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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1318.3 - Qld Stats, Aug 2010 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/08/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
CONTENTS
ABS News and Events
ABS News and Upcoming Events
People
Recent Social Statistics
Population Change
Regional Population Growth
Labour Force
Economy
Recent Economic Statistics
Prices
Construction
Housing Finance
Incomes
Consumption and Investment
Tourist Accommodation
State Accounts
Environment and Energy
Recent Environment and Energy Statistics
Environment and Energy Releases
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6102.0.55.001 - Labour Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Apr 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/04/2007
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Contents >> Methods >> Business Collections >> Chapter 32. Wage Price Index
CHAPTER 32. WAGE PRICE INDEX
This page contains a link to the Wage Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 6351.0.55.001) electronic publication. This publication contains the most up to date information about the Wage Price Index.
Wage price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 6351.0.55.001).
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
3228.0.55.001 - Population Estimates: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2009
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/06/2009
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ACCURACY
5.5 A difficulty in accurately estimating the number of births and deaths stems from the fact that while the vast majority are registered promptly, a small proportion of registrations are delayed for months or even years. Lags or accumulations in birth and death registrations can be caused by either:
• late notification of a birth or death to a state or territory registry
• delays arising from incomplete information supplied for a registration
• procedural changes affecting the processing cycles in any of the state and territory registries
• resolution of issues that may arise within the ABS or registry processing systems.
5.6 The following graph shows the variability between states/territories, and the greater lags for births than for deaths.
5.1 Births and deaths, Average interval between occurrence and registration - 2007
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8752.3 - Building Activity, Queensland, Jun 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 24/10/2002
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Presents number of dwelling units and value of residential buildings (new houses and new other residential); value of alterations and additions to residential buildings and value of non-residential building by class of building (e.g. hotels, offices, etc.), for private and public sectors; stage of construction (commenced, under construction, completed); value of work done during the reference period, and value of work yet to be done. Seasonally adjusted series show number of dwelling units commenced and completed and value of work done. Also includes value of work commenced and work done in chain volume measures, with the reference year being the year prior to the latest complete financial year.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Software
SolexaQA: At-a-glance quality assessment of Illumina second-generation sequencing data
Murray P Cox1,2,3*, Daniel A Peterson1 and Patrick J Biggs4,5
Author Affiliations
1 Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
2 The Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, New Zealand
3 The Bio-Protection Research Centre, New Zealand
4 Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
5 Massey Genome Service, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Bioinformatics 2010, 11:485 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-485
Published: 27 September 2010
Abstract
Background
Illumina's second-generation sequencing platform is playing an increasingly prominent role in modern DNA and RNA sequencing efforts. However, rapid, simple, standardized and independent measures of run quality are currently lacking, as are tools to process sequences for use in downstream applications based on read-level quality data.
Results
We present SolexaQA, a user-friendly software package designed to generate detailed statistics and at-a-glance graphics of sequence data quality both quickly and in an automated fashion. This package contains associated software to trim sequences dynamically using the quality scores of bases within individual reads.
Conclusion
The SolexaQA package produces standardized outputs within minutes, thus facilitating ready comparison between flow cell lanes and machine runs, as well as providing immediate diagnostic information to guide the manipulation of sequence data for downstream analyses.
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Today I’d like to open up a friendly debate on why affiliate marketing may actually be a good option for some people. Let’s take a look and provide an alternative view of affiliate marketing vs ecommerce
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Rate This Article
Average: 4/5
Comments Sought: Forest Service Land Management Planning Rule
Forestry:
Comments Sought: Forest Service Land Management Planning Rule
Source: U.S. Forest Service.
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Sidney Draggan Ph.D.
USDA Forest Service Unveils Proposed Planning Rule to Provide Science-Based Framework to Support Healthy Forests and Communities
Forest Service Seeks Public Comment on Proposed Rule
The comment period is open now and will not close until May 16, 2011.
Audio Message: 2011 Proposed Forest Planning Rule
Video message: 2011 Proposed Forest Planning Rule
The USDA Forest Service unveiled its proposed Forest Planning Rule on February 10, 2011. that would establish a new national framework to develop land management plans that protect water and wildlife and promote vibrant communities.
Forest Service land management plans guide management activities on the 155 National Forests and 20 Grasslands in the National Forest System. The proposed planning rule provides a collaborative and science-based framework for creating land management plans that would support ecological sustainability and contribute to rural job opportunities. The proposed rule includes new provisions to guide forest and watershed restoration and resilience, habitat protection, sustainable recreation, and management for multiple uses of the National Forest System, including timber.
"This proposed planning rule seeks to conserve our forests for the benefit of water, wildlife, recreation and the economic vitality of our rural communities," said Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. "The proposed rule will provide the tools to the Forest Service to make our forests more resilient to many threats, including pests, catastrophic fire and climate change. Healthy forests and economically strong rural communities form a solid foundation as we work to win the future for the next generation."
Publication of the proposed planning rule in the Federal Register will kick off a 90-day public comment period, ending May 16. The Forest Service will use comments to develop a final rule. To encourage public engagement, the Forest Service is hosting an open forum to discuss the proposed rule on March 10, 2011 in Washington, D.C. The meeting will be Web cast to allow for national participation, and there will be additional public forums held throughout the country. The proposed rule, meeting information, and additional information can be found at www.fs.usda.gov/planningrule.
Highlights of the proposed planning rule include:
• A more effective and efficient framework that would allow adaptive land management planning in the face of climate change and other stressors.
• Increased requirements for public involvement and collaboration throughout all stages of land management planning.
• Improved ability to respond to climate change and other stressors through provisions to restore and maintain healthy and resilient ecosystems.
• Increased protections for water resources and watersheds.
• More effective and proactive requirements to provide for diverse native plant and animal species.
• Provisions to guide the contributions of a National Forest or National Grassland to social and economic sustainability.
• Updated provisions for sustainable land, water and air-based recreation.
• Requirements to provide for integrated resource management of a range of multiple uses and values including outdoor recreation, range, timber, water, wildlife, wilderness, energy, mining, and ecosystem services.
• New requirements for a local and landscape-scale monitoring program that are based on the latest science.
"This proposed planning rule is the outcome of an open and transparent development process," said Agriculture Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment Harris Sherman. "It's a positive framework that will allow the Forest Service to more effectively restore our natural resources, support the economy, and adapt to changing conditions."
The proposed rule would update planning procedures that have been in place since 1982, creating a modern planning process that reflects the latest science and knowledge of how to create and implement effective land management plans.
"The Forest Service has been a steward of American lands for more than a century, and this proposed planning rule will build on that tradition," said Forest Service Chief Tom Tidwell. "We value the thoughtful input we've received in the development of this proposed rule, and we look forward to continuing collaboration to construct an adaptive management framework for the people's forests and grasslands, based on sound science and reflecting public values."
The proposed rule is the product of the most participatory planning rule development process in Forest Service history. To develop the proposed rule, the Forest Service held over 40 public meetings and roundtables across the country that drew more than 3,000 participants, and hosted a blog to engage the public. Additionally, the Forest Service reviewed more than 26,000 comments on the notice of intent to issue a new planning rule.
The USDA Forest Service manages 193 million acres of forests and grasslands across the country. Drinking water for approximately one in five Americans comes from the National Forest System. American forests, including those in the National Forest System, also capture and store enough carbon every year to offset 11 percent of the nation's industrial greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, hundreds of millions of Americans visit National Forests and Grasslands annually, with 98 percent of these lands offering free access. More information is available at www.fs.usda.gov/planningrule.
Citation
U.S. Forest Service (Content Source);Sidney Draggan Ph.D. (Topic Editor) "Comments Sought: Forest Service Land Management Planning Rule". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 7, 2011; Last revised Date July 9, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Comments_Sought:_Forest_Service_Land_Management_Planning_Rule?topic=54487>
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Netherlands, Emigration Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 19:21, 19 February 2013 by HoranDM (Talk | contribs)
This article describes a collection of historical records scheduled to become available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Title in the Language of the Record
Record Description
The collection consists of images of emigration registers and index, 1845-1877. It includes statistical information, 1831-1857.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the data and images published on FamilySearch.org. It may include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
Various governmetal offices throughout the Netherlands. Emigration Records, 1831-1877. Netherlands National Archives. The Hague, Netherlands.
Suggested citation format for a record in this collection.
Record Content
Key genealogical facts found in this collection may include the following information:
• Name
• Trade of Occupation
• Age
• Religion
• Destination
How to Use the Record
To begin your search it is helpful to know the name and some other identifying information such as their age.
Search the Collection
To search the collection image by image select "Browse through images" on the initial collection page
⇒Select the appropriate "Record Type, Year Range, and Volume Number" which takes you to the images.
It is best to start with the indexes as they usually have information such as volume, year, or page number that will help you to quickly locate the record for your ancestor.
If you do not find your ancestor in the index you will need to look at the images one by one comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine if the image relates to them. You may need to look at several images and compare the information about the individuals listed in those images to your ancestors to make this determination. Keep in mind:
• There may be more than one person in the records with the same name.
• You may not be sure of your own ancestor’s name.
• Your ancestor may have used different names or variations of their name throughout their life.
Using the Information
When you have located your ancestor’s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. Save a copy of the image or transcribe the information. These pieces of information may give you new biographical details such as a title or an occupation. Add this new information to your records of each family. You should also look for leads to other records about your ancestors.
Related Websites
Related Wiki Articles
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
“Argentina, Buenos Aires, Catholic Church Records, 1635-1981,” digital images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/: accessed 28 February, 2012), La Plata > San Ponciano > Matrimonios 1884-1886 > image 71 of 389 images, Artemio Avendano and Clemtina Peralta, 1884; citing Parroquia de San Ponciano en la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Matrimonios. San Ponciano, La Plata.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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Teller County, ColoradoEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:26, 15 June 2012 by Jaburgess (Talk | contribs)
United States Colorado Teller County
Contents
County Courthouse
Teller County Courthouse
101 W Bennett Ave;
Cripple Creek, CO 80813-0959
Phone: 719.689.2951
County Clerk has marriage and land record from 1899
Clerk District Court has divoce, probate and court records[1]
Quick Facts
Wikipedia has more about this subject: Teller County, Colorado
Parent County
• 23 March 1899: Teller County was created from El Paso County. County seat: Cripple Creek [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Archives and Libraries
• Southern Teller County School/Public Lib Dist
410 B Street
Cripple Creek, CO 80813
Telephone: 719-689-2800
Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing Teller County, Colorado census records online, see: Colorado Census.
Church History and Records
Court Records
History
Land
Maps
Military History and Records
Newspapers
Probate Records
Colorado State Archives has put the Teller County Will Records Index for the years 1894-1971 on-line.
Taxation
Colorado State Archives has put the Teller County Inheritance Tax Records Index for 1917-1936 on-line
Vital Records
Colorado Vital Records Search
Societies, Libraries and Museums
Family History Centers
Websites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Teller County, Colorado. Page 101 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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Rapamycin Research Rolls Onward
Permalink | View Comments (4) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
Rapamycin, as I'm sure you're aware by now, is a drug that has been shown to extend life in mice via a mechanism that may stack with the beneficial effects of calorie restriction on longevity. Unfortunately, its primary effect, and the reason for its commercial development in the first place, is suppression of the immune system. Rapamycin has been used to help prevent rejection of organ transplants for quite a while. It's not the sort of thing you'd really want to take on a regular basis, given the choice.
Nonetheless, now that rapamycin has been shown to influence longevity strongly enough to be worth an entry into the Mprize, interest has been spurred amongst those researchers who aim to slow aging through drug-induced manipulation of metabolic processes. So expect to see a steady flow of papers, as various research communities try it out in their laboratories. For example:
Rapamycin Rescues Learning, Memory in Alzheimer's Mouse Model:
Rapamycin, a drug that keeps the immune system from attacking transplanted organs, may have another exciting use: fighting Alzheimer's disease. Rapamycin rescued learning and memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's ... Rapamycin also reduced lesions in the brains of the mice, the team found. The lesions are similar to those seen in the brains of people who died with Alzheimer's.
"Our findings may have a profound clinical implication," said Dr. Oddo, who is a member of the university's Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies. "Because rapamycin is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, a clinical trial using it as an anti-Alzheimer's disease therapy could be started fairly quickly."
I'm of the opinion that the existence of the FDA creates a "looking for the keys under the lamppost" syndrome amongst researchers. The results we actually want - reversal of aging, bold new discoveries in biotechnology, and so forth - lie somewhere out there in the darkness, beyond what has been FDA approved, and in most cases beyond any framework the FDA has set in place to consider medical technologies. But how much easier it is to stick to the small circle of light and commercialize new uses for an already approved drug! The FDA's oppressive regulatory costs create a perverse incentive for researchers to focus their resources upon reuse of existing drugs, work that will never produce anywhere near the benefits that might be realized from completely new developments in medical technology. So we all suffer, and we cannot see the true cost, because that cost is measured in technologies and medicines that might have been brought into being by now, if not for the regulators.
But to return to the theme, I see that Ouroboros posted on the topic of rapamycin today as well:
This isn't exactly news, but it's news to me: Rapamycin has an orally administered derivative, Everolimus, already in use as an anti-cancer and anti-rejection drug. ... But the drug itself might be bad news, especially if it is taken over long periods of time: mTOR, the target of rapamycin, appears to be necessary for reconsolidation of long-term memory in mammals; inhibition of mTOR is efficacious enough at blocking fear memories that it's discussed as a strategy for treating PTSD. ... So, as I've commented before, I have this fear that rapamycin (or a derivative) will turn out to be a bona fide longevity enhancement drug, but one whose chronic use erodes long-term memory, which does defeat the purpose to some extent.
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Posts Tagged ‘ foreign troops ’
Interpol Granted Near Total Immunity
By
0
January 5, 2010
Basically Interpol agents can come on US soil and do just about anything they like shy of murder and not be prosecuted for it. Confiscate land and not pay property taxes? OK! Search and seize without warrants? OK! No notice to our government they are operating here? OK! Automatic immunity from FOIA requests, no...
Read More »
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Linux - deb (x86), version 3.6.4, Oromo. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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Sensors 2011, 11(1), 32-53; doi:10.3390/s110100032
Review
Femtosecond Laser Filamentation for Atmospheric Sensing
1 Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China 2 Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Optics & Center for Optics, Photonics and Laser (COPL), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 19 November 2010; in revised form: 10 December 2010 / Accepted: 13 December 2010 / Published: 23 December 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors - 2010)
Download PDF Full-Text [343 KB, uploaded 23 December 2010 12:56 CET]
Abstract: Powerful femtosecond laser pulses propagating in transparent materials result in the formation of self-guided structures called filaments. Such filamentation in air can be controlled to occur at a distance as far as a few kilometers, making it ideally suited for remote sensing of pollutants in the atmosphere. On the one hand, the high intensity inside the filaments can induce the fragmentation of all matters in the path of filaments, resulting in the emission of characteristic fluorescence spectra (fingerprints) from the excited fragments, which can be used for the identification of various substances including chemical and biological species. On the other hand, along with the femtosecond laser filamentation, white-light supercontinuum emission in the infrared to UV range is generated, which can be used as an ideal light source for absorption Lidar. In this paper, we present an overview of recent progress concerning remote sensing of the atmosphere using femtosecond laser filamentation.
Keywords: femtosecond laser; filamentation; remote sensing
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Xu, H.L.; Chin, S.L. Femtosecond Laser Filamentation for Atmospheric Sensing. Sensors 2011, 11, 32-53.
AMA Style
Xu HL, Chin SL. Femtosecond Laser Filamentation for Atmospheric Sensing. Sensors. 2011; 11(1):32-53.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Xu, Huai Liang; Chin, See Leang. 2011. "Femtosecond Laser Filamentation for Atmospheric Sensing." Sensors 11, no. 1: 32-53.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Category:Wiki maintenance
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Image:Drosophila.jpg
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Students for Global Sustainability Wiki
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Revision as of 22:05, 20 March 2006 by Ssutton (Talk | contribs)
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Bulletins
SfGS Mission Statement
Students for Global Sustainability (SfGS) is a student organization commited to sustainable development and conservation projects on both the global and local levels. SfGS is a chapter of the World Student Community for Sustainable Development (WSC-SD), which is an international partnership of six student communities seeking to promote sustainable development in research, education, and day-to-day collaborations among tomorrow's scientists, engineers and policy-makers.
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Undergraduate BE Board:Elections
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Elections for the 2011 BE Undergraduate Board will be held during the end of semester study break on Tuesday December 6th.
Candidate platforms are due on Thursday, December 1th. Platforms should be submitted to Yuan Zhao at yuanz@mit.edu. After submission, platforms will be posted on the page.
Positions
The time commitment for all of the positions is about three hours a week. Responsibilities mainly include attending board meetings, sending emails to students and faculty, and attending events.
• President:
Faculty go-to person, runs the board and bi-weekly BE meetings
• Vice President:
A little of everything, primary FPOP coordinator
• Secretary:
Sends out emails, takes minutes, reserves rooms for meetings
• Treasurer:
Orders food, budgets events, handles merchandise, all other pecuniary needs
Platforms
President:
Jonathan Gootenberg
Hello couse 20! I'm Jonathan Gootenberg, and I'm running for President of the BE Undergrad Board. I think that I have the necessary background to serve as the head of the BEUB: I currently serve as a director on the MIT Techfair board and represent course 20 in the Biology Undergraduate Student Association In addition, I serve as an associate advisor for Professor So, and I was involved in planning and running the BE FPOP this fall, so I have a strong relationship with the department.
As for my vision as President, I feel that Course 20 is undergoing a transition. We are now among the four largest majors, but we still have a say in the future development of our major. I want to encourage feedback and suggestions on the curriculum and foster interactions between students and faculty. I'd like to work with the department to create more opportunities for meeting with professors, similar to the class-wide dinners that were held last year.
In addition, I think that as the major grows it's important to maintain strong cohesion with and between classes, so that students in the major know one another. I would work to organize events (hopefully paid for by the department) to allow for underclassmen and freshmen interested in the major to meet with upperclassmen. I also think that the BE lounge is an important location for our major, and as President I would try to secure funding to add more amenities (for example, in the the graduate lounge, there's a constantly refreshed supply of candy).
Our major is growing quickly, and I'm excited about what we can do to help shape its future. By being on exec, I hope to let your voice be heard.
Vice President:
Jenny Van
Hey, Course 20! My name is Jenny Van, and I am a sophomore running for vice president. One of the most important roles of the vice president of BEUB is to organize and coordinate the FPOP each year. As a former “FPOP baby” of the 1st DBE FPOP and a counselor for it the second time around, I have the experience and passion to make the third year just as successful. In the past, one of the most difficult tasks in organizing the FPOP was coming up with ideas to keep the incoming freshman both interested and entertained. My plan to ameliorate this problem is to make sure the FPOP is well planned with structured events, and of course, lots of free food! I am really passionate about bioengineering and would love nothing more than to open up fresh minds to our major as well.
I am also an active member in the Biological Engineering-Biomedical Engineering Society (BE-BMES) and the Society of Woman Engineers (SWE). In the former, I am the Student Research Chair and have gained invaluable experience organizing large events with the support of the BE department. In the latter, I mentor high school girls interested in science and engineering. As the vice president, I would love to coordinate events co-sponsored with BE-BMES such as mixers for undergraduates with grad students and professors.
I am very excited to contribute even more to the best major at MIT as the vice president of BEUB! Thanks in advance for your support and vote.
Arvind Thiagarajan
Biological Engineering, more than any other field at present, offers a rich and diverse atmosphere, one in which people of different academic backgrounds can find both common ground and a niche for themselves. This is especially evident at the graduate level, where students from electrical engineering, physics, math, biology, and other fields come together to work on interesting problems in biological engineering. At the undergraduate level, however, the range of students, while still somewhat broad, is much more focused: the major still primarily attracts those students with biology backgrounds. Part of the reason for this is the way the classes are structured, but just as important is the existing community and the opportunities it offers. It is at this level that the BEUB can exert the most influence, and it is for this reason that I am running for Vice President.
In particular, I believe that two things must be done in order to expand and strengthen our field. First, we must work to give incoming freshman a really good overview of the opportunities that BE offers, and second we must work to integrate BE more closely with the other departments at MIT. The first goal seems most easily accomplished within the framework of a BE FPOP. The second goal can be approached by organizing mixers between departments or arranging interdisciplinary talks. Both of these are jobs that are best handled through the office of BEUB Vice President. It is for this reason that I am running for this office, and these are the things I intend to do if elected.
Thank you for taking the time to read my platform, and please vote Arvind Thiagarajan for BEUB Vice President.
Sincerely, Arvind Thiagarajan
Secretary:
Nina Jreige
Hi, my name is Nina Jreige, and I am a junior majoring in BioEngineering. I am interested in running for secretary for the Biological Engineering Undergraduate Board, and have both experience (I am currently the secretary for the BEUB and Lebanese Club at MIT) and enthusiasm for the position. I think the study breaks and information sessions that we hold are a great way for students within the major to meet each other and learn more about BE. Next year I would like to work on getting attendance numbers for these events increased, a task that is surely accomplishable through increased advertisement, variety, and better scheduling. Maybe instead of solely focusing on lunch study breaks, we could also hold dinner or movie study breaks as well. I am excited about majoring in BioEngineering, and I would like to channel some of my excitement into the Undergraduate Board. The aforementioned ideas are just some of the things I would try to work on, and I would always be open to suggestions.
Thank you! Nina
Treasurer:
Sonika Reddy
I would be a good treasurer because I am capable of balancing budgets and I turn things in on time. I have enjoyed being the treasurer for BEUB for the past year and now have a good idea of how the organization works and our goals for the major.
Sonika
Matt Hung
Hello, Course 20! My name is Matthew Hung, and I’m running for treasurer of the BE Undergraduate Board. This past year I have served on the BioTech staff of BE-BMES, and I have come to embrace Course 20. I wish to be a part of BEUB, a student group that plays a large role in nurturing our major. As for qualifications, I’ve had numerous experiences handling budgets for several student groups in high school. I know where money should be allocated and I assure you that BE events will be supplied with good food. I have excellent taste ;). Furthermore, I am always on top of my work (never punted a pset or pulled an all nighter :D), and will be able to devote enough time to BEUB to fulfill my duties. Thank you for reading my platform, and I look forward to working for you.
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2 Armenian wrestlers to perform at European championship March 21
PanARMENIAN.Net - European wrestling championship is ongoing in Tbilisi, with Armenia’s Grigor Grigoryan (74 kg) and Andranik Galstyan (120 kg) to perform today, March 21.
Grigoryan will face off against the winner of Apostolos Taskoudis vs Beka Namitcheishvili bout, with Andranik Galstyan (120 kg) to rival Nick Matuhin.
David Safaryan (66 kg) earlier won gold in the European championship.
Partner news
Top stories
Armenian grandmaster Levon Aronian is currently 3rd with 4 points, Bulgaria’s Veselin Topalov is 7th with 3 points.
European Individual Chess Championship ended in Polish town of Legnica, with 24 chess players winning World Cup qualifications.
Gor Minasyan won silver medal, Andranik Karapetyan and Izabella Yalyan both won bronze at Junior World Championships in Lima.
The chief coach noted that the Greco-Roman wrestlers will participate in Mariupol-hosted tournament in June.
Partner news
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Daily Search Forum Recap: January 23, 2012
Jan 23, 2012 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Google's Blocked Site Feature Missing For 13 Days
In March 2011, Google enabled a blocked sites feature, allowing users to block sites they do not want to see in the search results. That feature went away for some when Google introduced Search Plus Your World about 13 days ago...
• New iGoogle Layout Live For Some
Back in September, Google began testing a new iGoogle design and now it seems more are seeing that test. A Google Web Search Help thread has one person stating he sees the new design
• A Google Quality Rater Interviewed
Matt McGee published An Interview With A Google Search Quality Rater this past Friday, it is the most detailed write up on a quality rater I have seen to date. It goes through the various tasks, how they got the job...
• New Improved Download Options For Google Webmaster Tools
On Thursday, the folks over at WebmasterWorld noticed a visual change to the download buttons within Google Webmaster Tools. The new buttons were basically moved up higher onto the page on the links...
• Publishers Want Refund For Google AdSense Outage
This Friday, dozens of reports came from the Google AdSense Help forum that Google AdSense ads were simply not loading. The reports continued throughout the day and publishers were not making money, at all...
• Bing Bar at Sundance
Here is a picture of Gary Clark Jr. playing at the Microsoft Bing Bar at Sundance a couple days ago. He played during the Spin Happy Hour Ses. Jason Lester took the picture and posted it on Flickr.
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Google's Blocked Site Feature Missing For 13 Days
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/6442/the-saddest-and-most-challenging-and-possibly-wrong-book-by-wilhelm-roepke/
The Saddest and Most Challenging (and possibly wrong) book by Wilhelm Roepke
March 28, 2007 by
I find myself captivated by this new entry into the Austrian Study Guide: a very rare treatise indeed. It is International Economic Disintegration by Wilhelm Roepke, from 1942. He explains how the world unraveled the 1930s from a combination of protectionism and monetary destruction. But he can’t get very far with this analysis without relating what seems to be an epiphany for him: there are non-economic reasons the world collapsed. The rise of nationalism frightens him. The old code of morals and manners, even the code of honor among people, seems to have been shredded. People long for more than prosperity; they want cultural and social coherence and stability, and states with a mission. The market cannot provide this. It must come tradition or religion or something else.
Observing this, he seems to suggest that the old liberal creed failed: we must speak of more than individualism and utility; we must begun speaking of goodness and right and truth. We must revive honor and civility.
Whether the collapse of the economy fed the cultural decline or the reverse is a question that he examines in detail. But his whole analysis keeps the reader rather suspended, mainly because you suspect something rather awful is at work in his brain: he seems to be losing a bit of trust in the idea of freedom. But reading it can be frustrating because he is never quite clear on what he regards as the foundational cause of nationalist warmongering and social decline. But as we approach the end of the book, he seems rushed to find an answer and it is here where he seems to take the path that we had long suspected he is headed. He denounces materialism, mass behavior, individualization, and consumerism–not always in those exact words but in some variation of them.
But is he really suggesting that capitalism itself, as versus the state, contributed to the decline and disintegration? No, he never quite says this. But the reader can come away with the view that he has begun to believe it.
My own analysis is that we have here an intellectual in shock, reaching for straws, tired of the old liberal faith in reason, exasperated that nations would so gladly destroy themselves, despairing at the prospect of a cure, and scoffing at the notion that all we need are free markets. He observes a deep pathology at work in the world, one that must be repaired by much more radical change than merely adopting free trade and sound money.
This is a troubled intellectual. He seems to lack stamina in this book, and certainly he was nowhere near the giant in understanding and intellectual courage that Mises was. Roepke seemed confused and disoriented by the horrors he saw around him. What’s interesting is that he never really seemed to gain his footing again after this book. His works are packed with insight, and they are so challenging to read. He is quite brilliant. And yet, he behaved pretty much as we might all behave: his attachment to science grew weaker and he sought some sort of refuge in something else. Roepke never gave up his liberalism but he seems to come very close here.
This book is particularly interesting to read in light of the way many libertarians let 9-11 shake them up. Imagine what living through war and depression would do! All the more reason to admire Mises, truly.
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Research article
The spliceosomal autoantigen heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNP-A2) is a major T cell autoantigen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Ruth Fritsch-Stork1, Daniela Müllegger1,2, Karl Skriner1,3, Beatrice Jahn-Schmid4, Josef S Smolen1,5 and Günter Steiner1,2,5*
Author Affiliations
1 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
2 Center of Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
3 Charité University Medicine Berlin, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humboldt University and Free University, Berlin, Germany
4 Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
5 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rheumatology and Balneology, Vienna, Austria
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2006, 8:R118 doi:10.1186/ar2007
Published: 19 July 2006
Abstract
A hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the appearance of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens, including autoantibodies directed to the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNP-A2), which occur in 20% to 30% of SLE patients as well as in animal models of this disease. To investigate the underlying cellular reactivity and to gain further insight into the nature and potential pathogenic role of this autoimmune response we characterized the T cell reactivity against hnRNP-A2 in patients with SLE in comparison to healthy controls. Cellular proliferation of peripheral blood T cells to hnRNP-A2 was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and T cell clones (TCCs) specific for hnRNP-A2 were grown by limiting dilution cloning; IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-10 in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Bioactivity of culture supernatants was determined by incubation of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated peripheral blood CD4+ T cells with supernatants of TCCs. Stimulation assays performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 35 SLE patients and 21 healthy controls revealed pronounced proliferative responses in 66% of SLE patients and in 24% of the controls, which were significantly higher in SLE patients (p < 0.00002). Furthermore, hnRNP-A2 specific TCCs generated from SLE patients (n = 22) contained a relatively high proportion of CD8+ clones and mostly lacked CD28 expression, in contrast to TCCs derived from healthy controls (n = 12). All CD4+ TCCs of patients and all control TCCs secreted IFNγ and no IL-4. In contrast, CD8+ TCCs of patients secreted very little IFNγ, while production of IL-10 did not significantly differ from other T cell subsets. Interestingly, all CD8+ clones producing IL-10 in large excess over IFNγ lacked expression of CD28. Functional assays showed a stimulatory effect of the supernatants derived from these CD8+CD28- hnRNP-A2 specific TCCs that was similar to that of CD4+CD28+ clones. Taken together, the pronounced peripheral T cell reactivity to hnRNP-A2 observed in the majority of SLE patients and the distinct phenotype of patient-derived CD8+ TCCs suggest a role for these T cells in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Embedded linux status
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 17:17, 20 November 2012 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Here is an outline for a presentation on the status of embedded Linux:
This is essentially Tim Bird's private collection of interesting notes about the status of embedded Linux. It tends to get updated right before a Linux conference.
NEWS: Tim Bird's Status of Embedded Linux (PDF) (February 2012) presentation from ELC 2012 is now available.
Contents
Process for adding information
Anyone can add information to this page. I used to maintain the information at the Technology Watch List, but the table format there is a bit constrictive. (It would be nice if MediaWiki had a table editor!!)
Since I have to form this stuff into a "State of Embedded Linux" presentation several times a year, keeping the information in wiki outline format is convenient for me. It's easier to put directly into a presentation.
Please place information in bullet form, with a link to a supporting article, in the appropriate sub-section below.
Page History
I'll let MediaWiki store historical versions of this page. If you want to see what the hot issues were from a last year or a few years ago, please see look at the page history. (Although, updates of this page have historically been a bit spotty).
Presentation History
Here's my presentation history:
Uncategorized info
This is where I put stuff I haven't had time to analyze or sort into the appropriate category:
February 2012
• lttng 2.0 was in mainline for about 2 weeks
• CTF exists, as well as babeltrace
• babeltrace (library for trace conversion) exists, but has no serious converters yet
• TMF (eclipse viewer) support for CTF coming real soon (if not already) (was predicted to be January 2012)
• TMF support for LTTng 2.0 planned for q2 2012
May 2011
Quote:
LinuxFR : What is your opinion about Android ? Are you mostly happy they made cellphones very usable or sad because it's really a kernel fork ?
Linus Torvalds : I think forks are good things, they don't make me sad. A lot of Linux development has come out of forks, and it's the only way to keep developers honest - the threat that somebody else can do a better job and satisfy the market better by being different. The whole point of open source to me is really the very real ability to fork (but also the ability for all sides to then merge the forked content back, if it turns out that the fork was doing the right things!)
So I think the android fork forced the mainline developers to seriously look at some of the issues that android had. I think we've solved them in mainline, and I hope (and do think) that android will eventually end up merging to mainline. But it will probably take time and further effort.
I think the more serious long-term issue we have in the kernel is the wild and crazy embedded platform code (and mostly ARM - not because ARM is in any way fundamentally crazier, but because ARM is clearly the most successful embedded platform by far). The embedded world has always tended to eschew standardized platforms: they've been resource constrained etc, so they've done very tailored chip and board solutions, and felt that they couldn't afford a lot of platform abstraction.
That causes a big maintenance headache, because then all those crazy platforms look slightly different to the kernel, and we have all that silly code just to support all those variations of what is really just the same thing deep down, just differently hooked up and with often arbitrary small differences.
But that's something that happens both within and outside of Android, it's in no way android-specific.
LinuxFR : What about the technical differences between Android and mainline ? Do you think the "wakelock" controversy is solvable ?
Linus Torvalds : I think it is technically largely solved (ie "details to be fixed, but nothing fundamentally scary"), but practically once you have an interface and existing code, it just is a fair amount of work to change. And there perhaps isn't quite enough motivation to make those changes very quickly. So it will take time, and probably several releases (both mainline and adroid) to actually happen.
LinuxFR : Can you explain why you're not happy with the ARM patches sent to you during merge windows ? Is there an obvious solution for this fragmentation problem ?
Linus Torvalds : Obvious solution? No. The problem is the wild variety of hardware, and then in many cases the Linux ARM platform code (not the ARM CPU support, but the support for certain chips with all the glue issues around the CPU core) has been mostly ugly "copy-and-paste" from some previous ARM platform support file, with some minimal editing to make it match the new one.
And it just results in this unmaintainable mess. It becomes painful when somebody then fixes some core infrastructure, and you end up with a hundred different ARM files all using that infrastructure. That happened with the IRQ chip driver cleanups Thomas did recently (well, has been doing over along time, the recent part is really just the final removal of some nasty old interfaces).
It results in other maintainability issues too - patches being big just means that people won't look at them as carefully etc etc. So it's just a bad situation. Many of the cases should be solvable by having better generic solutions and then plugging in just some per-platform numbers for those solutions.
April 2011
Other
• CONFIG_PM being eliminated - improved PM configuration
• ftrace using -mfentry (feb 9, 2011 lkml, steven rostedt)
April 2010
Previous to April 2010
• SystemTap 1.0 now includes support for cross-compilation.
• Patches for dynamic printks
• writing to /dev/kmsg to generate a printk (not new, but I just discovered it)
• LZO kernel compression is in 2.6.33
• Arjan van de Ven's timer-slack code - http://lwn.net/Articles/369361/
Kernel
Kernel Versions
Bootup Time
• U-boot bootgraph.pl support (see e-mail from Andrew Murray)
• Android has problems
• many people are addressing it with Snapshot boot
• readahead is getting lots of attention
• See Tim's presentation on Android boot time with readahead
• snapshot boot (see above)
• See ELC 2010? and ABS 2011 presentation on snapshot booting
• embedded bootchart
• busybox bootchart
• bootchart in Android init
• bootchart2 project
• C collector, python visualizer
• filesystem speedups
• CELF funding UBI logging
• CELF funding read-only block filesystems on flash (MTD)
• XIP
• Almost removed from kernel
• versions in kernel were broken, use of XIP on out-of-tree platforms doesn't help keep XIP in the tree
Bootloader
Memory Management
• anything new happening?
