPKM normalized log2-transformed data for the 14 tissues. The dendrograms and subclade boxplots generated in R were manually combined in Adobe Illustrator.
The tissue by tissue comparison of change in transcriptional activity was generated from the 66,210 row by 196 column matrix. There are 66,210 genes and 196 combinations of possible changes in transcriptional activity. A column sum was performed on the 66,210 rows for which there was a significant increase in transcriptional activity. The resulting 196 vector of column sums was then reshaped into a 14 by 14 tissue by tissue comparison.
GOslim analysis
The 66,210 predicted gene sequences in G. max (Glyma1.01 genome assembly) were compared with the predicted genes in the Arabidopsis genome (TAIR v. 8) [57] using TBLASTX (E < 10-6, [58]. The Arabidopsis gene model of estimated best fit was then connected to the concurrent gene ontology [32]. The annotations of the Arabidopsis gene model that best fit each soybean gene model were used as the basis for our gene ontologies.
A GOslim analysis was performed to determine over-representation of molecular function in selected groups. The number of genes connected to each GOslim category was counted for both the population and specified group. Then the Fisher's exact test was performed on each individual GOslim category found in the specified group [8]. A Bonferroni adjustment [59] of P-values was made to correct for over sampling. The P-value from the Fisher's exact test for each GOslim category was multiplied by the total number of Goslim categories in the specified group. Those GOslim categories with a P-value less than 0.05 after the Bonferroni correction were considered significantly over-represented.
Heatmap generation
A heatmap of the legume-specific genes and the 500 highest expressed genes was generated in R using the heatmap.2 function in the gplots CRAN library. The legume-specific genes that did not have a RPKM normalized log2-transformed transcription count greater than zero in at least one tissue were excluded leaving 315 genes. The LSGs were taken from the Glyma1.01 gene set [6]. The highest expressed genes were determined based on the sum of raw counts in all tissues. Boxes were added to indicate clusters of genes that are similarly expressed in specific tissues. Supplementary figures (Additional file 22 and Additional file 23) are supplied with additional detail indicating the gene represented by each cell in the heatmap.
Additional file 22. Heatmap of highest expressed genes. This figure is the actual output from the heatmap.2 R command. Each cell in heatmap for the highest expressed genes contains the name of the gene model.
Format: PDF Size: 3.1MB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Additional file 23. Heatmap of legume specific genes. This figure is the actual output from the heatmap.2 R command. Each cell in the heatmap for the legume specific genes contains the name of the gene model.
Format: PDF Size: 1.8MB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Z-score
Calculation of the Z-score was determined based on the RPKM-normalized log2-transformed transcript count data as follows: Z = (X-μ)/σ, where X is the transcript count of a gene for a specific tissue/timepoint, μ is the mean transcript count of a gene across all tissues/developmental stages and σ is the transcript count standard deviation of a gene across all tissues/developmental stages. All calculations and plotting were performed in R [39].
Abbreviations
RPKM: Reads/Kb/Million; DAF: Days After Flowering; GO: Gene Ontology; LSG: Legume Specific Genes; HKG: House Keeping Genes; LOX: Lipoxygenase gene; mya: millions of years ago; RNA-Seq: RNA Sequencing; NCGR: National Center for Genome Resources.
Authors' contributions
AJS and JLW conceived the analyses; JLW performed the GOslim analyses with MG. AJS conducted the analyses and prepared the manuscript. CPV and RCS provided advice on seed development staging. YB provided and prepared the total RNA for submission to NCGR for Illumina sequencing by ADF and GDM. SC, DG and RN aided with the analyses and gene ontology. All authors discussed the results and improved the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Current Research Information System (CRIS No. 3640-21000-024-00D) and CRIS No. 3625-21220-004-00D, and National Science Foundation Grant #0822258 We are also grateful for funding from the United Soybean Board. We thank Bruna Bucciarelli for assistance with tissue collection and sample preparation, Nathan Weeks for technical and IT support, Kevin Feeley for website implementation and Dan Nettleton for advice on statistical methods.
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You are here: Home / The European environment – state and outlook 2010 / Country assessments / Finland / Air pollution - National Responses (Finland)
Air pollution - National Responses (Finland)
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Air pollution - National Responses
Published: Nov 26, 2010 Modified: Nov 23, 2010
In general, Finland’s air pollution control policies aim to maintain high air quality in order to preserve healthy and pleasant residential environments and viable natural ecosystems (Air pollution control). It seems that the traditional gaseous emissions are not the main problem in the future, but the (fine) particles will remain a concern. The different factors connected to the climate change will affect the air quality. How climate change will affect the air pollution situation is being studied.
Many of the national policies and activities strive to reduce emissions of air pollutants and thus indirectly affect air quality. Finland's national Air Pollution Control Programme 2010 transposes the National Emission Ceilings Directive (Finland's National Air Pollution Control Programme 2010)
National Climate and Energy Strategy (Long-Term Climate and Energy Strategy, Strategy 2008) presents new climate and energy policy measures aiming, e.g., to stop or limit the increase in the final energy consumption and electricity consumption. This is closely connected to climate change mitigation.
Transport is one of the driving forces having a direct effect on air quality. In Finland, no road-user charging systems or congestion charges are in use. Different solutions have been studied, however, and a recent study examined different methods and their impacts in the Helsinki region (Study on introduction of congestion charges). The wintertime sanding of streets and roads to avoid skidding is one of the reasons for elevated particulate concentrations in spring in urban areas. The municipalities keep on developing more effective methods to collect the sand and clean the streets to curb the negative effects of the sanding.
The Helsinki Metropolitan area has a new transport system plan that extends to 2030 (Helsinki Metropolitan Area Transport System Plan 2007). Regarding air pollution, the plan sets two targets: health hazards caused by emissions as well as CO2 emissions per inhabitant must remain at current level.
The first national transport policy with an integrated environmental aspect was prepared in the beginning of the 1990s. From an air pollution point of view, both the existing transport policy (Liikenteen toimintalinjat ympäristökysymyksissä vuoteen 2010) and the proposal for a new Finnish transport policy framework (Transport 2030) address the quality of the local environment and climate change.
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Bovenau, Schleswig-Holstein, Preussen, GermanyEdit This Page
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Marriages records for Bovenau for the years 1713-1750 have been published in: Trauregister aus den Kirchenbüchern Schleswig-Holstein von 1705-1750. Band 3; pp. 171-179. [FHL 943.512 K29sa Vol. 3 pt. 2].
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Shell Tips & Tricks - Part 2 1 9.09%
Generating prime set which add upto particular number 2 18.18%
Read and write ODF/ODS files (OpenDocument Spreadsheets) 0 0%
Voters: 11. You may not vote on this poll
Pro contributor
21Sep2009,10:18 #11
Thanks shabbir!!
All the best to all Articles!!
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
21Sep2009,17:36 #12
Thanx for voting, Mridula
Ambitious contributor
22Sep2009,22:37 #13
"Word Document Merger" is really nice article
Go4Expert Founder
2Oct2009,10:21 #14
Winner are Generating prime set which add upto particular number & All about SHELLS | Impressive Web Hacking Method and the price would be shared by both of them on 50-50 basis
Security Expert
2Oct2009,10:38 #15
Thx shabbir.... i guess there was a fake voting for Word Document Merger.
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
2Oct2009,18:21 #16
Quote:
Originally Posted by indiansword
Thx shabbir.... i guess there was a fake voting for Word Document Merger.
I guessed the same first, and verified that Seema786 and Raj08 are same as naimish.
Hence, all 3 of them were banned.
Last edited by SaswatPadhi; 2Oct2009 at 18:24..
Invasive contributor
2Oct2009,19:22 #17
Congrats SP and IS
I think this is the first time that we have 2 winners
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
2Oct2009,19:29 #18
Thanx nimesh.
Yeah, probably this is the first time
And, congrats IS.
Pro contributor
6Oct2009,11:45 #19
Congrats Saswat and indiansword
Skilled contributor
3Jun2010,20:14 #20
If he didint use fake account the winner will be nimesh (I think so)
I think this was the fake account admin mensoned in his blog
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Bibliography: Lone Wolf
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Title: Lone Wolf
Author: Karen Whiddon
Year: 2011
Type: NOVEL
Series: The Pack (Karen Whiddon)
Series Number: 10
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1208424
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: paranormal romance (1), werewolf (1), vampires (1) Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:21240",
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"url": "www.libreoffice.org/download/?lang=pt&type=deb-x86_64&version=3.6.2",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:e4a5f25f-b3f8-4e86-af3b-c574dab2fba0>",
"warc_url": "http://www.libreoffice.org/download/?type=deb-x86_64&lang=pt&version=3.6.2"
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Linux - deb (x86_64), version 3.6.2, Portuguese. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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"url": "www.mariowiki.com/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl",
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"warc_url": "http://www.mariowiki.com/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl"
}
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Super Smash Bros. Brawl
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Super Smash Bros. Brawl
Developer(s) Game Arts[1]
Publisher(s) Nintendo
Platform(s) Wii
Release date January 31, 2008
March 9, 2008
June 26, 2008
June 27, 2008
Genre Fighting
Rating(s)
ESRB: - Teen
PEGI: - Twelve years and older
CERO: - All ages
USK: - Twelve years and older
Mode(s) Single player, 1-4 players simultaneous, multiplayer online
Media Wii Double-Layer Disk[2]
Input
Wii:
Wii Remote (Sideways)
Super Smash Bros. Brawl is a fighting game for the Wii. It is the third game in the Super Smash Bros. series, the first being Super Smash Bros. and the second Super Smash Bros. Melee. The game was designed by Masahiro Sakurai, who also made the preceeding Super Smash Bros. games, and developed by a team especially created for it. The game uses a game engine called Havok that mainly focuses on the game physics. This engine was provided by an Irish company of the same name.[3]
After a planned release date of December 3, 2007 in North America, all regions had their release dates pushed back. It was then slated for release on February 10, 2008 in North America, and January 24, 2008 for Japan. However on January 15, 2008, it was then delayed to January 31, 2008 for Japan[4] and March 9, 2008 for North America.[5] It was released in Australia on June 26, 2008 and in Europe on June 27, 2008[6].
Following the release of the game in Japan, a bug was discovered in the game which displays an error message every time it starts,[7] though players are able to close it and play the game as normal. There has been a replacement program.[2] The game requires 128 blocks of Wii internal memory to save game data[8] and it cannot be copied. However even though players are not able to transfer their data onto another Wii, players can still send replays, snapshots, and custom stages onto other Wii systems.
Contents
[edit] Gameplay
A new battle mechanic is the Final Smash that was originally supposed to be featured in the first game of the series, but scrapped for technical reasons, which can be used only by collecting a Smash Ball. Players are now able to walk and jump while using projectile-shooting items, like the Super Scope, where in Melee wasn't possible.
As a new feature in the game, certain characters can crawl. Such characters are Bowser, Diddy Kong, Ivysaur, Lucario, Luigi, Pikachu, Sheik, Solid Snake, Squirtle, Wario, Yoshi, and Zero Suit Samus.
A new technique called the Footstool Jump is introduced. It allows players to jump on an another player's head up to five times and spring up by pressing the jump button at the right time. Players are be able to perform Meteor Smashes by doing this as well. The Tether Recovery is a returning tactic in the game. It allows players to grab onto ledges using chain-like items, such as a Plasma Whip or a Link's Hookshot. Gliding is also a technique in this game, available only to winged characters. When gliding is used, players are able to glide across the stage and be able to control the way they fly. They can direct themselves upwards or downwards, depending on the direction the or the is pointed in.
Another feature not present in the past two games is slipping. Any character can slip. The feature has no upside for the players that slip other than the invincibility frames that are granted to the players when they get up. Players can slip when trying to run suddenly, go down slopes, turn around or walking on a Banana Peel.
The game also features three different Taunts for each character, while the past games only feature one taunt. Snake is the only character that has all identical taunts.
The game can be controlled with one of the four controlling methods:
Wii Remote (Sideways) Wii Remote + Nunchuk Attachment
Wii Classic Controller Nintendo GameCube Controller
There are a few differences between the controller methods. The Wii Remote and the Nunchuk Attachment has a special feature, the Shake Smash, allowing the players to execute Smash Attacks in the direction they shake the controller to. The Classic Controller, Wii Remote + Nunchuk Attachment, and the GameCube controller also have a function which disables the jump by tapping the control stick upwards.
The execution of standard combos has been made simpler; for many characters, the attack button no longer has to be hit repeatedly, but it is enough to hold it down for the character to start a combo attack. The effects, however, usually differ.
Players are able to set their own button configuration rather than have to play with the default configuration. The configuration can be saved on the Wii Remote's internal memory, allowing to take it to a friend's and play with one's own button configuration there. The Players are able to insert names with up to five letters, as in Super Smash Bros. Melee. In the previous game, names are only a gimmick. In this game, they now also save the players' controlling options to avoid having to select the control method each time.
[edit] Playable Characters
The character select screen, with all characters unlocked.
The entire cast, as it appears in the opening.
With thirty-five playable characters (forty, if Sheik, Zero Suit Samus, and the Pokémon Trainer's three Pokémon without including Pokémon Trainer are counted), Super Smash Bros. Brawl has ten more characters than the previous installment. Twenty-one characters are available directly from the start, while the other fourteen need to be unlocked to become playable. Only five of the characters from the previous game aren't playable in this game, which are Pichu, Dr. Mario, Mewtwo, Young Link, and Roy. Additionally, Super Smash Bros. Brawl is the first game in the series to feature third-party characters as playable characters; Sonic and Solid Snake. The Special Moves and Final Smash for each character are listed on the right-side column.
[edit] Default Characters
Name Description Special Moves
Mario Mario has always been a balanced character. His strength is mid-tier, and he has medium weight and speed. He is one of the most popular characters in the video game franchise. Unlike Luigi, he can wall jump. Standard Fireball
Side Cape
Up Super Jump Punch
Down F.L.U.D.D.
Final Smash Mario Finale
Link For Link's stature, his power is a little low for the middle-heavy weight that he is. He is also slightly sluggish, but his shield is able to reflect projectiles. He is a master of many different weapons. Standard Hero's Bow
Side Gale Boomerang
Up Spin Attack
Down Bomb
Final Smash Triforce Slash
Kirby Kirby is one of the odd characters. He may be one of the lightest characters in the game, but he is one of the stronger characters. His running speed is great, but his attacks will slow him down. Standard Inhale
Side Hammer
Up Kirby#Final Cutter
Down Stone
Final Smash Cook Kirby
Pikachu Pikachu may be one of the light characters, but it does have good attacks, and he's one of the faster characters in the game. He also has great recovery. Standard Thunder Jolt
Side Skull Bash
Up Quick Attack
Down Thunder
Final Smash Volt Tackle
Fox Fox is a very fast character in attack speed and running speed, and he has average strength. On the downside, he is very light. Standard Blaster
Side Fox Illusion
Up Fire Fox
Down Reflector
Final Smash Landmaster
Samus Samus has a relatively slow pace, but she is also very floaty. She has great projectiles and heavy weight, but she is also unusually weak. After using her Zero Laser, she loses her suit and becomes Zero Suit Samus. Standard Charge Shot
Side Missile
Up Screw Attack
Down Bomb
Final Smash Zero Laser
Zero Suit Samus Zero Suit Samus enters the battle after Samus uses her Zero Laser. She is lighter and faster than with her Power Suit, but has weaker attacks. Her Final Smash transforms her back into Samus. Standard Paralyzer
Side Plasma Whip
Up Plasma Wire
Down Flip Jump
Final Smash Power Suit Samus
Zelda Zelda is a light-weight, and is fairly slow. Zelda uses magical attacks that are hard to control, but can pack a punch when used successfully. If these attacks are not controlled, she will be weak in battle. Standard Nayru's Love
Side Din's Fire
Up Farore's Wind
Down Transform
Final Smash Light Arrow
Sheik Sheik returns as Zelda's transformation after she uses Transform. Contrary to her counterpart Zelda, Sheik specializes in swift movement, not power. Standard Needle Storm
Side Chain
Up Vanish
Down Transform
Final Smash Light Arrow
Bowser Bowser is the heaviest and largest character. He also has very powerful though slow attacks. Strangely, even though he still moves slowly, Bowser moves at a faster speed in this game, compared to in Melee. Standard Fire Breath
Side Flying Slam
Up Whirling Fortress
Down Bowser Bomb
Final Smash Giga Bowser
Donkey Kong Much like Bowser, Donkey Kong is heavy and strong. He has a unique ability which allows him to capture characters with him for a short distance. He has powerful attacks and surprisingly good speed for a heavyweight. Standard Giant Punch
Side Headbutt
Up Spinning Kong
Down Hand Slap
Final Smash Konga Beat
Yoshi Yoshi is a fast and unusually heavy character. On the downside, his strength is rather weak with only average attack speed. His Egg Throw can act like a third jump in this game. Standard Egg Lay
Side Egg Roll
Up Egg Throw
Down Yoshi Bomb
Final Smash Super Dragon
Peach Peach returns with a new outfit design based on her more recent appearances. She's got excellent aerial techniques, a good horizontal recovery, and high priority attacks. However, she is light and one of the weaker characters. Standard Toad
Side Peach Bomber
Up Peach Parasol
Down Vegetable
Final Smash Peach Blossom
Ice Climbers The Ice Climbers, Popo and Nana, return from Super Smash Bros. Melee, with an updated appearance. Like always, the player controls Popo, while a CPU controls Nana. They may have a good attack range, but their normal attacks are weak, and they are rather light. Standard Ice Shot
Side Squall Hammer
Up Belay
Down Blizzard
Final Smash Iceberg
Pit Pit can multi-jump in the air. He uses a bow in battle, which he can break into two blades for brawl battles. He attacks with very fast slash moves in the air and on the ground. He may have a good projectile and good weight, but he is somewhat weak. Standard Palutena Arrow
Side Angel Ring
Up Wings of Icarus
Down Mirror Shield
Final Smash Palutena's Army
Wario Wario is a very strange character. He is a small heavyweight with great aerial game and recovery, but he has poor range and somewhat slow attacks. He also has his overalls as an alternate attire. For a heavyweight, he only has average strength (similar to Yoshi). Standard Chomp
Side Wario Bike
Up Corkscrew
Down Wario Waft
Final Smash Wario-Man
Ike Ike uses his two-handed blade, Ragnell, in battle. He can wield this sword with only one hand, despite the sword's weight. His attacks are some of the strongest and longest ranged in the game, but they are also very slow. He is also slow himself. Standard Eruption
Side Quick Draw
Up Aether
Down Counter
Final Smash Great Aether
Pokémon Trainer The Pokémon Trainer uses Squirtle, Ivysaur, and Charizard to fight for him, rather than actually fight by himself. He mainly stands on the stage, but he occasionally stands on a floating platform in the background on stages with little solid ground. While the Down move is shared, the other special moves are unique to each of the Pokémon, giving 11 different moves, including the Final Smash. Down Pokémon Trainer#Pokémon Change
Final Smash Triple Finish
Squirtle
Standard Water Gun
Side Withdraw
Up Waterfall
Ivysaur
Standard Bullet Seed
Side Razor Leaf
Up Vine Whip
Charizard
Standard Flamethrower
Side Rock Smash
Up Fly
Diddy Kong Diddy Kong is fast, light, and abundant in unique attacks. However, he is one of the weaker characters. Standard Peanut Popgun
Side Monkey Flip
Up Rocketbarrel Boost
Down Banana Peel
Final Smash Rocketbarrel Barrage
Meta Knight Meta Knight can multi-jump in the air and glide for a short time. He has a very fast combo attack. His standard attack (), can render foes helpless for a short while. On the negative side, he is light and lacking in power. Standard Mach Tornado
Side Drill Rush
Up Shuttle Loop
Down Dimensional Cape
Final Smash Galaxia Darkness
Lucas A PK user, Lucas has a Special Moveset similar to that of Ness, and a unique Normal Moveset. He is on the stronger side, despite being small. Standard PK Freeze
Side PK Fire
Up PK Thunder
Down PSI Magnet
Final Smash PK Starstorm
King Dedede King Dedede is a heavy character, similar to powerhouses Bowser and Donkey Kong. He often uses his hammer in attacks, and relies on Waddle Dees, Waddle Doos or Gordos to damage his opponents from afar. Although he can inhale his foes like Kirby, he does not get their abilities. Like most heavyweights, Dedede is very strong and very big. Additionally, he's a bit faster than most heavyweights as well, and has a long reach, which makes his grab game quite lethal. Standard Inhale
Side Waddle Dee Toss
Up Super Dedede Jump
Down Jet Hammer
Final Smash Waddle Dee Army
Olimar Captain Olimar from the Pikmin series enters with the handicap of being nearly helpless without the Pikmin. Pikmin must be plucked from the ground, using his standard special move, in order to attack with Olimar. Olimar can still attack without any Pikmin, though only with certain attacks. When he attacks with the Pikmin, they each have different effects:
• Blue: strength and resistance to water
• Red: fire
• Yellow: electricity
• Purple: high strength
• White: dark
Standard Pikmin Pluck
Side Pikmin Throw
Up Pikmin Chain
Down Pikmin Order
Final Smash End of Day
[edit] Unlockable Characters
In addition to the characters listed above, the following characters can be unlocked when certain requirements are met.
