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More Thiago Alves
While the spread with model Thiago Alves for The Boy would not have been my choice to start the new year, I have to admit that the exclusive members-only pictures are pretty sexy. More of them after the jump.
I uploaded the members-only pictures in a photo album, which will be up for a limited time. Make sure to check it out. Warning: semi-NSFW.
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OpenWetWare:Why join?
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 20:47, 31 July 2005 by Barry Canton (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This document is a work in progress to describe the advantages of using a wiki as an information repository and collaborative space for institute research labs.
Contents
What good are wikis in general?
Decentralized contribution
Wikis make it easy for anyone in a group to contribute without an administrative bottleneck. There is no "webmaster" who approves every contribution to the site. Thus, content is created and edited much faster than is possible otherwise. There are now ~1700 pages in OpenWetWare over the past few months. This is quite remarkable given the small community that is contributing.
Ease of contribution
All you need is a web browser (and a login/password in the case of OpenWetWare) to contribute to a wiki. The editing language is meant to be extremely simple and easy to learn.
Hard to break
Wikis are nearly impossible to break - changes are tracked and can be very easily reverted. The entire history of a page can be seen quite easily.
Why are wikis useful for research labs?
Persistant Information
The amount of information and expertise that is accrued in labs is tremendous. Conveying this information and expertise to subsequent lab members and to the greater scientific community now often relies on talking and interacting closely with the right people. One reason for this is that it is quite difficult to put these thoughts down in a systematic way. Tremendous amounts of individual expertise and information is lost when lab members leave (a key problem given high turnover rate of academic labs). The wiki provides a low-barrier of entry method for lab members to contribute that information to a database which will persist after they leave the lab.
Dynamic Information
Often a method, such as a lab database, is created that is not evolvable enough, and has too many bottlenecks to be useful to lab members. At this point, the system is usually abandon, or becomes very minimal (ie., this is where we keep our freezer stocks.) The dynamic nature of wiki pages allows the structure to form into the most useful way to convey information. The ease of wiki linking enables more rich information sources than is possible with static documents. For instance, a user can link out to informative pages about particular words in a wiki page, enabling someone reading the document who doesn't understand a concept to quickly locate a reliable, accurate definition. Moreover, since everyone can revise the information content of a wiki, mistakes are more quickly caught and corrected.
Research Collaborations
By providing a common space for people to post information about their work, graduate students are more likely to be aware of the work going on in other labs locally. It seems like this will improve the likelihood of collaboration, and also a provide a source for finding out where certain expertise lies.
Shared Materials Information
Chemicals, Vectors, Strains, antibiotics, Computing, et c., can have their own wiki pages listing general information, safety, etc. Since these are things which are general information rather than lab-specific (like protocols) they could be shared across labs. For example if a protocol called for the use of Ampicillin, it could include a link to this, so if you forget the mode of action of ampicillin you just click rather than have to go dig it up in Molecular Cloning.
A list of equipment provides a useful shared resource to make labs aware of the available local equipment. Also, equipment pages serve as a central repository for control experiments and other information about the device. For example, the Victor3 plate reader located in the Endy Lab has posted not only simple usage information, but also sets of controls on a variety of topics such as how the Endy:Victor3 lamp energy affects signal to noise ratios.
Why not just start your own wiki?
Assuming that you agree that wiki's are a good way of sharing information between lab members, the next natural question is why join OpenWetWare? Why not just start your own lab wiki?
Reasons to join
First, wikis work when the number of excited initial users create the beginnings of an useful resource. Other users begin realizing how useful the resource is and begin contributing. We feel that OpenWetWare has already begun this. Joining OpenWetWare will probably get more people excited than otherwise would be, therefore increasing the probability that the lab will make useful contributions.
Second, the shared resources sections have the potential to be much better than with any lab alone. Since most labs have many of these shared resources in common, it behooves us to collaborate on their content generation and upkeep, rather than repeating that work over and over again.
Third, wiki's also require some backend users that upkeep not only the content, but the look and feel, and overall organization. Currently we have a few people that do this in the backgroud, that have led to current state of OpenWetWare. However, if you ask any of them, there are not nearly enough people for all the work that could be done. Starting a lab wiki from scratch would probably require some initial effort on the behalf of these people. However, tapping into a community that already exist would probably reduce the amount of effort compared to starting from scratch. Also, it would provide us with more of these backend users :-).
Fourth, there are collaborative sections that will be better the more labs that join. For example, the Protocols section provides a general area to post protocols. While a protocol describing how to perform in vitro DNA Ligation is useful from one lab, it is probably even more useful for many. The DNA Ligation protocol just describes a general method, while the Endy Lab and the Knight Lab have their own protocols and reasons to do them differently. A balance between shared and lab-specific protocol space allows for optimization of protocols and faster learning curves for new lab members trying to learn techniques.
Common Concerns
These concerns are quite common, and important enough to list out here.
Our own space
Many labs feel as though their presence will be diluted in a larger site such as OpenWetWare. This is a concern we share to some extent. For example, both http://web.mit.edu/endy and http://www.syntheticbiology.org both point to pages within OpenWetWare, and this arrangement may have less branding effect than if the sites were independent. We have found the collaborative and dynamic nature of OpenWetWare to be worth the loss in brand. In addition, what we have been finding is that there are ways to make the navigational experience for the user more branded. For example, most Endy lab pages have a navigation bar template that allows visitors to traverse the Endy lab pages easily, without being too distracted by all the other content available. We are currently working on ways to customize this further (for example, the ability to change the sidebar). If you have any ideas, let us know.
Another reason people want their own space is that someone from the Endy Lab doesn't necessarily want a Grossman lab ruffian to edit their protocols. To combat this to some extent, we have been labeling lab-specific pages (pages that a lab doesn't want edited by other labs) by prefacing them with the lab/organization name (for example Endy:Research). As a matter of etiquette, everyone is asked to be respectful of pages that are not part of the user's organization. We have not had problems with this so far.
Vandalism
One of the biggest concerns with wikis is the ability for anyone to vandalize other people's work. While sites like wikipedia are able to deal with it because they have such a large benevolent user base compared to the number of vandalisms. The community we are creating with OpenWetWare is significantly smaller. Thus, we can't assume that vandals will be caught quickly. Therefore, we have decided to make it such that only registered MIT users and groups can edit content. That way, each edit is trackable to a specific person, which can be tracked down by their email address. We find that this public embarrassment factor, while increasing barriers to entry, provides sufficient impetus to prevent malicious or inconsiderate editing. So far, we have had no problems with vandalism, or unwanted edits, whether malicious or otherwise. Thus, we feel that this system is working. We will re-evaluate if and when a single instance of a problem arises.
Permissions
One concern that people often have is if they are part of OpenWetWare, all their information will be publicly available. We realize there is an opportunity cost in not allowing posts of private information, which could be more useful to certain labs, but won't be posted for secrecy/competition concerns. We have considered making a more private site and a corollary open one. Right now this is very difficult. In the future, once permissions are added to the MediaWiki software, we will reconsider making private areas. Currently, some people in the Endy Lab run wiki's on their private computers to store their lab notebook and individual project data. For the vast majority of postings so far, there is no reason to make them private.
Generally, we feel the tendency is for labs, particularly in the biological sciences, not to share information in a generally available way. (Most labs are very helpful on an individual, case by case basis however.) But if everyone shares their expertise then ultimately everyone benefits from the "open commons" of information. There is also often a general concern that by making ideas/expertise publicly available, such as on a website, you risk someone else either a) scooping your work or b) somehow losing your edge against other labs. Usually, however, if you are open and sharing of information, then others will respond in kind with the long-term benefits outweighing short-term disadvantages. Two proofs of this principle are the open source software community and wikipedia. Alternatively, there is the purely pedagogical reason that a fundamental goal of all universities is education: we have an obligation to share our information in any way possible.
How do I join or I have a question?
Email endipedia-admin AT mit DOT edu. Feel free to email regardless of whether you are an individual, a student group, a lab or <insert your group here>. Your research or interests do not necessarily have to be biologically relevant either.
Examples
The current usage of OpenWetWare provides some compelling examples of why joining the site may be useful to your lab.
Wikipedia is a great example of a useful information resource being created via a wiki.
Related Information
See the Interwiki map for other wiki's.
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User:Justin M. Scott
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Justin M. Scott (an artistic interpretation)
I work in Dr. Skvirsky's Lab at the University of Massachusetts Boston. I learned about OpenWetWare from Through the Weiss Institute home page, and I've joined for two reasons: 1) I think that open wet ware is the first step in the right direction leading to a progressive and beneficial way of conducting research, and 2) I would like to have an open, electronic format for recording my research that is accessible from any location on any computer.
Education
• 2013, BS, University of Massachusetts Boston
Research interests
1. Population dynamics of gut bacteria
2. Biomaterials
Useful links
Personal tools
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
I am not a Catholic; but I consider the Christian idea, which has its roots in Greek thought and in the course of the centuries has nourished all of our European civilization, as something that one cannot renounce without becoming degraded. Weil, Simone
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Allen Boys Shine in Win Over Raptors
Chuck - Red's Army January 2, 2010 Uncategorized 30 Comments
No KG, no Paul Pierce, no Rajon Rondo… no problem. The Celtics beat the Toronto Raptors 103-96 tonight, ending their three game losing streak and Toronto's five game winning streak.
Ray Allen lead the scoring with 23 points, one of 6 Celtics in double figures.
Tony Allen had a fantastic game – 14 points, 7 assists, 5 rebounds. He attacked the basket all night and his 9 free throw attempts were a game high.
Rasheed Wallace (16 points, 6 rebounds) and Perk (14 points, 10 rebounds) played extremely well in the paint. 'Sheed and Turkoglu were hit with technical fouls after they got tangled up under the boards in the 2nd quarter.
Off the bench, Glen Davis (15 points) and Eddie House (12 points) fueled the second unit.
The Raptors made a run in the 4th quarter, but they couldn't get any stops. The Celtics kept attacking and scoring.
Chris Bosh had the quietest 25 points and 9 rebounds I've ever seen. I'm just not impressed with this guy as a leader.
J.R. Giddens had two points in 20 minutes. I was impressed with his defensive energy, but he was too hesitant on offense. Lester Hudson had 5 points in 12 solid minutes.
TA played a great game, but he's not a point guard. Am I crazy to think the offense looked smoother with Hudson running the point?
Box Score | Recap
"TA is at his best when he doesn't think," – Donny Marshall
After the jump, pics of the Truth cheering on his boys.
(Photos by Brian Babineau/NBAE via Getty Images)
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Replicating Brain Structures in Hardware
Posted 21 Jul 2006 at 22:45 UTC by steve
We've reported before on Steve Furber's project, named FIRE, aimed at building a scalable hardware neural network chip that emulates the structure of biological neurons. A recent Electronic News article offers an update on his progress. Furber, who is one of the architects of the ARM and the asynchronous Amulet processors, is now working with a company called Silistix to develop the communications structure that will allow neurons to have thousands or tens of thousands of interconnections with each other, while still allowing the design to scale to an arbitrarily large number of chips. Each chip will be a 130nm CMOS device with around 100 million transistors that will emulate the structure and functioning of around 256 biological neurons.
See more of the latest robot news!
Recent blogs
18 May 2013 Flanneltron (Journeyer)
17 May 2013 mwaibel (Master)
14 May 2013 steve (Master)
13 May 2013 JLaplace (Observer)
10 May 2013 AI4U (Observer)
21 Apr 2013 Pi Robot (Master)
12 Apr 2013 Pontifier (Apprentice)
31 Mar 2013 svo (Master)
16 Mar 2013 gidesa (Journeyer)
12 Mar 2013 ixisuprflyixi (Master)
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14 Feb 2010 motters » (Master)
A brief explanation about the new combined stereo and omnidirectional vision system on the GROK2 robot.
http://streebgreebling.blogspot.com/2010/02/combined-stereo-and-omnidirectional.html
Having tried the classical space carving/voxel colouring techniques, and found them wanting, I'm going to try simpler methods such as edge, line and motion detection. If the robot is stationary an observed moving object, like a person, should show up well and be easy to triangulate.
Latest blog entries Older blog entries
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Posts: 139 | Thanked: 68 times | Joined on Mar 2012 @ Istanbul,Turkey
#1
Hello everybody.I need some help to design a basic UI.I designed it but don't know how to make connection between my python script and ui.
And also my python script uses mechanize to fill inputs on website.I also don't know how to include it in my debian package.
I living in Turkey and this script is showing my bus card's balance basicly via web.So this app is actually very usefull if we can deploy it.
I want help from you guys to do it.Anyone can help ? Pleast contact me
Posts: 1,130 | Thanked: 1,033 times | Joined on Mar 2010
#2
You might want to take a look ate the Qt SDK and run your script through pyside (a built in feature). The SDK also come with a few basic calculator demos which might be of some use to you?
It may also help others to assist you if you were to attach a sketch of your interface to your post so we may have a better idea of your needs?
hope that helps
The Following User Says Thank You to MINKIN2 For This Useful Post:
Posts: 1,311 | Thanked: 3,730 times | Joined on Sep 2007 @ Vienna, Austria
#3
Which platform? Maemo 4? Maemo 5? MeeGo Harmattan?
For Maemo 4, I've done a small application that also uses Mechanize: http://thp.io/2008/smpy/
Also, here is another one, for Maemo 4 and Maemo 5: http://thp.io/2009/naranjito/
For MeeGo Harmattan, I recommend using PySide and QML. There's a tutorial available here (it's for MeeGo in general, but in terms of Python integration applies to Harmattan as well): http://thp.io/2010/meego-python/
To get good integration into the N9 UI, you should use MeeGo Qt Components for Harmattan (on the QML side, the Python integration stays the same): http://www.developer.nokia.com/Commu...ick_Components
The Following 5 Users Say Thank You to thp For This Useful Post:
Posts: 139 | Thanked: 68 times | Joined on Mar 2012 @ Istanbul,Turkey
#4
Thank both of you , there isn't much tutorial in Turkish , but thp's tutorial pdf document was really helpfull.I'm using N9 (Harmattan) , so decided to develop the app to harmattan.
But i still don't know how to integrate pyside into qml.When i create a new project on Qt Creator it shows only .cpp files and i don't use C++ :/
Last edited by trayhoper; 06-12-2012 at 01:08 PM.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Winkler
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Winkler [1] is a city in the Pembina Valley of Manitoba.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By car
From Winnipeg: Take Highway 2 from Winnipeg, than turn onto Highway 3 at Elm Creek, then head East on Highway 14.
From Highway 75: Take highway 14 West.
[edit] By bus
Greyhound has a daily service from Winnipeg to Winkler, the bus stop is at 202 1st street.
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Get out
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/02/2004
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Crime and justice >> The criminal justice system
The criminal justice system consists of the state/territory and Australian Government institutions, agencies, departments and personnel responsible for dealing with the justice aspects of crime, victims of crime, persons accused or convicted of committing a crime, and related issues and processes.
Each state and territory has its own police, courts and corrections systems that deal with offences against local laws and also federal laws in some cases, while the federal criminal justice system deals with offences against Commonwealth laws. Criminal law is administered principally through the federal, state and territory police, the courts, and state and territory corrective services. As there is no independent federal corrective service, the relevant state or territory agencies provide corrective services for federal offenders.
The states and territories have independent legislative powers in relation to all matters that are not otherwise specifically vested in the Commonwealth of Australia. It is the statute law and the common law of the states and territories that primarily govern the day-to-day lives of most Australians.
The eight states and territories have powers to enact their own criminal laws, while the Commonwealth has powers to enact laws, including sanctions for criminal offences, in relation to its responsibilities under the Constitution. Thus there are nine different systems of criminal law in Australia. The existence of cooperative arrangements between the various states and territories and the Commonwealth, such as those relating to extradition or to the creation of joint police services, helps address issues that have arisen out of the separate development of these various systems of criminal law.
The various agencies that comprise the criminal justice system act within a broader process in which criminal offenders interact with police, courts and corrective services. Diagram 11.1 illustrates the various stages involved in the processing of criminal cases and shows some of the links between these three elements of the criminal justice system.
The police, as well as other agencies such as Australian Customs Service (ACS), are responsible for the prevention, detection and investigation of crimes. When alleged offenders are detected by police, they can be proceeded against either through the use of a non-court process (such as a caution, fine or diversionary conference) or charges may be laid before a criminal court. The court, including judicial officers and a jury (in the higher courts), with the assistance of the prosecution and the defence, determines the guilt or innocence of the defendant.
Following the hearing of the charges, in cases where a finding of guilt is made by the court, sentences may be imposed. These may include imprisonment, community service orders of various kinds, fines or bonds. A number of jurisdictions have also introduced penalties such as home detention or work outreach camps that are administered by correctional agencies. Fines and bonds are the most common penalties handed down by the courts.
11.1 FLOWS THROUGH THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Source: ABS unpublished paper, 'National Criminal Justice Statistical Framework, July 2001'.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
2037.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Household Sample File, Technical Details, 1981
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/08/1983
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
A file of unidentified individual statistical records containing data on 51,637 Dwellings (46,688 Private and 4,949 Non Private Dwellings) and 146,088 persons in Private and Non Private Dwellings. The records on this file represent a 1% sample of the 1981 Census full unit record database with the level of detail collapsed for some variables to ensure the confidentiality of the data.
The following data are included on the file:
DTP Dwelling type, FST First person indicator, AGE Age, ALS Age left school, BPF Birthplace of father, BPL Birthplace of individual, BPM Birthplace of mother, CIT Country of citizenship, DUR Duration of marriage, EDI Attending educational institution, ENG Use of English language, FIN Family income, FMC Family classification, FNO Family number, GNG Government/ non-government employment, HRS Hours worked, INC Individual income, IND Industry, IUT Income unit type, MMO Number of marriages, MST Marital status, OCC Occupation, PER Period of residence in Australia, QAL Qualifications, RAC Aboriginal/ Torres Strait Islander, REL Religion, REV Resident/ visitor status, RLF Relationship to family head, RMC Usual residence 1981, RMO Usual residence 1980, RMV Usual residence 1976, SEX Sex, STC Occupational status, TIS Total issue, TPT Method of travel to work, YOQ year qualification obtained, ABD Aboriginal dwelling, ALM Total mortgage payments, BED Number of bedrooms, FPD Females in private dwellings, HIN Household income, IMD Inmates in dwelling, MAT Material of outer walls, MPD Males in private dwelling, MUA Type of area, NFA Number of persons in first secondary family, NFB Number of persons in second secondary family, NFC Number of persons in third secondary family, NFP Number of persons in primary family, NOC Nature of occupancy, NOF Number of families in household, RNT Amount of rent paid, STR Dwelling structure, VEH Number of motor vehicles.
This publication was originally published as Catalogue number 2167.0
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Correspondence
Report on emerging technologies for translational bioinformatics: a symposium on gene expression profiling for archival tissues
Levi Waldron1,2, Peter Simpson3, Giovanni Parmigiani1,2 and Curtis Huttenhower2*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
2 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
3 The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Cancer 2012, 12:124 doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-124
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/12/124
Received:4 November 2011
Accepted:29 March 2012
Published:29 March 2012
© 2012 Waldron et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
With over 20 million formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples archived each year in the United States alone, archival tissues remain a vast and under-utilized resource in the genomic study of cancer. Technologies have recently been introduced for whole-transcriptome amplification and microarray analysis of degraded mRNA fragments from FFPE samples, and studies of these platforms have only recently begun to enter the published literature.
Results
The Emerging Technologies for Translational Bioinformatics symposium on gene expression profiling for archival tissues featured presentations of two large-scale FFPE expression profiling studies (each involving over 1,000 samples), overviews of several smaller studies, and representatives from three leading companies in the field (Illumina, Affymetrix, and NuGEN). The meeting highlighted challenges in the analysis of expression data from archival tissues and strategies being developed to overcome them. In particular, speakers reported higher rates of clinical sample failure (from 10% to 70%) than are typical for fresh-frozen tissues, as well as more frequent probe failure for individual samples. The symposium program is available at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ffpe webcite.
Conclusions
Multiple solutions now exist for whole-genome expression profiling of FFPE tissues, including both microarray- and sequencing-based platforms. Several studies have reported their successful application, but substantial challenges and risks still exist. Symposium speakers presented novel methodology for analysis of FFPE expression data and suggestions for improving data recovery and quality assessment in pre-analytical stages. Research presentations emphasized the need for careful study design, including the use of pilot studies, replication, and randomization of samples among batches, as well as careful attention to data quality control. Regardless of any limitations in quantitave transcriptomics for FFPE tissues, they are often the only biospecimens available for large patient populations with long-term history and clinical follow-up. Current challenges can be expected to remain as RNA sequencing matures, and they will thus motivate ongoing research efforts into noise reduction and identification of robust, translationally relevant biological signals in expression data from FFPE tissues.
Text
The Emerging Technologies for Translational Bioinformatics symposium on gene expression profiling for archival tissues was held on August 5, 2011, in response to interest from numerous researchers in the planning stages of large-scale expression profiling studies using clinical FFPE tissues. While a number of smaller-scale studies have demonstrated technical feasibility of FFPE expression profiling, it remains a novel technology with great potential but still-unknown risks and challenges. This symposium brought together some of the most experienced researchers in the field, to share experiences and provide an early look at the particular risks and issues involved.
The symposium comprised two keynote presentations by Dr. Jeannette Eckel-Passow and Dr. Mickey Williams, each discussing their experiences with large, published studies featuring FFPE gene expression data. Dr. Eckel-Passow is a statistician for the North Central Cancer Treatment Group-led N9831 intergroup clinical trial at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, USA, and analyzed over 1,500 FFPE HER-2 positive breast tumor specimens from 400 centers in the largest FFPE expression profiling study yet undertaken. Dr. Williams is one of the longest-standing researchers in archival tissue gene expression profiling, having performed several of the earliest RT-PCR studies, and he discussed assay development specifically for clinical applications using expression profiling of FFPE tissues. Other presentations featured as-yet-unpublished studies from the University of Queensland (by Dr. Peter Simpson), Harvard School of Public Health (by Dr. Levi Waldron), and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (by Dr. John Quackenbush). These investigations featured novel methods development for the analysis of FFPE expression profiles, which represent a unique resource but which require additional planning, quality control, and care in interpretation relative to studies of frozen tissues. The symposium provided an early look at the challenges that will become increasingly widespread as expression profiling of FFPE tissues enters the mainstream, and it provided practical guidelines for the planning and analysis of such experiments.
Planning of large-scale FFPE expression profiling studies
Planners of FFPE expression studies must select an analysis platform in the face of limited and sometimes contradictory pieces of evidence. Considerations in these pre-study stages were discussed by a panel of three investigators currently completing such designs for FFPE profiling, Dr. Lorelei Mucci (Harvard School of Public Health), Dr. Michael Birrer (Massachusetts General Hospital), and Dr. Matthew Freedman (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute). Among the current alternatives available for whole-genome profiling are Illumina's WG-DASL® assay or NuGEN/Affymetrix for amplification/hybridization, or profiling of a limited gene panel by Nanostring nCounter technology. Since the particulars of sample fixation and storage have lasting influence on expression profiling, all panel members undertook targeted pilot projects before moving ahead on a large scale. A central theme in this discussion was the decision whether to optimize accuracy by assaying only a panel of selected candidate genes, or to take a whole-genome approach with potentially lower accuracy. The development of methods for selecting a candidate gene panel was identified as a pressing research need for the bioinformatics and biostatistics communities. The experimental design phase of planning was discussed by Dr. Eckel-Passow, who emphasized attention to randomization, to ensure balance of any variables of interest across the order of RNA extraction and across 96-well PCR plates, as well as the use of positive control samples on each plate, and within-plate and between-plate replication. These steps enabled post-hoc identification of problematic batches which could then be repeated, and ensured that batch-specific variations were not confounded with the outcome of interest.
Analysis of FFPE expression data
Microarray data from FFPE tissues show overall greater amounts of noise and technical effects than would be expected from fresh-frozen tissues, a message presented by all four morning speakers. In the analysis of expression data from 1,500 clinical trial FFPE specimens, Dr. Eckel-Passow demonstrated how visualization of raw data, through box plots sorted by plate and extraction order, enabled post-hoc identification of issues affecting data quality at different parts of the experiment, so that the affected samples could be removed, re-assayed, and otherwise corrected for in downstream analysis. She presented a novel "stress" metric for quality control, which quantified the extent of changes to raw expression values during normalization and identified samples with unusually compressed or skewed distributions of raw intensity measurements. Dr. Levi Waldron noted an approximately 20% rate of sample failure in a study of 1,003 colorectal cancer specimens from long-term health studies, and showed that strict quality control improved reproducibility in the ranking of differentially expressed genes and of probe-level measurements between replicates. Two other speakers presented smaller-scale Illumina DASL® technical studies, highlighting the risks still present from assay and sample variability, and the need for pilot studies using samples from the actual study population. Dr. Peter Simpson from the University of Queensland, Australia, presented two published breast cancer microarray studies which showed promising results [1,2], but more recently experienced 70% sample failure rate in a 96-sample breast cancer experiment. These sample failures were not predicted from sample age, qPCR of housekeeping genes, or RNA quality or quantity. Dr. Simpson also observed that in technical replicate measurements of the same sample by Illumina WG-DASL®, some probes were detected in one replicate and not the other. Dr. Mickey Williams pointed out during subsequent questions that mRNA transcripts are amplified from very low levels for quantitation in FFPE tissues, to the extent that a single intact transcript segment can be measured, which could result in noticeable random variations between technical replicates.
To close the morning, Dr. John Quackenbush of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute reported on a pilot study of Illumina DASL® for the DRIVE U19 breast cancer project. In this pilot study, sample expression profiles clustered more strongly by RNA input concentration than by Estrogen Receptor status, and the decision was made to move from whole-transcriptome analysis to an 800-gene panel assayed using Nanostring technology. This presentation also provided a glimpse into the future of RNA-seq, which was assessed in a pilot study of seven FFPE bladder cancer samples. The analysis process was similar to RNA-seq for fresh-frozen samples without the need to fragment RNA, using DSN normalization. This process reduces ribosomal RNA abundance, necessary since poly-A selection cannot be performed on FFPE tissues, and the resulting expression profiles showed promising separation of proliferative and non-proliferative tumor types.
State of the technology, by industry representatives
Industry representatives from Illumina, NuGEN, and Affymetrix summarized their solutions for expression profiling of FFPE samples by microarray and RNA-seq, as well as for methylome profiling.
Illumina provides the WG-DASL® HT-12 v4 system for cDNA labeling, sequence-specific amplification, and hybridization. This system differs from other approaches in that cDNA amplification is limited to oligo-targeted sequences, for specificity of detection. Illumina has recently developed two technologies enabling RNA-seq on FFPE tissues as well, and additionally offers the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip for whole-genome methylations study of FFPE tissues.
NuGEN discussed their Ovation® FFPE RNA Amplification System v2, which can be used to amplify picogram quantities of starting RNA, using a proprietary SPIA process for linear DNA amplification at constant temperature. The amplified cDNA product can be used in combination with any microarray platform or with RNA-seq, and an example was shown of equivalence in results obtained from RNA-seq and microarray with common NuGEN preparation. This process was recently revised to increase sensitivity, and results were shown that demonstrated increased detection of biologically relevant genes as compared to previous versions.
An Affymetrix representative indicated that their microarrays, including the familiar Human Genome U133 Plus 2 and newer exon arrays, can be employed directly with RNA from FFPE tissues. These are normally used in combination with NuGEN Ovation® sample preparation, and successful examples of such combinations were presented by both Affymetrix and NuGEN. The Affymetrix miRNA array and some arrays used for GWAS and copy number can also be used for FFPE samples.
When asked about future trends in the technology, industry speakers noted a trend towards next-generation sequencing, and toward integrating genetic, epigenetic and expression analyses of FFPE samples.
"De-Risking" FFPE expression profiling for clinical assay development
In the clinical assay development, it is critically important to avoid mistakes in diagnosis. To this end it may be necessary to allow an outcome of "indeterminate" in some cases. Afternoon keynote speaker Mickey Williams, from the Patient Characterization Center and Clinical Assay Development Center, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., presented a case study in the development of an expression-based diagnostic assay for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from FFPE tissues, using NuGEN sample preparation and Affymetrix microarrays [3]. Assay development required fresh-frozen tissues to establish a model to sub-classify diffuse large B-cell lymphomas into the prognostic subgroups germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell (ABC), which was then extended to FFPE tissue samples. FFPE tissues provided lower-quality data, but remained valuable for accurate disease classification. With the central importance of accuracy in clinical assay development in mind, Dr. Williams outlined steps to "de-risk" expression profiling from FFPE tissues:
• RNA concentration and Bioanalyzer RNA Integrity Number (RIN) were often not sufficiently predictive of true expression data quality.
• qRT-PCR of a housekeeping gene proved very informative and was usable for quality assurance of each sample by defining an acceptable range of Ct scores. Low linear amplification yield was indicative of poor sample quality.
• Ambient moisture during tissue storage or handling can be unavoidable, but was consistently observed to degrade subsequent expression assays.
• Developers of clinical assays should demand an adjacent section for H & E staining, to confirm diagnosis and assess cellularity which may impact gene expression measurements.
Summary
FFPE tissues represent an irreplaceable and under-utilized library of the trancriptomes of large patient populations with long-term clinical follow-up, and such samples are utilized for virtually all routine pathology tests. However, expression data from such tissues typically include more noise than do data from fresh-frozen tissues, a cost of their closeness to the clinic and widely varied storage and handling processes. FFPE expression data are more prone to sample bias and failure, and they can vary widely even among different samples of the same tissue type. Symposium presenters suggested steps to successfully overcome these challenges, including the use of pilot studies, positive control samples, replication, balanced randomization of samples to technical processes, and awareness of probable batch effects and low-quality samples during data analysis. RNA-seq will likely soon be a viable alternative to microarray hybridization, but sample characteristics introduced by the FFPE preservation process will remain. Numerous FFPE studies of unprecedented scale in the microarray literature are in their planning and execution stages, and the field can expect to continue exploring the analysis and interpretation of these archival tissue gene expression data.
Abbreviations
Ct: Cycle Threshold; qRT-PCR: Quantitative Real-time PCR; RIN: RNA Integrity Number; FFPE: Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded; H & E: Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain; DSN: duplex-specific nuclease; WG-DASL: Whole-Genome cDNA-mediated Annealing Selection, extension, and Ligation.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests. This symposium was supported in part by registration fees from Illumina Inc., NuGEN Inc., and Affymetrix Inc.
Authors' contributions
LW, GP, and CH organized the symposium. LW drafted the manuscript. PS, GP, and CH contributed to manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Note
A symposium held on August 5, 2011 at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF DBI-1053486 (to CH) and by the National Cancer Institute 1RC4CA156551-01 (to GP). PTS is a recipient of a fellowship from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, Australia. The Symposium was sponsored by Illumina, NuGEN, Affymetrix, and the HSPH Program in Quantitative Genomics (PQG), and co-hosted by DFCI Biostatistics & Computational Biology, the HSPH Department of Biostatistics and the Biostatistics and Computational Biology Program of the Dana Farber Harvard Comprehensive Cancer Center.
References
1. Da Silva L, Simpson PT, Smart CE, Cocciardi S, Waddell N, Lane A, Morrison BJ, Vargas AC, Healey S, Beesley J, et al.: HER3 and downstream pathways are involved in colonization of brain metastases from breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Res 2010, 12(4):R46. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
2. Waddell N, Cocciardi S, Johnson J, Healey S, Marsh A, Riley J, da Silva L, Vargas AC, Reid L, Simpson PT, et al.: Gene expression profiling of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded familial breast tumours using the whole genome-DASL assay.
J Pathol 2010, 221(4):452-461. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Williams PM, Li R, Johnson NA, Wright G, Heath J-D, Gascoyne RD: A novel method of amplification of FFPET-Derived RNA enables accurate disease classification with microarrays.
J Mol Diagn 2010, 12(5):680-686. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/12/124/prepub
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Research Article
Variational Approach to Impulsive Differential Equations with Dirichlet Boundary Conditions
Huiwen Chen and Jianli Li*
Author Affiliations
Department of Mathematics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
For all author emails, please log on.
Boundary Value Problems 2010, 2010:325415 doi:10.1155/2010/325415
Published: 24 November 2010
Abstract
We study the existence of distinct pairs of nontrivial solutions for impulsive differential equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions by using variational methods and critical point theory.
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Augusta and Cherokee TrailEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 19:22, 12 February 2013 by Ccsmith (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Contents
Route
Trail from August, Georgia to Toccoa, Georgia.[1]
Historical Background
The north end of the Fort Charlotte and Cherokee Old Path was in Oconee County, South Carolina at the convergence of several Indian trails and settler roads mostly leading to the lower Cherokee Indian village of Tugaloo across the Savannah River in Stephens County, Georgia. Tugaloo was built at or became the nexus of several trails along the Savannah River in Georgia and South Carolina. The Cherokee Indians were forced to abandon Tugaloo during the American Revolution. The Old Cherokee Path seems to have begun in Tugaloo, crossed the river into South Carolina, and worked its way north up to Watauga County, North Carolina, through Johnson County, Tennessee, and Washington County, Virginia. There it connected to the Great Indian Warpath or Great Valley Road as it was called in that area. [2]
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Redefining Bionics Again
Permalink | View Comments (0) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
For those of us of a certain age, the word "bionic" will always be associated with enhanced mechanical limbs. If other organs are bionic, then they had better be devices of chrome and ceramic, electrically powered, and the sort of thing turned out by a high-tech workshop. But the usage of "bionic" or "bionics" in medical technology is much broader than this, and often altered. Consider, for example, that a living, beating, recellularized heart is just as much an artificial, engineered construct as the latest type of electromechanical heart replacements being tested today. Under the dictionary definition of bionic, both of these items are bionic technologies.
On this topic, and via researcher Leonid Gavrilov's blog, I see that one of the folk involved in recellularization work likes the use of the term "bionic" for what he is doing:
"Bionics in medicine of the future" - this is the title of a public lecture by Spanish transplantologist Paolo Macchiarini, which will be held on February 24, 2010 in the conference hall of the rector's building of the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. The lecture is organized by Dmitry Zimin foundation "Dynasty", in collaboration with research foundation "Science for life extension", at whose invitation Paolo Macchiarini will visit Russia for the first time.
...
In 2008, Professor Macchiarini led an international team of scientists who performed the transplantation of patient trachea grown out of her own stem cells on donor scaffold in bioreactor. Four days later the trachea has taken root so well, that it was difficult to distinguish it from adjacent sections of the respiratory tract. Just a month later, this trachea brought up its own network of blood supply.
Another unique operation was held in October 2009 - this time the organ was formed inside the patient's body without the use of bioreactor.
Professor Macchiarini is convinced that the regeneration of organs, the formation of an entire organ or a part of it inside the human body can solve almost all problems that modern medicine still can not resolve. In his opinion, this will become possible very soon - within five years. In order to do this, we must create an infrastructure that would integrate scientific research in this area with medical practice. That is he is actively engaged in, promoting achievements and opportunities of regenerative medicine, as a scientist and a surgeon in one person.
If you're of a mind to read scientific papers, you might look up Macchiarini's publications on PubMed and dig in. His proposed timeline is enthusiastic, but for transplants involving recellularization of simpler organs like the heart or trachea, probably on the ball. The roadblocks here are regulatory bodies, as is always the case, and the fact that a donor organ is still required.
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Revision history of "Category:1979 Oricon Top 100 Albums"
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Gastroenterology Research and Practice
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 642923, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/642923
Review Article
Liver Disorders in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Received 1 October 2011; Accepted 30 November 2011
Academic Editor: Gianfranco D. Alpini
Copyright © 2012 Victor Uko et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Disorders of the hepatobiliary system are relatively common extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These disorders are sometimes due to a shared pathogenesis with IBD as seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis (small-duct PSC). There are also hepatobiliary manifestations such as cholelithiasis and portal vein thrombosis that occur due to the effects of chronic inflammation and the severity of bowel disease. Lastly, medications used in IBD such as sulfasalazine, thiopurines, and methotrexate can adversely affect the liver. It is important to be cognizant of these disorders as some do have serious long-term consequences. The management of these disorders often requires the expertise of multidisciplinary teams to achieve the best outcomes.
1. Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-related disorder of the gastrointestinal tract [1]. Disorders of the liver and biliary tract can occur as extraintestinal manifestations of IBD. The clinical course of these disorders does not always correlate with disease activity and can be independent of the degree of intestinal inflammation [2]. The hepatobiliary manifestations in IBD may occur due to a shared pathogenesis such as in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis (small-duct PSC). There are also hepatobiliary manifestations such as cholelithiasis and portal vein thrombosis that occur due to the effects of chronic inflammation and the severity of bowel disease (see Table 1). Medications used in IBD such as sulfasalazine, thiopurines, and methotrexate can also have adverse effects on the liver.
Table 1: Liver disorders in inflammatory bowel disease.
The goal of this paper is to highlight the common and some of the less common hepatobiliary manifestations of IBD as these are very important extraintestinal manifestations of the disease.
2. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic fibro-proliferative disorder of the biliary tree that frequently leads to hepatic failure and death in untreated patients [3, 4]. It affects both young and middle-aged patients especially those with underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [5]. Smith et al. first described the association between PSC and IBD. PSC is the most common hepatobiliary disorder associated with IBD [6, 7]. The natural course of PSC is varied. It typically manifests as a progressive inflammatory state with resultant obliterative fibrosis and destruction of both the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree. These changes eventually lead to the development of liver cirrhosis and failure [8]. The prevalence of PSC in IBD is such that approximately 70–80% of patients with PSC have IBD. Between 1.4–7.5% of patients with IBD will develop PSC at some point during the course of their disease [9]. The median age of diagnosis of PSC is approximately 40 years of age [3]. In a descriptive study looking at the natural history of PSC and IBD in pediatric patients, the median age of diagnosis of IBD and PSC was 13 and 14 years of age, respectively. This study also showed that the time from the development of symptoms of IBD to the diagnosis of PSC was 2.3 months [4]. There is a male predominance with this disease and a higher prevalence in patients with Ulcerative colitis (UC) as compared to those with Crohn’s disease (CD) [3, 4]. The diagnosis of PSC may precede that of IBD but the converse is also known to occur. In the study by Faubion et al, 11% of pediatric patients with PSC had asymptomatic IBD at the time of diagnosis [4].