Power Management
• suspend blockers? (aka wakelocks)
• device PM
then and now
2003 - wanted:
• operating points
• frequency scaling
• tickless idle
• device pm
2011 - have:
• tickless idle
• device pm
• ???
System Size
• CELF reviving Linux-tiny project
• bloatwatch is still running, but who looks at it?
• Xi Wang's talk at ELC about optimizing memory usage throughout system (kernel, libs, application)
• OOM killer - dealing with memory pressure:
• [RESEARCH: OOM killer news]
• Android has its own thing
• cgroup memory notifications
then and now
2003 - wanted (shrink kernel to ???k) 2011 - current size = ?
• see bloatwatch
• growth is in user space
• compare with platform size growth over same period
Security
• virtualization for Android
• Samsung using vmware for Android (to separate personal and business use of phone)
• Android and attacks
• Android has different security
• has there been a root exploit from a java app?
then and now
2003 - wanted trusted root (TPM), guard against exploits 2011 - have??
File Systems
• YAFFS2
• Mainline effort by Charles Manning
• LogFS
• Joern disappeared again
• Squashfs
• Now supports LZMA2 in mainline
• CELF funding SquashFS on MTD work
• Arnd Bergmann's work on optimizing Linux FS for cheap flash media
• See ELC presentation and Linaro page
• Tim Bird's treadahead work
• See ABS presentation
Legal Issues (licensing and patents)
• mobile patent wars
• Google buys Motorola for patent portfolio
• Apple blocks Samsung tablet introduction in Europe
Graphics
• OpenGL ES
• whither fbdev?
• 2D - Android doesn't have a native 2D API (or it's changing?)
• [RESEARCH - did Android drop it's native 2D API? (skia?)]
• GoogleTV 1.0 (logitech and Sony) use Sodaville, which is an Atom with a SGX535 core
• Intel work on graphics in kernel:
• See Kieth Packard's video from September 2010: [Meego Graphics under the hood: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRYTCQqrFcA] OSCON 2010
• Working on grphics KMS and DRI in the kernel
• good for faster booting
• good for less flicker on transitions
• higher performance 3d graphics
• better memory management
• kernel can pull memory back from graphics processor on low-memory conditions
• [RESEARCH - status of memory allocation discussions at ELC?]
• per CRTC pixmaps
• allows for zero-copy rotations
• support for larger screens
• support for multiple screens
• wayland (non-X-windows)
• moving away from X on Meego
• support for multiple APIs
• EGL
• OpenGL 2.1 supported now, OpenGL 3.0 support coming soon
• geometry shaders, tesselation
• architecture:
user space: Open GL (compiler for shaders)
mesa
i915 driver
-------------------------------
graphics interface (is not opengl, but a device-specific abstraction)
-------------------------------
kernel space: DRI
i915 driver
kernel space driver is a small driver Combination of DRI and GPU-specific driver is called the Graphics Execution Manager (GEM)
• ABS Khronos standards talk? (no slides available)
Audio
Multimedia
• GStreamer - held first ever GStreamer conference in October (co-located with ELC Europe)
• Khronos is working on their stuff
Embedded-specific features
infrared remote control support
Middleware
• ???
Tools
build systems
• OpenEmbedded (Yocto is umbrella project)
• Lots of content at ELC this year
Tracing
• Common Trace format
• lttng is shipped by most major distros (including yocto?)
• would be nice to get in Android?
Toolchains
• Linaro publishing toolchains - one directly for Android use
• [todo: should link to Linaro release]
eclipse stuff
• Yocto uses CDT remote launch, org.eclipse.cdt.launch.remote and TCF file/shells to transfer binaries and launch applications
• CDT = (C Development Toolkit)
• See: http://www.yoctoproject.org/projects/eclipse-ide-plug
• support communication with emulator or real device, via Yocto Eclipse TCF
• emulated devices use NFS rootfs so host and target access same filesystem
• debugging is via cross-gdb (gdbserver and gdb client on host)
emulators
Distributions
• Poky or Angstrom (OpenEmbedded/Yocto Project)
• Meego
• rumors from Taiwan about MeeGo death
• Android
• subdroid?
Distribution tools
Meego
• Meego - what's up now that Nokia bailed?
Android
• Android 3.0 (Honeycomb)
• Android 3.1 SDK released (May 2011)
• Announced that Ice Cream Sandwich (due Q4, 2011) will unify support for all Android platforms (mobile, tablet, TV)
• Tablets
• Some nice tablets based on 3.0 are coming out (will move to Android 3.1 over summer)
• phone activations? (350,000 per day, as of April 8, 2011)
• GoogleTV
• Every device will have 3.1 and adb, which means every device can be used for development
• will have market
• good talks at Google I/O about app and web development for TVs
Unbuntu TV
CPU support
Chip vendor news
• Texas Instruments leaves mobile and tablet market
• November 2012, announces layoffs of 1700, drops future OMAP lines
Miscellaneous
• unlockable bootloaders
• Announced by Motorola and Sony/Ericsson
• can unlock bootloader to install custom firmward
• wipes the phone to remove DRM-protected content
• Motorola says you can re-lock by going back to a vendor-supplied image
• version update support
• Announced at Google I/O
• multiple partners agree to provide version updates at regular intervals
Industry organizations or projects
• LiMo - anything happening?
• CELF => CEWG under Linux Foundation
• CELF projects
• Linux Foundation
• Lots of stuff going on in embedded:
• Yocto
• Meego
• CE Working Group
• Linaro - 1 year in
• see David Rusling's presentation from ELC
Trends
• movement to eclipse (both Yocto and Android support eclipse plugins for tools)
• movement to emulators
• application portability
• Android apps will be able to run just about anywhere
• Will an IOS emulator appear, or will apple strangle any attempts
• application stores
• multiple app stores will create competition (good)
• more open platforms
• Google TV
• lots of stuff that no one expects will appear
• development trends:
• new tools??
Resources
• lwn.net
• elinux.org
• stackoverflow.com
• kernelnewbies
• linuxfordevices.com
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Linux Tiny Patch Details
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:00, 19 September 2007 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page has a table of patches that are part of the Linux-tiny project.
patch type description kernel option 2.6.22 status/notes
use-funit-at-a-time.patch compiler flag Add -funit-at-a-time to the gcc compilation flags for building the kernel None OK
config-net-small.patch add option Add CONFIG_NET_SMALL configuration option Adds CONFIG_NET_SMALL
cache_defer_hash.patch smaller data Reduce RPC cache hash table size from PageSize to 512 Uses CONFIG_NET_SMALL
unix_socket_table.patch smaller data Reduce AF_UNIX socket hash table from 256 to 16 entries Uses CONFIG_NET_SMALL
inet_protos.patch smaller data Reduce number of internet protocols supported from 256 to 32 Uses CONFIG_NET_SMALL
flow-cache-small.patch smaller data Reduce flow cache hash table from 2^10 (1024) to 2^3 (8) Uses CONFIG_NET_SMALL
tg3-oops.patch bugfix Handle tg3 ring allocation correctly None
namei-inlines.patch smaller code Uninline various functions in namei.c None
buffer-inlines.patch smaller code Uninline function in buffer.c None
ext2namei-inlines.patch smaller code Uninline ext2_add_nondir function None
kmalloc-accounting.patch measurement feature Add kmalloc accounting feature CONFIG_KMALLOC_ACCOUNTING
audit-bootmem.patch measurement feature Cause bootmem code to print callers and sizes for allocations CONFIG_AUDIT_BOOTMEM
deprecate-inline.patch measurement feature Add system for counting inline usage by generating deprecation warnings CONFIG_MEASURE_INLINES
func-size.patch measurement feature Adds a script to count inline function sizes None
tiny-panic.patch reduced debug feature Add option to use smaller panic code CONFIG_FULL_PANIC
nopanic.patch omit debug feature Make code for kernel panic configurable CONFIG_PANIC
tiny-crc.patch smaller data Allow using function instead of table for CRC32 calculations CONFIG_CRC32_TABLES
smaller code Inline current() and current_thread_info() on UP (configurable) CONFIG_INLINE_THREADINFO
slob-accounting.patch measurement feature Add kmalloc accounting to SLOB allocator Uses CONFIG_SLOB, CONFIG_KMALLOC_ACCOUNTING
mempool-shrink.patch reduced feature Allow disabling mempool allocator feature CONFIG_MEMPOOL
no-translations.patch omit feature Allow omitting support for console charset translation CONFIG_CONSOLE_TRANSLATIONS
sysenter.patch omit feature Allow disabling syscalls via sysenter (x86-only) CONFIG_SYSENTER
no-aio.patch omit feature Allow disabling Asynchronous IO syscalls and support CONFIG_AIO
no-xattr.patch omit feature Allow disabling Extended Attributes syscalls and support CONFIG_XATTR
fslock.patch omit feature Allow disabling POSIX file locking syscalls and support CONFIG_FILE_LOCKING
ethtool.patch omit feature Allow disabling support for configuring network devices with ethtool program CONFIG_ETHTOOL
inetpeer.patch omit feature Allow disabling INET peer data tracking CONFIG_INETPEER
net-filter.patch omit feature Allow disabling old-style packet filtering support CONFIG_NET_SK_FILTER
dev_mcast.patch omit feature Allow disabling netdev multicast support CONFIG_NET_DEV_MULTICAST
igmp.patch omit feature Allow disabling IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) support - used for multicasts CONFIG_IGMP
binfmt-script.patch omit feature Allow disabling support to run shell scripts via standard "#!" syntax CONFIG_BINFMT_SCRIPT
elf-no-aout.patch omit feature Allow disabling support for ELF programs with a.out format loader or libraries CONFIG_BINFMT_ELF_AOUT
max-swapfiles.patch smaller data Make the number of swapfiles configurable CONFIG_MAX_SWAPFILES_SHIFT
ldiscs.patch smaller data Make the number of tty line disciplines configurable CONFIG_NR_LDISCS
max_user_rt_prio.patch smaller data Make the number of RT priority O(1) scheduling queues configurable CONFIG_MAX_USER_RT_PRIO
ide-hwif.patch smaller data Make the number of supported IDE interfaces configurable CONFIG_IDE_HWIFS
sbf.patch omit feature Allow disabling simple bootflag support (x86-only) CONFIG_BOOTFLAG
serial-pci.patch omit feature Allow disabling support for PCI serial devices CONFIG_SERIAL_PCI
dmi_blacklist.patch omit feautre Allow disabling DMI scanning (x86-only) CONFIG_DMI_SCAN
pci-quirks.patch omit feature Allow disabling of workarounds for various PCI chipset bugs and quirks CONFIG_PCI_QUIRKS
tsc.patch omit feature Allow disabling use of TSC as kernel timer (x86-only) CONFIG_X86_TSC_TIMER
cpu-support.patch omit feature Allow disabling vendor-specific x86 CPU features (x86-only) CONFIG_PROCESSOR_SELECT, CONFIG_CPU_SUP_* (many)
mtrr.patch continuation patch Make MTRR support depend on vendor-specific CPU selection (x86-only) None
movsl-mask.patch continuation patch Make movsl mask usage depend on vendor-specific CPU selection (x86-only) None
do-printk.patch reduced feature Allow fine-grained control of printk message compilation CONFIG_PRINTK_FUNC, uses CONFIG_PRINTK
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Caswell (new) County, North CarolinaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
See Caswell County, Tennessee for further information about Caswell (new) County, North Carolina.
From 1784 to 1788 Caswell (new) County was claimed by the abortive, short-lived State of Franklin.
In 1789 North Carolina ratified the Constitution, was admitted the union, and ceded her westernmost counties to the United States. The United States used these counties to create the Southwest Territory. This territory became the State of Tennessee in 1796.
Caswell (new) County was part of these western counties now in Tennessee.
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who welcome you to contribute.
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• This page was last modified on 31 December 2010, at 22:44.
• This page has been accessed 697 times.
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108 2430 Vanderbilt Beach Rd
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OFFICE + CABINETRY BY DESIGN 2
108 2430 Vanderbilt Beach Rd
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Wallace Holly Lynn
P6352 HUNTINGTON LAKE CIRCLE #101
NAPLES, FL 34119
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Uzbekistan: Silk and Spice Festival Lost in Translation
This post also available in:
عربي · أوزبكستان: مهرجان الحرير والتوابل يتوه وسط الترجمة
Uzbek blogger posts photos from the International Silk & Spice Festival in Bukhara (which the organizers have erroneously advertised [ru] as ‘Silk & Space Festival').
World regions
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My last blog entry about blogs and justice was a bit theoretical and ended with more questions than answers. Maybe it was confusing. Let me try to be specific. I think blogging will go beyond text and by blogging I mean the whole space that includes all sorts of micro-publishing of micro-content in a highly linked and low-cost way. This includes camera phones, video and audio. There are many things going on right now that will be sand in the vaseline from a technology perspective. Most types of DRM will suck for micro-content distribution. So will things like the broadcast flag. The whole notion of architecting systems for streaming video on demand goes against architecting systems for sharing. These technology and policy decisions will greatly affect the ease in which we publish and share information in the future.
When else can we do? At the last GLT Annual meeting Ethan Zukerman raised an important question during a talk moderated by Richard Smith, the Chairman and Editor in Chief of Newsweek. He asked why the mass media didn't cover Africa more. To summarize, Mr. Smith answered that they were a business and had to print things that people cared about and that they had resource constraints that made it difficult for them to cover remote regions. Resource constraints and caring. Mr. Smith seemed genuinely distressed by the inability to report about things the he believed people SHOULD care about. In Aspen the year before last, Jack Kemp said an interesting thing, "It doesn't matter what you know if you don't care." I agree, and generally people don't care to learn about things they don't care about.
I think blogs can help on both points. There are lots of people in these countries that can help provide voice if enabled with some technology and some support. Witness provides a video voice to people who are oppressed in remote regions of the world. Take a look at the videos. Tell me if you still don't care. Salam Pax our Blogger in Iraq provided a real human voice before the invasion of Iraq. This human voice helped me care about Iraq much more than a statistical body count reported in the New York Times ever could. I'm hoping that Creative Commons licenses will allow musicians in remote regions to share music and culture directly so they have a voice, rather than being mined by studios and commercial interests and being turned into an mere ethnic overtone in an otherwise typically commercial business. I think blogs and technologies that allow people to produce and share information help greatly on the "make people care" part of the equation.
On the "we are resource constrained" part of the media equation, blogs can help too. Ethan Zukerman is planning his second trip to Africa with GLTs and other opinion leaders. I hope to join him on the trip after that. Ethan has been working very hard to try to provide technical support to NGO and other people working in Africa. As I propose in my Emergent Democracy paper, I think that there is a way for information to emerge from regions though several layers of blogs. A group of bloggers focused on Africa, working with people like Witness to try to identify issues, getting first hand sources and dialog onto the Net is the first step. We don't need a lot of these bloggers and they probably won't be your average person, but with a few well positioned bloggers in these regions, these regions can be "lit up" with a human voice and feed culture into our collective consciousness. These bloggers would keep in touch with sources and provide a network similar to the way in which a journalist creates a local network of sources and experts.
I think that bloggers can work closely with the mass media. Richard Smith expressed his interest in hooking up with bloggers and other sources with access to information that his journalists could use. The bloggers who are in or care about regions that are not well-covered by traditional media could become sources for traditional journalists and support by providing an audience that cares and resources at a very low cost.
These are just some examples of things that we can be doing to help make blogs provide real value to society, rather than becoming an echo-chamber for local values or chat rooms to promote new media assets.
So when Clay's asserts that:
I can’t imagine a system that would right the obvious but hard to quantify injustice of the weblog world that wouldn’t also destroy its dynamism.
I guess if the primary focus of a good system is to be just, I can imagine it trying to make technology more inclusive and thinking beyond the market of the privileged that danah refers to.
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WAVE HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION AND WAVE GROUPING IN SURF ZONE
Hajime Mase, Yuichi Iwagaki
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to propose a model for prediction of the spatial distributions of representative wave heights and the frequency distributions of wave heights of irregular waves in shallow-water including the surf zone. In order to examine the validity of the model, some experiments of irregular wave transformation have been made. In addition, an attempt has been made to clarify the spatial distribution of wave grouping experimentally. Especially the present paper focuses finding the effects of the bottom slope and the deep-water wave steepness on the wave height distribution and wave grouping.
Keywords
surf zone; wave group; height distribution
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Wednesday, June 27, 2007
and now for some dumb pastor news
I don't know what to say... Pastor Shoots off cat's head.
Virginia - A volunteer firefighter who leads weekly religious services at a homeless shelter received a suspended sentence for shooting the head off a neighbour's cat.
Jonathan Hubert Powell, 39, said he decapitated the cat, named Garcia, because it was scratching his car, according to his testimony.
But on Monday, Powell said he shot at what he thought was a raccoon or possum.
He was convicted of animal cruelty in the April 2006 shooting and received the two-year suspended sentence.
After his sentencing, Powell said he learned some "very valuable lessons" that he hopes to share in his ministry.
"I'm sorry that an animal had to die," he said. "I will admit I made a very poor decision."
I don't have anything snaky to say. I must not be feeling well.
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Skip to content
Prognosis app for Android!
Last November, I wrote about a great iPhone application, Prognosis, that is actually a clinical case simulation game for doctors, medical students and nurses. I also wrote that I couldn’t wait to see it on Androids, and now here it is! I had a chance to test it on my Galaxy Tab and it works perfectly.You choose a simulation, read the family history and symptoms, choose investigations and get to the final diagnosis.
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m (Reverted edits by 72.27.80.21 (Talk); changed back to last version by Andrew Parkin)
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AP
AP
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==Sights==
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The article mentions no sights to see in Panama - is there really nothing worth seeing for tourists? [[User:72.255.43.9|72.255.43.9]] 23:54, 31 January 2008 (EST)
Revision as of 04:58, 1 February 2008
For future reference the Wikitravel:CIA World Factbook 2002 import can be found at Talk:Panama/CIA World Factbook 2002 import.
I think Panama is one of the greatest yet undiscovered destinations to visit. I live here and have a lot of nice pictures I wouldn't mind sharing as long as credit is given or I can leave a small mark in each picture.
Could I create some kind of mini picture gallery?
It's about time this page sees some more activity :-)
Thorwald
There's a fascinating corner of Panama's history when a rebellion occurred while de Lesseps was trying to build the French canal. I've written a book about it. Here's the link: http://www.troubador.co.uk/book_info.asp?bookid=306
AP
Sights
The article mentions no sights to see in Panama - is there really nothing worth seeing for tourists? 72.255.43.9 23:54, 31 January 2008 (EST)
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to be honest - not great - you will see deer and elephants, but crocodiles could well be logs from the distance permissable to them. Oh and you've buckley's chance of seeing jaguars. nah.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6295.0 - Information Paper: Implementing the Redesigned Labour Force Survey Questionnaire, 2001
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/05/2001
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• About this Release
• ABS introduces improvements to Labour Force statistics (Media Release)
MEDIA RELEASE
May 03, 2001
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
43/2001
ABS introduces improvements to Labour Force statistics
In April 2001 the ABS introduced a redesigned questionnaire for the monthly Labour Force Survey (LFS) from which are derived Australia's official employment and unemployment estimates. The ABS announced details of the redesign early last year in Information Paper: Labour Force Survey Questionnaire Redesign (cat. no. 6294.0), released on 14 March 2000.
The redesigned questionnaire obtains new or extended information on job tenure, underemployment, hours worked, duration of unemployment, and marginal attachment to the labour force. The format of the questionnaire has been improved, and some question wording updated to improve the efficiency of the survey, enhance the quality of the data collected, and reflect current terminology and labour market conditions.
Some minor definitional changes have been introduced to bring ABS definitions into closer alignment with international standards for labour force statistics so as to improve international comparisons. One impact will be a small reduction in the unemployment rate.
The questionnaire changes are detailed in Information Paper: Implementing the Redesigned Labour Force Survey Questionnaire (cat. no. 6295.0), released today. The information paper also describes the impact of the changes on labour force statistics. The changes have been developed and tested over a number of years, and have involved wide consultation with users of labour force statistics.
To ensure continuity of time series, selected labour force series have been revised from April 1986 to March 2001 to reflect the impact of the more significant definitional changes. Details of these revisions are contained in the information paper.
The information paper includes all tables from the March 2001 Labour Force Australia, Preliminary (cat. no. 6202.0), released on 12 April, compiled on the revised basis. Table 24 from the March 2001 Labour Force Australia (cat. no. 6203.0), released on 27 April, has also been recompiled to show historical long-term unemployment data on the revised basis.
Original, seasonally adjusted and trend series, containing revised data between April 1986 and March 2001, are available electronically on AusStats from today. The revised historical series may also be obtained from the ABS on request.
The Information Paper: Implementing the Redesigned Labour Force Survey Questionnaire (cat. no. 6295.0) is available from ABS bookshops. The main features of the publication are available on this site. If you wish to purchase a copy of this publication, contact the ABS Bookshop in your capital city.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6291.0.40.001 - Labour Force, Selected Summary Tables, Australia, Jul 2002
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Contains selected final labour force tables -- labour force status for regions; duration of unemployment for Australia, States and Territories (every month); and industry of employment for Australia (in February, May, August and November).
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6524.0.55.002 - Estimates of Personal Income for Small Areas, Time Series, 2009-10 Quality Declaration
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ABBREVIATIONS
A Area
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ANZSCO Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations
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cat. no. Catalogue number
C City
DC District Council
excl. excludes
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M Municipality/Municipal Council
NSW New South Wales
NT Northern Territory
PAYG Pay-as-you-go tax
Qld Queensland
OUB Own unincorporated business
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RC Rural city
S Shire
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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7105.0.55.001 - Discussion Paper: Environment and Agriculture Survey Program Review, 2011-12
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THE ABS' ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE SURVEY PROGRAM REVIEW
On a global scale, environmental and agricultural statistics provide information on food, clothing, and fuel, and assume other roles, such as a tool in poverty reduction programs. Agriculture has also been recognised globally as a factor in climate change, and more specifically in the Australian context, as a key area in developing knowledge of carbon emissions. As well as National and State evolving information needs, the Global Strategy1 outlines the developments and challenges for environmental and agricultural statistics, considering the importance of agricultural statistics not only from the perspective of food production but also from the environment, biodiversity, food security, fuel production and globalisation perspectives in response to an overall decline in agricultural statistics.
The areas identified as international priorities in the Global Strategy1 are closely aligned with current policy priorities in Australia to address the impacts of climate change, drought, water availability, land use, and assessment of assets. The Environment and Agriculture Survey Program has continued to adapt and grow to align with these priority areas, undergoing review at critical junctures in the program or as a response to changing data needs. This survey review is similarly driven by changing circumstances and new opportunities for the environment and agricultural collections.
These opportunities include:
• change in user demands for data;
• new technology to collect data online from survey recipients. Successful utilisation of eCollection for the 2011 Agricultural Census provides potential opportunity to develop and tailor forms, granting greater flexibility for survey vehicles and to assist in meeting emerging data needs;
• emerging new data sources, such as availability of satellite imagery. Evaluation and adoption of satellite imagery will provide a number of opportunities to add value to survey data; and
• the recent Federal Government Clean Energy Futures (CEF) initiative provides the opportunity for ABS to work alongside other agencies to provide relevant data to inform actions arising from CEF.
This survey program review aims to provide concrete outcomes to assist in shaping the future of the survey program. The primary outcomes of the survey review are to:
• identify administrative data sources with the potential to more closely align environment and agriculture data collection to minimise respondent burden;
• understand the extent and complexity of existing ABS collections of agricultural and environmental data to ensure alignment with the global and national need for an Environment and Agriculture Statistical Program;
• consider opportunities to explore data collection in potential new areas of interest and understand whether ABS priorities continue to be consistent with government policy directions and user needs;
• form new channels of communication with our stakeholders and enhance existing relationships with external stakeholders, including government and non-government bodies, industry and interest groups;
• ensure the design of a program that will be flexible and responsive to a dynamic policy environment;
• provide a conceptual framework to assist in identification of a key set of core data items integrating emerging data needs and gaps; and
• development of recommendations outlining a sustainable Environment and Agriculture Survey Program.
The intention of this discussion paper is to assist users in contributing to the review of the ABS Environment and Agriculture Statistical Program. Although emerging information requirements such as CEF have been recognised, the call for submissions in response to this paper is to ensure other emerging government, industry and consumer agricultural and environmental policy areas are also identified. Issues that require statistical information to achieve informed debate need to be considered by the environment and agriculture statistical program to ensure the program remains relevant and responsive.
Phase one of the survey program review is to conduct user consultations in the later part of 2011 (see below for further information). Phase two of the review will compile the information from the consultation rounds in conjunction with intelligence gathered from internal ABS stakeholders. From this a detailed understanding of user data requirements from both internal and external stakeholders will be developed to inform an Information Paper to be released in 2012. The information paper will outline the proposed long-term objectives and directions for the Environment and Agriculture Statistical Program.
1 For further information, see the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website, <http://www.fao.org>, Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics (pdf)
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Methodology article
Do-it-yourself: construction of a custom cDNA macroarray platform with high sensitivity and linear range
Tom Boonefaes1, Erica Houthuys1,2,5, Rafael Van den Bergh3,4, Seppe Vander Beken1,6, Geert Raes3,4, Peter Brouckaert1,2, Patrick De Baetselier3,4 and Johan Grooten1*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 25, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
2 Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
3 Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
4 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
5 Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
6 Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University Hospital, Maienweg 12, D-89081Ulm, Germany
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Biotechnology 2011, 11:97 doi:10.1186/1472-6750-11-97
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6750/11/97
Received:23 May 2011
Accepted:25 October 2011
Published:25 October 2011
© 2011 Boonefaes et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Research involving gene expression profiling and clinical applications, such as diagnostics and prognostics, often require a DNA array platform that is flexibly customisable and cost-effective, but at the same time is highly sensitive and capable of accurately and reproducibly quantifying the transcriptional expression of a vast number of genes over the whole transcriptome dynamic range using low amounts of RNA sample. Hereto, a set of easy-to-implement practical optimisations to the design of cDNA-based nylon macroarrays as well as sample 33P-labeling, hybridisation protocols and phosphor screen image processing were analysed for macroarray performance.
Results
The here proposed custom macroarray platform had an absolute sensitivity as low as 50,000 transcripts and a linear range of over 5 log-orders. Its quality of identifying differentially expressed genes was at least comparable to commercially available microchips. Interestingly, the quantitative accuracy was found to correlate significantly with corresponding reversed transcriptase - quantitative PCR values, the gold standard gene expression measure (Pearson's correlation test p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the assay has low cost and input RNA requirements (0.5 μg and less) and has a sound reproducibility.
Conclusions
Results presented here, demonstrate for the first time that self-made cDNA-based nylon macroarrays can produce highly reliable gene expression data with high sensitivity and covering the entire mammalian dynamic range of mRNA abundances. Starting off from minimal amounts of unamplified total RNA per sample, a reasonable amount of samples can be assayed simultaneously for the quantitative expression of hundreds of genes in an easily customisable and cost-effective manner.
Background
DNA arrays are widely used for the comprehensive gene expression analysis of an organism or sample. Arrays are available as high-density microarrays capable of covering the whole genome of an organism, and as low-density custom arrays containing a specific set of genes. High-density microarrays are mainly used during the stages of experimental discovery and hypothesis generation, custom arrays are suitable for hypothesis-driven research. Custom arrays allow researchers to focus on broad sets of genes or gene polymorphisms specific to particular cell populations, signalling pathways or disease conditions, while providing ultimate control over the experimental design. In general, specifically tailored macroarrays are more suitable than microarrays for diagnosis, drug discovery and validation, and for prognostic assessment of clinical treatments due to their low levels of background noise, flexibility, and lower price [1]. In contrast to gene expression analysis by reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), which is well-suited for sensitive analysis of a limited number of target genes, focused arrays allow cost-effective assessment of hundreds of targets in a large number of patients [2].
Various versions of DNA array methods exist with respect to probe substrate and detection method [3]. At present, commercially available custom DNA arrays are almost always printed on glass slides, and detection and quantification rely on measurement of fluorescence intensity of hybridised fluorochrome-labelled samples, with good to excellent sensitivity and reproducibility [4-6]. However, commercially available glass arrays are still not commonly used within the wider research community, as the need for highly specialised equipment restricts the application of this technology to a small number of dedicated laboratories. Additionally, the costs are still very high for large-scale studies. Moreover, most commercially available arrays still require amplification of the mRNA mixture before labelling and hybridisation [7]. Although linear amplification protocols appear to work reasonably well [8], the risk of skewing relative abundances when amplifying such a complex mixture remains a concern [9-11].
Nylon arrays are appreciated as a relatively economical and user-friendly alternative to other high-throughput gene expression technologies and have a high do-it-yourself potential [9]. To date, however, the features of commercial arrays have not been rivalled by in-house nylon arrays and little to no information is provided in the literature on custom assay parameters, such as detection limit, linear range, accuracy and reproducibility, or on practical issues concerning sample amount, hybridisation protocol and array construction [12,13]. The last detailed paper on this subject dates back to 1999 [3].
Here, we describe the construction of a customisable cDNA-based macroarray platform capable of expression profiling of sub-microgram amounts of unamplified total RNA. Included are a set of easy-to-implement optimisations leading to a substantial increase in sensitivity and linear range. Our custom system is quick, flexible and cost-effective. It is based on commercially available equipment and can be easily implemented in any conventional research laboratory.
Results
Limitations imposed by intrinsic material properties
Out of the macroarray systems, the least demanding setup in terms of laboratory infrastructure is the cDNA-based nylon membrane using 33P radioactivity for detection. cDNA probes are easy to generate by PCR, while printing on nylon membranes is more straightforward and requires less specific equipment than, for example, on glass chips. At the same time, use of 33P for labelling (33P-dCTP incorporated during reverse transcription) and a phosphor screen for detection should ensure high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range. To assess the limitations imposed by this setup on sensitivity, different amounts of 33P-dCTP were manually spotted on a nylon membrane, which was then exposed to a Bio-Rad phosphor screen and scanned in a conventional phosphor-imager at 50-μm resolution. Scans revealed that quantities down to ~1 cpm could be detected (Figure 1A). This corresponds to roughly 125,000 33P-dCTP molecules or half a million total nucleotides, which indicates that as few as 1,000 hybridised copies of a 500-nt sequence can be detected. Additionally, when exposure time was varied, the intensity of the detected signal was found to be linear over time at a rate of 0.45 per hour per deposited cpm (Figure 1B). Therefore, the measured signal per hour of exposure corresponds directly to the amount of nucleotides on the membrane. As an implication hereby, Figure 1 illustrates that the linear range of detection will expand from about three to five log-values when all individual spots could be exposed for an optimal timeframe. A way to practically engage this option is to print cDNA-probes that generally generate high intensity spots on a separate membrane from the low intensity spots. This and other considerations for getting the most out of our custom cDNA-based nylon macroarray platform with 33P radioactivity are given below.
Figure 1. Signal quantification of manually spotted volumes of 33P-dCTP. A) Signal intensity of scanned spots after exposure for 30 min (full circles), 3 h 30 min (open squares) and 48 h (open triangles), as quantified by our analysis software. B) Signal intensity of the same scans expressed per hour of exposure.
Optimising the array design for image quantification and normalisation
After selection of the macroarray setup, we determined the optimal printing parameters and layout for our platform with regard to output data quality. Printing was performed using a Flexsys robotic workstation equipped with a 384-pin head. For six arbitrarily chosen genes, saturation of the radioactive signal of a single hybridisation reaction was reached for 10 ng of printed probe cDNA (not shown). To ensure maximal signals for each array, even in the case of small variations in the printing efficiency, we therefore chose to print 20 ng cDNA per spot, which corresponds to five transfers of the pin head.
The output of the phosphor-imager is a 16-bit image, which implies a range of 65,536 greyscales. Considering a background value of six for an unexposed screen, the resulting dynamic range of a single scan is four log-orders. To optimally exploit this dynamic range, a sensitive background correction is essential. In typical microarray experiments, quantified spot intensities are corrected with a local background value based on the intensities of pixels just outside the spot area. However, an intrinsic characteristic of radioactive signals is that spots are not well delineated. Consequently, local background values determined in the spot vicinity would be proportional to the actual spot intensity, which would lead to disproportionate overcorrection. We therefore constructed a background image by extrapolating the local minima across the entire array. This background image was then subtracted from the original image, which enabled us to visualise and reliably quantify spots that were marginally above the background value and in that way fully utilise the dynamic range (Figure 2A). Following background correction, the spots are automatically localised and quantified, and the data are exported to a text file by custom-made ImageJ add-on scripts (available upon request with the corresponding author) (Figure 2B). Also a scatter plot of the duplicate spots is generated for every analysed macroarray scan as an immediate indication of the overall quality (Figure 2B). In addition, a batch script features macroarray normalisation and generation of a series of log-transformed and normalised images of each spot over all the arrays analysed automatically (Figure 2C). Hereto, a custom normalisation approach was developed.
Figure 2. Procedure flowchart for software image analysis. A) Background correction, B) spot detection, quantification and data storage, and C) batch macroarray normalisation, including a composite picture of the normalised spots over all arrays in the batch. In each distribution histogram of spot intensity ratios between two arrays, the 30% genes with maximal area under the curve that thus represent the bulk gene-population with the lowest differential expression, were selected and the median thereof calculated. The normalisation factor for a given array pair was then defined by the difference of this median to 1, and the geometrical mean of all the pair-wise normalisation factors as the global normalisation factor for a given array. M = median, fi(A) = normalisation factor for A to correct against a given other macroarray, fN(A) = global batch normalisation factor for macroarray A.