Name Description Special Moves
Ness Ness appears in Super Smash Bros. Brawl as an unlockable character. His moveset is similar to Lucas, but differs slightly. Despite being slightly light, he has adequate strength. He can be unlocked by:
• Playing 5 VS. Matches
• Reflecting 10 projectiles
• Completing Subspace Part 1 (Stage 29) in Subspace Emissary
Standard PK Flash
Side PK Fire
Up PK Thunder
Down PSI Magnet
Final Smash PK Starstorm
Marth Marth chooses speed over raw power, specializing in strategic offensive and defensive play. Like in Melee, his sword does more damage at the tip of the blade, but his grab range is much shorter. Marth can be unlocked by:
• Playing 10 VS. Matches
• Completing Classic Mode
• Completing The Battlefield Fortress (Stage 8) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Shield Breaker
Side Dancing Blade
Up Dolphin Slash
Down Counter
Final Smash Critical Hit
Luigi Luigi returns with a somewhat similar moveset to Mario. Luigi can jump higher than Mario, and is slightly slower, but his attack strength is unusually high. Luigi can be unlocked by:
• Playing 22 VS. Matches
• Completing Classic Mode with no continues
• Completing Subspace Part 1 (Stage 29) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Fireball
Side Green Missile
Up Super Jump Punch
Down Luigi Cyclone
Final Smash Negative Zone
Falco Falco Lombardi returns in Super Smash Bros. Brawl with a similar move set of Fox such as the Final Smash, but several differences. He has the highest initial jump of any character, and is very good at aerial combat. However, he is very light. Falco is unlocked by:
• Playing 50 VS. matches
• Completing the 100-Man Brawl
• Completing The Swamp (Stage 18) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Blaster
Side Falco Phantasm
Up Fire Bird
Down Reflector
Final Smash Landmaster
Captain Falcon Captain Falcon returns as the second fastest runner in the game (the first being Sonic). His attacks are strong in terms of knockback and damage, but they are also slow and short-ranged. Captain Falcon can be unlocked by:
• Playing 70 VS. Matches
• Beat Classic Mode in less than 12 minutes on Normal difficulty or higher
• Complete Outside the Ancient Ruins (Stage 20) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Falcon Punch
Side Raptor Boost
Up Falcon Dive
Down Falcon Kick
Final Smash Blue Falcon
Lucario Unlike most Pokémon in the Smash Bros. series, Lucario is one of the few Pokémon characters to have an actual gender. Lucario has average speed, and has good range, but normally doesn't have much power. However, his power increases as he takes damage, maxing out at 182%. He uses his aura for most attacks. Lucario can be unlocked by:
• Playing 100 VS. Matches
• Beating all difficulty levels on Target Smash!! (1 or 2 player mode)
• Complete The Glacial Peak (Stage 21) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Aura Sphere
Side Force Palm
Up ExtremeSpeed
Down Double Team
Final Smash Aura Storm
R.O.B. R.O.B. is a heavyweight, and despite being heavy, it is also rather weak and a bit fast. R.O.B. can be unlocked by:
• Playing 160 VS. Matches
• Gathering at least 250 trophies
• Complete The Subspace Bomb Factory (Stage 28) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Robo Beam
Side Arm Rotor
Up Robo Burner
Down Gyro
Final Smash Diffusion Beam
Ganondorf Ganondorf returns with extremely powerful, yet extremely slow attacks (comparable to Ike). He is also very heavy and large. Unfortunately, his movement is very sluggish, making him slower than even Bowser. Ganondorf can be unlocked by:
• Beating Classic Mode with Link or Zelda on Hard difficulty or higher
• Playing 200 matches
• Complete Subspace Part 2 (Stage 30) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Warlock Punch
Side Flame Choke
Up Dark Dive
Down Wizard's Foot
Final Smash Beast Ganon
Mr. Game & Watch Mr. Game & Watch appears in a completely 2-D physical appearance, with his moves being references to the Game & Watch titles. He has good offense due his fast, powerful attacks, but poor defense due his light weight. Mr. Game & Watch can be unlocked by:
• Playing 250 VS. Matches
• Clearing Target Smash with 30 characters on any difficulty level
• Complete Battleship Halberd Bridge (Stage 25) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Chef
Side Judge
Up Fire
Down Oil Panic
Final Smash Octopus
Jigglypuff Jigglypuff is a character of extremes. It has the slowest falling speed, the second-fastest air speed, the slowest dash speed, and the lightest weight. It also, despite being light, has quite good strength. It has got a moveset that is quite similar to Kirby's, with the exception of the special moves. Jigglypuff can be unlocked by:
• Beat 20 or more events after completing the Subspace Emissary
• Play 350 VS. Matches
• Complete the Story in Subspace Emissary, go to The Swamp (Stage 18) and enter a hidden door. Then defeat him in a 1 by 1 Brawl Match on Pokémon Stadium 2
Standard Rollout
Side Pound
Up Sing
Down Rest
Final Smash Puff Up
Toon Link Toon Link is almost exactly like Link, but quicker, floatier, and more cel-shaded. Toon Link can be unlocked by:
• After completing the Story in Subspace Emissary, go to The Forest (Stage 9) and enter the hidden door. Then defeat him in a 1 by 1 Brawl Match on Pirate Ship
• After clearing the Subspace Emissary, clear Classic mode with any character
• Playing 400 VS. matches
Standard Toon Link#Hero's Bow
Side Boomerang
Up Spin Attack
Down Bomb
Final Smash Triforce Slash
Wolf Wolf O'Donnell is on the heavier side, and his speed is at an average level. His attack power is also a bit decent. However, Wolf's recovery moves are unsafe, due to their poor accuracy. Wolf can be unlocked by:
• After completing the Story in Subspace Emissary, go to The Ruins (Stage 14) and enter the hidden door. Then defeat him in a 1 by 1 Brawl Match on Lylat Cruise
• Play 450 VS matches
• With Boss Battles unlocked, finish Boss Battles as Fox or Falco
Standard Blaster
Side Wolf Flash
Up Fire Wolf
Down Reflector
Final Smash Landmaster
Snake Snake uses a variety of explosives and weapons in battle, as well as a rifle. He is surprisingly very heavy, and his attacks are quite strong. Snake can be unlocked by:
• Playing 15 VS. Matches on Shadow Moses Island
• Playing 130 VS. Matches
• Complete Battleship Halberd Interior (Stage 23) in Subspace Emissary
Standard Hand Grenade
Side Remote Controlled Missile
Up Cypher
Down C4
Final Smash Grenade Launcher
Sonic Sonic is the fastest character in the game; even faster than Captain Falcon. He also has a good bit of strength, and is a middle-weight. Sonic can be unlocked by:
• Complete the Story in Subspace Emissary/Defeat Tabuu/Complete The Great Maze (Stage 31) in Subspace Emissary
• Complete Classic Mode with 10 characters
• Play VS. Matches for 10 hours
• Play 300 VS. Matches
Standard Homing Attack
Side Spin Dash
Up Spring Jump
Down Spin Charge
Final Smash Super Sonic
Additionally, as new characters are unlocked, they are added to the group of fighters at the beginning intro of the game.
[edit] Stages
There are forty-one total stages in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Ten of those stages are returning stages from Super Smash Bros. Melee.
[edit] Default Stages
Stage Description Songs
Super Smash Bros. Brawl: Battlefield Returning from Super Smash Bros. Melee, the stage is now set in a green landscape and features different times of day. A valley can be seen in the background of the stage.
Super Smash Bros. Brawl: Final Destination A wide, flat stage, with no gimmicks. Master Hand and Crazy Hand are also fought at Final Destiantion.
• Final Destination
• Credits (Super Smash Bros.)
• Opening (Super Smash Bros. Melee)
• Final Destination (Melee)
• Giga Bowser (Melee)
Super Mario Sunshine: Delfino Plaza A moving stage, comparable to Mute City from Super Smash Bros. Melee. It features a flying moving platform that takes the characters to various locations in Delfino Plaza.
Super Mario Bros.: Mushroomy Kingdom Based from the original Super Mario Bros.. The stage has blocks arranged in the same formation as level 1-1 from the said game. Occasionally, World 1-2 will load instead of World 1-1. It is also identically arranged.
Players do have the option to choose which level to battle on by holding certain buttons on the controller.
Ground:
Underground:
• Underground Theme (Super Mario Bros.)
• Underwater Theme (Super Mario Bros.)
• Underground Theme (Super Mario Land)
Mario Kart: Mario Circuit The stage takes place on a figure-8 circuit's intersection, with Shy Guys driving in from behind (hits the lower level) or the sides (hits the upper level).
Donkey Kong Jungle Beat: Rumble Falls A Donkey Kong stage similar to Icicle Mountain. It has numerous obstacles, switches and ladders on the way up.
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess: Bridge of Eldin A flat stage. King Bulblin and Lord Bullbo occasionally destroy the bridge, forcing the battle to not be fought in the middle of the stage.
• Main Theme (The Legend of Zelda)
• Ocarina of Time Medley
• The Dark World
• Hyrule Field Theme
• Main Theme (Twilight Princess)
• Title (The Legend of Zelda)
• Hidden Mountain & Forest
• Hidden Village
• Midna's Lament
Metroid: Norfair A stage that takes place inside Planet Zebes, similar to Brinstar Depths from Super Smash Bros. Melee. Lava occasionally rises from the bottom of the stage, as well as from the sides, and even from the back of the stage. Players must enter a capsule when the latter occurs.
• Main Theme (Metroid)
• Ending (Metroid)
• Battle Scene / Final Boss (Golden Sun)
• Theme of Samus Aran, Space Warrior
• Marionation Gear
• Norfair
Metroid Prime: Frigate Orpheon From the game Metroid Prime, Frigate Orpheon occasionally flips around, switching between two groups of platforms to fight on.
• Vs. Ridley
• Opening / Menu (Metroid Prime)
• Sector 1
• Vs. Meta Ridley
• Multiplayer (Metroid Prime 2)
• Vs. Parasite Queen
Yoshi's Island: Yoshi's Island Yoshi's Island is based on its appearance in Yoshi's Island DS. It changes seasons as the Brawl progresses.
Kirby: Halberd
Meta Knight's ship. Takes place on a Battlefield-like platform, then lands on the Halberd itself, which has a double-barreled battery in the background, which attacks the players.
• Meta Knight’s Revenge
• Gourmet Race
• Butter Building
• Boss Theme Medley
• Checker Knights
• Forest / Nature Area
• Squeak Squad Theme
• The Legendary Air Ride Machine
• King Dedede's Theme
• Frozen Hillside
• Vs. Marx
• Zero Two Battle
Star Fox: Lylat Cruise A stage that moves through the Lylat System. Very similar to Corneria and Venom.
• Space Armada
• Main Theme (Star Fox)
• Corneria
• Main Theme (Star Fox 64)
• Area 6
• Area 6 Ver. 2
• Star Wolf
• Star Wolf (Star Fox: Assault)
• Space Battleground
• Breaking Through the Icefield
• Tunnel Scene (X)
Pokémon: Pokémon Stadium 2
An exact copy of the Pokémon Stadium from Super Smash Bros. Melee (which has fall through platforms). This stage is now upgraded to look like Pokémon Stadium 2, the game. It changes into one of four terrains as time passes. They are Ice, Electric, Ground, and Flying.
• Pokémon Main Theme (Red/Blue/Yellow)
• Pokémon Gym / Evolution
• Pokémon Center
• Wild Pokémon Battle! (Ruby / Sapphire)
• Road to Viridian City (From Pallet Town / Pewter City)
F-Zero: Port Town Aero Dive Similar to Mute City from Super Smash Bros. Melee, the stage takes place on a group of platforms that hover along a race track, stopping on occasion.
• Mute City
• Fire Field
• Car Select
• Dream Chaser
• White Land
• Planet Colors
• Devil's Call in Your Heart
• Climb Up! And Get The Last Chance!
• Golden Forest (1080°Snowboarding)
• Brain Cleaner
• Mach Rider (Melee)
• Shotgun Kiss
Fire Emblem: Castle Siege Taking place on a castle, this stage incorporates elements of various Fire Emblem games.
• Fire Emblem Theme
• With Mila's Divine Protection (Celica Map 1)
• Attack
• Preparing to Advance
• Against the Dark Knight
• Crimean Army Sortie
• Fire Emblem (Melee)
• Ike's Theme
• Power-Hungry Fool
• Winning Road - Roy's Hope
• Shadow Dragon Medley
• Victory Is Near
WarioWare: WarioWare, Inc. The players are sent through random Microgames. Players start on a simplistic stage, with a few platforms.
Pikmin: Distant Planet A stage set on branches and vines, it is filled with many gimmicks that can either assist or hinder the player.
• Main Theme (Pikmin)
• World Map (Pikmin 2)
• Stage Clear / Title (Pikmin)
• Forest of Hope
• Ai no Uta
• Ai no Uta (French Version)
• Environmental Noises
• Tane no Uta
• Title (Big Brain Academy)
Animal Crossing: Wild World: Smashville The stage's date time is based on the Wii's internal clock. K.K. Slider makes live performances Saturdays on 8 P.M.
• Title (Animal Crossing)
• Go K.K. Rider!
• Town Hall and Tom Nook's Store
• The Roost
• 2:00 am.
EarthBound: New Pork City A stage comparable to Temple from Super Smash Bros. Melee; it is a very large and spacy stage. The Ultimate Chimera may appear, and will damage any player it hits, and will instantly KO any player it chomps on.
• Porky's Theme
• Unfounded Revenge / Smashing Song of Praise
• Humoresque of a Little Dog
• You Call This a Utopia?!
• Mother 3 Love Theme
• Snowman
Ice Climber: Summit A stage that takes place on a moving glacier. The ice stage moves around constantly.
Kid Icarus: Skyworld Pit's homeland. It consists of several breakable platforms.
• Underworld
• Skyworld
• Kid Icarus Original Medley
• Title (Kid Icarus)
Nintendo DS: PictoChat Comparable to Flat Zone from Super Smash Bros. Melee; as it is done in a typical black and white setting. Random sketches appear on the stage, acting as added gimmicks on the stage.
• PictoChat
• Mii Channel
• Wii Shop Channel
• Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!
• Opening Theme (Wii Sports)
• Charge! (Wii Play)
• Dr. Mario (Melee)
• Lip's Theme (Panel de Pon)
• Shaberu! DS Cooking Navi
Metal Gear Solid: Shadow Moses Island A stage that takes place just outside a helipad. The walls on the sides can be broken, and sometimes, a Metal Gear will appear in the background.
• MGS4 [Theme of Love Smash Bros. Brawl Version]
• Encounter
• Theme of Tara
• Battle in the Base
• Yell "Dead Cell"
• Cavern
• Snake Eater (Instrumental)
• Theme of Solid Snake
• Calling to the Night
The Legend of Zelda: Hyrule Temple Coming back from Super Smash Bros. Melee, the Temple is exactly the same as it was in the previous game, with a remix of the old background music.
Super Mario World: Yoshi's Island An exact replica of the stage from Super Smash Bros. Melee.
• Yoshi's Island (Melee)
• Super Mario Bros. 3 (Melee)
EarthBound: Onett An exact replica of the stage from Super Smash Bros. Melee.
• Mother (Melee)
• Mother 2 (Melee)
Star Fox: Corneria An exact replica of the stage from Super Smash Bros. Melee.
• Corneria (Melee)
• Venom (Melee)
Super Mario 64: Rainbow Cruise An exact replica of the stage from Super Smash Bros. Melee.
• Rainbow Cruise (Melee)
• Princess Peach's Castle (Melee)
Metroid: Brinstar An exact replica of the stage from Super Smash Bros. Melee.
• Brinstar (Melee)
• Brinstar Depths (Melee)
[edit] Unlockable Stages
In addition to the above stages, there are several stages that must be unlocked to play on.
Stage Description Songs
Luigi's Mansion: Luigi's Mansion A stage based on the game Luigi's Mansion. If players attack the four poles suspending the roof, the mansion will collapse. After a certain time, it will rebuild itself, however. This stage can be unlocked by playing 3 matches as Luigi.
• Luigi's Mansion Theme
• Tetris: Type A
• Tetris: Type B
• Airship Theme (Super Mario Bros. 3)
• Castle / Boss Fortress (Super Mario World / SMB 3)
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker: Pirate Ship A ship on the ocean of The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, Toon Link's Stage. The stage is unlocked once Toon Link has been unlocked.
• Great Sea
• Dragon Roost Island
• Molgera Battle
• Gerudo Valley
• Tal Tal Heights
• Song of Storms
• Termina Field
• Village of the Blue Maiden
Pokémon: Spear Pillar The stage takes place at the top of Spear Pillar, located on Mt. Coronet in Pokémon Diamond and Pearl. Palkia appears and does Spacial Rend, doing damage. Dialga appears as well, to use Roar of Time, along with Cresselia, using Psycho Cutter. It is unlocked by beating event #25.
• Dialga / Palkia Battle at Spear Pillar!
• Victory Road
• Team Galactic Battle!
• Wild Pokémon Battle! (Diamond / Pearl)
• Route 209
Donkey Kong: 75m
A stage based on the third stage of Donkey Kong. This stage is unlocked by playing 20 VS. Matches as Donkey Kong.
Mario Bros.: Mario Bros. A stage resembling the one from the original Mario Bros. game. This stage is unlocked by beating Event Match #19.
• Mario Bros.
• Famicom Medley
• Gyromite
• Power-Up Music
• Douchuumen (Nazo no Murasamejo)
Game & Watch: Flat Zone 2 An enhanced version of Flat Zone, with references to Game & Watch games, which are Fire, Chef, Oil Panic and Lion. It is unlocked by unlocking Mr. Game and Watch, and is located in Superflat World.
Electroplankton: Hanenbow A leafy stage, with water at the bottom. There are Hanenbows (species of Electroplankton) that fly around the stage and can knock players. The stage is unlocked after completing the event match #28, "Flowers Bloom in The Echoes".
None
Sonic the Hedgehog: Green Hill Zone Inspired by Sonic the Hedgehog's first level, this course features a gentle, sloping dip. As the dip takes damage from fighter attacks, parts of it fall away, creating holes in the course until the stage regenerates. The stage is automatically unlocked once Sonic is unlocked.
• Angel Island Zone
• Sonic Boom
• Live & Learn
• Sonic Heroes
• Seven Rings in Hand
• Green Hill Zone
• Super Sonic Racing
• Scrap Brain Zone
• Emerald Hill Zone
• Open Your Heart
• Right There, Ride On
• HIS WORLD (Instrumental)
Donkey Kong Country: Jungle Japes An exact replica of the stage from Super Smash Bros. Melee. The stage is unlocked by playing in Melee stages ten times.
• Jungle Japes (Melee)
• Kongo Jungle (Melee)
Kirby's Dream Land: Green Greens An exact replica from Super Smash Bros. Melee. It is unlocked by playing 20 matches as Kirby.
• Green Greens (Melee)
• Fountain of Dreams (Melee)
F-Zero: Big Blue An exact replica of the stage from Super Smash Bros. Melee. It is unlocked by playing 10 matches as Captain Falcon.
• Big Blue (Melee)
• Mute City (Melee)
Pokémon: Pokémon Stadium An exact replica of the stage from Super Smash Bros. Melee. It is unlocked by playing ten matches on Pokémon Stadium 2.
• Pokémon Stadium (Melee)
• Battle Theme (Melee)
• Poké Floats (Melee)
[edit] Items
Items randomly appear on any stage in the game, and in standard Brawl mode, the player can choose to ban certain items from appearing or increase/decrease the frequency of items appearing. In Classic and All Star mode, these options cannot be modified. Certain items from particular game series appear more frequently than they would on other stages, such as Banana Peels on Donkey Kong stages, Poké Balls on Pokémon stages, etc.
Item Description
Assist Trophy Comparable to a Poké Ball, this summons a random character to help the character who used it.
Banana Peel Can be dropped on the stage. If other characters touch it, the character will trip over it and fall.
Barrel These bear a resemblance to crates but can tip over and roll. If hit by a rolling one, the player will receive damage.
Beam Sword An item to be held, allowing the user to perform long-distance sideways attacks with the Sword. The more a Smash Attack is charged, the longer the beam of the sword extends.
Bike Pieces If Wario's bike is dismantled, the pieces can be thrown at others.
Bob-omb A simple and powerful bomb. If it is left untouched for a little while, it will get up and walk around on its own. If one is thrown directly at an opponent, it explodes and causes a huge amount of knockback. Once enough time has passed in Sudden Death, Bob-ombs start to fall from the sky in droves.
Bumper When thrown, it lies on the ground or floats in the air and hits back all characters touching it. Relatively powerful, and players can be K.O.'d.
Bunny Hood The Bunny Hood provides a substantial boost to the user's running speed and jumping height.
Capsule Break open these little capsules to find items. They are also effective as a throwing item. Capsules will explode on occasion.
CD CDs add a single, random song to the player's collection when picked up. CDs will stop appearing once the player has unlocked every song in the game.
Cracker Launcher Shoots out fireworks. Players can adjust the aim.
Crate and Rolling Crate Attack or throw a crate to break it open and gain access to the items inside. There are three designs for crates. Additionally, some crates have dollies underneath them. Attacking these crates sends them rolling away.
Deku Nut Throwing one of these near an enemy with creates a flash that stuns foes temporarily. When the Deku Nut makes contact with an opponent in midair, it can send them quite a distance.
Dragoon When a player manages to collect all three parts of it, he or she can ram into the stage, knocking out all players within the crosshair.
Blast Box If hit with a strong attack or fire-based attack, the Blast Box will explode, causing anything in the area to be blown away.
Fan This item doesn’t pack much of a punch but is easy to score rapid multiple combos; it can also be used to break shields. The Fan has deceptive strength when thrown straight up in the air in modes like Multi-Man Brawl.
Fire Flower The Fire Flower is a shooting item that spouts a torrent of fire over a short distance, eventually running out of flames.
Food Food items restore the consumer's damage. There are essentially 28 different types of food. Each item restores a different amount of health.
Franklin Badge Deflects any energy-based projectile back at the opponent with double power.
Freezie This icy item slides slowly along the ground. Throwing it at the enemy makes them freeze them in a block of ice, trapping them.
Golden Hammer Acts like the Hammer, only is much stronger, and allows the player to float in mid-air, if the button is tapped rapidly. Sometimes, the Golden Hammer will be nothing but a Golden Squeaky Hammer, which cannot damage opponents. The Golden Squeaky Hammer is similar to the Hammer losing its head.
Gooey Bomb Can be attached to the ground or a character and explodes after a few seconds.
Green Shell Throw, hit, or jump on this shell to send it sliding along the ground. Green Shells can suddenly reverse the direction they are traveling if they bump into a wall or are hit by an attack, so keep an eye out for returning shells.
Hammer Seizing this item makes the user unleash a barrage of hammer swings on a opponent. The attack itself is quite powerful but the user will lose the ability to perform midair jumps and special moves while attacking with it. Sometimes the head of the hammer will fall right off.
Heart Container Picking up one of these reduce the damage by 100 percentage points. Heart Containers float slowly to the ground once they appear.
Home-Run Bat Performing a Side Smash while holding this item to make a home-run-sized swing at the opponent that sends him or her soaring. It’s strong when thrown too.