The etiology and pathogenesis of PSC still remains unclear. There have been several genetic factors linked with a susceptibility to this disorder, and these include HLA-B8, HLA-DRB1*0301(DR3), HLA-DRB3*0101(DRw52a), and HLA-DRB1*0401(DR4) [10, 11]. There are also a variety of autoantigens that have been detected in patients with PSC such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in 24–53%, smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) in 13–20%, and antiperinuclear cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA) in 65–88% of patients [1215]. The coexistence of PSC and IBD represents a distinct clinical phenotype as compared with IBD patients without PSC. Studies have shown that patients with coexisting PSC and IBD have a higher incidence of rectal sparing, backwash ileitis, pancolitis, colitis-associated neoplasia, and poorer survival hence the term PSC-IBD [1618]. The clinical presentation of PSC is often varied, and most patients are asymptomatic at diagnosis. Clinical features of those with symptoms include fatigue, abdominal pain, pruritus, jaundice, and weight loss. The biochemical parameters are consistent with cholestasis and characteristically show a marked elevation of the serum alkaline phosphatase and abnormal liver transaminases [19, 20]. Radiological evaluation is pivotal in the diagnosis of PSC. The demonstration of diffuse, multifocal strictures involving the medium- to large- sized intra- and extrahepatic ductal system forms the basis for the diagnosis. The use of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) provides a sensitive and noninvasive tool for diagnosis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) is superior in diagnostic accuracy but has an increased risk for procedure-related complications [2125]. The role of liver biopsies in the diagnosis of PSC is limited and seems to have more relevance in delineating conditions such as small-duct PSC or pericholangitis in patients with IBD. This is thought to be part of a disease spectrum of PSC with features of cholestatic liver disease in the presence of a normal cholangiographic examination [26].
Patients with PSC are likely to progress to end-stage liver disease with the attendant complications of portal hypertension such as ascites, varices, and hepatic encephalopathy. Bleeding from varices may present early in the disease due to localized vascular damage in the liver and presinusoidal portal hypertension. Cholangiocarcinoma remains a dreaded complication of PSC. It is not typically seen in the pediatric age group but can arise at any stage of PSC. It has an annual incidence of 0.6–1% and can present as an intraductal tumor or liver mass [27, 28]. Noninvasive tools have been developed to determine disease progression and prognosis in PSC. One such tool is a model developed in The Mayo Clinic. This model estimates the patient survival in PSC using reproducible parameters such as age, serum bilirubin, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the presence of variceal bleeding [29]. The management of PSC in the presence or absence of IBD still poses a significant challenge. Pharmacological interventions have not been shown to alter the progression of the disease. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) which is often used in the treatment of PSC has been shown to improve the liver enzyme abnormalities with no beneficial change in liver histology or survival without liver transplantation [30]. The largest follow-up series in children with PSC showed that the overall median survival free of liver transplantation was 12.7 years. These patients had a significantly shorter survival than expected for their age- and gender-matched population [31]. The use of UCDA in the treatment of patients with PSC has some benefit in the prevention of colonic neoplasia [32]. The treatment of choice for end-stage PSC or PSC with cholangiocarcinoma is orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The 5- and 10- year survival rates following OLT in patients with PSC are 85% and 70%, respectively [33]. The recurrence rate in the transplanted liver is approximately 20–25% [34].
3. Small-Duct Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (Small-Duct PSC)
This is a form of liver disease that is seen in patients with IBD. It was previously termed as pericholangitis. The presence of IBD has been specified by some authors as a prerequisite for the diagnosis of small-duct PSC [35]. These groups of patients are thought to represent a spectrum of PSC. The precise timing of the onset of this disorder in patients with IBD is unclear but it is very similar to PSC. They typically present with features consistent with PSC but have a normal cholangiogram [26, 36]. In a large multicenter study 80% of patients with small-duct PSC had IBD diagnosed at followup or at the time of the diagnosis of liver disease. 78% of these patients had Ulcerative colitis (UC) while 21% had Crohn’s colitis [37]. Progression of small duct PSC to PSC can occur in up to 12–23% of patients. There are however no reports of cholangiocarcinoma in this group of patients unless in the setting of disease progression to PSC (large duct) [37]. Some patients may require OLT secondary to progression of the disease; however there remains a risk of recurrence in the transplanted liver. The diagnosis of small duct PSC is best achieved with the aid of a liver biopsy, as these patients characteristically have a normal cholangiographic examination despite the cholestatic clinical picture [26].
4. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis/Autoimmune Hepatitis (PSC/AIH) Overlap Syndrome
The diagnostic criteria for this condition are not clearly validated. It is however suspected in patients who meet the diagnostic criteria for AIH based on the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. The liver histology in these patients shows piecemeal necrosis, rosetting, moderate or severe periportal inflammation, and lymphocyte infiltration [38]. This disorder is well described in patients with IBD especially UC [39]. There is published data that shows patients with IBD and AIH who subsequently go on to develop PSC [38, 40, 41]. The significance of this relationship with IBD is still unclear, and the onset of disease can occur at anytime before or after the diagnosis of IBD. Patients with PSC/AIH however seem to have benefit from treatment with immunosuppressive medications and may have a better prognosis as compared to patients with isolated PSC [40].
5. Cholelithiasis
This is a relatively common entity in patients with IBD. It is more prevalent in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) as compared to those with Ulcerative colitis (UC). The incidence of cholelithiasis in patients with CD ranges from 13 to 14% [4247]. Patients with CD seem to have twice the risk of developing cholelithiasis as compared to IBD-free controls [48]. The factors associated with the increased development of cholelithiasis include location of CD disease at diagnosis, surgery, and extent of ileal resection. Other factors include the age of the patient (uncommon in children), frequency of clinical recurrences, length of hospital stay, and the use of total parenteral nutrition [48]. Patients with CD have been shown to have reduced gallbladder motility which may also lead to the development of cholelithiasis [49, 50]. The formation of cholesterol-supersaturated bile, increased enterohepatic circulation and disruption of bile reabsorption from a diseased terminal ileum, increases the risk for cholelithiasis in patients with CD [43, 51, 52].
6. Medication-Associated Liver Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
6.1. Sulfasalazine
These class of medications are made up of sulfapyridine (a sulfonamide moiety) linked to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) via an azo bond. Sulfasalazine plays an important role in both the induction and maintenance of remission in IBD. Hypersensitivity to sulfasalazine can induce hepatotoxicity which manifests as elevation of liver aminotransferases, hyperbilirubinemia, hepatomegaly, fever, and lymphadenopathy [53, 54]. Studies have shown that the 5-ASA components of the medication can induce both an acute and a chronic hepatitis which can occur from anywhere between 6 days to 1 year after the initiation of treatment, but the frequency of hepatitis is no different between the 5-ASA alone and sulfasalazine [5559].
6.2. Thiopurines
Thiopurines (Azathioprine and 6 mercaptopurine) are immunomodulators used in the treatment of IBD. Their mechanism of action is based on conversion to the active metabolite 6-thioguanine [60]. Hepatotoxicity can occur with the use of Azathioprine (AZA) or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) due to the effect of another metabolite, 6 methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP) [6164]. The enzyme that plays a key role in the formation of 6-MMP is thiopurine s-methyl transferase, and as such a better understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of this enzyme may be useful in determining those at risk for hepatotoxicity [61, 64]. The level of 6-MMP in the blood has been measured in children, to identify those at risk for drug-related hepatotoxicity [61]. A much rarer idiosyncratic reaction can occur with 6MP/AZA presenting with features of venoocclusive disease. This occurs due to damage to the sinusoidal endothelial cells and occlusion of the central vein [61, 6567]. This idiosyncratic reaction can occur at anytime and is independent of the duration of medication usage. Discontinuation of these medications most often leads to reversal of the acute hepatocellular toxicity; however in some instances the development of severe cholestasis may not improve despite withdrawal of the medications [6870].
6.3. Methotrexate
The mechanism of action of this medication is based on its ability to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase, which is an important enzyme in the cell life cycle [71]. The major storage form of methotrexate in the liver is as a polyglutamate metabolite which is potentially hepatotoxic with long-term use [72]. There are no clear guidelines for the monitoring of liver functions in IBD patients on methotrexate, and liver toxicity may become apparent at anytime with the use of this medication. There are however certain risk factors for hepatotoxicity with methotrexate, and these include alcohol use, obesity, diabetes mellitus, abnormal liver enzymes at baseline, and a cumulative dose of greater than 1.5 grams [73].
6.4. Biologic Agents
Biologic agents such as Infliximab and Adalimumab have been associated with hepatotoxicity [74]. These medications interfere with the activity of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) which plays a role in hepatocyte regeneration, hence the possible link with the development of hepatotoxicity which is still an uncommon side effect with this group of medications [75, 76].
Patients with chronic hepatitis secondary to hepatitis B or C may have reactivation of the disease and viral replication as a result of immunosuppression from biologic agents [77, 78]. Animal studies have shown that TNF α plays an important role in the clearance of hepatitis B from infected hepatocytes by the inhibition of viral replication and promotion of T- cell responses [79, 80]. The concern for viral reactivation is of immense importance as studies have shown a high prevalence of hepatitis B or C in adult patients with CD [81]. Due to the grave implications of reactivation of hepatitis B or C virus in immunosuppressed patients, guidelines have been proposed for the routine screening of patients for these viruses before starting biologic agents [82].
7. Less Common Liver Disorders in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
7.1. Portal Vein Thrombosis
This is a relatively rare but significant thromboembolic complication of IBD. Patients with IBD are at risk for the development of venous thrombosis. Patients with IBD also have elevated platelet counts, fibrinogen, factor V and VIII levels. There is also a concomitant decrease in antithrombin III levels. The presence of chronic bowel inflammation is also a risk factor for thrombosis in these patients [83]. Portal vein thrombosis is more likely to occur in the postoperative setting and has been reported in patients with UC after restorative proctocolectomy [8487].
7.2. Budd Chiari Syndrome
There are published case reports of Budd Chiari syndrome occurring in patients with IBD [88, 89]. This is a thromboembolic phenomenon that can occur at baseline in patients with UC but in the setting of an acute flare the risk is up to eight times higher [90]. The perioperative period is also a significant risk period for thromboembolism.
7.3. Fatty Liver
Sonographic evidence of fatty liver is not an uncommon finding in patients with IBD with a prevalence of up to 35% in a recent study of 511 IBD patients [46]. Patients with fatty liver often have no symptoms related to the liver; however there is reported correlation between the severity of colitis and fatty liver changes in patients with IBD especially UC [91]. The timing of the onset of fatty liver in patients with IBD is still unclear. Current therapy is targeted towards the treatment of the bowel disease and improving the overall nutritional status of the patient.
7.4. Granulomatous Hepatitis
This is a rare occurrence found on liver histology in patients with IBD and is usually seen secondary to treatment with sulfasalazine. It is said to occur in less than 1% of patients [92]. It can also be seen with other non-IBD conditions such as malignancies or infections.
8. Conclusion
Hepatobiliary manifestations do occur in IBD and may have various etiopathogenetic origins. These disorders vary with regard to the degree of severity ranging from the more complex disorders such as PSC to the potentially less severe manifestation such as cholelithiasis. It is however of critical importance to remain vigilant for subtle manifestations of these disorders so as to institute appropriate care which may require an interdisciplinary approach involving multiple subspecialty teams such as general surgery, colorectal surgery, and transplant surgery.
Abbreviations
IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease,
CD: Crohn’s disease,
UC: Ulcerative colitis,
PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis,
AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis,
ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography,
MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography,
UCDA: Ursodeoxycholic acid,
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IGEM:IMPERIAL/2007/CFS
From OpenWetWare
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Cell-Free Systems
Contents
Introduction
An important aspect of our project is to investigate the use of cell-free systems (CFS) to realise new potentials for simple constructs. To date, work on synthetic biology has been done using the chassis of bacterial cells. However the use of living, replicating engineered bacteria poses a huge limitation for applications in the food and medicine industries for reasons of public safety. In line with the specifications of our two genetically engeineered machines - Cell by Date and Infector Detector, our team decided to introduce cell-free expression systems as a new chassis to the field of synthetic biology.
In-Vitro vs. In-Vivo Expression Systems
In-Vitro Expression Systems
In-Vivo Expression Systems
Non-infectious because of non-proliferative nature Some strains may be pathogenic
Process is quick and simple requiring only preparation of cell extract and feeding solution and subsequent addition of DNA template Process is laborious involving DNA cloning and transformation and protein expression
Good control can be achieved easily using modified reaction conditions such as addition of accessory elements or inhibitory factors Less controllability because of the presence of endogenous substances and because cells do not survive extreme conditions
Both plasmid and linear DNAs and can be used as templates for expression Plasmid DNAs are usually used. Linear DNAs are easily degraded by endogenous nucleases
Protein degradation is minimized by adding protease inhibitors Synthesized proteins may be degraded by endogenous proteases
Toxic proteins can be synthesized in large quantities Synthesis of toxic proteins may kill the cells
Proteins containing unnatural amino acids can be achieved Difficult to produce proteins containing unnatural amino acids
Shorter lifespan since system cannot replicate Longer lifespan since system can replicate
More expensive because of the constant need for nutrient and energy supply Less expensive because of the ability of the system to generate energy from relatively cheap nutrient source
Less characterized, less experience of use in the laboratories Better characterized, more experience of use in the laboratories
Types of Cell Extracts
In-vitro synthesis of proteins using cell-free extracts consists of two main processes - transcription of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translation of mRNA into polypeptides. Coupled transcription-translation systems usually combine a bacteriophage RNA polymerase and promoter (T7, T3, or SP6) with eukaryotic or prokaryotic extracts. In addition, the PURE system is a reconstituted CFS for synthesizing proteins using recombinant elements.
Comparison between different types of cell extracts
Properties
Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate
Wheat Germ Extract
E. coli Extract
Reconstituted Extract
Types
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Artificial
Uses
Widely used for in-vitro translation
Mostly used for in-vitro translation
Mostly used for coupled transcription-translation
Used for in-vitro translation
Templates
• mRNAs from viruses or eukaryotes
• Capped or un-capped mRNAs
• mRNAs from viruses or eukaryotes
• Capped mRNAs
• Viral mRNAs with stable secondary structures
• Un-capped mRNAs
• Plasmid or linear DNAs
• Capped or uncapped mRNAs
Post-translational modifications
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Types of Compartmentalization
Previous research has been done to optimize cell extracts for in vitro protein synthesis. Their endogenous genetic content is removed so that exogenous DNAs or mRNAs can be expressed. Nuclease activity has been reduced and degradation of certain amino acids has been identified. ATP regenerating systems have also been added to improve the energy supply. Different strategies of compartmentalization have been explored to prolong the lifespan of CFS.
1. Batch-mode CFS
• Transcription-translation reaction is carried out in bulk solution. Expression is usually limited by nutrient (nucleotides and amino acids) and energy supplies.
2. Continuous-exchange CFS
• Transcription-translation reaction is separated from feeding solution by a dialysis membrane. Expression is sustained by diffusion of nutrients from the feeding soltuion to the reaction. Wastes generated by the reaction is diluted in the feeding solution.
3. Vesicle-encapsulated CFS
• The reaction is separated from feeding solution by a phospholipid bilayer. Expression is maintained for a longer time period than batch-mode CFS because of exchange of materials between the reaction and the feeding solution across the membrane. More reliable exchange of materials is established by inserting a non-specific pore protein with a suitable channel size into the phospholipid bilayer.
Achievements
In-Vitro Expression
• Attempted to make S30 E. coli cell extract and feeding solution
• Successfully used commercial S30 E. coli cell extract and feeding solution from Promega for expression of GFP
• Successfully used homemade S30 E. coli cell extract with commercial feeding solution for expression of GFP
• Attempting to characterize the temperature range and timespan of expression of our reporter DNA constructs using commercial S30 E. coli cell extract and feeding solution
Vesicle Formation
• Successfully formed empty vesicles, as well as vesicles encapsulating GFP, in Tris-Cl buffer
• Successfully formed vesicles encapsulating GFP in homemade S30 E. coli cell extract
• Attempting to enclose cell extract in vesicles to attain expression of reporter DNA constructs
• Attempting to find suitable pore proteins to prolong vesicle and expression lifespan
Personal tools
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About China Open Source Week, October 15-20, 2012
What is Open Source Week
What we call Open Source Week is the grouping together of several open source events and meetings in the same week in order to achieve maximum efficiency and benefits for the attendees.
The ambition of the Open Source Week is to extend the reach of open source beyond the scope of universities and build awareness for open source as a business model, as a credible way to develop, use and distribute software, in a two-way manner, not just a way to (legally) download code.
The Open Source Week should facilitate corporate project information exchange and cooperation, and be an international platform for the OS technology and project exchange.
Why you should join us
You should join the Open Source Week to:
- Develop your brand and relationship with the OW2 open source community and ecosystem
- Increase your presence amongst the global open source middleware community
- Access to some of the best up-and-coming talent in the Chinese academic High Technology community
- Exchange the project and technology in a international platform
- Share the information of open source development strategy
What we are looking for
The aim of the Open Source Week it to:
- Provide a international platform for the enterprises and governments who are expert in open source industry
- Provide the platform for the academic, corporate project and business exchange
- Help the talents to connect with the enterprise
- Help the enterprise to connect with the talent community
- Share the excellent open source business model and build the relationship among the participants
Tags:
Created by olivier lizounat on 2012/08/23 10:50
Last modified by Catherine Nuel on 2012/09/04 10:17
Platinum Sponsors
Gold Sponsors
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Legal Notice
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We've Upgraded To MT 3.3.x
Jul 31, 2006 • 3:28 pm | (2) by | Filed Under Blog Administration
We have upgraded the software here from Movable Type 3.2.x to 3.3.x. Please let me know if you see any issues or problems with the new software.
Here are the main changes, some not visible on the frontend at this moment:
- Tags: Readers can find content more easily and subscribe to custom feeds. - Widgets: Arrange and re-arrange your page by dragging and dropping. - Activity Feeds: Get updates on comments, feedback, and blog activity delivered via a secure feed.
Plus the editor now works in Apple' Safari.
Previous story: Google & Webmaster Communications
blog comments powered by Disqus
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User:Dlitzer
Family Trees
Default (view) (launch FTE)
people: 1
Don Litzer, Reference Librarian at Allen County Public Library’s Genealogy Center in Fort Wayne, Indiana since June 2005, is a native of Marathon, Wisconsin.
He earned a B.A. in History and International Studies from Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin in 1980 and the M.L.S. degree from Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, in 1991.
Previous to his present position, Don served as Adult Reference Librarian and later Head of Adult Services at McMillan Memorial Library in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin (1996-2005), as a librarian in the Government and Business Department at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Cincinnati, Ohio (1991-1996), and as a page at the Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio (1990).
Don has pursued his Pommern and Pfalz German, Kashub Polish, Swedish, German Swiss and Bohemian ancestry for over thirty years in Europe, Canada, and the United States, as well as the Polish and Irish roots of his wife, Sarah.
Don's most established presentation, "Not Just Ancestry--Learning About Genealogy and the Internet," was initially presented as part of a ‘Roots on the Web’ panel discussion featuring Cyndi Howells (of Cyndi’s List fame) and other librarians during the 1998 American Library Association’s Annual Conference. He has also presented on German research, preservation, and Internet communication, and has instructed beginning genealogy classes for the adult education service of Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky.
Don’s master’s research paper, which studied the interrelationship between libraries, especially public libraries, and genealogical societies to improve services to genealogical researchers, was the basis for the first of two articles he’s had published in the professional journal Reference and User Services Quarterly, "Genealogical Society Cooperation in Developing Local Genealogical Services and Collections," Fall 1997 (Volume 37, Number 1). Don's second RUSQ article, "Local History in E-books and On the Web: One Library's Experience as Example and Model," Spring 2004 (Volume 43, Number 3) co-authored with Andy Barnett, investigated an exemplary case study of a small library using grass-roots technology to provide access to rare materials of historical interest to the community it serves.
In 2001, Don accepted, on behalf of McMillan Memorial Library, the Highsmith Award from the Wisconsin Library Association for innovative and exemplary library programming, in recognition of his efforts as the impresario of the McMillan Coffeehouse, a literary and fine arts series principally featuring local writers and performers and their work.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2005.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Expanded Community Profile, 2011 Second Release
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/10/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
The Community Profile Series contains six separate profiles aimed at providing information on key Census characteristics relating to persons, families and dwellings and covering most topics on the Census form. The profiles are excellent tools for researching, planning and analysing small and large geographic areas. They enable comparisons to be made between different geographic areas. The profiles which will be available for the 2011 Census will be: Basic Community Profile (BCP), Place of Enumeration Profile (PEP), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Indigenous) Profile (IP), Time Series Profile (TSP), Expanded Community Profile (XCP) and the Working Population Profile (WPP).
The
Expanded Community Profile (XCP) consists of 42 tables. The data are based on place of usual residence. It is the most comprehensive Community Profile in the series providing extended data on key Census characteristics of persons, families and dwellings. Tables within this profile contain more detailed versions of the standard Basic Community Profile tables, plus additional tables relating to relationships within a family, living costs and dwelling structures. Second release tables will contain detailed Labour Force classifications which include occupation, industry, hours worked and qualifications.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1292.0 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 (Revision 1.0)
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/09/2008
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Search
CONTENTS
Preface
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Nature and objectives of the classification
Chapter 3 Unit of classification
Chapter 4 Methods of classification
Chapter 5 A guide to the coding of certain activities
Chapter 6 Numbering system and titles
Division codes and titles
Division and subdivision codes and titles
Division, subdivision and group codes and titles
Division, subdivision, group and class codes and titles
Chapter 7 Division definitions
Chapter 8 The detailed classification
Division A Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Subdivision 01 Agriculture
Group 011 Nursery and Floriculture Production
Class 0111 Nursery Production (Under Cover)
Class 0112 Nursery Production (Outdoors)
Class 0113 Turf Growing
Class 0114 Floriculture Production (Under Cover)
Class 0115 Floriculture Production (Outdoors)
Group 012 Mushroom and Vegetable Growing
Class 0121 Mushroom Growing
Class 0122 Vegetable Growing (Under Cover)
Class 0123 Vegetable Growing (Outdoors)
Group 013 Fruit and Tree Nut Growing
Class 0131 Grape Growing
Class 0132 Kiwifruit Growing
Class 0133 Berry Fruit Growing
Class 0134 Apple and Pear Growing
Class 0135 Stone Fruit Growing
Class 0136 Citrus Fruit Growing
Class 0137 Olive Growing
Class 0139 Other Fruit and Tree Nut Growing
Group 014 Sheep, Beef Cattle and Grain Farming
Class 0141 Sheep Farming (Specialised)
Class 0142 Beef Cattle Farming (Specialised)
Class 0143 Beef Cattle Feedlots (Specialised)
Class 0144 Sheep-Beef Cattle Farming
Class 0145 Grain-Sheep or Grain-Beef Cattle Farming
Class 0146 Rice Growing
Class 0149 Other Grain Growing
Group 015 Other Crop Growing
Class 0151 Sugar Cane Growing
Class 0152 Cotton Growing
Class 0159 Other Crop Growing n.e.c.
Group 016 Dairy Cattle Farming
Class 0160 Dairy Cattle Farming
Group 017 Poultry Farming
Class 0171 Poultry Farming (Meat)
Class 0172 Poultry Farming (Eggs)
Group 018 Deer Farming
Class 0180 Deer Farming
Group 019 Other Livestock Farming
Class 0191 Horse Farming
Class 0192 Pig Farming
Class 0193 Beekeeping
Class 0199 Other Livestock Farming n.e.c.
Subdivision 02 Aquaculture
Group 020 Aquaculture
Class 0201 Offshore Longline and Rack Aquaculture
Class 0202 Offshore Caged Aquaculture
Class 0203 Onshore Aquaculture
Subdivision 03 Forestry and Logging
Group 030 Forestry and Logging
Class 0301 Forestry
Class 0302 Logging
Subdivision 04 Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
Group 041 Fishing
Class 0411 Rock Lobster and Crab Potting
Class 0412 Prawn Fishing
Class 0413 Line Fishing
Class 0414 Fish Trawling, Seining and Netting
Class 0419 Other Fishing
Group 042 Hunting and Trapping
Class 0420 Hunting and Trapping
Subdivision 05 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Support Services
Group 051 Forestry Support Services
Class 0510 Forestry Support Services
Group 052 Agriculture and Fishing Support Services
Class 0521 Cotton Ginning
Class 0522 Shearing Services
Class 0529 Other Agriculture and Fishing Support Services
Division B Mining
Subdivision 06 Coal Mining
Group 060 Coal Mining
Class 0600 Coal Mining
Subdivision 07 Oil and Gas Extraction
Group 070 Oil and Gas Extraction
Class 0700 Oil and Gas Extraction
Subdivision 08 Metal Ore Mining
Group 080 Metal Ore Mining
Class 0801 Iron Ore Mining
Class 0802 Bauxite Mining
Class 0803 Copper Ore Mining
Class 0804 Gold Ore Mining
Class 0805 Mineral Sand Mining
Class 0806 Nickel Ore Mining
Class 0807 Silver-Lead-Zinc Ore Mining
Class 0809 Other Metal Ore Mining
Subdivision 09 Non-Metallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
Group 091 Construction Material Mining
Class 0911 Gravel and Sand Quarrying
Class 0919 Other Construction Material Mining
Group 099 Other Non-Metallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
Class 0990 Other Non-Metallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
Subdivision 10 Exploration and Other Mining Support Services
Group 101 Exploration
Class 1011 Petroleum Exploration
Class 1012 Mineral Exploration
Group 109 Other Mining Support Services
Class 1090 Other Mining Support Services
Division C Manufacturing
Subdivision 11 Food Product Manufacturing
Group 111 Meat and Meat Product Manufacturing
Class 1111 Meat Processing
Class 1112 Poultry Processing
Class 1113 Cured Meat and Smallgoods Manufacturing
Group 112 Seafood Processing
Class 1120 Seafood Processing
Group 113 Dairy Product Manufacturing
Class 1131 Milk and Cream Processing
Class 1132 Ice Cream Manufacturing
Class 1133 Cheese and Other Dairy Product Manufacturing
Group 114 Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Class 1140 Fruit and Vegetable Processing
Group 115 Oil and Fat Manufacturing
Class 1150 Oil and Fat Manufacturing
Group 116 Grain Mill and Cereal Product Manufacturing
Class 1161 Grain Mill Product Manufacturing
Class 1162 Cereal, Pasta and Baking Mix Manufacturing
Group 117 Bakery Product Manufacturing
Class 1171 Bread Manufacturing (Factory based)
Class 1172 Cake and Pastry Manufacturing (Factory based)
Class 1173 Biscuit Manufacturing (Factory based)
Class 1174 Bakery Product Manufacturing (Non-factory based)
Group 118 Sugar and Confectionery Manufacturing
Class 1181 Sugar Manufacturing
Class 1182 Confectionery Manufacturing
Group 119 Other Food Product Manufacturing
Class 1191 Potato, Corn and Other Crisp Manufacturing
Class 1192 Prepared Animal and Bird Feed Manufacturing
Class 1199 Other Food Product Manufacturing n.e.c.
Subdivision 12 Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing
Group 121 Beverage Manufacturing
Class 1211 Soft Drink, Cordial and Syrup Manufacturing
Class 1212 Beer Manufacturing
Class 1213 Spirit Manufacturing
Class 1214 Wine and Other Alcoholic Beverage Manufacturing
Group 122 Cigarette and Tobacco Product Manufacturing
Class 1220 Cigarette and Tobacco Product Manufacturing
Subdivision 13 Textile, Leather, Clothing and Footwear Manufacturing
Group 131 Textile Manufacturing
Class 1311 Wool Scouring
Class 1312 Natural Textile Manufacturing
Class 1313 Synthetic Textile Manufacturing
Group 132 Leather Tanning, Fur Dressing and Leather Product Manufacturing
Class 1320 Leather Tanning, Fur Dressing and Leather Product Manufacturing
Group 133 Textile Product Manufacturing
Class 1331 Textile Floor Covering Manufacturing
Class 1332 Rope, Cordage and Twine Manufacturing
Class 1333 Cut and Sewn Textile Product Manufacturing
Class 1334 Textile Finishing and Other Textile Product Manufacturing
Group 134 Knitted Product Manufacturing
Class 1340 Knitted Product Manufacturing
Group 135 Clothing and Footwear Manufacturing
Class 1351 Clothing Manufacturing
Class 1352 Footwear Manufacturing
Subdivision 14 Wood Product Manufacturing
Group 141 Log Sawmilling and Timber Dressing
Class 1411 Log Sawmilling
Class 1412 Wood Chipping
Class 1413 Timber Resawing and Dressing
Group 149 Other Wood Product Manufacturing
Class 1491 Prefabricated Wooden Building Manufacturing
Class 1492 Wooden Structural Fitting and Component Manufacturing
Class 1493 Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing
Class 1494 Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
Class 1499 Other Wood Product Manufacturing n.e.c.
Subdivision 15 Pulp, Paper and Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
Group 151 Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing
Class 1510 Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing
Group 152 Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
Class 1521 Corrugated Paperboard and Paperboard Container Manufacturing
Class 1522 Paper Bag Manufacturing
Class 1523 Paper Stationery Manufacturing
Class 1524 Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing
Class 1529 Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
Subdivision 16 Printing (including the Reproduction of Recorded Media)
Group 161 Printing and Printing Support Services
Class 1611 Printing
Class 1612 Printing Support Services
Group 162 Reproduction of Recorded Media
Class 1620 Reproduction of Recorded Media
Subdivision 17 Petroleum and Coal Product Manufacturing
Group 170 Petroleum and Coal Product Manufacturing
Class 1701 Petroleum Refining and Petroleum Fuel Manufacturing
Class 1709 Other Petroleum and Coal Product Manufacturing
Subdivision 18 Basic Chemical and Chemical Product Manufacturing
Group 181 Basic Chemical Manufacturing
Class 1811 Industrial Gas Manufacturing
Class 1812 Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Class 1813 Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
Group 182 Basic Polymer Manufacturing
Class 1821 Synthetic Resin and Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Class 1829 Other Basic Polymer Manufacturing
Group 183 Fertiliser and Pesticide Manufacturing
Class 1831 Fertiliser Manufacturing
Class 1832 Pesticide Manufacturing
Group 184 Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Product Manufacturing
Class 1841 Human Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Product Manufacturing
Class 1842 Veterinary Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Product Manufacturing
Group 185 Cleaning Compound and Toiletry Preparation Manufacturing
Class 1851 Cleaning Compound Manufacturing
Class 1852 Cosmetic and Toiletry Preparation Manufacturing
Group 189 Other Basic Chemical Product Manufacturing
Class 1891 Photographic Chemical Product Manufacturing
Class 1892 Explosive Manufacturing
Class 1899 Other Basic Chemical Product Manufacturing n.e.c.
Subdivision 19 Polymer Product and Rubber Product Manufacturing
Group 191 Polymer Product Manufacturing
Class 1911 Polymer Film and Sheet Packaging Material Manufacturing
Class 1912 Rigid and Semi-Rigid Polymer Product Manufacturing
Class 1913 Polymer Foam Product Manufacturing
Class 1914 Tyre Manufacturing
Class 1915 Adhesive Manufacturing
Class 1916 Paint and Coatings Manufacturing
Class 1919 Other Polymer Product Manufacturing
Group 192 Natural Rubber Product Manufacturing
Class 1920 Natural Rubber Product Manufacturing
Subdivision 20 Non-Metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
Group 201 Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing
Class 2010 Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing
Group 202 Ceramic Product Manufacturing
Class 2021 Clay Brick Manufacturing
Class 2029 Other Ceramic Product Manufacturing
Group 203 Cement, Lime, Plaster and Concrete Product Manufacturing
Class 2031 Cement and Lime Manufacturing
Class 2032 Plaster Product Manufacturing
Class 2033 Ready-Mixed Concrete Manufacturing
Class 2034 Concrete Product Manufacturing
Group 209 Other Non-Metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
Class 2090 Other Non-Metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing
Subdivision 21 Primary Metal and Metal Product Manufacturing
Group 211 Basic Ferrous Metal Manufacturing
Class 2110 Iron Smelting and Steel Manufacturing
Group 212 Basic Ferrous Metal Product Manufacturing
Class 2121 Iron and Steel Casting
Class 2122 Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing
Group 213 Basic Non-Ferrous Metal Manufacturing
Class 2131 Alumina Production
Class 2132 Aluminium Smelting
Class 2133 Copper, Silver, Lead and Zinc Smelting and Refining
Class 2139 Other Basic Non-Ferrous Metal Manufacturing
Group 214 Basic Non-Ferrous Metal Product Manufacturing
Class 2141 Non-Ferrous Metal Casting
Class 2142 Aluminium Rolling, Drawing, Extruding
Class 2149 Other Basic Non-Ferrous Metal Product Manufacturing
Subdivision 22 Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Group 221 Iron and Steel Forging
Class 2210 Iron and Steel Forging
Group 222 Structural Metal Product Manufacturing
Class 2221 Structural Steel Fabricating
Class 2222 Prefabricated Metal Building Manufacturing
Class 2223 Architectural Aluminium Product Manufacturing
Class 2224 Metal Roof and Guttering Manufacturing (except Aluminium)
Class 2229 Other Structural Metal Product Manufacturing
Group 223 Metal Container Manufacturing
Class 2231 Boiler, Tank and Other Heavy Gauge Metal Container Manufacturing
Class 2239 Other Metal Container Manufacturing
Group 224 Sheet Metal Product Manufacturing (except Metal Structural and Container Products)
Class 2240 Sheet Metal Product Manufacturing (except Metal Structural and Container Products)
Group 229 Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Class 2291 Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing
Class 2292 Nut, Bolt, Screw and Rivet Manufacturing
Class 2293 Metal Coating and Finishing
Class 2299 Other Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing n.e.c.
Subdivision 23 Transport Equipment Manufacturing
Group 231 Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Part Manufacturing
Class 2311 Motor Vehicle Manufacturing
Class 2312 Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Manufacturing
Class 2313 Automotive Electrical Component Manufacturing
Class 2319 Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
Group 239 Other Transport Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2391 Shipbuilding and Repair Services
Class 2392 Boatbuilding and Repair Services
Class 2393 Railway Rolling Stock Manufacturing and Repair Services
Class 2394 Aircraft Manufacturing and Repair Services
Class 2399 Other Transport Equipment Manufacturing n.e.c.
Subdivision 24 Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Group 241 Professional and Scientific Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2411 Photographic, Optical and Ophthalmic Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2412 Medical and Surgical Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2419 Other Professional and Scientific Equipment Manufacturing
Group 242 Computer and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2421 Computer and Electronic Office Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2422 Communication Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2429 Other Electronic Equipment Manufacturing
Group 243 Electrical Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2431 Electric Cable and Wire Manufacturing
Class 2432 Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2439 Other Electrical Equipment Manufacturing
Group 244 Domestic Appliance Manufacturing
Class 2441 Whiteware Appliance Manufacturing
Class 2449 Other Domestic Appliance Manufacturing
Group 245 Pump, Compressor, Heating and Ventilation Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2451 Pump and Compressor Manufacturing
Class 2452 Fixed Space Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Equipment Manufacturing
Group 246 Specialised Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2461 Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2462 Mining and Construction Machinery Manufacturing
Class 2463 Machine Tool and Parts Manufacturing
Class 2469 Other Specialised Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Group 249 Other Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2491 Lifting and Material Handling Equipment Manufacturing
Class 2499 Other Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing n.e.c.
Subdivision 25 Furniture and Other Manufacturing
Group 251 Furniture Manufacturing
Class 2511 Wooden Furniture and Upholstered Seat Manufacturing
Class 2512 Metal Furniture Manufacturing
Class 2513 Mattress Manufacturing
Class 2519 Other Furniture Manufacturing
Group 259 Other Manufacturing
Class 2591 Jewellery and Silverware Manufacturing
Class 2592 Toy, Sporting and Recreational Product Manufacturing
Class 2599 Other Manufacturing n.e.c.
Division D Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services
Subdivision 26 Electricity Supply
Group 261 Electricity Generation
Class 2611 Fossil Fuel Electricity Generation
Class 2612 Hydro-Electricity Generation
Class 2619 Other Electricity Generation
Group 262 Electricity Transmission
Class 2620 Electricity Transmission
Group 263 Electricity Distribution
Class 2630 Electricity Distribution
Group 264 On Selling Electricity and Electricity Market Operation
Class 2640 On Selling Electricity and Electricity Market Operation
Subdivision 27 Gas Supply
Group 270 Gas Supply
Class 2700 Gas Supply
Subdivision 28 Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Services
Group 281 Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Services
Class 2811 Water Supply
Class 2812 Sewerage and Drainage Services
Subdivision 29 Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal Services
Group 291 Waste Collection Services
Class 2911 Solid Waste Collection Services
Class 2919 Other Waste Collection Services
Group 292 Waste Treatment, Disposal and Remediation Services
Class 2921 Waste Treatment and Disposal Services
Class 2922 Waste Remediation and Materials Recovery Services
Division E Construction
Subdivision 30 Building Construction
Group 301 Residential Building Construction
Class 3011 House Construction
Class 3019 Other Residential Building Construction
Group 302 Non-Residential Building Construction
Class 3020 Non-Residential Building Construction
Subdivision 31 Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Group 310 Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Class 3101 Road and Bridge Construction
Class 3109 Other Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Subdivision 32 Construction Services
Group 321 Land Development and Site Preparation Services
Class 3211 Land Development and Subdivision
Class 3212 Site Preparation Services
Group 322 Building Structure Services
Class 3221 Concreting Services
Class 3222 Bricklaying Services
Class 3223 Roofing Services
Class 3224 Structural Steel Erection Services
Group 323 Building Installation Services
Class 3231 Plumbing Services
Class 3232 Electrical Services
Class 3233 Air Conditioning and Heating Services
Class 3234 Fire and Security Alarm Installation Services
Class 3239 Other Building Installation Services
Group 324 Building Completion Services
Class 3241 Plastering and Ceiling Services
Class 3242 Carpentry Services
Class 3243 Tiling and Carpeting Services
Class 3244 Painting and Decorating Services
Class 3245 Glazing Services
Group 329 Other Construction Services
Class 3291 Landscape Construction Services
Class 3292 Hire of Construction Machinery with Operator
Class 3299 Other Construction Services n.e.c.