In commercial array platforms, normalisation is typically based on the assumption that the average expression ratio of either a subset or of all genes on the array should be equal to one. For whole-genome platforms this is a fair assumption, as the large background of non-differential genes compensates for the limited number of highly differential genes which may be present. However, highly differential genes might bias such normalisation when using focused arrays that are strongly enriched in genes that might be differentially expressed. Normalisation of our custom arrays was therefore performed by calculating an individual normalisation factor for each pair-wise combination of arrays, using the 30% least differentially expressed genes in order to minimise the likelihood of a normalisation bias (Figure 2C). The global normalisation factor for a given array in the batch was then calculated as the geometrical mean of all its individual pair-wise normalisation factors with the other arrays in the batch (Figure 2C). This approach is thus robust as long as not more than 70% of all genes on the array are differentially expressed between all samples in the batch, which is rarely the case. It is ideally suited for low density arrays as it does not require a set of housekeeping genes, the expression of which is assumed to stay stable within the experiment.
As mentioned above, poor delineation of the spots is an intrinsic property of radioactive signals. This means that despite solid background correction during image analysis, spots should readily be printed at sufficient distances to ensure minimal overspill of signal between neighbouring spots, but close enough to maximise utilisation of the membrane area. To this end, spots with varying intensities were quantified (Figure 3A). Despite differences in spot intensity, the shape of the curve of pixel intensities throughout the spot diameter was invariant (Figure 3B). Modelling of this shape revealed that logarithmic decay of the signal started at 600 μm (12 pixels) from the spot centre, and that quantification of the spot area within a circle with 600 μm (12 pixel) radius yielded 85% of the total signal (Figure 3C). The minimal distance between two individual spots should therefore be at least 1.2 mm (2 × 600 μm). However, to limit signal overspill between neighbouring spots, we designed a medium-density layout with a minimal spot distance of 2 mm.
Figure 3. Modelling of spot shape and intensity. A) Log-transformed pictures of a selection of six macroarray spots of different intensities. B) Determination of the spot intensity profile from spots depicted in A by measurement of the pixel intensity as a function of the pixel distance from the spot centre. C) Determination of the general spot shape (black curve) by expressing the intensity at each distance for every spot as a fraction of the maximum intensity (grey lines). Full vertical lines represent 85% of the area under the curve at a diameter of 24 pixels (1.2 mm); dashed vertical lines represent the spot distance on the macroarray membrane (at 40 pixels = 2 mm). D) Mathematical modelling of the potential signal overspill between two adjacent spots 2 mm apart. Maximal intensity of neighbouring spot and measured spot are indicated, with the ratio between brackets. E) Signal measured within the 1.2-mm diameter around the lower intensity spot centre for the respective situations illustrated in panel D. Percentages denote which fraction of the integrated signal intensity is caused by overspill from the neighbouring maximal intensity spot.
Subsequently, the potential overspill between spots at 2 mm distance was modelled (Figure 3D), based on the per pixel signal range between about 20 (background) and 65,000 (saturation) on a 16-bit tiff image and on the above modelled paraboloid spot shape (see also Figure 3C). With a tenfold difference in signal, i.e. with one spot reaching intensity saturation in its centre peak pixel and the second spot with a maximal intensity value of 6,500, 0.16% of the lower signal was caused by overspill from the adjacent spot with the higher signal (Figure 3E). This overspill value increased to 1.55% for a hundredfold difference between the maximal intensities of the adjacent spots and to 13.61% for a thousand fold difference (Figure 3E). To avoid a problematical 33.3% signal overspill, maximum intensities of neighbouring spots should not differ by more than about 3,000-fold (Figure 3E).
This restriction imposed by the current array design constrains the upper detection limit and therefore also imposes a limitation on the linear range of detection: highly abundant genes can lead to rapid saturation of the signal and to significant signal overspill when differing by over 3,000-fold in intensity from the neighbouring spot. To increase the linear range of detection, we separated typically high from typically low intensity probes over two membranes. These two sets were identified by hybridisations of pooled samples derived from a broad spectrum of macrophage activation models. In this way, high and low intensity membranes could be exposed for optimal durations without over-exposing the high intensity or under-exposing the low intensity spots. Additionally, large differences in signal intensity between neighbouring spots were precluded.
Optimising the hybridisation conditions and use of sample RNA
Macroarray sensitivity depends significantly on both the quality and quantity of input 33P-dCTP labelled cDNA. From a research point of view, working with unamplified sub-microgram total RNA samples would be optimal. To evaluate this possibility, variations in the hybridisation and cDNA-synthesis protocols were evaluated.
We found that hybridisation concentrations could be scaled up from the traditionally used 106 cpm/ml to 107 cpm/ml without significant increase in background noise. This increase thus improved the detection sensitivity for transcripts of low abundance while maintaining absolute sensitivity. In a first optimisation assay, this tenfold increase in hybridisation concentration resulted in a tenfold increase of the specific signal (from 433 to 4,324) and a twofold increase (from 12 to 21) of the background noise intensity, thus implying a fivefold increase of the signal-to-noise ratio. In routine practice, this higher hybridisation concentration of 107 cpm/ml reproducibly generated average background intensity values of approximately 20. In practice, the high hybridisation concentration of up to 107 cpm/ml was reached with sub-microgram amounts (0.5 μg) of unamplified total RNA by hybridising the blots in standard conical 50-ml tubes with buffer volumes down to 2 ml.
At the level of cDNA synthesis, label incorporation and suitability for array hybridisation was analysed for different amounts of input RNA. Interestingly, analysis by alkaline gel electrophoresis (Figure 4A) revealed that cDNA generated from small amounts of total RNA, which contains less 33P-dCTP than higher amounts of total RNA (as was measured by liquid scintillation counting), contained more fragments of longer length (Figure 4B). Figure 4B shows that when 10 μg of total RNA were used, which is common for most macroarray platforms, only 21% of the fragments were copied to cDNA to an average 21% of fragment length (4% of mRNA copied), but when 0.5 μg of RNA was used, 53% of the fragments were copied to an average 40% of fragment length (21% of mRNA copied). Quite likely, small input amounts do not exhaust the reverse transcription reaction quickly, and so more and longer cDNA fragments are synthesised. It also implies that such cDNA should perform better in array hybridisations. To verify this, samples with different amounts of input RNA were spiked with equal amounts of control luciferase mRNA and subsequently labelled and hybridised at equal cpm amounts to membranes containing oligo-probes at the 3'-end and 5'-end of the luciferase transcript. Indeed, larger amounts of input RNA resulted in decreased signal intensity of the probe positioned more towards 5'-end, while the probe spots designed to recognise sequences located more towards the 3'-end showed more stable intensity (Figure 4C). This 'less-is-more' effect reached its optimum with 0.5 μg input RNA. When < 0.5 μg was used, spot intensities decreased equally for oligo-probes for 3'-end and 5'-end regions, probably because of simple dosage effects. The observation that less input RNA yields longer and better quality cDNA for array hybridisation is further supported by the performance of certain gene-probes on the macroarray (additional file 1: S1.TIF). Although the correlation was not absolute and most likely depended on each specific mRNA sequence (e.g. internal polyA-stretches), there was a clear correlation between the upstream position of the probe and the length-distribution of the cDNA. This also underscores that the observed effect is not specific to the luciferase control mRNA. In conclusion, increased assay sensitivity was achieved by (i) using 0.5 μg of total RNA to ensure effective label incorporation while yielding high quality cDNA with respect to length and composition, and (ii) using small hybridisation volumes (2 ml) in order to have high hybridisation concentrations.
Figure 4. Optimising reverse transcription for minimal sample input and maximal cDNA quality. A) 105 cpm of cDNA samples from reverse transcriptase reactions with the indicated amounts of input total RNA were analyzed for length distribution by electrophoresis in 1% alkaline agarose. Full length synthesis was obtained by adding cold dCTP. B) Summary of the efficiency of cDNA synthesis and 33P-dCTP incorporation based on both liquid scintillation counting measured before and after the reverse transcriptase reaction and the cDNA length distribution, calculated from the alkaline gel picture in panel A as the weighted signal intensity per fragment length. The average fragment length, the 33P-dCTP incorporation values, as well as the number of fragments generated from different amounts of input total RNA were calculated and compared to the full-length synthesised sample. As a deduction thereof, also the mass proportion of mRNA in the sample that was transcribed was calculated, taking into account the assumptions made in the methods section 'Calculations, estimates and constants'. The black vertical line indicates the amount used in all other macroarray assays. Results shown in A-B are representative for two independent experiments. C) Membrane spot intensities (± variation on duplicate spots) generated by a given amount of luciferase control transcript spiked into different amounts of mouse peritoneal macrophage total RNA when hybridised at equal cpm with two different oligo-cDNA probes on the nylon membrane. Probes were designed to bind 3'-end or 5'-end sequences. The results confirm the quality of cDNA made from 0.5 μg total RNA (black vertical line) is suitable for array hybridisation.
Additional file 1. Figure S1 - cDNA quality depends on input RNA amount. The left panel represents a scheme of the upstream distance on the mRNA transcript recognised by the gene-specific macroarray oligo-cDNA probe for a set of 23 genes. The right panel shows the log-transformed, normalised spots of this panel after hybridisation with the cDNA of different length distributions, generated from the indicated amounts of RNA input of a single sample. Although lower input RNA, resulting in longer cDNA, gives a good spot signal for all genes listed, this signal faints with higher input RNA, especially for spots with probes recognising more upstream transcript sequences. Some oligo-probes (e.g. for Hnrpa2b1, Cd164, Vegfa and Cdkn1a) seem to be more resistant to the effect of input RNA amount on the cDNA length distribution, which might be explained by the existence of internal polyA stretches or differences in secondary and tertiary mRNA folding.
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Assessment of efficiency and array sensitivity
The sensitivity of the macroarray platform was assessed on the basis of relative and absolute sensitivity. Relative sensitivity is the detection threshold for a specific mRNA within the total RNA pool whereas absolute sensitivity is the minimum number of molecules of a given mRNA that must be present in a sample of total RNA in order to produce a signal. Both relative and absolute sensitivity are a direct consequence of the labelling and hybridisation efficiencies. To measure relative and absolute sensitivity, samples were spiked with a serial dilution of control transcripts encoding either kanamycin or luciferase. As a measure of absolute sensitivity, spikes of luciferase mRNA between 54,700 and 170,000 transcripts (55 fg and 170 fg, respectively) could be reliably detected (Additional file 2: S2.PDF). Calculating from this absolute value the relative sensitivity requires an assumption of the amount of mRNA present within the total RNA sample and the number of mRNA transcripts contained herein. These values were calculated from the assay efficiency values, which yielded an approximate relative sensitivity in the range of 1/300,000 to 1/1,200,000 transcripts or - in most cases - the equivalence of one transcript per cell (Additional file 2: S2.PDF).
Additional file 2. Macroarray efficiency and sensitivity calculations. The pdf-file contains a figure (Figure S2) and a detailed description of the methodology as well as the used calculations to derive the macroarray efficiency parameters and both absolute and relative sensitivity parameters as they are summarized in the results section 'Assessment of efficiency and array sensitivity'.
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Assessment of array reproducibility
All cDNA probes on the macroarray were spotted in duplicate, which made it possible to assess internal reproducibility. Plotting the duplicate spot intensities in a randomly selected hybridisation against each other showed that less than 3% of them deviated more than twofold from each other (Figure 5A). To assess the reproducibility between different arrays, technical repeats were performed by independently labelling a sample twice, followed by hybridisation to two separate arrays within the same batch of hybridisations (i.e. labelling reaction with the same batch of 33P-dCTP, identical exposure conditions). No genes showed more than a twofold deviation between the two arrays (Figure 5B).
Figure 5. Reproducibility of the macroarray platform. Arrays were generated as described and hybridisations were performed with 33P-labelled samples derived from thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal excudate cells. Signal intensities of individual spots of duplicates on the same array (A), and average signal intensities of duplicate spots of two different arrays (B) were plotted against each other. Spots with an intensity deviating more than twofold in either direction are displayed in red.
Validation of qualitative and quantitative array accuracy
To evaluate how the fully optimised custom array setup compares with other technologies, several analyses were performed in parallel on our mouse and human MAS macroarrays and on other well established gene expression platforms. Qualitative performance was assessed by comparing the ability of the human MAS focus array to pick up differentially expressed genes that were identified by the commercial CodeLink HWG platform. To this end, samples from monocytes of individual HIV-patients and healthy controls were hybridised in parallel to the MAS macroarray and to commercial CodeLink HWG microarrays, as described for a study published elsewhere [14]. Datasets composed of only genes represented on both arrays were filtered according to three criteria: (i) p-value as determined by Student's t test <0.05; (ii) a spot quality flag G ('good', a quality flag assigned by the CodeLink software package) in all CodeLink HWG arrays or variation between spot replicates ≤20% in all MAS arrays; (iii) a fold change between the means of the two groups ≥1.5. With this approach, both the CodeLink and MAS array platforms identified four genes as differentially expressed in the patient and control groups. The MAS array identified five other genes that were not significant according to the CodeLink analysis, whereas CodeLink microarrays did not identify any additional genes within the defined set of common genes (Table 1). All differentially expressed genes identified by both platforms as well as the additional genes picked up by our MAS array were confirmed to be true positives by an independent RT-qPCR analysis of the same samples. The qualitative identification of differentially expressed genes by our custom array platform is therefore at least comparable to commercially available setups.
Table 1. Differential gene-expression between monocytes from HIV-patients and healthy controls, compared to microarray and RT-qPCR results
Finally, the quantitative performance of our platform was assessed by comparing MAS array and RT-qPCR expression data. Differential gene expression was analysed in a study of splenic macrophages from tumour-bearing versus control mice, as documented elsewhere [15]. Genes showing more than a twofold difference in expression in MAS macroarray profiling were analysed using RT-qPCR: fold changes were very similar between the two setups (p < 0.0001 according to a Pearson's correlation test), which shows the usefulness of the macroarray platform as a semi-quantitative gene expression analysis tool (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Quantitative validation of the MAS array platform. Fold changes as assessed by RT-qPCR and the MAS-macroarray platform for 17 individual genes differing at least twofold on the macroarray in a study of splenic macrophages from progressive tumour-bearing versus control mice. p-value of a Pearson correlation test is shown. MAS: Macrophage Activation State.
Discussion
We developed a focused gene expression profiling platform capable of simultaneously assaying the qualitative and quantitative expression of hundreds of genes in a reasonably large amount of biological samples. Our system requires only basic laboratory equipment and can be used in common clinical and/or laboratory settings. All results discussed here are based on our Macrophage Activation State array (human and mouse) focusing on genes involved in the immunobiology of cells of macrophage lineage. However, the same setup can be readily applied to other species and/or other cell types or tissues.
In the scope of this paper, the macroarray setup and assay were optimised for the following crucial parameters:
Linear range
A system designed for the simultaneous analysis of several hundreds of genes must be linear over an expression range that ideally covers the ~ 4.5 orders of magnitude of the mammalian transcriptome. Use of 33P-based labelling is the first factor in extending linear range; we show that the 33P signal is linear over the required range and that it remains linear over time. While radioactive labels ensure high sensitivity and a linear range, they suffer from the problem of overspill, which is not experienced with conventional fluorescent dyes: spots with high intensity can outshine and erroneously contribute to the intensity of neighbouring spots. To fully utilise the linear range inherent to the use of 33P, overspill must be minimised. To this end, spot quantification range and minimal spot distance were calculated and implemented. Using our setup, an erroneous 1.5-fold increase in signal intensity is theoretically possible only when the highest and lowest expressed genes are spotted adjacently.
A second challenge to our setup is that the inherent linear range of 33P is compromised by limits of the detection system. The phosphor-imager renders the exposed phosphor screens to a 16-bit tiff image, and saturation is therefore reached at an intensity of ~ 65,000. As background intensities are ~ 20 in this 16-bit image, the range is effectively reduced to ~ 3.5 orders of magnitude. This problem was solved by spotting genes of high and low abundance on different membranes, which are hybridised together but exposed separately for the optimal times. In this way, the phosphor-imager linear range of 3.5 orders of magnitude is required to cover only part of the transcriptome, and the signal per hour values of both membranes combined easily cover the 4.5 log-orders needed. Additionally, the problem of signal overspill is further reduced, because genes of high and low abundance are kept separate and will therefore not be printed adjacently.
Sensitivity
Use of 33P-based labelling also allowed us to obtain high sensitivity. Furthermore, detection of low-abundant transcripts was enhanced, probably down to one out of a million, by increasing the hybridisation concentration to 107 cpm/ml, decreasing signal overspill, and generating more and longer cDNA from sub-microgram amounts of input RNA. Sensitivity was further enhanced by our image analysis approach to background correction, which is well-adapted for detection and quantification of radioactive signals marginally above background levels. Taken together, our setup can detect down to 50,000 fragments of a spiked mRNA species.
Reproducibility
To avoid high signal variability due to differences in the quantity of printed probes, cDNA was spotted on the membranes at concentrations well above saturation levels. Additionally, we applied a 'less-is-more' approach to mRNA reverse transcription. Use of large amounts of input RNA in the reverse transcription/labelling reaction can quickly exhaust the reverse transcriptase reaction and result in very short cDNA fragments. This might render the sample prone to greater variability as a result of minute differences in reverse transcription efficiency, especially for genes for which the corresponding probe printed on the array is more distal from the 3'-end of the mRNA fragment. Use of smaller amounts of input RNA (0.5 μg) resulted in cDNA of higher quality in terms of fragment number and length.
Cost-effectiveness
Using the proposed minimal spot distance of 2 mm, a 10 cm × 7 cm nylon membrane can accommodate 384 genes printed in duplicate, and multiple membranes can be used in the same hybridisation reaction. Expression of several hundred genes can therefore be analysed quantitatively in a sample of < 1 μg. Furthermore, the array platform described here can be constructed and used in most laboratories with standard equipment, which avoids the need to outsource valuable samples for transcriptome analysis and keeps costs low. Array printing could be the main bottleneck, as we have used a robotic work station to accurately spot each cDNA probe. However, the possibility of printing cDNA for microarray construction using conventional inkjet printing technology was first mentioned almost ten years ago [16]. The costs of the system presented here can be further reduced by stripping off the hybridised material and re-using the nylon membranes. We have determined empirically that stripping and reusing the membranes twice does not significantly affect their accuracy and reproducibility.
The array platform described here has many possible applications. First, it can be used downstream of genome-wide microarray analyses. The genes identified in a genome-wide gene expression analysis can be incorporated in a focused array, which can then be used for follow-up experiments or confirmation of gene expression results in a wider range of samples. Second, it can also serve as a rapid screening tool for complex phenotypes that cannot be characterised by using only one or even several parameters. Third, it can be used in clinical studies, which typically require many samples to achieve sufficient statistical power, as a substitute for costly microarray systems. In particular, our focused system could be a suitable alternative to many commercially available options when there is some knowledge of a collection of genes of interest or of a particular cell type under study.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we have constructed a custom macroarray platform ideally suited for the investigation of an intermediate number of genes, in particular when sample material is scarce or when the study population is large. Our custom approach is robust and flexible. It has several advantages and fits well into present research laboratory practices.
Methods
All technological optimisations were performed in an array setup focused on myeloid cell populations -the so-called Macrophage Activation State (MAS) macroarray - which was used in all optimisation experiments and quality assessment procedures described here.
Array construction
For macroarray construction, a cDNA pool was generated by oligo-dT mediated reverse transcription of total RNA of monocytes/macrophages under various in vitro and ex vivo conditions. cDNA probes were generated by PCR amplification of the cDNA pool using gene-specific primers (Table 2). The PCR products were purified by filtration over Multiscreen PCR96 filter plates (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), resuspended in nuclease-free water, and separated by agarose gel electrophoresis to evaluate the size of the PCR products and efficiency of the PCR reaction. Products from failed PCR reactions (no PCR product or PCR product with more than one band or of an unexpected size) were excluded, and the remaining PCR products were air-dried overnight at 52°C and resuspended in 2× saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer with 0.4 M NaOH by five cycles of 30 s at 85°C and 30 s at 20°C. Macroarrays were prepared by spotting the PCR products in duplicate on 7 × 10 cm Hybond-XL membranes (Amersham GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) using a Flexsys robotic workstation (Genomic Solutions, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) equipped with a 384-pin head, followed by cross-linking using UV light.
Table 2. Characteristics of gene-specific primers for probe cDNA generation
33P-dCTP labelling
For the sample labelling reaction, 0.125 μg oligo-dT T8 primer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was added to the total RNA sample, and the mixture was denatured for 10 min at 70°C. cDNA probes were then generated by reverse transcription with Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) in the presence of 33P-dCTP (0.05 mCi/sample; PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA), dATP, dTTP and dGTP (each 100 μM; Invitrogen), and RNase inhibitor (Promega, MA, USA). After cDNA synthesis, 60 mM EDTA and 150 mM NaOH were added, the sample was incubated for 10 min at 42°C, after which 250 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) was added. Subsequently, probes were purified using ProbeQuant G-50 Micro Columns (Amersham GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and radioactivity incorporation was determined by liquid scintillation counting.
Array hybridisation and data acquisition
Before hybridisation, macroarray membranes were washed in 2 × SSC and pre-incubated for 1 h at 42°C in 2 ml NorthernMax hybridisation buffer (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) containing 40 μg/ml heat-denatured salmon testes DNA (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MO, USA). Probes were denatured for 5 min at 95°C. Hybridisation was performed at high probe concentration (107 cpm/ml) in 2 ml NorthernMax hybridisation buffer in 50 ml conical tubes for 20 h at 42°C with continuous rotation. Membranes were then washed three times in 2 × SSC buffer with 1% SDS, and twice in 0.6 × SSC with 1% SDS for 30 min at 68°C. Moistened filters were wrapped in plastic and exposed to a phosphor screen to reveal bound radioactivity. Phosphor screens were scanned with a phosphor-imager (BioRad Personal Molecular Imager FX, Hercules, CA, USA) at 50 μm resolution. Phosphor-imager output files were converted to 16-bit tiff images using the software application Quantity One (BioRad). The files were then for signal quantification using Java-based custom designed software on the freely available ImageJ platform (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/ webcite).
Samples
For optimisation and sensitivity testing of the custom array, total RNA was isolated from ex vivo LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages with the Aurum total RNA mini kit (BioRad), according to manufacturer's instructions, and RNA yield was measured using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Where mentioned in the results section, samples were spiked with firefly luciferase or kanamycin control mRNA (Promega). Samples for the quality assessment of our array setup were collected and processed in the context of a study on monocyte-HIV interactions, as documented elsewhere [14], and in a study of splenic macrophages from BW-Sp3 tumour-bearing versus control AKR mice [15].
cDNA alkaline gel electrophoresis
Samples of 105 cpm of the 33P-dCTP labelled cDNA were loaded in the slots of a 1% agarose gel made with running buffer (5 M NaOH/0.5 M EDTA) and run at 40 V for 3 h. The marker was generated by labelling of the phage λ HindIII marker with 33P-dCTP in a Klenow reaction, and the full length cDNA was generated by also adding 100 μM cold dCTP to the reverse transcriptase reaction. After neutralisation in 7% TCA, the gel was dried under vacuum, wrapped in foil, and exposed overnight to a phosphor screen. The resulting background-subtracted image was normalised for a constant total signal per lane for further analysis of fragment length distribution.
Microarrays
Gene expression analysis of human samples was compared with datasets collected using CodeLink HWG bioarrays (Amersham Biosciences, Freiberg, Germany), which were used according to the manufacturer's instructions and were analysed as described elsewhere [14]. Datasets are available at the EMBL-EBI repository (accession number E-MEXP-2255).
Quantitative RT-PCR
mRNA expression of genes of interest was examined using RT-qPCR. cDNA was prepared from 1 μg total RNA using oligo-dT and Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Gene-specific primers different from the primers used for microarray probe generation were used in duplicate PCR reactions (Bio-Rad iQ SYBR Green Supermix) on a Bio-Rad MyCycler. Mouse gene expression was normalised against the housekeeping gene, ribosomal protein S12 (Rps12, Gene Entrez ID 20042).
Calculations, estimates and constants
• The lower prosphorscreen detection limit of the radioactive signal on a nylon Hybond-XL membrane, was empirically found to be 1 cpm or 6.23 × 10-8 μl of a 10-μCi/μl batch of 33P-dCTP at 3 μCi/pmol, which therefore corresponds to 2.1 10-19 moles, or about 125,000 molecules (when multiplied by Avogadro's constant).
• Starting from 0.5 μg total RNA, reverse transcription for radioactive labelling generated cDNA fragments with an average length of about 500 nucleotides as deduced from alkaline gel electrophoresis. This fragment length was used for further calculations.
• A 25% dCTP proportion in cDNA fragments is assumed.
• Where relevant, the proportion of mRNA in a sample of total RNA from mouse macrophages was estimated to be 5%.
List of abbreviations used
MAS: Macrophage Activation State; RT-qPCR: Reverse Transcriptase - quantitative PCR
Authors' contributions
TB carried out most macroarray design and assay optimisations, has written the image analysis scripts, and contributed to drafting this paper. EH participated in the qualitative and quantitative accuracy as well as reproducibility assessment of the platform and contributed to writing the manuscript. RVdB performed qualitative and quantitative assessment of the cDNA macroarrays and contributed to writing the manuscript. SVB participated in optimization of the reversed transcriptase procedure for macroarray analysis and in the sensitivity testing and contributed to writing the manuscript. GR, PB, PDB and JG have made substantial contributions to conception and design and have been involved in revising the manuscript critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements and funding
We thank Dr. Amin Bredan for editing the manuscript. Microarray hybridisations were performed by the VIB MicroArrays Facility (http://www.microarrays.be). This work is supported by the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT-Vlaanderen; grant GBOU020203), the Belgian Interuniversity Attraction Poles Program (IAP6/18) and by the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen; grant G.0149.05). EH was a research fellow with FWO-Vlaanderen. RVdB was a research fellow with IWT-Vlaanderen (grant SB474).
References
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Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2003, 4(6):397-399. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Gershon D: DNA microarrays: more than gene expression.
Nature 2005, 437(7062):1195-1198. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Bertucci F, Bernard K, Loriod B, Chang YC, Granjeaud S, Birnbaum D, Nguyen C, Peck K, Jordan BR: Sensitivity issues in DNA array-based expression measurements and performance of nylon microarrays for small samples.
Hum Mol Genet 1999, 8(9):1715-1722. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Canales RD, Luo Y, Willey JC, Austermiller B, Barbacioru CC, Boysen C, Hunkapiller K, Jensen RV, Knight CR, Lee KY, et al.: Evaluation of DNA microarray results with quantitative gene expression platforms.
Nat Biotechnol 2006, 24(9):1115-1122. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Patterson TA, Lobenhofer EK, Fulmer-Smentek SB, Collins PJ, Chu TM, Bao W, Fang H, Kawasaki ES, Hager J, Tikhonova IR, et al.: Performance comparison of one-color and two-color platforms within the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project.
Nat Biotechnol 2006, 24(9):1140-1150. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Shi L, Reid LH, Jones WD, Shippy R, Warrington JA, Baker SC, Collins PJ, de Longueville F, Kawasaki ES, Lee KY, et al.: The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project shows inter- and intraplatform reproducibility of gene expression measurements.
Nat Biotechnol 2006, 24(9):1151-1161. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Klebes A, Kornberg TB: Linear RNA amplification for the production of microarray hybridization probes.
Methods Mol Biol 2008, 420:303-317. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
8. Lang JE, Magbanua MJ, Scott JH, Makrigiorgos GM, Wang G, Federman S, Esserman LJ, Park JW, Haqq CM: A comparison of RNA amplification techniques at sub-nanogram input concentration.
BMC Genomics 2009, 10:326. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
9. Cox JM: Applications of nylon membrane arrays to gene expression analysis.
J Immunol Methods 2001, 250(1-2):3-13. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Gilbert I, Scantland S, Dufort I, Gordynska O, Labbe A, Sirard MA, Robert C: Real-time monitoring of aRNA production during T7 amplification to prevent the loss of sample representation during microarray hybridization sample preparation.
Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37(8):e65. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
11. Scott CP, VanWye J, McDonald MD, Crawford DL: Technical analysis of cDNA microarrays.
PLoS One 2009, 4(2):e4486. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
12. Takahashi M, Kondoh Y, Tashiro H, Koibuchi N, Kuroda Y, Tashiro T: Monitoring synaptogenesis in the developing mouse cerebellum with an original oligonucleotide microarray.
J Neurosci Res 2005, 80(6):777-788. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
13. Zhang X, Rogers M, Tian H, Zhang X, Zou DJ, Liu J, Ma M, Shepherd GM, Firestein SJ: High-throughput microarray detection of olfactory receptor gene expression in the mouse.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101(39):14168-14173. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
14. Van den Bergh R, Florence E, Vlieghe E, Boonefaes T, Grooten J, Houthuys E, Tran H, Gali Y, De Baetselier P, Vanham G, et al.: Transcriptome analysis of monocyte-HIV interactions.
Retrovirology 7(1):53.
15. Ghassabeh GH, De Baetselier P, Brys L, Noel W, Van Ginderachter JA, Meerschaut S, Beschin A, Brombacher F, Raes G: Identification of a common gene signature for type II cytokine-associated myeloid cells elicited in vivo in different pathologic conditions.
Blood 2006, 108(2):575-583. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Goldmann T, Gonzalez JS: DNA-printing: utilization of a standard inkjet printer for the transfer of nucleic acids to solid supports.
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You are here: Home / News / Water quality and wastewater treatment — WISE interactive maps updated
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Published : Jul 25, 2011 Last modified : Oct 06, 2011 03:35 PM
A series of maps on water quality, updated with the latest information reported by countries, has been published by the European Environment Agency (EEA). The maps display water quality parameters in various receiving waters across Europe, alongside information on urban wastewater treatment and receiving areas sensitive to eutrophication.
Nitrate in rivers, 2009
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Howard T. Odum quotes
Howard T. Odum quotes
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Ida Kubiszewski PhD
This is a part of the Howard T. Odum Collection
"I have played many roles sometimes with the majority, but more often attempting to shock the scientific establishment into a better view."
~ Comments and thanks to Students and Associates, Handout on the Occasion of the Celebration in Chapel Hill, N.C. "Advances in Understanding Ecological Systems", August 31-September, 2 (1989)
"A whole generation of citizens thought that the carrying capacity of the earth was proportional to the amount of land under cultivation and that higher efficiencies in using the energy of the sun had arrived. This is a sad hoax, for industrial man no longe eats potatoes made from solar energy, now he eats potatoes partly made of oil."
~ Environment, Power and Society (1971)
Citation
Cutler J. Cleveland (Lead Author);Ida Kubiszewski PhD (Topic Editor) "Howard T. Odum quotes". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth June 10, 2007; Last revised Date June 10, 2007; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Howard_T._Odum_quotes>
The Author
Cutler J. Cleveland is Professor of Earth and Environment at Boston University, where he also is on the faculty of the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. Professor Cleveland is Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Energy (Elsevier, 2004), winner of an American Library Association award, the Dictionary of Energy (Elsevier, 2005), Handbook of Energy (Elsevier, forthcoming), and is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Earth. He is the recipient of the Adelma ... (Full Bio)
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Scented Products and VOCs
Toxicology:
Scented Products and VOCs
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Sidney Draggan Ph.D.
A single fragrance in a product can contain a mixture of hundreds of chemicals, some of which react with ozone in ambient air to form dangerous secondary pollutants.This article, written by Carol Potera*, appeared first in Environmental Health Perspectivesthe peer-reviewed, open access journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
The article is a verbatim version of the original and is not available for edits or additions by Encyclopedia of Earth editors or authors. Companion articles on the same topic that are editable may exist within the Encyclopedia of Earth.
Scented Products Emit a Bouquet of VOCs
A survey of selected scented consumer goods showed the products emitted more than 100 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including some that are classified as toxic or hazardous by federal laws.1 Even products advertised as “green,” “natural,” or “organic” emitted as many hazardous chemicals as standard ones.
Fragrance Figures1
133 unique VOCs identified among 25 products
24 of these are classified as toxic or hazardous under at least one federal law
Only 1 of the 133 was listed on any label
Only 2 of the 133 were listed on any MSDS
1[Click to preview this Correction note] Anne Steinemann, a professor of civil and environmental engineering and public affairs at the University of Washington, Seattle, and colleagues used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to analyze VOCs given off by the products. They tested 25 air fresheners, laundry detergents, fabric softeners, dryer sheets, disinfectants, dish detergents, all-purpose cleaners, soaps, hand sanitizers, lotions, deodorants, and shampoos.1 Many of the products tested are top sellers in their category.
A single fragrance in a product can contain a mixture of hundreds of chemicals, some of which (e.g., limonene, a citrus scent) react with ozone in ambient air to form dangerous secondary pollutants, including formaldehyde.2 The researchers detected 133 different VOCs. Most commonly detected were limonene, α- and β-pinene (pine scents), ethanol, and acetone.1 The latter two chemicals are often used as carriers for fragrance chemicals.3,4
Steinemann and colleagues found the average number of VOCs emitted was 17.1 Each product emitted 1–8 toxic or hazardous chemicals, and close to half (44%) generated at least 1 of 4 carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants (acetaldehyde, 1,4-dioxane, formaldehyde, and methylene chloride).1 These hazardous air pollutants have no safe exposure level, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.5 Of the 133 VOCs detected, only ethanol was listed on any label (for 2 products), and only ethanol and 2-butoxyethanol were listed on any Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS; for 5 products and 1 product, respectively).1
Manufacturers are required by the Food and Drug Administration (which regulates personal care items) to list the term “fragrance” on product labels, but not MSDSs, although they do not need to disclose the ingredients of those fragrances.6 Manufacturers are not required by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (which regulates cleaning supplies, air fresheners, and laundry products) to list either the term “fragrance” or fragrance ingredients on labels or MSDSs.7 The Household Product Labeling Act, currently under review in the U.S. Senate, would require manufacturers to label consumer products with all ingredients, including fragrance mixtures.8 “Disclosing all ingredients could be a first step to understanding potential toxicity and health effects,” says Steinemann.