Hothead Hotheads slide across the ground releasing bursts of sparks and damaging the user opponents. When they are hit with fire or electricity-based attacks, they grow even bigger.
Key This item will open locked doors the players encounter within The Subspace Emissary. If the player loses a key he or she is were holding on the way to the door, the player must return to where it was originally found.
Lip's Stick Hitting an enemy with this or throwing it caused a flower to bloom on the opponent’s head. While the flower is on his or her head, the opponent will slowly accumulate damage. The more the user beats the foe with Lip’s Stick, the bigger the flower on his or her head will grow. The flower can be removed from the player's head by shaking the control stick back and forth.
Lightning Touching one of these makes all of the user's opponents shrink. The effect is more dramatic and dangerous than the one brought on by a Poison Mushroom. Sometimes the Lightning will backfire and only the user will shrink.
Maxim Tomato These tomatoes are emblazoned with a striking letter "M." Eating one of these reduces the consumer's damage by 50 percentage points.
Metal Box Turns the user into metal form, giving complete resistance to flinching from lighter attacks. The user falls faster after jumping.
Motion-Sensor Bomb Set one of these on a floor or wall, and it will react to the next moving object in its proximity by detonating. They are small and inconspicuous, so they can catch opponents by surprise.
Mr. Saturn A relatively weak item that can be thrown at opponents multiple times. Also a good shield breaker.
Orange Cube This item gives valuable items and will not reappear once the player gets them. It also helps by increasing the clear percentage. They only appear in The Subspace Emissary.
Party Ball When hit, Party Balls float up into the air and split open, raining down a torrent of items. These items are known to drop nothing but Bob-ombs on occasion.
Pellet A throwing item found only on the Distant Planet stage. Throwing one at an Onion will release some items.
Pitfall Can be set on the ground. Other characters fall straight into a pit when walking over it, or if hit directly with it.
Poison Mushroom Touching one makes the consumer shrink in size; the user's blows will do less damage, and the user flies further when hit.
Poké Ball Throw a Poké Ball to summon a randomly selected Pokémon that will assist the user.
Power Suit Pieces After Samus sheds her armour during her Final Smash, Zero Laser, the pieces can picked up and thrown at opponents.
Ray Gun The Ray Gun is a beam gun that lets the user fire fast-moving blasts. It comes loaded with 16 shots. When the user has exhausted the ammo, it can still be useful since the user can throw the gun at the opponent to score a Smash attack.
Sandbag Beating Sandbag up make it drop items and food. As Sandbag accumulates damage, it gradually becomes easier to hit far distances. Of course, beat Sandbag too much and its pool of items will run dry.
Screw Attack While wearing it, the Screw Attack ability is added to the user's standard and midair jumps. The user is still able to attack as normal when capable of using the Screw Attack.
Smash Ball Attacking one of these until it breaks gives the ability to use a Final Smash.
Smoke Ball Emits a large cloud of colorful smoke. Doesn't do any damage, but sticks to anyone it hits.
Smart Bomb A bomb that explodes with a large blast radius when thrown, destroying anything in its reach. May occasionally fail.
Soccer Ball No one can pick up this item, but when a player hits the ball with a strong attack, it bursts into flames and flies off into the air, depending on how strong the attack is. The angle of the attack determines the direction the Soccer Ball will fly off in.
Spring Hoping on a Spring makes the user perform an extra high jump. Every so often a Spring will topple over sideways. When it does so, anyone who makes contact with the fallen Spring will be knocked sideways.
Stock Ball In The Subspace Emissary, Stock Balls increase the number of lives the player have left.
Super Mushroom Touch one of these to grow huge. In this enhanced form, the user won’t fly as far when hit and is capable of dealing harder-hitting blows than usual. However, they become easier to strike.
Super Scope This beam gun lets the user choose between attacking with rapid-fire or charged shots. The Super Scope holds enough energy for 48 rapid-fire shots, or about three fully charged blasts.
Superspicy Curry Eat one of these and the player starts spewing flames from his or her mouth. The user can, however, continue to attack as normal. This item also has the side effect of making the user run, even if they try to walk.
Starman Just touching one of these gives the user temporary invincibility. The effect lasts 10 seconds.
Star Rod Perform a strong side attack or side Smash attack while holding the Star Rod to swing the rod and simultaneously fire off a star-shaped projectile. When the user throw a Star Rod at the opponent, it sends them rocketing off sideways.
Team Healer Only usable in Team battles, can recover a teammate's health if tossed at them. If thrown at opponents, it may hurt or heal them.
Timer Picking up this item slows down the flow of time for all other players. Occasionally the Timer will have a different effect and only slow the user down, or it may slow down everyone.
Trophy Stand This item turns enemies into trophies in The Subspace Emissary. Stronger enemies must be sufficiently weakened to be successfully turned into a trophy.
Unira Throwing a Unira into the ground or attacking it causes its spikes to extend, damaging opponents who bump into it. Attacking the Unira again make its spikes retract.
Vegetables Heals the player. Appears only on the Summit stage.
Warp Star The user takes a ride on a Warp Star to launch a vicious attack from above on the opponent. It can be controlled where the Warp Star falls by using the Control Stick.
[edit] Assist Trophy characters
The Assist Trophy Samurai Goroh.
[edit] Poké Ball Pokémon
The Poké Ball Pokémon Groudon.
[edit] Game Modes
[edit] Solo
[edit] Subspace Emissary
The World Map of the Subspace Emissary.
The Subspace Emissary is a game mode available in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. It serves as the equivalent to Adventure Mode of Super Smash Bros. Melee, but with a much more complex plot and more gameplay time. Subspace Emissary is set in the World of Trophies. There are five difficulties to choose from; Easy, Medium, Hard, Very Hard, and Intense. The player has a choice to save game process after completing each level.
The Subspace Emissary makes use of a team system. Two players can play in the Subspace Emissary at one time, with the first player being the protagonist, and the second player being an optional supporting character. Due to the camera following the main character, if the second character cannot follow the scroll and becomes off-screen, he or she is automatically warped back to the main hero. Also, by pressing the Start or Plus Button, Player 2 can always warp to wherever Player 1 is. This, however, does not work during boss battles in the Emissary. The main screen shows where to go next, and the character selection screen allows the player to choose his or her team. If Player 1 is defeated, and Player 2 is not, the game will still be over. In single player, teams are still available. However, the second character is akin to an extra life, and if the main character is defeated, the player takes control of the second character, until it, too, is defeated.
The player is able to use Sticker power-ups for the mode. The stickers are arranging on the character's Trophy Stand and give bonuses on Launch Power, Launch Resistance, and powers and resistances to several attacks like Arm, Weapon, Slash, Electric and Flame. The effects vary from sticker to sticker. When the player loses all of their lives, they can be asked to continue but stickers and enemy turned trophies will be cut in half, if they decide to quit, they will get a Game Over and lose half of their stickers but they may keep the trophies.
All unlockable characters can be unlocked by playing Subspace Emissary mode, but three of them can only be unlocked by beating them in a challenger match.
[edit] Levels
Level Characters
1. Midair Stadium Mario, Kirby, Peach, Zelda (Characters Who Join: Kirby, Peach/Zelda)
2. Skyworld Pit, Mario (Characters Who Join: Pit, Mario)
3. Sea of Clouds Kirby and Peach/Zelda (Characters Who Join: none)
4. The Jungle Diddy Kong, Donkey Kong (Characters Who Join: Diddy Kong)
5. The Plain Pit, Mario (Characters Who Join: none)
6. The Lake Diddy Kong, Fox (Characters Who Join: Fox)
7. The Ruined Zoo Lucas, Ness, Pokémon Trainer (Characters Who Join: Lucas, Pokémon Trainer)
8. The Battlefield Fortress Marth, Meta Knight, Ike (Characters Who Join: Marth, Meta Knight, Ike)
9. The Forest Link, Yoshi (Characters Who Join: Link, Yoshi, Toon Link [after clearing Subspace Emissary])
10. The Research Facility Part 1 Zero Suit Samus, Pikachu (Characters Who Join: Zero Suit Samus, Pikachu)
11. The Lake Shore Pit, Mario, Link, Yoshi, Kirby (Characters Who Join: none)
12. The Path to the Ruins Lucas, Pokémon Trainer (Characters Who Join: none)
13. The Cave Pit, Mario, Link, Yoshi, Kirby (Characters Who Join: none)
14. The Ruins Lucas, Pokémon Trainer (Characters Who Join: Wolf O'Donnell [after clearing Subspace Emissary])
15. The Wilds Part 1 Marth, Meta Knight, Ike (Characters Who Join: none)
16. The Ruined Hall Lucas, Pokémon Trainer (Characters Who Join: none)
17. The Wilds Part 2 Pit, Mario, Link, Yoshi, Kirby (Characters Who Join: none)
18. The Swamp Diddy Kong, Fox, Falco (Characters Who Join: Falco, Jigglypuff [after clearing Subspace Emissary])
19. The Research Facility Part 2 Zero Suit Samus, Samus, Pikachu (Charcters Who Join: Samus) (Zero Suit Samus Leaves)
20. Outside the Ancient Ruins Olimar, Captain Falcon, Diddy Kong, Donkey Kong (Characters Who Join: Olimar, Captain Falcon, Donkey Kong)
21. The Glacial Peak Meta Knight, Ice Climbers, Lucario (Characters Who Join: Ice Climbers, Lucario)
22. The Canyon Pit, Mario, Link, Yoshi, Kirby (Characters Who Join: none)
23. Battleship Halberd Interior Snake, Meta Knight, Lucario (Characters Who Join: Snake)
24. Battleship Halberd Exterior Peach, Zelda/Sheik (Characters Who Join: Zelda/Shiek or Peach) (*Note: Shiek is playable in any level that Zelda is)
25. Battleship Halberd Bridge Fox, Falco, Lucario, Peach, Zelda/Sheik, Snake (Characters Who Join: Mr. Game & Watch)
26. The Subspace Bomb Factory Part 1 Samus, Pikachu (Characters Who Join: none)
27. The Subspace Bomb Factory Part 2 Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Captain Falcon, Olimar, R.O.B., Samus, Pikachu (Characters Who Join: R.O.B.)
28. Entrance to Subspace All previously used (Not Ness and Zero Suit Samus), Mr. Game & Watch (Characters Who Join: none)
29. Subspace Part 1 King Dedede, Ness, Luigi (Characters Who Join: King Dedede, Ness, Luigi, Bowser, whoever the player saved in the Subspace)
30. Subspace Part 2 Kirby (Characters Who Join: Whoever the player saved in the Subspace, Ganondorf)
31. The Great Maze Any Trophies the player has saved, King Dedede, Ness, Luigi, Bowser, Kirby, Sonic (Characters Who Join: Sonic)
[edit] Plot
The "Subspace Emissary" is the adventure and story mode of Super Smash Bros. Brawl. The main antagonists are the Subspace Army, which is led by the Ancient Minister.
Mario, Peach, Zelda, and Kirby prepare for battle.
At the beginning of the story, Zelda and Peach watch trophies of Mario and Kirby fall into the Midair Stadium and transform into their living counterparts. They proceed to do battle, while Pit watches from Skyworld, cheering them both on. After his defeat, Mario or Kirby is transformed into a Trophy, which the other revives into his living counterpart. However, Meta Knight's ship, the Battleship Halberd, flies over the main stadium. It releases purple spores into the arena, called Shadow Bugs, which then form a group of strange robotic-looking creatures, called the Primid. Zelda and Peach run to assist Mario and Kirby, and all four of them battle against the Primids. The Ancient Minister then arrives on his floating platform, and drops down a Subspace Bomb, which is soon activated by two R.O.B.s. The bomb then shows a detonation timer, indicating that it will explode in three minutes.
Mario hurries to deactivate it, but is blasted out of the stadium by a giant cannonball. Kirby ponders about who shot Mario out of the stadium, then realizes that Peach and Zelda have been entrapped by cages held by Petey Piranha. Petey Piranha proceeds to attack Kirby by swinging the cages at him. Kirby dodges and attacks the cages, thus weakening and eventually destroying one of them. Defeated, Petey Piranha explodes and burns to the ground, flinging the princess Kirby did not free to the other side of the arena. Suddenly, coming out of nowhere, Wario drops in wielding a dark cannon. He notices Kirby and the rescued princess, but then turns his attention to the unrescued princess.
He points his cannon at her, and fires it. A black arrow is fired from the cannon's nozzle and strikes the unrescued princess, who is then transformed into a trophy and carried away by Wario. Kirby and the rescued princess begin to pursue him, but Kirby notices that the Subspace Bomb's timer is almost out. The bomb explodes, taking the stadium into Subspace, fortunately Kirby and the rescued princess escape on a Warp Star.
Enemies stealing Donkey Kong's Banana Hoard.
Meanwhile, in Skyworld, Pit gazes at the disappearing stadium and the devastating effects of the Subspace Bomb. He is then called forth by the goddess Palutena, who gives him the Bow of Palutena and the Angel Ring. She sends Pit on a mission to save the world from the Subspace Army, and assist the others who are trying to save it. Pit then hurries off to the edge of Skyworld, and flies down to the world below to assist in saving it from the Subspace Army. The Halberd appears over the area where Pit landed, releasing Primids. Pit then splits his bow into dual swords and defeats various Subspace enemies, eventually reaches a platform. Looking across the sea of clouds, he sees Mario's trophy. Hopping over to a platform concealed by the clouds, he revives Mario. Once Mario recalls the events in the arena the two come to an understanding that they are working towards the same goal, and head off.
Elsewhere, in an island jungle, a Hammer Bro. and a Goomba pile Donkey Kong's Banana Hoard onto a Cargo, which they proceed to carrier off. Upon battling several of the Koopa Troop's minions (even smashing a Koopa Troopa into the ground, similar to Donkey Kong Jungle Beat), Donkey Kong readies to follow the Hammer Bro. and the Goomba and get his treasured Banana Hoard back. The Goomba jumps down from the pile onto two cannons, which fire three Bullet Bills towards DK. Out from the foliage behind, Diddy Kong appears and with his Peanut Popguns in hand, intercepts them all. Both Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong set off after the Banana Hoard thieves. Upon finding it, they are attacked by Bowser, who wields the same device held by Wario. Bowser aims the dark cannon at Diddy, but Donkey Kong punches Diddy into the sky and out of the way of the oncoming black arrow, which turns the big ape himself into a trophy.
Meanwhile, Kirby and the rescued princess are being chased by the Halberd which then knocks them off their warp star, forcing them to land on the ship. They spot an Arwing coming from the distance. It swiftly dodges the beams fired by the Halberd, but is hit by a claw-like device that is projected from the ship. The Arwing is knocked out of the sky, blowing Kirby and the rescued princess off the Halberd before proceeding to crash on Donkey Kong Island.
Diddy gets attacked by Rayquaza.
Meanwhile, Diddy Kong is swinging through the jungle looking for Donkey Kong. When he reaches a large pond, he notices the damaged Arwing near the lake. As he heads towards it, Rayquaza emerges from the lake and sets the Arwing aflame with a Dragon Pulse attack. As Diddy stares in fear and awe, Rayquaza quickly snatches him up and flies back into the lake. Fox McCloud ejects himself from the destroyed Arwing, and uses his Fox Illusion to swift pass the dragon's hand, forcing it to release Diddy. As Rayquaza uses another Dragon Pulse, Fox uses his Reflector, which deflects the attack back at Rayquaza, causing it to retreat back into the lake, though it recuperates and a battle ensues. Following Rayquaza's defeat, Diddy begins explaining his dilemma to Fox. Fox simply ignores Diddy and walks away. Diddy tries explaining again, and Fox, again, walks away. Diddy becomes angry and physically drags Fox along with him to help find Donkey Kong. Deeper in the jungle, they battle against Bowser; but his defeated trophy disolves into shadow bugs. It turns out that the Bowser they fought was a fake, set up as a trap by the real Bowser, who attempts to turn Diddy and Fox into trophies with his dark cannon. Diddy, desiring to avenge Donkey, steps up to fight Bowser, but Fox quickly grabs him and carries him away into the jungle, as Bowser laughs. Meanwhile on the Plain, Mario and Pit chase the Ancient Minister and attempt to attack him but misses twice. Pit wonders where the Ancient Minister is going.
Wario gets hold of Ness in his trophy form.
Meanwhile, Lucas is walking through The Ruined Zoo. On the verge of tears, while all alone, he is attacked by Primids, and the Pig King Statue, a living statue of Porky, appears. Lucas is pursued throughout the zoo by the giant statue, whose intent is to kill Lucas. Lucas soon gets his foot snagged on an unearthed root, and desperately tries to free himself as the statue approaches. Realizing he cannot escape, he covers his eyes, being certain of impending doom. Suddenly Ness appears and blasts the statue with his PK Thunder and destroys it with his PK Flash. Unfortunately, Porky himself appears out of the statue in his spider mech and attacks the boys. Both Ness and Lucas work together and defeat him. Afterwards, Wario appears on a large hill and repeatedly tries to attack Ness with his dark cannon. He fails to hit Ness, who dodges every shot, then he turns and aim for the unaware Lucas. Ness pushes Lucas out of the way of the beam, thus getting himself transformed into a statue which Wario then seizes. Lucas flees aghast as Wario cackles in the rain. Fortunately, the rain stops a bit after, and he bumps into the Pokémon Trainer, and the duo are attacked by more Primids. The Pokémon Trainer lets out his Pokémon, Squirtle, to join Lucas and they destroy the squad of Primids. The Trainer begins to leaves afterwards, and after a moment of reflection over his recent misfortunes, Lucas shadows close behind.
The carnage of a recent battle are shown. Under the Ancient Minister's supervision, two R.O.B.s open a subspace bomb, depleting the area. Marth looks at the explosion a distance away, before setting his sights to a mob of Primids approaching the castle he is standing upon. Marth proceeds to battle the Primids, eliminating them all. After he gets close to the Subspace Explosion he glances to the sky and sees Meta Knight zooming at him. Meta Knight attacks, and they start battling, thinking they are enemies. Their skirmish is interrupted by more Primids. After Marth and Meta Knight both begin killing the Primids, they realize they're fighting a common enemy. They decide to team up to fight the subspace army. After defeating the Primids, they catch up to the Ancient Minister, who is carrying a Subspace Bomb, and attempt to intervene. The Ancient Minister dodges Marth's Dolphin Slash, and shoots Meta Knight's wings, setting them on fire, forcing him to transform them back into his cape. Out of nowhere, Ike comes and destroys the bomb with his Great Aether. The Ancient Minister retreats and the trio of swordsmen move on to catch him, only halting when they reach the side of a cliff and can move no further.
Wario prepares to steal the Luigi trophy, unaware of Dedede's trap.
In another area, two Waddle Dees approach Luigi, who is frightened by them. To Luigi's surprise, King Dedede suddenly appears and attacks him with his Jet Hammer. He launches Luigi into the sky, turning him into a trophy. King Dedede retreats, leaving Luigi's trophy as bait for Wario, who is approaching in his trophy carrier containing Ness and the unrescued princess. Wario notices the Luigi trophy and goes to get it, although gets swarmed by Waddle Dees in the process as King Dedede steals the carrier, taking all three trophies with him. Wario looks up, dazed and confused, and angrily yells at the disappearing carrier.
Deep in a forest, Link is seen traveling, intent on finding something with his fairy, Navi, by his side. He walks up to a stone containing the Master Sword. With the Triforce symbol appearing on his left hand, Link pulls the sword out. As he leaves, he passes by a sleeping Yoshi on a stump and the Halberd flying overhead. Link stops and looks up at the Shadow Bugs before getting his sword ready for battle while a confused and newly awaken Yoshi joins him. After passing through the forest, they proceed to follow the departing Halberd. Meanwhile on the Halberd, a man is making plans inside a box.
Meanwhile, on a floating island base, Zero Suit Samus is breaking in. As she emerges from the vent she was in, a glimpse of Solid Snake's hiding box is shown, which later on starts another story. Samus loads her gun and travels through the base, ending up in a room where Pikachu is trapped inside a tube. The machine sucks out Pikachu's electricity, painfully shocking the Pokémon in the process. Zero Suit Samus, seeing Pikachu in pain, destroys the tube with her Plasma Whip. Unfortunately, this sets off an alarm, and they have to fight their way through a hoard of attacking R.O.B.s. Zero Suit Samus and Pikachu then enter a surveillance room with lots of monitors showing various places in the research facility. On one of the many monitors Zero Suit Samus sees what she was looking for: her Power Suit.
Pit and Mario after defeating Link and Yoshi (top), and vice versa (bottom).
At the same time, Kirby and the rescued princess are seen on a long field. Suddenly King Dedede drives by and Kirby runs after him, leaving the princess alone. Bowser then sneaks up from behind the princess and turns her into a trophy, which is subsequently cloned by a mass of Shadow Bugs, turning her into False Peach/Zelda. Mario/Link and Pit/Yoshi run by her without noticing. The Peach/Zelda clone attempts to turn them into trophies, but the gun is cut in half by Pit/Link. Mario/Link and Pit/Yoshi proceed to battle against the clone. They defeat the cloned princess, with the clone transforming into a trophy, then desolving into Shadow Bugs. Mario/Link are running, when he stop to see the clone princess trophy desolving. Thinking this was the real princess, Mario/Link rushes to Link/Mario and attempts to attack. Mario/Link manages to dodge the attack, and Pit and Yoshi join in to battle each other. The losing team are turned into trophies. Afterwards, Mario/Link spots the unrescued princess in the carrier. King Dedede proceeds to capture the losing team trophies by grabbing them with an arm from the carrier as he's speeding away. Fortunately, Kirby cuts the arm with his Final Cutter, and turns Mario/Link and Pit/Yoshi back to normal. King Dedede makes a U-turn and heads for the heroes. After being revived, Link/Pit hit King Dedede's carrier, slowing it down as Mario, Link, Kirby, Yoshi, and Pit pursue him.
In a control room, Ganondorf gives orders to Bowser to track down King Dedede, and gives him his location. Lucas and Pokémon Trainer are by a tall anticline, and see Charizard flying into a cave. They follow Charizard through the ruins of a temple, where Wario appears. Lucas remembers what he did to Ness, and he and Pokémon Trainer battle and defeat Wario, turning him into a trophy. Lucas looks around and wonders where Ness' trophy is. He and Pokémon Trainer hear a growl within the mountain and continue the search for Charizard.