Division F Wholesale Trade
Subdivision 33 Basic Material Wholesaling
Group 331 Agricultural Product Wholesaling
Class 3311 Wool Wholesaling
Class 3312 Cereal Grain Wholesaling
Class 3319 Other Agricultural Product Wholesaling
Group 332 Mineral, Metal and Chemical Wholesaling
Class 3321 Petroleum Product Wholesaling
Class 3322 Metal and Mineral Wholesaling
Class 3323 Industrial and Agricultural Chemical Product Wholesaling
Group 333 Timber and Hardware Goods Wholesaling
Class 3331 Timber Wholesaling
Class 3332 Plumbing Goods Wholesaling
Class 3339 Other Hardware Goods Wholesaling
Subdivision 34 Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling
Group 341 Specialised Industrial Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling
Class 3411 Agricultural and Construction Machinery Wholesaling
Class 3419 Other Specialised Industrial Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling
Group 349 Other Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling
Class 3491 Professional and Scientific Goods Wholesaling
Class 3492 Computer and Computer Peripheral Wholesaling
Class 3493 Telecommunication Goods Wholesaling
Class 3494 Other Electrical and Electronic Goods Wholesaling
Class 3499 Other Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling n.e.c.
Subdivision 35 Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts Wholesaling
Group 350 Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts Wholesaling
Class 3501 Car Wholesaling
Class 3502 Commercial Vehicle Wholesaling
Class 3503 Trailer and Other Motor Vehicle Wholesaling
Class 3504 Motor Vehicle New Parts Wholesaling
Class 3505 Motor Vehicle Dismantling and Used Parts Wholesaling
Subdivision 36 Grocery, Liquor and Tobacco Product Wholesaling
Group 360 Grocery, Liquor and Tobacco Product Wholesaling
Class 3601 General Line Grocery Wholesaling
Class 3602 Meat, Poultry and Smallgoods Wholesaling
Class 3603 Dairy Produce Wholesaling
Class 3604 Fish and Seafood Wholesaling
Class 3605 Fruit and Vegetable Wholesaling
Class 3606 Liquor and Tobacco Product Wholesaling
Class 3609 Other Grocery Wholesaling
Subdivision 37 Other Goods Wholesaling
Group 371 Textile, Clothing and Footwear Wholesaling
Class 3711 Textile Product Wholesaling
Class 3712 Clothing and Footwear Wholesaling
Group 372 Pharmaceutical and Toiletry Goods Wholesaling
Class 3720 Pharmaceutical and Toiletry Goods Wholesaling
Group 373 Furniture, Floor Covering and Other Goods Wholesaling
Class 3731 Furniture and Floor Covering Wholesaling
Class 3732 Jewellery and Watch Wholesaling
Class 3733 Kitchen and Diningware Wholesaling
Class 3734 Toy and Sporting Goods Wholesaling
Class 3735 Book and Magazine Wholesaling
Class 3736 Paper Product Wholesaling
Class 3739 Other Goods Wholesaling n.e.c.
Subdivision 38 Commission-Based Wholesaling
Group 380 Commission-Based Wholesaling
Class 3800 Commission-Based Wholesaling
Division G Retail Trade
Subdivision 39 Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts Retailing
Group 391 Motor Vehicle Retailing
Class 3911 Car Retailing
Class 3912 Motor Cycle Retailing
Class 3913 Trailer and Other Motor Vehicle Retailing
Group 392 Motor Vehicle Parts and Tyre Retailing
Class 3921 Motor Vehicle Parts Retailing
Class 3922 Tyre Retailing
Subdivision 40 Fuel Retailing
Group 400 Fuel Retailing
Class 4000 Fuel Retailing
Subdivision 41 Food Retailing
Group 411 Supermarket and Grocery Stores
Class 4110 Supermarket and Grocery Stores
Group 412 Specialised Food Retailing
Class 4121 Fresh Meat, Fish and Poultry Retailing
Class 4122 Fruit and Vegetable Retailing
Class 4123 Liquor Retailing
Class 4129 Other Specialised Food Retailing
Subdivision 42 Other Store-Based Retailing
Group 421 Furniture, Floor Coverings, Houseware and Textile Goods Retailing
Class 4211 Furniture Retailing
Class 4212 Floor Coverings Retailing
Class 4213 Houseware Retailing
Class 4214 Manchester and Other Textile Goods Retailing
Group 422 Electrical and Electronic Goods Retailing
Class 4221 Electrical, Electronic and Gas Appliance Retailing
Class 4222 Computer and Computer Peripheral Retailing
Class 4229 Other Electrical and Electronic Goods Retailing
Group 423 Hardware, Building and Garden Supplies Retailing
Class 4231 Hardware and Building Supplies Retailing
Class 4232 Garden Supplies Retailing
Group 424 Recreational Goods Retailing
Class 4241 Sport and Camping Equipment Retailing
Class 4242 Entertainment Media Retailing
Class 4243 Toy and Game Retailing
Class 4244 Newspaper and Book Retailing
Class 4245 Marine Equipment Retailing
Group 425 Clothing, Footwear and Personal Accessory Retailing
Class 4251 Clothing Retailing
Class 4252 Footwear Retailing
Class 4253 Watch and Jewellery Retailing
Class 4259 Other Personal Accessory Retailing
Group 426 Department Stores
Class 4260 Department Stores
Group 427 Pharmaceutical and Other Store-Based Retailing
Class 4271 Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic and Toiletry Goods Retailing
Class 4272 Stationery Goods Retailing
Class 4273 Antique and Used Goods Retailing
Class 4274 Flower Retailing
Class 4279 Other Store-Based Retailing n.e.c.
Subdivision 43 Non-Store Retailing and Retail Commission-Based Buying and/or Selling
Group 431 Non-Store Retailing
Class 4310 Non-Store Retailing
Group 432 Retail Commission-Based Buying and/or Selling
Class 4320 Retail Commission-Based Buying and/or Selling
Division H Accommodation and Food Services
Subdivision 44 Accommodation
Group 440 Accommodation
Class 4400 Accommodation
Subdivision 45 Food and Beverage Services
Group 451 Cafes, Restaurants and Takeaway Food Services
Class 4511 Cafes and Restaurants
Class 4512 Takeaway Food Services
Class 4513 Catering Services
Group 452 Pubs, Taverns and Bars
Class 4520 Pubs, Taverns and Bars
Group 453 Clubs (Hospitality)
Class 4530 Clubs (Hospitality)
Division I Transport, Postal and Warehousing
Subdivision 46 Road Transport
Group 461 Road Freight Transport
Class 4610 Road Freight Transport
Group 462 Road Passenger Transport
Class 4621 Interurban and Rural Bus Transport
Class 4622 Urban Bus Transport (Including Tramway)
Class 4623 Taxi and Other Road Transport
Subdivision 47 Rail Transport
Group 471 Rail Freight Transport
Class 4710 Rail Freight Transport
Group 472 Rail Passenger Transport
Class 4720 Rail Passenger Transport
Subdivision 48 Water Transport
Group 481 Water Freight Transport
Class 4810 Water Freight Transport
Group 482 Water Passenger Transport
Class 4820 Water Passenger Transport
Subdivision 49 Air and Space Transport
Group 490 Air and Space Transport
Class 4900 Air and Space Transport
Subdivision 50 Other Transport
Group 501 Scenic and Sightseeing Transport
Class 5010 Scenic and Sightseeing Transport
Group 502 Pipeline and Other Transport
Class 5021 Pipeline Transport
Class 5029 Other Transport n.e.c.
Subdivision 51 Postal and Courier Pick-Up and Delivery Services
Group 510 Postal and Courier Pick-Up and Delivery Services
Class 5101 Postal Services
Class 5102 Courier Pick-up and Delivery Services
Subdivision 52 Transport Support Services
Group 521 Water Transport Support Services
Class 5211 Stevedoring Services
Class 5212 Port and Water Transport Terminal Operations
Class 5219 Other Water Transport Support Services
Group 522 Airport Operations and Other Air Transport Support Services
Class 5220 Airport Operations and Other Air Transport Support Services
Group 529 Other Transport Support Services
Class 5291 Customs Agency Services
Class 5292 Freight Forwarding Services
Class 5299 Other Transport Support Services n.e.c.
Subdivision 53 Warehousing and Storage Services
Group 530 Warehousing and Storage Services
Class 5301 Grain Storage Services
Class 5309 Other Warehousing and Storage Services
Division J Information Media and Telecommunications
Subdivision 54 Publishing (except Internet and Music Publishing)
Group 541 Newspaper, Periodical, Book and Directory Publishing
Class 5411 Newspaper Publishing
Class 5412 Magazine and Other Periodical Publishing
Class 5413 Book Publishing
Class 5414 Directory and Mailing List Publishing
Class 5419 Other Publishing (except Software, Music and Internet)
Group 542 Software Publishing
Class 5420 Software Publishing
Subdivision 55 Motion Picture and Sound Recording Activities
Group 551 Motion Picture and Video Activities
Class 5511 Motion Picture and Video Production
Class 5512 Motion Picture and Video Distribution
Class 5513 Motion Picture Exhibition
Class 5514 Post-production Services and Other Motion Picture and Video Activities
Group 552 Sound Recording and Music Publishing
Class 5521 Music Publishing
Class 5522 Music and Other Sound Recording Activities
Subdivision 56 Broadcasting (except Internet)
Group 561 Radio Broadcasting
Class 5610 Radio Broadcasting
Group 562 Television Broadcasting
Class 5621 Free-to-Air Television Broadcasting
Class 5622 Cable and Other Subscription Broadcasting
Subdivision 57 Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Group 570 Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Class 5700 Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Subdivision 58 Telecommunications Services
Group 580 Telecommunications Services
Class 5801 Wired Telecommunications Network Operation
Class 5802 Other Telecommunications Network Operation
Class 5809 Other Telecommunications Services
Subdivision 59 Internet Service Providers, Web Search Portals and Data Processing Services
Group 591 Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals
Class 5910 Internet Service Providers and Web Search Portals
Group 592 Data Processing, Web Hosting and Electronic Information Storage Services
Class 5921 Data Processing and Web Hosting Services
Class 5922 Electronic Information Storage Services
Subdivision 60 Library and Other Information Services
Group 601 Libraries and Archives
Class 6010 Libraries and Archives
Group 602 Other Information Services
Class 6020 Other Information Services
Division K Financial and Insurance Services
Subdivision 62 Finance
Group 621 Central Banking
Class 6210 Central Banking
Group 622 Depository Financial Intermediation
Class 6221 Banking
Class 6222 Building Society Operation
Class 6223 Credit Union Operation
Class 6229 Other Depository Financial Intermediation
Group 623 Non-Depository Financing
Class 6230 Non-Depository Financing
Group 624 Financial Asset Investing
Class 6240 Financial Asset Investing
Subdivision 63 Insurance and Superannuation Funds
Group 631 Life Insurance
Class 6310 Life Insurance
Group 632 Health and General Insurance
Class 6321 Health Insurance
Class 6322 General Insurance
Group 633 Superannuation Funds
Class 6330 Superannuation Funds
Subdivision 64 Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services
Group 641 Auxiliary Finance and Investment Services
Class 6411 Financial Asset Broking Services
Class 6419 Other Auxiliary Finance and Investment Services
Group 642 Auxiliary Insurance Services
Class 6420 Auxiliary Insurance Services
Division L Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services
Subdivision 66 Rental and Hiring Services (except Real Estate)
Group 661 Motor Vehicle and Transport Equipment Rental and Hiring
Class 6611 Passenger Car Rental and Hiring
Class 6619 Other Motor Vehicle and Transport Equipment Rental and Hiring
Group 662 Farm Animal and Bloodstock Leasing
Class 6620 Farm Animal and Bloodstock Leasing
Group 663 Other Goods and Equipment Rental and Hiring
Class 6631 Heavy Machinery and Scaffolding Rental and Hiring
Class 6632 Video and Other Electronic Media Rental and Hiring
Class 6639 Other Goods and Equipment Rental and Hiring n.e.c.
Group 664 Non-Financial Intangible Assets (Except Copyrights) Leasing
Class 6640 Non-Financial Intangible Assets (Except Copyrights) Leasing
Subdivision 67 Property Operators and Real Estate Services
Group 671 Property Operators
Class 6711 Residential Property Operators
Class 6712 Non-Residential Property Operators
Group 672 Real Estate Services
Class 6720 Real Estate Services
Division M Professional, Scientific and Technical Services
Subdivision 69 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (Except Computer System Design and Related Services)
Group 691 Scientific Research Services
Class 6910 Scientific Research Services
Group 692 Architectural, Engineering and Technical Services
Class 6921 Architectural Services
Class 6922 Surveying and Mapping Services
Class 6923 Engineering Design and Engineering Consulting Services
Class 6924 Other Specialised Design Services
Class 6925 Scientific Testing and Analysis Services
Group 693 Legal and Accounting Services
Class 6931 Legal Services
Class 6932 Accounting Services
Group 694 Advertising Services
Class 6940 Advertising Services
Group 695 Market Research and Statistical Services
Class 6950 Market Research and Statistical Services
Group 696 Management and Related Consulting Services
Class 6961 Corporate Head Office Management Services
Class 6962 Management Advice and Related Consulting Services
Group 697 Veterinary Services
Class 6970 Veterinary Services
Group 699 Other Professional, Scientific and Technical Services
Class 6991 Professional Photographic Services
Class 6999 Other Professional, Scientific and Technical Services n.e.c.
Subdivision 70 Computer System Design and Related Services
Group 700 Computer System Design and Related Services
Class 7000 Computer System Design and Related Services
Division N Administrative and Support Services
Subdivision 72 Administrative Services
Group 721 Employment Services
Class 7211 Employment Placement and Recruitment Services
Class 7212 Labour Supply Services
Group 722 Travel Agency and Tour Arrangement Services
Class 7220 Travel Agency and Tour Arrangement Services
Group 729 Other Administrative Services
Class 7291 Office Administrative Services
Class 7292 Document Preparation Services
Class 7293 Credit Reporting and Debt Collection Services
Class 7294 Call Centre Operation
Class 7299 Other Administrative Services n.e.c.
Subdivision 73 Building Cleaning, Pest Control and Other Support Services
Group 731 Building Cleaning, Pest Control and Gardening Services
Class 7311 Building and Other Industrial Cleaning Services
Class 7312 Building Pest Control Services
Class 7313 Gardening Services
Group 732 Packaging Services
Class 7320 Packaging Services
Division O Public Administration and Safety
Subdivision 75 Public Administration
Group 751 Central Government Administration
Class 7510 Central Government Administration
Group 752 State Government Administration
Class 7520 State Government Administration
Group 753 Local Government Administration
Class 7530 Local Government Administration
Group 754 Justice
Class 7540 Justice
Group 755 Government Representation
Class 7551 Domestic Government Representation
Class 7552 Foreign Government Representation
Subdivision 76 Defence
Group 760 Defence
Class 7600 Defence
Subdivision 77 Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services
Group 771 Public Order and Safety Services
Class 7711 Police Services
Class 7712 Investigation and Security Services
Class 7713 Fire Protection and Other Emergency Services
Class 7714 Correctional and Detention Services
Class 7719 Other Public Order and Safety Services
Group 772 Regulatory Services
Class 7720 Regulatory Services
Division P Education and Training
Subdivision 80 Preschool and School Education
Group 801 Preschool Education
Class 8010 Preschool Education
Group 802 School Education
Class 8021 Primary Education
Class 8022 Secondary Education
Class 8023 Combined Primary and Secondary Education
Class 8024 Special School Education
Subdivision 81 Tertiary Education
Group 810 Tertiary Education
Class 8101 Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Class 8102 Higher Education
Subdivision 82 Adult, Community and Other Education
Group 821 Adult, Community and Other Education
Class 8211 Sports and Physical Recreation Instruction
Class 8212 Arts Education
Class 8219 Adult, Community and Other Education n.e.c.
Group 822 Educational Support Services
Class 8220 Educational Support Services
Division Q Health Care and Social Assistance
Subdivision 84 Hospitals
Group 840 Hospitals
Class 8401 Hospitals (Except Psychiatric Hospitals)
Class 8402 Psychiatric Hospitals
Subdivision 85 Medical and Other Health Care Services
Group 851 Medical Services
Class 8511 General Practice Medical Services
Class 8512 Specialist Medical Services
Group 852 Pathology and Diagnostic Imaging Services
Class 8520 Pathology and Diagnostic Imaging Services
Group 853 Allied Health Services
Class 8531 Dental Services
Class 8532 Optometry and Optical Dispensing
Class 8533 Physiotherapy Services
Class 8534 Chiropractic and Osteopathic Services
Class 8539 Other Allied Health Services
Group 859 Other Health Care Services
Class 8591 Ambulance Services
Class 8599 Other Health Care Services n.e.c.
Subdivision 86 Residential Care Services
Group 860 Residential Care Services
Class 8601 Aged Care Residential Services
Class 8609 Other Residential Care Services
Subdivision 87 Social Assistance Services
Group 871 Child Care Services
Class 8710 Child Care Services
Group 879 Other Social Assistance Services
Class 8790 Other Social Assistance Services
Division R Arts and Recreation Services
Subdivision 89 Heritage Activities
Group 891 Museum Operation
Class 8910 Museum Operation
Group 892 Parks and Gardens Operations
Class 8921 Zoological and Botanical Gardens Operation
Class 8922 Nature Reserves and Conservation Parks Operation
Subdivision 90 Creative and Performing Arts Activities
Group 900 Creative and Performing Arts Activities
Class 9001 Performing Arts Operation
Class 9002 Creative Artists, Musicians, Writers and Performers
Class 9003 Performing Arts Venue Operation
Subdivision 91 Sports and Recreation Activities
Group 911 Sports and Physical Recreation Activities
Class 9111 Health and Fitness Centres and Gymnasia Operation
Class 9112 Sports and Physical Recreation Clubs and Sports Professionals
Class 9113 Sports and Physical Recreation Venues, Grounds and Facilities Operation
Class 9114 Sports and Physical Recreation Administrative Service
Group 912 Horse and Dog Racing Activities
Class 9121 Horse and Dog Racing Administration and Track Operation
Class 9129 Other Horse and Dog Racing Activities
Group 913 Amusement and Other Recreation Activities
Class 9131 Amusement Parks and Centres Operation
Class 9139 Amusement and Other Recreational Activities n.e.c.
Subdivision 92 Gambling Activities
Group 920 Gambling Activities
Class 9201 Casino Operation
Class 9202 Lottery Operation
Class 9209 Other Gambling Activities
Division S Other Services
Subdivision 94 Repair and Maintenance
Group 941 Automotive Repair and Maintenance
Class 9411 Automotive Electrical Services
Class 9412 Automotive Body, Paint and Interior Repair
Class 9419 Other Automotive Repair and Maintenance
Group 942 Machinery and Equipment Repair and Maintenance
Class 9421 Domestic Appliance Repair and Maintenance
Class 9422 Electronic (except Domestic Appliance) and Precision Equipment Repair and Maintenance
Class 9429 Other Machinery and Equipment Repair and Maintenance
Group 949 Other Repair and Maintenance
Class 9491 Clothing and Footwear Repair
Class 9499 Other Repair and Maintenance n.e.c.
Subdivision 95 Personal and Other Services
Group 951 Personal Care Services
Class 9511 Hairdressing and Beauty Services
Class 9512 Diet and Weight Reduction Centre Operation
Group 952 Funeral, Crematorium and Cemetery Services
Class 9520 Funeral, Crematorium and Cemetery Services
Group 953 Other Personal Services
Class 9531 Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Services
Class 9532 Photographic Film Processing
Class 9533 Parking Services
Class 9534 Brothel Keeping and Prostitution Services
Class 9539 Other Personal Services n.e.c.
Group 954 Religious Services
Class 9540 Religious Services
Group 955 Civic, Professional and Other Interest Group Services
Class 9551 Business and Professional Association Services
Class 9552 Labour Association Services
Class 9559 Other Interest Group Services n.e.c.
Subdivision 96 Private Households Employing Staff and Undifferentiated Goods- and Service-Producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Group 960 Private Households Employing Staff and Undifferentiated Goods- and Service-Producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Class 9601 Private Households Employing Staff
Class 9602 Undifferentiated Goods-Producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Class 9603 Undifferentiated Service-Producing Activities of Households for Own Use
Chapter 9 Alphabetic index of primary activities
Chapter 10 Correspondences
ANZSIC 1993 - ANZSIC 2006
ANZSIC 2006 - ANZSIC 1993
ISIC Rev. 3.1 - ANZSIC 2006
ANZSIC 2006 - ISIC Rev. 3.1
Appendix 1 Australian units model
Appendix 2 New Zealand units model
Appendix 3 Changes from ANZSIC 1993
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
If I have a contract with a client, and hire a subcontractor, then submit his/her hours to the client, receive the payment, and then pay that full amount to the subcontractor, do I need to pay taxes on that?
share|improve this question
2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
The money you received is counted as income for your business. The money you paid to the sub-contractor is an expense (e.g. 1040 Sched C, Line 11). You likely owe the sub-contractor a 1099 and you're late if you didn't already send it.
share|improve this answer
The short answer is it depends on where you are located and the services performed.
For example in Delaware (since many have Del. corporations) there is a gross receipt tax:
Delaware does not impose a state or local sales tax, but does impose a gross receipts tax on the seller of goods (tangible or otherwise) or provider of services in the state. Unless otherwise specified by statute, the term "gross receipts" comprises the total receipts of a business received from goods sold and services rendered in the State. There are no deductions for the cost of goods or property sold, labor costs, interest expense, discount paid, delivery costs, state or federal taxes, or any other expenses allowed.
Business and occupational gross receipts tax rates range from 0.1037% to 2.0736%, depending on the business activity. In instances where a taxpayer derives income from more than one type of activity, separate gross receipts tax reporting is required. The type of business activity additionally determines whether gross receipts tax is remitted monthly or quarterly.
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Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
So, I'm considering creating a searchable website/mobile app for cards for a popular card game. The cards have some text on them and an image. In the site/app, I'll display some of the text and an image ( low rez ) of the card. The app will be sold for an arbitrary amount of money.
I'm concerned about copyright law. I've read what the copyright office says about fair use and the wikipedia article about it. The Wikipedia article mentions low rez use of artwork.
Should I be concerned about copyrights, or does this fall under fair use?
share|improve this question
3 Answers
Somebody owns the rights to those images and text in combination. If you use them, without permission, and stand to make financial gain, you're almost certainly infringing, low resolution or not.
It's fairly straightforward - get permission, if you can't get permission, you just saved yourself a whole bunch of future headache.
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I'm not an attorney but in general (this applies to any type of content on the web) you always should contact the author and get their written permission beforehand just to be safe.
Just because something is on Wikipedia does not make it fair-use - for all anyone knows I could be pulling pictures from random websites and posting them on the site, without anyone knowing I plagiarized them.
If you're looking for fair-use content I highly suggest searching through CreativeCommons.org because they're the ones who have been pioneering the whole simple fair-use movement.
On the other hand, when it comes to other content anywhere on the web, even if there is not a copyright notice, by law (at least in the US) there still is a copyright unless otherwise noted. So again it always pays to just contact the site owner and get written permission because a copyright lawsuit is never ideal.
share|improve this answer
The problem here is that the boundaries of what is fair use and what is not is very poorly defined. What you want to do may be fair use but the only way to find out for sure is to litigate.
In sum, no one.can tell you. Call up your congressman and tell him to fix the mess that is copyright law.
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Ask Your Question
0
How to (batch) convert Microsoft Office Files from commandline?
asked 2012-02-24 07:10:58 +0200
Harry
23 2 3 7
updated 2012-02-24 07:11:33 +0200
Hello,
I'm using LibreOffice 3.4 on Fedora 16. I want to batch convert lots of .xls/x, .doc/x, and .ppt/x files to plain text.
1. When I issue the following command to just try to convert a single file, the command fails silently with an exit code of 1.
$ soffice.bin --headless --convert-to txt foo.xls
$ echo $?
1
$
2. I'd also like to know how to efficiently convert a whole bunch of these files without starting and stopping LibreOffice everytime. It appears that the --accept argument may be the way, but there seems to be no example of this anywhere. Would greatly appreciate if you could share one.
Many thanks in advance, /HS
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2 Answers
Sort by » oldest newest most voted
1
answered 2012-02-24 08:26:52 +0200
drone27of1
216 6
Bug 44496 - convert-to pdf:writer_pdf_Export (headless) fails when LibreOffice already open
Close down all LO instances and it works (tested)
link delete flag offensive edit
0
answered 2012-02-24 08:01:20 +0200
ArtificePrime
1 1
updated 2012-02-24 08:02:46 +0200
Can't speak to the batch capabilities off hand, but as your looking for a command line tool, the first thing that comes to mind is AntiWord. It supports Word files up to MS Office 2003. Unfortunately, if it's not in your repos the RPM links on that page are all out of date (latest version is 0.37 from 2005). I had to build it from source myself recently. I've always found it to work quite well, but I only use it in combination with less for older *.doc files.
Anyway, I hope I've given you a step forward and not fed you a red herring.
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Asked: 2012-02-24 07:10:58 +0200
Seen: 1,731 times
Last updated: Sep 04 '12
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Equations with Oscillating Charge in Unitary Quantum Theory
L.G. Sapogin, Yu.A. Ryabov
Abstract
There are considered in the paper so called equations with oscillating charge which are the important elements of Unitary Quantum Theory. There are described within bounds of this theory the behavior of micro-particle in many quantum problems as the passing or reflection of potential barriers, wells, the tunnel effect, the particle scattering etc. and are observed some interesting quantum phenomena not corresponding to standard Quantum Mechanics There is constructed the mathematical model of Coulomb barrier’s overcoming, which shows the practical possibility of the cold nuclear fusion although the standard Quantum Mechanics denies such possibility.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Applied Physics Research ISSN 1916-9639 (Print) ISSN 1916-9647 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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rgdal (0.7-19)
Bindings for the Geospatial Data Abstraction Library.
http://www.gdal.org
https://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/rgdal/
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rgdal
Provides bindings to Frank Warmerdam's Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) (>= 1.6.0) and access to projection/transformation operations from the PROJ.4 library. The GDAL and PROJ.4 libraries are external to the package, and, when installing the package from source, must be correctly installed first. Both GDAL raster and OGR vector map data can be imported into R, and GDAL raster data and OGR vector data exported. Use is made of classes defined in the sp package. Windows and Mac Intel OS X binaries (including GDAL, PROJ.4 and Expat) are provided on CRAN.
Maintainer: Roger Bivand
Author(s): Timothy H. Keitt <tkeitt@mail.utexas.edu>, Roger Bivand <Roger.Bivand@nhh.no>, Edzer Pebesma <edzer.pebesma@uni-muenster.de>, Barry Rowlingson
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: sp
Reverse depends: DeducerSpatial, divagis, dmRTools, geospacom, geotopbricks, GeoXp, intamap, landsat, lgcp, M3, Metadata, micromap, ModelMap, modiscloud, move, ndvits, nnDiag, OpenStreetMap, osmar, pgirmess, plotGoogleMaps, plotKML, prevR, r2dRue, rangeMapper, RghcnV3, RgoogleMaps, RSurvey, spatial.tools, spcosa, sperich, spgrass6, trip
Reverse suggests: aqp, autopls, BARD, BiodiversityR, DeducerSpatial, dismo, Grid2Polygons, gstat, hydrosanity, hydroTSM, intamap, intamapInteractive, lgcp, mapplots, OpenStreetMap, pgirmess, raster, RgoogleMaps, RGraphics, RSurvey, rtop, rts, rworldmap, secr, soilDB, sos4R, sp, spacetime, spcosa, sperich, spgrass6, trip, tripEstimation, UScensus2000, UScensus2010, usdm
Reverse enhances: BARD, Rgnuplot, RgoogleMaps
Released 8 months ago.
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92648
Safe Shepherd–Privacy Web Service To Remove Records That Violate Your Privacy on Internet And Remove Access “Data Brokers” Making Billions In Profits Selling Data With Little Overhead
Being a privacy person advocate I thought I would give this a try and see how it works and keep in mind the company is brand new so I’m sure they will develop more services. Right now they have a free basic service which I tried and by using a friend referral service you can upgrade to their professional version for free, or you can just pay.
I put in my email and very basic information and found my email attached to a few others out there and selected “remove”. The service states it will tell me when I am removed. I have a few email addresses, and for now I am testing it on one as it appears the address is the common denominator here.
Robert Scoble did an introductory video which offers a bit more information on how it works. By the way this looks to be in the new YouTube HTML5 format too. The service states I’ll be notified via email when the connections have been removed from the web, so I will watch for them and see what I get.
Again with the “data selling” business growing to such a large proportion and the billions being made here by drugs stores, banks, retail stores, social networks, insurance companies and their subsidiaries it was certainly time for such a service to emerge. Again I still stand with licensing and taxing the “data sellers” as big business makes billions from selling data and sometimes the date gets used against you and that’s why I wrote my “Killer Algorithm” series to help folks understand how this occurs. If Walgreens made just under $800 million selling data in 2010 according to their SEC statement, just think of how much is out there and the “huge” profits, again in the “billions” that are made with “intangible” services that have little overhead. When I get sick though and need a cure I can’t use an algorithm to get well, still need something from the drug store, over the counter or prescription, and that’s a tangible.
This is why it is difficult for manufacturing in some areas to get going as why would a company build a factory and hire employees when they can grab a few programmers, get a cloud or two and set up the “data mining” algorithms, grab the data, query it into “saleable” data tables and go off marketing. This is especially true in the “predictive behavior” area as everyone wants to know where and how to market and how consumers will react and intertwine before it hits the road.
Start Licensing and Taxing the Data Sellers of the Internet Making Billions of Profit Dollars Mining “Free Taxpayer Data”–Attack of the Killer Algorithms Chapter 17 - “Occupy Algorithms”– Help Stop Inequality in the US
Also check out “PatientPrivacyRights” which goes a bit deeper into getting permission from Patients on sharing information. I decided after all the articles I have written here to put permanent links for those looking for privacy information as it is updated and it’s tied in with the series on the Killer Algorithms. It takes a bunch of algorithms to go in and get your information with all the bots out there today and now it looks like we have new algorithms being developed to go in and remove it. BD
”We'll scan across the internet for your personal information which has been made public or is being sold.”
• Remove unwanted information
Easily remove records which violate your privacy, are risky, or are inaccurate. We'll do all the work.
• Be the first to know
Receive real-time alerts when your personal info appears on the web, whether you put it there or not.
https://safeshepherd.com/
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Wikia
SRD:Devastation Beetle
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
This material is published under the OGL
DEVASTATION BEETLEEdit
Devastation Beetle
Size/Type: Colossal Vermin
Hit Dice: 128d8+2,304 (2,880 hp)
Initiative: +10 (Dex)
Speed: 70 ft.
Armor Class: 72 (–8 size, +10 Dex, +60 natural), touch 12, flat-footed 60
Base Attack/Grapple: +96/+126
Attack: Bite +104 (25d10+24) melee
Full Attack: Bite +104 (25d10+24) melee
Space/Reach: 50 ft./40 ft.
Special Attacks: Trample 30d10+24, acid cloud
Special Qualities: Vermin Traits, Darkvision 300 ft., SR 60, DR 20/–
Saves: Fort +82, Ref +52, Will +42
Abilities: Str 42, Dex 31, Con 46, Int –, Wis 10, Cha 9
Skills: Jump +41, Listen +0, Spot +0
Feats:
Environment: Any land
Organization: Solitary or cluster (2–5)
Challenge Rating: 50
Treasure: None
Alignment: Always neutral
Advancement: None
Level Adjustment:
Vermin Traits: Immune to mind-affecting effects (charms, compulsions, phantasms, patterns, and morale effects).
Trample (Ex): A devastation beetle can trample Gargantuan and smaller creatures for 30d10+24 points of damage. Opponents who do not make attacks of opportunity against the devastation beetle can attempt a Reflex save (DC 90) to halve the damage.
Acid Cloud (Ex): A devastation beetle exudes a constant vapor that radiates outward in every direction for 60 feet. This vapor deals 6d6 points of acid damage each round to anyone caught in the cloud.
SEE WIKIPEDIA ENTRY: Beetle
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentCreatures
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ECE497 SLAM via ROS
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 17:35, 2 November 2012 by Whiteer (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Team members: Elias White
Contents
Executive Summary
In autonomous navigation understanding the robot's surrounding environment, as well as its position in this environment, is of paramount importance. This project attempts to leverage the open-source efforts resulting in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms and use them, in collaboration with the Beagleboard -xm, to develop a 3-D model of the world surrounding the board as it moves through space. Obviously the more (quality) sensory data used in a SLAM algorithm the better the results, but at this time a camera will be the only sensor device, although there is the possibility of incorporating a gyroscope. A primary objective of this project is to test the feasibility of using the Beagleboard -xm as the "brain" for an autonomous quad-copter.
Installation Instructions
Give step by step instructions on how to install your project on the SPEd2 image.
• Include your github path as a link like this: https://github.com/MarkAYoder/gitLearn.
• Include any additional packages installed via opkg.
• Include kernel mods.
• If there is extra hardware needed, include links to where it can be obtained.
User Instructions
Once everything is installed, how do you use the program? Give details here, so if you have a long user manual, link to it here.
Highlights
While there are currently no highlights, this video provides an idea of what I would like to do, although the quality of their results is much higher than I am expecting to achieve.
Theory of Operation
Give a high level overview of the structure of your software. Are you using GStreamer? Show a diagram of the pipeline. Are you running multiple tasks? Show what they do and how they interact.
Work Breakdown
As a solo group I'll be the only one working on this project.
Future Work
Suggest addition things that could be done with this project.
Conclusions
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Research
Gene expression profiling of human prostate cancer stem cells reveals a pro-inflammatory phenotype and the importance of extracellular matrix interactions
Richard Birnie1, Steven D Bryce2, Claire Roome3, Vincent Dussupt1, Alastair Droop4, Shona H Lang2, Paul A Berry2, Catherine F Hyde2, John L Lewis2, Michael J Stower5, Norman J Maitland2 and Anne T Collins2*
Author Affiliations
1 Pro-Cure Therapeutics Ltd, The Biocentre, Innovation Way, York Science Park, Heslington, York YO10 5NY, UK
2 YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
3 Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
4 York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, UK
5 Department of Urology, York Hospital, Wigginton Road, York YO31 8HE, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
Genome Biology 2008, 9:R83 doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r83
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2008/9/5/R83
Received:20 December 2007
Revisions received:5 March 2008
Accepted:20 May 2008
Published:20 May 2008
© 2008 Birnie et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The tumor-initiating capacity of many cancers is considered to reside in a small subpopulation of cells (cancer stem cells). We have previously shown that rare prostate epithelial cells with a CD133+2β1hi phenotype have the properties of prostate cancer stem cells. We have compared gene expression in these cells relative to their normal and differentiated (CD133-2β1low) counterparts, resulting in an informative cancer stem cell gene-expression signature.
Results
Cell cultures were generated from specimens of human prostate cancers (n = 12) and non-malignant control tissues (n = 7). Affymetrix gene-expression arrays were used to analyze total cell RNA from sorted cell populations, and expression changes were selectively validated by quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Differential expression of multiple genes associated with inflammation, cellular adhesion, and metastasis was observed. Functional studies, using an inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), revealed preferential targeting of the cancer stem cell and progenitor population for apoptosis whilst sparing normal stem cells. NF-κB is a major factor controlling the ability of tumor cells to resist apoptosis and provides an attractive target for new chemopreventative and chemotherapeutic approaches.
Conclusion
We describe an expression signature of 581 genes whose levels are significantly different in prostate cancer stem cells. Functional annotation of this signature identified the JAK-STAT pathway and focal adhesion signaling as key processes in the biology of cancer stem cells.
Background
The concept of a cancer stem cell within a more differentiated tumor mass, as an aberrant form of normal differentiation, is now gaining acceptance over the current stochastic model of oncogenesis, in which all tumor cells are equivalent both in growth and tumor-initiating capacity [1,2]. For example, in leukaemia, the ability to initiate new tumor growth resides in a rare phenotypically distinct subset of tumor cells [3] that are defined by the expression of CD34+CD38- surface antigens and have been termed leukemic stem cells. Similar tumor-initiating cells have also been found in 'solid' cancers, such as prostate [4], breast [5], brain [6], lung [7] colon [8,9] and gastric cancers [10]. We have recently shown that a rare cell population in human prostate cancer, defined by the phenotype CD133+2β1hi (high expression of α2β1 integrin) and comprising less than 0.1% of the tumor mass, has many of the properties of cancer stem cells [4]. In particular, self renewal, extended lifespan (compared to normal stem cells), a high invasive capacity, a primitive epithelial phenotype and an ability to differentiate to recapitulate the phenotypes seen in prostate tumors. The cancer stem cell content was not, however, dependent on prostate tumor clinical stage or grade.