Although the authors did not seek to assess whether use of any of the products studied would be associated with any risk,1 Steinemann says she receives hundreds of letters, phone calls, and e-mails from people who report a variety of respiratory, dermatologic, and neurologic problems they attribute to scented products9: “Children have seizures after exposure to dryer sheets, and adults pass out around air fresheners,” she says. Steinemann and colleague Stanley M. Caress have written elsewhere that 19% of respondents across two U.S. telephone surveys reported health problems they attributed to air fresheners, and nearly 11% reported irritation they attributed to scented laundry products vented outdoors.10
“It’s important to take people’s complaints seriously,” says Steinemann, because “these human experiences are helping to inform science.” One of her next projects will focus on biomarkers of exposure and effect to better understand how fragranced products may cause a range of adverse health effects. “The ultimate goal is to improve public health,” Steinemann says. For now, she recommends cleaning with basic supplies like vinegar and baking soda.
Steinemann’s study “strongly suggests that we need to find unscented alternatives for cleaning our homes, laundry, and ourselves,” says Claudia Miller, an allergist and immunologist at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. An expert in chemical sensitivity, or toxicant-induced loss of tolerance, Miller created the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory,11 a screening tool for chemical intolerance. According to Miller, products intended to keep homes smelling fresh can set people up for a lifetime of chemically induced illness, and repeated exposure to small amounts of household chemicals can trigger symptoms to previously tolerated chemicals.12 “The best smell is no smell,” Miller says.
References
1. Steinemann AC, et al. Fragranced consumer products: chemicals emitted, ingredients unlisted. Environ Impact Assess Rev. doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2010.08.002 Find this article online
2. Nazaroff WW, Weschler CJ. Cleaning products and air fresheners: exposure to primary and secondary air pollutants. Atmos Environ 38(18):2841–2865 (2004); doi:10.1016/?j.atmosenv.2004.02.040.
3. Application data: ethanol for the personal care industry. Houston, TX:Lyondell Chemical Company (2004). Available: http://tinyurl.com/2axnrhg [accessed 5 January 2011].
4. What’s Inside: Ingredients A–Z [website]. Racine, WI:SC Johnson & Son, Inc. Available: http://tinyurl.com/39cmdnd [accessed 5 January 2011].
5. EPA. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, EPA/630/P-03/001F. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2005). Available: http://tinyurl.com/2cu4qzv [accessed 8 Dec 2010].
6. FDA. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 701. Cosmetic Labeling, §701.2–§701.9. Washington, DC:U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2001). Available: http://tinyurl.com/3224kko [accessed 8 Dec 2010].
7. Consumer Product Safety Act, Public Law 92-573, 86 Stat. 1207 (1972). Available: http://tinyurl.com/32b4duc [accessed 8 Dec 2010].
8. Govtrack.us [database]. Household Product Labeling Act of 2009, S. 1697. Washington, DC:Civic Impulse, LLC. Available: http://tinyurl.com/yb5nkbv [accessed 8 Dec 2010].
9. Exposure Assessment, Feedback from the Public [website]. Seattle, WA:University of Washington, College of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Available: http://tinyurl.com/2uh9gan [accessed 8 Dec 2010].
10. Caress SM, Steinemann ACPrevalence of fragrance sensitivity in the American population. J Environ Health 71(7):46–50. 2009. Find this article online
11. Miller CS, Prihoda TJThe Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (EESI): a standardized approach for measuring chemical intolerances for research and clinical applications. Toxicol Ind Health 15(3–4):370–385. 1999. doi:10.1177/074823379901500311 Find this article online
12. Miller CSThe compelling anomaly of chemical intolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 933:1–23. 2001. PMID:12000012. Find this article online
Editor's Notes
• *Carol Potera, based in Montana, has written for EHP since 1996. She also writes for Microbe, Genetic Engineering News, and the American Journal of Nursing.
• Citation: Potera C 2011. Scented Products Emit a Bouquet of VOCs. Environ Health Perspect 119:a16-a16. doi:10.1289/ehp.119-a16
• Online: 01 January 2011
• See: Synthetic Musks in the Encyclopedia of Earth.
• Also, see: Long-lasting chemicals threaten the environment and human health.
• The original article has been corrected here and in the originating journal: "The January news article “Scented Products Emit a Bouquet of VOCs” [Environ Health Perspect 119:A16 (2011)] incorrectly stated that 24 carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants were detected by Steinemann et al. and that manufacturers are not required by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations to disclose fragrances on personal care item labels. Steinemann et al. actually detected 4 carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants, and manufacturers are required under FDA regulation to list the term “fragrance” on personal care item labels, although they need not disclose the ingredients of those fragrances, nor must the term “fragrance” or fragrance ingredients be disclosed on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). Under Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations, neither the term “fragrance” nor fragrance ingredients are required to be disclosed on product labels or MSDSs. The news article also incorrectly implied that Steinemann et al. were the source for the statement that ethanol and acetone are often used as carriers for fragrance chemicals. The sources for this statement are actually Lyondell Chemical Company and SC Johnson & Son, Inc.
The HTML version has been corrected.".
.
Citation
Environmental Health Perspectives (Lead Author);Environmental Health Perspectives (Content Source);Sidney Draggan Ph.D. (Topic Editor) "Scented Products and VOCs". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth December 31, 2010; Last revised Date January 26, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Scented_Products_and_VOCs?topic=49498>
The Author
Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP), the peer-reviewed journal of the United States' National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, is an important vehicle for the dissemination of environmental health information and research findings. EHP's mission is to serve as a forum for the discussion of the interrelationships between the environment and human health by publishing in a balanced and objective manner the best peer-reviewed research and most current and credible news of th ... (Full Bio)
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Publication Listing
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• Title: The Last Pin
• Authors: Howard Wandrei
• Year: 1996-00-00
• ISBN-10: 1-878252-26-7
• ISBN-13: 978-1-878252-26-5
• Publisher: F&B Mystery
• Price: $95.00
• Pages: xxviii+354
• Binding: hc
• Type: COLLECTION
• Title Reference: The Last Pin
• Cover: Gary Gianni
• ISFDB Record Number: 282874
• Notes: Limited Edition, 100 copies, slipcased with "Saith the Lord" per "The Science-Fantasy Publishers: A Bibliographic History 1923-1998", by Jack L. Chalker and Mark Owings, Mirage Press, 1998,
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (THLSTPNTFQ1996)
Cover art supplied by Fantastic Fiction
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Not Verified
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
Primary2 Not Verified
Primary3 Not Verified
Primary4 Not Verified
Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Welcome to Promise City
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Title: Welcome to Promise City
Author: Greg Cox
Year: 2009
Type: NOVEL
Series: The 4400
ISFDB Record Number: 1007942
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Posts Tagged ‘ pot ’
NH Cops Arrest For Victimless Crime
By
0
January 17, 2010
The Ridley Report updates us on the egregious violations of our civil rights committed by NH police. ManchCops put out fire with kerosene…as continued detention of liberty activist sparks renewed civil disobedience. There will be new law-violating demonstrations in Keene today to protest the seven detentions and two arrests which occurred when activists...
Read More »
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Ericsson strengthens its 4th generation IP portfolio
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
March 19, 2013, 09:00 (CET)
• Launching high-performance network processor, SNP 4000, with best-in-class performance and scalability
• Extending Ericsson IP Operating System across the entire IP product line for superior operational efficiency
• New developments show Ericsson's commitment to its IP portfolio
At the MPLS & Ethernet World Congress in Paris, Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) today announced two key developments that reinforce its commitment to developing 4th Generation IP networks: a powerful in-house ASIC, the Ericsson SNP 4000 network processing chipset, and extension of the Ericsson IP Operating System as the common platform across the entire IP portfolio.
The Ericsson SNP 4000 brings to the market industry-leading packet processing capacity with an ASIC solution that integrates thousands of processing cores to enable products that can scale from 100Gbps to 1Tbps and applications that support millions of subscribers. With its innovative hyper-threaded run to completion architecture running the Linux OS with full support for GNU based C/C++ tool chain, the SNP 4000 will herald a new era of feature velocity and power efficiency in IP products.
Ericsson IP Operating System, that currently runs on the flagship SSR 8000 family of Smart Services Routers, will be extended to cover all Ericsson IP products. The MINI-LINK SP 415 and MINI-LINK SP 420 running Ericsson IP Operating System are being showcased at the MPLS World Congress in Paris.
Michael Howard, principal analyst of carrier networks at Infonetics Research, says: "The announcements Ericsson made today are noteworthy. With rapid growth in smart devices and personalized services, one of the biggest challenges presently facing operators is to keep up with bandwidth demand while simultaneously delivering complex services. While service provider SDNs will greatly simplify functions like dynamic service chaining, these SDN capabilities will still rely on packet processing. I'm sure service providers will be interested in the service capabilities that the SNP 4000 enables, since it is based on a new hyper-threaded architecture, running thousands of "run-to-completion hardware threads" or "cores." It is an industry first to support this many cores. These cores will enable functions such as service isolation and virtualization, which can be used to support multiple high-touch applications simultaneously."
Jan Häglund, Vice President, Head of IP and Broadband Networks, Ericsson, says: "Since 2011, when we first outlined our vision of the fourth generation of IP Networks, we have consistently made investment decisions that ensure our IP portfolio builds networks that not only give consumers an amazing experience, but also ensure profitable growth for our customers in an era of rapidly growing video traffic and Cloud and OTT applications. A common operating system and high-touch packet processing capabilities are incremental steps towards the broader Service Provider SDN architecture that will be a key enabling technology for 4GIP going forward. SNP 4000 sets a new benchmark as it increases the feature velocity by ten times and is twice as energy efficient as available network processors."
Ericsson is participating in the co-located MPLS & Ethernet World Congress, V6 World Congress and SDN Summit 2013 in Paris, running from March 19-22. On March 21, Ericsson and Telstra will present a joint keynote session at the SDN Summit. Visit us at booth 105 for live demonstrations of the SNP 4000 and Service Provider SDN use cases of Virtualized Aggregation Networks and Dynamic Service Chaining.
NOTES TO EDITORS
MPLS & Ethernet World Congress, V6 World Congress and SDN Summit
http://www.uppersideconferences.com/index.htm
Download high-resolution photos and broadcast-quality video at www.ericsson.com/press
Ericsson is a world-leading provider of communications technology and services. We are enabling the Networked Society with efficient real-time solutions that allow us all to study, work and live our lives more freely, in sustainable societies around the world.
Our offering comprises services, software and infrastructure within Information and Communications Technology for telecom operators and other industries. Today 40 percent of the world's mobile traffic goes through Ericsson networks and we support customers' networks servicing more than 2.5 billion subscriptions.
We are more than 110,000 people working with customers in more than 180 countries. Founded in 1876, Ericsson is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. In 2012 the company's net sales were SEK 227.8 billion (USD 33.8 billion). Ericsson is listed on NASDAQ OMX, Stockholm and NASDAQ, New York stock exchanges.
News Source : Ericsson strengthens its 4th generation IP portfolio
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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JohnScott Selected as "Marketing Author"
Dec 26, 2003 • 12:56 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Blog Administration
John Scott has accepted the position as the "marketing" author for the search engine roundtable weblog. John has years of experience in the Web arena, he contributes his time and money towards his very successful information site and forum, Internet Marketing Research, formerly known as "Webmaster forums". John also runs a success business that can be found at http://www.v7inc.com/.
John will be representing the views from his forum, IMR Forum, and the views of a marketing as it relates to search engines industry.
Previous story: A Post-Christmas Thought: On Writing
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Place:Wachtebeke, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
Watchers
NameWachtebeke
TypeMunicipality
Located inOost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Wachtebeke is a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the town of Wachtebeke proper, and a smaller town: Overslag. On January 1, 2006 Wachtebeke had a total population of 6,881. The total area is 34.53 km² which gives a population density of 199 inhabitants per square kilometre|km².
The current mayor of Wachtebeke (as of 2004) is Willy De Vliegher.
The Langelede is a small canal and corresponding residential street in the town. The neighborhood is slowly migrating from a poor agricultural environment towards a higher middle-class residential area.
In Wachtebeke lies the provincial park Puyenbroeck
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Wachtebeke. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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| Edit | | History |
From DDO wiki
(Redirected from Epic Chimera's Crown)
Jump to: navigation, search
Epic Chimera's Crown
Minimum level 20
Item Type Clothing / Helmet
Slot Head
Binding Bound to Character on AcquireBound to Character on Acquire: This item is Bound to Character on Acquire
Durability 90
Material LeatherLeather: Unknown Material
Hardness 13
Base Value 00064050006,405pp
Weight 0.10 lbs
Location Epic version of Chimera's Crown
Enchantments
Upgradeable?
Fully upgraded
Description A sturdy helm that is often a gift to the dragonmarked from House Deneith.
Tips
Image shown is the item in it's ultimate form - worn by someone with 3 dragonmark feats.
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Information for "Embedded OS"
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Basic information
Display titleEmbedded OS
Default sort keyEmbedded OS
Page length (in bytes)359
Page ID1796
Page content languageEnglish (en)
Search engine statusIndexable
Number of views7,734
Redirects to this page0
Counted as a content pageYes
Page protection
EditAllow all users
MoveAllow all users
Edit history
Page creatorRBot (Talk | contribs)
Date of page creation03:31, 7 March 2007
Latest editorThomasPetazzoni (Talk | contribs)
Date of latest edit02:56, 7 April 2009
Total number of edits5
Total number of distinct authors5
Recent number of edits (within past 91 days)0
Recent number of distinct authors0
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Porting DirectFB
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 00:44, 18 May 2010 by Peter Huewe (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
DirectFB porting to RTS7751R2D (SH-4/SM501) platform
Development Environment
SH-4 target platform environment
Item Element Resources
Hardware Renesas `RTS7751R2D` (Renesas SH-4 processor board) RTS7751R2D Handling Manual
Silicon Motion Inc SM501 (Renesas platform on board graphics)
Software kernel = CE-LINUX-2.4.20 Tool Chains
loader = SH-LILO
DirectFB = DirectFB-0.9.20 http://www.directfb.org/download/DirectFB/DirectFB-0.9.20.tar.gz
freetype = freetype-2.1.3 http://heanet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/freetype/freetype-2.1.3.tar.gz
libjpeg = jpeg-6b ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz
libpng = png-1.2.2 http://keihanna.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/libpng/libpng-1.2.2.tar.gz
zlib = zlib-1.1.4 http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.1.4.tar.gz
x86 host machine environment
Item Element Resources
OS Linux ( Redhat 7.3 ) [1]
host compiler gcc 2.9.6 [2]
cross compiler gcc 3.2.3 ( CELF sh-4 compiler posted by Lineo Solutions ) Tool Chains
Install DirectFB
Prepare libraries used in DirectFB
• Extract each source code
• Set environment variables for cross compile
CC = /usr/local/bin/sh4-linux-gcc
CPP = /usr/local/bin/sh4-linux-cpp
CXX = /usr/local/bin/sh4-linux-g++
• create libjpeg
modify configure file for cross compile
line 548 : change "gcc" to "sh4-linux-gcc"
# ./configure --enable-shared
# make
# cp .libs/libjpeg.so* /usr/local/sh4-linux/lib
• create zlib
# ./configure --shared
modify Makefile for cross compile
line 24 : LDSHARED=/usr/local/bin/sh4-linux-gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libz.so.1
line 28 : LIBS=libz.so.1.1.4
# make
# cp libz* /usr/local/sh4-linux/lib
• create libpng
# cp scripts/makefile.linux Makefile
modify Makefile for cross compile
line 11 : change "gcc" to "sh4-linux-gcc"
# make
# cp libpng12.so* /usr/local/sh4-linux/lib
• create freetype
# ./configure --host=sh4-linux
# make
# cp objs/.libs/libfreetype.so* /usr/local/sh4-linux/lib
# cp -r include/* /usr/local/sh4-linux/include
• Cross Compile DirectFB for SH-4
adopt patch upon DirectFb source directory
# gzip -d -c DirectFB-0.9.20-ftpath.patch.gz | patch -p0
# ./configure --host=sh4-linux \
# --disable-sdl \
# --with-ftpath=/usr/local/sh4-linux
# --with-gfxdrivers=sm501
# make
If error occurs modify interfaces/IDirectFBFont/Makefile
line 86 : remove "-lfreetype"
• We use CELF SH-4 root_fs image posted by Lineo Solutions.
• We expect this root_fs is already bootable.
• We expect root_fs is mounted on /mnt.
• We add /usr/local/lib?/usr/lib to /etc/ld.so.conf
• Prepare directory for DirectFB installation
# mkdir /usr/lib
# mkdir /usr/local/share
# mkdir /usr/local/share/directfb-examples
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/gfxdrivers
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/inputdrivers
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/interfaces
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/interfaces/IDirectFBFont
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/interfaces/IDirectFBImageProvider
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/interfaces/IDirectFBVideoProvider
# mkdir /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/systems
• copy libjpeg
move to libjpeg's directory
# cp .libs/libjpeg.so* /mnt/usr/lib
• copy zlib
move to zlib's directory
# cp libz.so* /mnt/usr/lib
• copy libpng
move to libpng's directory
# cp libpng12.so /mnt/usr/lib/libpng.so
# cp libpng12.so.0 /mnt/usr/lib/libpng.so.0
# cp libpng12.so.0.1.2.2 /mnt/usr/lib/libpng.so.0.1.2.2
• copy freetype
move to freetype's directory
# cp objs/.libs/libfreetype.so* /mnt/usr/lib
• copy DirectFB
move to DirectFB's directory
# cp src/.libs/libdirectfb.so /mnt/usr/lib
# cp src/.libs/libdirectfb-0.9.so* /mnt/usr/lib
# cp gfxdrivers/sm501/.libs/libdirectfb_sm501.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/gfxdrivers
# cp inputdrivers/joystick/.libs/libdirectfb_joystick.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/inputdrivers
# cp inputdrivers/keyboard/.libs/libdirectfb_keyboard.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/inputdrivers
# cp inputdrivers/ps2mouse/.libs/libdirectfb_ps2mouse.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/inputdrivers
# cp inputdrivers/serialmouse/.libs/libdirectfb_serialmouse.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/inputdrivers
# cp inputdrivers/sonypi/.libs/libdirectfb_sonypi.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/inputdrivers
# cp interfaces/IDirectFBFont/.libs/libidirectfbfont_*.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/interfaces/IDirectFBFont
# cp interfaces/IDirectFBImageProvider/.libs/libidirectfbimageprovider_*.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/interfaces/IDirectFBImageProvider
# cp interfaces/IDirectFBVideoProvider/.libs/libidirectfbvideoprovider_*.so /mnt/usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/interfaces/IDirectFBVideoProvider
Prepare Demo software
Through previous steps, you have installed DirectFB to SH-4 Linux environment. To confirm everything created and installed properly use DirectFB demo program. You can download these demo program from DirectFB project website, that name is "DirectFB-examples". We used version 0.9.18. You can download from following Web site.
DirectFB-examples used in this tutorial.
As we faced some problem compiling these demo program for SH-4 Linux, we installed to x86 Linux first, then retarget to SH-4 Linux using following step.
Modify Makefile in src directry as
"CC = gcc" to "CC = sh4-linux-gcc"
"LIBADDS = -L/usr/local/lib -ldirectfb -lpthread -ldl" to
"LIBADDS = -L/usr/local/sh4-linux/lib -ldirectfb -lpthread -ldl"
Adopt same modification to each Makefile in src/df_knuckles?src/df_neo?src/spacedream
Do make in src directory ( If you do make at the upper directory, it seems not works correctly )
Install Demo program
Now demo program binary images was generated in src directory, you can copy manually these binary to target root_fs's your preferred location. Then copy all data file located under data directory to /usr/local/share/directfb-examples It seems you do not maintain/modift these file (just copy) except Makefile.
Benchmark program
Demo program named df_dok is DirectFB benchmark. If you run this without any options, it automatically runs set of benchmark program using graphics acceleration capability, and display result as graph. We use this benchmark score to tune DirectFB library for SM501.
Cross compiling
Like other Linux application program, DirectFB is designed to compile only on x86 Linux. We struggled this time to compile DirectFB for SH-4 Linux and finally we success this cross porting. However we think this is a kind of handwork way. When you try to run demo program on non-x86 Linux, x86 reference looks mandatory. I suggest you start DirectFB implementation from x86 Linux.
Writing DirectFB driver
Graphics driver detection procedure
Graphics chip drivers are located under /usr/local/lib/directfb-0.9.20/gfxdrivers There is no special installation procedure to add your own driver. DirectFB checks all drivers in driver_probe routine. When DirectFB detect correct driver in this process, DirectFB enables this driver. If driver does not works then move to next driver check, if all drivers does not much, DirectFB runs software mode without dedicated graphics driver. We have tentatively modified this process force to use SM501 driver.
Enabling hardware graphics acceleration capability
Drawing routine set command parameters to use 2D acceleration capability. Graphic driver returns TRUE or FALSE as return-value. If FALSE returned, DirectFB thinks hardware acceleration does not built-in, and use whole software drawing. Not all drawing routine has this acceleration detection mechanism, it is sure to define in `CheckState` routine. You can write your own driver as you like except command parameters and return value.
SM501 driver development
reference driver
We use i810 graphics driver as a reference, because it is small and looks easy to implement. Finally we need to refer other drivers because i810 has limited numbers of draw routine. If you want to support full drawing capabilities, Matrox driver may be better reference.
Drawing API prepared for SM501
API Operations
`sm501_set_src` Set source address for BLIT operation. You need to assign VRAM physical address to source address.
`sm501_set_dest` Set destination physical address and color depth for BLIT and drawing operation.
`sm501_set_colorkey` colorkey setting, it defines transparent color for colorkeyed BLIT operation. Color compare regiser is used in SM501 to enable this operation. You can define transparent color to the SM501 color compare register, then SM501 does not transfer this color when doing BLIT operation. So it looks transparent.
`sm501_set_color` Define drawing color setting
`sm501_set_clip` Save clipping coordinates value to the structure, and set SM501 clipping register as well
`sm501CheckState` This bit returns hardware acceleration capability. You need to refer each graphics spec, and you also care for color format that graphics supports
`sm501SetState` Do pre-process for acceleration
`sm501FillRectangle` Do fill rectangle, using SM501 2D drawing engine
`sm501DrawRectangle` Draw rectangles. SM501 does not have rectangle drawing capability, so draw four lines to draw rectangle in this driver
`sm501Blit` Do BLIT operation, using SM501 2D drawing engine
`sm501StretchBlit` Do Stretch BLIT To avoid SM501 2D engine stretch function limitation, we use CSC (color space conversion) function instead. Colorkeyed stretch BLIT can not be support in this driver.
`sm501DrawLine` Draw line, using SM501 2D drawing engine. Use shortstroke command for simple vertical / holizontal line,and use line command for other kind of line.
`sm501fill_tri` Draw triangle with filling inside. As SM501 does not have hardware triangle drawing capability,we draw triangle by software. However we can use horizontal line draw capability in SM501, so seems to achieved a little better performance than all software drawing.
`sm501FillTriangle` Fill triangle, actual operation execute in subroutine sm501fill_tri
`driver_get_abi_version` Returns version information
`driver_probe` This should return check result of expected graphics chip is exist or not. At this moment, this driver retunes always TRUE (=SM501 exist)
`driver_get_info` Returns driver's information
`sm501_release_resource` Do close operation
`driver_init_driver` Initialize SM501 2D engine and create function table
`driver_init_device` Initialize device structure
`driver_close_device` Do nothing at this moment
`driver_close_driver` Do nothing at this moment
DirectFB porting notes
DirectFB requires display resolution capability built in frame buffer driver. So initially we modify SM501 generic frame buffer driver to support resolution and color depth setting. We did not care for pixel_clock, left/right margin and vertical/horizontal sync, because DirectFB does not works when frame buffer drivers return FALSE to these parameter. It looks no problem using without these parameters.
Initially we modify reference gfxdriver (=i810) source code so that SH-4 gcc compiler can compile properly. Actually we maintain filename, display character and source code comment to fit SM501. And commented out driver code that operate 2D graphics engine. After you compile SM501 driver, copy it to the proper location so that DirectFB can load this new driver. If DirectFB boot message does not comes driver location missing nor driver_probe process returns error.
Then merge 2D engine sample program that works. In SM501 initialization call 2D engine initialization and modify simple graphics API like line. You need to activate bit in `CheckState`, that has hardware acceleration in SM501. Remove unused program in driver_init_driver, to eliminate unexpected initialization.
Once SM501 hardware acceleration works, replace other drawing API. If SM501 command support DirectFB drawing API, just use SM501 command. If SM501 does not support it, you need to find out alternative way to implement this API. If your reference driver does not support required API, you need to refer other graphics driver and you need to add this function by yourself.
If you added new hardware drawing API, you need to enable bit in `CheckState` and need to maintain function table list. Due to the limitations of graphics controller if some hardware acceleration can not be used, you need to disable corresponded bit in `CheckState`. For example SM501 can not handle ARGB format. If BLIT source format does not much target format, SM501 can not use hardware BLIT capability. In such case you need to disable bit in `CheckState`.
To achieve better performance, we modify to use /dev/mem access instead of usual ioctl call, that was originally used in reference driver. After we maintained to read/write 2D engine register directly use /dev/mem, drawing performance increased dramatically especially `FillRect` type simple parameter command.
Finally we removed un-used function built in reference driver. For example i810 driver include UMA setting. PCI initialization does not need when SM501 connect to SH-4 using SH-BUS. So we remove these portion.
Reference
Unfortunately we can not find any useful information to DirectFB port to SH-4 Linux. So we do it using step-by-step way using printk(). For 2D acceleration portion, sample program and device document were helpful. But sometime it is difficult to understand actual drawing limitations. So x86 DirectFB is mandatory as a reference when you port DirectFB to the Linux runs on embedded CPU like SH-4.
Resources
You can download original source, patches and pre-compiled DirectFB program for `RTS7751R2D` platform
logs
source archives
NOTE: The versions listed below are very old. Newer versions are recommended.
patches
kernel, root_fs
• CELF kernel Media:celinux.tgz | celinux.tgz (42MB) - NOTE that this file is too large to upload. See the old CELF Wiki and search for celinux.tgz or email the admin.
• root_fs for `RTS7751R2D` platform Media:rootfs.tgz | rootfs.tgz (36MB) NOTE that this file is too large to upload. See the old CELF Wiki and search for rootfs.tgz
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BORE INCEPTION AND PROPAGATION BY THE NONLINEAR WAVE THEORY
Michael Amein
Abstract
The integration of the equations of the nonlinear shallow-water theory by a finite difference scheme based on the method of characteristics is programmed for digital computers. In the program, the equations of the bore propagation are coupled to the equations of the nonlinear theory, and thus a procedure for predicting the motion of the entire wave, including the bore, is established. Waves of irregular shape and experimental data are treated by an iterative method. Laboratory experiments on the inception and propagation of bores also are presented.
Keywords
nonlinear waves; bore inception and propagation; finite difference
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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CASE HISTORY OF A SPACED PILE BREAKWATER AT HALF MOON BAY MARINA AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND
P.S. Hutchinson, A.J. Raudkivi
Abstract
Half Moon Bay Marina is a privately owned small boat harbour located on the Tamaki Estuary of the Auckland Harbour. The marina was built in 1970 for 485 boats moored to floating marina berths, Fig. 1, and is sheltered by a spaced pile breakwater.
Keywords
Auckland, New Zealand; case history; breakwater; spaced pile breakwater; Half Moon Bay Marina
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Wednesday, September 03, 2008
Examining Sarah Palin #1
I am disturbed by John McCain's choice of Sarah Palin as a vice presidential running mate. My objections are founded in her religiosity. I do not want a person with theocratic tendencies anywhere near presidential power. Besides voting against McCain in the election, my only option is to blog my disgust.
With this post I will start gathering objections to Palin's qualifications. Some post will be my own objection, some posts will come from the wider Atheist community. Let's start with Sam Harris.
When Average isn't good enough
By Sam Harris, September 03, 2008 in the Los Angeles Times.
So let us ask the question that should be on the mind of every thinking person in the world at this moment: If John McCain becomes the 44th president of the United States, what are the odds that a blood clot or falling object will make Sarah Palin the 45th?
The actuarial tables on the Social Security Administration website suggest that there is a better than 10% chance that McCain will die during his first term in office. Needless to say, the Reaper’s scything only grows more insistent thereafter. Should President McCain survive his first term and get elected to a second, there is a 27% chance that Palin will become the first female U.S. president by 2015. If we take into account McCain’s medical history and the pressures of the presidency, the odds probably increase considerably that this bright-eyed Alaskan will become the most powerful woman in history.
Read more...
Sam Harris published a follow-up to address criticism regarding sexism.
I've received more than the usual amount of criticism for my recent opinion piece on Sarah Palin, most of it alleging sexism and/or an unseemly infatuation with Barack Obama. For those who care, I'd like to briefly respond:
My alleged sexism: It is true that I used some hackneyed, gender-slanted language in the piece ("get sassy," "girl-next-door," etc.). This was deliberate. Clearly, I played this game at my peril. I can say that if Sarah Palin were a man of similar qualifications, I would have used equally slanted language to describe him. I might have called Mr. Palin a "frat-boy" or a "lumberjack." I would have invoked some silly macho phrasing like,"Watch Cousin Jim flip Putin the bird."
Harris' point is that Sarah Palin is average. And frankly, average is not good enough when it comes to running our country. I look at Obama, Biden, McCain, and Clinton and do not see average. I look at Palin and see a manager from the meat packing plant. Are there any comments?
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Richard Lab:Restriction Digest
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Procedure)
(Procedure)
Line 15: Line 15:
# Quickly vortex all ingredients (Buffer, BSA, DNA, Enzymes) before beginning
# Quickly vortex all ingredients (Buffer, BSA, DNA, Enzymes) before beginning
# Add the following in a micro-centrifuge tube
# Add the following in a micro-centrifuge tube
-
##5μl of Buffer 2
+
##5μl of Buffer
##1μl of BSA
##1μl of BSA
##40μl of DNA solution (Dilute PCR products 1:4)
##40μl of DNA solution (Dilute PCR products 1:4)
Revision as of 12:49, 23 June 2009
Back to Richard Lab
Contents
Overview
This protocol is typically used to do bio-brick digests with the restriction sites consisting of the following configuration:
-----EcoRI--XbaI--Part--SpeI--PstI-----
Materials
• Prepared DNA from miniprep, PCR, or Gel Extraction
• Restriction Endonucleases
• With corresponding 10X buffer. NEBuffer 2 can be used for most applications but check this chart to be sure.
• BSA (optional)
• Phosphatase
• Distilled water
Procedure
1. Quickly vortex all ingredients (Buffer, BSA, DNA, Enzymes) before beginning
2. Add the following in a micro-centrifuge tube
1. 5μl of Buffer
2. 1μl of BSA
3. 40μl of DNA solution (Dilute PCR products 1:4)
3. Vortex Enzymes and add 20 units (1μl) of each to the tube
4. Incubate reaction in a 37°C water bath for at least one hour (I like 1:45).
5. Heat kill the digest for 15 minutes at 75°C.
6. If digesting a vector add 10 units (1µl) phosphatase) and 5µl Phosphatase Buffer and incubate an additional 45 minutes at then heat kill againat 75°C for 15 min.
7. Store digested DNA in the freezer (-20°C).
Notes
Please feel free to post comments, questions, or improvements to this protocol. Happy to have your input!
• If you're not getting good digestion it might be because your enzyme is bad. Double the digestion time and see.
• Longer digest gives more complete digestion, especially if you have >1µg of DNA, but can sometimes give nonspecific digestion
References
For more information you can check out the other restriction digest protocols.
Contact
or instead, discuss this protocol.
Back to Richard Lab
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Central Spain
From Wikitravel
Europe : Iberia : Spain : Central Spain
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Central Spain (Spanish Zona central de España) is in Spain.
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Sound and independent information
on the environment
You are here: Home / Data and maps / Indicators / Drinking Water Quality
Drinking Water Quality
Assessment made on 01 May 2004
Generic metadata
Classification
Water (Primary theme)
Household consumption
Urban environment
Tags:
WEU010 | WEU
DPSIR: State
Identification
Indicator codes
• WEU 010
Dynamic
Temporal coverage:
1997-2001
Geographical coverage:
[+] Show Map
Contents
Policy issue: What are the main problems in drinking water quality? Are we meeting the standards of the Drinking Water Directive?
Key messages
• Nitrate in drinking water is a common problem across Europe particularly from small supplies/wells in contaminated shallow groundwater.
• Pesticide and metal contamination of drinking water supplies has been identified as a problem in many European countries
Figures
Key assessment
In the EU15 countries nitrate contamination is a problem commonly identified in many national reports. This is likely to be due to intensive agriculture and the use of artificial fertilisers which contaminate raw water sources. Nitrate contamination is often a particular problem in small wells e.g. in Belgium 29% of 5000 wells examined had nitrate levels in excess of 50mg/l nitrate (OECD EPR Belgium, 1997). Excess nitrogen in drinking water is of particular concern for babies where it is known to cause methemoglobinemia, or "blue baby" syndrome. It is also often a particular problem in rural water supplies, which are not necessarily reported or well monitored since they often only serve small populations and are not covered by the drinking water directive. However, nitrate contamination should be reduced with the implementation of the Nitrates Directive ((91/676/EEC).
In the Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) problems with microbiology (e.g. in Slovakia and Hungary) and nitrates (e.g. in Estonia) were also reported. However, the most common problem across the CEEC was metal contamination. For example, the Czech Republic has problems with barium, nickel and selenium (OECD EPR Czech Republic, 1999) and in Lithuania 55% of samples from centralised sources have excess iron (CEETAC, 2000). Problems with iron and manganese are common in Central and Eastern European countries due to lack of efficient technologies installed for removal of these contaminants which often occur naturally in groundwater. In addition, Slovakia and Hungary had high exceedences for the toxic parameter arsenic. The sources of arsenic in drinking water are from the water flowing through arsenic rich rocks and also from industrial contamination. Long-term exposure to arsenic contamination causes various skin diseases and also cancer of the skin, lungs, urinary bladder and kidneys (WHO, 2001).