Meanwhile, King Dedede is in his castle, looking at his trophies of the princess, Luigi, and Ness. He puts a timed badge, bearing an image of his face on it, on all of them, until Bowser attacks the castle with his minions and takes the princess's trophy. Link, Mario, Yoshi, Pit, and Kirby enter King Dedede's castle and notice a hole in the wall, which they enter. They chase Bowser all the way out of the castle and to a cliff. Mario attempts to attack Bowser, but he uses Peach/Zelda as a shield and Mario is forced to stand down. Pit shoots an arrow at Bowser which he dodges, falling off of the cliff while Peach/Zelda loses her badge. Bowser ends up in his Koopa Clown Car, and flies away with her to the Halberd. Kirby looks at the fallen badge, confused. Meanwhile, the Ancient Minister plants a bomb at King Dedede's castle, which explodes and sends it to Subspace. Ganondorf is watching on a monitor, and Master Hand appears on it, seeming to order Ganondorf to do something. Ganondorf complies, and bows down.
Meanwhile, Pokémon Trainer, Lucas, and Squirtle fight through a cave. They find a trophy of Ivysaur, which Pokémon Trainer retrieves into a Pokéball. They continue to fight through the cave, until they find Charizard. They fight Charizard, and Pokémon Trainer captures Charizard with his Pokéball. The two eventually end up in a tower.
Lucas and the Pokémon Trainer encounter Galleom.
Meanwhile, the trio of swordsmen find a seemingly inactive tank, which then activates and reveals a huge mech called Galleom. They fight and, after the robot is defeated, it jumps off a cliff and falls through the stone ground below, as Ike, Marth and Meta Knight are only able to look on. As it turns out, Lucas and the Pokémon Trainer had wound up in the chamber in which Galleom lands, damaged. They prepare to fight, but Galleom snatches them with only its right hand (rendering the Trainer unconscious in the process), and reveals itself to be a huge, walking Subspace Bomb, much to Lucas' horror. Galleom then flies up and when it is ready to detonate, Lucas uses his PK Thunder to sever its hand, making them fall as Galleom detonates up above. When Lucas thinks he will get his last breath, holding the Pokémon Trainer closely, Meta Knight swoops in and saves them in the nick of time, as Subspace sucks in everything, including Wario's trophy.
Mario, Yoshi, Kirby, Pit, and Link flee from the Subspace Bomb explosion.
The Ancient Minister watches the explosion, and starts thinking about the Bombs, and the R.O.B's that have sacrificed themselves to detonate it. He turns to go, but is stopped by Mario and company. They proceed to chase him as he fires lasers at them. While they are fighting, two R.O.B.s activate a Subspace bomb. Pit and Mario start attacking the R.O.B.s but are grabbed by two other R.O.B.s and taken away. The Ancient Minister watches sadly as the R.O.B.s wave at him as he leaves. The bomb explodes, however Mario hops on Yoshi and everyone else hops on Kirby's Warp Star and they all leave the area. It is revealed at this point that the impact of the explosion overwhelms the bystanding R.O.B.s and destroys them.
Diddy Kong, Fox, and Falco face a giant false Diddy Kong.
Fox fights through the jungle island with Diddy Kong, eventually seeing Bowser who shoots Diddy and attempts to do the same to Fox. Fortunately, Falco arrives and shoots Bowser with his Arwing. He successfully destroys Bowser's trophy gun, but the Shadow Bugs transform Diddy Kong's trophy into a giant evil false Diddy while Bowser flies away in his Koopa Clown Car. After defeating giant Diddy, Falco leaves. However, Diddy Kong stops him and tries to tell them that Donkey Kong is kidnapped. Falco turns around before Diddy Kong can explain and starts to leave. Diddy Kong gets mad, grabs Falco and drags him along with Fox following behind. The three continue through the jungle and see a ship with Donkey Kong's trophy chained up. It flys over a waterfall and appraches the floating island, but Falco calls the Great Fox and the three hop in to pursue the ship.
Samus and Pikachu battle Ridley.
Meanwhile, Pikachu and Zero Suit Samus go through a warehouse-like place to find her Power Suit. Two Samus clones are there to battle them. After they defeat them, an alarm goes off and R.O.B.s come from everywhere. Samus puts on her Power Suit and shoots them all. They soon enter a large spacious chamber where Ridley appears, grabs Samus and begins scraping her against a wall. Pikachu electrocutes Ridley, forcing him to let go of Samus who falls on the ground weakened, but able to fight and help Pikachu defeat the monster. They end up outside and see two R.O.B.s carrying a Subspace Bomb.
Elsewhere, a group of Pikmin start to attack a giant R.O.B. which simply rises its arms and spins around knocking them all off and kills most of them. Captain Olimar is shocked and scared, however his Red Pikmin informs him of a new visitor. The Blue Falcon speeds through the forest. Captain Falcon jumps out of the car, and Falcon Punches the robot, sending it flying away. Landing after his attack, captain Falcon accidentally kills many of the Pikmin, but teams up with Olimar, regardless; and the pair run along some old ruins fighting the Subspace Army. They notice an Arwing attacking the ship carrying Donkey Kong: Falco drops Diddy out of his Arwing, and with his Peanut Popguns, the monkey shoots the ship holding Donkey Kong. Captain Falcon and Captain Olimar run to assist. Diddy brings Donkey Kong back to life and they are attacked by Primids. The ship enters a cave area as Falco flies away.
Meta Knight faces off against Lucario.
Meanwhile, the Halberd is engaged in a laser duel with the Great Fox, while Marth, Meta Knight, Lucas, Pokémon Trainer, and Ike are watching. Meta Knight flies up the mountain and sees the Ice Climbers on their way to the ships already. Meta Knight flies ahead of them and the Ice Climbers follow. The two become a team and the Ice Climbers and Meta Knight climb the mountain together. After their team reaches the top of the mountain, they see Lucario. He jumps down and challenges Meta Knight to a fight. After the fight, the loser is turned into a trophy. The winner then turns the loser back to his normal state. Lucario and Meta Knight look at each other, but shake hands instead of fighting. Suddenly the Halberd pushes the Great Fox (which it had captured) into the peak of the mountain, causing an avalanche. The Ice Climbers fall down the mountain while Lucario and Meta Knight avoid the avalanche and climb aboard the Halberd. Shadow Bugs swarm around the Ice Climbers, Marth, Ike, Lucas, and Pokémon Trainer and summon more Primids. Mario, Pit, Link, Yoshi, and Kirby arrive at the scene and assist the others.
Meanwhile aboard the Halberd, Solid Snake comes out from underneath his cardboard box and ventures the ship. Then he hears someone coming and he hides under his box. Meta Knight and Lucario pass by, but Lucario senses the aura of Snake. After Lucario uncovers Snake and stops Meta Knight and Snake from fighting each other, he senses Primids behind them with aura, but they are soon defeated, and the three venture further through the Halberd. They eventually reach a room with Peach and Zelda's trophies in cages. Shadow Bugs surround the trophies and generate False Peach and False Zelda. The three battle the evil princesses, break the cages, and turn the real princesses back to life. Snake makes a gesture before he, Lucario, and Meta Knight leave the room, telling the princess to stay in the room. Zelda transforms into Sheik, and Peach giggles as the two leave the room and venture to the deck of the Halberd once Snake and the others were gone.
False Mr. Game & Watches control the Halberd.
In the sky, Fox's Arwing is hit, damaging its wing as he attempts to take down the Halberd. One of his shots almost hits Peach, causing Sheik to jump onto the Arwing and force Fox to eject. Sheik and Fox begin to battle on deck, but then Peach offers Fox some tea. As Sheik sips her cup of tea, Fox accepts the offer. Meanwhile, Lucario, Meta Knight, and Solid Snake reach the control room and discover that the Halberd is controlled by a squad of Mr. Game & Watches. Snake knocks the Mr. Game and Watches out the window and onto the deck nearby Fox, Peach, and Sheik. The Mr. Game and Watches turn into Shadow Bugs and transform into a twin robot named Duon. Lucario and Snake assist Fox, Peach, and Sheik, while Falco ejects from his Arwing to also help take down Duon. When Duon is defeated, it reveals Mr. Game & Watch's trophy. Fox points his Blaster at the trophy while Peach brings Mr. Game & Watch to life. Mr. Game & Watch bows in thanks and Peach gives him her Parasol. Mr. Game and Watch plays with it and Peach giggles at this. As he is harmless, the party lets him join their ranks. In the control room, Meta Knight takes the steering wheel and flies his ship out of the dark clouds.
The Ancient Minister refuses to fight.
The alarm goes off in the island base as Samus and Pikachu run through the corridors. The two break through a wall and enter a huge room full of Subspace Bombs, R.O.B.s, and the Ancient Minister himself. Samus and Pikachu are ready to attack, but the Ancient Minister puts his head down and the two feel pity for him. Just then, Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Captain Olimar, and Captain Falcon burst through another door and stand alongside Samus and Pikachu. Then Ganondorf appears as a hologram and sees the intruders. He orders the R.O.B.s to activate all the Subspace Bombs. The Ancient Minister refuses to let them do that, so Ganondorf takes control the R.O.B.s himself and orders them to obey him. The Ancient Minister tackles two R.O.B.s away from the Subspace Bombs and Ganondorf angrily forces the R.O.B.s to shoot the Ancient Minister before activating all of the Subspace Bombs. The Ancient Minister sadly stands there in his burning clothes while the gang tries to detach the R.O.B.s from the Subspace Bombs. Ganondorf laughs and his hologram disappears, after ordering a flock of Auroros to stop the gang from exiting the island. The Ancient Minister looks up and shoots some of the Auroros down with his laser.
After the Ancient Minister fired beams at the Auroros, his clothes burn off and it is revealed that he is also a R.O.B. himself. This may explain why the Ancient Minister felt sadness at having to sacrifice R.O.B.s, as they are his own kind. Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Samus, Pikachu, Olimar, and Captain Falcon help the R.O.B. defeat the Subspace soldiers. Since they cannot detach the R.O.B.s from the Subspace Bombs, they begin to leave. Diddy tries to get the R.O.B. to help, but he's too saddened after mind linking with two R.O.B.s. Captain Falcon calls his ship by pressing some buttons on his gloves and calls his party. Donkey Kong carries R.O.B. (the Ancient Minister) with them after he refuses to leave. They all jump into a tube and Captain Falcon summons his Falcon Flyer to carry them out of the base. However, Meta Ridley chases after them in a tunnel and the gang has to stop him from delaying their getaway. Meta Ridley is eventually defeated and they escape before the massive explosion occurs. Meanwhile, Mario, Link, Pit, Yoshi, Kirby, Lucas, Pokémon Trainer, the Ice Climbers, Marth, and Ike watch the gigantic explosion. Then they see the Halberd and the Falcon Flyer fly toward them and land in front of them. So they all climb aboard the ships and head for Subspace.
Suddenly a gigantic battleship comes out of Subspace and shoots towards the horizon, bringing another area into Subspace. Ganondorf and Bowser are aboard and control the cannon. Suddenly, Ganondorf stares into the distance and sees the Halberd approaching. The two aim the cannon at the Halberd and after a shot that went through the middle of the Halberd, it is brought down. Although it seems like this is over, The Falcon Flyer, the Arwing, Olimar's Hocotate Ship, and Samus' Spacecraft fly out of the explosion. Now frustrated, the two aim all their cannons at the ships. Out of nowhere, Kirby, riding his Dragoon, flies right through the battleship, thus destroying it. Ganondorf and Bowser retreat into Subspace, followed by the entire gang.
Ganondorf and Bowser are walking through a Subspace region when Ganondorf stops behind Bowser and fires the gun at him, turning Bowser into a trophy. He walks to the edge of a cliff and bows to Master Hand, before looking up and realizing that his leader has puppet strings leading back to Tabuu. Ganondorf jumps at Tabuu who easily repels him back into Master Hand, severing the strings. Ganondorf is turned into a trophy, but Master Hand uses his freedom to attack Tabuu, who blasts him back to the cliff where he lies, defeated. The heroes show up to see Master Hand fallen. They look up at Tabuu. His wings emerge and in one blast, he turns everyone into trophies. A cluster of balls of light form around him and he rests at the end of a pathway leading out from the cliff.
Luigi and Ness get revived by King Dedede's badges.
Elsewhere, in King Dedede's Castle in Subspace, the timed Dedede badges awaken Ness and Luigi. They revive King Dedede and the three of them start a Subspace level where they must collect the trophies of all their fallen comrades. At the end, they find the Bowser trophy which King Dedede brings back to life. Bowser then challenges Dedede to a fight which he loses, turning back into a trophy which King Dedede then revives. It looks like Bowser is going to try to fight again, but Dedede flicks Bowser in the nose, forcing him to see reason and join the party. After finding Ganondorf's trophy, Bowser attacks it several times in anger. Link and Zelda then arrive and revive Ganondorf.
Kirby after spitting out one of King Dedede's badges which he had swallowed earlier.
Kirby is revived by the Dedede badge that he had swallowed much earlier back when King Dedede's Castle was sent to Subspace. Kirby goes to revive the rest of the trophies. Kirby and King Dedede unites after Bowser attempts to attack Kirby after seeing Ganondorf's Trophy. King Dedede is on his way up to Tabuu when he is attacked by Wario. Wario starts laughing at him but Luigi and Ness come and help King Dedede back up. Wario is shocked to see the three as a team. The three point to Tabuu and Wario picks his nose while thinking. He gets on his Wario Bike and goes up to Tabuu, while King Dedede, Luigi and Ness follow. Soon, the whole party arrives at The Great Maze where they must go through all the parts of the Super Smash Bros. World and defeat all the bosses and "dark" characters. After defeating all bosses and "dark" characters, they finally reach Tabuu. Tabuu is about to attack the whole gang again and turn them all into trophies, but Sonic comes in and attacks Tabuu twice, breaking his wings. Sonic then spins around and smiles, waving his finger in the air.
Tabuu then attacks the whole party but is defeated, yelling in pain as all the worlds that were brought into Subspace are brought back. The last area to be brought back is the Final Destination. All the characters are returned back to the regular Smash World and the player then sees the Final Destination at sunset. The credits pass while it shows a few pictures of the various cut-scenes in the game.
[edit] Bosses
Image Boss Description
Petey Piranha Petey Piranha captures Peach and Zelda within cages as the Subspace Army assaults the Arena, and the player has to fight him as Kirby, being able to rescue only one of the princesses. Petey actually uses the cages to attack the player. When one of the cages is attacked, its life decreases. When Petey is attacked, the HP for both of the cages' decrease. The princess within the cage to lose all of its health and break first is the one the player ends up saving. After this is accomplished, Petey is defeated and burns to the ground. In his second battle, Petey's cages are empty and the player must break at least one cage to defeat him.
Rayquaza After Fox's Arwing crashes into the Jungle, Rayquaza emerges from a nearby lake and destroys what is left of the ship. Having watched this take place, Diddy Kong is captured by Rayquaza. Fox is ejected from the Arwing at the last second and rescues Diddy. A battle with Rayquaza commences. Rayquaza uses attacks such as Hyper Beam during the battle, often flying on and off the screen during its mad rushes, and falls to the ground in defeat after it has lost all of its health.
Porky Statue The Pig King Statue is a gigantic statue from MOTHER 3. It has been described as virtually impossible to hit. Lucas must run from him, dodging his blows, as they can result in one-hit KO's. After running for a certain amount of time, Ness appears, and saves Lucas, only to end up encountering Porky in the Spider Mech. This is the only boss not appearing in Boss Battle mode, despite the fact that he is impossible to hit and therefore cannot be actually considered a boss.
Porky Ness and Lucas fight Porky in his Spider Mech from Mother 3 after Ness defeats a large statue of Porky. During the battle, Porky Minch uses the machine's robotic legs to attack either Lucas or Ness. Other, more powerful attacks he uses include a very accurate laser beam and a wave of his mechanical robots (based on himself). The machine flips upside-down and squirms after Porky's life bar has been completely depleted.
Galleom A large Subspace Army mech, Galleom is fought in two phases. During the first phase, he is fought by Marth, Ike, and Meta Knight. After he is defeated, he falls down into the ruins, crashing through the floor to confront Lucas and the Pokémon Trainer. After being defeated, Galleom activates the Subspace Bomb within its head and attempts to take them with it; however, the two are rescued just in time by Meta Knight after Lucas uses PK Thunder to free themselves and fall.
Ridley Samus's nemesis from the Metroid series appears as a boss. Like Rayquaza, Ridley often flies on and off the screen during the battle. He has several attacks, including one in which he scrapes his tail against the ground. Many of his other attacks are similar to Master Hand's. After the player depletes his life bar as either Samus or Pikachu, Ridley falls off the platform.
Duon The second of the two Subspace Army mechs. After the Mr. Game & Watches are tossed out of the control room of the Battleship Halberd, they are converted into Shadow Bugs. These Shadow Bugs combine to form Duon, fought as Fox, Peach, Zelda, Lucario, Solid Snake, and Falco. When it is defeated, it reforms into Mr. Game & Watch, who joins the effort to defeat the Subspace Army.
Meta Ridley Ridley makes a return appearance in his cybernetically enhanced form from Metroid Prime, this time challenging Samus, Pikachu, Captain Falcon, Captain Olimar, R.O.B., Diddy Kong, and Donkey Kong. He chases after the group as they escape the floating island in Captain Falcon's ship. His attacks include fireballs, rushing at the player, and influencing the ship in various ways, such as forcing it downward and making it rock back and forth.
Tabuu Tabuu is the true villain of The Subspace Emissary. He was controlling Master Hand and turns all fighters into trophies, but thanks to a time artifact made by King Dedede, some survive and he is then weakened by Sonic and destroyed by everyone.
[edit] Enemies
Main article: Subspace Army
[edit] Classic Mode
The loading screen before each level of Classic Mode, with Link acting as the first opponent.
Classic Mode returns from Super Smash Bros. Melee, acting the exact same way. Players pick a character, and then go through a barrage of fights. Each stage appears in a certain order, with a Legend of Zelda stage appearing first, and a Pokémon stage appearing third. Like the last game, certain conditions are set in a few matches. A few examples are the player and two teammates fighting a giant version of an opponent, or the player fighting a metal version of another player. A small heart appears next to a teammate's logo in the matches with allies. When a level is finished, the score is added up, and coins are earned. These can be used in the Coin Launcher. Clearing this Mode will give the player a trophy of the character used to complete it. [9]
Classic Mode
Stage 1 Legend of Zelda Series. (Link, Toon Link, Zelda, Sheik or Ganondorf)
Stage 2 Yoshi or Donkey Kong Series. (Yoshi, Donkey Kong or Diddy Kong)
Stage 3 Pokémon Series. (Pokémon Trainer, Pikachu, Jigglypuff or Lucario)
Stage 4 Fire Emblem or Earthbound Series. (Marth, Ike, Ness or Lucas)
Bonus Stage 1 Break the Targets! (The Target Smash!! level of current difficulty)
Stage 5 Kirby Series. (Kirby, Meta Knight or King Dedede)
Stage 6 Metroid or Pikmin Series. (Olimar, Samus or Zero Suit Samus)
Stage 7 Star Fox or F-Zero Series. (Fox, Falco, Wolf or Captain Falcon)
Stage 8 Mario Series. (Mario, Peach, Luigi or Bowser)
Stage 9 Robot, Kid Icarus, Ice Climber or Game & Watch Series. (R.O.B, Pit, Ice Climbers, or Mr. Game & Watch)
Stage 10 WarioWare, Metal Gear Solid or Sonic the Hedgehog Series. (Wario, Snake or Sonic)
Bonus Stage 2 Break the Targets! (Target Smash!! level one difficulty higher than current difficulty)
Stage 11 The player has to fight three random characters.
Final Stage The player has to fight Master Hand. Crazy Hand will also appear if it is completed on Hard or higher, within nine minutes, and with no continues.
[edit] Bosses
Boss Description
Master Hand The final boss of Classic mode, the right hand, Master Hand is sometimes referred to as the "manifestation of creative spirit" in the Smash Bros. universe. Master Hand's existence is still a shadowed one, therefore little is known of it.
Crazy Hand While Master Hand is the "manifestation of creative spirit", the left hand, Crazy Hand is the "manifestation of destructive spirit". In Classic Mode, Crazy Hand appears only if the player has arrived at the final stage with the difficulty at Hard or above with no continues, and the player must have arrived at the final stage in nine minutes or less. However, if the player loses against the two hands when fighting them, Crazy Hand will not appear to assist Master Hand.
[edit] All-Star Mode
All-Star mode returns from Melee, while basically the same it has had some slight modifications. It can now be played with two players and opponents are now sorted by Series rather than in a random order. No more than two foes appear at the time. The Pokémon Level has the most enemies as Pokémon Trainer uses each Pokémon separately. It is unlocked by unlocking all the characters. Beating rewards the player with a a trophy of the current charcter preforming their Final Smash. Also, if All-Star is beaten with Co-op mode, Final Smash Trophies of both characters are rewarded.[10] The order of the fights are also the order the games came out. Also, in Co-Op mode, the players must fight two Olimars in the last level.
[edit] All-Star Matches
# Series Characters Stages
Game & Watch Mr. Game & Watch Flat Zone 2
Super Mario Mario, Luigi, Peach, Bowser Mushroomy Kingdom/Delfino Plaza/Mario Circuit/Luigi's Mansion
Donkey Kong Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong 75m/Rumble Falls
Ice Climbers Ice Climbers Summit
R.O.B. R.O.B. Mario Bros.
Legend of Zelda Link, Toon Link, Zelda/Sheik, Ganondorf Bridge of Eldin/Pirate Ship
Metroid Samus Aran/Zero Suit Samus Frigate Orpheon/Norfair
Kid Icarus Pit Skyworld
Metal Gear Solid Solid Snake Shadow Moses Island
EarthBound Ness, Lucas New Pork City
Fire Emblem Marth, Ike Castle Siege
Yoshi's Island Yoshi Yoshi's Island
F-Zero Captain Falcon Port Town Aero Dive
Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic the Hedgehog Green Hill Zone
Kirby Kirby, Meta Knight, King Dedede Halberd
Star Fox Fox, Falco, Wolf Lylat Cruise
WarioWare Wario WarioWare, Inc.