Numerous groups have profiled prostate cancer using DNA microarrays (reviewed in [11]). Despite this, the genetic changes associated with initiation and progression of this disease remains undefined. Traditionally, expression profiling has focused on sampling the tumor cell mass, but this does not take into account the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of tumors. Moreover, individual genes are identified rather than sets of genes that share a biological function. Here we report the first expression profile of a stem cell population from human prostate cancers. By further analyzing this expression signature in the context of biological function, key pathways have been identified that are associated with inflammation, extracellular matrix interactions and stem cell self-renewal.
Results
Identification of gene products associated with a cancer stem cell phenotype
By comparing RNA expression patterns from stem and committed cells, independent of their disease status, 287 probesets showed significantly elevated expression in stem cells (Welch t test, p < 0.035). Comparison of the expression patterns from normal stem cells with those from malignant stem cells (Gleason score >7) identified 333 probesets with significantly increased expression in malignant cells. (Welch t test, p < 0.1). These were combined to give a 620 probeset 'cancer stem cell signature'. The occurrence of multiple probes for the same gene in our dataset gave us a final signature of 581 genes when we translated probe IDs to gene names. We used hierarchical clustering to demonstrate that the genes identified in our cancer stem cell signature could be used to distinguish between different phenotypic groups within our data set. The combined cancer stem cell signature successfully separated benign from malignant samples. Within the different disease states we found that samples with the same differentiation state clustered together (Figure 1a). Using the separated differentiation and malignancy signatures we were able to cluster samples according to their differentiation or disease states, respectively (Figure 1b,c). However, if data from Gleason 6 tumors or a single Gleason 7 patient, on hormone-deprivation therapy, were included in the clustering analysis, then we were unable to distinguish between benign and malignant samples, as well as differentiation state (Figure 1d). For this reason Gleason 6 samples and hormone refractory samples were excluded from subsequent analyses. We also noted that in one stem cell sample a clear differentiation signature was evident (Figure 1b, asterisk), which was most likely due to contamination of the CD133+2β1hi fraction with more differentiated cells.
Figure 1. Distinctive stem cell and tumor signatures are found in human prostate cancers containing a minimum Gleason score 7 pathology. Clustering analysis (derived from the Pearson correlation) using the expression data for the probesets (from 28 samples) define a cancer stem cell signature. Blue tiles indicate down-regulated genes, and red tiles indicate up-regulated genes. (a) The combined signature clustered samples as benign (blue bar) and malignant (red bar). Cell type (stem, CD133+2β1hi; and committed, CD133-2β1low) was also defined within each disease state. (b) The differentiation signature. One sample in which a clear differentiation signature 'breakthrough' was evident in the combined signature is indicted by an asterisk. (c) Sample clustering according to the malignancy signature. (d) Hierarchical clustering with the Gleason 6 samples and a single hormone treated sample included in the analysis. Note that the clear distinction between non-malignant and malignant biopsies is lost by including this data.
Although there was a clear distinction between malignant and benign samples we used an RT-PCR based approach to screen for the presence of the fusion transcript TMPRSS2:ERG (transmembrane protease, serine 2:v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog fusion product) as a further test for tumorigenicity [12]. We found that 62% or 5 out of 8 cultures (Gleason score 7 and above) expressed TMPRSS2:ERG (Figure 2). Interestingly, a culture derived from a lymph node metastasis of the prostate did not express the transcript (PE704), yet expression was detected in one culture derived from a Gleason 6 tumor.
Figure 2. Nested RT-PCR for the detection of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion. Samples from the microarray data set, where sufficient material was available, were subjected to nested RT-PCR to detect the presence of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion product. The fusion product was detected in 6 of 10 samples and undetectable in the remainder (samples marked ND). cDNA from the fusion positive cell line VCaP was used as a positive control, water was substituted in place of cDNA for the negative control.
Cancer stem cells express known prostate cancer-associated genes
The cancer phenotype was validated by confirming the expression levels of several established prostate cancer markers from the Affymetrix dataset by real time PCR (Figure 3a). For example, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, a phenotypic marker identified in the first microarray experiments on prostate cancer [13], was significantly over-expressed in malignant samples, but under-expressed in stem cells relative to committed cells. Similarly, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 and WNT5A were also over-expressed in malignant samples, but not in the stem cell population. As expected, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) showed a modest down-regulation in malignant and stem populations as did Cytokeratin-15, which has been shown to be associated with the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cell type [14].
Figure 3. Validation of selected genes by quantitative real time PCR. (a) RT-PCR confirmation of Affymetrix array data on genes associated with prostate cancer (all changes in expression were significant at p < 0.05). Changes between stem and committed cells are indicated in blue, while malignant versus benign changes are indicated in red. (b) Validation of average changes in gene expression between stem and committed basal populations detected by Affymetrix array (red bars) and RT-PCR techniques (blue bars). (c) Validation of average changes in gene expression between malignant and benign stem cell populations detected by Affymetrix (red bars) and RT-PCR techniques (blue bars).
A panel of genes was selected to confirm the reproducibility of the array data by real time PCR. Comparison of stem versus committed populations demonstrated expression changes in the same direction as the array data, in 10 out of the 12 genes studied (83%), but variations in magnitude were observed (Figure 3b). Similar results were obtained when comparing benign and malignant samples, although some genes (4 out of 12; 33%) did display inconsistencies between microarray and PCR assays (Figure 3c).
Gene expression signature associated with the cancer stem cell phenotype
Following the definition of the cancer stem cell signature, we proceeded to explore the different functional groups present in the dataset. Genes associated with inflammation were particularly prominent in this set of over-expression products. In particular, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and interleukin (IL)6 were up-regulated in the cancer stem cell population, as were multiple genes associated with cell-cell communication and adhesion (for example tight junction protein (TJP)2/ZO2 and integrin alpha V). The gene showing the highest differential expression in the cancer stem cell population, by up to four-fold (Table 1 and Figure 3b), was that encoding the secreted metallo-protease Pappalysin A (PAPPA) [15].
Table 1. Candidate genes whose expression is altered in the cancer stem cell population
Further validation of differential expression was carried out at the protein level using a combination of flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry (Figure 4). Using antibodies to CD133 and NF-κB on primary tumor cultures demonstrated that both progenitor and stem cells expressed NF-κB protein (Figure 4a). Nuclear localization of NF-κB was evident by immunocytochemistry on CD133-selected tumor cells treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α (Figure 4b). This confirmed that the active form of the protein was present in the stem cell population. TJP1 (ZO-1) and TJP2 (ZO-2) proteins were also expressed by the majority of progenitor and stem cells from tumor cell cultures (Figure 4c,d), whereas only a minority of the total cell population expressed PAPPA (Figure 4e). Nevertheless, this protein was present in a majority of the CD133+2β1hi population.
Figure 4. Validation of selected genes by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. (a) Flow cytometry analysis of prostate cancer cells co-stained with antibodies to CD133 and the NF-κB p65 subunit. (b) Confocal image of sorted CD133+ cancer cells stained with an antibody to the NF-κB p65 subunit (green) counterstained with DAPI (blue). Nuclear concurrence of two signals is indicated by a cyan colour. (c-e) Flow cytometry analysis of prostate cancer cells co-stained with antibodies to CD133 and ZO1/TJP1 (c) or ZO2/TJP2 (d) or PAPPA (e).
Parthenolide treatment affects cancer stem cells but not normal progenitor and stem cell activity
To functionally assess the effects of blocking NF-κB signaling, cells were treated with the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide (PTL). As NF-κB is known to promote cell survival [16], we determined whether its inhibition by PTL could preferentially induce cell death in primary tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Figure 5 shows an example of annexin V staining of cancer and normal prostate cells in response to an 18 hour treatment with PTL. Although normal CD133+ cells show almost no loss of viability in the presence of PTL, the cancer CD133+ cells were strongly induced to undergo apoptosis (from 88% to 22% viability after treatment) as were the progenitor cells from cancer and normal cultures.
Figure 5. PTL induces apoptosis in primitive cancer cells. Percent viability of prostate cancer cells and cells from a patient with BPH treated with increasing concentrations of PTL. Cells were cultured for 1 h with 100 ng/ml TNFα prior to treatment with PTL for 18 h. Cells were subsequently labeled with CD133-APC, Annexin-V-FITC and DAPI. Viability was defined as annexin-V-/DAPI- on total cells. Three prostate cancer patients' samples were analyzed and a representative profile is shown of normal CD133+ (open circles), cancer CD133+ (filled squares), normal progenitor (filled circles) and cancer progenitor (open squares).
Functional annotation of the cancer stem cell signature
We used annotation data from the Gene Ontology (GO) [17] to identify key functional categories within the gene expression signature. The cancer stem cell signature was subjected to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to identify over-represented GO terms [18]. We identified 22 GO terms that were significantly over-represented (p < 0.01) in cancer samples within the stem cell population (Figure 6a) and 25 GO terms significantly over-represented (p < 0.01) in cancer samples within the committed basal population (Figure 6b). We found 17 functional concepts that were common to both stem and committed basal populations. Mapping these 17 GO terms against our cancer stem cell signature identified 28 genes. Searching these 28 genes against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database [19] highlighted 4 main pathways (Figure 6c). These pathways were dominated by the signaling of inflammatory cytokines through the JAK-STAT (Janus activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway and the interaction of cell surface receptors with the extracellular matrix and associated downstream signaling. Our cancer stem cell signature also contained several other genes that might reasonably be considered part of this system, but are not currently annotated to known pathways in the KEGG database [19], for example, those encoding collagens 8A1, 12A1, 16A1 and 27A1.
Figure 6. Functional annotation of the cancer stem cell expression signature. (a,b) Functional concepts over-represented in cancer relative to BPH within the stem cell population (a) or within the committed basal population (b) derived from the GO. Over-represented terms are shown in red, and under-represented terms are shown in blue. (c) Examples of key pathways and related genes involved in over represented gene ontology functions.
We then extended our search to look for components of these pathways that were present in our gene expression signature, but were not identified by GSEA. This search returned a total of 8 members of the JAK-STAT pathway, 7 components of the extracellular matrix-receptor system and 15 components of the focal adhesion signaling pathway. It is worth noting that five members of the focal adhesion pathway and the extracellular matrix-receptor system overlap, as the focal adhesion pathway is activated by extracellular matrix-receptor interaction.
Discussion
Despite advances in both screening and in surgical treatment, the long-term prognosis for patients with hormone relapsed prostate cancer remains disappointingly poor [20]. Current tumor targeting strategies for therapy are largely based on differentiation antigens, such as prostate specific antigen and androgen receptor, but our previous studies have shown that the cells that self-renew are a population of primitive cells with the phenotype α2β1hi/CD133+, which are most likely unaffected by current chemotherapeutic regimes [4]. Accordingly, previous expression array studies of prostate have been dominated by androgen receptor-regulated gene products derived from more abundant differentiated cells and the higher average gene expression in these cells is likely to have masked more subtle expression changes in rare cancer stem cells.
Recent advances in microarray technology and target labeling methods have opened up the possibility of performing whole genome transcription profiling experiments from small amounts of starting material, such as rare stem cells [21]. Dumur and colleagues [21] showed that the GeneChip Two-cycle sample labeling method produced similar results to the standard One-cycle method on 11 out of 12 quality control parameters tested. There was a small bias in the 3'/5' ratio of some genes caused by the generation of shorter products from the Two-cycle labeling method. However, hierarchical clustering showed that each Two-cycle labeled sample was most closely associated with its One-cycle counterpart.
The most striking conclusion from studying highly purified subpopulations from human prostate cancers was the ability of the combined tumor/differentiation cancer stem cell 'signature' to distinguish benign epithelium from tumors with a Gleason 4 morphology [22]. Interestingly, not all Gleason score 7+ cultures expressed the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion [12], including one lymph node metastasis, yet they clearly clustered away from Gleason 6 cultures (one of which expressed TMPRSS2:ERG). Recently, expression array analysis of micro-dissected prostate tumors has confirmed the hypothesis that the transition to Gleason pattern 4 is associated with significant shifts in gene expression patterns [23]. Lymph node metastases segregated with primary tumors based on the expression signature, but preliminary results indicated that hormone-refractory tumors form a distinct (and possibly more heterogeneous) subgroup in terms of gene expression, as do the Gleason 6 tumors. As the TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion was detected in one out of two Gleason 6 cultures tested, and is associated with lethal prostate cancer [24], further study of larger samples of prostate cancer stem cells from different classes of therapy-resistant and Gleason 6 tumors is warranted.
Despite short-term culturing, to expand the stem cell population, the cancer signature was validated by confirming the expression levels of several established prostate cancer markers. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, a phenotypic marker identified in the first microarray experiments on prostate cancer [13], was significantly over-expressed in cancer samples, as was MMP9. High MMP expression is consistent with matrix degradation and high invasive capacity previously reported in cancer stem cell cultures [4]. As expected, PTEN showed a modest down-regulation in malignant and stem populations, consistent with the haplo-insufficiency proposed on the basis of transgenic mouse experiments [25] and in recent studies of hematopoetic tumor stem cells [26].
Several studies have investigated the differences in gene expression profiles between samples isolated directly from tissue and those from cells cultured in vitro [27-29]. Wick et al. [28] compared transcriptional profiles from ex vivo and in vitro cultured samples of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells and blood endothelial cells. These authors found that 2.1% and 4.0% of transcripts were affected by culture in lymphatic endothelial cells and blood endothelial cells, respectively. It is worth noting that this study employed different labeling methods for in vitro and ex vivo samples, which may partially account for the discrepancy. A similar study on hepatic stellate cells highlighted the importance of culture microenvironment and the appropriate use of feeder cells in co-culture. Comparison of transcriptional profiles from hepatic stellate cells cultured in vitro or from cells isolated directly from tissues found substantial differences in the lists of genes found to be differentially expressed. It was shown that co-culture of hepatic stellate cells with Kupffer cells in vitro (acting as feeders) shifted the gene expression profile to a pattern that was consistent with that found in vivo [29]. This suggests that the use of feeder cells in our cultures of cancer stem cells is likely to be important for maintaining gene expression patterns similar to cancer stem cells in vivo.
Expression of multiple genes associated with cell-cell communication and adhesion was associated with the cancer stem cell population. These expression products have been implicated in tissue integrity [30] and the normal stem cell 'niche' [31,32]. The gene showing the highest differential expression in the cancer stem cell population was that encoding PAPPA [15]. This pregnancy-associated plasma protein specifically cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and IGFBP-5. Proteolysis of IGFBPs regulates the bioavailability of IGFs, and because of the association between IGF levels and prostate cancer [33], strategies for the direct inhibition of IGF signaling, by inhibiting proteolytic activity, is a potential therapeutic strategy and would likely not interfere with insulin signaling [34].
We used a panel of genes, based on their known association with prostate biology and cancer, to confirm the reproducibility of the array data. Most genes were consistent, but we did note discrepancies, particularly between the malignant and benign RT-PCR results, which may be due to patient variability. In all cases where discrepancy exists, the fold change in expression as measured by RT-PCR was less than two and these small differences are difficult to reproduce accurately. In some cases the absolute expression levels of the genes were quite low, which makes them more sensitive to small fluctuations. The discrepancy could also be caused by the use of probes targeted to different regions of the transcript. Real-time PCR probes are commonly designed against the consensus sequence of the known transcripts for the target gene. Microarrays carry multiple probes against the same gene distributed throughout the length of the transcript, some of which detect only a subset of the known transcripts for the target gene.
Despite this, our data suggest that the transcription factor NF-κB may be a promising therapeutic target as PTL, which acts directly on NF-κB and prevents it entering the nucleus, appeared to promote selective cell death of the cancer-specific CD133 population. Similar results have been demonstrated for leukemic CD34+ stem cells, with normal CD34 cells spared from apoptosis [35].
Functional annotation of the cancer stem cell signature by GSEA led us to four main pathways: JAK-STAT signaling; cell adhesion and extracellular matrix-interactions; focal adhesion signaling; and WNT signaling. There is a substantial body of work linking Wnt signaling with stemness and malignant behavior (reviewed in [36]). With respect to prostate cancer, Wnt signaling has been linked to progression to androgen-independence and bone metastasis [37,38].
Extracellular matrix-receptor signaling and the focal adhesion pathway can be considered part of the same system, as the focal adhesion pathway is activated by extracellular matrix-receptor interaction. Changes in extracellular matrix and associated proteins have been reported in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer [39], and activation of Focal adhesion kinase through α5β1 integrin/fibronectin has previously been implicated in regulating the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells via activation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate kinase [40]. The JAK-STAT pathway could also be considered to overlap with this system since focal adhesion signaling, as defined in the KEGG database, can be activated by cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, which is also the major activation method of the JAK-STAT pathway. In addition, JAK-STAT and focal adhesion signaling share several common components, such as the GRB-SOS (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-son of sevenless) complex and the phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate kinase/Akt axis. The involvement of IL6 and the JAK-STAT pathway in advanced prostate cancer is well known [41,42]. More recently, STAT1 has emerged as a potential mediator of drug resistance in prostate cancer [43] and may present a potential therapeutic target.
Conclusion
Our ability to select and culture stem cell populations will now allow us to determine the genotype of these cells for permanent (mutagenic) changes, such as characteristic translocations [12] and the presence of epigenetic control [44]. We should also now be able to monitor the effects of novel therapeutics on the cancer stem cell population. Advances in viable cell separation technology and the first detailed expression signature reported here now provide the means to update and ultimately test the cancer stem cell hypothesis in a common non-hematological tumor.
Materials and methods
Tissue collection, isolation, and culture of tumor stem cells
Human prostate tissue was obtained, with patient consent, from 12 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and transurethral resection for prostate cancer and 7 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia (age range 52-79 years; Table 2). Prostate cancer was confirmed by: histological examination of representative adjacent fragments; in vitro invasion [4]; and expression of the fusion product TMPSS2:ERG [12] (Figure 2). To preclude the need for extensive enzymatic amplification cycles prior to Affymetrix analysis, cultures were generated from isolated stem cells (CD133+2β1hi), as described previously [4]. In some cases, cultures were derived initially from the more abundant α2β1hi population (which contains the CD133+ fraction), usually from small biopsies (lymph node metastasis and core biopsies of the prostate).
Table 2. Summary of patient population and invasive characteristics of corresponding stem cell cultures in vitro
Nested RT-PCR for the detection of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion
RNA was extracted from prostate tissue using the Qiagen RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Crawley, UK) following the manufacturer's instructions. The RNA was reverse transcribed using random hexamers and reverse transcriptase (Superscript III, Invitrogen, Paisley, UK).
Specific primers were used to detect the presence of the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion by nested RT-PCR (first step, forward 5'-CGC GAG CTA AGC AGG AGG C-3' and reverse 5'-GGC GTT GTA GCT GGG GGT GAG-3'; 2nd step, forward 5'-GGA GCG CCG CCT GGA G-3' and reverse 5'-CCA TAT TCT TTC ACC GCC CAC TCC-3'; Invitrogen). Each PCR reaction contained 1 μM of the respective forward and reverse primers, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs and 1 U Taq polymerase (GoTaq, Promega, Southampton, UK). The PCR conditions were adapted from those of Clarke et al. [45]. Briefly, the first step PCR conditions were 94°C for 30 s followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 20 s and an extension step of 68°C for 1 minute. There was no annealing step as the region amplified is very GC rich. The second step conditions were 94°C for 30 s, 35 cycles of 94°C for 20 s, 66°C for 10 s and 68°C for 1 minute followed by 68°C for 7 minutes.
PCR products were separated by electrophoresis through a 1.5% agarose GelRed (Invitrogen) stained gel for 1 h at 80 V. PCR products were visualized using a Gene Genius bio-imaging system.
Array sample and data processing
Total RNA extraction
Total RNA was extracted from up to 1 × 104 CD133+2β1hi selected cells from malignant and non-malignant cultures using Qiagen RNeasy micro-columns according to the manufacturer's protocol. For CD133-2β1low cells, total RNA was extracted from between 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 selected cells using Qiagen RNeasy mini-columns. RNA yields were determined spectrophotometrically at 260 nm and RNA integrity checked by capillary electrophoresis using an Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Agilent, South Queensferry, UK).
Production of fragmented labeled cRNA
Total RNA (10-50 ng) was amplified using two rounds of cDNA synthesis and in vitro transcription, and biotin labeled by following the Affymetrix small scale labeling protocol VII [46], omitting the T4 DNA polymerase steps in the two second strand cDNA synthesis reactions and using the Affymetrix GeneChip in vitro transcription labeling kit for the second cycle in vitro transcription for cRNA amplification and labeling. The Affymetrix eukaryotic sample and array processing standard protocol was followed at this stage and the quality of first and second round cRNA products and fragmented cRNA was checked by capillary electrophoresis using an Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer.
Array hybridization
Labeled fragmented cRNA (10 μg) was hybridized to oligonucleotide probes on an Affymetrix HG-U133plus2 GeneChip, according to the hybridization, washing, staining and scanning procedure in the Affymetrix eukaryotic sample and array processing standard protocol (Affymetrix Fluidics Station 450 using the EukGE-WS2v5 protocol). Final scanning of the arrays was carried out with an Affymetrix Gene Scanner 3000. The raw data are available in the ArrayExpress Database (accession E-MEXP-993).
Data processing
Scanned GeneChip images were processed using Affymetrix GCOS 1.2 software to derive an intensity value and flag (present, marginal or absent) for each probe. Probe intensities were derived using the MAS5.0 algorithm. Comparisons between different sample datasets were conducted using Agilent GeneSpring GX software. Datasets to be compared were first normalized using three steps (consecutively applied in the order given): by transforming values <0.01 to 0.01; normalizing each chip to the median of the measurements taken for that chip; and finally normalizing each probe to the median of the measurements for that probe. Low quality or uninformative data were removed using three selections (consecutively applied as follows): probes flagged 'absent' in all samples; probes with standard deviation within a parameter class of >1 in at least three of the four conditions; and probes with less than a two-fold overall change in normalized expression value between all four of the conditions.
Statistical analysis
The gene expression profile of CD133+2β1hi and CD133-2β1low prostate cancer cells were compared with benign CD133+2β1hi and CD133-2β1low prostate epithelial cells. Statistical analysis of the transcription profiles was derived from patients with Gleason score 7 cancers and above. Gleason score 6 biopsies, and one Gleason score 7 biopsy (from a patient who had received hormone therapy) were excluded (Table 1).
Following removal of low quality or uninformative data (see 'Data processing') samples were subjected to a two-way ANOVA test to identify significant (p < 0.05) changes between malignant and benign populations and between stem (CD133+2β1hi) and committed (CD133-2β1low) populations. Gene expression changes in benign versus malignant cells (within the stem cell population) was compared using a Welch t test. A second Welch t test was used to compare stem and committed populations independent of their disease status. To define signature probesets for the cancer stem cell population, the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate multiple testing correction was applied to the results of Welch t tests between the cell populations, resulting in a corrected critical value of p < 0.035. This value was used in the comparison of stem and committed populations, independent of their disease status, to define a stem cell-specific expression signature. When comparing malignant against benign samples very few probesets were significantly different at p < 0.035, resulting in a combined cell type/malignancy signature that was biased in favor of cell differentiation characteristics. To compensate for this, the critical value was adjusted to p < 0.1 for the comparison of benign and malignant components within the stem cell population. Those genes found to be significantly over-expressed in stem cells were combined with genes significantly over-expressed in malignant samples to generate a malignant stem cell signature.
Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR
Reverse transcription was carried out on cDNA generated from 50 ng of fractionated cell RNA purified as described above. This was either prepared freshly from RNA or taken from the second round cDNA synthesis for Affymetrix arrays (see above) where starting material was limiting. cDNA generated from the cell lines P4E6 [47] and PC346C (kindly provided by Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University, Rotterdam) was combined in a 1:1 ratio and used to generate the standard curve for each assay. Real time PCR was carried out using TaqMan gene expression pre-synthesized reagents and master mix (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK). Reactions were prepared following the manufacturers protocol except that a reduced total volume of 25 μl was used. All reactions were carried out in triplicate on 96-well PCR plates (ABgene, Epsom, UK) in an ABI PRISM 7000 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems). Standard thermal cycling conditions included a hot start of 5 minutes at 50°C, 10 minutes at 95°C, followed by up to 50 cycles of: 95°C 15 s, 60°C for 1 minute. Data analysis was carried out using ABI SDS software and Microsoft Excel. Expression values are presented relative to the geometric mean of the measurements for three endogenous control genes (GAPDH, ITGB1 and PPIA) in the corresponding samples.
Functional annotation of the prostate cancer stem cell signature
Genes found to be differentially expressed were analyzed for over representation of GO terms to identify important functional categories for further study [17]. Analysis was performed using the PGSEA package for the R environment available through the Bioconductor project [18,48,49]. Our analysis was designed to identify GO terms that were significantly over-represented (p < 0.01) in cancer versus benign samples within the stem cell population or within the committed population. We then mapped significant GO terms back to the cancer stem cell signature to identify the individual genes involved. These genes were then searched against the KEGG pathway database [19] to identify the critical pathways.
Validation by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry
CD133+2β1hi cells were selected from cultured cells before processing for dual-color imaging under confocal microscopy by fixation in a 50:50 mix of ice-cold methanol/acetone or 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline. After blocking with 20% normal serum in Tris buffered saline, cells were incubated with monoclonal antibodies against the NF-κB p65 subunit (Chemicon International, Hampshire, UK) or a non-specfic isotype control. Appropriate positive control cells were stained in parallel for each antibody. After washing (3 × Tris buffered saline), cells were labeled with Alexa Fluor® 488-tagged secondary antibody (Invitrogen). Cells were mounted in the anti-photobleaching medium Vectashield containing 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Vector Laboratories, Peterborough, UK). Cultured cells were processed for dual-color staining flow cytometry as described previously [4]. Cells were co-stained with CD133 (clone 293C; Miltenyi Biotec Ltd, Bisley, UK) and antibodies to Pappalysin 1A (a kind gift from Dr Claus Oxvig, University of Aarhus, Denmark) or ZO-1 (clone ZO1-1A12), ZO-2 (clone 3E8D9; Zymed Laboratories Inc., San Franscisco, CA, USA) and the NF-κB p65 subunit (Chemicon International). Cells were separated on a DakoCytomation CyAn high-performance flow cytometer and analyzed using DakoCytomation Summit version 3.3 software.
Apoptosis assay
Unselected cells were treated for 18 h with increasing concentrations of PTL in the presence of TNFα. Cells were subsequently stained with anti-CD133-APC (anti-CD133-allophycocyanin; Miltenyi Biotec Ltd) for 10 minutes on ice. Cells were then washed in cold magnetic assisted cell sorting (MACS) buffer and resuspended in annexin binding buffer (10 mM HEPES/NaOH, pH 7.4, 140 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2). Annexin V-FITC (Pharmingen, Oxford, UK) and 0.25 μg/ml DAPI were then added for 15 minutes before analysis by flow cytometry. The percent viable cells was defined as annexin-V-/DAPI- cells on total (ungated) cells and on gates set for CD133+ populations. The total number of events collected was between 1 × 105 to 1 × 106 depending on the CD133 content of the sample.
Abbreviations
BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; DAPI, 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole; GO, Gene Ontology; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP, IGF binding protein; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus activated kinase; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; PAPPA, Pappalysin A; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; PTL, parthenolide; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TJP, tight junction protein; TMPRSS2:ERG, transmembrane protease, serine 2:v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog fusion product; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
Authors' contributions
RB performed microarray functional data analysis and drafted the manuscript. SDB carried out the microarray experiments and intital data analysis. CR performed the NF-κB inhibitor studies. VD carried out qRT-PCR assays. AD was involved in data analysis and design. SL performed the stem cell isolations from benign samples. PB performed stem cell isolations from tumors. CH performed culturing and isolation of stem cells, and NF-κB experiments. JLL performed the RT-PCR detection of the TMPRSS:ERG fusion product. MS is the surgeon who provided the patient samples, pathology results and other clinical data. NJM participated in the study design and co-ordination. AC participated in study design, analysis of experiments, writing of the manuscript and coordination of the study.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by program support from Yorkshire Cancer Research and the UK National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI). Further program support was provided by the US Department of Defense (New ideas grant W81xWH-06-1-0082). We would also like to thank Dr Claus Oxvig, University of Aarhus, Denmark, for his gift of antisera against the PAPPA protein and the staff of the Biology Technology Facility, University of York.
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SHALLOW WATER WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
Winfried Siefert
Abstract
Prototype data from 24 wave stations on and around the tidal flats south of the Elbe estuary enable us to elaborate special shallow water wave characteristics, concerning the variations and correlations of heights, periods, lengths and velocities. This paper deals with some interesting aspects from the engineer's point of view. It turns out that the steepness factor — or H L —^o- of breaking waves is much smaller than of nong- T^ breaking waves and that steepness is no suitable parameter to describe a natural wave spectrum in shallow waters. On the tidal flats the maximum wave heights only depend on the depth of water, not on the steepness. Moreover the possible wave height proves to become much higher than theoretically predicted, especially in depths of water less than 2 m.
Keywords
shallow water; wave characteristics
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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login ask-a-question questions unanswered tags faq
What are the best muck boots - these aren't hiking boots, not really rain boots, but good for backyard in the mud...?
asked Apr 06 '11 at 18:52
wayne
2034
Didn't Cool Tools post just the thing recently? http://www.kk.org/cooltools/archives/005137.php
link
answered May 23 '11 at 20:09
voicebyjack
31
This one, or anything like it: http://www.tractorsupply.com/workwear-clothing-footwear/mens-clothing/mens-footwear/mens-pvc-rubber-footwear/northerner-reg-brown-blend-premium-knee-boot-635607799
I picked up a pair of those from Tractor Supply and they've lasted for a few years of heavy duty weekend work. I try to wear thick socks with them, though, and they're not good in the dead of winter.
link
answered May 23 '11 at 17:40
Derek Murawsky
226
My wife and I both have Bogs -- easily to slip on and off, very comfortable, keep feet warm but not hot, very durable http://www.bogsfootwear.com/
link
answered May 24 '11 at 06:09
BEB
1
answered Aug 02 '11 at 03:03
lsnckde
1
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[libreoffice-documentation] LibO Documentation
Hello all,
# I don't keep myself up to date with this list so please excuse for my questions.
Now we have LibO documentation in two forms
1) Wiki: http://help.libreoffice.org/Main_Page
2) Offline install
My questions are
a) Which one is master
b) Which one should I work on
# I am from Vietnamese l10n team
Regards,
Nguyen Vu Hung
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
...worship events; secure to them a fact, a connection, a certain chain of circumstances, and they will ask no more. The hero sees that the event is ancillary; it must follow him. A given order of events has no power to secure to him the satisfaction which the imagination attaches to it; the soul of goodness escapes from any set of circumstances; whilst prosperity belongs to a certain mind, and will introduce that power and victory which is its natural fruit, into any order of events. No change of circumstances can repair a defect of character. We boast our emancipation from many superstitions; but if we have broken any idols it is through a transfer of the idolatry. What have I gained, that I no longer immolate a bull to Jove or to Neptune, or a mouse to Hecate; that I do not tremble before the Eumenides, or the Catholic Purgatory, or the Calvinistic Judgment-day,--if I quake at opinion, the public opinion, as we call it; or at the threat of assault, or contumely, or bad neighbors, or poverty, or mutilation, or at the rumor... Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Excerpt from Essays — Second Series · This quote is about character · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Difference between revisions of "Auburn (Alabama)"
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(added listing Amsterdam Cafe)
(updated listing)
Line 111: Line 111:
* '''Roosters Rythm & Brews''', on the corner of Gay Street and Opelika Road, [http://www.myspace.com/roostersauburn]. A full-service restaurant, bar, and hot night spot. Known for great food, quick service and the best original music in the area. The Auburn Underground (tm) is a partnership between Roosters 8 other clubs around the nation, recognized by 4 major record labels & over 70 bands. It is put in place to preserve the integrity of original music, and create an original music scene where others said there could be no scene.
* '''Roosters Rythm & Brews''', on the corner of Gay Street and Opelika Road, [http://www.myspace.com/roostersauburn]. A full-service restaurant, bar, and hot night spot. Known for great food, quick service and the best original music in the area. The Auburn Underground (tm) is a partnership between Roosters 8 other clubs around the nation, recognized by 4 major record labels & over 70 bands. It is put in place to preserve the integrity of original music, and create an original music scene where others said there could be no scene.
*<drink name="Amsterdam Cafe" alt="" address="" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></drink>
+
*<drink name="" alt="" address="" directions="" phone="" url="" hours="" price="" lat="" long=""></drink>
Revision as of 20:55, 29 January 2009
Auburn is in the River Heritage region of Alabama.
Contents
Get in
By plane
The nearest major airports are Columbus Metropolitan Airport (CSG) in Columbus, GA or Montgomery Dannelly Field (MGM) in Montgomery, AL. Both are about 50 miles from Auburn and are serviced by most major air carriers. However, most people traveling to Auburn should probably arrive either at Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL) in Atlanta, GA or Birmingham International Airport (BHM) in Birmingham, AL, both of which are more major airports and are about 120 miles away.
Robert G. Pitts Auburn-Opelika Airport (IATA: AUO) is located in Auburn off Glenn Avenue, but has no service from major air carriers. There is one FBO located on the premises (Auburn University Aviation Services).
By train
There is no passenger train service to Auburn.
By car
Auburn is accessable from Interstate 85, which runs four miles south of Auburn.
• I-85, providing access to Atlanta, GA and Montgomery, AL. Exits 51 (College Street) and 57 (Glenn Avenue) provide the most convenient access to Auburn.
• US-29, providing access to Troy and points south.
• US-280, providing access to Birmingham, AL. It is fastest to take AL-147 from US-280 into Auburn, as US-280 continues to Opelika.
By bus
• Greyhound, +1 800 231-2222, [1]. Provides service to the Auburn area. The depot is located on Exit 62 off of I-85 next to a Big Cats gas station.
• Express85, +1 888 238-7738, [2]. Provides airport transportation between Auburn and Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport. The depot is located on Glenn Avenue near Dean Road (across from Hastings).
Get around
By foot
Downtown Auburn is easily traversable on foot. All the streets have sidewalks and pedestrian crossings, and are heavily utilized by Auburn's primarily student population. However, the further one gets from downtown, the greater the distances become. Eventually, you will need to reconcile yourself to using car or bicycle.
Areas outside of Downtown and north Auburn, especially areas along South College and Wire Road, lack sidewalks and pedestrian crossings and are not suitable for pedestrian traffic.
By bicycle
Bicycles are a common method of transportation in Auburn, allowing one to cover longer distances than when on foot. Most areas in Auburn can be reached by a short bike ride of any other point. Auburn was voted a "bicycle friendly city" by the league of American Bicyclists because of the city's bike plan, bike lanes, and advocacy efforts. Both the City of Auburn and Auburn University have established bicycle committees.
Be aware that Auburn City Police will occasionally cite bicyclists for riding on the sidewalk. In Auburn (like the rest of the U.S.), bikes are considered traffic just like cars, though drivers will often ignore bicyclists. Be aware of your surroundings.
A unique transportation option in the downtown area are pedicabs. TigerShaw [3] gives people around campus and downtown a chance to rest their feet if they don't feel like walking a mile to their destination. This service is available to Auburn Citizens and Auburn University Students.
Headline text
By taxi
Tiger Taxi, +1 334 444-4444, [4]. Provides personal transporation services geared towards Auburn University and the surrounding area. The service is offered 24 hours a day, takes credit cards and will take reservations for long distance pick ups. TWIN CITY TAXI' 1-334-246-0146 Auburns Premier TAXI SERVICE with over 20yrs experiance in the transportation industry "Se Habla Espanol"
By transit
TigerTransit, +1 334 844-4757, [5]. Provides transportation services geared towards Auburn University's student and faculty population; it is not commonly used by those not associated with the university. TigerTransit's primary goal is to get students and to and from the university, and therefore is not convenient unless that is where you need to go.
By car
Cars are the most popular form of transport in and around Auburn and traffic, particularly in downtown Auburn, can be bad during short periods of time. Parking can also be difficult to find in Auburn at certain times of the day; visitors are advised to pay close attention to any notices concerning the towing of unauthorized vehicles from certain parking areas.
Car Rental Companies include:
• Enterprise Rent-A-Car, 1-800-261-7331, [6].
• Thrifty, 1-800-847-4389, [7].
• East Alabama Limo, 1-866-399-6018, [8].
See
• Auburn University [9], the scenic campus is home to 23,000 students and features buildings in the Greek Revival through the Modern styles.
• Donald E. Davis Arboretum, The arboretum features native trees, shrubs and wildflowers of the southeastern United States, including 150 different tree species native to Alabama and the Southeast. Located on the corner of Mell Street and Simmons Drive on the Auburn University campus. Admission is free.
• Eagle's Nest, located on top of Haley Center on the Auburn University campus. The highest point in Lee County provides a fantastic view of campus and the surrounding countryside. Can only be accessed by student recruiters and War Eagle Girls and Plainsmen, so take a campus tour starting from the Upper Quad.
• Jordan-Hare Stadium [10], the 87,451-seat venue for Auburn University's football team located in the center of campus. No admission except on gameday, but still a terrific sight.
• Jule Collins Smith Museum of Art, a 40,000 square foot art museum opened in 2003, featuring visiting collections as well as a permanent collection devoted primarily to 19th and 20th century American and European Art. Also features 15 acres of botanical gardens featuring large-scale sculpture, a three-acre lake, and a landscape that incorporates walking paths, benches and water features. Located on South College at Kimberly Drive. Admission is $5 for adults, $4 for senior citizens, and college students and children under 17 free.
• Lovelace Athletic Museum [11], a museum dedicated to the history of Auburn Athletics, primarily focused on Auburn football but showcasing Auburn's success in other arenas. Located on the corner of Samford Drive and Donahue Drive on the Auburn University campus. Admission is free.
Do
• Roll the trees at Toomer's Corner (intersection of Magnolia and College streets in downtown Auburn) following an Auburn victory.
• Get lemonade at Toomer's Drugs, located at Toomer's Corner.