The main problem in the Newly Independent States is microbiological contamination of drinking water due to decaying infrastructure e.g. water treatment works that are no longer functioning properly and the prohibitive cost of chlorine which is needed to treat the water. For example in Armenia, 90% of pipes are more than 10 years old and 60% are more than 20 years old (SoE, Armenia, 1998). Contamination from toxics and nitrates was also evident from national reports.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Biodiversity
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 142670, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/142670
Research Article
Anthropomorphic Factors Influencing Spanish Conservation Policies of Vertebrates
1Laboratory 8, Department of Ecology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, c. José Antonio Novais, 28040 Madrid, Spain
2Social-Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c. Darwin, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Received 5 November 2012; Accepted 28 November 2012
Academic Editor: Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez
Copyright © 2013 Irene Martín-Forés et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
National and international reports developed for the International Year of Biodiversity concluded that we have failed to meet the 2010 biodiversity target. There is an urgent need to analyze current policies for biodiversity conservation. We examined the anthropomorphic factors underlying the threatened species listings (both red lists and legal lists) and funding allocation for the conservation of vertebrates in Spain at different organizational levels, from the global to subnational level. Our results reveal a strong effect of anthropomorphic factors on conservation policies, mainly legal listings and species priority setting at national scale. Specifically, we found that those vertebrates that are phylogenetically close to humans or physically similar to human neonates tend to receive more conservation attention. Based on results, we suggest recommendations to improve conservation policies in Spain.
1. Introduction
Up to now, 193 countries endorsed through the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) a commitment to reduce the rates of biodiversity loss by 2010 [1]. For most nations, the 2010 biodiversity target has been their most important political commitment to conserve biodiversity [2, 3]. Although this target has stimulated considerable international and national interest, it is clear that we have failed to meet the 2010 biodiversity target [4, 5], especially in the case of vertebrates [6, 7]. One of the most important indicators developed for biodiversity is the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Index, which shows a net negative trend in the status of species [4]. This indicator uses information from the IUCN Red List (http://www.iucnredlist.org/) to trace trends in the comprehensive extinction risks of various sets of species [8]. The IUCN Red List is widely recognized as the most objective and authoritative listing of species at risk of global extinction (e.g., [914]). Approximately half of all countries worldwide have developed national and regional threatened species lists [15], establishing threatened status as the most important indicator for conservation policies worldwide [16] and as an important tool in defining conservation priorities [17, 18].
Currently, there is an extensive debate on the use of the IUCN Red List in decision-making regarding conservation policies. Some authors argue that economic resources should not automatically be allocated to species according to their listing status because spending scarce conservation resources on species at the greatest risk of extinction are not an efficient way to minimize global extinction rates [19, 20], asking for using a broader range of criteria in the species priority setting [21, 22]. These criteria might include the probability of success of avoiding species extinction [20, 22], species’ roles in ecosystem functioning [23], and social preferences [2426]. However, increasingly governmental organizations rely on the IUCN Red List as well as on National Red Lists (NRLs; herein, national red lists and red data books) to influence conservation legislation inform priorities, and guide conservation investments [13, 18].
Some authors have recently identified a taxonomic bias in NRLs [14, 27, 28], which can influence legally threatened species listings [2931] and conservation funding [3235]. This phylogenetic bias indicates that mammals and birds are clearly overrepresented in both conservation legislation and conservation priorities [30, 34, 36].
In addition to taxonomic bias, previous studies have demonstrated that humans have an innate tendency to lavish attention and affection on individuals of nonhuman species with infantile physical features, such as large eyes, large rounded forehead, or short and narrow nose [37, 38]. Lorenz suggested that humans have a natural attraction to these neonates’ features, that is, a baby schema or “Kindchenschema,” which promotes in the last term a care behavior [39]. In fact, it seems that people feel a more positive affection towards animals which are phylogenetically close to humans or physically similar to human neonates than towards those which are phylogenetically distant or dissimilar to us [24, 3942].
If anthropomorphic factors (i.e., phylogenetic distance from humans and neonatal morphological characteristics) influence human preferences towards species protection, then the question here is whether anthropomorphism influences vertebrates’ conservation priority setting. In this context, we aim to explore the effect of anthropomorphic factors on the decision-making process regarding the conservation listing (both Red lists and legal listing) and conservation priority setting of vertebrates in Spain. We specifically examined the effect of vertebrates’ phylogenetic distance from humans (using the taxonomic classification of species) and the effect of species’ morphological characteristics on the vertebrates conservation priority setting at different organizational levels, from international to subnational. At the international level, we used the global IUCN Red List and examined European legislation regarding vertebrate conservation and conservation funding allocation. At the national level, we focused on Spain, which is considered a Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot [43]. Finally, on a subnational level, we selected Andalucía, which contains more terrestrial vertebrate species than larger areas such as the United Kingdom or Sweden [44].
2. Methods
2.1. Data Sources
We developed a data matrix of all species of vertebrates (specifically, 679 species) that are present in Spain according to the National Inventory of Biodiversity (http://www.mma.es/portal/secciones/biodiversidad/inventarios/inb/inventario_vertebrados/index.htm), which are distributed among different classes of vertebrates as follows: 48 fishes, 33 amphibians, 73 reptiles, 406 birds, and 119 mammals. In order to analyze the effect of anthropomorphic factors on vertebrates conservation priority setting, we considered three dependent variables (Table 1): (1) the threatened species category in red lists, (2) the threatened species category in conservation legal listings, and (3) funding allocation for the conservation of vertebrates.
Table 1: Description and data source of the dependent variables.
The conservation of Spanish vertebrates is regulated by different laws at the international, national, and subnational levels. At the European level, the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) and the Birds Directive (Council Directive 79/409/EEC) are the two most important legal tools for protecting Europe’s threatened species, and both were transposed into national law. Additionally, the Spanish government has listed threatened vertebrates in the National Catalogue of Threatened Species (NCTS) through the Royal Decree 439/90. The NCTS considers four threatened categories: endangered (EN), sensitive to habitat change (SHC), vulnerable (VU), and of special interest (SI). These categories are similar but not identical to those of the IUCN, which are: extinct (EX), extinct in the wild (EW), critically endangered (CR), endangered (EN), vulnerable (VU), near threatened (NT), least concern (LC), and data deficient (DD) (for more details, see [29]). At the subnational level, legislation based on the NCTS categorization system for the conservation of vertebrates has been developed in Andalucía. Here, we searched species listings in each taxonomic group of vertebrates in the global IUCN Red List, NRLs and Red list of Andalucía, as well as conservation legislation in Europe, Spain, and Andalucía, and we recorded the number of Spanish vertebrates for each vertebrate class regarding their threatened status at all organizational levels (Table 2).
Table 2: Number of Spanish vertebrates for each vertebrate class regarding both, their red list threatened status and their legal listing categories, at international, national, and subnational levels.
Data sources for funding allocation at European and national levels were obtained from 2003 to 2007. On the European level, we looked up the Life Project’s database, which is the most important European financial instrument supporting biodiversity conservation (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm), and at national level we consulted three different sources: (1) the Official Spanish Gazette, (2) annual reports of the activities of seven Spanish national parks, and (3) the projects database of the Biodiversity Foundation, which is a nonprofit making nature foundational organization. At subnational level, we obtained data on conservation expenditures for Doñana Protected Area, which is one of the most important natural areas of the European Union. We consulted annual activity reports for Doñana National and Natural Parks and we carried out personal interviews with environmental managers responsible for endangered species programs (for more details, see [32]). More information about data sources regarding these variables at different organizational levels is presented in Table 1.
As variables (Table 3), we considered (1) those that measured the species phylogenetic distance from humans, recording the vertebrates’ class and order of each species, and (2) those that can measure the effect of “Kindchenschema” phenomenon (in the sense of [39]) using morphological traits, such as the length and relative measures of the weight and the eye size of vertebrates, which were calculated employing the quotient between the weight and the length and between the eye size and the length, respectively. We explored the effect of phylogenetic distance from humans on the conservation of vertebrates at two taxonomic levels: (1) class (i.e., if the species is fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal) and (2) order, incorporating 44 different orders.
Table 3: Description and data source of the explanatory variables used in the study.
There are few caveats regarding our data sources of conservation funding that must be taken into account in the interpretation of our results. The first one is that at the subnational level, we only considered funding allocation in the Doñana Protected Area due to the difficulty of obtaining information regarding funding allocation in other protected areas in Andalucía. We considered our approximation valid because the Doñana Protected Area is a highly emblematic protected area in Spain and receives a great majority of the national conservation budget [45]. The second caveat is that no database of conservation budgets is available at the international level. We thus decided to use LIFE conservation funds.
2.2. Data Analysis
We used nonparametric statistics (i.e., Kruskal-Wallis test) to compare the threatened category of Red lists and legal listing, as well as on funding allocation for vertebrates, among different taxonomic groups. Additionally, we explored the relationship between morphological characteristics (i.e., length, weight, and eye size) and the threatened category of vertebrates (both in red lists and legal listing) as well as their funding allocation, using Spearman and Pearson correlation tests. To avoid problems with heteroscedasticity, we transformed the continuous variables by their natural logs.
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Phylogenetic Distance from Humans on Conservation Policies
Table 4 shows the effect of phylogenetic distance from humans on the vertebrates red lists, legal listing, and funding allocation for their conservation.
Table 4: Taxonomic groups at class and order levels highly considered as threatened in red and legal listing as well as in conservation priority setting.
While fish was the most threatened vertebrate class in the Red lists at the international, national, and subnational levels (, df = 4, ; , df = 4, ; and , df = 4, , resp.), reptiles were the most threatened class in legal listing at the national and the subnational levels (, df = 4, ; , df = 4, ). Phylogeny also had an effect on funding allocation. While amphibians was the most favored vertebrate class at the international level (, df = 4, ), funds at the national level were mainly directed to mammals (, df = 4, ).
Among the different orders of fish the only order with a significantly higher threatened status in the red lists at all organizational levels was Acipenseriformes (, df = 45, at the international level; , df = 45, at the national level; and , df = 45, at the subnational level). Both Acipenseriformes and Cyprinodontiformes had a higher threatened category at the international, national, and subnational levels in legal listings (, df = 45, ; , df = 45, ; and , df = 45, ). In contrast, the orders that received significantly more conservation funding were Procellariiformes, Gaviiformes, and Pelecaniformes at the international level (, df = 45, ), Cetaceaat the national level (, df = 45, ), and Lagomorpha at the subnational level (, df = 45, ).
3.2. Effect of Morphology on Conservation Policies
At the national level, we found relationships between the relative weight of vertebrates and the threatened status of NRLs (, ) and between relative eye size and the threatened status of NRLs (, ). Finally, at subnational level, we found significant relationships between the threatened status considered in red list of Andalucía and physical variables, that is, length (, ), relative weight , , and relative eye size (, ).
In legal listing of threatened species at the international level, we found relationships between threatened status and physical variables, that is, length (Spearman’s rho = 0.23, ), relative weight (, ), and relative eye size (, ). At the national and subnational levels, there also were a significant correlation between relative eye size and threatened status (, ; and , , resp.).
Our analysis yielded significant correlations between funding allocation and relative eye size at the national and subnational levels (national: , ; subnational: , ). At the national level, there also existed a significant correlation between vertebrates’ length and funding allocation (, ) and relative weight and funding allocation (, ).
Similar results were obtained for vertebrates classes (Table 5). However, we found that the effect of morphological characteristics was higher in those vertebrate classes phylogenetically close to humans (i.e., birds and mammals).
Table 5: Significant correlations between morphological characteristics and both listing and funding allocations, for each vertebrate class.
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Phylogenetic Distance from Humans on Conservation Policies
Previous studies have demonstrated that humans prefer species that are phylogenetically close to us; these species tend to evoke a more positive affect than those that are phylogenetically distant from humans or physically dissimilar to human features [24, 25, 41, 42, 46]. Similarly, structural complexity, as an indicator of phylogenetic distance, is positively related to the amount of scientific output on different species, and this relationship underlies the high existence values and societal popularity of complex organisms [33]. In this sense, recent studies have shown that both conservation biology research and public support are skewed significantly towards birds and mammals [32, 35, 4650]. Both results suggest that phylogenetic distance from humans underlies scientific and social preferences.
Our results also show that funding allocation for vertebrate conservation mostly favors the protection of those species phylogenetically close to humans [30, 32, 51]. As in [25], we found that different groups of vertebrates vary in the amount of political attention they receive. On the one hand, few species of amphibians; bird orders such as Procellariiformes, Gaviiformes, and Pelecaniformes; and mammalian orders such as Cetacea receive relatively high amounts of political attention, as measured by their conservation budget (Table 4). On the other hand, fish, reptiles, and also some orders of small mammals (Rodentia and Chiroptera) have low political power and receive fewer funds for their conservation, despite the important roles they play in ecosystem function [52]. Similarly, although many other nocturnal creatures are classified as threatened species in the Red lists, they do not receive conservation funds at national and subnational levels. These animals include most of amphibians, which often evoke feelings of disgust [53], and bats, which inspire primal fears related to the vampire myth [54].
This overall taxonomic bias is stronger at national and subnational levels than at international scale. Taxonomic bias in Spanish conservation projects was evident in the overrepresentation of mammals and birds. This bias can occur because Spanish conservation efforts are based on available scientific information, and this information is biased towards species phylogenetically close to humans [29, 32, 55].
4.2. Effect of Morphology on Conservation Policies
Previous studies have demonstrated that humans’ preferences for animals are significantly influenced by physical characteristics of the species (e.g., [39, 40, 5658]). In fact, people are more inclined to protect species that are large, aesthetically attractive, and regarded as possessing the capacities for feeling, thought, and pain [59].
We found that there is a strong bias in both conservation legal listing and funding allocation towards species that are large, have a large relative eye size, and have a high relative weight (both in relation to their length). Our results agree with Lorenz’s “Kindchenschema” phenomenon because both listing and funding are biased towards those vertebrates with relative higher eye size and weight, especially in those vertebrates classes close to humans, that is, mammals and birds.
We also found a stronger correlation for those taxonomic classes phylogenetically close to humans. Thus, we described a correlation between physical characteristics and funding allocation at the national and subnational levels for birds, and mammals. In fact, at lower organizational levels, especially at national level, mammals are the focus of conservation because of their charismatic appeal. They are more likely to receive conservation funds if they are charismatic, well-known, and large bodied [60]. Fortunately, some large charismatic vertebrate predators that are easily recognized, such as carnivores or raptors, can be used as flagship or umbrella species when the area under protection is small sized [61].
5. Conclusions
Understanding which factors motivate species conservation legislation and species priority setting is essential for redefining criteria for future conservation initiatives [62]. In this context, our results suggest that many conservation choices are made on subjective grounds, that is, anthropomorphic factors. Consistent with the conclusions of Metrick and Weitzman [30], we showed that likeability factors or “visceral” characteristics, including physical size, relative weight, and relative eye size, as well as whether the animals were higher life forms, play a more important role in setting priorities for vertebrate conservation. This effect was especially pronounced in legislation and funding allocation for vertebrate conservation at national organizational level. In this sense, according to Bottrill et al. [63], we highlight the need to improve management at the national level with greater connectivity among state and international agencies, having in account both expert opinions and conservation policies assessments.
Although anthropomorphism could be a conservation tool because it has the potential to promote public participation in conservation actions [64], the legal bias towards charismatic species could reduce the probability of achieving the 2020 biodiversity target as policy attention is focused towards few taxonomic groups [25], obscuring those key taxonomic groups essential for maintaining ecological properties as well as a diverse flow of ecosystem services to society [65, 66]. Moreover, funding concentrated on just few charismatic species with neonatal features perpetuates the dearth of social, scientific, and political attention of many less visible species, promoting a sort of pit-fall trap in which few charismatic and cute species, mainly better-known species, tend to receive most of the conservation funds and policy attention [29].
Therefore, it is essential to rethink the vertebrate conservation priority setting process in Spain because most of the social, scientific, and policy attention are allocated towards few charismatic species [7, 67]. Here, we should abandon the automatic allocation of resources to species based on these anthropomorphic factors and take into account a broader range of factors in funding decisions, such as the degree of taxonomic uniqueness of a species, the level of endemicity, the role of biodiversity in maintaining the resilience of ecosystems to disturbance, and the capacity to deliver a set of ecosystem services to society. Decisions could also consider cultural and spiritual values, which must be recognized to involve different groups of stakeholders in conservation decision making. In order to raise awareness of the value of biodiversity, including the value of less attractive species, it is essential to intensify efforts in providing information to the whole society about less cute and charismatic species through adequate environmental education programs. In order to create an environmentally responsible population that contributes to biodiversity conservation, we need to develop programs of environmental education beyond aesthetic appealing that address the ethical and instrumental values of the whole species diversity [68].
Funding concentrated on just a few species with neonatal features perpetuate the dearth of knowledge of many less visible and cute species but essential in the maintenance of ecological functioning and therefore, in the delivery of ecosystem services for human wellbeing.
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Bibliography: Opinion 19: A Bedroom Romp
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Title: Opinion 19: A Bedroom Romp
Author: Gerald Bishop
Year: 1969
Type: ESSAY
ISFDB Record Number: 1173273
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12(10), 6685-6702; doi:10.3390/ijms12106685
Article
Effect of Peptide Size on Antioxidant Properties of African Yam Bean Seed (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) Protein Hydrolysate Fractions
1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria 2 Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 11 August 2011; in revised form: 13 September 2011 / Accepted: 8 October 2011 / Published: 11 October 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutraceutical Research)
Download PDF Full-Text [168 KB, uploaded 11 October 2011 13:33 CEST]
Abstract: Enzymatic hydrolysate of African yam bean seed protein isolate was prepared by treatment with alcalase. The hydrolysate was further fractionated into peptide sizes of < 1, 1–3, 3–5 and 5–10 kDa using membrane ultrafiltration. The protein hydrolysate (APH) and its membrane ultrafiltration fractions were assayed for in vitro antioxidant activities. The < 1 kDa peptides exhibited significantly better (p < 0.05) ferric reducing power, diphenyl-1-picryhydradzyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities when compared to peptide fractions of higher molecular weights. The high activity of < 1 kDa peptides in these antioxidant assay systems may be related to the high levels of total hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids. In comparison to glutathione (GSH), the APH and its membrane fractions had significantly higher (p < 0.05) ability to chelate metal ions. In contrast, GSH had significantly greater (p < 0.05) ferric reducing power and free radical scavenging activities than APH and its membrane fractions. The APH and its membrane fractions effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation, results that were concentration dependent. The activity of APH and its membrane fractions against linoleic acid oxidation was higher when compared to that of GSH but lower than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). The results show potential use of APH and its membrane fractions as antioxidants in the management of oxidative stress-related metabolic disorders and in the prevention of lipid oxidation in food products.
Keywords: African yam bean; enzymatic protein hydrolysate; ultrafiltration; antioxidant properties; peptide size; butylated hydroxyl toluene; glutathione
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MDPI and ACS Style
Ajibola, C.F.; Fashakin, J.B.; Fagbemi, T.N.; Aluko, R.E. Effect of Peptide Size on Antioxidant Properties of African Yam Bean Seed (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) Protein Hydrolysate Fractions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 6685-6702.
AMA Style
Ajibola CF, Fashakin JB, Fagbemi TN, Aluko RE. Effect of Peptide Size on Antioxidant Properties of African Yam Bean Seed (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) Protein Hydrolysate Fractions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(10):6685-6702.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ajibola, Comfort F.; Fashakin, Joseph B.; Fagbemi, Tayo N.; Aluko, Rotimi E. 2011. "Effect of Peptide Size on Antioxidant Properties of African Yam Bean Seed (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) Protein Hydrolysate Fractions." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, no. 10: 6685-6702.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Sensors 2008, 8(4), 2642-2661; doi:10.3390/s8042642
Article
High Sensitivity MEMS Strain Sensor: Design and Simulation
1 Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 8 February 2008 / Accepted: 13 March 2008 / Published: 14 April 2008
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensors)
Download PDF Full-Text [768 KB, uploaded 16 September 2008 11:02 CEST]
Abstract: In this article, we report on the new design of a miniaturized strain microsensor. The proposed sensor utilizes the piezoresistive properties of doped single crystal silicon. Employing the Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, high sensor sensitivities and resolutions have been achieved. The current sensor design employs different levels of signal amplifications. These amplifications include geometric, material and electronic levels. The sensor and the electronic circuits can be integrated on a single chip, and packaged as a small functional unit. The sensor converts input strain to resistance change, which can be transformed to bridge imbalance voltage. An analog output that demonstrates high sensitivity (0.03mV/me), high absolute resolution (1μe) and low power consumption (100μA) with a maximum range of ±4000μe has been reported. These performance characteristics have been achieved with high signal stability over a wide temperature range (±50oC), which introduces the proposed MEMS strain sensor as a strong candidate for wireless strain sensing applications under harsh environmental conditions. Moreover, this sensor has been designed, verified and can be easily modified to measure other values such as force, torque…etc. In this work, the sensor design is achieved using Finite Element Method (FEM) with the application of the piezoresistivity theory. This design process and the microfabrication process flow to prototype the design have been presented.
Keywords: MEMS; Strain Sensor; Piezoresistive; Simulation; Microfabrication; Finite Element Modeling
Article Statistics
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MDPI and ACS Style
Mohammed, A.A.S.; Moussa, W.A.; Lou, E. High Sensitivity MEMS Strain Sensor: Design and Simulation. Sensors 2008, 8, 2642-2661.
AMA Style
Mohammed AAS, Moussa WA, Lou E. High Sensitivity MEMS Strain Sensor: Design and Simulation. Sensors. 2008; 8(4):2642-2661.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Mohammed, Ahmed A.S.; Moussa, Walied A.; Lou, Edmond. 2008. "High Sensitivity MEMS Strain Sensor: Design and Simulation." Sensors 8, no. 4: 2642-2661.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Contributors : [anonymous]
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SynBERC:Seminar series
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 00:56, 12 May 2009 by Norville (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
< SynBERC
SynBERC is organizing a seminar series on topics relating to synthetic biology. Below is the schedule (as it currently stands).
Unless indicated otherwise, talks will be held on Wednesdays at 1pm PST and 4pm EST. All talks will be webcast so that researchers from all the institutions can watch the talk.
To suggest potential speakers for the seminar series, email slc AT synberc DOT org.
Date Time Location Speaker Title
March 21 1pm PST, 4pm EST Warren Alpert Building, Room 341, Harvard Medical School Steve Benner Synthetic Biology from Molecules Up: Applications to the Needs of Systems Biologists (includes video)
April 11 1pm PDT, 3pm CDT, 4pm EST Prairie View A&M University Andy Ellington Nucleic Acid Parts for Synthetic Biology
April 24 9am PST, 12pm EST 68-181, MIT Remy Chait Antibacterial drug combinations and evolution of drug resistance (includes video)
May 3 4pm PST, 7pm EST UC Berkeley Christina Smolke Engineering RNA devices as general tools in cellular engineering applications
April 23, 2009 9am PST, 12pm EST Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ichiro Matsumura Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 as a chassis for the directed evolution of genes and genomes (includes video)
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Summary of Book XLII
The censor Quintus Fulvius Flaccus stripped the temple of Juno Lacinia of its marble tiles, in order to roof the temple which he was dedicating. The tiles, by order of the senate, were taken back. Eumenes, king of Asia, complained before the senate of Perseus, king of Macedonia; the wrong-doings of Perseus were laid before the Roman people for action. Because of these wrongdoings war was declared against him, and Publius Licinius Crassus, the consul, who had been placed in command, crossed to Macedonia and in sallies of light troops and cavalry battles fought with Perseus in Thessaly with [varying?]1 outcome. There was a dispute over territory between Masinissa and the Carthaginians. A day for arguing the case was set for them by the senate. Envoys were sent to request the allied states and kings to remain loyal, but the Rhodians wavered. The five-year period was closed by the censors; there were enumerated as citizens 267,2312 persons. The book also covers successful campaigns against the Corsicans and Ligurians.
1 The adjective is missing in the MSS.
2 The numeral is differently reported in different MSS.; ch also ch. x of this book.
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load focus English (William A. McDevitte, Sen. Class. Mod. Ex. Schol. A.B.T.C.D., 1850)
load focus English (Rev. Canon Roberts, 1912)
load focus Latin (W. Weissenborn, 1876)
load focus English (Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. and Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D., 1938)
load focus Latin (W. Weissenborn, H. J. Müller, 1911)
load focus Latin (Evan T. Sage, Ph.D. and Alfred C. Schlesinger, Ph.D., 1938)
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authepsa ae, f
, αὐτηέψης, an urn, boiler.
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44. So they held each other to it a long time, neither side giving ground. But in the end (for that the Athenians had horsemen, which did them great service, seeing the other had none) the Corinthians were put to flight and retired to the hill, where they laid down their arms and descended no more, but there rested. [2] In this retreat, the greatest part of their right wing was slain, and amongst others Lycophron, one of the generals. But the rest of the army being in this manner neither much urged, nor retiring in much haste, when they could do no other, made their retreat up the hill and there sat down. [3] The Athenians, seeing them come no more down to battle, rifled the dead bodies of the enemy and took up their own and presently erected a trophy on the place. [4] That half of the Corinthians that lay at Cenchreia to watch the Athenians, that they went not against Crommyon, saw not this battle for the hill Oneius; but when they saw the dust and so knew what was in hand, they went presently to their aid. So did also the old men of Corinth from the city when they understood how the matter had succeeded. [5] The Athenians, when all these were coming upon them together, imagining them to have been the succours of the neighboring cities of Peloponnesus, retired speedily to their galleys, carrying with them the booty and the bodies of their dead, all save two, which, not finding, they left. [6] Being aboard, they crossed over to the islands on the other side, and from thence sent a herald and fetched away those two dead bodies which they left behind. There were slain in this battle Corinthians, two hundred and twelve, and Athenians, somewhat under fifty.
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For the law, having a shadow of the good to come, not the very image of the things, can never with the same sacrifices year by year, which they offer continually, make perfect those who draw near.
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Google Apps is Safe For Video Uploads Despite Google Video Upload Cuts
Jan 19, 2009 • 8:28 am | (0) by | Filed Under Other Google Topics
The other day, we reported that Google began cutting jobs, offices and services. Part of that, was cutting the ability to do video uploads at Google Video.
A concerned Google Apps user asked a valid question. He asked in a Google Video Help thread, does this impact Google App Premium users. The answer was no, Google Apps Premier users still can upload videos, as part of the service. In fact, Google had to update their FAQs to clarify this.
A Google representative, Sapna, said:
Good question! We just added it to the FAQ page as well.
This move is not going to affect the video service of Google Apps - you will still be able to upload & share videos.
Hope that alleviates some confusion!
The FAQs have now been updated to say:
Does this change apply to Google Video for business, used by companies for private, secure video sharing?
No, it doesn't. Google Video for business is part of Google Apps Premier Edition, and it lets employees share video content with each other, like team updates and recordings of training sessions and guest speakers. Business users can continue to upload and share videos, and the service is actively being developed.
Forum discussion at Google Video Help.
Previous story: Take the 2009 SEMPO In-House SEM Salary Survey
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Small Google May 2009 Update?
May 12, 2009 • 8:27 am | (2) by | Filed Under Google PageRank & Algorithm Updates
We rarely cover Google updates these days, since it appears Google is in a constant flux. But I have noticed a dozen or so threads at DigitalPoint Forums and an updated WebmasterWorld, plus a few threads at Google Webmasters Help discussions on the topic of either a back link update, PageRank update or major drops or increases in rankings for specific categories.
Now, this does not mean there is a massive update going on. In fact, I would classify this as a minor update possibly only impacting specific sites that may have triggered a new penalty or just random fluctuations in Google that some webmasters took notice to.
In any event, if you noticed a major change for your site in Google, you are not alone. It is not as 'huge' as some of the past updates, but it seems like many are discussing this specific, possible update.
Forum discussion at DigitalPoint Forums, WebmasterWorld, and Google Webmasters Help.
Previous story: Convincing People To Link To You Via Email
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Patrick Moore
From SourceWatch
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This article is part of the Center for Media & Democracy's focus on the fallout of nuclear "spin."
This article is part of the Center for Media & Democracy's spotlight on front groups and corporate spin.
Learn more about the threat drilling for methane gas poses to fresh water.
Patrick Moore was a leading figure with Greenpeace Canada and subsequently with Greenpeace International between 1981 and 1986. In 1991 he established a consultancy business, Greenspirit Enterprises, "focusing on environmental policy and communications in natural resources, biodiversity, energy and climate change."[1]
Moore began working for the Nuclear Energy Institute front group, the Clean and Safe Energy Coalition, in 2006.
He has worked for the mining industry, the logging industry, PVC manufacturers, the nuclear industry and in defence of biotechnology. In October 2008, Greenpeace issued a statement distancing itself from Moore, saying he "exploits long gone ties with Greenpeace to sell himself as a speaker and pro-corporate spokesperson, usually taking positions that Greenpeace opposes." [2]
Moore describes himself as "chairman and chief scientist" of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd., a PR company that "work with many leading organizations in forestry, biotechnology, aquaculture and plastics, developing solutions in the areas of natural resources, biodiversity, energy and climate change." He is also a Board Member of NextEnergy, a Canadian energy services company.[3]
"In 1990, Dr. Moore founded and chaired the BC Carbon Project, a group that worked to develop a common understanding of climate change.
"Dr. Moore served for four years as Vice President, Environment for Waterfurnace International, a manufacturer of geothermal heat pumps for residential heating and cooling with renewable earth energy. He is now a Director of NextEnergy Solutions, the largest distributor of geothermal systems in Canada.
"As Chair of the Sustainable Forestry Committee of the Forest Alliance of BC from 1991 -2002, he led the process of developing the "Principles of Sustainable Forestry" which were adopted by a majority of the industry...
He obtained a Ph.D. in Ecology, Institute of Resource Ecology, at the University of British Columbia in 1974, and was the recipient of a Ford Foundation Fellowship (1969-1972). [4]
Contents
History
Patrick Moore, grew up on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada where his family was involved in the fishing and logging industry. His father, Bill Moore, was past president of the B.C. Truck Loggers Association and past president of the Pacific Logging Congress.
After completing a Bachelor of Science in forest biology at the University of British Columbia and a PhD in ecology on the administration of environmental law relating to the mining industry, Moore became involved first in the Western Canada branch of the Sierra Club and later Greenpeace. His involvement in Greenpeace between 1971 and 1986 spanned roles as a campaigner in Greenpeace Canada against whaling, uranium mining, sealing, toxic waste and nuclear warships.
He was President of Greenpeace Canada between 1977 and 1986 and as Director of Greenpeace International.
From 1984 he became involved in a family business, Quatsino Seafarms Ltd, farming salmon on Vancouver Island. Until 1991 he was President of the company and between 1986 and 1989 was President of British Columbia Salmon Farmers Association.
Following claims by the United Fishermans and Allied Workers Union about pollution by the industry generally, the Vancouver Sun reported "Moore called the union's concerns 'phoney', saying that we are not causing pollution and there is no such thing as genetic pollution."(1)
In 1990, PR consultant James Hoggan (who had worked for Western Forest Products) told a meeting of forest executives that the industry was wasting millions on ineffective PR. He said he and Patrick Moore had designed a "green audit" program to sell to industry.(2)
Subsequently, Moore and two others formed Greenspirit to help business and government "incorporate the environmental agenda."(3)
In 1991, the year Moore created Greenspirit, he became a member of the Board of Directors of the timber industry created Forest Alliance of B.C. [1]
In 1991 Moore was appointed as Director of the British Columbia Forest Alliance which was described by O'Dwyer's PR Services Report, as "a Burson-Marsteller created group, bankrolled by large timber companies," which "is waging a PR war with environmentalists upset with the logging of rainforests in western Canada." (4)
Burson-Marsteller employee Gary Ley was the Executive Director of the BC Forest Alliance in 1991. Ley subsequently headed up the Vancouver office of National PR, which B-M had a stake in. National PR had the BC Forest Alliance account. Tom Tevlin, who was part of the initial Forest Alliance team and later succeeded Ley as Executive Director and then President at the Alliance, is now President and CEO of Greenspirit Strategies Ltd.
Burson-Marsteller had worked for the Argentinian junta to "improve [its] international image" and boost investment. [Joyce Nelson, interview with Harold Burson (founder of Burson Marsteller) fall 1981, New York]. B-M's work for the Argentinian government occurred at the time that 35,000 people were disappeared by death squads.
In July 1991 Moore was asked by a Canadian journalist about B-M's work for the Argentinian junta. "Forest Alliance Director, Patrick Moore, argues that Burson-Marsteller's contract was with Argentina's economic ministry and its non-political role was to encourage foreign investment," Stephen Hume wrote. "It [B-M] has a record of truth in public relations as its bottom line," Moore said, citing the company's role in the Tylenol recall. Moore went on to object to the juxtaposing the reality of state murder of political opponents with Burson-Marsteller's strategy for marketing the perception of Argentina's stability. Besides, Moore argued, "people get killed everywhere."(5)
In August 1993 Moore was part of the delegation that lobbied a US foundation, the Pew Charitable Trust, against a decision to fund British Columbian environmental groups. Following the meeting, the Chair of the BC Forest Alliance, Jack Munro, told the Vancouver Sun "we are not opposed to them giving money to environmental groups. We are opposed to money filtering into protectionists like the people protesting the Clayquot," he said.(6)
In January 1994, Moore claimed in an interview that while Greenpeace had acted within the law in all matters relating to the International Whaling Commission that they may have funded travel expenses for some delegates to the Commission. "This statement was in error," Moore wrote in a retraction several days later. (7) Download apology as a PDF document
Two months later, Moore was criticized for claims that he made that Greenpeace "blackmail" had forced the rejection of The Times of London of an ad from the BC Forest Alliance. The Times rejected Moore's claim: "The Times had not even received the art work for the ad from the alliance. ... We do not even know what this ad is supposed to look like so we can hardly be accused of censorship or bias." (8) See also these articles on Moore, from Greenpeace co-founder Paul Watson of the Sea Shepard Society.
In 2000 Moore went to the Brazilian Amazon rainforests for the filming of a documentary by Marc Morano for American Investigator. According to an interview in the New York Post, Moore dismissed concerns about the impacts of logging, mining and clearning for agriculture on the Amazonian rainforests. "All these save-the-forests arguments are based on bad science. ... They are quite simply wrong. We found that the Amazon rainforest is more than 90 percent intact. We flew over it and met all the environmental authorities. We studied satellite pictures of the entire area," he said. "They are just about the healthiest forests in the world. This stuff about them vanishing at an alarming rate is a con based on bad science ... Anyone who has been in the jungle knows that if you want to live there, you'd better take a few machetes. Otherwise, it'll take it all back," said Moore. [2]
In October 2002, Moore was a keynote lunch speaker at the "Best Practices in Communications: Wood Products and Forests," organized by the Wood Promotion Network conference in Vancouver. Moore's speech was titled "Declaration in Support of Protecting the Environment by Growing More Trees and Using More Wood." (PDF)
In October 2003 Moore endorsed the launch by the Hudson Institute's Center for Global Food Issues (CGFI) of the "Earth Friendly/Farm Friendly" Seal of Approval for the food and dairy industry. Monsanto, DuPont, Kraft/Phillip Morris, and the nuclear industry have funded the Hudson Institute think tank.