Pokémon Pikachu, Pokémon Trainer, Lucario, Jigglypuff Pokémon Stadium 2/Spear Pillar
Pikmin Olimar Distant Planet
[edit] Events
Events are an updated version of Super Smash Bros. Melee's Event Matches. They are pre-defined missions to be completed by the player; most of them have the objective of defeating certain opponents. Each event is represented by a small preview screenshot on the event list, and a difficulty (Easy - Normal - Hard) can be selected. Several events are also available in the co-op mode, which allows two players at a time to play. In this mode, they cooperate, thus cannot fight each other. The events are:
[edit] Single Player Mode
# Preview Event Player's Character In-game Description (Objective) Stage
1 Two Trouble Kings Mario Now there are TWO greedy kings? Having a buddy doesn't change their natures. (Mario must defeat Bowser and King Dedede.) Delfino Plaza
2 Landmaster Ignition Fox Slippy! Send me a Landmaster! Show them Star Fox's Final Smash! (Fox must KO Zelda/Sheik and Meta Knight with the Landmaster as many times as possible within a time limit.) Corneria
3 Pink Ball Repulsion Meta Knight Kirby must not board the Halberd! Repel him so the plans can succeed! (Meta Knight has to defeat Kirby before he reaches the Battleship Halberd (1:24).) Halberd
4 Cleaning House in Skyworld Pit Destroy all the breakable terrain to remodel Skyworld! (Pit has to destroy all platforms in Skyworld, with Wario trying to fight him.) Skyworld
5 Become the Champion! Pokémon Trainer The final Pokémon-tournament challenge. Do your Pokémon match up?! (Player must defeat all 3 of the rival Trainer's Pokémon.) Pokémon Stadium 2
6 Super Bowser Bros. Bowser Want to see what it's like to be Mario? Survive as you race to the flag! (Race 3 Marios to the end of Mushroomy Kingdom 1-1, without being KO'd.) Mushroomy Kingdom 1-1
7 Diddy Kong Panic Donkey Kong So many angry little Diddy Kongs. Did they lose a race or something? (KO the 15 Diddy Kongs.) Mario Circuit
8 Go! Triple Finish! Pikachu SQUIRTLE, IVYSAUR and CHARIZARD appear all at once in a Pokémon battle royale! (KO Squirtle, Ivysaur, and Charizard.) Pokémon Stadium 2
9 The Monster Beneath the Earth Ike A fearsome beast awaits in the dungeon. Pray you settle things before you see it. (KO two Diddy Kongs; if the player reaches the dungeon below, they will end up having to fight a Giant Donkey Kong.) Castle Siege
10 All-Star Battle Regulars Choose The Smash Bros. perfect-attendance crew! Fight the eight regulars in order! (KO the 8 series regulars: Mario, DK, Link, Samus, Yoshi, Kirby, Fox, Pikachu.) Final Destination
11 Yoshi's Rainbow Ice Climbers Yoshis everywhere! Beat 'em in order: red, pink, yellow, green, pale blue, blue. (KO the Yoshis in that particular order.) Rainbow Cruise
12 Sleeping in the Eggs Yoshi These two can't seem to settle down. Maybe they will if you put them in eggs. (Simultaneously capture Kirby and Pikachu in Yoshi's eggs.) Yoshi's Island
13 Dragoon Strike Kirby Reunite the three parts of the Dragoon! Aim well to launch your enemies! (KO three Warios with the Dragoon.) Halberd
14 Sproutage of the Flower Pikmin Pikmin & Olimar In time, Pikmin blossom. Guard the six Pikmin until they all bloom into flowers! (Self-explanatory) Distant Planet
15 Hammer of the King King Dedede We are the three Dededes! It's King Dedede times three! (With the help of two ally Dededes, KO a Giant Metal Dedede.) Smashville
16 Power Suit ON! Zero Suit Samus Quickly! Regain the Power Suit you lost. You'll need a Smash Ball to do it. (Get the Smash Ball and use the Final Smash.) Frigate Orpheon
17 Super Waterfall Climb Zelda I want to climb a waterfall at high speed. Why? Because it's there. (Make it to the top of the stage.) Rumble Falls
18 Dark Link Duel Link A predestined battle with Dark Link. Nowhere to run, but no one in the way. (KO Dark Link in a match with hitpoints instead of damage percentages.) Bridge of Eldin
19 Wario Bros. Wario I came to find the Mario Bros.' roots. What's this giant stage? (KO Mario and Luigi.) Mario Bros.
20 All-Star Battle x 1 Choose Challengers approaching! Fight eight Brawl newcomers in all! (KO Wario, Meta Knight, Pit, Zero Suit Samus, Olimar, Lucas, Diddy Kong, and Pokémon Trainer.) Battlefield
21 Visit to Onett Lucas In the legendary boy's town, even one as timid as I could become a warrior. (KO Ness.) Onett
22 Monkeys Unite Diddy Kong Donkey Kong is under attack! Defeat his opponent! (KO Sheik and Lucario, with Giant Donkey Kong as an ally.) Rumble Falls
23 Molten Norfair Samus Get inside the safety capsule before your foes to survive the lava of Norfair. (Enter the capsule when the huge wave of lava approaches.) Norfair
24 Come On! Blue Falcon! Captain Falcon Dawdle too much and the race will end! Ride the Blue Falcon to victory! (KO the two R.O.B.s with the Final Smash within one lap.) Port Town Aero Dive
25 The Aura is with Me Lucario When pushed to the limit, his power grows! Fight as LUCARIO at lethal damage! (KO Ness and Sheik; Lucario starts with 182% damage.) Spear Pillar
26 The Slow and Easy Life Ness You want to enjoy K.K. Slider's show. But those guys keep gettin' in the way... (KO three Tiny Olimars.) Smashville
27 Three-Beast Carnage R.O.B. Three beasts are in the tyrant's town! Facing them is a lone figure...R.O.B. (KO Giant Bowser, Giant Donkey Kong, and Giant Charizard.) New Pork City
28 Flower Blooms in the Echoes Peach Wrapped in sound waves, flowers of joy bloom. Make all the leaves on the right tree red! (Hit all the leaves on the tree on the right, until they are all red at the same time.) Hanenbow
29 All-Star Semifinal Regulars Choose Four hidden characters from the first game! They've appeared in every Smash game to date! (KO Luigi, Captain Falcon, Ness, and Jigglypuff.) Yoshi's Island
30 Sonic Boom Sonic Hey, guys! Is this some kind of joke? Isn't one Sonic enough? (KO 15 enemy Sonics.) Green Hill Zone
31 The Ultimate Bodyguard Marth Ganondorfs attack Zelda as she focuses! Protect her at all costs! (Protect Zelda from 2 Ganondorfs until she transforms, then finish the battle.) Castle Siege
32 Bird in Darkest Night Falco What's happening? It's getting darker! Today's just isn't my lucky day. (KO Mr. Game & Watch in a darker version of Brinstar.) Brinstar
33 Advent of the Evil King Ganondorf The king of evil wants the Triforce, but the fated pair have help from above. (KO Link, Zelda, and Pit.) Temple
34 All-Star Battle Melee Choose It's the eight challengers from Melee! What's different between then and now? (KO Bowser, Peach, Zelda, Ice Climbers, Marth, Mr. Game & Watch, Falco, and Ganondorf.) Pokémon Stadium
35 The Visitor to Flat Zone Mr. Game & Watch Can anyone move well in this flat world? Maybe an ally?! Maybe not... (KO Peach, Jigglypuff, and Toon Link.) Flat Zone 2
36 High-Tech Special Forces Solid Snake Colonel: Snake. Intel shows FOXHOUND has hired three bounty hunters to kill you. (KO Samus, Captain Falcon, and Wolf.) Shadow Moses Island
37 The Pirate Airship Toon Link Your chance comes when the whirlwind lifts the pirate ship. Finish it in the sky! (KO the two Yoshis when the ship is in the sky.) Pirate Ship
38 The Wolf Hunts the Fox Wolf Wolf will be the one to finish you! It's Star Fox's final battle. (KO Fox and Falco.) Lylat Cruise
39 All-Star Battle x 2 Choose It's even more new Brawl challengers! There's a total of eight. Defeat them all. (KO King Dedede, Ike, Lucario, R.O.B, Toon Link, Snake, Sonic, and Wolf.) Skyworld
40 The Final Battle Choose Bowser, King Dedede, and Ganondorf... A battle with the bossiest of bosses! (KO Bowser, King Dedede, and Ganondorf.) Final Destination
41 The FINAL, Final Battle Choose It's the REAL final battle! (KO Snake, Sonic, and Giant Mario.) Final Destination
[edit] Co-Op Mode
This mode requires two human players, and has different events from the single-player mode (excluding one which was also an event in Single-Player Mode).
# Preview Event Player's Characters In-game Description (Objective) Stage
1 Two Trouble Kings Mario and Kirby Now there are TWO greedy kings? Having a buddy doesn't change their natures. (KO Bowser and King Dedede.) Delfino Plaza
2 Master the Pokémon Tag Battle Pokémon Trainer and Pikachu The Pokémon tournament's final challenge. Your rivals have the same Pokémon! (KO rival Pokémon Trainer, and Pikachu.) Pokémon Stadium 2
3 Fastest, Shortest, Sudden Death Yoshi and King Dedede Only ten seconds left?! Beat as many foes as you can in Super Sudden Death and live! (Survive 10 seconds at 300% damage.) WarioWare, Inc.
4 The DK Tag Calamity Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong DK and Diddy got tiny! Use lightning to help deal the final blow! (Defeat all enemies while many Lightning Bolt items appear.) Mario Circuit
5 The Yoshi Team of 50 Meta Knight and Pit It's a mountain of Yoshis! Take care of them all before completing one lap. (KO all 50 Yoshis in under one lap.) Rainbow Cruise
6 Unwanted Suitors Zelda and Zero Suit Samus What do these guys want, anyway? Chase 'em off, will ya? (KO the invisible enemies.) Port Town Aero Dive
7 Battle of the Dark Sides Link and Samus A predestined battle with their dark sides. Nowhere to run, but no one in the way. (KO Dark Link and Dark Samus; all players have 200 HP.) Bridge of Eldin
8 All MINE! Wario and Bowser Money! Money makes the world go 'round! Gather 2,000 coins and eat something good. (Gather 2,000 coins.) Skyworld
9 Those Who Wait in Onett Lucas and Ness A green combo has descended on Onett. And they don't seem to be leaving. (KO Luigi and Yoshi.) Onett
10 The R.O.B.'s of Tomorrow Lucario and Ice Climbers It's normally a pretty small robot... Is this even possible? (Take turns KOing the R.O.B.s, which are of varying sizes.) Summit
11 The Great Remodeling Battle Luigi and Peach Finally time for that remodel! Nab 300 coins without damaging the house. (Get 300 coins without damaging the mansion.) Luigi's Mansion
12 Come Back, Falcon Flyer! Captain Falcon and Pikmin & Olimar Land the final blow before the Falcon Flyer leaves... in about thirty seconds! (KO two Samus' in 30 seconds.) Big Blue
13 Blades of the Quick and Mighty Marth and Ike Two blades of vastly different styles. Combine them to grasp their true worth. (KO Link, Meta Knight, and Ganondorf.) Temple
14 The Dark Guardians Ganondorf and Wolf Two beasts appeared in the tyrant's town! How clever. See if you can't crush them. (KO Giant Charizard and Donkey Kong.) New Pork City
15 Four Swords Brawl Both play as Toon Link Four chase coins instead of Rupees! The first team to 500 coins wins! (Collect 500 coins before the foes do.) Pirate Ship
16 JIGGLYPUFF's Great Comeback Jigglypuff and Mr. Game & Watch JIGGLYPUFF may be feeble at first, but if you can just hand on, then surely... (KO Lucas and Ness. Jigglypuff starts small - the equivalent of being lightning-struck, then grows to normal size when the stage changes once, then becomes big when it changes again.) Castle Siege
17 Sonic and Mario Sonic and Mario No problem! It's nothing at all! Only a race can decide the true victors! (KO enemies Sonic and Mario.) Green Hill Zone
18 The New Weapon of Shadow Moses Solid Snake and R.O.B. The robotic weapons have been rolled out. Only one of them is an ally... (KO two R.O.B.s.) Shadow Moses Island
19 Shadow of Andross Fox and Falco It's a fierce attack by Andross and Wolf. Take them, Team Star Fox! (Avoid the attacks of Andross, while attempting to KO Wolf.) Lylat Cruise
20 The Final Battle for Two Choose any Character A fierce battle with nasty rivals! You can't lose now! (KO Wario, King Dedede, Wolf, Meta Knight, Ganondorf and Bowser.) Final Destination
21 The True All-Star Battle Choose any Character Fight everyone without any breaks! It's endless, but a suitable final battle. (KO every single character.) Battlefield
[edit] Stadium
The Stadium offers several mini-games, as previously in Super Smash Bros. Melee and one new mode.
Mario with Sandbag and a Home-Run Bat
[edit] Home-Run Contest
The Home-Run Contest returns with quite a few differences. A shield surrounds the platform, preventing players from accidentally pushing Sandbag off the platform. However, the shield shatters if it is knocked around by the Sandbag too much. The shield disappears when the ten seconds are up. Two players can work together in cooperative play, with the two having to work together in order to set a good record. Two players can also challenge each other in two player alternating play, which features two characters taking turns to see who can knock Sandbag the farthest. Both of these modes can be played in Wi-Fi Connection mode, under the With Friends mode.
[edit] Target Smash!!
Also available in the Stadium mode is Target Smash!!, a slightly altered mode of the Target Test from the previous games. There are five different levels that all characters can play on, and the replays can be sent to other players via the Wi-Fi Connection. It is also possible to play Target Smash!! with two players simultaneously.
[edit] Multi-Man Brawl
The Selection Screen for Multi-Man Brawl.
Another returning feature is the Multi-Man Brawl, known as Multi-Man Melee in the previous game. In this mode, players fight the enormous Fighting Alloy Team. Objectives include defeating a certain number of Alloys, fighting them off for a set period of time, or fighting endlessly for a high score. 10 Man, 100 Man, 3 Minute, 15 minute, Endless and Cruel Settings all return. Various rewards from the challenges section are obtained in this mode.
New additions to the mode include its inclusion in two-player mode, whereas in Melee the mode was strictly single player. The Fighting Wire Frames have been replaced by the Alloys. While there were only two types of Wire Frames, there are four types of Alloys. All alloys resemble and act like a certain character. Red Alloys act like Captain Falcon, Blue Alloys act like Zelda, Yellow Alloys act like Mario, and Green Alloys act like Kirby.
There are a variety of modes in Multi-Man Melee/Brawl:
• 10-Man Brawl - KO 10 enemies.
• 100-Man Brawl - KO 100 enemies.
• 3-Minute Brawl - Fight for 3 minutes.
• 15-Minute Brawl - Fight for 15 minutes.
• Endless Brawl - Fight until the player gets KO'd.
• Cruel Brawl - Fight until the player gets KO'd.
Additionally in Cruel Melee/Brawl the Fighting Alloy/Wire Frames are stronger, and are capable of making one hit KOs. Also, there are no items that appear, making it very tough. Managing to defeat 10 Fighting Wire Frames in Melee earns the player a bonus message congratulating them for defeating 10 (or more) Fighting Wire Frames in Cruel Melee.
[edit] Boss Battle Mode
This mode is similar to All-star mode, except the player must fight all of the bosses that appear in the game. The player is provided only with three Heart Containers that heal all damage, and they only have one life. Unlike All-star, however, enemies are in random order (except for the final boss, Tabuu), and there is no option to continue after being defeated; players are instead taken directly back to the Character Select Screen. If the mode is cleared, the time taken is recorded for the high score. If not, the number of bosses defeated will be. Players can set the difficultly level to the same ones as other modes: Easy, Normal, Hard, Very Hard, or Intense. The difficulty levels will affect how fast the bosses will move, along with how much damage their attacks will inflict.
It is unlocked by clearing Subspace Emissary for the first time, and by defeating Classic Mode at least once. Crazy Hand does not have to be fought to unlock the game mode. Also, like All-Star mode, Boss Battle Mode can be played with two players simultaneously. If done so, there will be five Heart Containers total at the healing area.
[edit] Training
The Training mode returns from Super Smash Bros. Melee. It allows the player to learn to play the game properly, or to experiment with certain functions and items. The player fights one to three characters, which can be controlled by the CPU, the player, or not move at all. The player can create any item to test it, as well as the Smash Ball to practice Final Smashes. The hit damage of the CPU can be predefined, and the game can be put in slow or quick motion.
[edit] Group
[edit] Brawl
Choosing alternate characters for the start of a match.
Four characters (Mario, Snake, Light Blue Yoshi and Zelda) begin their battle in Skyworld.
Very similar to previous games, in which 2-4 players or computers may battle. The players can select their characters, who also have alternate costumes, and choose the stage to play on. As the battle begins, while the announcer is counting down, each character appears with their specific entrance. For example, Samus comes out of a teleporter and Mario out of a Warp Pipe. These entrances were present in the original Super Smash Bros., but not in Super Smash Bros. Melee, for unknown reasons.
As in the last two games, Super Smash Bros. Brawl has Handicaps to help beginners in battles. However, this time, handicaps do not affect the player's attack strength and knockback resistance, but instead, changes a player's starting damage percentage. The handicap can be from 0% to 300%. For example, one player can start at 0% damage, but the other starts at 50%, even after that player has been knocked out. This allows players to test their skills, or just to give them a challenge, as well as helping beginners learn the basics.
For characters with multiple forms, the character selection screen allows the player to choose which character they will start with, by clicking the alternate form (i.e. Sheik). This means characters like Zelda can be used to select Sheik. Depending on the choice, that will be the character the player starts as in the beginning of the match.
[edit] Rules
This feature allows the player to control a wide variety of settings for Group mode. These settings don't affect any other mode.
[edit] Rules
Choose the type of match.
• Time: In these matches, fighters will score a point for each KO and lose a point for each fall or self-destruct. The fighter with the most points when time runs out wins the match. If there is a tie, the game will go into sudden death mode. In this situation, there is no time limit but each fighter has only a single life and starts with 300% damage. The last one standing wins.
• Stock: Each fighter has a set number of lives. They lose one each time they fall off the stage. When a fighter loses their last life, they obviously do not reappear. The last fighter standing wins.
• Coin: Fighters collect coins to increase their score, which is displayed above their damage gauge. Bronze coins are worth 1 point, silver coins are worth 3 points, and gold coins are worth 6. There are also bills. Coins are created when a fighter receives damage. The value of the coins corresponds to the strength of the attack. However, these coins are not subtracted from the victim's score. Fighters have unlimited lives, but their score is cut in half when they fall off the stage. Whoever has the highest score when time runs out wins the match.
[edit] Time
If the player chooses Time or Coin in the above rules, they can set how long the match will be.
• The player can choose from 1 to 99 minutes at one minute intervals.
• The player can also choose infinity, meaning the match will last forever and no one can win. The player will have to eventually quit the match. However, this setting is useful for certain challenges such as 2,000 KOs or 5,000 coins.
[edit] Stock
If the player chooses Stock above, they can set how many lives each fighter will have: from 1 to 99.
[edit] Handicap
Fighters can start matches with automatic damage. When they fall off the stage, they will also start with this set amount of damage.
• Off: By default, everyone starts with 0 damage.
• On: On the Fighter select screen, the player can set how much damage each fighter individually will start with; from 0 to 300 at intervals of ten.
• Auto: 10 damage is added for each consecutive win but the handicap is reduced to 0 when a player loses. Here is an example: For the first match everyone will start with 0. But for the second match, the winner of the first will start with 10 damage. If they win again, they will start the third match with 20 damage, and so on. But if they lose, they will start the third match with 0 damage and the winner of the second will start with 10.
[edit] Damage Ratio
This number multiplies the knockback of any attack. It can be set from 0.5 to 2.0 at intervals of 0.1 By default, of course, it is set at 1.0.
[edit] Stage Choice
Sets how players will choose stages.
• Choose: Any player can pick any stage in between matches.
• Random: Stages are picked randomly without the player even going to the stage selection menu.
• Turns: First Player 1 picks the stage, then Player 2, and so on.
• Ordered: The first match is on a random stage, but the second is on the stage after the first on the stage menu. Once again, the player bypasses this menu.
• Loser's Pick: The loser of the last match picks the stage.
[edit] Item Switch
This brings the player to a menu where they can set the rate of items appearing: None, Low, Medium, or High. They can also toggle whether or not each item individually will appear (excluding stickers and CDs).
[edit] More Rules
This option is unlocked by scoring a total of 200 KOs in Group mode. It brings the player to another menu like the first where they can set more rules. These are listed below.
[edit] Stock Time Limit
Sets time limit for a stock match.
• Infinity: By default there is no timer in stock matches. The only way to win is by taking away all of the oppenents lives.
• The player can also put a limit on stock matches from 1 to 99 minutes at one minute intervals. When time runs out, the fighter with the most lives wins. If there is a tie, they will go into sudden death mode.
[edit] Team Attack
• Off: By default, members of the same team in a Team Battle cannot cause each other to take damage or flinch from direct attacks or projectiles. However, if one member places a Motion-Sensor Bomb, anyone can detonate it (including the fighter who placed it).
• On: Members of the same team can deal damage and knockback to each other as if they were opponents.
[edit] Pause
• On: By default, any player can pause and enter picture mode during gameplay.
• Off: The battle is continuous; no pausing at all. Best for tourneys.
[edit] Score Display
For Time brawls. Scores are always displayed in Coin battles.
• Off: By default, players cannot see their scores. However, a "+1" or "-1" is displayed on the characters' icons whenever a KO is scored or someone falls off the stage, respectively.
• On: Players can see their total score on their icons above their damage gauge. The scoring animations described above still appear.
[edit] Damage Gauge
• On: By default, each player can see their damage total next to their fighter's icon.
• Off: For a tenser battle, players do not know how much damage anyone has.