• Have a beer at the War Eagle Supper Club, routinely voted one of the country's best college bars.
• Follow the Auburn University Walk of Fame on the streets of downtown Auburn.
• Take a bike ride on Auburn's many on-street bike lanes and off-street bike paths (or, in absence of a bike lane, ride on the street because bikes rule the road in Auburn!).
Golf
Golfing is an enormously popular outdoor sport in Auburn among both visitors and those associated with the university. The area's mild winters mean that the game can be played year-round, and a number of fantastic golf courses are located in and around the Auburn area. Auburn was also ranked as the number one city in the nation for Golf in 2005 by Golf Digest [12]. Among them:
• Robert Trent Jones Grand National [13] is a stop on the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail and features 54 holes of golf along Lake Saugahatchee. Green fees are from $40 to $62.
• Auburn Links at Mill Creek [14] features large TifDwarf Bermuda grass greens and rolling fairways along Parkerson's Mill Creek. Green fees are from $18 to $39.
• Indian Pines features 6,213 yards of golf from the longest tees for a par of 71. Green fees from $25 to $30.
Buy
• Anders Bookstore [15], located on Magnolia Avenue near College Street. Auburn University souvenirs and supplies.
• Auburn University Bookstore [16], located in Haley Center on the Auburn University campus. Auburn University souvenirs and supplies.
• J&M Bookstore [17], located on College Street between Magnolia Avenue and Thach Avenue. Auburn University souvenirs and supplies.
• Tiger Rags [18], located on Gay Street between Magnolia Avenue and Thach Avenue, Auburn University souvenirs and the unofficial official gameday and victory T-shirts.
Eat
In addition to the usual fare found in most American cities, Auburn has some excellent local and regional restaurants:
• Ariccia Italian Trattoria & Bar, in the Auburn University Hotel and Conference Center on College Street at Thach Avenue, +1 334 821-8200, [19]. A pricey but excellent Italian restaurant that is a great place to take a date.
• Brick Oven Pizza, on Gay Street near the intersection of Glenn Avenue, +1 334 502-6726. A gourmet pizza restaurant with great pizzas and pasta. Eat outside if you can.
• Buffalo Connection, on the corner of Wire Road and Shug Jordan Parkway, +1 334 821-2700, [20]. Known locally as "buffcon." A great wing and hang-out place, and Monday and Thursday nights are all-you-can-eat wings.
• Buffalo's American Grille, on Magnolia Avenue in downtown Auburn, +1 334 826-9464, [21]. An excellent general-fare American restaurant.IT IS NOW CLOSED SO SAD WHAT A GREAT PLACE TO GO AFTER A GAME.
• Cheeburger Cheeburger, +1 334 826-0845, [22]. An Auburn landmark burger joint located on College Street in downtown Auburn. Be sure to try and eat the pounder.
• China Palace, +1 334 887-8866, Located on College Street in downtown Auburn adjacent to the Heart of Auburn Hotel. Serves an "Asian fusion" including Chineese, Thai, and even a sushi bar that is very reasonably priced and deliciously fresh!
• Laredo's, on Opelika Highway, +1 334 826-2724. A good Mexican place. Wednesday night is Margerita Night.
• Mellow Mushroom Pizza, downtown Auburn on College Street, +1 334 887-6356, [23]. Fantastic pizza joint with a great atmosphere and is always hopping, especially after an Auburn victory. A little pricey, but worth the extra money for great pizza.
• Momma Goldberg's Deli, on the corner of Magnolia Road and Donahue Drive, +1 334 821-0185, [24]. An Auburn landmark, the run-down shack conceals some of the best sandwiches to be found anywhere. Known locally as "Momma G's". Be sure to try the "Momma's Love all the way."
• Roosters Rythm & Brews, on the corner of Gay Street and Opelika Road, [25]. A full-service restaurant, bar, and hot night spot. Known for great food, quick service and the best original music in the area.
• Tenda Chick, on the corner of Glenn Avenue and Dean Road, +1 334 821-8543, [26]. Excellent all-around chicken restaurant but famous locally for its chicken fingers.
Drink
Auburn has several good bars for both students and visitors. The auburn bar scene is very underrated.
• Sky Bar, on Magnolia near College Street in downtown, [27]. Shares the same owner as Highlands. The Sky Bar is a fairly recent addition to the Auburn bar scene, and is quite popular with the under 21 crowd. The bar attracts the younger crowd, although older students enjoy it as well. Sky Bar often has good live music. The bar has an open roof and is usually quite hot in the summer and cold in the winter. 21+ (Wednesdays 19+)
• War Eagle Supper Club [28]. An Auburn classic. Once ranked by Playboy among the best college bars in the country, Supper Club is a different kind of place. It draws all crowds and all ages, and is unrivaled for great live music. The beer is cheap, and the bar is dirty. Supper Club is a "private" bar, so you'll have to wait in line for a membership card on your first visit. However, that membership gives you the ability to drink until 4AM, so often the crowd shows up around 2AM, when the downtown bars shut down. 21+
• Bar 51, just off I-85 Auburn exit 51. Offers shots in a freezer room in shot glasses made of ice. Patrons are given mink type coats to wear to keep warm while inside.
• In Italy, at Toomer's Corner in downtown Auburn. Requires appropriate attire, i.e. no sandles or T-Shirts. Opened Fall 2007 and is 21+
• Bodega, at Toomer's Corner in downtown Auburn, [29]. Bodega is the only bar directly on Toomers Corner , and is another very popular downtown bar. Also popular with greeks, Bodega often draws the best crowd in town. The bar has probably the best draft beer selection in town, and sometimes has live music upstairs or on the patio. Additionally tuesday nights is $2 taco and beer- can't beat that! It is a great place for football weekends and alumni just stopping by. 21+
• Bourbon Street [30], a touch of the French quarter in downtown Auburn. Bourbon Street Bar is a great place to have a beer following a football game. Popular with students and especially with out-of-town visitors from opposing schools. 21+
• The Pulse, on Opelika Highway between Dean Road and Shug Jordan Parkway. Formerly a bar called The Highlands, and now one of the largest bars in Auburn. The Pulse is about to officially open. People who don't really like the collegiate atmosphere of the downtown bars often try this bar out. The bar might attract pretty good bands due in part to the owners also owning Skybar. It was renovated Spring 2007 and closed for amost two years. Too bad they wont have the old Highlands bartenders there...it just wont be the same. 21+
• Roosters Rythm & Brews, on the corner of Gay Street and Opelika Road, [31]. A full-service restaurant, bar, and hot night spot. Known for great food, quick service and the best original music in the area. The Auburn Underground (tm) is a partnership between Roosters 8 other clubs around the nation, recognized by 4 major record labels & over 70 bands. It is put in place to preserve the integrity of original music, and create an original music scene where others said there could be no scene.
Sleep
• The Hotel at Auburn University, 241 South College Street, (334) 821-8200, (800) 228-2876, [32]. A fantastic hotel located just across from central campus. Formerly known as the Auburn University Hotel and Conference Center, the hotel features 248 guest rooms are complemented by amenities that feature one of Auburn's finest restaurants and lounges, Ariccia. A comfortable lobby area for gathering and conversation or just relaxing with a good book is also a highlight. $$$
• The Heart of Auburn, 333 South College Street, (205) 887-3462, (800) 843-5634, [33]. A smaller budget hotel convenient to downtown and campus. $
Get out
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Las Cruces
From Wikitravel
Southwest New Mexico : Las Cruces
Revision as of 16:20, 6 November 2010 by PerryPlanet (Talk | contribs)
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Las Cruces, with the Organ Mountains as a backdrop
Las Cruces [1] is a city in New Mexico. The name means "the crosses" in Spanish. It is the state's second largest city, with a population of approximately 82,671 (2005 Census estimate), and is the site of New Mexico State University.
Get in
Las Cruces is located at the junction of Interstate Highways 10 and 25 and is the southern terminus of the latter. The nearest airport with commercial air service is in El Paso, Texas, about 50 miles away. Limited bus service is available between El Paso and Albuquerque with stops in Las Cruces.
Get around
Las Cruces has some degree of public transportation by the city bus line RoadRUNNER Transit [2]. Service is limited to Monday through Saturday and ends by 7:30 in the evening. Buses can carry bicycles. Otherwise, just plan to drive, bike, or walk.
See
• New Mexico State University [3] is in Las Cruces, with an interesting museum or two, a large conference center, and a comfortable student union.
• University Museum. [4] In Kent Hall at NMSU. +1 575 646-3739. Emphasis on local archaeology and culture. Tu-Sa 12-4; free, but donations accepted.
• Zuhl Collection. [5] In the Alumni Center at NMSU. Fossils, minerals, and petrified wood. M-F from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., except holidays; free.
• New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum. [6] 4100 Dripping Springs Road, +1 575 522-4100. East of NMSU on the way out into the countryside. This is a fairly substantial site based on a working cattle ranch, with demonstrations. You can spend half a day here; there are picnic tables as well as food available for purchase. Open M-Sa 9-5, Su 12-5; $3 (student and senior discounts).
• Branigan Cultural Center. [7] 500 N. Water St., +1 575 541-2155. A small museum dealing with local history. Open M-F 10-4:30, Saturday 9-1; free.
• Las Cruces Museum of Fine Art and Culture. [8] 490 N. Water St. (next to the Branigan), +1 575 541-2137. Predominantly contemporary art with a regional emphasis. Tu-Fri 10-2, Sa 9-1; free.
• Las Cruces Museum of Natural History. [9] 700 S. Telshor (in Mesilla Valley Mall), +1 575 522-3120. Includes a small collection of live animals. 7 days, with evening hours on Friday; free, but donations requested.
• Las Cruces Railroad Museum. [10] 351 Mesilla St. (in the historic Santa Fe Depot), +1 575 647-4480. The museum interprets the impact of the railroad on the Mesilla Valley and Las Cruces. Open Th-Sa 10-4; free.
• Mesilla [11] is a separate town just to the west of Las Cruces which is an older settlement than Las Cruces and contains a historic district with numerous adobe buildings surrounding a plaza and the adjoining church. A visitors center is located at 2231 Avenida de Mesilla, in the Mesilla town hall.
Do
• The Organ Mountains just east of town offer good hiking and rock climbing. Follow University Avenue east from NMSU past the Farm and Ranch museum to one of the primary trailheads, in a small park (fee) with interpretive exhibit. Trails lead from here into the mountains. Some campground space is available (additional fee).
• The Whole Enchilada Fiesta [12] is a celebration of New Mexican cuisine that takes place annually in late September. Festivities include booths, races, musical acts, tasting, and the making of what is billed as the world's largest enchilada. Small admission fee.
Buy
The best place to buy native american art or other characteristic types of durable mementos is in the near by town of Mesilla. If you want something to remember your visit by, one idea is food, specifically chile peppers, which are grown in abundance in the Mesilla Valley. The long strings of red chiles that you see hanging from porches, gables, etc., are called ristras and are available for purchase at many locations. These are largely for ornamental purposes, but edible chiles are also widely available, with spiciness levels ranging from mild to downright inedible (New Mexico State University has a substantial chile research program that grows peppers so hot that they function as bug repellents).
If in town in late summer or fall, make a pilgrimage to the outlying town of Hatch on I-25 to the north. Hatch is the center of the chile-growing business and has several shops with chile paraphernalia. Better, it hosts a "Chile Festival" in early September, usually around Labor Day, that's fun to visit as well as a great source of chiles. (Hatch is a tiny town with little or no lodging, so you'll want to stay in Las Cruces and make a day trip to the Festival.) If you're getting your chiles for cooking rather than ornamentation, and can get them home/in a freezer quickly, get them roasted while you're there; roasting is a key step in preparation for the table, and doing it in a Hatch roaster will save you all manner of peculiar odors resulting from doing the roasting at home.
For more pedestrian, day-to-day purchases, Las Cruces has all of the usual shopping associated with a town of 80,000. Mesilla Valley Mall is convenient off I-25 just north of NMSU for this purpose.
Eat
• St.Clair Vineyards and Bistro 1800 Avenida De Mesilla, +1 575 524-2408. [13] Warm atmosphere, live music, great food and wine selection. French country menu includes interesting appetizers like European cheese plates that pair wonderfully with flights of wine. Entres include dinner salads, fish, steak, pastas, and more.
• Bravos Cafe, on S. Main, across from Mesilla Park train station. Close to University. Best Chile Rellenos in the world. Also Los Compas.
• University Avenue, on the north side of NMSU, has the usual assortment of student-oriented eateries, with the usual properties for such places: lots of food, reasonable prices, less than haute cuisine. Some, by no means all, of the restaurants along University are:
• Lorenzo's, 1753 E. University, +1 575 521-3505. Italian; lunch and dinner. Also has a location in Mesilla and a new location in the shopping center on Lohman & Roadrunner.
• 5 Brothers, 1001 E. University. Chinese, part of a local chain with some other locations in town. Not the greatest Chinese, but convenient for takeout.
• Old Mesilla, to the southwest of Las Cruces is on the El Camino Real traveled by Onate and Coronado and is the home of many restaurants.
• Double Eagle in Mesilla, on the Plaza. More of an upscale restaurant. Standard New Mexican fare and locally-inspired dishes. One of the few places in town that serves aged steak. Supposedly haunted, local lore says star-crossed lovers perished here and continue to visit one of the dining rooms. Their bar has an extensive liquor selection, suitable for all tastes. The ambiance is almost unmatched in the area. The Sunday brunch is a popular choice.
• Andele, 2184 Avenida de Mesilla. Mexican with a salsa bar. Breakfast, lunch and dinner. Check out the green chile pork enchiladas, tacos al cabon and roasted jalapenos.
• Lorenzo's, 1750 Calle de Mercado #4. Italian; lunch and dinner.
• El Paisano Cafe, 1740 Calle de Mercado. New Mexican food with a European flair; Seasonal dishes using fresh ingredients. Open breakfast, lunch and dinner.
• Chope's Bar and Cafe 16145 S Hwy 28 La Mesa, NM 88044, +1 575 233-9976, offers the best rellenos in New Mexico. The restaurant is located approximately 12 scenic miles south of University Ave on Highway 28, which winds through the Stahmann's Pecan orchards.
• International Delights, 1245 El Paseo Rd., +1 575 647-5956, [14]. Mediterranean/Mideastern food, rather hard to find owing to its somewhat obscure location in a strip mall. 7 days, 7AM-midnight, to accommodate the student clientele. Wireless access. In the shopping center on El Paseo and Idaho, slightly behind the Rent-A-Center. Look for the Albertson's, then look in the corner of the "L" shape. Many of their dishes are halal.
• High Desert Brewery, Hadley Avenue just off Valley (head East). Microbrew beer and excellent food. Try their seasonal brews (Hefeweizen in summer and Holiday Ale in winter are choice) and order their outstanding nachos. Beware, the portions (especially on the nachos!!) tend to run large, ask your server for advice. Open for lunch, dinner, and a pre-bed beer. Live music many nights, but no cover, ever.
• Nellie's A local favorite. On Hadley, across from High Desert Brewery. Their hours are breakfast-lunch only, closing mid-afternoon. Expect a wait, and with good reason: this is some of the best New Mexican food in Las Cruces. Nellie still cooks, her son Danny Ray is the manager, and the rest of the family can be seen serving and cooking. Prices are all below $12, with most of the best plates in the $7 range. If you like your chile hot or your meals traditional, this is the place to go.
• Chinese Phoenix On Madrid, off Solano. Located in a strip mall, this is easy to miss, so stay sharp! Daily lunch special priced at $2.99, with a large menu of standard Chinese fare. Some of the best traditional Chinese food in town, everything on the menu is under $10. Portions are large and tasty.
• Sweet Indulgence/SI Italian Bistro Located on Idaho off El Paseo (behind the Albertson's), this restaurant has great ambiance to go with the food! All desserts are handmade or baked by the co-owner. An extensive menu of Italian and italian-inspired fare, along with coffee drinks, italian sodas, and beer & wine. Lunch menu varies from the dinner menu. A popular spot for business lunches, "date night" or parties (especially for weddings). Seems much more upscale than their prices admit! Lunch is $4-12 range, dinner $8-20. Daily soup changes and specials.
• Si Señor Best chips & salsa in town (available to-go). You will NOT be hungry leaving Si Señor. 1551 E Amador Ave, 575-527-0817
• Thai Delight Great Thai food in Organ - up the hill east of Las Cruces. Prices are moderate and servings are very large. A great addition and worth the drive. 16151 Hwy 70 E, Organ, NM. (575) 373-3000. (A second location is rumored to be opening in Mesilla sometime soon.)
Drink
• El Patio, Old Mesilla Plaza, _The_ Bar in town. Live Music. Unique smell.
• Old Mesilla, to the southwest of Las Cruces.
• Blue Teal Vineyards Tasting Room, 1720 Avenida de Mesilla [15]. The dolcetto and muscat canelli are particularly good and inexpensive. The syrah and imperial kir are also worth tasting.
• Azul Lounge, 750 South Telshor inside Hotel Encanto[16]. An upscale cosmopolitan lounge serving creative cocktails, delicious appetizers and live entertainment.
Sleep
• The Lundeen Inn of the Arts, 618 S. Alameda Blvd., [17]. Beautiful bed and breakfast housed in an art gallery. $80 +.
• Best Western Mission Inn, 1765 S. Main Street, +1 575 524-8591. Adequate if unexceptional lodging in a commercial area; not adjacent to NMSU, but still reasonably convenient for visitors to the university. Rooms from $55.
• Comfort Suites, 2101 S. Triviz, +1 575 522-1300. Close to NMSU and Interstate 25; more adequate, unexceptional lodging. From $60.
• Hotel Encanto de Las Cruces, 750 South Telshor Blvd, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88011 USA (off of I-25 to Lohman exit), 1-575-522-4300, [18].
• Ramada de Las Cruces, 201 East University Avenue, +1 575 526-4411. Newly remodeled, and rooms include breakfast. From $60.
• SpringHill Suites Las Cruces, 1611 Hickory Loop, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88005 USA (off of I-10 & Avenida de Mesilla, Exit 140), 1-575-541-8887, [19]. All-suite hotel.
Get out
• El Paso is about 45 miles away via I-10, and Juarez, Mexico slightly beyond.
• White Sands National Monument is less than an hour's drive from Las Cruces.
• Ski Apache is about 90 miles away. Decent skiing just past the town of Ruidoso.
• White Sands Missile Range [20] is a short detour on the way to White Sands National Monument and has a missile museum.
• Cloudcroft is about 85 miles away with breathtaking views and mountains.
• If you're in the vicinity in the latter part of August, consider driving 60 miles west on I-10 to the Great American Duck Race [21] -- seriously -- in the small town of Deming.
• Truth or Consequences, about 70 miles north of Las Cruces and commonly called "T or C," has traveler-friendly hot springs. The new Spaceport America [22] -- again, seriously! -- will be constructed about 30 miles southeast of T or C, and should be easily accessible from Las Cruces.
Routes through Las Cruces
TucsonDeming W E El PasoSan Antonio
AlbuquerqueTruth or Consequences N S END
Merges with W E White Sands National MonumentAlamogordo
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Difference between revisions of "Rhône-Alpes"
From Wikitravel
Europe : France : Southeastern France : Rhône-Alpes
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m (Hiver olympic history)
m (Skiing: -xl)
Line 29: Line 29:
=== Skiing ===
=== Skiing ===
Check the [http://about-france.com/tourism/skiing.htm Skiing in the French Alps] page on About-France.com for an overview of the different ski areas.
* '''[[Portes du Soleil]]'''
* '''[[Portes du Soleil]]'''
** Avoriaz
** Avoriaz
Revision as of 20:41, 4 March 2009
France's largest region in terms of size and second largest in population, the Rhône-Alpes region is a very attractive place for travelers.
Contents
Regions
Numbers are département codes used in car number plates and poste pin codes.
Cities
• Lyon, the second biggest French city
• Grenoble, large academic centre where the Winter Olympic Games of 1968 took place
• Annecy, lovely town with a beautiful lake
• Chambéry, once the capital of the Dukedom of Savoie
• Privas
• Saint-Etienne
• Valence
• Chamonix, the heart of alpine France. Host of the first Winter Olympic games in 1924
• Samoëns, a charming and typical example of a French mountain village
• Albertville, site of the 1992 Winter Olympics
Other destinations
Skiing
Mountains
Understand
The Rhône-Alpes region has a huge diversity of landscapes due to its climactic and topographic variation.
The topography of the Rhône-Alpes region consists of two areas of high elevation divided by the Rhône Valley, which runs north-south. The western mountains are part of the Massif Central. It is an area of high hills and plateaus, mostly made of old, acidic metamorphic rock. East of the Rhône Valley plains are the Alps. these tall, young mountains are themselves very diverse and should be divided into at least two groups. A central part of the region is occupied by a north-south line of well-defined mountainous massifs: from north to south, Bornes, Beauges, Chartreuse, Vercors, Baronies. These mountains are mainly made of limestone and are becoming a karst landscape. Another, less prominent valley divides this central area from the eastern part of the region, the Alps proper, which contains some of Europe's highest mountains, such as Mont Blanc. These mountains are made of acidic rocks such as granite.
The diverse climate of the Rhône-Alpes region is due to a blending of four weather influences: Mediterranean to the south, Alpine to the east, Continental to the north, and Atlantic to the west.
Talk
Get in
By Car
By Plane
The easiest way for people traveling from abroad to arrive is through one of the major international airports in the region which include: Cointrin International Airport in Geneva, Switzerland (IATA:GVA) [1], Bron International Airport in Lyon (IATA: LYN) [2], and Grenoble Isère International Airport in Grenoble(IATA:GNB) [3].
A host of smaller airports in towns like: Valence, and Chambéry.
By Train
Europe in general and France specifically has a wonderful network of high speed trains that can bring you into the region in a matter of hours from such far flung places as Belgium and Germany.
Get around
All the ski resorts of the region are connected by major highways and paved mountain roads, be sure to carry change though as the motor ways (denoted by A## are pay roads). If you're not travelling by car, then the most convenient way to access these sites from major airports and train stations is by private taxi. Chambery Airport features a handy multi-lingual taxi service, Taxis Savoie [4], which can provide drivers fluent in English, German, Spanish and other European languages. An other less convenient but also less expensive option are the SAT buses.
See
Itineraries
• Mt Blanc, the highest point in all of Europe, it can easily be visited from the mountain town of Chamonix. A popular activity is to ride the tram to the top of the Aguille-de-midi above the town on clear days and ride the cable cars across to the Italian side of the mountain spanning the massive Mer-de-glace glacier with only one support tower.
Do
Explore Chamonix, a little village near Mt. Blanc, also don't miss the scenic and serene Vallee Du Giffre with its tiny French mountain villages located between the Chamonix valley and Portes du Soleil Visit Annecy, with its charming old town and stunning lake, and paddle boat rentals. Other charming alpine towns include, Les Gets, Samoëns, Morillon, St. Gervais, Albertville and Morzine.
In the winter months this is the heart of Skiing in France with many of the largest and most well developed resorts located here including: Chamonix, Portes du Soleil, Le Grande Massif, Flaine, La Clusaz, Megeve, Les Trois Vallee, Les Grandes Montets, Les Houches, Les Contamines, St. Gervais.
In the summer the region is also well know for Paragliding, lovely hiking in the Cirque Du Fer-A-Cheval national park, and of course year round traditional dining.
• Le Beaujolais Est Arrivé! - Every 3rd Thursday of November, the new Beaujolais Nouveau wine arrives at bars and restaurants across France and select places around the world. This wine, from the historical Beaujolais province and wine producing region which is located north of Lyon, and covers parts of the northern part of the Rhône département and parts of the southern part of the Saône-et-Loire département (Burgundy), is a young wine meant to be drunk as soon as possible as it does not age very well.
Eat
Raclette, Gratin Dauphinois, Ravioles, Caillettes, Tartiflette, Fondue, Local smoked meats and sausages, As well as Numerous kinds of local cheese including: Comté, Tomme, Gruyère, etc... The Valrhona chocolate (created in 1922), Nougat de Montelimar (which is white nougat made with sugar, honey, white of egg, vanilla, almonds, pistachio nuts or crystallized fruit), The Pogne de Romans (large Brioche made with eggs and flavoured with orange flour and rum. The origins of this dish lie in the middle ages.), La Caillette de Chabeuil (an excellent little paté made of liver and pork meat flavoured with herbs.)
Drink
The main wine appellations in the area are Vin de Savoie, Vin de Savoie Mousseux, crépy Roussette de Savoie, and seyssel. Vin de Savoie, the area's main appellation, is for dry wines-white, red, and rosé. The grapes for red wines are gamay, mondeuse and pinot noir. Many wine aficionados prefer the Mondeuse-based wines. White wines make up 75 percent of the production. They're made primarily from jacquère but aligoté, altesse, chardonnay and chasselas are also used. The Vin de Savoie Mousseux AC is for sparkling wines made from Altesse, Molette, and Chardonnay.
Stay safe
This is a relatively low crime area, one notable issue being occasional ski theft during the winter sports season.
Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/09/2002
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What is Tasmanian Together?
Tasmania Together (http://www.tasmaniatogether.tas.gov.au) is a community-owned 20-year social, environmental and economic plan for the State of Tasmania. The plan presents a community vision for the State and seeks to measure progress towards the vision. It is intended to focus decision-making in the community and more particularly government beyond the election cycle.
How was the process initiated?
The concept was proposed by the Bacon Labor government and received the support of the Liberal Party and the Greens in Parliament. It was inspired by similar concepts in other parts of the world, most notably Oregon in the USA.
How will progress be measured?
The plan includes 212 benchmarks, which will be used to measure progress towards achieving the objectives defined in the plan. The term 'benchmark' refers to the unique combination of a broad goal, a standard (more specific measurable statement that supports the goal), an indicator and its associated target(s). Further, benchmarks are typically accompanied by a rationale that explains the selection of the benchmark.
EXAMPLE OF A BENCHMARK
GoalStandardIndicatorTargetsRationale
Goal 5. Develop an approach to health and wellbeing that focuses on preventing poor health and encouraging healthy lifestyles.1. Improve Tasmanians’ health through promotion of a comprehensive approach to a healthy lifestyle1.1 Percentage of population who do medium/high intensity exercise
1995: Tas. 31.5%
2005: 35%
2010: 45%
2015: 55%
2020: 75%
There is a high correlation between fitness and health.
Who will be responsible for monitoring?
An independent statutory authority, the 'Progress Board', consisting of 9 members selected from public nominations has been established. The Board will have responsibility for:
• monitoring progress towards achieving benchmarks;
• reporting to Parliament; and,
• promoting Tasmania Together within the community and encouraging the formation of coalitions of interest to work together in support of the plan.
Impact on government
The Bacon Labor government's commitment to Tasmania Together has resulted in changes to governmental structures and processes. Changes are intended to complement existing processes to ensure Tasmania Together objectives are addressed by Government. Changes include:
• the contribution of agencies to a three-year strategic document 'Tasmania Together Performance Plan'.
• budget process and timeframes changed to integrate Tasmania Together with the budget cycle. Cabinet advises the Budget Committee on priority benchmarks and initiatives. The focus of the Committee has been broadened to include monitoring agencies' performance on priority benchmarks. Membership of the Budget Committee has been expanded to include a former Community Leaders Group member to support this expanded role. The Budget Committee will consider agency bids in the context of priority benchmarks and will include agency initiatives and performance indicators relevant to Tasmania Together in the Budget Papers.
• the monthly 'Heads of Agency' meeting now includes Tasmania Together as a standing item. 'Heads of Agency' both reports to and advises Cabinet with respect to Tasmania Together benchmarks, determines which agency should report on particular benchmarks, and encourages a uniform approach to agency reporting.
Examples of other Community Plans
• UK Government 1999 report 'A Better Quality of Life: a strategy for Sustainable Development in the United Kingdom'.
• South Australia: SA Business Vision 2010.
HISTORY/TIMELINE
DateEvent
Dec 1998Cabinet decision to undertake Tasmania Together.
May 1999Formation of Community Leaders Group (CLG). Appointments made by the Premier in consultation with other political parties from 140 names received in a public nomination process. All appointees were volunteers.
Jul 1999'Search Conference' held. Members of the CLG listened to the views of 60 Tasmanians from a broad cross-section of the community at a three-day conference. This 'Search Conference' was a starting point for Tasmania Together. It resulted in a draft document 'Our Vision, Our Future', for distribution throughout the State as a basis for broad community discussion.
Dec 1999'Our Vision, Our Future' released and distributed to 14,000 organisations and individuals.
Feb - May 2000Community consultation consisting of over 60 public meetings at venues around the State. The CLG also consulted 100 community organisations, received 160 detailed written submissions, 4,000 comments sheets from readers of 'Our Vision, Our Future', 6,200 messages from web-site visitors, and 2,500 postcards.
Oct 2000Final visions and goals released.
Dec 2000 - Jun 2001Benchmarking process undertaken. The CLG invited nominations from the public in order to continue community involvement through benchmarking.
Jun 2001Legislation to create Progress Board passed by Parliament.
Aug 2001Benchmarks finalised by CLG.
Sep 2001
Oct 2001
Public release of Tasmania Together.
Progress Board appointed.
Nov 2001Progress Board first meeting.
Feb - Jun 2002Monthly forums held at various locations around the State. Forums serve as an opportunity for the Progress Board to report on its activities and to share ideas about community involvement in Tasmania Together.
Aug 2002Target date for the tabling in Parliament of the first Tasmania Together Progress Report.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5232.0.40.001 - Assets and Liabilities of Australian Securitisers, Mar 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/05/2004
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1297.0 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC), 2008
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/03/2008
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Contents >> Socio-economic Objective >> SECTOR D ENVIRONMENT
This sector covers R&D directed towards the study and improvement of the physical environment, both of pristine and degraded or altered conditions. Such improvements may have wider benefits, but these are not the principal objectives of the R&D. It includes studies of the environmental impact of socio-economic activities as well as R&D for the development of social and economic environmental policies.
This sector has one division.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 25/01/2002
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Contents >> Mining >> Mining - Exports
Export earnings from Australian mineral resources rose to a record $43.8b in 1999-2000, an increase of $5.0b or 13%. This stronger performance in 1999-2000 reflected significantly higher export prices and volumes for the majority of minerals and energy commodities. In particular, average unit prices for oil and gas exports increased by between 34 and 91%. Reflecting the general rise in prices, the index of unit returns from mineral resource exports (prices received in $A terms) increased by 10% in 1999-2000.
Coal remained the biggest export earning mining commodity, with a value of $8.3b in 1999-2000, representing 9% of total merchandise exports. Other major exports were gold ($5.0b, 5%), crude petroleum oils ($4.9b, 5%), iron ore ($3.8b, 4%) and alumina ($3.4b, 3%).
Some of the commodities for which export earnings increased in 1999-2000 included: crude oil, up $3,382m (180%); nickel, up $1,018m (120%); alumina, up $560m (19%); Liquified Natural Gas (LNG), up $542m (37%); aluminium, up $460m (16%); refinery petroleum products, up $350m (40%); Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) up $340m (114%); and copper, up $238m (17%).
Commodities for which export earnings fell in 1999-2000 included gold, down $1,455m (23%); steaming coal, down $652m (17%); and coking coal, down $279m (5%). Lower export prices, and in some cases lower export volumes, contributed to these falls in export earnings.
Compared with 1998-99, Australian exports of crude oil in 1999-2000 rose by 55% to 19,200 megalitres (ML) and LPG exports rose by 14% to 1.56 megatonnes (MT), while automotive gasoline exports fell by 11% to 1,371 ML. Export earnings from crude oil and condensate rose by 205% to $4.9b, those from LNG rose by 37% to $1.9b, and those from LPG rose by 118% to $648m.
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This article is part of the supplement: Validation methods for functional genome annotation
Research
Improved genome annotation through untargeted detection of pathway-specific metabolites
Benjamin P Bowen1*, Curt R Fischer2, Richard Baran1, Jillian F Banfield2,3 and Trent Northen1
Author affiliations
1 Department of GTL Bioenergy and Structural Biology, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
2 Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
3 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Genomics 2011, 12(Suppl 1):S6 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-S1-S6
Published: 15 June 2011
Abstract
Background
Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analyses have the potential to complement sequence-based methods of genome annotation, but only if raw mass spectral data can be linked to specific metabolic pathways. In untargeted metabolomics, the measured mass of a detected compound is used to define the location of the compound in chemical space, but uncertainties in mass measurements lead to "degeneracies" in chemical space since multiple chemical formulae correspond to the same measured mass. We compare two methods to eliminate these degeneracies. One method relies on natural isotopic abundances, and the other relies on the use of stable-isotope labeling (SIL) to directly determine C and N atom counts. Both depend on combinatorial explorations of the "chemical space" comprised of all possible chemical formulae comprised of biologically relevant chemical elements.
Results
Of 1532 metabolic pathways curated in the MetaCyc database, 412 contain a metabolite having a chemical formula unique to that metabolic pathway. Thus, chemical formulae alone can suffice to infer the presence of some metabolic pathways. Of 248,928 unique chemical formulae selected from the PubChem database, more than 95% had at least one degeneracy on the basis of accurate mass information alone. Consideration of natural isotopic abundance reduced degeneracy to 64%, but mainly for formulae less than 500 Da in molecular weight, and only if the error in the relative isotopic peak intensity was less than 10%. Knowledge of exact C and N atom counts as determined by SIL enabled reduced degeneracy, allowing for determination of unique chemical formula for 55% of the PubChem formulae.
Conclusions
To facilitate the assignment of chemical formulae to unknown mass-spectral features, profiling can be performed on cultures uniformly labeled with stable isotopes of nitrogen (15N) or carbon (13C). This makes it possible to accurately count the number of carbon and nitrogen atoms in each molecule, providing a robust means for reducing the degeneracy of chemical space and thus obtaining unique chemical formulae for features measured in untargeted metabolomics having a mass greater than 500 Da, with relative errors in measured isotopic peak intensity greater than 10%, and without the use of a chemical formula generator dependent on heuristic filtering. These chemical formulae can serve as indicators for the presence of particular metabolic pathways.
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Study protocol
Support and Assessment for Fall Emergency Referrals (SAFER 1) trial protocol. Computerised on-scene decision support for emergency ambulance staff to assess and plan care for older people who have fallen: evaluation of costs and benefits using a pragmatic cluster randomised trial
Helen Snooks1*, Wai-Yee Cheung1, Jacqueline Close2, Jeremy Dale3, Sarah Gaze1, Ioan Humphreys6, Ronan Lyons1, Suzanne Mason4, Yasmin Merali5, Julie Peconi1, Ceri Phillips6, Judith Phillips7, Stephen Roberts1, Ian Russell1, Antonio Sánchez1, Mushtaq Wani8, Bridget Wells1 and Richard Whitfield9
Author Affiliations
1 Centre for Health Information Research and Evaluation, Swansea University, Swansea UK
2 Department of Geriatric Medicine at Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
3 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
4 School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
5 Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
6 Institute for Health Research, School of Health Science, Swansea University
7 School of Human Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea UK
8 Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, Swansea UK
9 Prehospital Emergency Research Unit (PERU), Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Emergency Medicine 2010, 10:2 doi:10.1186/1471-227X-10-2
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-227X/10/2
Received:16 July 2009
Accepted:26 January 2010
Published:26 January 2010
© 2010 Snooks et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Many emergency ambulance calls are for older people who have fallen. As half of them are left at home, a community-based response may often be more appropriate than hospital attendance. The SAFER 1 trial will assess the costs and benefits of a new healthcare technology - hand-held computers with computerised clinical decision support (CCDS) software - to help paramedics decide who needs hospital attendance, and who can be safely left at home with referral to community falls services.
Methods/Design
Pragmatic cluster randomised trial with a qualitative component. We shall allocate 72 paramedics ('clusters') at random between receiving the intervention and a control group delivering care as usual, of whom we expect 60 to complete the trial.
Patients are eligible if they are aged 65 or older, live in the study area but not in residential care, and are attended by a study paramedic following an emergency call for a fall. Seven to 10 days after the index fall we shall offer patients the opportunity to opt out of further follow up. Continuing participants will receive questionnaires after one and 6 months, and we shall monitor their routine clinical data for 6 months. We shall interview 20 of these patients in depth. We shall conduct focus groups or semi-structured interviews with paramedics and other stakeholders.
The primary outcome is the interval to the first subsequent reported fall (or death). We shall analyse this and other measures of outcome, process and cost by 'intention to treat'. We shall analyse qualitative data thematically.
Discussion
Since the SAFER 1 trial received funding in August 2006, implementation has come to terms with ambulance service reorganisation and a new national electronic patient record in England. In response to these hurdles the research team has adapted the research design, including aspects of the intervention, to meet the needs of the ambulance services.
In conclusion this complex emergency care trial will provide rigorous evidence on the clinical and cost effectiveness of CCDS for paramedics in the care of older people who have fallen.
Trial Registration
ISRCTN10538608
Background
Demand for immediate care through the emergency ambulance service is increasing across the UK and internationally. However up to half of all callers have no clinical need for an emergency department (ED). This includes many older people who have fallen. Though health policy in the UK encourages ambulance services to offer alternative services to such callers, there is little evidence about the safety and effectiveness of new models of care. Alongside training and referral pathways, handheld devices with decision support software could improve the care of this vulnerable patient group.
Falls in older people are recognised internationally as an important issue [1,2], with high human and organisational costs. Reduction in quality of life and physical activity lead to social isolation and functional deterioration, with a high risk of dependency and institutionalisation [3-5]. In the UK, falls account for 3% of total National Health Service (NHS) expenditure [6], and the prevention of falls in older people is a priority [7,8]. Most people who fall do not seek medical advice [9,10] but older people still account for between 12 and 21% of ED visits. Although prevention strategies are effective [8], reduction of falls, injuries and associated morbidity depend on early identification of people at high risk and delivery of interventions across traditional service boundaries [11]. This is reflected in current national and international guidelines [12-14].