In late January 2004 Moore was the key speaker at a "teach-in" organized by Paul Driessen and hosted under the name of the Congress of Racial Equality on "eco-imperialism" at the Sheraton New York Hotel and Towers. "The environmental movement I helped found has lost its objectivity, morality and humanity ... The pain and suffering it inflicts on families in developing countries can no longer be tolerated," stated Moore.
On nuclear power
See the related SourceWatch articles Patrick Moore on Nuclear Power and Patrick Moore: Media coverage that doesn't disclose Moore's nuclear consultancy work.
On pharmaceuticals in water
In a January 20, 2009, op/ed in the Seattle Times, Moore wrote that it is "inevitable that a small amount of ingested pharmaceuticals will eventually show up at trace levels in wastewater," Greenpeace activist turned industry PR consultant Patrick Moore writes in an op/ed. "The Pharmaceutical Assessment and Transport Evaluation (PhATE) model has been developed by industry as a tool to estimate concentrates of pharmaceutical residues in surface waters. ... But some activist organizations still push for costly and unnecessary controls. In Washington, Oregon and Illinois, for example, interest groups who believe that any trace amount of any compound in wastewater must be stopped at all cost are proposing an elaborate take-back plan." At the end of the op/ed, Moore is simply identified as "an adviser to government and industry." [5]
Moore's colleague at Greenspirit Strategies, Tom Tevlin, told the Center for Media and Democracy that the PR firm does count pharmaceutical companies among its clients. However, Tevlin would not name them. [6] The PhATE model that Moore praised in his op/ed was developed by Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, the major U.S. drug industry group. [7]
Moore is also sponsored by Bayer Advanced, a company that makes pesticides, as a keynote speaker at the Independent Garden Center Show in Chicago in August 2009. [8]
On genetic engineering
On February 22, 2004, the German conservative magazine "WELT am Sonntag" ("World on Sunday") - which is owned by the Axel-Springer media-group - published an article by Patrick Moore. [3] (As an example of the conservative pedigree of and its connections to conservative US circles The World on Sunday also publishes columns by Henry Kissinger).
In an opinion column, Moore approvingly referred to an essay by Peter Schwartz - The Anti-Industrial Revolution - published in Return of the Primitive edited by Ayn Rand. "In it, he warned that the new movement's agenda was anti-science, anti-technology, and anti-human," Moore wrote.
"Environmentalists were often able to produce arguments that sounded reasonable, while doing good deeds like saving whales and making the air and water cleaner. But now the chickens have come home to roost. The environmentalists' campaign against biotechnology in general, and genetic engineering in particular, has exposed their intellectual and moral bankruptcy. By adopting a zero-tolerance policy towards a technology with so many potential benefits for humankind and the environment, they have lived up to Schwartz's predictions. They have alienated themselves from scientists, intellectuals and internationalists," Moore claimed. [4]
In a response Greenpeace's Steve Sawyer dismissed Moore's claims as inaccurate. "If Moore applied the logic he claims is missing from the arguments of opponents of GE crops, he would realise that such crops are no more 'science' than refrigerators, nuclear weapons or washing machines. GE crops are commercial products that result from the application of one specific technology from within a much broader field of scientific inquiry. GE crops are commercial products, not science - and there are sound scientific reasons for opposing them," he wrote in an opinion column in The Age.
"Patrick Moore's attempt to characterise his proselytising on behalf of industry as 'consensus politics' stretches credulity. The reality is that the issues of environment and development are complex. Minimising human impacts on our biosphere, while promoting a basic level of equity and social justice on a global basis, is a challenge beyond anything human society has ever faced," he wrote.[5]
Moore claimed that the European Commission has given genetically engineered products a clean bill of health. "In 2001, the European Commission released the results of 81 scientific studies on genetically modified organisms conducted by more than 400 research teams at a cost of $US65 million. The studies, which covered all areas of concern, have 'not shown any new risks to human health or the environment, beyond the usual uncertainties of conventional plant breeding. Indeed, the use of more precise technology and the greater regulatory scrutiny probably make them even safer than conventional plants and foods,'" he wrote.
Steve Sawyer, from Greenpeace International disagrees. "What the EC actually did in 2001 was to identify 81 EC-funded research projects on GE organisms that were in progress. Most of these studies have not yet been published in peer-reviewed scientific literature. A more accurate assessment of the status of peer-reviewed studies on the human health risks of GE foods can be found in Pryme & Lembcke (2003)," he wrote.
"They concluded that there had been only 10 peer-reviewed 'in vivo' studies examining the possible health consequences of GE foods and feed. Only five of these were independently funded. The authors found that more scientific effort and investigation was necessary before GE foods could be considered unlikely to cause long-term human health problems," he wrote.
In particular, Moore points to the potential of "golden rice," genetically engineered to boost vitamin A levels and therefore the potential to prevent blindness. "Surely, if reasonable people saw the choice between the risk of a daffodil gene in a rice plant and the certainty of millions of blind children, they would descend on Greenpeace offices around the world and demand to have their money back," he wrote.
Sawyer argues that Moore's enthusiasm for genetically engineered rice is overly optimistic and ignores broader inequities that cause and maintain poverty. "Blindness is not caused by a lack of vitamin A in rice, just as starvation is generally not caused by a lack of food production. Malnutrition and starvation are the result of a lack of access to a balanced diet - a problem of poverty, which in turn is caused by problems of economics and politics," he wrote.
"The proponents of GE crops and foods are only too quick to promote the alleged benefits of whatever panacea happens to be the flavour of the month, often with little real understanding of the problem they are purporting to solve," he wrote.
"When those who raise questions about GE foods are lambasted for being ideological, "anti-science", or "anti-human", one has to ask why; and also why the proponents of GE foods manage to avoid being tarred with the same brush despite repeatedly overstating the benefits and systematically understating the risks, he wrote. "The reality is that golden rice is a research project. It has not undergone safety tests and its claims to solving health problems are extremely optimistic, bordering on fantastic."
On mining
At the May 2007 "New York Hard Assets Investment Conference," Moore was a keynote speaker. He told attendees, "Since my entry into the global environmental movement in 1971, mining has contributed significantly to a more sustainable world economy, and key beneficiaries of this progress are mining workers, families and communities," according to Resource Investor. [6]
Moore said that mining companies in third world countries must deal with "corruption among environmental groups and local governments compounded by yellow journalism. Greenspirit Strategies partnered with Newmont as a leader in mining sustainability to dispel such false reports," reported Resource Investor. Moore also accused "environmental extremists" of being "anti-human," "anti-science and technology," "anti-globalization," and "anti-civilization." [7]
On PVC
In December 2007, Moore slammed "anti-PVC activists" for "pushing retailers toward untested, less affordable and potentially riskier materials" with a "fear-mongering campaign." His comments came two days after "Sears Holdings Corporation, parent of the Sears and Kmart retail chain stores, said it will work to phase out use of PVC in its packaging and merchandise," reported ICIS. [9]
Moore's resume states that in 2001, he was "retained by IPEX, Canada’a largest manufacturer of PVC, to intervene in the environmental policy of the Toronto 2008 Olympic Bid." [10]
In a December 2007 press release from his Greenspirit firm, Moore was quoted as saying, "It's completely unacceptable for these activists to call PVC 'toxic' when PVC's effects on health and the environment have been investigated at every stage from manufacture through use and on to final disposal -- in all cases vinyl has been shown to be safe and environmentally sound." The release did not disclose Moore's or the firm's financial relationship with the PVC industry. [11]
Moore used similar language in a July 2006 letter to the San Francisco Chronicle: "Vinyl is one of the most sustainable, flexible and cost-effective materials available. Alternatives are more expensive, less versatile and often pose unknown health or environmental risks." [12]
Clients
Moore's clients [8] - though the list has not been updated since 2000 - have included:
• B.C. Hazardous Waste Management Corporation (1991-92);
• Moore established the B.C. Carbon Project "working to achieve a common understanding of the carbon budget and the implications of global climate change for B.C." - which received a $C145,000 grant in May 1991. Moores involvement ended in 1994;
• on retainer to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association to tour European countries to counter advocacy by environmental groups for a boycott of British Columbian forest products (1992-96);
• Westcoast Energy and BC Gas 1993-1994 "to design a public consultation process to address greenhouse gas emissions for the natural gas sector in B.C.";
• BHP Minerals to facilitate a round table on proposals to use the abandoned Island Copper mine as a landfill site (1993-94);
• Director and Vice-President, Environment and Government Affairs for Waterfurnace International 1995-1998 to "build awareness of the benefits of renewable earth energy technology." According to his website, Moore remains a member of the Board of Directors.
• Consultant to the National Association of Forest Industries in Australia for a national tour defending the logging of native forests (1996);
• consultant to the Canadian Mining Association and the Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada "on the role of biodiversity in environmental policy in the mining industry," (1996);
• consultant to BHP Minerals (Canada) Ltd. to author a paper on the environmental impact of submarine tailings disposal over the 23-year life of the Island Copper Mine on Vancouver Island (1996);
• speaker for numerous timber industry associations including the American Forest and Paper Association, the Council of European Paper Industries, State Forestry Associations in Texas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, New York, Maine, and Florida, the National Hardwood Lumber Association (1998-1999), and at ForestLeadership conferences [9] in 2005 [10];
• gave evidence in support of bio-technology before the New Zealand Royal Commission on Genetic Modification and undertook at tour of Southeast Asia, hosted by the International Service for Assistance with Agri-Biotech Applications. "Led seminars in Bangkok and Jakarta on the benefits of biotechnology for farmers in developing countries," Moore's website states (2000);
• speaker for groups including the Filipino Society of Foresters and the Agri-Food Canada (2000); and
• consultant to the largest manufacturer of PVC in Canada, IPEX, to "intervene in the environmental policy of the Toronto 2008 Olympic Bid." The environmental guidelines adopted for the Sydney Olympics recommended against the use of PVC wherever possible.
• Newmont [11]
Also see the related SourceWatch article Patrick Moore appearances.
Contact information
Greenspirit
4068 W. 32nd Ave
Vancouver BC
V6S 1Z6 Canada
tel: 604.221.1990
fax: 604.222.9353
E-mail: patrickmoore@greenspirit.com
Web: http://www.greenspirit.com/index.cfm
Greenspirit Strategies Ltd.
305 - 873 Beatty Street
Vancouver BC
V6B 2M6 Canada
tel: 604.681.4122
fax: 604.681.4123
E-mail: tom AT greenspiritstrategies.com
Web: http://www.greenspiritstrategies.com
Articles and resources
Related SourceWatch articles
References
1. Greenspirit, "About Greenspirit: Who is Patrick Moore?", Greenspirit website, accessed October 2008.
2. Press release, "Greenpeace Statement On Patrick Moore," Greenpeace, October 10, 2008.
3. "About NextEnergy: Biographies", NextEnergy website, accessed October 2008.
4. Biographies, Shark Water, accessed October 20, 2009.
5. Patrick Moore, "Don't flush pharmaceuticals down the drain," The Seattle Times (Washington), January 20, 2009.
6. Phone conversation with Tom Tevlin of Greenspirit, Diane Farsetta, Center for Media and Democracy, January 21, 2009.
7. "Issues: Pharmaceuticals in the environment," GlaxoSmithKline website, undated, accessed January 2009.
8. Charles Reynolds, "Bayer Buyers Better Beware," The Ledger (Lakeland, Florida), June 18, 2009.
9. Greg Holt, "Greenpeace co-founder defends PVC," ICIS, Decmeber 14, 2007.
10. "About Greenspirit," Resume of Patrick Moore PhD, accessed December 2007.
11. Press release, "Scientifically baseless attack on PVC could hurt consumers, resulting in use of riskier and less affordable materials," Greenspirit Strategies via CNW, December 13, 2007.
12. "PVC letter, SF Chronicle," via Greenspirit website, accessed December 2007.
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Tony Scott on Enterprise Architecture
CIO Magazine has an interview with Tony Scott on Enterprise Architecture. One of the things Tony does is make sure none of his peers hear the term "enterprise architecture." In the end, this is all about simplifying IT infrastructures and processes by creating a context and structure within which IT operates. For it to work, that context must be based on the business. Tony talks about simplicity and gives an example from OnStar:
We don't ever want IT to be the thing that holds GM back. And to the extent that you have complexity in your IT environment, you tend to make it more difficult to change or take advantage of new opportunities. Companies that operate without an architectural approach end up like Gulliver, tied down by tens of thousands of Lilliputian strings and wires. If he's going to move, you have to cut 10,000 strings. If the company practices enterprise architecture, you will have fewer strings to cut and more freedom of movement.
One of the best places that we put this to use was over at OnStar. We worked with them, trying to understand the new customer services they were going to put in place. We created a map of the business activities and which IT systems, either current or proposed, would fulfill those activities. Which systems will provide enrollment for OnStar subscribers? Which ones will provide support for emergency calls?
We discovered some gaps where OnStar had assumed that there was already a certain system functionality that we didn't have yet. Then there were also a couple of cases where there were overlaps÷where the same function was provided in two different systems÷requiring us to choose which system should actually provide this functionality. Without this enterprise architecture process, we would have gone much further down the development road without realizing these problems. We probably would have paid systems integrators to develop those systems, and only when we got to testing or even to deployment would we have discovered these gaps and overlaps. So by engaging this process up front, we got to the goal line faster.
From GM's Cure for Complexity - Architecture - CIO Magazine Sep 1,2004
Referenced Wed Sep 08 2004 18:56:43 GMT-0600
I just bought a new Suburban with OnStar. I'll let you know how the subscriber process works out. :-) As an aside, it also has XM radio, which I'm beginning to like a lot.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I am bootstrapping a startup and need legal help with:
1. Creating terms of service and privacy policy
2. Registering the business
3. Consult for advice whenever needed
Do you suggest:
1. Finding an online legal service to do this?
2. Trying to do as much as possible in house (like writing our own ToS etc and registering a company using an online inc service)
3. Find a lawyer who is physically present in our area who can help us with this (If so, do you recommend anyone in the chicago area?)
Since this is an online subscription service, the lawyer shouldn't be ignorant about software. This is the first time I am registering a company, so any help is really appreciated!
share|improve this question
3 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
For the privacy policy - there are some good online privacy policy generators which cover the basics. I used this one for a site I recently launched using the same hosted software model as Answers.OnStartups and it covered the basics.
We're doing a pretty major site launching in July and are using TRUSTe and have been pleased so far with their privacy services support.
If you have any prospects of doing business in the EU - make sure you have a privacy policy which complies with the EU legislation and leverages the Safe Harbor provisions. Also - if you're planning on using AdSense, you need to have a solid privacy policy in place and visible on your home page.
I have not found a great terms of service generator. My suggestion is to look at the TOS's of some of the sites like yours and incorporate the key features.
There are a couple of attorneys who post regularly to this site and who seem to have a clue - you might consult with them on finding someone in "Chicagoland".
You're smart to be thoughtful about your rights and responsibilities - particularly around software licenses.
Good luck!!! (and keep us posted on your progress!)
share|improve this answer
If you cannot find a Chicago-area lawyer here (I'm 2,000 miles away), look on LinkedIn and / or Avvo.
Should I form an LLC or a corporation?, and the links from that post, should give you some idea of the important aspects of, and options regarding, startup entities.
I agree with the suggestion that (a) online privacy policy generators can be helpful (see Can I prepare a website Privacy Policy without a lawyer?) but (b) copying someone else's terms of service is likely to be far less satisfactory because different website businesses are so different and legal requirements can be so technical (see, e.g., Terms of Use and the DMCA).
Disclaimer: This post does not constitute legal advice and does not establish an attorney-client relationship.
share|improve this answer
For registering a company, the best advice you will get is from a decent financial adviser. A good adviser, which will probably also be a CPA, will be able to look at your business and your goals and give you the best advice for how to legally organize your company. Once you figure out how you want to organize, pretty much any lawyer can do the work. Basically, they will file the state and federal paperwork and order a corporate book for you. The book will have several forms of organizing minutes and bylaws that you can fill in as well as a corporate seal and stock certificates.
As for your TOS and stuff, you can do most of it yourself if you want. The risk is that you are not an attorney and don't know the exactly legality of any particular term. However, if your TOS are going to be like every one else's, use someone else's as a reference and make your own. Don't copy theirs because they will likely have a copyright, but there is nothing wrong with using it as a reference for what needs to be included.
I give that advice with a couple of caveats. First, I am not an attorney so I can give advice only from my experience. Second, if you are planning to raise money from VC, they will likely want to audit your agreements and will want to know that they were drafted by an attorney.
If you do decide to get an attorney, get a local one. They will become an important part of your business and you will want decent access to them.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
discard
By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm currently working on a simple image uploading app that lets you upload images to services like Flickr and Facebook. Do I need a terms of service or some other kind of disclaimer for an app like that? If so, what is a must have to include there?
Thank you.
share|improve this question
2 Answers
Do I understand your question correctly that what you created is an application (like a word processor for example) that the user runs on his computer? In other words there is nothing running on a webserver that you control (other than being able to download the application) and that images are never uploaded or stored on your webserver?
If so, then you are just like a FTP program that a user can run to transfer something from his computer to another computer. Just as a FTP program could be used to transfer copyrighted or illegal materials, so could your program. Just like an FTP program, you (and your program) have no control or awareness of what the user is transferring, to whom or when.
If all of the above is true then you would not need any more of a terms of service or disclaimer than a FTP program would. As for designating a DMCA agent (with associated costs), there is no point as you do not have any files on your server that could be removed. If a user uploads something inappropriate to Facebook using your app then that is between the user and Facebook. It is Facebook that should receive the DCMA takedown notice, not you. After all, you have no ability to remove something from Facebook's servers.
Perhaps you could use the verbiage that comes with Firefox as a model; after all the Firefox web browser is an application that a user runs that permits him to upload images to Facebook and other sites.
share|improve this answer
You need two categories. The first is things that are there to protect you, such as
• you're not liable if something happens to their images
• You are not responsible for the users login credentials
and so forth. The second category are restrictions on what your users can do, such as
• They may not post copyrighted material
• They may not post computer virus/worms
You need to cover all your bases. I don't know what all of those bases are b/c I am not a lawyer and this is not legal advice. Those are the types of things you need to have.
Now, you can either pay a lawyer to put together something for you, even if it's simple and "boiler-plate", or you can spend a lot of time reviewing other similar terms of service and writing your own clauses, hoping to not miss something important.
I say budget $500-1,000 and see a lawyer, it may very well save you money in the long run.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
discard
By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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Commentary
The role of IFN-gamma in systemic lupus erythematosus: a challenge to the Th1/Th2 paradigm in autoimmunity
Argyrios N Theofilopoulos*, Stefanos Koundouris, Dwight H Kono and Brian R Lawson
Author Affiliations
The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology/IMM3, La Jolla, CA, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Res 2001, 3:136-141 doi:10.1186/ar290
Published: 14 February 2001
Abstract
The classification of T helper cells into type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) led to the hypothesis that Th1 cells and their cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2, interferon [IFN]-γ) are involved in cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and that Th2 cells and their cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) are involved in autoantibody(humoral)-mediated autoimmune diseases. However, this paradigm has been refuted by recent studies in several induced and spontaneous mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus, which showed that IFN-γ is a major effector molecule in this disease. These and additional findings, reviewed here, suggest that these two cross-talking classes of cytokines can exert autoimmune disease-promoting or disease-inhibiting effects without predictability or strict adherence to the Th1-versus-Th2 dualism.
Keywords:
cytokines; IFN-γ; lupus; Th1; Th2
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News
LinuxWorld
Mike Linksvayer, August 15th, 2006
Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig received a standing ovation for his LinuxWorld San Francisco keynote today on free culture and free software. Some press coverage:
If you’re at LinuxWorld be sure to stop by the Creative Commons booth, say hello to CC staff and volunteers, and grab some stickers, buttons, and other schwag.
Alex Roberts, Asheesh Laroia, Jon Phillips and Eric Steuer at the CC LinuxWorld booth, photo by Mia Garlick licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Lesotho
Country archive · 13 posts
Latest stories about Lesotho
30 May 2012
Lesotho: Peaceful Elections You Did Not Hear About
Lesotho, a tiny landlocked country in Southern Africa, held peaceful parliamentary elections on Sunday, but the polls drew very little mainstream media attention.
17 May 2012
Lesotho: 2012 General Election Date Set
Lesotho will hold general elections on 26 May, against a backdrop of political violence. The Lesotho Political Parties Leadership Forum claims that there is a “hit squad” that has been assigned to kill prominent people ahead of the general elections.
6 January 2010
South Africa: A glowing tribute to Dennis Brutus
The News of the death of Dennis Brutus came as a rude shock to many, not just in South Africa but to the world at large who knew him for his poetry and activism against the Apartheid system in South Africa in the 1960s and his fight for social justice throughout his life.
11 June 2009
African photographers, writers and artists find their voice in blogs
As more Africans come to realize the power of blogging as a tool for expression on a global scale, the number of bloggers has increased and so has the themes in focus. In that number of growing blogs, a lot of African artists have also joined in with a huge increase noted in poetry blogs as well as emerging photography and visual arts blogs. We review some of them.
10 October 2008
XDR-TB: Photographer Brings Emerging Disease Into Focus
In 2007 renowned war photographer and photojournalist James Nachtwey received a TED Prize, granting him $100,000 and one wish to change the world. Nachtwey's wish was to share a vital...
18 July 2008
Nelson Mandela, 90 years
Nelson Mandela is 90 years old today and the celebrations have crossed the borders of South Africa to make the world sing happy birthday and clap hands together. Join the celebrations with this round up of many happy returns from the African continent.
18 May 2007
Africa: Blog This Poem!
The African blogosphere is rapidly expanding, bringing more voices online in the form of commentaries, opinions, analyses, rants...and poetry. Blogs have created a new space for African poets to share their creative and imaginative works with a wider audience. Today, I will introduce you to a few poems written by African bloggers.
21 July 2006
French-Speaking Bloggers on Rabat Conference on Migration
What Will the Conference Bring? Says France-based African blogger Le Pangolin, Du 10 au 11 juillet 2006, s'est tenue à Rabat au Maroc, la première rencontre interministérielle euro-africaine sur les...
2 July 2006
Africa: Is Homosexuality a Religion?
France-based Togolese Blogger Kangni Alem reflected on homosexuality in Africa recently. Namely, he tackled claims by some on the continent that homosexuality is a heretic religion. In the process, he...
28 June 2006
Why No Mention of Slavery in African and Haitian Fiction?
Why is there so little mention of slavery in African and Haitian Fiction? That is the question that Togolese France-based blogger Kangni Alem addresses in a prolific and well-thought out...
World regions
Countries
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
July 16, 2007
Google to Launch a Search Engine for Ringtones
The Wall Street Journal reports that Google works on a search engine for mobile media content that will include ringtones and games.
"With the new system, users would search for a piece of content -- such as ringtones -- and would get back a list of companies that provide it, with links letting them easily purchase the material. (...) The company has been working for months with content providers -- including large entertainment companies and smaller mobile media aggregators -- to index their material and make it available via mobile search. (...) The Internet company has considered including a social-networking component that would let users of Google's Gmail email service exchange content, one person familiar with the initiative said. Google declined to comment."
Google has launched mobile versions for most of its services, including search, Gmail, Google Maps, YouTube and it's now testing AdSense for mobile content. But a search engine for ringtones and games could jeopardize Google's partnerships with many carriers that want to keep the customers inside their "walled gardens". There aren't many good services in this space (Mogmo comes to my mind), so Google's search engine will actually fill a void. Until some carriers decide to block it.
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Timeline
and
Sep 1, 2011:
11:11 PM Ticket #3892 (NPE when dragging virtual node) closed by bastiK
fixed: No reports for 1 year, let's hope it is fixed.
10:52 PM Ticket #6758 (I cannot get access to wms preferences TAB from josm settings) closed by bastiK
worksforme: It seems, your preference imagery.wms.overlapEast is set to a …
10:46 PM Ticket #5714 (Imaages not displayed) closed by bastiK
wontfix: Yahoo! imagery goes offline 13 September 2011.
10:43 PM Ticket #5148 (Paint filtered items below unfiltered) closed by bastiK
fixed
10:33 PM Ticket #6527 (Weird crash when splitting a way) closed by bastiK
irreproducible: It is not possible to fix the problem from this info, because the data …
10:30 PM Ticket #6449 (JOSM crashed after making a building rectangularly) closed by bastiK
irreproducible: Not enough info to fix.
10:29 PM Ticket #6514 (Command Stack scrolls up to the first edit view when hitting "Undo" if ...) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [4395/josm]: […]
10:29 PM Changeset in josm [4395] by bastiK
fixed #6514 - Command Stack scrolls up to the first edit view when hitting …
10:18 PM Ticket #6553 (NPE pasting tags with different values) closed by bastiK
fixed
9:19 PM Ticket #6761 (Unable to Select Incomplete Way - NullPointerException) created by skorasaurus
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Open an .OSM file (specifically …
7:23 PM Presets/NewParkingFeatures edited by cochran
(diff)
7:21 PM Presets/NewParkingFeatures created by cochran
Erste Version eingestellt.
4:10 PM Ja:Help/ToggleDialogs edited by nori_u
(diff)
3:40 PM Ticket #4882 (JOSM uses "username" terminology but OSM only uses "E-mail" / "Display ...) closed by simon04
fixed: OSM uses "Email Address or Username" …
2:13 PM Uk:WikiStart edited by anonymous
(diff)
2:11 PM Uk:WikiStart edited by anonymous
(diff)
1:42 PM Changeset in josm [4394] by simon04
I18n - improve documentation, remove obsolete/duplicate tr* methods
11:29 AM StartupPageSource edited by thod
(diff)
11:23 AM StartupPageSource edited by thod
(diff)
11:22 AM Help/Dialog/Filter edited by bastiK
if there are bugs, don't document them, but report them (diff)
11:05 AM Ticket #5612 (some menu-items not accessible if menu height > vertical screen resolution) closed by simon04
duplicate
11:05 AM Ticket #5612 (some menu-items not accessible if menu height > vertical screen resolution) reopened by simon04
11:02 AM Ticket #5612 (some menu-items not accessible if menu height > vertical screen resolution) closed by simon04
duplicate
11:00 AM Ticket #5471 ([Patch] Empty OSM files not announced) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4393/josm]: […]
11:00 AM Changeset in josm [4393] by simon04
fix #5471 - information dialog when opening an empty osm file
10:53 AM Ticket #6361 (search in advanced preference should be case insensitive) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4392/josm]: […]
10:53 AM Changeset in josm [4392] by simon04
fix #6361 - case insensitive search in advanced preference
9:49 AM Ticket #6759 ([PATCH] adjustment to car_sharing presets) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4391/josm]: […]
9:49 AM Changeset in josm [4391] by simon04
applied #6759 - adjustment to car_sharing presets (patch by brycenesbitt)
8:53 AM Ticket #6313 (validator: false positive in "Way end node near other highway") closed by simon04
duplicate
8:21 AM Ticket #6760 (validator warning "oneway combined with *:backward/forward" without oneway) created by GeorgFausB
This validator warning occurs at least at highway primary and secondary if …
1:55 AM Ticket #6759 ([PATCH] adjustment to car_sharing presets) created by brycenesbitt
To match the practice and the wiki: […]
Aug 31, 2011:
10:59 PM Ticket #6692 (Misspelled Exception OsmTransferCanceledException) closed by simon04
fixed: This was fixed in r4310.
10:13 PM Ticket #6526 (josm Start bricht mit Fehlermeldung ab) closed by simon04
worksforme: Presumably, this was due to an error in http://josm.openstreetmap.de/maps. …
9:41 PM Tickets #5991,6317 batch updated by simon04
fixed
9:41 PM Changeset in josm [4390] by simon04
fix #5991, fix #6317 - improve automatic tag correction
9:29 PM Ticket #6280 (Exception in Piclayer when zooming in) closed by bastiK
duplicate
9:24 PM Ticket #6207 (filter does not work correctly with exclusions ('-')) closed by simon04
worksforme: Using r4387, the filter highway=service -service: (enabled+inverted) …
9:23 PM Changeset in josm [4389] by bastiK
don't throw NPE when there is <changeset> object with <tag> elements at …
9:15 PM icons.zip attached to Styles/Whitewater by pankdm
Icons (EXTRACT)
8:58 PM Uk:Translations edited by anonymous
(diff)
8:58 PM Ticket #6645 (Memory leak in "Show Status Report" after opening a big *.osm file) closed by bastiK
needinfo
8:35 PM Ticket #2411 ([ICONS] different select icons and "show add-node mouse-icon in select ...) closed by bastiK
fixed: This problem can have its own ticket.
8:34 PM Ticket #6749 (wrong mouse icons in add mode) reopened by bastiK
8:33 PM StartupPageSource edited by anonymous
(diff)
8:31 PM Ticket #6701 (Crash on extreme zoom in) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [4388/josm]: […]
8:31 PM Changeset in josm [4388] by bastiK
fixed #6701 - Crash on extreme zoom in
7:00 PM Ticket #2411 ([ICONS] different select icons and "show add-node mouse-icon in select ...) reopened by anonymous
6:57 PM Ticket #6749 (wrong mouse icons in add mode) closed by anonymous
duplicate
6:30 PM Ticket #6758 (I cannot get access to wms preferences TAB from josm settings) created by marcobra.ubuntu@…
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. press F12 to go to preferences …
5:38 PM Ticket #5705 (No last Country code in addresses dialog box for buildings) closed by simon04
worksforme: This works for me: * add node, use "Address" preset to set addr:country
5:32 PM Ticket #6714 (Selection list: space missing between object-description and name) closed by bastiK
fixed: Only in German translation.
5:21 PM Ticket #6718 (preset search does not find some presets in German) closed by bastiK
needinfo: Cannot reproduce. Do you have both checkboxes ticked?
5:15 PM Ticket #6746 (paste properties in new layer results in nullpointer exception) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [4387/josm]: […]
5:15 PM Changeset in josm [4387] by bastiK
fixed #6746 - paste properties in new layer results in nullpointer …
4:54 PM Ticket #5289 (validator error message at upload of data) closed by simon04
worksforme: Works for me, too …
4:50 PM Ticket #5229 (error while downloading server data) closed by simon04
needinfo: Please add some information howto reproduce the problem and a complete …
4:41 PM Ja:Help/Action/Exit created by nori_u
4:34 PM Ja:Help/Action/CloseChangeset created by nori_u
4:16 PM Ticket #6706 (CredentialDialog.java - correct output for proxy-auth-failure) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [4386/josm]: […]
4:16 PM Changeset in josm [4386] by bastiK
applied #6706 - CredentialDialog.java - correct output for …
3:29 PM Ticket #6190 (orthogonalize produces strange shapes) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [4385/josm]: […]
3:29 PM Changeset in josm [4385] by bastiK
fixed #6190 - orthogonalize produces strange shapes
12:53 PM Ticket #6757 (Validator warns about more than one street role in associatedStreet ...) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4384/josm]: […]
12:53 PM Changeset in josm [4384] by simon04
fix #6757 - validator: allow more than one street in associatedStreet …
12:13 PM Ticket #6757 (Validator warns about more than one street role in associatedStreet ...) created by Paultergeist
According to the …
11:23 AM Ticket #5007 (Minimizing panels isn't (correctly) reversible) reopened by bastiK
Bug is still there.
11:12 AM Ticket #5007 (Minimizing panels isn't (correctly) reversible) closed by Cobra
fixed: I can't reproduce this with the current latest (r4383).
11:10 AM Ticket #1576 (Certain images with 1-bit-alpha channel lose their transparency) reopened by stoecker
10:53 AM Ticket #1576 (Certain images with 1-bit-alpha channel lose their transparency) closed by Cobra
fixed: Some of these images are looking rather ugly with the plain white …
10:14 AM Ticket #6756 (When relation downloading is incomplete, none is saved) created by NE2
If you select a bunch of relations and download members, then for whatever …
8:13 AM Styles/Whitewater edited by stoecker
Fix date (diff)
7:48 AM Styles/Whitewater edited by pankdm
icon for rapid (diff)
5:22 AM Ja:Help edited by nori_u
(diff)
Aug 30, 2011:
10:53 PM Styles/Whitewater created by pankdm
added draft of whitewater style
9:10 PM Ticket #6755 (Merge Overlapping Areas - Conflict Dialog displays even if no conflicts) created by anonymous
JOSM Rev 4223 - with both boxes checked in dialog. The dialog displays …
5:02 PM Ja:Help/Menu/File created by nori_u
4:29 PM Ja:Help/Action/UploadSelection created by nori_u
2:59 PM Ja:WikiStart edited by nori_u
(diff)
2:06 PM Ticket #5007 (Minimizing panels isn't (correctly) reversible) reopened by alv
Still happens with version tested-4279. The original description was …
1:04 PM StartupPageSource edited by bastiK
fix date (diff)
12:32 PM Ticket #6754 (Allow automatic panning) created by juergen@…
Please add some more functionality to enhance the options for moving the …
11:47 AM Es:WikiStart edited by ovruni
(diff)
11:44 AM Ticket #4805 (wish: bicycle-opposite add to highway-tag) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4383/josm]: […]
11:44 AM Changeset in josm [4383] by simon04
fix #4805 - add preset for key cycleway
11:25 AM Es:Help edited by ovruni
(diff)
11:18 AM Es:Applet edited by ovruni
(diff)
11:14 AM Es:Translations edited by ovruni
(diff)
10:57 AM Ticket #6753 ([patch] enhance project Lambert CC 9 zones) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [4382/josm]: […]
10:57 AM Changeset in josm [4382] by bastiK
applied #6753 - enhance project Lambert CC 9 zones (patch by pieren)
10:12 AM Ticket #4200 (Error header: Placeholder IDs must be unique for created elements.) closed by simon04
worksforme: Replying to mjulius: > So, unless you can reproduce the issue …
12:32 AM Ticket #6753 ([patch] enhance project Lambert CC 9 zones) created by pieren
The french cadastre is going a bit beyond the projection limits and we …
Aug 29, 2011:
10:44 PM Da:WikiStart edited by anonymous
(diff)
9:14 PM Ticket #6752 (JMapViewer Encounters java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: input == null!) created by jhuntley
While loading images for tiles, the following exception is encountered: …
8:18 PM WikiStart edited by simon04
formatting (diff)
4:17 PM DevelopersGuide/Schedule edited by stoecker
Update state (diff)
3:39 PM Ticket #6532 (Add bounding box support to WMS/TMS URL specification; Change imagery ...) closed by stoecker
fixed: I think #6740 can be used as "bounding box" ticket.