[edit] Random Stage Switch
This option brings the player to another menu and is unlocked when all the stages are unlocked. Players can toggle whether or not individual stages appear when the Stage Choice is set to Random or when they choose Random from the Stage menu. Custom Stages cannot be toggled individually; either any of them can appear randomly or none.
[edit] Special Brawl
The "Bunny Brawl" setting.
A new feature is the Special Brawl. Using this, players are able to customize the battle themselves. This means they can attach items, set stats, and add appearance differences to all the players, right from the start of the battle, without having to collect the items themselves. The Special Brawl, thus, allows players to try a variety of settings such as Invisible Bunny Brawl, instead of the settings given on a certain type of battle, as seen in previous with the Special Melee modes in Super Smash Bros. Melee.
Records involving Special Brawl are not saved. Also, in Stamina Mode, unlike in Super Smash Bros. Melee, players can choose how much HP they'll start with; from 1 HP, all the way up to 300 HP.
[edit] Rotation
The Rotation mode is an enhanced version of the Winner Out/Loser Out Tournament modes of Super Smash Bros. Melee. It allows more than four players to play at the same system, by passing the controllers on after each battle. Up to sixteen players can be put into the queue, with each given the possibility to use their name and their personal controller configuration. However, this is not required. There is still the option between Winner Out and Loser Out, where the winner or the loser of the match pass the controller on to the next player after the match, respectively. Additionally, players have the option to pause, i. e. moving themselves at the end of the queue. The mode is available when two or more controllers are connected to the Wii. Players can change their character in the middle of the Rotation Mode, like in Super Smash Bros. Melee.
[edit] Tourney
The Tourney Mode from Super Smash Bros. Melee (then "Tournament Mode") is in Brawl, acting the exact same way as it did in Super Smash Bros. Melee. Players are able to brawl in a tourney, that can have up to thirty-two players, and must fight their way to the championship, eventually earning a cup if they win. It is possible to play with friends, or battle CPU characters. Apart from decreasing the total number of players from sixty-four to thirty-two and letting players put in more characters on stage than controllers (such as four characters when there are only 2 controllers connected), nothing has changed compared to Melee.
[edit] Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection
The main Wi-Fi menu.
Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection is a new feature in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. However, similar to what happened with Mario Strikers Charged, the game tends to slow down and fail when the players are playing far away. The further away the players are from each other, the more the problem worsens. So, playing a game from Japan to America will slow the game down, and cause some problems in the battle. Regardless, the game is still capable of connecting overseas. The two modes are With Friends and With Anyone.
When playing with friends, players use friend codes in order to brawl with each other. They choose an emblem to represent themselves. Emblems can be the games' series emblems, the characters' icons, or Miis. In this mode, players are able to send messages to each other in-game, using the Taunt command. Players can send four different kinds of messages, one for each direction: up, down, left, and right. Results are recorded only in this mode. The Home-run Contest and Multi-Man Brawl are also playable in this mode.
The With Friends mode selection screen.
When brawling in the With Anyone setting, players are unable to send messages to each other in-game, and neither can they see the name or details of their opponent. Also, the results of the battle are not recorded in the With Anyone mode. There are several modes in the With Anyone setting. In the Basic Brawl, players play against each other without teams. However, the rules are set to 2-Minute Brawl and cannot be changed. However, players can individually change their item settings. The game will randomly use the item setting of one of the combatants. If there are less than four players, there will be CPU enemies present to make there be four characters. When a player disconnects from the Wi-Fi connection while battling, a CPU takes over their character.
Unlockable characters are also available in this setting for a player who has unlocked them. Because of this, Nintendo recommends players not to use the Basic Brawl setting if one is not wanting to get the unlockable characters spoiled. A different mode in the With Anyone setting is the Team Brawl. While the game is loading, or while the players are waiting for other opponents, they can practice the game by attacking the Sandbag from Super Smash Bros. Melee. Players can choose to be spectators of the battle, and even bet coins on who will win.
[edit] Vault
Here, various content can be found, such as things the player unlocked and content that is just fun to look at.
[edit] Trophies & Stickers
[edit] Trophies
Trophies return in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. They act the same way, some being collected the same way, but there are now new trophies, and they are more easily stored, as an image of the trophy will be seen when selecting a trophy. They can also be displayed the same way they were in Melee. When a trophy is selected, a description of the character or object portrayed will be displayed. There are a total of 544 different trophies to collect.
[edit] Trophy Hoard
Another new feature is that many trophies can be placed together on the same spot, making dioramas. There are also more backgrounds that can add to this new feature.
[edit] Stickers
Throughout the game, players can find Stickers, which show up at random points during Brawls. Unlike trophies, however, the items will be much easier to find and are simply pieces of 2D game artwork rather than 3D models. Stickers are stored in an album. They can be used to power up characters in the Subspace Emissary. Stickers however have one use and once used, the player cannot acquire them back unless they happen to collect the same kind of sticker again.
[edit] Sticker Center
Similar to the Trophy Hoard, stickers can be used to decorate a screen. Different backgrounds can be selected, and pictures can be taken.
[edit] Coin Launcher
Screen shot of the Coin Launcher in use.
The Coin Launcher is a mini-game available in the Vault, replacing the Lottery mode from Super Smash Bros. Melee. In this game, the player uses the coins which they have won in the Classic Mode, the Subspace Emissary, the Group mode or by betting on the winner in the Wi-Fi connection's Spectator Mode, to get trophies and stickers. The player controls the Coin Launcher, a cannon that shoots the coins the player has collected. Several moving objects appear at regular intervals, of which there are a few different types. Each different type moves in a different formation and direction across the screen. If the player shoots all the enemies in a particular group formation, the player will often gain a sticker as a reward. However, the main aim of this game is to hit the Trophies to win them. These appear quite regularly, and move across the screen in a random path, although these are predetermined. A trophy must be hit with two to four coins to be collected. There are some hazards in this game; mainly the missiles which appear and aim for the Coin Launcher. Each one takes two hits to destroy, but some move much faster than others, and occasionally a large group will appear all at once. If a missile hits the Coin Launcher, the player loses ten coins, and a special green gauge decreases. This gauge, located on the bottom left corner of the screen, if filled up completely, allows the player to rapid-fire coins for a short time when it is filled. It is filled slightly whenever a missile is destroyed, or a certain number of moving objects.
[edit] Stage Builder
The Stage Builder in action.
Mario and Luigi, battle on a stage, made by the Stage Builder.
Players create custom stages using this mode. When making the stage, players first pick the size of the stage, and then creating a background pattern, as well as the music from the game that will play on the stage. Once done, the player can start adding pieces to the stage, whether it be simple platforms to ladders to spikes. However, each of the four control types have different ways to move the pieces, however, they are all able to flip, resize, zoom, swap palettes and erase pieces of the stage.
After building a fraction of the stage, it can be tested out before being saved. This can be done several times, if it is necessary. After the stage is finished, the name and comment can be chosen, as well as an option to change the music of the stage. It can be sent to other players via Wi-Fi Connection, but cannot ever be played on using the Wi-Fi connection. At one point, it could have been sent directly to Nintendo using the "Submit" option on the Stage Builder screen. Every day, Nintendo would send a selected stage to every player with Wi-Fi and Super Smash Bros. Brawl, so they could try out the stages that other people have made. The stage got removed after a day had passed, and a new one was brought in the next day. This allowed players to make and try out new stages for themselves every day. However, this ability to send vault data to Nintendo was discontinued.
[edit] Challenges
Main article: Challenges (Super Smash Bros. Brawl)
The Challenges screen.
All three kinds of collectibles in Super Smash Bros. Brawl - trophies, stickers and CDs - can be alternatively won in the Challenges mode. Stages, Masterpieces, and Stage Builder parts can also be unlocked. The Challenge mode has many closed windows which contain the prizes. When the player unlocks an item by winning a challenge, for example playing the Target Smash level 1 with 10 different characters for the Stafy trophy, the collectibles left and right to Stafy's trophy, which are currently not won and invisible, appear in a red silhouette, and their method of unlocking is displayed. The player can also win Golden Hammers, which they can use to automatically get any window of his or her choice open, getting the item inside. However, not all windows can be destroyed with a hammer; objectives related to the Boss Battles mode cannot be opened. There's a total of 128 objectives in the Challenges Mode.
[edit] Album
Throughout the game, the player is able to take screenshots while pausing the game. In contrast to Super Smash Bros. Melee, there is no special camera mode needed. The screenshots can be either saved on the Wii's internal memory or an SD card.
[edit] Replays
A new feature in Super Smash Bros. Brawl is Replays. This can be used on a single Brawl in Group Mode, Target Smash!!, Home-run Contest, and Multi-man Brawl. They can be recorded by pressing Z after the brawl or the challenge has ended. The maximum time for a replay to be recorded is three minutes. They can later be accessed and replayed from the Vault, or be sent to an SD Card. Players could also submit Target Smash!! and Home-run Contest records to Nintendo, via WiiConnect24. However, the service was discontinued after June 30th, 2009.[11]
[edit] Masterpieces
In this mode, the player can play restricted demo versions of classical Nintendo games via the Virtual Console. The player does not have to connect to the Wi-Fi connection for that. The available demos are:
• Super Mario Bros. (1:00)
• Ice Climber (0:40)
• The Legend of Zelda (NES) (2:00)
• Kid Icarus (1:00)
• Kirby's Adventure (2:00)
• Fire Emblem[12] (Japanese version only) (3:00)
• Super Metroid (3:00)
• EarthBound[12] (Japanese version only) (5:00)
• Star Fox 64 (3:00)
Some must be unlocked. These games include:
• Donkey Kong (0:30) (Play for 10 hours or more total.)
• Super Mario World (2:00) (Play on Yoshi's Island (Melee) three times.)
• Super Mario Bros. 2 (1:30) (Play as Peach and win five matches in VS Mode.)
• The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (5:00) (Play as Toon Link ten times in VS Mode.)
• F-Zero (0:45) (Get Captain Falcon to join the party in The Subspace Emissary.)
All titles have a restricted time they can be played in. However, some, like Super Metroid, come with save data.
[edit] Chronicle
Here, the player can view a list of many video game titles that have been released by Nintendo and when they were released. The titles are sorted and separated by which system they were for (e.g. Game & Watch, Game Boy Advance, Wii). More titles are added as trophies and Stickers from those games are collected.
[edit] Options
Players can toggle with various settings and features.
[edit] Screen
Players can adjust the display of the screen by choosing either the standard 4:3, or the widescreen 16:9 option.
[edit] Deflicker
This tool merely changes the appearance of the in-game graphics. The options are...
• ON: Make graphics a little smoother, but a bit blurrier.
• OFF: Make graphics a little sharper, but a bit more jagged.
[edit] Rumble
Players can set their controllers so that their rumble feature is active or inactive. They can also change the rumble settings for their names, which have higher priority than the in-game settings. The Wii Classic Controller does not have a rumble feature, so the rumble feature is always inactive with that controller.
[edit] Controls
Players can set up their personal control schemes for their names; in other words, they can toggle which button does what. They can also test out their control changes at any time.
[edit] Sound
Players can adjust the Music/Sound effect balance with this option. They can also have quick access to the Sound Test from here.
[edit] My Music
My Music for Delfino Plaza.
Rather than restricting each stage to one music track, stages have a selection of music tracks usually from the game series the stage is from, and players can choose which music track they want to play on the stage using the My Music mode. For example, on the Delfino Plaza stage (image shown on the right), players can choose between the Delfino Plaza theme from Super Mario Sunshine, the title/ending theme of Super Mario World, the main theme to New Super Mario Bros., and many more. Players can set how commonly the track may appear on the stage. To add more music to the collection, the player must collect CDs, which randomly appear across the entire game, in many of the numerous modes of play. They can also be earned by completing challenges and certain game modes. After all music tracks have been collected, the CD will appear no more.
[edit] Erase Data
This option enables players to erase any data that's been saved. The choices include...
• P1 High Score: This deletes all high score data from Solo Mode. This has the side effect of making almost all Solo game modes be incomplete.
• Brawl Records: This deletes all Group mode data, along with all the names that have been created.
• Adventure: This deletes all the save files that have been made in the Subspace Emissary.
• Vault Data: This deletes contents that are stored in the Vault.
• Erase All: This option deletes everything.
Erased data can not be recovered, so players need to be extremely careful when handling this option.
[edit] Data
A variety of content is stored here.
[edit] Records
Various records of gameplay are recorded here.
[edit] Group Records
This section of Gameplay records has 4 different pages. The first page is a chart showing the total number of KO's each fighter has performed on each fighter. The second page shows the top 5 fighters for each of sevaral stats, such as KO's, falls, self-destructs, victories, losses, peak damage, walking distance, swim time, drownings, etc. The third page lists all the same stats for each individual character. The fourth and final page similarly lists all the same stats for each name; as well as the fighter used most, second-most, and least.
[edit] Brawl Records
This is a list of various records of gameplay; including total time playing this game, matches played, total damage, trophy count, fighter most used, etc.
[edit] Notices
This is where Notices are recorded. Notices are special messages that congratulate the player and appear when certain accomplishments are done, such as unlocking important things and clearing game modes for the first time. They are saved in the order that they appeared, and the game records exactly when Notices were received, to the very second.
[edit] Movies
When cutscenes are viewed in Adventure Mode: The Subspace Emissary, they can viewed again here. There are also five pre-installed videos: a How to Play video, the E3 trailer, another introductory video, and videos that each focus on a new third-party characrer.
[edit] Sound Test
Songs and sound effects in the game can be listened to here. Some songs need to be unlocked by completing challenges or picking up CD's. The game that each song originated from is displayed when the song is selected.
[edit] Staff
Group artwork used on the boxart.
Main article: List of Super Smash Bros. Brawl staff
[edit] Beta Elements
Main article: List of Super Smash Bros. Brawl beta elements
[edit] Glitches
Main article: List of glitches in Super Smash Bros. Brawl
[edit] Music
Main article: List of Songs in Super Smash Bros. Brawl
[edit] Gallery
For this subject's image gallery, see Gallery:Super Smash Bros. Brawl.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Japanese 大乱闘スマッシュブラザーズＸ
Dairantō Sumasshu Burazāzu Ekkusu
Great Melee Smash Brothers X
Spanish Super Smash Bros. Brawl -
French Super Smash Bros. Brawl -
German Super Smash Bros. Brawl -
Italian Super Smash Bros. Brawl -
Korean 대난투스매시브라더스Ｘ
Daenantu Seumaesi Beuladeoseu X
Super Smash Bros. X
Chinese 任天堂明星大亂鬥Ｘ
Rèntiāntáng Míngxīng Dàluàndòu X
Nintendo' Stars: Great Battle X
[edit] References
The game's logo.
The title screen to the game.
1. ^ Super Smash Bros. Brawl at kotaku, accessed 2008-05-17.
2. ^ a b Press Release on the Error Message on the Japanese Official Nintendo Website (in Japanese), published 2008-2-1.
3. ^ Super Smash Bros. Brawl: Havok engine confirmed - GoNintendo, published 1/28/2008.
4. ^ Press Release on the Release Date on the Japanese Official Nintendo Website (Japanese), published 1/15/2008.
5. ^ Smash Bros. DOJO!! - American English Edition, published 1/15/2008.
6. ^ Super Smash Bros. Brawl - IGN UK
7. ^ Document on the Japanese Smash Bros. DOJO!! explaining the Error (PDF format), accessed 1/4/2008.
8. ^ "Also, for those of you who haven't seen this already, as previously confirmed, Brawl will be using the Havok engine and it seems that it will take up 128 blocks of memory to save. Don't forget to add replays, snapshots, stages, etc. to that amount since it seems this is only the base amount of memory for records, SSE, and other pre-made features!" - Brawl Central News Archive, accessed 2/4/2008.
9. ^ When finishing it as Zelda or Sheik the player can only get the trophy of her current form, unlike in Melee where they received both. The same applies to Samus and Zero Suit Samus. Classic must be cleared three times with the Pokémon Trainer to obtain all the trophies, clearing it only rewards the player with the trophies of the Trainer and the Pokémon in use when it was cleared.
10. ^ Finishing it as Zelda or Sheik does not give the player the other's trophy, it must be cleared twice. The same applies to Samus and Zero Suit Samus. All-Star only needs to be cleared once for Pokémon Trainer, unlike Classic.
11. ^ Smash Bros. DOJO!! notice
12. ^ a b "Masterpieces" on the Smash Bros. DOJO!! - Japanese Edition, accessed 2008-1-25.
[edit] External Links
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Molecules 2011, 16(6), 5298-5314; doi:10.3390/molecules16065298
Article
Enantio and Diastereoselective Addition of Phenylacetylene to Racemic α-chloroketones
Alma Mater Studiorum, Dipartimento di Chimica “G: Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 26 May 2011; in revised form: 17 June 2011 / Accepted: 22 June 2011 / Published: 23 June 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis)
Download PDF Full-Text [235 KB, uploaded 23 June 2011 15:03 CEST]
Abstract: In this report, we have presented the first diastereoselective addition of phenylacetylene to chiral racemic chloroketones. The addition is controlled by the reactivity of the chloroketones that allowed the stereoselective reaction to be performed at –20 °C. Chiral racemic chloroketones are used in the reaction. By carefully controlling the temperature and the reaction time we were able to isolate the corresponding products in moderate yields and with good, simple and predictable facial stereoselection. Our reaction is a rare example of the use of chiral ketones in an enantioselective alkynylation reaction and opens new perspectives for the formation of chiral quaternary stereocenters.
Keywords: alkynylation; (R,R)-salen; chloroketones; Me2Zn; phenylacetylene
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Alesi, S.; Emer, E.; Capdevila, M.G.; Petruzziello, D.; Gualandi, A.; Cozzi, P.G. Enantio and Diastereoselective Addition of Phenylacetylene to Racemic α-chloroketones. Molecules 2011, 16, 5298-5314.
AMA Style
Alesi S, Emer E, Capdevila MG, Petruzziello D, Gualandi A, Cozzi PG. Enantio and Diastereoselective Addition of Phenylacetylene to Racemic α-chloroketones. Molecules. 2011; 16(6):5298-5314.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Alesi, Silvia; Emer, Enrico; Capdevila, Montse Guiteras; Petruzziello, Diego; Gualandi, Andrea; Cozzi, Pier Giorgio. 2011. "Enantio and Diastereoselective Addition of Phenylacetylene to Racemic α-chloroketones." Molecules 16, no. 6: 5298-5314.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Inactive
Project Summary : Factoids
Analyzed 5 days ago based on code collected 5 days ago.
Short source control history
The source code repository for digivis has less than a year of continuous activity. This likely is a relatively new project.
A short history is not necessarily a bad thing (all projects have to start somewhere!) but often, newer projects are changing rapidly and are thus less stable. They are also often innovative and exciting!
As this project matures, a longer source control history in conjunction with recent activity might indicate that the project has enough merit to hold contributors' interest for a long time. It might indicate a mature and relatively bug-free code base, and can be a sign of an organized, dedicated development team.
Note: The source code for digivis might actually be older than the source control history can reveal. Many new projects begin by incorporating a large amount of source code from existing, older projects. You might be able to tell whether this is the case by looking for a rapid rise in the amount of code early in the project's history.
Average number of code comments
digivis is written mostly in C++.
Across all C++ projects on Ohloh, 22% of all source code lines are comments.
This holds true for digivis as well. It contains the same ratio of comment lines to code lines as the majority of C++ projects in Ohloh.
A high number of comments might indicate that the code is well-documented and organized, and could be a sign of a helpful and disciplined development team.
Stable Y-O-Y development activity
Over the last twelve months, digivis has not seen any change in activity. This may be a good sign, and an indication that development is continuing at the same pace and not dropping off.
Ohloh makes this determination by comparing the total number of commits made by all developers during the most recent twelve months with the same figure for the prior twelve months. The number of developers and total lines of code are not considered.
No recent development activity
The source code for digivis has not been changed in over a year.
Over 75% of all projects on Ohloh have no recent activity. Open source has a "long tail" of projects whose developers have moved on. But the code is still there for all to benefit from!
For this measurement, Ohloh considers only recent changes to the code. Over the entire history of the project, 1 developer have contributed.
See all possible factoids
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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GT
Google Web Toolkit (GWT)
Community rating:
Notes:
What is a Stack?
It's a list of software used to accomplish something. LAMP is an example.
To add a project to your stack, click 'Show Recommendations for this Stack' at the top middle of this page and then click I use it on the projects you use.
More questions? Stack FAQ
Embed
Show the world what open source projects you use.
GT Stack
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Synthetic Biology:Graduate
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
m
Line 16: Line 16:
**[http://www.che.caltech.edu/groups/fha/ Francis Arnold, Chemical Engineering]
**[http://www.che.caltech.edu/groups/fha/ Francis Arnold, Chemical Engineering]
**[http://www.elowitz.caltech.edu/ Michael Elowitz, Biology & Applied Physics]
**[http://www.elowitz.caltech.edu/ Michael Elowitz, Biology & Applied Physics]
+
** [http://www.cds.caltech.edu/~murray Richard Murray, Control & Dynamical Systems and Bioengineering]
*Duke
*Duke
Revision as of 11:56, 16 July 2011
Home About Conferences Labs Courses Resources FAQ
This is an active list of schools and labs that support graduate study in synthetic biology.
Please add to and revise as appropriate.
Currently, programs are listed by school in alphabetical order.
Example labs and departments are listed too.
The following links were found here: http://systems-biology-research.blogspot.com/2007/10/where-you-can-study-systems-biology.html
They have not been updated lately. Feel free to make changes as you see fit.
Read this article for additional information regarding Synthetic Biology careers:
http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2008_10_17/caredit.a0800152
This site is hosted on OpenWetWare and can be edited by all members of the Synthetic Biology community.
Making life better, one part at a time.
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Link Building Basics
Oct 27, 2004 • 10:18 am | (0) by | Filed Under Search Engine Strategies 2004 Sweden
Michael Palka was first up in the Link Building Basics session. Michael is from Ask Jeeves and he begins with a bit of stats on how well Ask is doing. He goes over the Subject Specific Popularity and Community concept, this was discussed in my blog and in this forum several times. Read more on that here.
Magnus Sandberg from Google was next up. Again, this is pretty much same old, same old. Good content and everything else will come.