In London older people who fall and call 999 for an emergency ambulance response, account for about 60,000 attendances each year or 8% of all emergency ambulance responses [15]. This is similar to the 7.5% of the emergency workload attributable to falls in an urban Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system in the US [16]. Non-conveyance to the ED is high in this group - about 40% in London [15], elsewhere in the UK [17,18] and in the US [16]. Most, (90%), of the falls ambulance staff attend but do not convey to the ED occur in the home [19]. Non-conveyance of patients attended by emergency ambulances is recognised internationally as a safety and litigation risk [20]. Most UK ambulance services have guidelines suggesting that all patients be conveyed to the ED unless the patient refuses to travel to hospital. In practice, however, informal triage by ambulance staff to decide who can be safely left at home has been generally accepted by ambulance services across the UK. However there is no established referral pathway, or requirement to inform, for example, the patient's General Practitioner (GP) about any emergency ambulance call. Little is known about how, in the absence of specific protocols or training to leave older fallers at home, ambulance staff make these decisions. However a US-based study recognised the pragmatic nature of the process of negotiation with the patient about whether to go to hospital [21]. In the UK, qualitative studies have found that crew members deciding whether to take patients to the ED, base decisions on 'intuition' and distance to receiving unit [22-24]. Unfortunately the use of intuition in clinical decision-making is generally considered a source of error and bias [25].
A recent systematic review of the effectiveness of multi-factorial assessment and targeted intervention for falls injury prevention in community and emergency settings concluded that there have been "few large-scale, high-quality randomised trials. Studies are needed that have the power to detect important effects on the number of fall-related injuries and quality of life, so as to resolve uncertainty about the clinical and cost effectiveness" [26] of falls interventions.
This trial addresses an important area of care for older people who fall. It combines a technological innovation with a new model of service delivery across provider boundaries. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of this complex technology will provide valuable information about the development of appropriate care pathways and the potential avoidance of hospital admissions in this vulnerable patient group.
Methods/Design
Study Aim
The aim of this research is to assess the costs and benefits of a complex healthcare intervention for older people for whom an emergency ambulance call has been made following a fall. The intervention comprises CCDS software and training for paramedics to help them decide whom to take to hospital and whom to leave at home with referral to a community-based falls service.
Study Design and Setting
The study is a pragmatic cluster randomised trial with a qualitative component. Allocation will randomise paramedics rather than patients, since the intervention targets health professionals with the aim of studying effects on patient outcomes [27].
Intervention
The intervention being evaluated is a complex package which comprises paramedic training and CCDS software. The software is installed onto hand-held computers, forming part of an electronic patient record (EPR).
We shall evaluate this package as a whole, in line with the recommendations of the Medical Research Council (MRC) for evaluating complex interventions to improve health [28], as the component parts are interdependent and not easily separated for the purpose of testing.
Paramedics randomly allocated to the intervention group will receive a one-day classroom-based training course. Training will include systematic demonstration of the mechanics and functionality of the software, coupled with practice and supervised role play. Critical reflection and discussion will be encouraged throughout the training. Knowledge reviews will ensure competence and understanding of key aspects of the software functionality. Paramedics will then have a period of four weeks to practise using the new technology. Towards the end of this period, we shall audit their use of the CCDS to ensure they have achieved proficiency.
The CCDS software is on a hand-held tablet Personal Computer (PC), for use by ambulance paramedics attending patients. It will help them to make decisions about the clinical and social care needs of older people who fall. The CCDS software sits alongside the EPR. The CCDS prompts the assessment and examination of injuries associated with the fall, co-morbidity that may have contributed to the fall (e.g. breathlessness or chest pain), psycho-social needs (e.g. cognitive state and ability to undertake activities of daily living) and assessment of environmental risk. Based on these assessments, the CCDS suggests a care plan (e.g. transfer to ED, referral to specific community services and/or patient advice). The clinical assessment component of the CCDS was the intervention in a previous trial with ambulance services [29].
Control intervention
Patients eligible for inclusion in the trial but attended by control paramedics will receive usual emergency ambulance service care at each study site. This comprises a paper-based decision support system in the form of a structured questionnaire at each site.
Outcomes
Primary
• Interval to the first 999 call or ED attendance categorised as fall; or death
Principal
• Interval to the first subsequent 999 call, ED attendance or death (event free period)
• Quality-adjusted event free period
Secondary
• Number per patient of further falls for which a 999 call is made
• Number per patient of further 999 calls
• Number per patient of self-reported further falls
• Number per patient of ED attendances
• Number per patient of emergency hospital admissions
• Number per patient of GP (General Practitioner) contacts
• Mortality rate
• Health related quality of life
• Patient satisfaction
• Fall-related self-efficacy (fear of falling)
• Change in place of residence
• Length of hospital stay
• NHS costs
• Personal costs to patient and family
• Pathways of care: proportions of index falls:
◦ conveyed to ED
◦ referred to falls service
◦ referred to GP
◦ left at scene without further care
• Operational indicators: length of time:
◦ spent on scene
◦ in ambulance service job cycle
◦ in episode of care
◦ to respond to 999 call (effect of intervention on response time?)
◦ for falls service to respond
• Quality of care: compliance by paramedics with:
◦ ambulance service treatment protocols
◦ decision support algorithms
◦ clinical documentation
◦ protocol for referral to falls service
These outcomes are consistent with those recommended in recent guidance from the PRevention Of FAlls Network Europe (PROFANE) [30].
Participants
The trial will be carried out in three ambulance services. In each service we shall recruit paramedics from ambulance stations that serve a General Hospital with a full ED and one or more community-based falls services.
Paramedic recruitment and consent
Paramedics are eligible for the trial if they are on active duty at ambulance stations within its catchment area. We shall write to eligible paramedics to invite them to participate. We shall select 24 volunteers from each service at random and allocate half to intervention group and half to controls, again at random. Of these 24 we expect 20 to complete patient recruitment and four to withdraw.
Patient recruitment and consent
Patients are eligible for the trial if they are:
• aged 65 or over
• the subject of an emergency ambulance call categorised by the call-taker as a fall without priority symptoms
• attended by a trial paramedic during the recruitment period
• living in the catchment area of a falls service; and
• not living in residential care
To make findings apply to all such patients, we shall not exclude patients with other co-morbidities, including cognitive impairment. However we shall recruit them to the trial only once, namely the first time they meet the inclusion criteria within the study period.
As most emergency callers are distressed and in urgent need, we shall not seek consent by phone or at first attendance. Instead, we shall identify them from routine ambulance service information gathered during the 999 call. Authorised staff from participating services will write to them 7 to 10 days after their falls to tell them about the study and ask them to 'opt out' if they do not wish the trial to contact them again or to access their medical data. They will then give the research team details of patients who do not opt-out for study follow-up.
Data collection methods
Participating patients will receive questionnaires one and six months after their index fall. Where necessary, we shall administer these through interviews. Questionnaires will measure health-related quality of life through the SF12v2 [31], fear of falling through the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale [32], and self-reported falls. At one month they will estimate patient satisfaction with the Quality of Care Monitor [33]. We shall track patients through the emergency ambulance system, ED departments, GPs and coroners to identify further contacts with these services (or death) within six months. We shall collect diagnostic codes for each contact.
We shall derive time spent on scene (interval between time of arrival of ambulance at patient and leaving the scene of the call), per job cycle (interval between 999 call and completion of call) and per episode (interval between 999 call and completion of care - including time at ED) from routine ambulance and ED records for all calls meeting the study inclusion criteria. We shall assess completeness of clinical documentation relevant to the care of older people who fall from Patient Clinical Records and EPRs completed by paramedics. We shall assess compliance with treatment and referral protocols from ambulance service and falls service records.
In each ambulance service we shall sample 10 older people who fall and are attended by ambulance crews using the new technology. Trial researchers will interview them in depth, using a semi-structured interview schedule to ascertain their views and preferences about the service they received.
We shall also conduct semi-structured interviews or focus groups with intervention group paramedics before and after implementation of the CCDS technology, and with other stakeholders, notably in the falls services. Interview schedules and topic guides will cover: views about the emergency care of older people who fall; the process of decision-making and triage; and issues in implementing the new software. We shall record and transcribe interviews and discussions.
Follow-up
The research team will work with each participating ambulance service to track patients who meet the inclusion criteria and who have not opted out. They will also liaise with Patient Affairs Managers (or equivalent) at local hospitals and coroners every week to check that these patients have not died. In this way we seek to avoid contacting patients who have recently died.
Patient involvement
Through two Clinical Research Collaboration Cymru networks - TRUST (Thematic Research network for emergency and UnScheduled Treatment) [34] and Involving People - we have recruited two user representatives to the SAFER 1 Trial. Their role is to attend team meetings and advise on all aspects of the trial, especially where there is contact with patients. In particular they provide feedback on the acceptability of trial questionnaires and patient information. We shall also convene a panel of users to provide more general advice throughout the trial.
Health economics
We know little about the cost effectiveness of alternative response interventions in emergency ambulance care [35-40]. Therefore economic analysis will estimate the costs of providing the new intervention, the consequences of the scheme for the wider health service (e.g. ED attendances and inpatient admissions) and the costs to patients and families. We shall collect data on the use of health service resources by each patient from paramedic records, GP records, routine hospital records and patient-completed questionnaires. We shall estimate costs by multiplying resource use by unit costs estimated through a micro-costing study within the trial. We shall use the SF6D, derived from the SF12, to estimate the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained from the intervention and economic modelling to estimate the incremental cost-per-QALY. We shall present these ratios with their associated cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. We shall undertake sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of the results to plausible changes in the configuration of the scheme and other healthcare activity.
Ethical considerations
The Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee for Wales has given full ethical approval for the study, including tracking patients across service providers. Although consent mechanisms based on opting out are unusual, two recent studies have received ethical approval to use this mechanism as the only feasible way to include patients in this vulnerable and hard-to-reach group, and thus improve their care [41,42].
To monitor the progress of the trial we have established two independent bodies - Trial Steering Committee (TSC) and Data Monitoring & Ethics Committee (DMEC). The DMEC, with a Clinical Trials Unit Director as chair and members from the fields of geriatrics, public health and statistics together with a user representative, reports to the TSC. The TSC is chaired by a primary care academic and includes members from an ambulance service and emergency medicine, and another user representative.
Sample size
We designed the trial to detect clinically important changes in the primary outcome - the time to first subsequent reported fall (or death). We judged that we could recruit 20 active paramedics (ten in intervention group, and ten in control group) at each site. As there is no published data on the distribution of time to first reported fall, we estimated the sample size conservatively, using the rate of subsequent falls (or deaths).
From data from participating ambulance services, we expect 250 older people to fall in each site each month. However it will not be possible to identify all who have fallen as eligible for the trial from information given during the emergency call. Furthermore some patients will opt out. Estimating conservatively that we can recruit 133 older people per site per month, a recruitment period of four months will enable us to recruit 500 patients per site, that is 25 per cluster and 1500 in all.
This sample size will yield 80% power when using a 5% significance level to detect a fall in the proportion of participants who make another emergency call for a fall (or death) within six months from 50%, as found in London recently [41], to 40% if, as we expect, the intra-cluster correlation coefficient is less than 0.035. Since this proportion is a binary variable, the time to first reported fall (or death), which is an interval variable, will yield greater power. We shall also have power to detect an effect size of 0.20 (i.e. one fifth of the population standard deviation) in SF12 scores.
Randomisation and blinding
The 'West Wales Organisation for Randomised Trials in health and social care' (WWORTH) is randomising paramedics between intervention and control. We shall conceal the resulting allocation until we reveal it by inviting individual paramedics to training days. Blinding participants to trial group allocation is neither feasible nor appropriate in a pragmatic trial like this.
Older people who fall and are attended by a control paramedic will receive the participating ambulance service's standard care. As it may not be feasible to blind the dispatchers in ambulance control to the trial group of their paramedics, we shall monitor and, if necessary, manage ambulance dispatch to avoid selection bias, which might manifest itself in a higher transfer or recruitment rate in the intervention group.
Statistical methods
We shall comply with all standards defined in the CONSORT guidelines [43]. We shall compare measures of process, outcome and cost between intervention and control patients by 'intention to treat'. As we expect many subsequent emergency calls for falls, many participants will call more than once during the trial period. If the intervention is effective, therefore, later attendances by paramedics with the CCDS could dilute the true effect on outcomes. For primary analysis, nevertheless, participants will remain in the group to which they are allocated.
We shall compare our primary and principal outcomes between groups by multi-level survival analysis. This will include separate analyses for later falls (including deaths) and for deaths alone. We shall review all deaths within 72 hours, the typical interval between index fall and referral to falls service. We shall monitor all deaths within the follow-up period of 6 months according to the WWORTH Standard Operating Procedure for Safety Monitoring. We shall compare secondary outcomes between groups using parametric or non-parametric methods as appropriate.
The trial statistician undertaking analyses will be blind to the trial group of all participants. We shall analyse qualitative data thematically using content analysis.
Discussion
Strengths
There have been "few large-scale, high-quality randomised controlled trials of the effectiveness of multi-factorial assessment and targeted intervention to prevent falls in community and emergency settings" [26]. Studies are needed that have the power to detect important effects on the number of falls and quality of life, and resolve uncertainty about the clinical and cost effectiveness of falls interventions. This trial responds to this call by evaluating a potentially powerful combination of technological innovation and a new model of service delivery.
Weaknesses
Since the SAFER 1 trial received funding in August 2006, several issues have delayed implementation, including:
• Radical ambulance service reorganisation took place in England in 2007, with 29 ambulance services reduced through mergers to 12 regional Ambulance Service Trusts.
• Senior staff at each of the participating services changed, including Chief Executive and Director of Information. As a result, the research team has had to renegotiate participation at a time when research was not an organisational priority in England or Wales.
• The national 'Connecting for Health' (CfH) programme [44] introduced the EPR programme into participating ambulance services alongside the SAFER 1 project. Although we explored opportunities for collaborating with CfH EPR software providers, timetables were not compatible and two of the original three ambulance services withdrew from the trial.
Although many ambulance services expressed interest in the SAFER 1 trial, these challenges prevented them from participating. Both of the English ambulance services originally recruited to take part in the study had to withdraw, together with a third English service that was keen to participate.
Progress
Fortunately two more English services have recently agreed to participate, and are preparing for the trial. In Wales, where there are no immediate plans to introduce EPR, implementation is underway (Figure 1). Paramedics have been recruited, randomised and trained, the falls pathway has been negotiated, and research governance processes are complete. Study hardware, including computers, docking stations, printers and servers, has been fitted into 13 vehicles in Swansea. We have also negotiated data capture for the trial with security levels acceptable to all parties to the trial in Wales.
Figure 1. CONSORT diagram for the South Wales site.
Conclusion
This is a trial of a complex intervention in a challenging setting. Evaluation of this intervention is essential to underpin future purchasing and service development decisions, at both national and local levels. We aim to provide rigorous evidence that will be useful to practitioners, managers and policy makers on the clinical and cost effectiveness of computerised clinical decision support for paramedics caring for older people who have fallen.
List of abbreviations used
CCDS: (Computerised Clinical Decision Support); CfH: (Connecting for Health); ED: (Emergency Department); EMS: (Emergency Medical Service); EPR: (Electronic Patient Record; GP: (General Practitioner); NHS: (National Health Service); PC: (personal computer); WWORTH: (West Wales Organisation for Rigorous Trials in Health and social care).
Competing interests
JD is shareholder in, and clinical director of, Plain Healthcare who supply the CCDS software used in the trial. He will play no part in data management or analysis.
Authors' contributions
HS and JD formulated the research question and conceived the study. All co-authors helped to develop the funded protocol. BW, SG, IH, JP and AS have since refined that protocol. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The SAFER 1 research team thanks the Department of Health ICTRI2 research programme for funding this study, and the Wales Office for Research and Development in health and social care for funding excess treatment costs, service support costs and a research professional to support the study in Wales. We also thank the three participating ambulance services, the paramedics who volunteered to take part, and the falls services who have supported the study. Without their commitment this complex research would not have been possible.
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This article is part of the series Personalized medicine: genes, biomarkers and tailored treatment.
Minireview
Bariatric surgery: the challenges with candidate selection, individualizing treatment and clinical outcomes
KJ Neff1, T Olbers2,3 and CW le Roux1,3*
Author Affiliations
1 Experimental Pathology, UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
2 Department of Bariatric Surgery, Carlanderska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
3 Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, University of Gothenburg, 5-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Medicine 2013, 11:8 doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-8
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/8
Received:13 April 2012
Accepted:10 January 2013
Published:10 January 2013
© 2013 Neff et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as a global health crisis. Bariatric surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight, induce remission of obesity-related diseases, and improve the quality of life. In this article, we outline the different options in bariatric surgery and summarize the recommendations for selecting and assessing potential candidates before proceeding to surgery. We present current data on post-surgical outcomes and evaluate the psychosocial and economic effects of bariatric surgery. Finally, we evaluate the complication rates and present recommendations for post-operative care.
Keywords:
Bariatric surgery; obesity; pre-operative assessment; postoperative outcomes.
Background
The rates of obesity are increasing with at least 300 million people worldwide now classified as obese [1]. Obesity is associated with reduced life expectancy, increased morbidity and mortality, and greater healthcare costs [2,3]. Bariatric surgery is more effective than non-surgical treatments of obesity with a reduction in overall mortality of 30% demonstrated in surgical recipients [4-7]. Greater reductions are seen in cancer and diabetes mortality [6,7].
Recommendations for referring candidates for bariatric surgery are available but they seldom give guidance to help a specific patient. We will examine the evidence for the magnitude and duration of the positive effects and negative side effects of bariatric surgery. Finally, we will offer a synopsis of the data on post-operative outcomes, and on what to expect in the months and years following surgery.
Review
Individualizing treatment
Available options in bariatric surgery
Several bariatric procedures are available. The most commonly performed procedures are Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), adjustable gastric banding (AGB), and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) [8]. Biliopancreatic diversion, with or without duodenal switch (BPD and BPD-DS), is less commonly performed but is often considered in extremely obese individuals [9]. All procedures can be performed laparoscopically with a lower rate of complications such as wound infection and incisional hernias [10].
In RYGB, the stomach is divided into an upper gastric pouch, which is 15 to 30 mL in volume and a lower gastric remnant. The gastric pouch is anastomosed to the jejunum after it has been divided some 30 to 75 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz; this distal part is brought up as a 'Roux-limb'. The excluded biliary limb, including the gastric remnant, is connected to the bowel some 75 to 150 cm distal to the gastrojejunostomy (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. An upper gastric pouch, of 15 to 30 mL in volume, and a lower gastric remnant is formed from the stomach. The jejunum is divided some 30 to 75 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz, and anastomosed to the gastric pouch. The distal jejunum is brought up as a 'Roux-limb'. The excluded biliary limb, including the gastric remnant, is anastomosed to the bowel some 75 to 150 cm distal to the gastrojejunostomy. The included figures are the property of Johnson and Johnson and Ethicon Endo-Surgery (Europe). They are reproduced here with their kind permission.
In AGB, a band with an inner inflatable silastic balloon is placed around the proximal stomach just below the gastroesophageal junction. The band can be tightened through a subcutaneous access port by the injection or withdrawal of a saline solution [11] (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. AGB: Adjustable gastric band. A band with an inner inflatable silastic balloon is placed around the proximal stomach just below the gastroesophageal junction. The band is adjusted through a subcutaneous access port by the injection or withdrawal of solution. The included figures are the property of Johnson and Johnson and Ethicon Endo-Surgery (Europe). They are reproduced here with their kind permission.
In SG, the stomach is transected vertically over a 34 or 36F bougie creating a gastric tube and leaving a pouch of 100 to 200 mL (see Figure 3). Although many regard SG as a restrictive procedure, it is increasingly recognized as a metabolic procedure [12].
Figure 3. SG: Sleeve gastrectomy. The stomach is transected vertically creating a gastric tube and leaving a pouch of 100 to 200 mL. The included figures are the property of Johnson and Johnson and Ethicon Endo-Surgery (Europe). They are reproduced here with their kind permission.
BPD involves a partial gastrectomy that results in a 400 mL gastric pouch [13]. The small bowel is divided 250 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve, and the alimentary limb is connected to the gastric pouch to create a Roux-en-Y gastroenterostomy. An anastomosis is performed between the excluded biliopancreatic limb and the alimentary limb 50 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve (see Figure 4). In BPD-DS, a vertical SG is constructed and the division of the duodenum is performed immediately beyond the pylorus. The alimentary limb is connected to the duodenum, whereas the iliopancreatic limb is anastomosed to the ileum 75 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve [14].
Figure 4. BPD: Biliopancreatic diversion. A 400 mL gastric pouch is formed from the stomach. The small bowel is divided 250 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve and is connected to the gastric pouch to create a Roux-en-Y gastroenterostomy. An anastomosis is performed between the excluded biliopancreatic limb and the alimentary limb 50 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. In BPD-DS, a vertical sleeve gastrectomy is constructed and the division of the duodenum is performed immediately beyond the pylorus. The alimentary limb is connected to the duodenum, whereas the iliopancreatic limb is anastomosed to the ileum 75 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The included figures are the property of Johnson and Johnson and Ethicon Endo-Surgery (Europe). They are reproduced here with their kind permission.
Endoscopically placed synthetic duodenojejunal bypass liners such as the EndoBarrier® have been recently developed and are associated with a mean weight loss of 10% to 20% [15,16]. These devices establish duodenal exclusion and result in greater weight loss than diet and exercise alone up to 12 weeks post-insertion [17]. They may also improve glycemic control in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [18].
However, long-term data remain to be reported and the device is often poorly tolerated [18]. Complications include sleeve migration and obstruction, which can occur with a frequency of 15% to 20% [15,16,18]. It can also be difficult to insert the device with placement failure in up to 13% [18]. While the concept of endoscopic techniques such as Endobarrier® remains attractive, the permanence of the weight loss and the clinical role of the device itself remain to be determined.
Other techniques for the treatment of obesity include the intra-gastric balloon, which can be effective for short-term weight loss [16]. However, these newer techniques remain in the experimental realm and data on long-term clinical efficacy are not available. The EndoBarrier® may not be any better or worse than gastric balloons or very low calorie diets at reducing operative risk in patients with extreme obesity. The device may be developed for use in those with diabetes and obesity who decline laparoscopic bariatric surgery. If other non-surgical treatments such as exogenous satiety gut hormones, or weight loss maintenance diets, can show that the weight loss after removal of the EndoBarrier® can be maintained, then a comparison with established bariatric procedures may be feasible.
Candidate selection and pre-operative assessment
Patient selection criteria for bariatric surgery include body mass index (BMI), the presence of co-morbidities and a history of prior weight loss attempts. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines state that bariatric surgery should be offered to patients with a BMI of 35 to 40 kg/m2 who have obesity related conditions such as diabetes mellitus or obstructive sleep apnea, or in those with a BMI of 40 kg/m2 or greater regardless of weight related co-morbidities [19,20]. Bariatric surgery for individuals with a BMI less than 35 kg/m2 with obesity related co-morbidities is under investigation but is not currently recommended [21].
If a candidate meets the criteria for surgery, then a multi-disciplinary team assessment is made as to the suitability of the candidate. This is a complex process involving psychological, surgical, dietetic and medical review. The individual must be physically and psychologically fit to proceed to surgery. Expectations must be managed and a determination must be made as to the individuals' ability to comply with post-operative care. The decision to operate will take into account the benefits the candidate is likely to gain, and the risks peri-operatively and post-operatively.
This is an individualized assessment, and the role of the psychologist and/or psychiatrist should be central. Some reports suggest an increased risk of suicide after bariatric surgery, although the etiology remains unclear [6]. Major failures of bariatric surgery are due to poor psychological adaptation, especially if the patient's expectations were not adequately managed. All candidates should be given the correct and realistic information on what the procedure can achieve. If this is addressed, then the risk of surgical failure can often be mitigated [22,23]. This personalized assessment is a vital part of the pre-operative assessment.
For each patient the benefits of the procedure should outweigh the operative risk. In general, obese patients have an increased prevalence of cardiopulmonary disease that may be undiagnosed pre-operatively [24]. An individualized pre-operative assessment should be completed by a multi-disciplinary team [25]. Pre-operative investigations should focus on screening for cardiac arrhythmia, prolonged QT syndrome, and cardiomyopathy [25]. Almost 70% of individuals awaiting bariatric surgery can be diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea, with over 40% meeting the criteria for severe disease [26,27]. However, this is not associated with a greater rate of peri-operative complications [28]. Male gender, age older than 50 years, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease and renal impairment are associated with greater mortality [29].
Predicting outcomes
Once the candidate has been selected, then the appropriate procedure must be chosen. Unfortunately, there is no evidence based medical approach for procedure selection, and this remains one of the most frustrating shortfalls in bariatric practice for clinicians and patients. Clinicians take a pragmatic approach to the choice of procedure, and the decision is determined by the individuals' clinical phenotype, the aims of therapy, and peri-operative risk.
Clinicians and patients can often be disappointed when surgical outcomes are not as impressive as may have been hoped and look for objective evidence that can allow them to predict outcomes. The most damaging outcome of surgical procedures that do not perform as expected is to blame the recipient for not performing well enough with regard to diet and exercise, when in fact, the failure is almost always rooted in biology. Weight loss prediction is one of the common aims of these predictive models. Pre-operative weight loss can predict post-operative weight loss, putatively as a marker of 'intrinsic motivation' [30,31]. These data are contentious and not without bias as many of them are retrospective uncontrolled studies [32]. The available prospective data are of short duration [31,32]. A systematic review shows that 50% of the published results find that pre-operative weight loss has an association with weight change post-operatively, and the remaining 50% refute these findings [32]. In the context of this evidence, pre-operative weight loss cannot be relied on to predict surgical outcomes at this time.
Genetic disorders such as melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency may have an inherent physiological role in these mixed results, as animals with MC4R deficiency have a resistance to weight loss after bariatric surgery [33]. There is interest in these genotypes, as identifying them may aid the prediction of outcomes. However, identified phenotypes such as MC4R are not common in the obese population, with heterogeneous mutations identified in less than 3% of European and North American obese cohorts [34]. Culprit genes that have been associated with obesity, with approximately 20 implicated to date, are still only found in 5% of obese people [35].
Investigation of genetic factors that may predict individual responses to bariatric surgery is ongoing and controversial [35-37]. While certain genotypes are associated with improved outcomes after bariatric surgery, they are not procedure specific and, therefore, while potentially aiding prediction of weight loss post-operatively, will not aid procedure selection [35-37]. It is also well recognized that the genetic influence on obesity may be much more complex than we currently understand, with the inevitable influence of environment making the situation less clear. For now, study of identified genotypes, with a correlation between genotype and treatment outcomes, may answer questions on the clinical utility and predictive ability of genotyping in bariatric surgery [33].
To date, any potential genetic markers or biomarkers of weight loss following bariatric surgery have been limited by clinical utility, and sensitivity and specificity [38,39]. Some data identifying potential markers of weight loss are inadequately controlled and unmatched [38]. The positive findings are in the context of complex interactions, without clinically usable tests that could be applied in daily practice [39].
While there is some potential in this field, usable techniques are still many years away [40].
The factors most consistently negatively associated with post-operative weight loss include higher BMI levels and personality disorders [32]. Given the impact of psychological markers on outcomes, techniques such the artificial neural network, which can incorporate psychological and biological measurements, have been tested to predict surgical outcomes [41]. Such techniques rely on established data that have been shown to effect outcomes, but may incorrectly predict response in as many as 30% of bariatric surgery recipients [41]. These models are multi-factorial, prone to bias and socio-cultural differences [41]. They are also time-consuming and expensive [41]. As the techniques are refined, we may develop a useful model that could be employed in routine practice, although we have not arrived at that point as of yet.
While weight loss remains difficult to predict, there are increasing amounts of data on prediction of diabetes remission. Markers of insulin secretion, such as C-peptide may aid pre-operative prediction of diabetes remission [42]. These results report an increased rate of diabetes remission with higher C-peptide levels [42,43]. The highest cut-off can predict diabetes remission with a specificity of approximately 90% [42]. Shorter duration of diabetes, lower glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and insulin independence are also associated with a higher post-operative remission rate [43,44]. These data illustrate a role for C-peptide to be used in conjunction with clinical data to predict diabetes remission. If a validated, sensitive and specific model were developed then it may aid procedure selection. However, the models currently studied can provide great specificity, but only at the cost of sensitivity [45].
The use of incretin and bile acid profiles has been investigated for use in predicting weight loss and metabolic outcomes following bariatric surgery [46,47]. The findings suggest that the restoration of peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like-peptide- 1 (GLP-1) secretion following RYGB contribute to satiety and weight loss [46,48]. Bile acids also have a role in this process, and the mechanisms underlying this are currently being elucidated [47]. Increased bile acid delivery to the terminal ileum can improve satiety and enhance weight loss [47]. However, these changes occur after surgery, and there is no current evidence that would allow them to be used to select candidates pre-procedure.
Similarly, while the restoration of the PYY and GLP-1 response is associated with satiety and weight loss in RYGB, as opposed to AGB, there are no strong data on differences within this group that allow us to predict the degree of weight loss following RYGB based on the incretin or bile acid response [48,49]. There are data demonstrating a progressive rise in PYY and GLP-1 following RYGB that is associated with increased satiety but without noted differences within the group [49]. The relationship between absolute incretin or bile acid levels, or trends, and weight loss remains to be determined. At this time, the restoration of incretin secretion and increased serum levels of bile acid are associated with enhanced satiety and weight loss, but they cannot be used to predict weight loss [46-49].
Procedure selection
For now, procedure selection is best informed by the candidates' objectives and by how they want to live their lives after surgery. As a primary aim of surgery, the efficacy of weight loss associated with each procedure must be considered. RYGB results in greater weight loss than AGB, although good quality post-operative care can improve the weight loss following AGB, with results comparable to RYGB [50-52]. AGB is associated with a lower rate of immediate post-operative complications but also a higher rate of re-operation for insufficient weight loss [50-52]. The associated mortality rate is higher with RYGB than with AGB but still less than 0.3% [50,51].
Weight loss is comparable between RYGB and SG in the short term [53,54]. Some studies suggest that more patients will regain weight in the medium-term after SG [55]. BPD/BPD-DS results in greater weight loss, but with higher complication rates, than RYGB [56,57]. Therefore, the greatest weight loss would likely be achieved with BPD/BPD-DS. However, this is not generally agreed. BPD/BPD-DS may not be suitable for high-risk operative candidates and some randomized controlled trials have shown no additional benefit of the extra weight loss above RYGB [58].
There are variances in outcome between national health systems, with AGB considered a superior bariatric procedure in systems where there is an excellent post-operative care pathway [52]. This implies that AGB can have comparable results providing that the post-operative care is planned and provided by experienced clinicians.
With regard to diabetes remission or treatment, RYGB offers a greater rate of remission than AGB [50,51]. SG has a remission rate comparable to RYGB in the short-term, but a higher rate of relapse in the medium-term [59]. BPD and BPD-DS may offer a higher rate of diabetes remission than RYGB or AGB [60-62]. While AGB is the least effective in inducing diabetes remission, it can offer substantial improvements in diabetes control, which are greater than those offered by medical therapy in obese cohorts [63,64].
Other conditions can influence a decision on bariatric surgery. Respiratory disease may improve more significantly with greater weight loss [65]. Therefore, those with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or asthma could theoretically be considered for more consistently efficacious procedures such as BPD/BPD-DS or RYGB. Conversely, SG and AGB are associated with deteriorations in gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and, therefore, should be avoided in this cohort [55,66]. In GERD, RYGB is increasingly considered as the treatment of choice as it can remediate the GERD due to the reduction in the stomach pouch and prevention of esophageal reflux [67].
In summary, candidate selection and preparation is key to achieving good surgical outcomes. Each procedure should be considered for each individual, and the data to date do not support the application of a generic selection based on body weight, diabetes or other co-morbidities. The choice of procedure is a complex process with the patient and their interests at its core. The surgeon's experience to deal with the inevitable complications of each procedure and to manage long-term follow-up care remain dominant considerations.
In those with diabetes, BPD/BPD-DS offers the highest rate of remission, but also the highest complication rates. RYGB and SG are comparably efficacious in treating diabetes in the short-term, but questions remain regarding the medium to long-term. It should be noted that the volume of data for RYGB is greater than that for SG and BPD/BPD-DS. For those with GERD, RYGB should be the treatment of choice. SG and AGB should be avoided.
AGB can also lead to weight loss and diabetes remission and can offer greater control than medical therapy, even if remission is not achieved. It should be noted that the choice of AGB should take into account the availability of good quality post-operative care. AGB may be suitable for those who wish to lose weight and improve diabetes control, but not remission, and are at higher surgical risk.
Clinical outcomes
The outcomes following bariatric surgery vary between procedures, and predicting individual outcomes following bariatric surgery is difficult, for the reasons outlined in the previous sub-sections. We will review each outcome individually and compare between modalities below.
A. Airway: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and asthma
Bariatric surgery is associated with impressive remission rates for OSA (68). However, bariatric surgery can improve the severity of OSA more frequently than resulting in full remission, and the improvement can still leave the individual in a moderate or severe category [68]. The symptoms of asthma can improve after bariatric surgery but the mechanism of this effect is unknown, although reduction of subcutaneous tissue with improvement of the restrictive effect on the chest wall may be involved [69].
B. Body weight
Bariatric surgery effectively induces weight loss, but the degree varies between procedures [8-10]. RYGB results in greater weight loss than AGB in most studies [51]. The quality of the post-operative care affects weight loss after AGB, with good quality post-operative care resulting in comparable weight loss to RYGB [52]. Weight loss is comparable between RYGB and SG at 36 months post-operatively but long-term data are pending [53]. Weight regain can be frequent following SG [55]. BPD results in greater weight loss, but higher complication rates, than RYGB, with comparable metabolic and quality of life outcomes [56,58].
Weight loss usually reaches a maximum twelve months post-operatively, and some weight regain is common thereafter. The mean ten-year weight reduction is 25% for RYGB and 13% for AGB [4].
C. Cardiovascular and cardiac disease
Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease [70]. The available data over a median of almost twenty years show that bariatric surgery is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and morbidity [71]. In RYGB a reduction of cardiovascular morbidity of more than 50% is seen when compared to BMI and age matched controls [6,71]. The mechanism is unclear but improvements in glucose metabolism, blood lipid profiles and hypertension probably contribute [71,72]. The reduction in hypertension and dyslipidemia does remit somewhat post-operatively but both remain reduced from baseline at ten years [6,7].
Cardiomyopathy in obesity is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction with a longer exposure to obesity associated with worse cardiac function and larger ventricular mass [73]. Left atrial dilatation and systolic dysfunction can also develop [74]. This is likely due to a combination of increased cardiac output and increased circulatory volume [74]. Bariatric surgery has been shown to result in improved cardiac function and 'reverse remodeling' of the left ventricle up to three years post-operatively [75].
D. Diabetes
There is a strong association between obesity and diabetes with approximately half of those diagnosed with T2DM classified as obese [76]. Bariatric surgery can induce remission of diabetes by inducing weight loss [61]. There are also enteroendocrine effects following RYGB and BPD, achieving greater remission rates for diabetes when compared to patients who have had similar weight loss after AGB [61]. Diabetes remission is greatest for patients undergoing BPD-DS, followed by RYGB and then AGB [61]. SG has a comparable remission rate to RYGB [59,77]. The remission of diabetes following bariatric surgery can be transient, with 72% free of diabetes two years after bariatric surgery but only 36% remaining free of diabetes at ten years [4].
The most reliable long-term prospective data comes from the Swedish Obese Study in which the majority of participants underwent vertical banded gastroplasty with the remaining undergoing RYGB or AGB [4]. Subgroup analyses report that the RYGB group (N = 34) had a greater reduction in serum glucose at ten years than the rest of the cohort (N = 608) [4]. However, rates of diabetes according to subgroup and other prospective data for RYGB specifically are not available. Retrospective data at nine years following RYGB show a reduced rate of medical treatment of diabetes by more than 65% in parallel with a reduction in mortality of more than 70% [78]. The improvement in mortality was primarily due to a decrease in the number of cardiovascular deaths.
Shorter duration of diabetes, lower HbA1c levels and insulin independence are associated with a higher post-operative remission rate [44].
The presence of diabetes could influence the choice of bariatric procedure with RYGB, BPD and SG considered to result in remission of diabetes in a significant proportion of candidates. In those who do not achieve remission, bariatric surgery, including AGB, results in better glycemic control and a reduced medication burden compared to medical treatment [63,64]. Emerging data also suggest that bariatric surgery may facilitate remission of microvascular complications, such as microalbuminuria [79].
E. Economic
Obese individuals are more than twice as likely to take sick leave and almost three times as likely to avail of disability benefits [4]. Medical costs are significantly higher for obese individuals, mainly due to the cost of diabetic, hypertensive and lipid therapy, but with additional costs secondary to analgesia, respiratory and psychiatric treatments [80,81]. When classified by BMI, patients in the highest ranges spend more on healthcare [81].
While the presence of obesity may be secondary to lower socio-economic status rather than causative, bariatric surgery has been shown to result in increased productivity and reduced sick leave [82,83]. It is more costly than non-surgical management of obesity in the short-term but a return of investment can be achieved within four years [84].
Medication prescription is reduced by bariatric surgery with resultant reductions in healthcare costs that can persist for up to 20 years [84,85]. Cost effectiveness may also be achieved through reduced healthcare system utility due to the reduction in obesity related co-morbidities [85]. However, the modeling used in this type of cost assessment is open to criticism and there is a dearth of controlled prospective data.
F. Functional
Basic activities of daily living such as walking and personal hygiene can be affected by severe obesity, and this loss of autonomy can be extremely distressing for the affected individuals [86]. Joint pain, including lower back pain, is common in obese populations and can impinge on individual functional status [87]. Bariatric surgery results in improved function status, reduced levels of back pain and greater levels of independence [87].