3:38 PM Maps edited by stoecker
Small fix (diff)
2:33 PM Maps edited by bastiK
(diff)
2:29 PM Maps edited by bastiK
Update doc for xml format (diff)
12:30 PM WikiStart edited by simon04
"USB flash drive" instead of "USB_Stick" (diff)
11:50 AM Ticket #6751 (Josm won't compile from svn) closed by stoecker
fixed
11:47 AM Ticket #6751 (Josm won't compile from svn) created by hjart
When attempting to compile JOSM from svn I get the following 2 errors …
11:46 AM Changeset in josm [4381] by stoecker
fix last checkin (add file)
10:35 AM Ticket #6743 (Josm trac won't let me log in, even on a freshly reset password) closed by stoecker
fixed
10:24 AM Maps edited by bastiK
change to xml format (diff)
9:46 AM Ticket #4609 ([Patch] copy node coordinate to clipboard) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4380/josm]: […]
9:46 AM Changeset in josm [4380] by simon04
fix #4609 - copy node coordinate to clipboard
3:51 AM StartupPageSource edited by mmyfl
(diff)
Aug 28, 2011:
11:03 PM Changeset in josm [4379] by stoecker
unify search texts
10:45 PM Ticket #6750 (Expert mode in JOSM) created by stoecker
JOSM gets more and more options. While this allows to use it much better, …
10:35 PM Da:Help/ToggleDialogs edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:35 PM Da:Help/Dialog/RelationList edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:34 PM Da:Help/Dialog/RelationList edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:33 PM Da:Help/Dialog/RelationList created by Hylle
10:26 PM Da:Help edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:26 PM Da:Help/ToggleDialogs edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:24 PM Da:Help/Dialog/Properties edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:23 PM Da:Help/Dialog/Properties edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:22 PM Da:Help/Dialog/Properties edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:20 PM Da:Help/Dialog/Properties edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:20 PM Da:Help/Dialog/Properties created by Hylle
9:54 PM Da:Translations edited by Hylle
(diff)
9:53 PM Da:Translations edited by Hylle
(diff)
9:43 PM StartupPageSource edited by Hylle
(diff)
8:00 PM Ticket #5396 (Crash when user has not made a single changeset yet) closed by Cobra
fixed: cannot reproduce with r4376
7:54 PM Ticket #6594 (Changeset manager does not support OAuth) closed by Cobra
worksforme: cannot reproduce with r4376.
7:32 PM Ticket #6749 (wrong mouse icons in add mode) created by vsandre
If you use the add mode, push ctrl, shift or alt and move the mouse the …
7:28 PM Ticket #6748 (problem merging nodes via CTRL shortcut) created by vsandre
If you want to merge a node to an other node via the short cut CTRL and …
5:39 PM Ja:Help/Action/Upload created by nori_u
4:53 PM Ticket #6747 ([Patch awaiting end of stabilization phase] missing connection on long ...) created by malenki
When validator finds ways ending near a highway and one wants to fix the …
4:45 PM Ticket #6746 (paste properties in new layer results in nullpointer exception) created by malenki
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. select at least two objects …
4:30 PM Translations edited by stoecker
Added JOSM translation statistics (diff)
4:14 PM Changeset in josm [4378] by stoecker
i18n update
4:09 PM Changeset in josm [4377] by stoecker
use lower case search expressions only
3:57 PM Ticket #6745 (Error when opening preferences) closed by Cobra
invalid: did a clean checkout and it disappeared. seems to be a local problem.
3:45 PM Ticket #6745 (Error when opening preferences) created by Cobra
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Open preferences dialog What …
3:42 PM Ticket #4012 (NMEA files not zoomed after load) closed by Cobra
fixed: Can't reproduce with latest. Both nmea and gpx files are handled the same …
3:31 PM Ticket #5740 (New "Open Recent" isn't showing any files that have been opened in JOSM) closed by Cobra
fixed: solved, see #6728
2:55 PM Ticket #6744 (add a style for place=isolated_dwelling) created by anonymous
place=isolated_dwelling was added to presets in version 4352, but it …
2:45 PM Changeset in josm [4376] by stoecker
add identical marker for translation, so translation statistics can be …
2:24 PM Ticket #2750 (Find in View) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4375/josm]: […]
2:24 PM Changeset in josm [4375] by simon04
fix #2750 - add inView, allinView to search
1:59 PM Ticket #4622 (Option to limit search results to downloaded areas) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4372/josm]: fix 4622 - add inDownloadedArea, allinDownloadedArea to …
1:58 PM Changeset in josm [4374] by bastiK
no duplicate entries in file history
1:55 PM Changeset in josm [4373] by simon04
reworked construction of description for search dialog
1:54 PM Changeset in josm [4372] by simon04
fix 4622 - add inDownloadedArea, allinDownloadedArea to search
1:40 PM Ticket #3664 (regexp search spits weird errors on some expressions) closed by stoecker
othersoftware
1:38 PM Ticket #5713 (JOSM doesn't upload changesets sometimes …) closed by stoecker
fixed
1:30 PM Ticket #6728 ([Patch] Add saved files to "open recent" menu) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4371/josm]: […]
1:30 PM Changeset in josm [4371] by simon04
fix #6728 - add saved files to "open recent" menu
1:26 PM Ticket #5861 ([Patch] Multiple ways in "via" for turn restrictions trigger "error" when ...) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4370/josm]: […]
1:26 PM Changeset in josm [4370] by stoecker
fix #5861 - patch by simon04 - validator warnings for multiple via ways
1:22 PM Ticket #6673 (Lost shortcut A for add mode) closed by stoecker
needinfo
1:21 PM Ticket #6537 (imageryadjust still offered in plugin-list) closed by stoecker
fixed: Fixed in [o26584].
1:18 PM Ticket #6690 (error when click link in download data dialog) closed by stoecker
needinfo
1:18 PM Ticket #4649 (Validator does not remove ways from relations) closed by stoecker
needinfo
1:17 PM Ticket #5387 (lack of reprojection and server configuration difficulties (WAS: Wallonie ...) closed by stoecker
fixed: You cannot display layers with different projection at once. JOSM does no …
1:15 PM Ticket #6590 (Improve translation) closed by stoecker
needinfo
1:15 PM Ticket #6394 (Replace geometry breaks relations) closed by stoecker
needinfo
1:14 PM Ticket #6555 (JOSM throws multiple bug windows when merging layers) closed by stoecker
needinfo
1:14 PM Ticket #2391 (routing plugin crashes when trying to compute impossible routes) closed by stoecker
needinfo
1:13 PM Ticket #5727 (Stripes in wireframe view) closed by stoecker
needinfo
12:54 PM Ticket #5723 (Circletool) closed by stoecker
needinfo
12:53 PM Ticket #6511 (IllegalArgumentException on application start) closed by stoecker
fixed
12:53 PM Ticket #3322 (bad and missing keyboard binding in 'add tag' dialog) closed by stoecker
needinfo
12:52 PM Ticket #6064 (Translatioon for tag values is mixed) closed by stoecker
needinfo
12:48 PM Ticket #6646 ([patch] Changeset manager button should always be enabled) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4369/josm]: […]
12:48 PM Changeset in josm [4369] by stoecker
fix #6646 - patch by Don-vip - don't disable changeset manager button
12:43 PM Ticket #6069 ([Patch] validator: "no outer way for multipolygon" does not check ...) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4368/josm]: […]
12:43 PM Changeset in josm [4368] by stoecker
fix #6069 - patch by simon04 - validator: 'no outer way for multipolygon' …
12:40 PM Ticket #5706 ([Patch needs rework] Role Verification Warnings) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4367/josm]: […]
12:40 PM Changeset in josm [4367] by stoecker
fix #5706 - support east/north/west/south for routes
12:31 PM Ticket #6733 ([patch] File Open dialog incorrectly accepts folder selection) closed by stoecker
wontfix: The JOSM open file dialog accepts directories, as when a directory is …
12:13 PM Changeset in josm [4366] by stoecker
see #6731 - handle collapsed menu correctly
12:02 PM Ticket #5663 (power related changings for tagging) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4365/josm]: […]
12:02 PM Changeset in josm [4365] by simon04
fix #5663 - enhanced tagging preset for power generator
11:59 AM Ticket #4570 (use file-manager to open/save files) closed by simon04
invalid: Unfortunately, this cannot be changed directly. You have to rely on a Look …
11:10 AM Ticket #4508 (new icons) closed by simon04
fixed: Seems to be fixed a long time ago.
9:51 AM Ticket #6743 (Josm trac won't let me log in, even on a freshly reset password) created by bryce2@…
The Josm trac won't let me log in, even on a freshly reset password. The …
9:50 AM Ticket #6742 ([PATCH] to allow script generated files to set default changeset info) created by bryce2@…
This patch extends the file format to allow changeset tags: […] It …
2:32 AM Ticket #6741 ([Patch] Improve Advanced Object Info) created by simon04
I adapted the Advanced Object Info dialog to increase readability. The …
1:52 AM Ticket #6740 ([Patch] Prefix imagery layer by country code) created by simon04
I suggest to prefix the imagery layer with the 2 letter country code. This …
1:28 AM Ticket #5623 (Add "addr:state" to the presets) closed by anonymous
invalid: Replying to simon04: > I don't expect this to be added to the …
1:23 AM Changeset in josm [4364] by simon04
MOTD: get rid of unnecessary space in front of external links
Aug 27, 2011:
11:57 PM Changeset in josm [4363] by stoecker
use createLayout() in all internal ToggleDialog's
11:48 PM Ticket #5870 (tag vehicle and motor_vehicle unknown + not in presets) closed by simon04
duplicate: vehicle and motor_vehicle have been added in #6208.
11:38 PM Ticket #5774 (Empty value in preset definition no longer removes tag) closed by simon04
duplicate
11:17 PM Ticket #5508 (JOSM does not knowing amenity=nursing_home) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4362/josm]: […]
11:17 PM Changeset in josm [4362] by simon04
fix #5508 - add amenity=nursing_home to presets, reordered health presets
10:50 PM Ticket #5550 (highway=incline depreciated in favour of incline=*) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4361/josm]: […]
10:50 PM Changeset in josm [4361] by simon04
fix #5550 - update tagging preset for incline, add combo to various …
9:32 PM Ticket #6739 (Regression: Middle click toggle broken) closed by xeen
fixed: In [4360/josm]: […]
9:32 PM Changeset in josm [4360] by xeen
fix #6739
9:16 PM Ticket #6220 (fence preset is broken) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4359/josm]: […]
9:16 PM Changeset in josm [4359] by simon04
fix #6220 - separate presets for fence, wire_fence and wood_fence
9:06 PM Ticket #5792 ([Patch, needs discussion] add aerialway=rope_tow and various other missing ...) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4358/josm]: […]
9:06 PM Changeset in josm [4358] by simon04
fix #5792 - enhanced tagging preset for aerialway
8:01 PM Changeset in josm [4357] by bastiK
show conflicts in InspectPrimitiveDialog
6:12 PM Ticket #6739 (Regression: Middle click toggle broken) created by stoecker
When ways overlapp and one way is preselected, the middle-click action no …
5:59 PM Ticket #6720 (Calling download dialog misses map refresh) reopened by stoecker
4:03 PM Changeset in josm [4356] by stoecker
convert some more ToggleDialog's
3:50 PM Changeset in josm [4355] by stoecker
see #6731 - add dynamic button visibility (needs …
3:43 PM StartupPageSource edited by nori_u
(diff)
2:42 PM Changeset in josm [4354] by stoecker
see #6731 - reduce space required for SideButtons, moved arrow creation …
2:07 PM Ticket #6577 (Preset highway=incline, highway=incline_steep) closed by simon04
duplicate
1:57 PM Changeset in josm [4353] by stoecker
see #6731 - introduce better layout function for ToggleDialogs, changed …
1:08 PM Ticket #5063 (add place=isolated_dwelling to presets) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4352/josm]: […]
1:08 PM Changeset in josm [4352] by simon04
fix #5063 - add place=isolated_dwelling to presets
12:57 PM Ticket #5172 ([Patch] wish: present barrier=block) closed by simon04
fixed: In [4351/josm]: […]
12:57 PM Changeset in josm [4351] by simon04
fix #5172 - add access/... for barrier=block as well as …
12:37 PM Ticket #3403 (move tiger highlight from standard style to external style) closed by simon04
fixed: Fixed in the meanwhile: no tiger: left in elemstyles.xml.
12:17 PM Ticket #4591 (TMC) closed by simon04
wontfix: No need to implement this as Presets/TMC is available.
11:52 AM Changeset in josm [4350] by xeen
fix shortcut warnings introduced in @4333 (see #30)
11:40 AM Ticket #6691 (update klappt nicht) closed by Cobra
worksforme: viel zu viele Plugins, bitte deaktiviere alle, die du nicht brauchst. …
11:28 AM Ticket #6703 (Tastaturbelegung) closed by Cobra
fixed
11:16 AM Changeset in josm [4349] by stoecker
add Simon to CONTRIBUTION
10:00 AM Ticket #5371 (the Validator critisize highway=unclassified) closed by simon04
worksforme: In r4348, no warning is shown for a way tagged highway=unclassified. …
6:41 AM Presets/NewTags edited by iav
garages already present in josm (diff)
6:36 AM Presets/NewTags edited by iav
add treerows (diff)
1:48 AM Ticket #6737 (unhandled exception on delete) closed by xeen
fixed: In [4348/josm]: […]
1:48 AM Changeset in josm [4348] by xeen
fix #6737
1:08 AM Ticket #5722 (download-dialog asign keys for zooming) closed by simon04
duplicate
12:49 AM Ticket #6183 (Download an Area (was: descarga de una zona)) closed by simon04
duplicate
Aug 26, 2011:
10:36 PM Changeset in josm [4347] by stoecker
see #3345 - patch by simon04 - add search for new objects
10:35 PM Ticket #3942 ([Patch] Allow open-ended ranges in search) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4346/josm]: […]
10:35 PM Changeset in josm [4346] by stoecker
fix #3942 - patch by simon04 - improve range handling for search
10:30 PM Ticket #6678 ([Patch] Automatic tag correction (when reversing a way) should not attempt ...) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4345/josm]: […]
10:30 PM Changeset in josm [4345] by stoecker
fix #6678 - patch by simon04 - don't suggest tag correction for comments
10:26 PM Ticket #5257 ([Patch] Automatic fix to Reversed water) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4344/josm]: […]
10:26 PM Changeset in josm [4344] by stoecker
fix #5257 - patch by simon04 - fix way order validator checks
10:21 PM Ticket #6734 ([patch] Downloaded objects history) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4343/josm]: […]
10:21 PM Changeset in josm [4343] by stoecker
fix #6734 - patch by Don-vip - history for element downloads
9:44 PM Ticket #6700 ([Patch] Template institution/culture/church used instead opening_hours ...) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4342/josm]: […]
9:44 PM Changeset in josm [4342] by stoecker
fix #6700 - patch by simon04 - church preset times
9:42 PM Ticket #6702 ([Patch] Improve translation) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4341/josm]: […]
9:42 PM Changeset in josm [4341] by stoecker
fix #6702 - patch by Casiope - i18n issue
9:40 PM Ticket #4439 ([Patch] droping spaces in keys or value automatically) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4340/josm]: […]
9:40 PM Changeset in josm [4340] by stoecker
fix #4439 - patch by simon04 - remove useless spaces in tagging presets, …
9:34 PM Ticket #6592 ([Patch] IllegalArgumentException when viewing history of incomplete ...) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4339/josm]: […]
9:34 PM Changeset in josm [4339] by stoecker
fix #6592 - patch by simon04 - Exception showing history of incomplete …
9:25 PM Ticket #6588 ([Patch] Improve translation) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4338/josm]: […]
9:25 PM Changeset in josm [4338] by stoecker
fix #6588 - i18n issue
9:18 PM StartupPageSource edited by stoecker
Add news. (diff)
7:18 PM Help/MapView edited by xeen
(diff)
7:07 PM Ticket #5809 (Ctrl+Alt+click doesn't let you cycle through objects to be selected) closed by fsteggink
othersoftware: Yup, found it in the config editor (gconf-editor) Apps->Metacity->General, …
4:45 PM Ticket #6738 (bug by drawing houses) closed by stoecker
duplicate
4:02 PM Ticket #6738 (bug by drawing houses) created by lübeck
Repository Root: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn Build-Date: 2011-08-26 …
12:51 PM Ticket #4113 (Add a preset search engine to JOSM) closed by simon04
fixed: In the meanwhile we do have a preset search dialog (see r3388).
11:45 AM Ticket #6735 (exception on delete) closed by dieterdreist
duplicate
11:45 AM Ticket #6735 (exception on delete) closed by dieterdreist
duplicate
11:43 AM Ticket #6736 (exception on delete) closed by dieterdreist
duplicate
11:42 AM Ticket #6737 (unhandled exception on delete) created by dieterdreist
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. draw a new node 2. delete it …
11:41 AM Ticket #6736 (exception on delete) created by dieterdreist
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. draw a new node 2. delete it …
11:41 AM Ticket #6735 (exception on delete) created by anonymous
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. draw a new node 2. delete it …
1:31 AM Ticket #6551 (translation bug farmyard to "Farmland" in german relations) closed by simon04
fixed: Fixed since 2011-08-12 (i18n update 26530).
12:56 AM Ticket #6734 ([patch] Downloaded objects history) created by Don-vip
Please find attached an enhancement patch in order to allow JOSM to record …
12:16 AM Changeset in josm [4337] by stoecker
duplicate members of relations are now properly selected in relation …
12:03 AM Ticket #5210 (Validator upload request should be more helpful) closed by stoecker
fixed
12:02 AM Ticket #5372 (Improve mappaint style switch) closed by stoecker
fixed
Aug 25, 2011:
11:58 PM Ticket #6720 (Calling download dialog misses map refresh) closed by stoecker
fixed: In [4336/josm]: […]
11:58 PM Changeset in josm [4336] by stoecker
fix #6720 - slippy map download not refreshed, improve resize handling for …
11:56 PM Ticket #6733 ([patch] File Open dialog incorrectly accepts folder selection) created by Don-vip
The JOSM "File, Open" dialog accepts a folder as selected object(s) …
11:54 PM Changeset in josm [4335] by stoecker
fix display error of relation position
4:16 PM Ticket #6732 (Sorting destroys working route-relation) created by http://www.openstreetmap.org/user/Tirkon
I created a new public transport route relation ID 1727183 which is at …
12:55 PM Ticket #5046 (crossing check) closed by simon04
worksforme: I think this ticket isn't relevant any more. Cf. …
12:43 PM Ticket #6708 (do not render closed ways with piste:type=* as areas and allow unclosed ...) closed by simon04
invalid: The warning is due to sport=skiing, which is not allowed on unclosed ways …
10:21 AM Da:Translations edited by Hylle
(diff)
10:10 AM Da:WikiStart edited by Hylle
(diff)
Note: See TracTimeline for information about the timeline view.
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2024-06-03T21:29:49.458Z
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2013-05-18T08:55:40.000Z
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Document Type
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Date
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Keywords
Nancy Cantor, Scholarship in Action
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Description/Abstract
At the beginning of the academic year, I asked you to join me in exploring the soul of Syracuse. Today I am really pleased to have the chance to share with you how the campus and our extended community of alumni, trustees, and neighbors—near and far—have responded. I also want to keep moving forward by presenting to you my vision for scholarship in action, for building the creative campus.
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From OSGeo Wiki
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Jody Garnett
Jody Garnett
Geospatial Software Architect, LISAsoft
Brisbane, Australia
Jody is an enthusiastic supporter of Open Source Spatial: "GIS is at the frontier of computer science with data volumes expanding the limit of what we can do. Open source developers thrive with a unique combination of public data, hands-on projects, and grassroots enthusiasm to make a real visual difference."
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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7113.1 - Agriculture, New South Wales, 1995-96
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Area and land utilisation of agricultural establishments; number of cattle and sheep classified by age, sex and purpose; lambing and wool production; number of pigs, poultry and other livestock. Production and yield per hectare for crops; area and production for vegetables; number of trees; area and production of fruit; stocks of major grains and hay; production and stocks of silage; fertiliser and herbicide use and irrigation. Also includes data for the ACT.
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Research article
Insights into the oral health beliefs and practices of mothers from a north London Orthodox Jewish community
Sasha Scambler1, Charlotte Klass 2, Desmond Wright1,3* and Jennifer E Gallagher1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Oral Health Services Research and Dental Public Health, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
2 Department of Oral Health Services Research and Dental Public Health, Former Senior House Officer, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
3 Consultant in Dental Public Health, National Health Service City & Hackney, Tower Hamlets and Newham, London, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Oral Health 2010, 10:14 doi:10.1186/1472-6831-10-14
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6831/10/14
Received:9 March 2010
Accepted:7 June 2010
Published:7 June 2010
© 2010 Scambler et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The objective of this study was to explore oral health knowledge and beliefs and access to dental care in a culturally distinct Orthodox Jewish community in North London, with a view to informing local health policy.
Methods
A dual method qualitative approach to data collection was adopted in this study utilising semi-structured face to face interviews and focus groups with women from this North London orthodox Jewish community. In total nine interviews and four focus groups were conducted with a purposive sample of thirty three mothers from the community aged 21-58 years. The data were transcribed and analysed using Framework Methodology
Results
Cultural influences, competing pressures and perceptions of hereditary influences, together with a lack of contemporary oral health knowledge are the main factors affecting oral health knowledge and beliefs. This supported an overall perspective of disempowerment or a perceived lack of control over oral health behaviours, both for mothers and their children. Community signposting pointed mothers to dental services, whilst family pressures together with inadequate capacity and capability and generic barriers such as fear and cost acted as barriers. Mothers from this community welcomed community development initiatives from the NHS.
Conclusions
The results of this study provide insight into the challenges of a culturally isolated community who would welcome community support through schools and expanded culturally appropriate opening hours to improve access to dental care.
Background
Introduction
The Orthodox Jewish Community in North London is a distinct cultural group held together by a combination of religious observance and cultural practices. It is estimated that the Orthodox Jewish Community in North London comprises around 18,000 members of which 15,800 live in Hackney (accounting for 7.85% of the local population) [1]. The community is growing by 8% per year, has doubled between 1989 and 2008 and is predicted to double again by 2011. The borough of Hackney is ranked as the most deprived local authority in England on measures of income; employment; health deprivation and disability; education, skills and training; barriers to housing and services; crime and disorder and the living environment [2]. High levels of poverty are reported within the Jewish community in Hackney, where 58% below retirement age are receiving a means tested benefit [1]. Socially, however, this group is realtively wealthy in comparison with other ethnic groups in Hackney as any available money is more likely to be used in the provision of community facilities than the accumulation of personal wealth. Large families together with high cost housing results in many families living in cramped conditions.
From the mid 19th century, the north London Orthodox Jewish Community integrated Jews fleeing persecution from Stalinist Russia and Nazi Europe from the mid 19th century. This community is predominantly Hasidic; its congregations represent historical links with particular areas of Eastern Europe in their dress style and worship. Religious observance provides the community's framework and structure for the day and interpretations of religious laws govern all aspects of daily life from food to education and dress to leisure. The community, whilst spread across Hackney sharing a large area with many other communities, is geographically clustered around places of worship and kosher shops and presents as largely homogenous in terms of religious observance, family values and general outlook.
The Jewish Sabbath runs from sundown on Friday to nightfall on Saturday, during which the community refrains from weekday activities such as driving, shopping, using the telephone or visiting the dentist. Members of the community are unlikely to visit a dentist on a Friday, unless in a dental emergency, due to preparations for the Sabbath. The community is also relatively isolated from the wider society excluding use of television, secular media, internet, secular magazines and newspapers. There is access to the wider Jewish community through Jewish magazines and newspapers but very limited access to secular or other religious communities within the wider population. Dental and medical practices accessed tend to be Jewish run, although whether this is through preference, lay referral systems within the community, geography, or a lack of choice is unclear and will be explored further. It is also worth noting that women within this community are less likely than average to have access to or drive a car and so are more likely to access health services within the immediate area or with adequate public transport links.
In general the families within this community are significantly larger than average. The community tends to be segregated by gender; boys and girls attend different schools at both primary and secondary school level. Boys' schools are often private, with curriculums shaped by religious teachings, often in Yiddish, and lengthy school days. Girls' schools, in contrast, whilst still Jewish, are generally state-aided, have a wider ranging secular curriculum and use English. This situation results in the limiting of qualifications available to boys and a resultant limitation in accessible and acceptable occupations. The result is that a large proportion of the community have low incomes. Women tend to maintain greatest contact with the wider community; therefore interaction with the family requires effectively accessing mothers. It is within this context that the results presented below need to be understood.
The Health Improvement and Modernisation Programme 2005-08 [3], identified women and children as priority groups for the reduction of health inequalities. Because no research is published regarding oral health beliefs and practices or dental attendance and access in this Orthodox Jewish community, the findings of this study will facilitate an understanding of these issues. Such knowledge will inform local planners and commissioners of dental services working to enhance access to dental care for this community [4]. This paper, thus, starts with a review of the literature on health and oral health within the Orthodox Jewish community before outlining the methodological approach adopted within the study. The results are then presented alongside an outline of key attributes, beliefs and practices of the community as a whole. The key themes to emerge from the data are presented and explicated contextually allowing for cultural and religious explanations to be incorporated in to, and to illuminate, exhibited beliefs and behaviours. This approach is utilised in the hope that understanding the motivations and beliefs behind oral health practices may support oral health in this culturally distinct community.
Literature Review
Orthodox Jewish groups are largely unrecognized in the minority health literature in spite of barriers and challenges that they face. There is a very limited pool of literature looking specifically at the impact of Jewish orthodoxy on health/oral health or at the specific needs of minority Jewish orthodox groups in the UK. Studies in Israel [5] and Jerusalem [6,7] have demonstrated a significant relationship between Judaism and health, health behaviour and socioeconomic status. Further, observance of Orthodox Jewish law has been identified as a factor in treatment decision making for some dental patients [8]. The picture is both limited and complex because a number of studies purport to challenge the link between Judaism and poor health/oral health [9-11].
A few studies have also explored health interventions within Jewish, but not orthodox, communities. Torpaz et al. [12] carried out a study of schoolchildren in Israel looking at the efficacy of dental health education programmes. They found that giving children toothbrushes, whether as a stand-alone intervention or as part of a wider education programme, improved standards of oral health. This was a finding echoed in a more recent study [13] which found that the promotion of toothbrushing was an effective means of improving oral health behaviour and oral health of young infants and their parents. This approach was found to be particularly beneficial when accompanied by the distribution of toothpastes and toothbrushes. In addition to school based health education programmes, norms in the Orthodox Jewish community may be challenged by explicitly using its social networks to communicate more positive messages. Henderson's study provides a useful example of how social networks may reinforce or challenge misinformation about health and risk and the complex nature of decision-making about children's health [14].
In England health visitors have reportedly perceived that dental health is neglected among the orthodox Jewish community [15]. Women in the North London orthodox Jewish community often marry at a young age and have large families. The average family in the orthodox Jewish community in Stamford Hill is 5.9 compared to 2.5 in Hackney overall and 2.4 in England and Wales. Such large families have implications for oral health. Local surveys would suggest that whilst oral health in children overall in Hackney is similar to the London average [16], the uptake of dental services is low with approximately 33% accessing dental services within a two-year period [17]. Barriers to dental care are a mixture of beliefs, perceptions, emotions and practicalities, some relating to the individual and some to external factors of service provision. Finch [18] suggests these barriers may include cost, fear, perceived lack of need, travel time, and a feeling vulnerability.
The limited literature on the impact of Judaism on health and oral health and the oral health status of minority Jewish ethnic groups presents a very mixed picture when looking at knowledge, beliefs and behaviour. Perhaps unsurprisingly, socioeconomic status in combination with culture appears to be the key to the relationship between Judaism and health with more deprived communities faring worse than their wealthier counterparts. This relationship is directly relevant to the community participating in this study who are both orthodox Jewish and have a low socioeconomic status.
Methods
The aim of this study was to explore the importance of oral health and access to dental care in the orthodox Jewish community of North London in support of oral health. A dual method qualitative approach to data collection was adopted and semi-structured face to face interviews and focus groups were conducted with women from the North London Orthodox Jewish Community. In total nine interviews and four focus groups were conducted with purposive sample of 33 women from the community. Women aged 18 years and over who were mothers were invited for inclusion in focus groups or individual interviews. A purposive sampling frame was developed based on dimensions perceived to be relevant a priori such as age, employment status and number of children. Mothers were recruited specifically as in this community mothers are most likely to have access to the wider community through schools etc. Thus mothers are both a key to understanding current beliefs and practices and likely to be one of the key arbitrators of them. In total thirty-three women aged 21-58 years took part in the study. A flexible interview schedule was followed in both interviews and focus groups, most of which were recorded although some participants were unwilling to be recorded.
All data were transcribed and analysed using Framework Method, involving three different stages and processes within an analytical hierarchy [19]. In the first stage, raw data was organised and labelled. 'Descriptive accounts' were then developed to chart the 'range and diversity of each phenonmenon' identified within the data and develop classifications and typologies. The final stage involved the formulation of possible explanations to account for the classifications and typologies identified [19]. Throughout the process the data were checked and rechecked across the levels of abstraction in an iterative process. Data were analysed by Jewish and non-Jewish researchers to ensure a greater understanding of the cultural complexity of the issues raised. Key areas explored included: oral health beliefs; dental attendance behaviour; access issues and recommended changes in support of oral health. The study was based in the community and supported by local religious leaders and City & Hackney Teaching Primary Care Trust. Research Ethics approval was sought and obtained from King's College London Research Ethics Committee [KCL REC 05/06-50].
Results and Discussion
A total of thirty-three women participated in this study. Of the thirty-one who were willing to report their age, respondents ranged from 21 to 58 years, with an average of 31 and mode of 29 years. At the time of interview 13 women reported that they were in paid employment outside of the home and 19 were not. The number of reported children ranged from one to nine. Three women chose not to respond to that question. Of those who did, 20 participants had more than three children and ten respondents had three or less. With a UK average family size of 2.4 children [20] family sizes within this sample are significantly larger than average [15].
On analysis key themes emerged from the data relating to 'Oral health knowledge and beliefs' and 'Dental access'. It is essential that these themes are understood in the context of this community whose values are significantly different from those of wider society.
Oral Health Knowledge and Beliefs
The first stage of the interviews and focus groups explored existing oral health knowledge and beliefs, including causes and prevention of oral diseases. Knowledge about oral disease and how to prevent it was very limited. Expressed beliefs did not reflect contemporary knowledge and demonstrated a lack of perceived control over oral health.
Lacking contemporary knowledge
When asked about prevention, a minority of participants spoke the importance of brushing teeth at least twice a day, there was very little awareness shown about the importance of the role of diet and sugar consumption and the contribution that fluoride makes to preventing dental caries. The health of primary (deciduous) teeth was not perceived as important as they would be replaced by adult teeth. Furthermore, the need to visit the dentist regularly was mentioned by only a minority of women.
"Front baby teeth just get all rotten. I was trying to be very careful brushing the teeth, she doesn't have bottles to bed, and she doesn't have sugar bottles only milk bottles once a day and not when she's sleeping......they all [dentists] gave me such a what for that I'm not taking care properly". (12 h)
"Those are anyway their first teeth, so even if they get decay it's not the end of the world sort of thing, it doesn't go down to the roots or anything." (14 h)
These quotes show a strong lack of understanding of the value of oral health in infants and the benefits of positive oral health related behaviours for future oral health.
When asked about the causes of poor oral health, a link with pregnancy was reported by some participants.
"I find it with every child I have problems with one of my teeth". (18 h)
"It's like my first outing to the, after having a baby is to the dentist." (34 h)
Hereditary influences
Part of the perceived lack of controlwas demonstrated by the view that tooth decay was a hereditary process rather than a shared cultural/behavioural issue, and it was suggested that poor teeth in parents or grandparents could be seen in children.
"I've got half the family with excellent teeth, then half the children always have to visit the dentist regularly. We can't help it." (15 h)
Culturally influenced diet
The role of diet within the culture was generally deemed more important than the risks to health or oral health. There was a general lack of awareness, alongside a reluctance to admit, the full impact of diet on oral disease. Sweets were used within the community as a reward, and sweets, cakes and sugar laden foods were seen as a staple and important part of religious ceremonies and celebrations. The pervasiveness of high sugar foods within the community was presented as the reason for not, or being unable to limit sugar consumption. Sugar consumption, and sweets in particular, were highlighted as an issue and some participants spoke about the inability to prevent their children from obtaining sweets which are readily available in kosher shops.
"You know a lot of kosher shops, and stuff like that, have mounds of sugary foods. I hate going shopping with the children; they just think they have to put everything into the basket. It's so tempting for them, and it's in your face." (15 r)
Both the lack of general knowledge and awareness of positive and negative oral health behaviours and the particular attitude towards diet need to be understood in the context of a media isolated community. Health promotion campaigns conducted through any form of secular media are unlikely to reach this community. In addition, in a largely homogenous and segregated community, shaped by religious observance where food is integral to ceremonies and celebrations, messages about diet and sugar consumption need to be handled sensitively. Furthermore, messages need to be made accessible to the community through targeted information and campaigns in appropriate media such as Jewish papers, or through community groups and schools. The availability of sugar in the wider environment is a challenge for society as a whole [21], as sweets have also been shown to be promoted in both large and small community shops, and has been the subject of a number of high profile public health campaigns [22]. In addition, the consumption of sweets and high sugar food is an international problem and not just a national on [23]. In this study there was talk about school health eating policies being useful within girls' schools but little evidence of direct action being taken to reduce sugar consumption by the community as a whole.