Mike Grehan was next up, fashioning his new company Smart Interactive. He starts off stating that Danny, Chris nor himself are the leading experts in this industry. He then puts up a picture of a cartoon like person, and compare its propeller hat with those of the people at the engines, who tell you to spin your wheels. Mike, I guess its safe to reuse some jokes, is it the first SES conference in Sweden? Anyway...
He then moves into how triangular linking works, and how a search engine can spot it. Ammon Johns and I had a thread about this at Cre8asite. Then Mike brings up his "GAS" Google Anxiety Syndrome to describe Florida. He then brings up that people in the forums feel like its going to happen again. Basically, he said, get links within communities. And gives us his ten essentials about linkage, I have this noted in a previous session, I will link to it shortly. He then says, from a link building perspective, its best to not break up articles on multiple pages. Throughout the speech, he comes right out and says to get links, you buy them (see his article). He ends off with a plug to the new orgs SMA-UK, etc.
Thomas Bindl from Optop was next up, after Mike hitting him with a joke or two about how he sells links (or not). Thomas goes through the process of asking for links. Use a search engine to find links, relevant to your site, based on the query you want to rank well for. Use directories, newsgroups, magazines, forums, adwords, help charities and look at your competitors. What are "Swedish Reindeer Food", I think Thomas has a client that sells packaged Swedish Reindeers. Ok, he recommends not sending automated emails or using terms like "cross-linking", "link exchange", etc. He then gets into (and I quote) "the dark side of the industry" or buying links. Directory links, ad links and "sponsored links" aka high PR links. What are the link building risks? Bad neighborhoods, too many links in a short period of time (sandboxing - he stares down the Google rep) and a penalty for buying links.
Q & A:
Q: How are internal links weighted? A: Google says that it wont get you more "PageRank" but that doesn't mean its not useful, he says. Google said its good because people can navigate to your site, and more accessible to the pages.
Q: What is up with the Google link: command? A: Google says they are not reporting all your links back to your site. So think before using it.
Previous story: Search Engine Marketing: Outsource or In House?
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Sunday, October 24, 2010
God has no place in Politics
S. Paul Forrest
During every election period, we concerned citizens force ourselves to listen to the empty rhetoric and meaningless banter of another generation of up-and-coming political puppets as they try to convince the American public that they are the best candidate to lead us into the future. Typically, the messages are sterile and filled with the same tired promises of a better tomorrow with less taxes, more jobs, etc. In this particular election period, though, new tactics have been implemented to profit from current trends of dissatisfaction with our government and the growing movement toward global separatism that has become so prevalent in the disparate dysfunction of mass media and their purposeful drive toward public confusion.
Driven by blind ambition and fed by a wanton disregard of truth, the least likely of all tactics has become the most effective talking point by representatives of a lost society. That tactic is what I like to call, God Talk. The primary users of this tactic seem to be the Tea Party candidates; the people that increasingly seem to represent a world of mental mania run wild. These candidates consistently tout American recovery, while enveloping their campaigns in images of a renewed purpose; one where we all go back to the past and reclaim the meaning of this country as first designed by our founding fathers. In this delusionary state, we all will once again be free from the deceit and taxation that has so impaired our present government. This is a welcomed message to many who live each day in a troubled world. It has taken the public imagination to new heights of hope, even though in reality it is just another play in the grand old political game.
One of the overwhelming aspects of this quasi-American reform seems to surround the idea of getting back to the morals of a bygone Era. Many candidates on both the Right and the Left of the aisle have argued that modern politicians are infected with immorality including but not limited to extramarital affairs, gambling, taking bribes, corporate partisanship, and shady deals on their own behalves. The irony of these statements is this will be one of the few times these people will actually be completely honest with those who will elect them to office.
The most noticeable example of this confounding stance is Glenn Beck’s taking of the religious right’s hand and parading with them and the Tea Party like a prophet from God toward his personal version of salvation. He and other political celebrities have led the charge by bringing God into the equation in an effort to assert their own moral standings, or lack thereof. Though he has not proclaimed himself an official member of the Tea Party, Beck, in his almost schizophrenic ranting, has backed their efforts with his own brand of spiritual reclamation.
In a recent episode of his show, Beck told viewers that only God is the source for our rights. He has stated, “…if our rights come from man, then man is permitted to regulate or abolish those rights, and government's power over our lives therefore becomes absolute and unlimited.” In his recent assault on the Capitol and on the memory of Dr. Martin Luther King, Beck asserted that "this day is a day that we can start the heart of America again, and it has nothing to do with politics, it has everything to do with God.”
This sentiment has been readily accepted by the desperate masses in this, our modern age of growing unemployment, homelessness, and the daily reminders and examples of the corruption stemming from the corporate takeover of Washington. The problem with these God statements is they have no bearing upon the modern reality of our governmental structure. In fact, when God becomes the only “giver of rights,” which man has no power to take away or interpretively regulate, then anarchy is the result.
Beck is also fond of quoting the English philosopher John Locke to back his arguments for a renewed America. He has said that “Locke used the belief in Liberalism to further the concept of natural rights and to rally support for the protection of private property and the consent of the governed.” He has used Locke’s philosophies to back his build-up to the rights granted by God and his advocating of governmental elimination. As is typical of media celebrity, though, he has only given half the story.
John Locke had frequently pointed out what he takes to be clear evidence of the hypocrisy in the combination of religion and government. His central claims are that “government should not use force to try to bring people to a 'true' religion and that religious societies are voluntary organizations that have no right to use coercive power over their own members or those outside their group. Those who are quick to persecute others for small differences in worship or doctrine are relatively unconcerned with much more obvious moral sins that pose an even greater threat to their eternal state.” Beck had forgotten to mention that bit of information in his preaching.
Locke’s words are very poignant, though, considering the current condemnation of Islam by the Right and the bipartisan agenda to force “American” values upon the rest of the world. The assertion that all Muslims are represented by the few that may or may not have been involved in the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers is an example of this forcing of a religious ideals upon the people. Our forefathers and mothers came to this country to escape religious persecution. Yet, in their drive toward their God, these politicians have advocated the same persecutions our founders sought to escape. The constant mention of “The America our Forefathers envisioned” seems very much hypocritical in light of this contradiction.
The reality of it all is that these politicians are only searching for a new way to sway the public opinion to their favor. Vineeth Menon said is best in her article, Politicians & Religion: “The government is turning its sight to religion as the next powerful tool to control its people. In a land where most of its population is obsessed with symbolism and idolism, religion is a very powerful tool to ignite a crisis between the various groups of people in the country. Thus, we see our self-righteous leaders in various states scrambling for the honor to become holier than the leader of the next state.” This spiritual reclamation also acts as billows beneath the fires of religious prejudice.
Not to be outdone in the drive toward ignorance, Sharon Angle recently made this statement: “We have become a country entrenched in idolatry, and that idolatry is the dependency upon our government. We're supposed to depend upon God for our protection and our provision and for our daily bread, not for our government." This is one of the most ridiculous statements I have ever heard. Is God going to take care of the elderly citizens in their last days, or the poverty stricken mother of three in the ghetto, or the veterans of our wars when they come back with disabilities? To me, that is the rightful responsibility of the moral government. Is God going to ensure that corporations don’t poison our lakes, streams, oceans or our food? Again, that is society's purpose and the government’s by extension, not God’s.
What bothers me the most about these incessant ramblings on faith and morality is that they are being delivered with a facade of honesty by some of the most dishonest people in our society. Quite simply Mr. or Ms. Politician, I don’t want to know about your faith, your God or your quasi-Christianity. I want to know what you are going to do to help my country; and, in the larger picture, the global community. If anything, the stronger your Christian convictions are the less likely I am to vote for you. I don’t want a leader with Christian leanings when the issue of relations with Islamic Nations has become so important and the right to abortion is still an issue.
I believe in God, in faith, and in morality, but at the end of the day I want my representatives to be leaders not followers. Keep the God concept and the personal promotion of your false integrity for the Sabbath. During the other six days, I need to know that I am being represented in government and protected from those that will do harm to my family. When it comes time to elect a man or woman to office this coming election please remember something: God will not be the one depriving you of your rights, it will be those who use “His” name for their own advantage. As far as I am concerned, God has no place in politics.
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Woman
(Redirected from Women)
Jump to: navigation, search
A woman is a female human. The term woman (irregular plural: women) usually is used for an adult, with the term girl being the usual term for a female child or adolescent. However, the term woman is also sometimes used to identify a female human, regardless of age, as in phrases such as "Women's rights".
Contents
Etymology
File:Symbol venus.svg
Symbol of the planet Venus, also used to indicate the female gender among animals which reproduce sexually
The English term "Man" (from Proto-Germanic mannaz "man, person") and words derived therefrom can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their gender or age. This is indeed the oldest usage of "Man" in English. It derives from Proto-Indo-European *mánu- 'man, human', cognate to Sanskrit manu, Old Church Slavonic mǫžĭ, 'man', 'husband'.
In Old English the words wer and wyf (also wæpman and wifman) were what was used to refer to "a man" and "a woman" respectively, and "Man" was gender neutral. In Middle English man displaced wer as term for "male human", whilst wyfman (which eventually evolved into woman) was retained for "female human". ("Wyf" also evolved into the word "wife".) "Man" does continue to carry its original sense of "Human" however, resulting in an asymmetry sometimes criticized as sexist.[1] (See also Womyn.)
A very common Indo-European root for woman, *gwen-, is the source of English queen (Old English cwēn primarily meant woman, highborn or not; this is still the case in Danish, with the modern spelling kvinde), as well as gynaecology (from Greek gynē), banshee (from Old Irish ban) and zenana (from Persian zan). The Latin fēmina, whence female, is likely from the root in fellāre (to suck), referring to breastfeeding.[2][3]
The symbol for the planet Venus is the sign also used in biology for the female gender. It is a stylized representation of the goddess Venus's hand mirror or an abstract symbol for the goddess: a circle with a small equilateral cross underneath (Unicode: ♀). The Venus symbol also represented femininity, and in ancient alchemy stood for copper. Alchemists constructed the symbol from a circle (representing spirit) above an equilateral cross (representing matter).
Age and terminology
Womanhood is the period in a female's life after she has transitioned from girlhood, at least physically, having passed the age of menarche. Many cultures have rites of passage to symbolize a woman's coming of age, such as confirmation in some branches of Christianity, bat mitzvah in Judaism, or even just the custom of a special celebration for a certain birthday (generally between 12 and 21).
The word woman can be used generally, to mean any female human, or specifically, to mean an adult female human as contrasted with girl. The word girl originally meant "young person of either sex" in English; it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child. Nowadays girl sometimes is used colloquially to refer to a young or unmarried woman. During the early 1970s feminists challenged such use, and use of the word to refer to a fully grown woman may cause offence. In particular previously common terms such as office girl are no longer used.
Conversely, in certain cultures which link family honor with female virginity, the word girl is still used to refer to a never-married woman; in this sense it is used in a fashion roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden. Referring to an unmarried female as a woman may, in such a culture, imply that she is sexually experienced, which would be an insult to her family.
In some settings, the use of girl to refer to an adult female is a vestigial practice (such as girls' night out), even among some elderly women. In this sense, girl may be considered to be the analogue to the British word bloke for a man, although it again fails to meet the parallel status as an adult. Gal aside, some feminists cite this lack of an informal yet respectful term for women as misogynistic; they regard non-parallel usages, such as men and girls, as sexist.
There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman. The term "womanhood" merely means the state of being a woman, having passed the menarche; "femininity" is used to refer to a set of supposedly typical female qualities associated with a certain attitude to gender roles; "womanliness" is like "femininity", but is usually associated with a different view of gender roles; "femaleness" is a general term, but is often used as shorthand for "human femaleness"; "distaff" is an archaic adjective derived from women's conventional role as a spinner, now used only as a deliberate archaism; "muliebrity" is a "neologism" (derived from the Latin) meant to provide a female counterpart of "virility", but used very loosely, sometimes to mean merely "womanhood", sometimes "femininity", and sometimes even as a collective term for women.
Biology and gender
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The human female reproductive system
In terms of biology, the female sex organs are involved in the reproductive system, whereas the secondary sex characteristics are involved in nurturing children or, in some cultures, attracting a mate. The ovaries, in addition to their regulatory function producing hormones, produce female gametes called eggs which, when fertilized by male gametes (sperm), form new genetic individuals. The uterus is an organ with tissue to protect and nurture the developing fetus and muscle to expel it when giving birth. The vagina is used in copulation and birthing (although the word vagina is often colloquially and incorrectly used for the vulva or external female genitalia, which also includes the labia, the clitoris, and the female urethra). The breast evolved from the sweat gland to produce milk, a nutritious secretion that is the most distinctive characteristic of mammals, along with live birth. In mature women, the breast is generally more prominent than in most other mammals; this prominence, not necessary for milk production, is probably at least partially the result of sexual selection. (For other ways in which men commonly differ physically from women, see Man.)
Spectral karyotype of a human female. The XX combination is formed at the 23rd week of gestation. - National Human Genome Resource Institute
An imbalance of maternal hormonal levels and some chemicals (or drugs) may alter the secondary sexual characteristics of fetuses. Most women have the karyotype 46,XX, but around one in a thousand will be 47,XXX, and one in 2500 will be 45,X. This contrasts with the typical male karotype of 46,XY; thus, the X and Y chromosomes are known as female and male, respectively. Unlike the Y chromosome, the X can come from either the mother or the father, thus genetic studies which focus on the female line use mitochondrial DNA.
Biological factors are not sufficient determinants of whether a person considers themselves a woman or is considered a woman. Intersexed men and women, who have mixed physical and/or genetic features, may use other criteria in making a clear determination. There are also transgendered or transsexual women, who were born or physically assigned as male at birth, but identify as a woman; there are varying social, legal, and individual definitions with regard to this issue. (See transwoman.)
Although fewer females than males are born (the ratio is around 1:1.05), due to a longer life expectancy there are only 81 men aged 60 or over for every 100 women of the same age, and among the oldest populations, there are only 53 men for every 100 women. [citation needed] Women typically have a longer life expectancy than men. [citation needed] This is due to a combination of factors: genetics (redundant and varied genes present on sex chromosomes in women); sociology (such as not being expected in most countries to perform military service); health-impacting choices (such as suicide or the use of cigarettes, and alcohol); the presence of the female hormone estrogen, which has a cardioprotective effect in premenopausal women; and the effect of high levels of androgens in men. Out of the total human population, there are 101.3 men for every 100 women (source: 2001 World Almanac).
Most women go through menarche and are then able to become pregnant and bear children.[4] This generally requires internal fertilization of her eggs with the sperm of a man through sexual intercourse, though artificial insemination or the surgical implantation of an existing embryo is also possible (see reproductive technology). The study of female reproduction and reproductive organs is called gynaecology. Women generally reach menopause in their late 40s or early 50s, at which point their ovaries cease producing estrogen[citation needed] and they can no longer become pregnant.
To a large extent, women suffer from the same illnesses as men. [citation needed] However, there are some diseases that primarily affect women, such as lupus. Also, there are some sex-related illnesses that are found more frequently or exclusively in women, e.g., breast cancer, cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer. Women and men may have different symptoms of an illness and may also respond differently to medical treatment. This area of medical research is studied by gender-based medicine.
During early fetal development, embryos of both sexes appear gender neutral; the release of hormones is what changes physical appearance male or female. As in other cases without two sexes, such as species that reproduce asexually, the gender-neutral appearance is closer to female than to male.
Culture and gender roles
Main article: Gender role
File:Weaving profile.jpg
A woman weaving. Textile work has historically been a female occupation in some cultures.
In many prehistoric cultures, women assumed a particular cultural role. In hunter-gatherer societies, women were generally the gatherers of plant foods, small animal foods, fish, and learned to use dairy products, while men hunted meat from large animals.
Since the 13th century BC in Assyria, the veil was used by women to cover hair or face, and spread with the uprise of Christianity to Europe and with the Byzantine Empire into the Arabian peninsula. If worn with religious intention, it is meant to protect the woman from the environment or the public view to protect her grace and honor and thus is sometimes considered a symbol of patriarchy.[5] If not worn with religious impetus, veil and skirt have still been typical symbols of a woman.Template:Specify
In more recent history, the gender roles of women have changed greatly. Traditionally, middle-class women were typically involved in domestic tasks emphasizing child care, and did not enter paid employment. For poorer women, especially working class women, this often remained an ideal,Template:Specify as economic necessity compelled them to seek employment outside the home. The occupations that were available to them were, however, lower in prestige and pay than those available to men.
As changes in the labor market for women came about, availability of employment changed from only "dirty", long houred factory jobs to "cleaner", more respectable office jobs where a little more education was demanded, women's participation in the labor force rose from 6% in 1900 to 23% in 1923. These shifts in the labor force led to changes in the attitudes of women at work, allowing for the "quiet" revolution which resulted in women becoming more career and education oriented. This revolution of women in the labor force came about because of changes in three essential criteria:[6]
• expanded horizons: women were anticipating their future work lives, allowing them to then plan for them and receive the education they needed to accomplish that goal;
• altered identities: women's identities were no longer based upon just family and child-bearing. Their focus became more on career and financial success, and defined themselves thus;
• Changes in decision making: Women were making decisions regarding their lives, education, and career goals. Marriage was postponed and more women made time to focus on a career and an education, rather than just going to college to meet a spouse.
Women's movements advocate equality of opportunity with men, and equal rights irrespective of sex. Through a combination of economic changes and the efforts of the feminist movementTemplate:Specify in recent decades women in most societies now have access to careers beyond the traditional one of "homemaker".
Many observers, including feminist groups, maintain that women in industry and commerce face glass ceilings.[citation needed]
These changes and struggles are among the foci of the academic field of women's studies.[citation needed]
Education and employment
OECD countries
• Education
Significant progress has also been achieved in reducing the gender gap in educational qualifications. Younger women today are far more likely to have completed a tertiary qualification than women 30 years ago: in 19 of the 30 OECD countries, more than twice as many women aged 25 to 34 have completed tertiary education than women aged 55 to 64 do. In 21 of 27 OECD countries with comparable data, the number of women graduating from university-level programmes is equal to or exceeds that of men. Last but not least, 15-year-old girls tend to show much higher expectations for their careers than boys of the same age.[7]
While women account for more than half of university graduates in several OECD countries, they receive only 30% of tertiary degrees granted in science and engineering fields, and women account for only 25% to 35% of researchers in most OECD countries.[8]
• Employment
In OECD countries, women’s employment is not necessarily synonymous with high wages and career opportunities. The labour market remains difficult for women and in all fields of activity, it will be a long time before women have equal access to the same occupations as men. In OECD countries, both men and women work in an occupation where their own gender is in a strong majority. Over half of the occupations surveyed are more than 80% ‘dominated’ by the same gender. The scale and permanence of the phenomenon are such that it is customary to talk about ‘traditionally male’ and ‘traditionally-female’ jobs. But there are five times as many male-dominated occupations in the OECD countries as there are female-dominated ones. Women’s employment is therefore narrowly concentrated in a small number of highly female-dominated occupations. Yet on average women account for over 40% of total employment in the OECD area.[9]
References
Further reading
• Chafe, William H., "The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, And Political Roles, 1920-1970", Oxford University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-19-501785-4
• Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003 3rd edition) ISBN 0-618-25414-5
• McWhorter, John. 'The Uses of Ugliness', The New Republic Online, January 31, 2002. Retrieved May 11 2005 ["bitch" as an affectionate term]
• McWhorter, John. Authentically Black: Essays for the Black Silent Majority (New York: Gotham, 2003) ISBN 1-59240-001-9 [casual use of "bitch" in ebonics]
• Routledge international encyclopedia of women, 4 vls., ed. by Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender, Routledge 2000
• Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia, 17 vls., ed. by Anne Commire, Waterford, Conn. [etc.] : Yorkin Publ. [etc.], 1999 - 2002
See also
External links
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Look up woman in
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af:Vrou
ang:Wīf ar:مرأة an:Muller az:Qadın zh-min-nan:Cha-bó͘ be:Жанчына be-x-old:Жанчына bar:Wei bs:Žena br:Maouez bg:Жена ca:Dona cs:Žena da:Kvinde pdc:Fraa de:Frau et:Naine el:Γυναίκαeo:Virino fa:زنga:Bean gd:Bean gl:Muller ko:여성 hi:नारी hr:Žena io:Muliero id:Wanita ia:Femina it:Donna he:אישה ka:ქალი sw:Mwanamke ku:Jin la:Mulier lij:Donna lt:Moteris hu:Nő mt:Mara ms:Perempuan nah:Cihuātl nl:Vrouw nds-nl:Vraauw cr:ᐃᔅᐧᑫᐤ new:मिसाno:Kvinne nn:Kvinne nrm:Fenme nds:Fruksh:Frauminschqu:Warmiscn:Fìmmina simple:Woman sk:Žena sl:Ženska sr:Жена fi:Nainen sv:Kvinna tl:Babae (kasarian) th:ผู้หญิงuk:Жінка vls:Vrouwe yi:פרוי zh-yue:女人
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206 reputation
12
bio website smashfly.com
location Boston, MA
age
visits member for 3 years, 7 months
seen Nov 6 '09 at 3:35
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Founder and CEO of SmashFly Technologies(www.smashfly.com) and JuicyTags (www.juicytags.com)
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Front Page/Talk
Info Article
Search:
1. Discussion
2. Proposal: A Realtime "Developing Events" Discussion Area
3. Proposal: Explore/Public Safety
4. Proposal: Grand Openings
5. Proposal: Davis Issues
6. Proposal: Frontpage information campaign for 1GB/second internet in Davis.
7. Proposal: Simplify the Front Page
8. Archived Data
9. Proposal: Active Updates
10. Random Entry
11. Proposal: Label programs subsidized by ASUCD
12. Two minor rewrites of top "About Davis Wiki and Wiki Spot" paragraph
13. Made a change without mentioning it here first.
14. Community Alert Pushes Down
15. Proposal to Save Space
16. Community Portal
17. New Front Page Layout causing People to Miss Whole Site
18. Proposal: Weather on the front page
19. Please add Books about Davis
This is NOT the real front page! this is for messing around! Feel free discuss at the bottom
Discussion
What does everyone think about emphasizing the editablity of the wiki right up at the top of the front page? I think it's important that people know this is a people-created guide, perhaps?