G. Gonadal function and fertility
In men, obesity can result in erectile dysfunction, reduced serum testosterone levels and reduced sperm quality [88,89]. Bariatric surgery is associated with increased serum testosterone levels but may paradoxically result in a deterioration in sperm quality [90,91]. There are no controlled prospective data to evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery on male fertility.
In women, obesity is associated with high rates of ovulatory dysfunction, increased risk of spontaneous abortion and increased materno-fetal risk in pregnancy [92]. There is evidence that weight reduction via bariatric surgery can improve ovulatory cycles and reduce hyperandrogenism in women [93]. It also probably reduces materno-fetal risk, although the current evidence is mainly limited to observational data [94,95]. To date, there are no randomized controlled data or long-term prospective data available and, therefore, no strong recommendation can be made on advising reproductively active women considering bariatric surgery.
H. Perceived health status
People who are classified as obese often report poor health perceptions and altered mood [96]. Psychiatric co-morbidities including anxiety and depression are also common [97]. Bariatric surgery improves quality of life and perceived health status, with changes seen in the first year and benefit retained up to ten years [96]. Depression, aggression and low self-concept can all be improved by bariatric surgery [97]. The improvements in perceived health status and quality of life may be correlated with weight loss, with superior results following RYGB compared to AGB [98]. However, factors other than weight loss may be responsible for these psychological benefits as the improvements have been reported in the immediate post-surgical phase [99].
I. Image
Body image dysphoria is found in high frequency in obese cohorts but this sometimes improves post-operatively [86,100]. The improvement in body image satisfaction is associated with improved quality of life scores, and the improvements continue for at least two years following surgery [101,102]. Weight regain is associated with deterioration in self-concept and body image and can be associated with depressive symptoms [102]. In general, changes in body image are very unpredictable.
Eating disorders are common in obese populations [101]. Some evidence suggests that bariatric surgery can be associated with remission of eating disorders, particularly binge eating disorder [103]. The persistence of these disorders is associated with poor outcomes, and eating behavior needs to be regularly reviewed post-operatively [103].
J. Junction of gastro-esophagus
The presence of obesity and GERD has been linked with pre-malignant metaplasia of the gastro-esophageal junction, and frank adenocarcinoma of the esophagus [104]. RYGB can reduce the symptoms of GERD and is associated with regression of pre- malignant metaplasia [67,105]. There is concern that AGB may worsen symptoms in a significant proportion of recipients [66]. SG has also been associated with worsening GERD, and patients with pre-existing disease may not be suitable candidates [55].
Surgical treatment of GERD can be ineffective in obese populations, and RYGB can be considered before fundoplication in this group given the improved outcomes [67]. Therefore, the presence of GERD supports use of RYGB as a first line procedure.
K. Kidney function
While the measurement of glomerular filtration rate in obese cohorts is not well validated, obesity is noted to result in higher rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) independent of the effect of co-morbid diabetes mellitus, hypertension or dyslipidemia [106,107]. Renal parameters such as serum creatinine and urinary protein excretion can improve after bariatric surgery, but at present it is unknown if the potential benefits outweigh the risks in those with CKD, given the greater peri-operative risk associated with renal impairment [29,108,109].
L. Liver
Liver disease such as hepatosteatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis are all associated with obesity [110]. Bariatric surgery improves the histological appearance of the liver and can lead to regression of established liver disease [111]. However, these data are often uncontrolled and some authors have reported worsening in fibrosis rates after bariatric surgery [111]. The presence of fibrotic liver disease needs to be considered in the decision to proceed with surgery and in follow-up plans post-operatively.
M. Medication
Bariatric surgery results in a significant cost reduction in glycemic, lipid and antihypertensive therapy that can take effect within two weeks of surgery [84,85]. There are additional therapies needed following bariatric surgery, with increased prescription of GERD therapy with some procedures [80]. The need for increased GERD treatment and ongoing mineral and vitamin supplementation can partially offset the cost reductions in diabetic and cardiovascular medication [80,85].
O. Other
There is emerging evidence that weight loss using bariatric surgery may reduce the incidence of cancer [112]. It seems that the protective effect is strongest for women, and the reduction of risk may be as high as 60% [6,112,113]. The mechanisms underlying this apparent risk reduction are unclear, but may involve mediation of inflammatory pathways and attenuation of obesity associated hyperinsulinism [112].
Morbidity and mortality after bariatric surgery
Surgical complications can be defined as early or late, depending on if they occur within the first thirty post-operative days or afterwards. There is a wide range in the reported complication rates. The benchmark for bariatric centers of excellence is the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery consortium [114]. Mortality rates after bariatric surgery are low with a mortality rate after RYGB of 0.3% [114]. Pulmonary and venous thrombo-embolism are early complications and occur in less than 0.5% of bariatric surgery recipients [115]. Other complications can be specific to the modality and include the following.
1. Anastomotic leak and bowel perforation
Anastomotic leak is a feared early complication. Higher BMI, male gender, re-operation, older age and surgeon's experience are all associated with higher rates of anastomotic leakage [115,116]. Leakage can occur at any of the anastomotic junctions in RYGB, SG or BPD/BPD-DS and can result in severe peritonitis, sepsis, and multi-organ failure. Enteric leaks require emergent operative treatment in the context of hemodynamic instability or peritonitis.
Anastomotic leakage appears most commonly at the gastrojejunostomy in RYGB and the incidence associated with mortality is 0.1% [116,117]. The incidence of leakage is up to 3.6% in SG and most commonly occurs as a defect in the staple line [118]. In BPD-DS, leakage from the staple line is more common than anastomotic leakage and the total enteric leakage rate is 5% [119].
In AGB, there is no anastomosis and gastro-esophageal perforation is an uncommon early complication that can result in peritonitis and abdominal sepsis with an incidence of less than 0.5% [120].
2. Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage is an early complication that occurs in up to 4% of patients [121]. Using finer anastomotic closure techniques can reduce bleeding rates [122]. The presence of diabetes mellitus has been associated with a higher risk of post-operative hemorrhage [123]. In SG, hemorrhage has an incidence of up to 5.6%, but there is a large range in reported data that is likely explained by surgical experience, the complexity of the case intra-operatively, and the use of buttress material [124,125].
3. Bowel obstruction
Internal hernias can cause bowel obstruction, and can occur early or late post-operatively. The reported frequency ranges from 0.4% to 5.5% in RYGB [126,127]. Long-term data over seven years record a hernia rate of 38% in BPD/BPD-DS [128]. A laparoscopic approach may result in higher rates, but new surgical techniques where the mesentery windows are surgically closed may reduce the rate to as low as 1% [129].
4. Anastomotic stricture
Anastomotic stricture is a late complication that can occur at any of the anastomotic sites. It is commonly described at the gastrojejunostomy in RYGB and is associated with dysphagia and vomiting [130]. The mean incidence of gastrojejunal stricture is approximately 10%, but rates as high as 20% are reported [130]. The laparoscopic approach and use of circular staplers to make the gastrojejunal anastomosis may result in higher rates of stricture [131].
5. Other complications
Incisional hernias can occur but are less common with the increased use of laparoscopic techniques [10]. Marginal ulcers are usually late complications of bariatric surgery and occur in 2% of patients within the first post-operative year, and then in 0.5% for up to five years [132]. Proton pump inhibition is the preferred treatment but ulcers can be refractory and may require revisional surgery [133].
6. Complications specific to AGB
Band migration is becoming less common since the introduction of the 'pars flaccida' technique and individually sized bands, with rates as low as 1.4% [134]. Band migration can result in acute postoperative stoma obstruction, although this can occur in the absence of migration due to impacted food boluses [135].
Infections of the adjustment port can be an early or late complication. A late adjustment port infection can present years post-operatively, with abdominal pain or port site erythema, caused by band erosion with ascending infection, in up to 1% of cases [136]. This can result in intra-abdominal sepsis requiring removal of the band and high dose intravenous antibiotics. Band erosion is associated with surgical experience, with higher rates in those with less experience [137].
There is a recognition that AGB can have high failure rates in long-term follow-up, although this can likely be remediated by good quality post-operative care [138,139]. The emergence of SG as a procedure with greater weight loss and metabolic effects than AGB, with complication rates comparable or possibly slightly lower than RYGB has led to the consideration of SG before AGB in some cases [139]. However, SG's major Achilles heel is the lack of long-term data with some authors concerned that the 10-year re-operation rate after SG will be similar to that of AGB.
As long-term data accumulate, SG may come to replace AGB in many cases, although for now AGB is likely to remain more popular given the established experience in its use and the lower complication rate in comparison to the other major bariatric modalities [139].
Nutritional and gastrointestinal complications after bariatric surgery
Deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, folate, and fat-soluble vitamins can occur after bariatric surgery and are best described in RYGB, BPD and BPD-DS [140]. Vitamin D deficiency can persist despite prescribed replacement in BPD and may tend towards secondary hyperparathyroidism [140]. The risk of nutritional deficiencies depends on postoperative weight loss, the surgical procedure performed and patient compliance with follow up [140,141].
Vomiting is frequent after bariatric surgery but must always be considered to be pathological until proven otherwise after RYGB. An examination and appropriate radiological studies to screen for stricture, stoma stenosis or herniation must be completed. If no pathological cause is found then treatment should be conservative with replacement of fluid and electrolytes [141]. Often, vomiting can be the result of overeating or rapid eating. The patient should be re-educated on eating habits and kept under review.
Diarrhea is reported in up to 40% following bariatric surgery [142]. More than 30% of bariatric surgical recipients report worsening bowel function in the post-operative period and some develop fecal incontinence [143]. The etiology of this is unclear and treatment is based on appropriate dietary modification and anti-diarrheal pharmacotherapy.
There is a variable incidence of the dumping syndrome after bariatric surgery, particularly in RYGB [144]. Dumping syndrome remains a 'waste-basket diagnosis', with the clinical presentation generally considered to include early abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, bloating, fatigue, facial flushing, palpitations, hypotension and syncope after high glycemic index meals. These symptoms usually occur within an hour of eating. Similar symptoms that occur two or three hours after a meal include perspiration, palpitations, hunger, tremor, agitation, and syncope [144]. These have been blamed on hypoglycemia and GLP-1, although a definitive etiology remains to be established [145,146].
The treatment of early dumping syndrome is usually straightforward dietary modification, with small regular meals containing protein and carbohydrate with a very low glycemic index. Treatment of the symptoms that occur within two or three hours of a meal also rely on the same dietary modifications, with the added aim of 2 or 3 kg of weight gain which often abolishes the symptoms secondary to the small amount of increased insulin resistance. Pharmacotherapy with acarbose or somatostatin analogues may be needed [147], with transient enteral feeding required in severe cases [144].
There is some overlap in the hypoglycemic syndromes associated with bariatric surgery, with a number of mechanisms likely contributing to each. Obesity-related beta-cell hypertrophy that does not fully regress after weight loss, with improved GLP-1 dynamics and improved peripheral sensitivity, all probably contribute to each syndrome [148]. There can be an exaggerated incretin response in those with hypoglycemic syndromes [145,146]. However, the extent to which the incretin effect is involved can vary by syndrome and even by case [148]. If a post-operative patient presents with dumping syndrome or hypoglycemia that is unresponsive to dietary modification or 3 kg weight gain, or with atypical features such as fasting symptoms, then a full investigation of their insulin dynamics is needed.
Other complications after bariatric surgery
Other post-operative complications include alopecia, cholelithiasis and hypoglycemia. Postoperative hair loss has been reported in up to 4.5% of bariatric surgical candidates [149]. This is usually mild and non-progressive. Cholelithiasis can occur in up to 2% of individuals in the months after surgery [150]. Ursodeoxycholic acid has been recommended for prevention [140].
Future directions
As obesity continues to become more prevalent, bariatric surgery will become necessary for greater numbers of people. The current guidelines are aimed at a grade of obesity considered moderate to severe, but evidence is accumulating for the use of bariatric surgery in those with BMI levels of less than 35 kg/m2 [151]. This is particularly the case in those with diabetes [151].
The ongoing randomized controlled trials comparing bariatric surgery and intensive medical glycemic therapy may yield results that will lead to bariatric surgery being used for metabolic benefits in those with diabetes, including those with BMIs of less than 35 kg/m2 [63,64]. This is the continuation of the concept of metabolic surgery; the idea that bariatric procedures should have a primary goal of inducing remission of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. However, this concept remains controversial, and further data need to be collected to determine the benefits of this approach.
Finally, the goal of individualizing bariatric treatment and predicting response remains challenging. The work on genotyping and predictive models is ongoing but usable models remain elusive. Evidence to date suggests that the factors most predictive of weight loss may be psychological [32]. As genome association data are gathered we may identify genes that can allow us to tailor the bariatric approach to the individual [36,37,152,153]. However, given the expense associated with this technology, its clinical utility at present is low and clinical evaluation will remain the mainstay of pre-operative assessment and procedure selection.
Conclusions
Bariatric surgery should be considered in individuals with a BMI of greater than 40 kg/m2 and in those with a BMI of more than 35 kg/m2 and obesity related co- morbidities. In future, guidelines may recommend surgery for those with BMIs of less than 35 kg/m2 with diabetes or other metabolic disease.
Not all candidates are suitable to proceed to surgery, and an experienced multi- disciplinary assessment is essential to select the appropriate candidates. The choice of surgical modality should take the individual's goals, surgeon's experience and existing co-morbidities into account. Individualizing care is central to the assessment, and this is determined by clinical evaluation rather than using predictive models, genotyping or biomarkers at present.
Bariatric surgery performed in experienced centers has a low complication rate and leads to long-term weight loss, with associated functional, metabolic and psychological improvements. Bariatric procedures are effective in treating and preventing many obesity related co-morbidities. Long-term follow-up is mandatory to support a safe outcome.
Abbreviations
AGB: adjustable gastric banding; BMI: body mass index; BPD: biliopancreatic diversion; BPD-DS: biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch; GERD: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; SG: sleeve gastrectomy; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
KJN reviewed the published literature for this review and drafted the manuscript. TO contributed to the content and structure of the article and, in particular, to the sections on surgical technique and complications. CWleR was invited to submit this review, and conceived the design and structure of the article. All authors edited, read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors' information
KJN is a research fellow in metabolic medicine and has a clinical background in endocrinology and diabetes. His special interests include obesity and the metabolic effects of bariatric surgery, and the effects of the incretin system in obesity and diabetes.
CleR is the Professor of Experimental Pathology at University College Dublin with a special interest in the mechanisms and clinical application of bariatric surgery. His work has focused on how the operations allow long-term weight loss maintenance and metabolic benefit.
TO is a specialist bariatric surgeon who has performed more than 3,000 bariatric procedures. His practice is focused on laparoscopic gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switches. He completed his PhD at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Sweden, and then became the director of the bariatric surgical unit at Carlanderska Hospital in Gothenburg. He is currently leader of a research group in the field of mechanisms and impact of bariatric surgery.
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84. Cremieux PY, Buchwald H, Shikora SA, Ghosh A, Yang HE, Buessing M: A study on the economic impact of bariatric surgery.
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85. Neovius M, Narbro K, Keating C, Peltonen M, Sjoholm K, Agren G, Sjostrom L, Carlsson L: Healthcare use during 20 years following bariatric surgery.
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119. Mitchell MT, Carabetta JM, Shah RN, O'Riordan MA, Gasparaitis AE, Alverdy JC: Duodenal switch gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity: imaging of postsurgical anatomy and postoperative gastrointestinal complications.
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122. Sakran N, Assalia A, Sternberg A, Kluger Y, Troitsa A, Brauner E, Van Cauwenberge S, De Visschere M, Dillemans B: Smaller staple height for circular stapled gastrojejunostomy in laparoscopic gastric bypass: early results in 1,074 morbidly obese patients.
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123. Rabl C, Peeva S, Prado K, James AW, Rogers SJ, Posselt A, Campos GM: Early and late abdominal bleeding after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: sources and tailored therapeutic strategies.
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124. Frezza EE, Reddy S, Gee LL, Wachtel MS: Complications after sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity.
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125. Daskalakis M, Berdan Y, Theodoridou S, Weigand G, Weiner RA: Impact of surgeon experience and buttress material on postoperative complications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.
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129. Rodriguez A, Mosti M, Sierra M, Perez-Johnson R, Flores S, Dominguez G, Sánchez H, Zarco A, Romay K, Herrera MF: Small bowel obstruction after antecolic and antegastric laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: could the incidence be reduced?
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130. Nguyen NT, Stevens CM, Wolfe BM: Incidence and outcome of anastomotic stricture after laparoscopic gastric bypass.
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131. Mathew A, Veliuona MA, DePalma FJ, Cooney RN: Gastrojejunal stricture after gastric bypass and efficacy of endoscopic intervention.
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132. Bolen SD, Chang HY, Weiner JP, Richards TM, Shore AD, Goodwin SM, Johns RA, Magnuson TH, Clark JM: Clinical outcomes after bariatric surgery: a five-year matched cohort analysis in seven US states.
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133. Csendes A, Torres J, Burgos AM: Late marginal ulcers after gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Clinical and endoscopic findings and response to treatment.
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134. Thornton CM, Rozen WM, So D, Kaplan ED, Wilkinson S: Reducing band slippage in laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: the mesh plication pars flaccida technique.
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135. Bernante P, Francini Pesenti F, Toniato A, Zangrandi F, Pomerri F, Pelizzo MR: Obstructive symptoms associated with the 9.75-cm Lap-Band in the first 24 hours using the pars flaccida approach.
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143. Poylin V, Serrot FJ, Madoff RD, Ikramuddin S, Mellgren A, Lowry AC, Melton GB: Obesity and bariatric surgery: a systematic review of associations with defecatory dysfunction.
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144. Tack J, Arts J, Caenepeel P, De Wulf D, Bisschops R: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of postoperative dumping syndrome.
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145. Goldfine AB, Mun EC, Devine E, Bernier R, Baz-Hecht M, Jones DB, Schneider BE, Holst JJ, Patti ME: Patients with neuroglycopenia after gastric bypass surgery have exaggerated incretin and insulin secretory responses to a mixed meal.
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146. Rabiee A, Magruder JT, Salas-Carrillo R, Carlson O, Egan JM, Askin FB, Elahi D, Andersen DK: Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: unraveling the role of gut hormonal and pancreatic endocrine dysfunction.
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150. Hamdan K, Somers S, Chand M: Management of late postoperative complications of bariatric surgery.
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151. Shimizu H, Timratana P, Schauer PR, Rogula T: Review of metabolic surgery for type 2 diabetes in patients with a BMI < 35 kg/m(2).
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152. Mirshahi UL, Still CD, Masker KK, Gerhard GS, Carey DJ, Mirshahi T: The MC4R(I251L) allele is associated with better metabolic status and more weight loss after gastric bypass surgery.
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153. Potoczna N, Branson R, Kral JG, Piec G, Steffen R, Ricklin T, Hoehe MR, Lentes KU, Horber FF: Gene variants and binge eating as predictors of comorbidity and outcome of treatment in severe obesity.
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Pre-publication history
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Download references
This article is part of the supplement: Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (BIOCOMP'11)
Potential roles of microRNAs in regulating long intergenic noncoding RNAs
Liran Juan, Guohua Wang, Milan Radovich, Bryan P Schneider, Susan E Clare, Yadong Wang* and Yunlong Liu*
BMC Medical Genomics 2013, 6(Suppl 1):S7 doi:10.1186/1755-8794-6-S1-S7
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The Design of the Vector Control System of Asynchronous Motor
Min Zhang, Xinping Ding, Zhen Guo
Abstract
Among various modes of the asynchronous motor speed control, vector control has the advantages of fast response, stability, transmission of high-performance and wide speed range. For the need of the asynchronous motor speed control, the design uses 89C196 as the controller, and introduces the designs of hardware and software in details. The Design is completed effectively, with good performance simple structure and good prospects of development.
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User Profile
Name: Joanie Kleypas
Member Since: September 20th, 2006
Member Name: Joanie.kleypas
Biography:
Joanie Kleypas is a marine ecologist/geologist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research with a background ranging from fish ecology to coral reef modeling. Her work concentrates on the interactions between coral reef ecosystems and climate, particularly on the large-scale environmental controls on coral reef ecosystems. Her most recent publications address how climate change will affect coral reefs and other marine ecosystems.
E-mail: Joanie Kleypas
Publication: Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers
User Content
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Coral reef Author Article Encyclopedia of Earth 2012-10-06 16:41:49
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Vienne (France) Notarial Records onlineEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Contents
Overview
• This website contains digitized original records
• Use this website to research French notarial records, such as, wills, marriage contracts, land sales etc.
Content
• Access to a growing number of free online digitized historical documents
External Link
Using the site
• Search 3 ways:
• “Tables des notaires par noms” (by surname)
• “Tables des notaires par résidences” (by location)
• “Répertoires des notaires” (browse)
• Select a letter, then a name/location by opening the menu box with the arrow.
• Click on the chekmark to start the search.
• Notice the quote group (cotes) that you want to look at and go back to the “répertoires des notaires”.
• Open the pdf file or save it for review off line.
Cost
Free
Tips
This does not always give online access to the actual file as some of these can only be accessed by visiting the Archives in France, but some can be found online already. Check to see if they were microfilmed and order the microfilm at your local Family History Center.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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• This page was last modified on 7 August 2008, at 07:57.
• This page has been accessed 311 times.
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Washington Probate RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 16:32, 10 July 2012 by HillierLW (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States Probate RecordsWashingtonProbate Records
In the territorial era, probate courts were established in each county to keep records of wills, bonds, orders, and the administrations of estates. When the superior courts succeeded the probate courts in 1891, all of the records of the clerks of the probate courts were transferred to the county clerk in each courthouse. Some probates were filed in the superior court.
The Family History Library has not acquired copies of probate records in Washington. They are available at the various county courthouses, or the county may have transferred early records to the Washington State Archives at http://www.secstate.wa.gov/archives/.
References
Washington Research Outline. Salt Lake City, Utah: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., Family History Department, 1998, 2001.
NOTE: All of the information from the original research outline has been imported into the FamilySearch Wiki and is being updated as time permits.
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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nrj6yki4xxbana4oevavxc4gow7tecax
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{
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Talk:Fileobject
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 05:21, 23 August 2011 by Capibara (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
sugestion: Use carvpath anotations
I see the use of colons in byte_runs content. Earlier versions of libcarvpath used such a notation, but cross platform concerns resulted in this being changed into the plus sign. I would suggest that the CarvPath annotation format may be a suitable alternative for annotating byte_runs content. This is a straight forward and simple format, for example:
4096+53248_258048+28672_S1047552
Would be the way to annotate a byte_runs consisting of:
1) A 53248 byte fragment at offset 4096
2) A 28672 byte fragment at offset 258048
3) 1047552 bytes of sparse data.
I don't suggest adding long token notations. Just the '+', '_' and 'S' stuff, and possibly the '/' for nesting purposes.
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{
"content_type": "application/xhtml+xml",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:41373",
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"url": "www.hindawi.com/journals/ja/2012/576017/abs/",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:76bd609d-7e00-4d26-9809-1ecc8c5e996b>",
"warc_url": "http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ja/2012/576017/abs/"
}
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Allergy
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 576017, 2 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/576017
Editorial
Food Hypersensitivity: Diagnosing and Managing Food Allergies and Intolerances
David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight and School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2FR, UK
Received 17 May 2012; Accepted 17 May 2012
Copyright © 2012 Carina Venter. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This article has no abstract.
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{
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"url": "www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:04.000Z",
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}
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Bibliography: I Am Legend
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Review of: I Am Legend
Author: Richard Matheson
Reviewer: L. J. Hurst
Year: 1987
Type: REVIEW
ISFDB Record Number: 1146990
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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{
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"url": "www.panarmenian.net/eng/culture/news/46599/Armenians_inspire_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_in_painting_his_famous_The_Last_Supper",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:04.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/culture/news/46599/Armenians_inspire_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_in_painting_his_famous_The_Last_Supper"
}
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Armenians inspire Leonardo Da Vinci in painting his famous “The Last Supper”
PanARMENIAN.Net - After the death of Leonardo Da Vinci, three components which connect Da Vinci with Armenia were found: namely, the unique Armenian Bagaran style church plans, the “Armenian Letters”, and the portraits of three Armenian heads, Melkon Armen Nercissian Khandjian from the U.S. Aquarian Millennium Armenological Institute wrote in his article.
The Armenian church style known as Bagaran plan, is uniquely Armenian architectural concept where four columns are used to support a square upon which it becomes possible to build a dome.
“The scholars who accept the fact that Leonardo travelled through Armenia, propose that he personally saw and copied the basic design church structures and by making certain improvements he formulated the sketches which abound in his notebook. This Bagaran style churches are absent in Cilician Armenia, where most agree he may have visited.
The origianal Bagaran style church or rather chapel, was built in the 7th century, 624-631, on the right shore of Akhurian River in East Armenia during the Bagratunian Kingdom. “Bag-aran” means the “abode of god," the author said.
According to Melkon Armen Nercissian Khandjian, this style of architecture can be seen in Eastern Armenia, notably in the churches of Edjmiyadzin built in 301-304 and renovation of the same in 484. Therefore, the roots of Bagaran style may go to pre-Christian heathenism period.
The Bagaran church style may have spread westward, even to Europe, under the Byzantine Armenian/Macedonian Emperors of the 9th century. The church Germine-de-Pres was built by Armenian architect Odo le Messin for the French monarch Charlemagne. Empress Teophano, of Armenian descent, built Bagaran style two churches in Germany. Her daughter Theophano built a church in same style in Kohn, Germany. Armenian emigrants built Bagaran planned churches in Belgium, Italy and Byzantium. Chapel of San Satiro in Milan, was based on Bagaran plan, and was known to Leonardo.
“In the “Codex Atlanticus”, there are two pages of handwritten, mirror-image, letters later entitled as “Armenian Letters.” Leonardo describes his visit to the Cilician Taurus Mountains and draws sketches of Armenian mountains and valleys,” the article reads.
“Da Vinci historians are puzzled about his interest and detailed descriptions of faraway Armenia. Some have suggested that his ancestors came from Armenia. Others advance the theory that he personally travelled across Armenia. Others propose that he received information about Armenia from fellow travellers and merchants, and especially from descriptions made by his close friend Benedito Dei, a merchant and the ambassador of Italy to the Ottoman Sultan.
Some historians do not agree that Da Vinci travelled through Armenia. They consider his “Letters of Armenia” as information collected for a novel he was going to write. Others insist that he indeed travelled through Armenia, made the sketches of some Armenian churches and mountain sceneries.
Leonardo writes about his massive construction project in Syria for the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt. His correspondence with the lieuteneant of the Sultan is addressed as “Devatgar”––the title of high official at the court. He mentions his visit to the city of Kalindra and the Taurus Mountain range. Leonardo calls these mountains Caucasian Mountains and explains that on his visit to the shores of Caspian Sea, the natives told him that their mountains are also called Caucasus and are the real Caucasian Range.
“His descriptions of the mountains in Asia Minor, Cilician Turus Mountains (high points of Arnos and Artev) to East Armenia as far as Erzerum, the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, beyond to the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea accompanied with drawings is a strong indication that he knew Armenia very well, “ Mr. Armen Nercissian Khandjian wrote.
In a letter to Sultan Bayazid II, Leonardo, in 1502, proposes to build a bridge across Pera to Constantinople. Again a good indication that he visited the area. Even though those who oppose Leonardo’s visit to Armenia and consider his information on Armenia as notes for his novel on the end of the world, admit that his descriptions are genuine and real depictions of Armenian Highlands. Could all these have come to him from ancient writers, his merchant friend Dei, other travellers or Armenians residing in Milan? Perhaps some, but not all. His knowledge and sketches are vivid and substantial. He must have travelled if not across but at least through “Western Armenia.” Through the years 1481-1487, there are no records in his biography about his whereabouts. These may well be the years he was travelling through Armenia in service of the Mameluke Sultan.
"It is intersting that Leonardo sketched the profile of three Armenian faces. It is not known what was his interest in them," the artile reads.
"The book by author Dan Brown (2004), and the same named motion picture produced by director Ron Howard (2006), created a never before seen sensation in America and abroad. The novel THE DA VINCI CODE, uncovers the great secret that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene, had children from her, the descendants of whom are alive even today. This secret was supposedly known to Da Vinci who in a secret coded message represented her in his painting of “THE LAST SUPPER.”
The author of this article proposes that not only Leonardo Da Vinci was well familliar with Armenian art and architecture, but must have certainly gotten his idea of “The Last Supper” (painted in 1495-1498) from an illuminated Armenian Bible manuscript (dated 1038, of Vanian school). This Armenian manuscript is the first and probably the only painting that shows among the desciples a woman, Mary Magdalene, lovingly leaning her head on the shoulder of Jesus! Da Vinci may certainly have been influenced by this idea of Jesus at the table scene showing a feminine looking desciple sitting on his left.
"Another Armenian manuscript, (dated as late 13th to early 14th century, from Artsakh), shows Jesus (his figure missing in a lost page)) surrounded by eleven apostles (only heads are shown) around a round table, with Mary Magdalene drawn separately but completing the position of the twelfth desciple. In yet another manuscript, “The Ascension” (dated 1287, from Cilicia, and attributed to Toros Roslin), Jesus is shown ascending to heaven, with Mary, his mother, at the base of the scene surrounded by 13, not 12, desciples! At a prominent position is a portrait of a woman with braided hair and a hair band! This is no other than Mary Magdalene!" the scolar wrote.
"All these Armenian illuminated miniature paintins are several centuries earlier than Da Vinci’s “Last Supper.” It is as if the Armenian artists are using a hidden code to give Mary Magdalene a prominent position among the desciples. Perhaps, these must be taken as the oldest and boldest representation of Mary Magdalene as a very close person to Jesus, discretely suggesting their marital status!
These paintings, pages from Armenian Bibles, were produced by Armenian illuminators from Armenian Cilicia, Armenian Van and Armenian Artsakh––encompassing the western extreme, through central to the eastern border of the Armenian Highlands.
Accrding to the scolar, if Leonardo travelled through Armenia and studied Armenian church architecture, then certainly he came across and studied the above mentioned or similar illuminations which may have been the source of his Magdalene as an exalted female apostle of Jesus. There may have been many such manuscripts but due to constant wars and the ravages of Mongol-Turk-Tartar invaders who burned and destroyed Armenian literary and art treasures, these most valuable cultural inheritance were forever lost. During the Armenian Genocide by the Turks, 1985-1923, the Turks destroyed all Bibles and illuminated manuscripts they could lay their genocidal hands on.
In 301 A.D. Armenia became the first nation to accept Christianity as her national religion. The Armenian Alphabet was formed in 406 A.D.. Thereafter, Armenian illuminated bible and manuscript art bloomed. The earliest Armenian illuminated manuscript in existence is the Edjmiyadzin Gospel which consists of two illuminations––one from 6th-7th centuries and the other 898. The second is Queen Mlke’s Gospel of 862 A.D., Vaspurakan. The earliest Armenian “Last Supper” is from the Gospel of 1041. In the Gladzor Gospel, 14th. century, “the Last Supper” shows heads only, with an old, grey haired apostle leaning on Jesus’s left shoulder. John, the beardless young man, sits at the end of the table, second from the last desciple!
It is clear that the Armenian illuminators gave the honor of sitting next to Jesus to John, or an old desciple or Mary Magdalene, reflecting their personal interpretation of the last supper and the influence of the Armenian church at their times," concluded Melkon Armen Nercissian Khandjian.
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Arrive Systems to Showcase Its 21st Century Learning Tools at MEIBA
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
Arrive to highlight its digital classroom solutions for more interactive and collaborative learning at MEIBA Conference in Dubai on March 4-5, 2013
Dubai, United Arab Emirates., February 26, 2013 - (PressReleasePoint) - Arrive Systems, Inc. the leaders in digital classroom solutions today announced their participation in MEIBA (Middle East International Baccalaureate Association of Schools) Conference to be held on the 4th and 5th of March 2013 at Habtoor Grand Beach Resort & Spa, Dubai, UAE.
MEIBA 2013 is organized by International Baccalaureate (IB) and the Middle East IB Association of Schools (MEIBA) to provide a platform for all the representatives of IB World Schools in the Middle East to come together and discuss their experiences from the implementation of the IB programmes in the region and to contribute to the co-development of an IB Strategy for the Middle East.
This year the theme for MEIBA 2013 is “21st Century Learning” and it will also showcase the use of technology at IB schools in the Middle East region. With digitisation of information in this century, 21st Century Learning is about digital literacy, adaptability, creative thinking, innovative problem solving and independent learning.
Aseem Gupta, CEO at Arrive Systems, Inc., said, “We are glad to be part of this important initiative from MEIBA, which provides the platform for interaction and building ICT leadership in IB schools spread across the region.”
Arrive® can transform a conventional classroom into its digital interactive classroom with the help of its innovative ICT products and solutions to offer 21st century learning experience. Arrive solutions provides a complete classroom environment which are key in enhancing the collaborative engagement between educators and learners, as well as changes the way knowledge is captured and shared.
Aseem further added, “Everywhere around us we see changing paradigms and creative ideas being adopted for building the future of the world. The learners of today are the leaders of tomorrow and what we do today will determine the future. There has never been a better time for technology to significantly impact human life and most significantly the life of young learners.”
Arrive® will be presenting its portfolio of digital classroom solutions comprising of Arrive® RoomPoint, Arrive® ViewPoint, Arrive® InfoPoint and Rave® Omniboard among others at the Main Ballroom of Habtoor Grand Beach Resort & Spa, Dubai, UAE during this conference. To meet the experts from Arrive® or schedule an appointment contact: sales@arrivesys.com or call at +971 4 8819134.
About Arrive® Systems
Arrive® is an innovative manufacturer focused on offering products and solutions that increment human machine interaction, save time and increase user productivity. Born-for-Innovation, Arrive® was built ground up, by its visionary founder Aseem Gupta – an inventor, and the Arrive® team of talented engineers who have created converged technology platforms using considerable entrepreneurial and product development experience to solve timetabling conflicts, unified AV-IT crossover green technology products, sound field audio solutions, HDIR multi-touch and lecture capture solutions.
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Place:New Franklin, Summit, Ohio, United States
Watchers
NameNew Franklin
Alt namesNew Franklin Villagesource: Wikipedia
TypeVillage
Coordinates40.951°N 81.539°W
Located inSummit, Ohio, United States
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
New Franklin is a city located at the southern edge of Summit County, Ohio, United States, in the northeastern part of the state. It is bounded by Coventry Township, as well as the cities of Barberton and Norton to the north; by Chippewa Township, Wayne County; by Clinton to the southwest; by Green to the east; by Lawrence Township, Stark County to the south. The population was 14,227 according to the 2010 Census. New Franklin is part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area.
In 1997 the village of New Franklin was incorporated from a section of Franklin Township to thwart annexation attempts from neighboring cities. New Franklin expanded significantly in November 2003 when the residents of Franklin Township and New Franklin voted to merge the two entities, rendering Franklin Township in Summit County defunct. The merger took effect January 1, 2005. The village officially became a city on March 6, 2006.
On November 6, 2007, city residents voted against changing the city's name to Portage Lakes, 57% to 42%.
The area, originally known as Franklin Township, was founded in 1817. The village of New Franklin was a part of Franklin Township; its citizens were also citizens of Franklin Township.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at New Franklin, Ohio. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Topeka Cemetery, Topeka, Shawnee, Kansas, United States
Watchers
NameTopeka Cemetery
TypeCemetery
Coordinates39.0389°N 95.6528°W
Located inTopeka, Shawnee, Kansas, United States (1859 - )
"The beautiful sloping ground directly west from the city was set apart in 1859 by Dr. Franklin L. Crane for the purposes of a cemetery, and the general arrangement of the grounds remains as he planned it 45 years ago. The first burial in the new cemetery was of Mrs. Marcia Gordon, who died about December 20, 1859. Since that time it has afforded a resting-place for nearly 11,000 deceased persons. Soon after coming to Topeka, Dr. Crane settled upon this tract of land, and built a small house on the west side of the tract. In Topeka's infancy there was considerable difficulty experienced in obtaining a proper place for the interment of the dead, and interments were first made at the southeast corner of Kansas and 10th avenues. By an arrangement with the Topeka Town Association, Dr. Crane set apart his original claim to meet this contingency, and took up other land near the city for his personal homestead. The interment made at Kansas and 10th avenues were removed to the new cemetery in 1860. Officers of the Topeka Cemetery Association are: A. B. Quinton, president; George W. Crane, secretary, and D. O. Crane, superintendent and treasurer."[1]
Location
1601 SE 10th Ave, Topeka, Kansas 66607 +1 785-233-4132
External Links
Text References
1. King, James L., History of Shawnee County Kansas (1905), pgs 187-88
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5301.0 - Balance of Payments, Australia, May 1995
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/06/1995
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:0313-2773; Provides estimates of the principal balance of payments aggregates and balances for 15 months, including preliminary estimates for the latest month. Also provides graphs of merchandise trade and balance on current account (seasonally adjusted and trend estimates); key components of merchandise trade; original and seasonally adjusted estimates of services, income and unrequited transfers; trend estimates for major aggregates; and a broad sectoral dissection of the capital account. Includes data on exchange rates, analytical comment and a reconciliation of levels of official reserve assets with changes included in the balance of payments.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Methods & Standards > Directories Classifications and Manuals by Release Date
Directories Classifications and Manuals by Release Date
July, 2007
20/07/2007 National Localities Index, Australia, Jul 2007 Final (cat no. 1252.0.55.001)
17/07/2007 Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Digital Boundaries (Intercensal), Australia, 2007 (cat no. 1259.0.30.001)
17/07/2007 Census of Population and Housing: Census Geographic Areas Digital Boundaries, Australia, 2006 (cat no. 2923.0.30.001)
17/07/2007 Statistical Geography: Volume 2 - Census Geographic Areas, Australia, 2006 (cat no. 2905.0)
09/07/2007 National Localities Index, Australia, Jul 2006 (cat no. 1252.0.55.001)
06/07/2007 A Directory of Education and Training Statistics, 2007 (cat no. 1136.0)
02/07/2007 ABS Postal Area Concordances, Aug 2006 (cat no. 2905.0.55.001)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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fundraising campaign
Your CC donation will be matched now through Dec 25
Jane Park, December 13th, 2011
Exciting news! The Brin-Wojcicki Foundation is offering Creative Commons a big boost as 2011 wraps up. The Foundation has generously offered to match dollar-for-dollar all donations up to $100,000 now through December 25th.