Competing priorities
In common with the lack of knowledge and related beliefs, competing priorities led to the widespread 'non-prioritisation' of oral healthcare within the home. Prioritising oral healthcare relates to the emphasis placed on oral hygiene and oral healthcare within the family. In this sample this was encapsulated in the supervision of toothbrushing. In common with the lack of knowledge and related beliefs, competing priorities led to the widespread non-prioritisation of oral healthcare within the home to the extent that mothers took an active role. A minority of mothers talked about the importance of supervising their children's toothbrushing and oral hygiene practices but many spoke of a lack of time to supervise their children's oral hygiene.
"There is something with larger families, you know it is hard to stay on top of everything and teeth become secondary. A lot of mothers know what to do, they just can't get there." (17 t)
The common solution to this problem was to delegate supervision to older children. Otherwise activity went unsupervised. In summary, this group of mothers demonstrated a lack of contemporary knowledge, cultural influences on diet, problems with competing priorities, and a perceived lack of control over oral health. They welcomed community support.
Access to dental care
Mothers reported that they and their families did not regularly attend a dentist but overall demonstrated a sense of 'doing what they can'. Only a minority suggested that they attended a dentist at the traditional interval of 'every six months'. A number of issues were raised relating to the provision of dental care as well as problems with accessing dental services related to family pressures, together with generic barriers to care.
Community signposting
Within the community a dentist was usually chosen through personal or family recommendation and a limited number of dentists working within the area were deemed acceptable.
"You just go with them because its kind a community thing. You hear she goes, she goes and you all just go back. I go because my friend goes and she goes and he goes, not that I know if, I don't even trust them." (13 r)
"I just moved here and found him through word of mouth. You go where your family goes. We do not want to go to someone we do not trust. You can hear a name at the Jewish centre and then everyone goes." (25 m)
It is worth noting here that the word of mouth is the most common means of finding dental services amongst adults [24], and is not unique to this community.
No preference was stated when participants were asked about the importance of ethnic background in relation to practitioner choice, but a number of participants stated that they would prefer a male dentist. Men were generally felt to be more capable and decisive and anecdotal evidence was provided to support this assertion.
"I prefer a male, they are more sure of themselves...a man knows his stuff - it's different." (28 r)
"She's a lady dentist...she's scared to do it." (13 n)
It is worth noting here that whilst participants stated no preference for ethnically specific practitioners the vast majority attended Jewish dentists or dental practices. Once again this ties in with the fact that referrals are passed through the community and also to the lack of contact with many external sources of information such as the list of NHS dentists which is available on the internet through NHS Choices [25].
Inadequate capacity and capability
Both the capacity and capability of local dental care were raised as issues by regular and symptomatic attenders alike, focussing on long waiting times, both for appointments and at the surgery itself:
"Why I don't go with my children...when the waiting time is three hours I don't have three hours to spare. That is the only reason." (18 k)
"Most people wait until it is an emergency. I have to wait ages for an appointment. It is difficult to take the children along as well". (27 o)
Dentists accessed by this community were reportedly overstretched due to their limited numbers and face a challenging patient population in an area of London where space is at a premium. Concerns covered surgeries with a lack of play areas and toys to serve this community.
"open up children centres which are friendly to children, toys (so that) children excited to go and not scared." (4 s)
Organisational issues were also mentioned, covering a lack of Sunday clinics and flexible opening times and direct and indirect costs of treatment. The lack of access to salaried community dental services was also raised. Whilst many of these issues are relevant amongst the wider population, lack of play areas and toys, long waiting times and costs are particularly relevant when considering a community where the majority of whom have large families.
Generic barriers to care
In addition to availability, other barriers identified included perceived cost of treatment; travel costs; waiting times, poor dentist patient communications skills [18] and the pressures resulting from having large families. However, it is possible that the lack of knowledge about dental charges has exacerbated a 'fear of cost' as all children and a number of adult members could be eligible for free dental treatment. Again the experiences raised are pertinent when considered in the context of the community in which these families live. These factors are further exacerbated by issues raised by participants about the organisation and provision of dental care and highlight the impact of multiple barriers to care. Respondents identified the need for extended hours and Sunday opening, together with reducing direct and indirect costs of treatment. Indirect costs could be reduced by provision of local services requiring less travel and greater capacity which would reduce the pressure on services and thus waiting times.
Welcoming community support
One of the final themes to emerge from the data concerned both the ways in which people behave in relation to their oral health and the development of oral health knowledge. Respondents highlighted a lack of time when asked about teaching their children about oral healthcare and it was widely felt that the schools should play a significant role in teaching these kinds of health related topics.
"The children have a lack of knowledge. They should be coming in to schools. Then they would come home from school saying I want to brush my teeth." (24 t)
It was suggested that school health programmes could form an important community initiative to develop personal skills of children who would be better able to care for their own health and possibly strengthen family knowledge about oral health.
"Dentists should come round the schools to help them to brush their teeth, to show the children ho to brush their teeth and to encourage them, because I think the schools do, the children get a lot of encouragement through the teachers definitely." (13 s)
This was evidence of the willingness of the community to receive external support. This could be perceived as being at odds with both the central role of family within this community and its role in teaching and nurturing children. Alternatively it could be seen as an empowering solution in support of the community, in recognition of the respondents' desire to enhance the priority of oral health within the population. Thus the context is germane to making sense of the behaviour exhibited and to determining ways of overcoming these boundaries.
Limitations and Strengths of the Study
Whilst it is acknowledged that this study is limited by its sample size and the fact that fieldnotes replaced recorded transcripts where permission was not granted for recording, the findings represent a unique and valuable insight into this particular community. This study is an important contribution to the literature on the oral health beliefs, behaviours and needs of the orthodox Jewish community in North London. It further adds to understanding of other culturally isolated communities in socially deprived areas. As an indepth case study of an isolated community which appears difficult to access, the study provides a unique insight into the specific needs of women and families from this community. The direct link with the City & Hackney Teaching Primary Care Trust has allowed for the development of culturally acceptable and appropriate interventions in partnership with the community. The findings provided the necessary information to enable the local state-funded health organisation to develop services that meet the needs of this population. To this end it has commissioned a needs assessment of health in this community the dental aspects of which will be informed by this study.
Conclusions
The data presented in this paper can be seen to present a picture of a distinct and socially isolated cultural community which holds a way of life focused on maintenance of tradition, exhibiting, plausible but sometimes inaccurate health-related beliefs. Interestingly, however, despite feeling little autonomy to help themselves, support from outside the community is welcomed in relation to oral health. By contextualising the data we can build a useful picture of a community tied in to a way of life whose chosen distance from modern media may, perhaps inadvertently, perpetuate limited knowledge of health related matters. National and International evidence suggests that parents perceptions of efficacy in controlling the sugar snacking habits and oral hygiene behaviour of their children have been shown to be significant [26]. Furthermore, parental perceptions of efficacy are significant predictors of the development of favourable behaviours in children [26].
Bearing this in mind, we can look at ways of positively and practically intervening to ensure that health information is made available to members of the community and to facilitate access to and use of dental services. Recommendations from this study include the development of a culturally sensitive oral health promotion programme, targeted at children and mothers, to improve oral health knowledge and support behaviour change and a review of capacity and capability availability of dental services for this community to include both routine and emergency dental services and extended hours and Sunday opening.
The findings and recommendations of this study are not intrinsically counter-cultural as Judaism obliges its followers to protect themselves and others from illness and disease. Stewart-Freedman & Kovalsky [27] go so far as to say that "The Oral Law specifically states that 'All of Israel is responsible one for the other'" [Shavuot 39a; Sotah 37a; Rosh Hashanah 29a]. They go on to suggest that the hierarchical and disciplined structure of most Hassidic Jewish orthodox groups make them ideally placed to promote preventative health and oral health measures and that "more needs to be done in future to understand the social structure and establish lines of communication with the key contact points of this and other hard-to-reach communities" [[27]: p2]. Whilst further research is needed, particularly looking at the beliefs and attitudes of men as well as women within the community, this study and the work that has been done developing links and establishing school based oral health education programmes represents a very important step in developing understanding of a community and making a real difference to the oral health behaviour and oral health of a minority cultural group.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CK was involved in the design of the study, fieldwork, data analysis and contributed to the write up of the paper. DW was involved in the design of the study and contributed to the write up of the paper. JG was involved in the design of the study, data analysis and contributed to the write up of the paper. SS was involved in the analysis and write up of the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the women of the orthodox Jewish community who participated in the study and religious leaders for supporting and facilitating access to the community. The authors would also like to thank the Primary Care Commissioning team at City & Hackney Teaching PCT for their support in enabling the study to be carried out.
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Pre-publication history
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Research article
Sedation in palliative care – a critical analysis of 7 years experience
H Christof Muller-Busch1,2*, Inge Andres1 and Thomas Jehser1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Palliative Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, D-14089 Berlin, Germany
2 University Witten/Herdecke, D-58448 Witten, Germany
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Palliative Care 2003, 2:2 doi:10.1186/1472-684X-2-2
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-684X/2/2
Received:14 February 2003
Accepted:13 May 2003
Published:13 May 2003
© 2003 Muller-Busch et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.
Abstract
Background
The administration of sedatives in terminally ill patients becomes an increasingly feasible medical option in end-of-life care. However, sedation for intractable distress has raised considerable medical and ethical concerns. In our study we provide a critical analysis of seven years experience with the application of sedation in the final phase of life in our palliative care unit.
Methods
Medical records of 548 patients, who died in the Palliative Care Unit of GK Havelhoehe between 1995–2002, were retrospectively analysed with regard to sedation in the last 48 hrs of life. The parameters of investigation included indication, choice and kind of sedation, prevalence of intolerable symptoms, patients' requests for sedation, state of consciousness and communication abilities during sedation. Critical evaluation included a comparison of the period between 1995–1999 and 2000–2002.
Results
14.6% (n = 80) of the patients in palliative care had sedation given by the intravenous route in the last 48 hrs of their life according to internal guidelines. The annual frequency to apply sedation increased continuously from 7% in 1995 to 19% in 2002. Main indications shifted from refractory control of physical symptoms (dyspnoea, gastrointestinal, pain, bleeding and agitated delirium) to more psychological distress (panic-stricken fear, severe depression, refractory insomnia and other forms of affective decompensation). Patients' and relatives' requests for sedation in the final phase were significantly more frequent during the period 2000–2002.
Conclusion
Sedation in the terminal or final phase of life plays an increasing role in the management of intractable physical and psychological distress. Ethical concerns are raised by patients' requests and needs on the one hand, and the physicians' self-understanding on the other hand. Hence, ethically acceptable criteria and guidelines for the decision making are needed with special regard to the nature of refractory and intolerable symptoms, patients' informed consent and personal needs, the goals and aims of medical sedation in end-of-life care.
Keywords:
terminal sedation; palliative care; ethics; symptom control; attitudes; advance directives
Background
Sedation in the final stage of life is a controversial issue in palliative care with regard to medical and non-medical indications, decision-making and ethical implications. It is widely agreed, even though this is controversial too, that in patients with advanced cancer and other terminal diseases the provision of sedation leading to unconsciousness sometimes can be a necessary therapeutic procedure of last resort for symptom relief [1]. In the final stages of life, symptoms may remain refractory. However, there is much debate about where to draw the borderline between sedation for refractory symptoms that are of a mainly physical/somatic nature and for those psychological symptoms that are mainly due to existential suffering. Also, some think that sedation leading to unconsciousness should be an option, or an alternative, for terminally ill patients with intolerable suffering if they request euthanasia or physician assisted suicide [2-4] or for those who just want "to die in sleep".
The problems associated with sedation in end-of-life care and the different attitudes among clinicians and palliative care experts are reflected in inconsistent terminology [5], variation in techniques used to induce, maintain and monitor sedation [6], duration of and frequency of application, different concepts on the time of administering sedation and on intentions [7]. While the ambiguous term "terminal sedation (TS)" [8,9] is used most often, other terms more clearly reflect the different viewpoints: "sedation for intractable distress in the imminently dying [10,11];", end-of-life sedation [12] "slow-euthanasia" [13], "palliative sedation" [14], "total sedation" [15], "sedation in the final phase", "palliative sedation therapy" [16].
Sedation in the terminal or final stages of life can be defined as the use of sedative drugs (usually benzodiazepines with or without complementary opioids given by the intravenous or by the subcutaneous route) to reduce the level of consciousness sufficiently deep to provide comfort for the patient until death occurs. According to the EAPC Ethics Task Force "terminal' or 'palliative' sedation in those imminently dying must be distinguished from euthanasia. In terminal sedation the intention is to relieve intolerable suffering, the procedure is to use a sedating drug for symptom control, and the successful outcome is the alleviation of distress. In euthanasia the intention is to kill the patient, the procedure is to administer a lethal drug and the successful outcome is immediate death. In palliative care mild sedation may be used therapeutically but in this situation it does not adversely affect the patient's conscious level or ability to communicate [17]. The use of heavy sedation (which leads to unconsciousness) may sometimes be necessary to achieve identified therapeutic goals. The intention is the relief of otherwise intractable and refractory distress [18]. Target symptoms include persisting pain, delirium, dyspnoea, nausea and vomiting, massive haemorrhage, agitated anxiety and other forms of psychological distress. Sedation can be classified into mild to deep, intermittent to continuous, primary to secondary, sudden to slow [19]. Controversies exist about the time limit and proximity to death [20], the clinical implications (e.g. the withdrawal of nutrition and hydration [21,22]), patient monitoring, the stage and circumstances of the illness in which sedation can be offered or employed, and the informed consent process with patients and surrogates [23]. Requests for sedation seem to become of increasing relevance in advance directives, but the ethical implications may rise to conflicts between patients' wishes to hasten death and physicians' intentions to provide the best care and not to shorten life.
In particular, there is controversy on the issues of dehydration in sedation for existential suffering [24]. The increasing acceptance and use of "terminal sedation" [25] in end-of-life care makes it necessary to scrutinize guidelines, which may help to continuously consider and reconsider the needs and wishes of patients and surrogates, as well as intentions and concerns of caregivers.
The use of sedation in terminally ill patients has been investigated by a number of studies in recent years. The wide variations in frequency to choose sedation as an procedure in end-of-life care across different centres suggest different attitudes of doctors and policies of institutions rather than the patients' preferences or needs [26]. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate reasons for the request and the application of sedation in terminal situations in our palliative care unit in the years 1995–2002, and the relevance of guidelines.
Methods
We performed a systematic retrospective analysis of the charts of all patients who received continuous or intermittent sedation by the administration of benzodiazepines intravenously within the last 48 hrs before death in the Palliative Care Unit (PCU) of GK Havelhöhe between 1995 and 2002. During this period there was no change in the medical staff of the unit. Indications, decision-making and techniques were regulated according to internal guidelines, which were introduced after discussion with the medical and nursing staff at the beginning of the observation period (Table 1). Indication and beginning of sedation was documented in the medical records.
Table 1. Guidelines for the use of sedation in patients near death in PCU Havelhoehe
The medical charts of all patients (n= 548), who died during the observation period where investigated in order to find out those, who had sedation in the final stage of their life. A ranking of symptoms on admission, during treatment and in the last 48 hrs was made according to our symptom assessment scale with the items: pain, gastrointestinal (nausea/emesis/intestinal obstruction), dyspnoea, anxiety/depression, fatigue/cachexia, cognitive disorder/delirium (drowsiness/agitation), bleeding, skin problems (ulcerations, oedema), neurological and others. Data collection, rating and analysis was made by a single member of the medical staff. Reduction of rating and ranking errors in doubtful cases was achieved by complementary interviews with those involved more personally in the medical care of the patients. In this study the single rater method (by the clinically most experienced physician) was preferred to reduce disagreement on symptom definitions in trust on the experience and accuracy of an individual point of view though recollection of data sometimes was difficult to obtain. Charts of patients with sedation were reviewed and evaluated systematically and discussed with those involved in the decision-making on sedation in the terminal or final phase. A ranking was made to identify a single predominant symptom, which mainly lead to sedation and concomitant others. 6 predominant symptoms for sedation were differentiated: dyspnoea, pain, delirium/agitation, gastrointestinal, bleeding, anxiety/psychological distress. The recorded indications for sedation were classified into "mainly physical" when refractory physical symptoms predominated and "mainly psychological", when intolerable suffering by panic anxiety, refractory insomnia or affective decompensation persisted. Agitated delirium was separated due to the diagnostic uncertainty to relate this symptom to a more physical or more psychological origin retrospectively. Attention was given to the stage of disease at the time of admission, prevalence of symptoms on admission and in the final phase, changes of symptoms during treatment, type and duration of sedation until death, survival time after administration of the sedatives, provision of concomitant therapy, nutrition supply and fluids, state of consciousness and communication skills. Special interest was given to patients' attitudes and frequency of request for sedation in the final phase as documented in the medical records or in advance directives. Patients' characteristics were related to all patients admitted.
The data were analysed using SPSS Version 11. Chi-squared tests were used to examine associations between categorical data. Metric data (age, duration of stay, duration of sedation) were compared using Student's t-test for independent groups. Comparisons between groups for predominant symptoms were made using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for paired comparison within patients' groups. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. On the base of these data a critical evaluation for the decisions on sedation was made comparing the periods between 1995–1999 and 2000–2002.
Results
- Patients' characteristics showed no significant difference in the stage of disease on admission (Table 2). But patients who finally received sedation were more likely to have experienced pain, dyspnoea and anxiety as the predominant symptom on admission than those who did not undergo sedation (Table 4).
Table 2. Patients characteristics on admission – demographic and clinical data of all patients in comparison to those who died in PCU Havelhoehe 1995–2002. Significant differences were found between groups on age and stages on admission except preterminal stage.
- Sedation in the last 48 hrs was performed in 14,6 % (n = 80) of all patients who died in the PCU of GK Havelhoehe (n = 548) with significantly increasing frequency in the years 2000–2002 (χ2 = 8.57; p = 0.003) (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Percentage of patients with sedation in the last 48 hrs in relation to the number of annual deaths (bars) in care of PCU Havelhoehe between 1995 and 2002. Significant increase of incidence for sedation in the period 2000–2002 (p = 0.015 in paired t-test)
- No difference was found in the duration of stay in our unit until death between those patients who died with, and those who died without sedation. Mean age of patients, who finally had sedation was less with 54 years vs. 64 years in those without sedation (p = 0.001, Student's t-test).
- All patients had effective and sufficient pain control, but in those patients who were sedated in the last 48 hrs of life, burdensome dyspnoea, panic-stricken anxiety and agitated delirium had increased during the stay (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Course of pain, dyspnoea, cognitive disorder (delirium) and psychological distress (anxiety) in patients with regard to application of sedation in the final phase (A= Subgroup without sedation, B= Subgroup with sedation). Significance level p < 0.05 in Wilcoxon rank sum test.
- The indications for performing sedation due to predominant psychological distress (anxiety, refractory insomnia, decompensation) and due to refractory symptoms (dyspnoea, gastrointestinal, pain) did not differ significantly during the two observational periods. Interestingly, there was a tendency that the main indications for sedation during the last three years shifted more and more to psychological distress.
- Mean survival time after administration of sedation was 63 ± 58 hrs during the whole observation period. In the years 2000–2002 patients with more psychological distress had a longer survival time than those with otherwise resistant control of more physical symptoms (Table 3).
Table 3. Indication for sedation, patients' request and observational reports on communication and oral fluid/nutrition intake comparing the periods 1995–1999 and 2000–2002 (*p < 0.05).
- In the years 2000–2002 we noticed an increase in the request for sedation in the final days of life from 19% to 34% by the patients themselves, documented in personal statements or advance directives. In those patients in which sedation was given also "on request", the mean survival time was found to be slightly shorter (52 ± 42 hrs) in the years 2000–2002, but not in the years before (Table 3).
- In most cases, sedation was performed with slowly increasing doses of midazolam 0,5 mg – 8 mg/h iv, aimed at achieving effective symptom control. When this was obtained, doses were reduced and sedation was continued intermittently with the documentation of the level of consciousness, comfort, eating, drinking and communication skills. 48 patients had continuous sedation (mean duration 53 hrs), 32 intermittent (mean duration 77 hrs). In 53 patients (66%) oral supply of fluids and in 10 patients also oral nutrition intake during sedation was reported in the records. 27 patients (33.8%), had no oral fluid or nutrition supply after sedation was introduced either because of the deepness of the sedation or because of refusal of oral fluid and nutrition intake. Infusion of fluids was continued in all patients with regard on comfort according to clinical signs of thirst with restriction of volumes in cases of oedema, ascites and pulmonary congestion. Special attention was given to establish a good sleeping period at night and a more patient controlled sedative state with communicative skills and reports of comfort during the day.
- Abilities to communicate like asking for help or answering questions on pain, comfort, thirst etc. and preserved forms of cooperation under sedation were reported in 40 cases (50%).
- The following case of a 40 yrs old hospice worker, in whom oropharyngeal cancer was diagnosed during pregnancy, may illustrate the procedure of sedation in our PCU but also the difficulties associated with drawing the line in consideration of patients needs, personal intentions and adequacy of sedative procedures for refractory symptom control:
For several weeks she was treated for panic attacks, dyspnoea and dysphagia but relief of symptoms only lasted a few days. Her weakness increased rapidly. In her advance directives she had disclaimed tracheotomy and antibiotics but pleaded for good pain therapy and sedation "to die in sleep". In the final phase she suffered from extensive mucositis, exhausting breathlessness and agitated anxiety by upper airway obstruction due to local tumour progression, pulmonary and hepatic metastases and acute pneumonia. She said: "I think – now the time has come" and requested for sedation during the last hours of her life. The clinical situation was discussed with the nursing team according to our internal guidelines. Informed consent in presence of her husband was obtained before 5 mg iv midazolam were administered with good symptom relief. Sedation was continued with a dosage of 1–2 mg/h on which the patient insisted on comfort by the sedation and fear of recurring distress. Survival time was 16 hrs in a peaceful, quiet atmosphere without distress, a light sedative state with diminished communication skills, oral fluid intake and support by the presence of her husband.
Discussion
To balance between therapeutic sedation to reduce burdensome distress in the terminal and dying phase and sedation in patients who voluntary request sedation "to die in sleep" is a difficult challenge. This is particularly important when anxiety, physical distress and anxiety with existential suffering appear together in the dying person like in the illustrated case.
The intention of this survey is to contribute to the international discussion on sedation in end-of-life situations. The analysis was primarily done to reconsider our internal guidelines by reflecting our clinical practice Certainly a survey like this suffers from the drawbacks of a retrospective study. Nevertheless our results can be understood as a contribution to more transparency in this difficult issue. The increasing incidence and also the finding that sedation was more often used in situations with psychological distress and also requested by the patients' themselves may indicate an increasing awareness and respect for the needs of the patients. It also seems to signify that in the care of patients with physical symptoms and psychological distress in situations near death needs and deficits exist, for which sensitive medical strategies must be combined and integrated with personal support, commitment and understanding. In our guidelines we tried to relate the possible benefits of sedation to the basic concerns of palliative care by using it as a reversible therapeutic procedure. Concentrating on communicated comfort as the main indicator for the value of this option means also, that in the care of the sedated patients personal support played an important role.
Our decisions for the administration of sedation were restricted to terminal and final situations when the course of the disease had so progressed that death due to the underlying disease could be expected within the next 48 hrs with or without this procedure. Nevertheless mean survival time after administration of sedation was 63 hrs. It is, in general, difficult to predict death in a particular patient because of individual variations and since "we do not know the exact borderline between life and death" [27]. To a certain extent the point in time to accept dying – at least in medical institutions – depends on empirically based decisions to abstain from potentially life-sustaining interventions e.g. pharmacological, technical or other artificial support of organ function "to prevent death" at least for limited moments of time [28,29]. In our internal guidelines we grouped patients according to the staging system of Jonen-Thielemann into rehabilitative, preterminal, terminal and final phases [30]. With relation to intentions of care, life expectancy according to the progress of disease and empirical statistics, consideration on perhaps burdensome diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and communication strategies with patients and proxies a systematic staging of patients in palliative care on expected outcome seems to be useful. The predominant classification into the preterminal stage of most of our patients on admission signifies also the diagnostic uncertainty and difficulty with such a staging system with relationship to responsible decision-making and consequences of care.
We considered sedation as a an palliative therapeutic option of last resort in the last stages of life. Many experts prefer the term "palliative sedation" instead of "terminal sedation". Though the term "palliative sedation" seems to be more appropriate, it must be distinguished from those situations in other phases of palliative care, when palliative sedation is used for burdensome diagnostic or painful therapeutic procedures (e.g. wound debridement and dressing of exulcerating tumours, insertion of catheters) and usually does not exceed the time in which the procedure is undertaken. Among the most controversial discussed issues of "terminal sedation" are the questions of when and for which forms of intractable suffering sedation may be indicated. Another central point refers to the question of how to distinguish clearly the crucial intention of relief providing sedation from (slow) euthanasia by the application of lethal doses of sedatives [31].
In our study we found that dyspnoea, delirium and anxiety increased during the treatment period in those patients who finally had sedation while pain was significantly reduced by adequate treatment during the progressing course of the disease (Figure 2). This finding is in confirmation with other studies, in which besides acute bleeding and gastrointestinal symptoms, distressing dyspnoea, delirium and agitated anxiety also where found to be the main reasons for sedation in end-of-life care [32]. The adequate treatment and care of patients of patients with otherwise refractory symptoms certainly is a great challenge in palliative care and improvement in this field is needed urgently. Our target in sedation is calming and comfort without lowering the level of consciousness deep enough to loose communication. This also means, that sedation cannot compensate personal palliative support and care – it must be combined. Our study indicates also, that psychosocial distress contributed to the decision making, especially when patients had made an advance directive with requests for sedation in the last phase of life. In our study the shorter survival time after administration of sedation in patients who had made an request for sedation might be due to the fact that in those patients the medical indications and preconditions were considered more intensively while the underlying disease progressed.
The ethical dilemmas and the possibilities to abuse sedation by turning it in a form of medicalised killing [33,34] are important aspects that seem to restrict the administration of sedatives in terminally ill patients. In studies on survival time of patients with and without sedation no significant differences were found. [35-37]. Certainly also the cultural background determines attitudes and view points to the goals of care and in which situations of "intolerable suffering" sedation is ethically acceptable [38]. In several retrospective and prospective surveys the reported frequency of sedation due to intractable symptoms in different palliative care settings ranged from 7–52% with increasing incidence especially for "existential suffering" [39-41]. Diagnostic criteria and clinical preconditions for the consideration of sedation in patients with far advanced disease have been described by several authors [42-44], but aims, targets, types of sedation and decision making remain conflicting issues.
In modern Western culture, the elements of a "good death" include, besides freedom of pain, death at home with the family members being around, amongst others also the element of "awareness". However, the technical possibilities of palliative care with concentration on quality of life also brought about a "diminished emphasis on the good death" [45]. Consequently, the increasing requests of patients "to die in sleep" by terminal sedation could be an comprehensible alternative to euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide and must be reflected in the discussion on the value of sedation in end-of-life care. Though we could not make a clear differentiation between primary (when patients want to be sedated approaching the moment of death) and secondary sedation (when sedation results as a "side-effect" in otherwise refractory symptom control [46], it must be clear to all, that the intention of sedation in the terminal and final phase is not a concealed form of euthanasia [47]. Under ethical aspects the requests for sedation to reduce consciousness to a state of unawareness need an individual and balanced approach, especially when the wish for sedation is not connected with the intolerability of physical or psychological distress This makes it necessary to discuss the problem of "terminal sedation" like other forms of therapeutic and existential support with patients and family members at an early stage in palliative care. Sedation should be restricted as a reversible therapeutic option to otherwise refractory suffering by burdensome symptoms in the terminal and final phase, which may, but should not intentionally, hasten death. With regard to symptom relief the level of sedation must not necessarily need "deep sleep" or bring about unconsciousness. The recent consensus guidelines for dying intensive care patients released in Canada provide a clear, but certainly also problematic, definition of terminal sedation which distinguishes between "real" terminal sedation for therapeutic intentions and terminal sedation as a possible form of euthanasia by lethal doses of sedatives. The Canadian guidelines define "Terminal Sedation" as "sedation with continuous IV narcotics and/or sedatives until the patient becomes unconscious and death ensues from the underlying illness". Emphasis is added that the balance between possible euthanasia and inadequate palliative care is achieved by titrating the dosage of sedatives so that one avoids over- or under medication to allow death to result from the underlying disease in a state of continuing unconsciousness [48].
According to our guidelines after the intended provision of relief and symptom alleviation initially our approach in most cases was to reach a state of "conscious sedation" by reducing the dosages of sedatives to a level of communication that revalidation of the clinical situation could be achieved. This form of a patient controlled sedative state was explained to the patients and family members before induction of sedation – especially to those who had a request for sedation in their advance directives. No objection to this procedure was mentioned except in one case, where a female patient requested for sedation after an emergency operation for intestinal obstruction in case that it would not bring the expected result. The intention on comfort in the terminal and final phase should be the main concern in finding ethically acceptable criteria for the use of sedation in end-of-life care and to avoid misuse of terminal sedation.
Conclusions
The results of our study indicate that sedation in end-of-life care seems to become an increasing ethical problem with attention to patients' wishes and needs and physicians' integrity. This is not only a problem for those involved in palliative and hospice care. "Since terminal sedation may arguably make the detection of euthanasia/assisted suicide more difficult... the intent of the physician is the most crucial distinction" [45]. But beside intention, the adequacy of what is done must also be taken into account. The concentration on comfort and symptom alleviation by titrating the sedative medication to a level that allows assessment and communication are important aspects which should be considered in the ongoing discussion on sedation in the last stages of life. Ethically acceptable criteria and guidelines for decision making with regard to the nature of refractory and intolerable symptoms, patients' needs, aims of sedation and informed consent are needed [49]. Based on these, prospective clinical studies with systematic documentation of cases, transparency and critical communication with regard to indications, intentions, procedures, alternatives, results and adverse effects would help to locate the appropriate place of sedation in end-of-life care and diminish misuse or moral prejudices.
Competing interests
None declared.
Authors' contributions
HCMB participated in the design, data collection, analysis, and drafting of the manuscript.
IA participated in the design and manuscript editing
TJ participated in the design and manuscript editing.
Table 4. Predominant and concomitant symptoms on admission to PCU Havelhoehe.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-684X/2/2/prepub
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Research article
Ethanol extract of Gleditsia sinensis thorn suppresses angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo
Jin-Mu Yi, Jong-Shik Park, Se-Mi Oh, Jun Lee, Jinhee Kim, Dal-Seok Oh, Ok-Sun Bang and No Soo Kim*
Author affiliations
KM-Based Herbal Drug Research Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:243 doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-243
Published: 4 December 2012
Abstract
Background
Gleditsia sinensis thorns have been widely used in traditional Korean medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including obesity, thrombosis, and tumor-related diseases. The aim of the study is to determine the antiangiogenic effect of Gleditsia sinensis thorns in vitro and in vivo in a bid to evaluate its potential as an anticancer drug.
Methods
Ethanol extract of Gleditsia sinensis thorns (EEGS) were prepared and used for in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro antiangiogenic effect of EEGS was determined in HUVEC primary cells by cell migration and tube formation assays. In vivo antiangiogenic effect of EEGS was determined by measuring vessel formation and vascular endothelial cells migrating into the implanted matrigels in nude mice. The angiogenesis-related proteins of which expression levels were altered by EEGS were identified by proteomic analysis.
Results
EEGS exerted a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on HUVEC cells without significant cytotoxicity. Angiogenic properties, such as cell migration and tube formation, were significantly inhibited by EEGS in a dose-dependent manner. New vessel formation was also suppressed by EEGS, as determined by the directed in vivo angiogenesis assays in nude mice. EEGS reduced the expression of proangiogenic proteins, endothelin 1 and matrix metallopeptidase 2, in HUVEC cells.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that EEGS can inhibit angiogenesis by down-regulating proangiogenic proteins, and therefore it should be considered as a potential anticancer drug targeting tumor-derived angiogenesis.
Keywords:
Gleditsia sinensis thorn; Antiangiogenesis; Anticancer; Gene expression; Medicinal herb
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / Contribution to total change in PM2.5 emissions for each sector and pollutant between 1990 and 2009 (EEA member countries)
Contribution to total change in PM2.5 emissions for each sector and pollutant between 1990 and 2009 (EEA member countries)
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The contribution made by each sector to the total change in primary PM2.5 particulate matter emissions between 1990 and 2009.
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'Contribution to change' plots show the contribution to the total emission change between 1990-2009 made by a specified sector/ pollutant. A negative value (-51%) indicates that this sector contributes to the total reduction in emissions of acidifying substances (by 51%). A positive value indicates an increase in emission in this sector and a negative impact on the total reduction in emissions.
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http://www.fides.org
America
2011-09-02
AMERICA/MEXICO - First national meeting of "Juntos por Mexico": 8 million Mexicans demonstrate in favor of the family
Mexico City (Agenzia Fides) - More than eight million between adults and young people who are part of the lay movements and organizations grouped in the Association for Episcopal Laity (DELAI), celebrated their first national meeting on 27 and 28 August, proposing as its central theme the defense of the family as basic social value, able to generate real wealth. With the aim of reflecting on the real participation in the construction of a freer, responsible and fair society, over 60 movements and associations of lay Catholics around the country gathered to confirm their willingness to work "Juntos por Mexico" (Together for Mexico).
During this meeting, the lay decided to commit themselves in order to propose the family as a custodian of values and virtues needed to build "healthy, happy, free, responsible and caring people, to continue to build the civilization of love". They also signed a manifesto stressing their commitment in the training, education, social and communication field, to build a better Mexico.
The meeting was attended by the presidents of the movement, businessmen, social leaders, university professors, married couples, priests and young people who expressed their point of view regarding the current situation of the country and underlined their commitment to "work together for Mexico ". For more than ten hours the auditorium of "Centro Universitario Mexico" was the scene of a major Catholic feast, in which testimonies, readings, thoughts, proposals, suggestions and actions were alternated, all proposals to try to create a positive change in Mexican society. At the end of the meeting Mgr. Javier Navarro Rodríguez, Bishop of Zamora and president of the Episcopal Commission for the Laity, presided the celebration of the Eucharist. (CE) (Agenzia Fides 02/09/2011)
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