I Don't know what we do how protect our Davis Citizen .We use taxi and some time we don't chack taxi have right permit or insurance (need taxi commercial insurance ).i am thinking city had do some to protect citizen they issue city taxi permit .And check insurance .
I think we Davis residence and we sport that who work in Davis make sour they have Davis business permit. So I Notice some taxi in Davis They don't have business permit.
Home>Economic Development>Business Directory
Davis Business Directory
Search for a Business Main Business Directory
Business Class: Transportation
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Name Contains:
Proposal: A Realtime "Developing Events" Discussion Area
We need an area to go to when there are unfolding events. Last night there was a helicopter hovering over campus for an hour. I would like to have had a forum to go to where someone posts what is going on (it was the arrests of protesters of fee increases). This discussion area would be for current "developing events" only. Any realtime (currently happening) event could be posted, i.e. concerts, police activity, etc.
Proposal: Explore/Public Safety
We neet to add a Public Safety category to the front page - with links to all of the pages reqarding this i.e. Police, Fire, Yolo County Court, etc. for both Davis and UCD — SharlaDaly
Proposal: Grand Openings
Hello! I suggest that there be a page for "["Grand Openings"]", including the category of businesses. Would someone like to make it? Thanks. —BruceHansen
Proposal: Davis Issues
Based on the discussion on FAQ Davis Issues has been created, but not included on the Front page.
2010-02-25 00:59:28 There needs to be a Davis Issues section on the front page. I very much like the Featured Page, but something simple with say the latest 20 issue links to their pages and a link to old issues would be great. Since the Davis Wiki is a community site it would make sense to have something with current issues going on and just have links like the Explore section has. For example, say a high amount of lead was found in the Davis drinking water and users created a page talking about the issue, what's going on, who does what at the city, history of water issues in Davis, etc. A link to "Lead In Davis Drinking Water" would be in this section of issues and visitors could quickly see what is going on. I believe this would be a great benefit to Wiki visitors and the Davis community in general. —RiotInDavis
So here's the current list:
probably need two more for this to be a good section. We can always try it out for a bit and if it doesn't work ditch it.
2010-02-27 12:31:41 Probably need to think about some sort of way of moving issues between current and archived, but with a way to denote those that are likely to recur like voting about widening the Richards Boulevard underpass which has happened four times already and will likely be an issue again in the future. Some sort of timeline would be nice that could capture the overlap and lifespan of these issues. —JasonAller
2010-03-01 23:17:11 Does anyone have a preference where this section goes on the Front Page? —JasonAller
Proposal: Frontpage information campaign for 1GB/second internet in Davis.
Google made a big announcement today which you can check out on the official google blog. The gist of it is that they plan on providing affordable internet access at over 100 times what we're used to for broadband in a few select communities. They're soliciting suggestions for the communities and I propose that we temporarily add something to the frontpage of the wiki to spread information about this and encourage people to submit recommendations (youtube videos and other creative submissions are encouraged). I think that the wiki itself is actually one of the big points in favor of choosing Davis; we're already using the internet in creative ways to further our community. I think that we should put some thought into exactly how we present this before we do. Does anyone have any thoughts on this? Would anybody be interested in contributing in other ways to help make this happen (designing posters, writing an article for the Aggie, etc...)? —foo
I'm not sure what should be under 'Explore' (or if the word 'Explore' should be changed or how it could be improved). There could be a new general heading under 'Explore' called 'Enterprises' which would include 'Construction'. —BruceHansen
Instead of at the bottom of the Front page there being just a link to a 'title index' there shoud be an index ('site index'?) which includes the headings under 'Explore' etc.. This index would include the contents of the 'title index' and could have a link to the 'title index'. —BruceHansen
Proposal: Simplify the Front Page
Make the page look more like Google. That is all. —RadioNinja
Who wants to make a page where people can posts "Looking for roommates" and etc? — JiLiang
The "Getting Started" section may as well not be there, it's buried too far down to be seen or of use for probably nearly everyone's monitor/window size.
Can we get a new featured article? the T-shirt contest ended... —StevenDaubert
search button is needed in the new format. It is one of the most important things on the wiki. —MattHh
It's like saying "Black top is good for your health because it contains amino acids". It's not because some thing contains some good nutrients that it is good. It can have negative effects on your health because of other elements as it is the case for alcohol. The bad effect far outweigh any "good" effect of alcohol. — Michael777
Archived Data
Is the Davis Wiki archived anywhere? I've done a bunch of historical research in Davis for the 1960s, and there's not a lot of info on the day-to-day happenings. We'd be doing future Davisites a favor by archiving the entire wiki once every three months or so. Just store it somewhere for now, no need to put it online until it's a couple years old. —TedBuehler
Unless somebody thinks this thread belongs here, it might be a good idea to move it to one of the Wiki Community sections, as it doesn't actually relate to the Front Page —jw
Proposal: Active Updates
I'm thinking of moving Lost Pets, Roommates Wanted, Where Can I ... and other 'active engagement' entries to up by events. Are there any others that would make sense? What about Wiki Community, or is that too 'meta'? I'm trying to bring up and highlight the dynamic, continuously updated and/or back and forth entries that are actually being updated on a semi-regular basis (and hopefully by highlighting them they will benefit directly, and they will encourage readers to figure out that they can edit the wiki). Basically, things similar to events in that checking in on them on a semi-regular basis will bring up new things. —jw
Random Entry
BrianJKenyon has removed the random entry link a couple times. I'm hesitant to readd it again just because it violates my rule of thumb regarding back and forth editing. What do others think? Should it stay or should it go? Brian's had some pretty strong words about it in the changelog: "Random entries serve no purpose and are condescending to readers". Personally I feel it's a nice way to jump into the wiki at a point that you might not have intentionally gone to and discover a new aspect of Davis. Kind of like flipping through a magazine randomly for an article. It's a fairly natural way to read something like a Fodors or a Reader's Digest. If only the wiki were installed in public restrooms around Davis... —Evan 'JabberWokky' Edwards
Proposal: Label programs subsidized by ASUCD
Two minor rewrites of top "About Davis Wiki and Wiki Spot" paragraph
Here is the first change. Basically to note the passing of the five years public mark (which occurred about three months ago, I think), plus to clarify the relationship to Wiki Spot. -jw
Here is the second change. Pulls the link for two year old update into the text itself, and adds a link to Welcome to the wiki, which is a reasonable help entry. This is likely a bit more questionable than the above (at least in my mind), as we now have a link to the Introduction and to a self described primer. Of course, having both an introduction about what the wiki is, and also a primer explaining how to get involved makes sense enough to me to include both. It would probably be a good idea to take a look again at those two entries with an eye toward being clear and simple with links to more help or information (as I type this, I don't think they even cross link). -jw
Made a change without mentioning it here first.
I didn't read this page recently. I just went ahead and removed the heading 'Outreach!' with its comment that was in the 'Wiki News' section. Made a new 'Announcements' section (and necessary new 'Announcements' page with the former 'Outreach!' comment. This probably isn't the best resolution to having an 'Outreach!' heading, but I feel that it is an improvement.
Community Alert Pushes Down
Today's protest (2010-03-04) is generating quite a few updates that is pushing down content. If somebody with strong WikiFu can realign that, it would be good. It's a pretty tricky edit, but it won't affect updates. At some point soon, it'll be whisked to another entry, but for other, similar major events, it would be a good idea if that can grow. When the "big one" hits or there's a zombie invasion, you know... -jw
Proposal to Save Space
Make links for: 'Nearby Wikis', 'Wiki News', and 'Hints for Editing' —11:40 pm 2/4/2010 BruceHansen
Community Portal
I'm not in full-blown copywriting mode, but anyway, I was just thinking that maybe the intro paragraph/s could be reworked so the "community" link is more prominent, seeing that it does serve as a portal-like destination. "Findability" and all. It did take me a while to find the general discussion page when I first evolved from lurker to gnome, and scrizer would probably agree with me that it's not the easiest thing in the world to find if you never knew it existed.
Additionally, perhaps the "hints for editing" section at the bottom could be cleaned up, maybe consolidated with other various style guides lying around. My current impression of the help pages is that it's kind of... well, there are bits and pieces of useful information floating around multiple pages. Admittedly, I have not yet thoroughly went through all of them (partly so that my impression closely mirrors the more casual editors who aren't necessarily going to take the time to sift through all the editing help/style guides/etc).
EBT
New Front Page Layout causing People to Miss Whole Site
I'm on the phone with my father, and he's the third person who couldn't figure out what the Davis Wiki was in the last couple days, saying "all I see is a plea to donate and a picture of a fire hydrant". One person (who is an award winning journalist) left the site and emailed me back telling me to let them know when there was some content.
Can we please move that darn video into a sidebar so people new to the wiki can find the actual wiki itself? The size and position seems to be causing serious confusion, despite the awesomeness it carries. Maybe replace the featured page? —Evan 'JabberWokky' Edwards
I don't think it's a good idea to have two big donate bars and the video all preceding any content. I'm with JW, we need to have a sidebar with that, with the main welcome to the wiki also at the top. Sooner than later, with NYT traffic showing up. It's kinda tacky asking people to donate twice before they even see the wiki. —TomGarberson
I know I've seen a little compilation of stats about the wiki - number of users, number of pages, that kind of stuff. The number of Davisites who use the wiki as listed in the LocalWiki announcement blew my mind. Would it be worth highlighting that on the front page? It's the sort of thing that's likely to catch the eye—whether for random passersby or for journalists checking out the site. —TomGarberson
I'm experimenting with reverting it back to the larger-video format. Rationale: There are less external-to-davis-wiki visitors coming in right now. The other video format, in the featured page spot, led to significantly decreased video views (check the stats on vimeo) I think we should mix this up a bunch- so if this is causing widespread confusion again we can revert it back in a day. I just want us to experiment so we find the most effective placement.
It's also less 'big' than it was with the two-bars with NYT info and the other donate bar. I have a really tiny screen and, even on my display, it's very obvious that you can scroll down to view material. —PhilipNeustrom
Ok, now that we did it can we please shrink the banner back to something smaller at least? I've been annoyed by it since it first went up! (to the point I thought about jokingly suggesting that we increase it 5 pixels a day till the deadline, but I was worried someone would have taken the suggestion seriously) —WH
Any thoughts on how long the fundraiser notices should stay up? It's tough for me because I check the wiki daily, and I think we want most people to catch the notice. It's worth celebrating; but you don't want to have your Christmas tree up in April. ;) —Evan 'JabberWokky' Edwards
Anybody else think it is time to remove the inside page notices? Possibly find a permanent place for the front page notice? It feels like it has crossed the eyeballs of anybody who visits the wiki, and isn't going to add much from here on out. Removing it now rather than six months from now will help in the nine to ten months from now when the 2011 fundraising begins. I don't want the wiki to get the a "perpetual pledge drive" vibe that makes people not take notice when we are fundraising. —Evan 'JabberWokky' Edwards
I feel like the edit war on the front page is out of hand. We should lock it down, have an extended and tedious conversation, maybe alienate a longtimer or two, and just generally get bogged down in tangents both technical and philosophical. In four days or so, when everyone's sick to death of it, let's compromise, and leave this page up as a remembrance of the good ol' times. At some indeterminate point in the future, we can have another tedious and frustrating conversation about whether or not to delete the first talk page. ;]—JoePomidor
It would be nice to have a more active Davis Wiki Chat. For chatting about Davis and the wiki. Would it be ok if I put the http://cheshirehall.net/dw/irc/ link on the front page, see what happens? If so, where on the page should it go? —Angel.York
Proposal: Weather on the front page
There is an html sticker for Wunderground weather in Davis. Could we nestle it into the front page? —resincakes
Can we hide the community alert? It's getting big, outdated and it loses it value constantly being up there.
Please add Books about Davis
...to the Front Page.
See this link:
Books about DavisHiramJackson
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:21347",
"uncompressed_offset": 94894363,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Talk:Italy,_Treviso,_Treviso_Civil_Registration_%28FamilySearch_Historical_Records%29",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T15:50:20.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:42c7c394-442a-405e-a27c-a0bac5573e62>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Talk:Italy,_Treviso,_Treviso_Civil_Registration_(FamilySearch_Historical_Records)"
}
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Talk:Italy, Treviso, Treviso Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Hello,
I have tried many times to access and see the records : Italy, Treviso, Civil Registration (State), 1806-1815
but always unsuccessful however I'm signed in. It says image not available.
Can you help to access these records ?
many thanks and best regards,
Gérard BALSIGER
According to the Known Issues article about this collection you should contact support@familysearch.org. Here is a quote with more details:
Question #3: I get a message “Image not Available” for some of the records even when I am signed in. Can I view these records? Some were previously available, have some records been removed?
Answer #3: Whenever possible, FamilySearch makes images available for all users. However, ultimate rights to view images on our website are granted by the record custodians. Italian Data Privacy rules prohibit viewing the following records: All birth images must be 100 years or older; all marriage images must be 70 years or older, and all death images must be 70 years or older. If any record on a digital folder contains birth records from the last 100 years, for example, the entire digital folder is restricted.
The Historical Records collections will be updated each year to show new unrestricted records. FamilySearch respects and strives to adhere to all privacy laws respective to preserving and providing access to genealogical records in its collections.
If you encounter additional problems with this collection, feel free to report them at support@familysearch.org. Please include the following information:
If browsing this collection: please include the full path you followed to where the problem occurred. The browse path is located above the Image viewer window. For example: Italy, Treviso, Treviso, Civil Registration (Tribunale), 1871-1941 > Mareno > Nati 1871-1906 > Image 1 of 504
If you are reporting a technical issue: please include your operating system and browser version, such as Windows XP and Internet Explorer.
HoranDM 22:32, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
• This page was last modified on 20 July 2012, at 22:32.
• This page has been accessed 76 times.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:21349",
"uncompressed_offset": 108630404,
"url": "free.naplesplus.us/articles/view.php/63813/jdm-shakra",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T15:50:20.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:42c7c394-442a-405e-a27c-a0bac5573e62>",
"warc_url": "http://free.naplesplus.us/articles/view.php/63813/jdm-shakra"
}
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Skip to main content Help Control Panel
Lost? Search this Naples Florida website...|Add our search|Login A+ A- 54.226.5.29
Business Directory « Collier County Business Directory «
JDM SHAKRA
Register with us in one easy step!
Add your Press Release or Company Profile
Collier County Florida Company Profile.
Give your opinion about this listing below:
2387 BUTTERFLY PALM DR , NAPLES, FL 34119
2012-07-16 08:41:35
I am a page for JDM SHAKRA, which is a company located at: 2387 BUTTERFLY PALM DR in the town of NAPLES with the zip code of 34119
I was registered by NOVATT who is at 2387 BUTTERFLY PALM DR in NAPLES FL, zipcode 34119 UN
Phone:
Website:
Email:
. Map of JDM SHAKRA - 2387 BUTTERFLY PALM DR , NAPLES, FL 34119
Novatt will be the Editor of the 'jdm-shakra' page.
hCard:
JDM SHAKRA
work
2387 BUTTERFLY PALM DR
NAPLES FL 34119
Rate this! 1-5 stars
How does this compare with others in the area? Do they have the best prices? How was the service?
Help us find the best of the best.
NOTE: If your business information is incorrect, or you want ownership of your page (free), please see How do I modify my NAPLESPLUS business listing or find out more about this business?
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3gup7kmiwljbrblqhtvnly7kjdz2fhdq
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:21358",
"uncompressed_offset": 112899527,
"url": "genomebiology.com/2005/6/4/R34/abstract",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T15:50:20.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:42c7c394-442a-405e-a27c-a0bac5573e62>",
"warc_url": "http://genomebiology.com/2005/6/4/R34/abstract"
}
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Research
A genomic approach to investigate developmental cell death in woody tissues of Populus trees
Charleen Moreau1, Nikolay Aksenov1, Maribel G Lorenzo2, Bo Segerman1, Christiane Funk2, Peter Nilsson3, Stefan Jansson1 and Hannele Tuominen1*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
2 Department of Biochemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
3 Department of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
For all author emails, please log on.
Genome Biology 2005, 6:R34 doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-4-r34
Published: 22 March 2005
Abstract
Background
Poplar (Populus sp.) has emerged as the main model system for molecular and genetic studies of forest trees. A Populus expressed sequence tag (EST) database (POPULUSDB) was previously created from 19 cDNA libraries each originating from different Populus tree tissues, and opened to the public in September 2004. We used this dataset for in silico transcript profiling of a particular process in the woody tissues of the Populus stem: the programmed death of xylem fibers.
Results
One EST library in POPULUSDB originates from woody tissues of the Populus stem where xylem fibers undergo cell death. Analysis of EST abundances and library distribution within the POPULUSDB revealed a large number of previously uncharacterized transcripts that were unique in this library and possibly related to the death of xylem fibers. The in silico analysis was complemented by a microarray analysis utilizing a novel Populus cDNA array with a unigene set of 25,000 sequences.
Conclusions
In silico analysis, combined with the microarray analysis, revealed the usefulness of non-normalized EST libraries in elucidating transcriptional regulation of previously uncharacterized physiological processes. The data suggested the involvement of two novel extracellular serine proteases, nodulin-like proteins and an Arabidopsis thaliana OPEN STOMATA 1 (AtOST1) homolog in signaling fiber-cell death, as well as mechanisms responsible for hormonal control, nutrient remobilization, regulation of vacuolar integrity and autolysis of the dying fibers.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:21380",
"uncompressed_offset": 135966476,
"url": "ipkitten.blogspot.com/2007/07/recent-publications.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T15:50:20.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:42c7c394-442a-405e-a27c-a0bac5573e62>",
"warc_url": "http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2007/07/recent-publications.html"
}
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Sunday, 15 July 2007
Recent publications
Two recent issues of Oxford University Press periodicals have fallen into the IPKat's hands. The first is the June 2007 issue of the quarterly Journal of Competition Law & Economics. While this is not an intellectual property journal as such, it often carries articles that are of substantial interest to IP enthusiast. This is not one of those issues that is fortunate enough to be blessed with any blatant economics-and-IP material, though it has plenty of content for anyone interested in merger control.
Full contents of current issue here; free sample here; subscribe here
Being a bit of an IT law fan too, the IPKat had a bit more luck with the second journal, though, this being the three-times-a-year International Journal of Law and Information Technology. Its bland white cover doesn't work make for much of an illustration on this weblog so the IPKat thought you might like this picture instead. Among the articles in this issue are
* "The future of consumer web data: a European/US perspective" by Daniel B. Garrie (LegalTech) and Rebecca Wong (Nottingham Trent University). This piece considers clickstream data, taking into account the EU's Data Protection Framework and its US counterparts, particularly the Wiretap Act. Is clickstream data "personal data", the authors ask, and what happens if it is?
* Bashar H. Malkawi (Hashemite University, Jordan) addresses the phenonomenon of e-commerce in light of the WTO Agreement and the US-Jordan Agreement. As the abstract explains, "As fundamental differences continue to stall progress in the WTO’s program on e-commerce, the United States concluded a free trade agreement with Jordan. This agreement was the first ever to incorporate explicit provisions on e-commerce. This article analyzes how existing trade agreements have dealt with e-commerce".
Full contents of current issue here; free sample here; subscribe here
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 179049716,
"url": "my.pagenation.com/kul/This%20Spot_101.7126_3.1194.map",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T15:50:20.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:42c7c394-442a-405e-a27c-a0bac5573e62>",
"warc_url": "http://my.pagenation.com/kul/This%20Spot_101.7126_3.1194.map"
}
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This Spot is near Chan Sow Lin, J; is near Sg Besi (s), J; is near E2 Kl-seremban Hwy (n); is near Lrt Petaling Line D; is near E2 Kl-seremban (s); is near E9 Besraya (serdang); is near Ramp To Kl-seremban Highway (s); is near Sg Besi (n), J; This Spot is geographically located at latitude(3.1194 degrees) 3° 7' 9" North of the Equator and longitude (101.7126 degrees) 101° 42' 45" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to This Spot are represented by the shortest distances between two points on Earth and may not be nearest by road. For example, This Spot is located 587 metres from BHP Sungai Besi (s). This Spot is located 594 metres from Star Miharja. This Spot is located 644 metres from Volvo Sungai Besi. This Spot is located 666 metres from Taman Miharja Flats. This Spot is located 727 metres from Wisma Mahsing.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
Star Miharja is located 0.6 Kilometres away from This Spot. Star Miharja - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Star Cheras is located 0.8 Kilometres away from This Spot. Star Cheras - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Star Chan Sow Lin is located 1 Kilometres away from This Spot. Star Chan Sow Lin - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Wenworth Hotel 1.8km, Maluri Hotel 2.1km, Mandarin Court Hotel 2.4km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near This Spot.
Ue3 Shopping Center 0.8km, D Bos Karaoke 1.4km, Wet Market Pudu 1.7km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near This Spot.
Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi 1.1km, Times Square Theme Park 2.5km, Desa Water Park 3.1km, are places of interest (attraction) located near This Spot.
SJK Pendidikan Khas 1.5km, SJK (c) Chung Kwo 1.5km, SJK & SMK Convent Jalan Peel 1.6km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near This Spot.
Chinese Cemetery 1.2km, Gong Dong Yi San 1.4km, Chinese Cemetery 1.5km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near This Spot.
This Spot
BHP Sungai Besi (s)
Star Miharja
Volvo Sungai Besi
Taman Miharja Flats
Wisma Mahsing
Shell Sungai Besi (s)
Star Cheras
Ue3 Shopping Center
DBKL Dump Truck Depot
Star Chan Sow Lin
E-Zone Business Park
Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi
Chinese Cemetery
SMART Tunnel Entry Exit Toll Jalan Sungei Besi
RMAF Sungai Besi Airbase
Miharja Condo
Gong Dong Yi San
Caltex Jalan Cheras
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
This Spot
TAMAN MIHARJA 55200 is about 1.4 km away.
D Bos Karaoke is about 1.4 km away.
Bandaraya Cheras Youth Complex is about 1.5 km away.
SJK Pendidikan Khas is about 1.5 km away.
SJK (c) Chung Kwo is about 1.5 km away.
Miharja Apartments is about 1.5 km away.
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