If you needed another reason to show your support for Creative Commons, take The Brin-Wojcicki challenge and help CC claim the full $100k, while showing your support for openness and sharing on the Internet. Go ahead, donate now!
The Brin-Wojcicki Foundation was started by Sergey Brin, co-founder of Google and his spouse, Anne Wojcicki, co-founder of the online genetics firm 23andMe. Anne’s mother Esther Wojcicki is Vice Chair of the Creative Commons Board of Directors and a long-time teacher at Palo Alto High School.
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Donate $50. Get a t-shirt.
Jane Park, November 30th, 2011
At your right is our t-shirt model, Timothy Vollmer, also CC’s Policy Coordinator. He is sporting the limited edition run of the teal “I Love to Share” t-shirt. Do you have one?
If you do, join our Flickr pool and show us you love to share.
If you don’t, you can give to Creative Commons today, and also show the world you love to share with a donation of $50 or more.
Creative Commons is a global nonprofit organization that enables sharing and reuse of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools, with affiliates all over the world who help ensure our licenses work internationally and raise awareness about our work. Our tools are free and our reach is wide.
Join us in our efforts to help make sharing online easier for everyone. Donate today to claim your awesome t-shirt!
Learn more about why CC runs an annual fundraising campaign.
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CC News: Our Annual Campaign & CC License Version 4.0
Jane Park, November 4th, 2011
Stay up to date with CC news by subscribing to our weblog and following us on Twitter.
You Are the Power of Open: 2011 Creative Commons Annual Campaign
Last week we launched our Annual Campaign. Please join us in powering the future of openness! In addition to fueling the activities below, Creative Commons relies on donations to build and constantly improve the technical and legal tools that enable openness to flourish. The future of openness is bright, but ensuring that future requires urgent and sustained effort. CC is continuing to improve the usefulness of our licenses and helping even more artists, institutions and governments share their works. We are reaching a critical mass and need your support now more than ever. Donate now, or read more.
Copyright Experts Discuss CC License Version 4.0 at the Global Summit
The Creative Commons 2011 Global Summit was a remarkable success, bringing together CC affiliates, board, staff, alumni, friends and stakeholders from around the world. Among the ~300 attendees was an impressive array of legal experts. Collectively, these experts brought diversity and depth of legal expertise and experience to every facet of the Summit, including knowledge of copyright policy across the government, education, science, culture, and foundation sectors. We designed the Summit’s legal sessions to leverage this expertise to discuss our core license suite and the 4.0 license versioning process. Read more.
Blackboard to add support for CC Attribution
Blackboard, the popular Learning Management System (LMS), has announced that they will build in support for CC licensing, specifically enabling instructors the ability to publish and share their course materials under the CC Attribution (CC BY) license. Cable Green, CC’s Director of Global Learning, notes, “The core part of any OER is an open license, and Blackboard has shown its leadership by empowering instructors to share so others can revise, reuse, remix and redistribute their courses.” Read more.
In other news:
• The Open Course Library released the first 42 high-enrollment courses for Washington State Community Colleges under CC BY.
• UNESCO and the Commonwealth of Learning released Guidelines for Open Educational Resources (OER) in Higher Education, citing that "OER are teaching, learning or research materials that are in the public domain and released with an open license (such as Creative Commons)."
• CC Portugal launched its second localized suite of CC licenses!
• Open Access Week 2011 involved CC affiliates and community from around the world, including Perú, Poland, Croatia, and the U.S.
• You may recall that the Learning Resource Metadata Initiative's Technical Working Group, with the input of the wider community, has been working to create a set of metadata terms to describe learning resources. The public draft specification is open for comment through November 11.
• Musician Christopher Willits has released 121 stems from "Tiger Flower Circle Sun" for a remix project with SoundCloud! Deadline to remix the stems via CC BY-NC-SA is February 1, 2012.
• The Polish version of The Power of Open — stories of creators sharing knowledge, art, & data using Creative Commons — is now available for download. Thanks to the CC Poland team for proofing!
• Lastly, new CC job opportunities are on the horizon; if you have a knack for time management and logistics coordination, see our announcement.
Banner "CC Line" by Shinjirou – CC BY.
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A personal appeal from CC CEO Cathy Casserly
Cathy Casserly, November 1st, 2011
Cathy Casserly by Shanti Duprez / CC BY
Dear CC Community,
The world is experiencing an explosion of openness. From artists inviting creative collaboration to governments around the world requiring publicly funded works be available to everyone, the spirit and practice of sharing is gaining momentum and producing results.
By supporting Creative Commons, you are advocating for openness and sharing on the web.
Recent CC accomplishments include:
• Europeana’s new Data Exchange Agreement which releases the metadata for millions of cultural works into the public domain using CC0;
• Flickr reaching the 200 million mark in CC-licensed photos;
• YouTube adding a CC licensing option;
• The US Department of Labor requiring CC BY for a $2 billion grant program;
• Brazil and New Zealand introducing CC licensing for government-funded works;
• CC releasing The Power of Open, a book showcasing phenomenal use cases of CC licensing. Make a donation and receive a hard copy of The Power of Open.
At the CC Global Summit in Warsaw, CC affiliates and supporters shared their plans and discussed the challenges we face in building the tools and support needed for an open future.
Creative Commons relies on donations to build and constantly improve the technical and legal tools that enable openness to flourish. The future for openness is bright. Please join us!
Yours truly,
Cathy Casserly
CEO
p.s. Donate now to receive your limited-edition “I Love to Share” t-shirt!
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You are the Power of Open: 2011 Creative Commons Annual Campaign
Jane Park, October 25th, 2011
CC Line by Shinjirou / CC BY
Today marks the official launch of the 2011 Creative Commons Annual Campaign! Please join us in powering the future of openness!
This year, we are offering a limited teal edition of the CC “I love to share” t-shirt to everyone who donates $50 or more (until supplies run out). For those who donate $300 or more, in addition to the t-shirt, we are offering beautiful hard copy editions of The Power of Open, stories of creators sharing knowledge, art, and data using Creative Commons.
The world is experiencing an explosion of openness. From artists inviting creative collaboration to governments around the world requiring publicly funded works be available to everyone, the spirit and practice of sharing is gaining momentum and producing results. We post about these results frequently; subscribe to the CC newsletter for a distilled monthly rundown.
Creative Commons relies on donations to build and constantly improve the technical and legal tools that enable openness to flourish. The future of openness is bright, but ensuring that future requires urgent and sustained effort. CC is continuing to improve the usefulness of our licenses and helping even more artists, institutions and governments share their works. We are reaching a critical mass and need your support now more than ever.
What you can do to help
Help us share the power of open! Spread the word in the following ways:
We’re a nonprofit organization that is very happy to provide our tools and services for free, and we want to remain that way! Learn more: “Why does Creative Commons run an annual fundraising campaign? What is the money used for and where does it go?
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CC kicks off its 9th year with incoming CEO Cathy Casserly and a successful year-end campaign
Jane Park, January 6th, 2011
Stay up to date with CC news by subscribing to our weblog and following us on Twitter.
A warm thank you to all of our supporters! Our 2010 campaign raised $522,151.25 from 1,139 individual supporters and 22 companies. A huge thanks to our Board of Directors and all of our corporate sponsors, including 3taps, Tucows, Digital Garage, Ebay, Microsoft, LuLu, wikiHow, Hindawi, Squidoo, The Miraverse, and Aramex. More campaign numbers will be available soon on our blog.
Creative Commons enters 2011 with renewed energy, thanks to the holiday season and a new incoming CEO! As many of you know, we welcomed Cathy Casserly as incoming CEO of Creative Commons. As the Senior Partner at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and former Director of OER at the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Cathy brings with her extensive experience with foundations and open educational resources (OER). But Cathy has also been involved with CC from the beginning. Lawrence Lessig writes,
Cathy Casserly by Joi Ito / CC BY
One of the most important moments in the history of Creative Commons happened on the day the Supreme Court upheld (incorrectly, in my view, but let’s leave that alone) the Copyright Term Extension Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft. After reading the decision, I had my head in my hands, buried in sadness, when my assistant reminded me that I had a 10am meeting with two people from the Hewlett Foundation. This was exactly one month after we had launched Creative Commons.
Cathy and Mike had heard about the Supreme Court’s decision. They recognized I wouldn’t be in much of a mood to chat. So they launched right into the reason for the meeting: The Hewlett Foundation had decided to help launch Creative Commons with a grant of $1 million dollars.
I won’t say that after I heard that news, I forgot about the Supreme Court. But from that moment on, it was much more important to me to prove Hewlett’s faith right than to worry about what the Supreme Court had gotten wrong. And I was especially keen to get to know these two people who understood our mission long before most had even recognized the problem that CC was meant to solve.
We welcome Cathy and thank Joi for his fruitful two years as CEO. We are equally excited that Joi will remain Chair of the CC Board, and look to both Cathy’s and Joi’s strong leadership to move CC forward in 2011.
In other news:
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Letter from CC Superhero Josh Sommer of the Chordoma Foundation
Allison Domicone, December 22nd, 2010
Josh Sommer
Donate
“I’m in a race; a race to outrun a rare and deadly form of bone cancer called chordoma, with an average survival of 7 years. To find a cure, there is a lot that needs to happen sequentially, so to win the race, I need science to move quickly. Fortunately, uncanny new technologies in genomics, computing, synthetic biology, etc. have put cures for virtually any disease within the realm of possibility. Unfortunately, the way we practice science is not designed to move on the timescale of an individual’s disease.
Despite all of the technological advances that have been made in recent years, it still takes on average 1-3 years for results to be transmitted from one lab to the next; it still takes months or years for materials and data to be transferred between institutions; and untold masses of observations and creations never get shared at all. It’s no wonder, then, why it takes decades for discoveries to be translated into new treatments, and why the hurdles are often just too large to overcome for small-market diseases like chordoma.
For anyone affected, or whose loved one is affected, by a life threatening disease, this is simply intolerable. Think about it: in the very recent past, humankind has developed the tools and know-how to cure disease, yet we are stifled from maximizing the potential benefit of these new tools by social and legal systems that evolved in a bygone era. This has to change.
But let’s be realistic. Despite the fact that our scientific enterprise is not optimized for speed, it does have many virtues. And traditions such as academic tenure, peer review, intellectual property, and shareholder return are not going away any time soon – nor should they, necessarily. If we can sequence a genome in the course of a week, surely we can find sensible solutions to enable the data to be shared.
Creative Commons is leading the charge to find these solutions. By helping researchers make data open and available, by streamlining the material transfer process, and by uncovering and integrating data from various stakeholders, Creative Commons is grease to the wheels of science. It is a source of hope to me in the race to outrun my disease. It is a means to maximize our collective investment in research. That’s why I support Creative Commons, and why if there’s a disease you’d like to see cured, I urge you to give whole-heartedly to Creative Commons as well.”
Josh Sommer is the executive director of the Chordoma Foundation, which he co-founded with his mother, Dr. Simone Sommer, after he was diagnosed with a clival chordoma in 2006. He believes that patients should play an active role in bringing about treatments for their own conditions, and that patients represent a largely untapped source of funding, energy, and know-how in the treatment development process. Follow Josh on Twitter.
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Announcing $10k matching giving challenge from Tucows!
Allison Domicone, December 15th, 2010
We just received the exciting news that Tucows, a company that started offering free downloads of shareware and freeware on the Internet in 1993, will take part in a matching challenge of up to $10,000. This means that whatever you donate right now will automatically be doubled. We need your help to meet their challenge and turn $10,000 into $20,000 for CC.
Here’s why Tucows supports CC:
“We support Creative Commons because all of our business philosophy is based on the open Internet. For the Internet to really flourish and remain an open, healthy, and great platform for innovation, we need to adapt old sets of rules to new paradigms. Creative Commons is one of the first and best examples of that.” -Elliot Noss, President and CEO
As we approach the end of the year, I invite you to think about how creativity and openness have affected your life. How much would you give to see a future filled with sharing? If you’ve supported CC already this year, would you be willing to give again knowing that your gift will be automatically doubled?
Join Tucows and donate today.
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We met 3taps’ matching giving challenge – thank you!
Allison Domicone, December 6th, 2010
Greg Kidd and Karen Gifford by Elizabeth Sabo / CC BY
We’re thrilled to announce that we have successfully met the $3000 matching giving challenge by 3taps, a new startup that makes sifting through classified ads a whole lot easier. We are grateful to 3taps for their support and thankful to everyone who got in on the challenge and doubled the value of their donation to CC. We are in the final weeks of our fundraising campaign, so please continue to pitch in and support the work of CC!
Why 3taps supports CC:
“3taps indexes factual data about items offered for exchange, like price, quantity and item description. Facts like these are important public information that let people find the best deal on the item they want. There has been a lot of confusion about the status of factual data on the Internet, and confusion in this area inhibits innovation. Creative Commons’ newly-released Public Domain Mark is an important tool for bringing clarity to this area. It couldn’t have come at a better time for those interested in collaboration in the sphere of data.” – Karen Gifford, co-founder. More on 3taps.
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Letter from featured Superhero Andrew Rens, former Lead for CC South Africa
Allison Domicone, December 6th, 2010
I’m delighted to introduce Andrew Rens, one of our exceptional CC Superheroes, who will tell you in his own words why he supports Creative Commons and why you should too. Rens, the founding legal lead of Creative Commons South Africa – a volunteer position he held from 2003 to 2009 – possesses particularly adept superpowers when it comes to facing tough issues around intellectual property and education in Africa. Here is his story. Join Rens and become a CC superhero – donate today.
Andrew Rens
Donate
“Since its inception Creative Commons has been instrumental in enabling so much diverse creativity, from music to design, from science to education, from business to philanthropy that I won’t attempt to refer to it all. Instead I’ll reflect on my personal experience of supporting CC, and why I think that you should seriously consider joining me in supporting Creative Commons.
From the day I first heard about Creative Commons I believed that it would be immensely helpful to two things which I am passionate about: Africa and education. Shortly thereafter I became the first legal lead for the Creative Commons South Africa project. I worked as legal lead, a volunteer position, from 2003 until 2009. What motivates someone to keep working as a volunteer for six years? What motivated me was the immense privilege of contributing to the work of others, of playing a part, however small, in some of the most inspiring initiatives I’ve ever seen.
One of those is Free High School Science Texts which offers curriculum compliant peer produced CC licensed school textbooks in math, physics, chemistry and biology. Another great project is Siyavula, a platform which enables teachers to co-create lesson materials. Then there is Full Marks, another teacher friendly site that enables teachers to co-create math and science quizzes. Astonishingly these three projects were all begun by one very smart and determined guy: Mark Horner. Yet another great project is Yoza, a self publishing platform that enables mobile access to novels and short stories, and so encourages literacy in a generation of Africans who have no ready access and whose only computers are mobile phones.
These are all good examples of the creativity of the open educational resources (OER) movement. The OER movement draws its inspiration from the Cape Town Open Education Declaration which speaks of “developing a vast pool of educational resources on the Internet, open and free for all to use.” Enabling sharing eliminates one barrier to education: highly priced learning materials. It also begins something else, described in the Cape Town Declaration as “planting the seeds of a new pedagogy where educators and learners create, shape and evolve knowledge together, deepening their skills and understanding as they go.”
One of the first seeds to sprout is Peer to Peer University (P2PU), a volunteer driven project to create a peer to peer driven learning community. P2PU bills itself as the “social wrapper around open educational resources.” Peer learning may well be the key innovation that helps resolve the crisis which tertiary education is experiencing worldwide.
Each new development is only possible because of the development before it; peer learning is only possible with open educational resources; open educational resources are only possible with open licences such as the Creative Commons licences. Each layer relies on the continuing viability of the layer which it builds on. That is one important reason that I support the ongoing work of Creative Commons, because the fundamentals of easily understood, easily used, open copyright licences need to be maintained.
Another reason I support the ongoing work of Creative Commons is the urgent need for work on patents and databases to enable people to research collaboratively and share their results. Yet another reason is because Creative Commons is committed to expanding the network of Creative Commons projects in Africa, supporting Africans not just to port Creative Commons licences to their jurisdictions but also to provide trusted local expertise to their educational communities.
I’ve had the satisfaction of seeing that the time sacrificed as a volunteer to port the Creative Commons licences has been more than repaid; the South African CC licences have been used vastly more times than any other technical legal document I’ve drafted. This is typical of how Creative Commons has worked; for every license ported there have been thousands if not millions of works using that license. The outpouring of human expression and ingenuity enabled by Creative Commons has been a huge return on every hour of volunteer time and every dollar spent on the staff who support the volunteers and keep the website working. These investments of time and money are small only relative to the creativity they’ve enabled. Every dollar donated, every hour spent could have been used to another end, and yet without them the return would not have been as great.
Although I have been privileged to participate in these exciting developments, I don’t believe that my experience is exceptional. Everyone who contributes to Creative Commons has the opportunity to be involved with a plethora of fascinating individuals and world changing projects. Please join me in supporting Creative Commons today.”
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WCF 4.5 Features
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WCF 4.5 Features (Unpublished)
This post discusses the new features in WCF 4.5. There have been significant improvements in WCF 4.5 on configuration. Simplifying the generated configuration file in client A client configuration file is generated when you add a service reference in Visual Studio 2010. The configuration files in earlier version of WCF contained the value of every binding property even if it is a default value. In WCF 4.5 Configuration files contain binding properties that are set to non-default value.
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Ticket Summary Status Owner Type Priority Component
#5638 Too many plugins installed, thus they aren't visable in "Tools" because list is too long for the monitor new team defect major Core
#5879 Force purge nodes with tags along way reopened team enhancement normal Core
#6248 Imagery preferences for WMS enhancement new team enhancement normal Core
#6332 After uploading new items to OSM, JOSM doesn't update the author of the item unless a force data update. new team defect major Core
#6502 Backup old plugins when updating them new team enhancement normal Core
#6515 Allow switching to "miles" from "kilometers" in status bar measurement section new team enhancement normal Core
#6725 Plugins need to be loaded before tool definitions for toolbar buttons (WAS: Missing tool definition in utilsplugin2 when item placed in toolbar) new team defect minor Core
#7436 Shortcut/toolbar redefinition dealing with the Update feature new team defect minor Core
#7443 JOSM claims that there are incomplete nodes in a way when there isn't when updating new team defect normal Core
#8274 JOSM prevents opening of local files if OSM server is down new team defect blocker Core
#7275 Allow restart plugin to restart via the CL new team enhancement normal Core restart
#5302 josm.exe 64-bit version reopened ulfl enhancement normal Installer Windows
#5860 tiger:reviewed=no highlighting doesn't happen on "railway=spur" new team defect minor Internal mappaint style
#6039 highway=road when tagged looks like boundary=administrative new team defect major Internal mappaint style
#8560 ImageryCache plugin can easily be corrupted new akks defect normal Plugin imagerycache
#8592 ImageryCache locks up JOSM when Bing attribution is loaded new akks defect minor Plugin imagerycache
#8668 Toolbar action bug in scripting plugin new team defect minor Plugin scripting
#8669 Scripting plugin stealing shortcut for 'properties:edit'. new team defect normal Plugin scripting
#6905 Plugin turnlanes toolbar action problems new benshu defect minor Plugin turnlanes
#6205 Turnrestrictions plugin doesn't like adding a new restriction on two ways when they already intersect at a different location. new team defect major Plugin turnrestrictions
#6441 turnrestrictions plugin putting wrong end of split highway in "To" when selecting "Only Right Turn" new team defect major Plugin turnrestrictions
#5778 Can't undelete relations new Nakor defect blocker Plugin undelete
#7520 When un-deleting a node, JOSM doesn't zoom in on it, and instead, puts you at 0,0 new team defect normal Plugin undelete
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#7313 closed enhancement (fixed)
Replace geometry of node with multipolygon
Reported by: joshdoe Owned by: joshdoe
Priority: normal Component: Plugin utilsplugin2
Version: Keywords: replace geometry multipolygon
Cc: joshdoe
Description
See #7277 for the previous case of replacing a node with a way; this is just doing the same but for a multipolygon. The code will largely be the same, but there may be multiple ways which should be checked to transfer the node. Not sure if I should require the relation to be complete before doing this command, or checking for it to be a valid multipolygon. Also I should only consider ways that have role inner or outer.
The functionality of #7277 has come in very useful while "upgrading" GNIS nodes to ways, but something like 20% of the time I'm dealing with multipolygons, thus the reason for this ticket.
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Change History (1)
comment:1 Changed 16 months ago by joshdoe
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from new to closed
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
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The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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What is open access about?
Fellow genomic blogger, Jonathan Eisen, created a great video that describes what open access publishing is about. I’ve always tried to publish in open access journals.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8101.0 - Innovation and Technology Update, Jun 2011
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/06/2011
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Welcome to the 23rd edition of the ABS Innovation and Technology Statistics Newsletter. The Newsletter provides information on statistical developments and publications in the research and experimental development, innovation, and information and communication technology fields. This Newsletter also provides information about the Business Longitudinal Database. The Newsletter is prepared by the ABS Innovation and Technology Statistics Branch.
We hope you find the Newsletter useful. We welcome your feedback and comments. Please provide your feedback or comments to Peta Hart, Innovation and Technology Statistics Branch on (08) 9360 5176.
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In this article, Tom discusses five practical benefits that you can start to experience from your very first day of blogging.
Subscribe
Herby Fabius @BillionSuccess Puts Business Advice to Work
Herby Fabius is a part-time entrepreneur with a plan for success. The Stamford, Conn. resident and College of … More
Editor's Picks
See if you're one of our Top 10 Members this week!
Shazam! Meet Contributor of the Week Paul Cox...Congrats, Paul!
Add BizSugar buttons and plugins to your small biz toolkit!
Got small business blog posts? Register and submit them today!
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I’m not one of those bloggers that believes you have to write to a certain schedule on your blog (i.e. 2 times a week etc). In fact I don’t really enjoy reading, I generally find it boring so when I come across blogs that have been updated regularly with fairly average content they kind of annoy me. That being said there’s not much point in having a blog if you aren’t going to write so it’s always a good idea to have a constant stream of ideas to cover.
Here are 10 things I do to ensure I always have something to write about.
Subscribe
Devesh Sharma Finds Success as Blog Entrepreneur
He's just 18, but with a collection of blogs and Websites in a range of targeted niches, including BlogPreneurs and … More
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Add BizSugar buttons and plugins to your small biz toolkit!
Shazam! Meet Contributor of the Week Paul Cox...Congrats, Paul!
Got small business blog posts? Register and submit them today!
See if you're one of our Top 10 Members this week!
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{
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Economic Policy Uncertainty in the United States and Europe: A Cointegration Test
Vichet Sum
Abstract
Economic uncertainty is closely followed and analysed by businesses, policy makers and academic scholars because the world economies have now become very closely interconnected more than ever. This study is to examine a relationship between economic policy uncertainty between the United States and Europe. The results reveal a long-run equilibrium relationship (cointegration) in economic policy uncertainty between the United States and Europe. The findings provide evidence of the interconnectedness of economic conditions between the United State and Europe in line with the international transmission and spill-over literature.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijef.v5n2p98
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Puritanism and Its Impact upon American Values
Ning Kang
Abstract
American Puritanism originated from a movement for reform in the Church of England, which had a profound influence on social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of the Americans. Focusing on its impact upon American values, the present paper first discusses the origin and the tenets of Puritanism. The forming of American individualism and democratic thoughts were, obviously, influenced by Puritanism in New England. It also shaped American people’s national character of being hard-working and thrifty, and made them bear a strong sense of mission. Moreover, Puritanism rendered Americans devoted to popular education.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review of European Studies ISSN 1918-7173 (Print) ISSN 1918-7181 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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"url": "www.elinux.org/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=215504&title=User_talk%3AWinksaville",
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Difference between revisions of "User talk:Winksaville"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
m (Welcome!)
Latest revision as of 17:24, 31 January 2013
Welcome to eLinux.org! We hope you will contribute much and well. You will probably want to read the help pages. Again, welcome and have fun! Wmat (talk) 17:24, 31 January 2013 (UTC)
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"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?hidemyself=1&target=Duplin_County%2C_North_Carolina&title=Special%3ARecentChangesLinked",
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Changes related to "Duplin County, North Carolina"
From FamilySearch Wiki
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National Elevation Data Framework
Digital elevation data which describes Australia’s landforms and seabed is crucial for addressing issues relating to the impacts of climate change, disaster management, water security, environmental management, urban planning and infrastructure design.
National Elevation Data
map of Australia
© Geoscience Australia
The National Elevation Data Framework (NEDF) vision is to ensure that decision makers, investors and the community have access to the best available elevation data to address the needs of today and the decades ahead.
The mission of the NEDF is to optimise investment and access to existing and future data collections and ensure this investment is directed at policy and operational needs at national, state/territory and local levels. The NEDF will benefit federal, state and local agencies, the public, and the private sector by:
• enhancing access to information across all levels of government, industry, academia and the community
• minimising duplication of effort
• increasing the utility of data by developing and promoting flexible standards that meet the needs of users and providers and ‘future proof’ our investment in data
• promoting industry development through the coordination of acquisition programs, adoption of standards, partnerships and development of appropriate licensing arrangements
• influencing the development of national and international capacity to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
ANZLIC - the Spatial Information Council, the Department of Climate Change (DCC), the Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information (CRCSI) and Geoscience Australia are coordinating the development of a NEDF in partnership with Australian, state and local government agencies, and industry.
During the three year period 2009-11 the NEDF is developing improved:
• governance structures that enhance coordination and cooperation across all levels of government and industry and define the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders
• mechanisms for funding which promote cost sharing, and coordination of data acquisitions which meet whole of government requirements. These strategies will be seeking value for the taxpayer and promotion of industry development
• technical standards which maximise the utility and interoperability of data to meet local, regional, national and international needs (further information available from the Elevation Special Interest Working Group (ESIG))
• access, distribution and use arrangements which ensure information is discoverable, accessible and able to be used by government, industry and the community for improved decision making. These strategies are underpinned by the expectation that data collected using public monies will reside within the National Elevation Data Framework (NEDF) Portal
• industry development and capacity building to help grow the ability of industry to meet the expanding needs of Australia in this area of technology. This will also involve getting the right market drivers and the appropriate training programs.
The Urban DEM and Geofabric Projects are being used to progress a significant proportion of the NEDF’s initial development.
ANZLIC - the Spatial Information Council, the Australian Academy of Science and the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering sponsored a Workshop in Canberra on 18 March 2008. The presentations and project papers from the workshop have been released on the ANZLIC website.
• Workshop Report
• Workshop presentations
• Background paper
• Business Plan
• Science Case
• User Needs Analysis
• 2008 National Data Audit
Acknowledgements
NEDF and Urban DEM Project Data Contributors.
Topic contact: elevation@ga.gov.au Last updated: May 31, 2012
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Publication Listing
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Cover art hosted by ISFDB
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Hauck on 2011-11-20 11:56:25
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Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
Primary2 Verified by MLB on 2012-08-15 11:26:02
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Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Bibliography: Lazarus
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Lazarus
Author: Jim DeFelice
Year: 2002
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novelette
ISFDB Record Number: 100453
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Sensors 2010, 10(12), 10778-10802; doi:10.3390/s101210778
Article
Ultra-Wideband Sensors for Improved Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiovascular Monitoring and Tumour Diagnostics
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbe-Str. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 20 October 2010; in revised form: 22 November 2010 / Accepted: 25 November 2010 / Published: 2 December 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Biomechanics and Biomedicine)
Download PDF Full-Text [1228 KB, uploaded 2 December 2010 12:02 CET]
Abstract: The specific advantages of ultra-wideband electromagnetic remote sensing (UWB radar) make it a particularly attractive technique for biomedical applications. We partially review our activities in utilizing this novel approach for the benefit of high and ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other applications, e.g., for intensive care medicine and biomedical research. We could show that our approach is beneficial for applications like motion tracking for high resolution brain imaging due to the non-contact acquisition of involuntary head motions with high spatial resolution, navigation for cardiac MRI due to our interpretation of the detected physiological mechanical contraction of the heart muscle and for MR safety, since we have investigated the influence of high static magnetic fields on myocardial mechanics. From our findings we could conclude, that UWB radar can serve as a navigator technique for high and ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging and can be beneficial preserving the high resolution capability of this imaging modality. Furthermore it can potentially be used to support standard ECG analysis by complementary information where sole ECG analysis fails. Further analytical investigations have proven the feasibility of this method for intracranial displacements detection and the rendition of a tumour’s contrast agent based perfusion dynamic. Beside these analytical approaches we have carried out FDTD simulations of a complex arrangement mimicking the illumination of a human torso model incorporating the geometry of the antennas applied.
Keywords: Ultra-wideband (UWB) radar; electrocardiography (ECG); myocardial surface; high and ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); fMRI, multimodal sensing; Finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD)
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Thiel, F.; Kosch, O.; Seifert, F. Ultra-Wideband Sensors for Improved Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiovascular Monitoring and Tumour Diagnostics. Sensors 2010, 10, 10778-10802.
AMA Style
Thiel F, Kosch O, Seifert F. Ultra-Wideband Sensors for Improved Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiovascular Monitoring and Tumour Diagnostics. Sensors. 2010; 10(12):10778-10802.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Thiel, Florian; Kosch, Olaf; Seifert, Frank. 2010. "Ultra-Wideband Sensors for Improved Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiovascular Monitoring and Tumour Diagnostics." Sensors 10, no. 12: 10778-10802.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Chandra:Contact
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 02:03, 14 December 2005 by Karthik (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Chandra Lab
Research
People
Courses
Software and Databases
Publications
Resources
Affiliation
Funding
Contact
BIOINFORMATICS CENTRE
Raman Building
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore - 560 012
INDIA
Tel: +91-80-2293-2469 (or) +91-80-2369-1409 (Extn #24)
Fax: +91-80-2360-0551
Personal tools
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Fong:HPLC
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 23:59, 21 July 2009 by Christopher M Gowen (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Overview
This protocol describes the basic use of the Dionex HPLC located in the Fong Lab. If you have never used it before please discuss your experiment plan with Dr. Fong and get someone to show you the following steps. Improper use can result in very costly damage to the HPLC or to the column, both of which are worth more than your pitiful life, you worthless piece of garbage :)
Current Setup
Dionex HPLC
UV variable wavelength detector
Refractive index detector
BioRad column
0.050 mM H2SO4 eluant
0.6 mL/min flowrate
20uL injection volume
Startup
Use the following steps to start up the HPLC from scratch (this takes about an hour, plan ahead!):
1. Turn on all components
2. Ensure Chromeleon is connected to the HPLC hub by doubleclicking on the icon in the desktop tray. The dialog should say that the server is running idle.
3. Open Chromeleon software package, located on the desktop.
4. Navigate to the Control Panel, either in the Window menu or by selecting the Control Panel in the Browser window.
5. On the home tab, click Connect All, which connects to all components except for the RI detector.
6. On the RI tab, click Connect.
7. If the HPLC has not been used in the last 6 hours or so, purge the pump:
1. Loosen the pressure release valve on the pump.
2. On the Pump tab, click Purge On then OK. This will deliver a flow rate of 6.0 mL / min for 5 min to the pump only to purge any air bubbles in the line.
3. Close the pressure release valve on the pump.
8. On the Pump tab, ensure the flow rate is set to 0.6 mL/min then click Motor On.
9. On the RI tab, set Purge to On, then hit Enter. This purges the RI reference cell.
10. On the Home tab, click Monitor Baseline 'On' and watch for the signal traces on the Home tab. If both traces do not appear, you can add traces by double-clicking the window.
11. Allow the baselines for UV and RI to stabilize before running samples. What constitutes a "stable" baseline is a matter of personal preference, but, generally, there should be no drift greater than ~5-10 units / 30 minutes and no individual peaks larger than ~1. Under normal circumstances, the baselines usually stabilize in about 30-45 minutes.
Shutdown
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The FinePix Long zoom camera with Full HD movie, new S6800 series from Fujifilm
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
FUJIFILM Corporation (President: Shigehiro Nakajima) is proud to launch three new bridge cameras into its spring 2013 range, the FinePix S6600, S6700 and S6800. Highly regarded for their powerful optical zoom, Full HD movie, ease-of-use and compact nature, these bridge cameras are an excellent choice.
1. Powerful optical zoom and powerful Optical Image Stabilization
The S6600, S6700, and S6800 bridge cameras are all equipped with powerful FUJINON optical zoom lenses, 26x, 28x and 30x respectively. Plus there's no need to worry about blurry images from camera shake or subject movement, even at high sensitivities of ISO 12800, as they're all armed with OIS (Sensor Shift). Furthermore for the more artistic among us, great results can be achieved with the clever Super Macro mode down to 2cm.
Model name Zoom 35mm format equivalent
FinePix S6600 26x 24-624mm
FinePix S6700 28x 24-672mm
FinePix S6800 30x 24-720mm
2. Fast autofocus, quick response and high image quality
These cameras all house 16 megapixels 1/2.3-inch BSI-CMOS sensors, which captures excellent quality low noise shots at sensitivities as high as ISO 12800. With autofocus speed of 0.3 seconds*, start-up times of 1.0 seconds*, a 0.5 seconds interval* between shots and a continuous shooting speed of 10fps (MAX.10frames, full resolution)*, you'll never miss another shot. What's more, ultra-high-speed shooting of up to 60fps (MAX. 60 frames, image size 1280 x 960)* and up to 120 fps (MAX. 60 frames, image size 640 x 480)*, is also available enabling you to capture the action in slow-motion.
3. Full HD movie recording 1080i/60fps with stereo sound
Movie recording is as easy as taking pictures, with a dedicated Movie button to start recording instantly. The high resolution, 1080i movie capture at 60fps and slow-motion capture at 480fps** is superb when played back on HD TV screens and what's more, still photos can also be taken during video recording thanks to the ingenious, multi-tasking design. With a number of advanced movie-editing features, including "movie trimming" to cut unwanted footage from movies, and "movie join" to merge multiple separate clips into a single movie.
4. Advanced Photographic Support
Along with the easy grip surfaces, there is a convenient secondary zoom control on the side of each camera's lens barrel, which provides you the option of adjusting the zoom with your left hand. For hassle-free photography the user can choose from three zoom speeds, or use the Auto Return Zoom control to reach high-magnification focal points. S6800 series come with a Mode Dial to change shooting modes easier.
5. Fujifilm S6800 Series Key features list:
• FUJINON Super zoom Lens (24mm wide-angle lens, f/3.1 to 5.9)
Model name Zoom 35mm format equivalent
FinePix S6600 26x 24-624mm
FinePix S6700 28x 24-672mm
FinePix S6800 30x 24-720mm
• 2cm Super Macro shooting
• 16 million pixels 1/2.3inch BSI-CMOS sensor;
• Autofocus speed of 0.3 sec. in fastest conditions
• Continuous shooting; 8fps(MAX.10frames, full resolution), 60fps (MAX. 60 frames, image size 1280 x 960), 120 fps (MAX. 60 frames, image size 640 x 480)
• Start-up time of 1.0 sec.
• Shooting interval time of 0.5 sec.
• Optical Image Stabilisation (Sensor Shift)
• Full HD movie 1080i/60 fps with stereo sound and slow-motion capture at 480fps
• Bright 3.0-inch Tilting LCD screen (460K-dot)
• Manual exposure control (P/S/A/M modes)
• Dual zoom lever
• Shooting functions; Individual Shutter 3D shooting, Motion Panorama and more.
• Instant zoom and Zoom Bracketing
• 3-lebel zoom switch
• 4 x AA alkaline batteries with an approx. 320 shot battery life
• Available in Black, White, and Red.
• * Fujifilm research based on CIPA guidelines and conducted in "High Performance" mode.
• ** High Speed Movie can be recorded at the following speeds and sizes: 480fps (320 x 120 pixels), 240fps (320 x 240 pixels), 120fps (640 x 480 pixels)
News Source : The FinePix Long zoom camera with Full HD movie, new S6800 series from Fujifilm
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Fujitsu Releases New ARROWS Tab Q582/F Water-Resistant Tablet for Enterprises
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
New model equipped with wireless WAN that runs on Xi communications network
Tokyo, February 25, 2013 — Fujitsu today announced the immediate release in Japan of its new ARROWS Tab Q582/F water-resistant tablet for enterprise customers. The new model is equipped with a wireless WAN that runs on the ultra-high-speed Xi (read "crossy") communications network.
The ARROWS Tab Q582/F, which comes equipped with Intel's latest Intel® Atom™ Processor and the Windows 8 Pro (32-bit) operating system, is the world's slimmest water- and dust-resistant(1)tablet running Windows 8(2), making it ideal for use on the go. In addition, it runs on the ultra-high-speed Xi communications network to meets user needs in a variety of different types of work, such as mobile applications for workers outside of the office as well as use in demanding field conditions.
The new model will be exhibited at Fujitsu's booth at Mobile World Congress 2013, to be held from February 25-28, 2013 in Barcelona, Spain.
Product Features
ARROWS Tab Q582/F
(With wireless WAN running on Xi service)
Larger View
1. World's slimmest water- and dust resistant Windows 8 tablet
While equipped with Intel's Intel® Atom™ Processor, the ARROWS Tab Q582/F has a thickness of just 9.9mm and weighs approximately 584g, making it the world's slimmest water-resistant tablet running Windows 8. Moreover, because it is water- and dust-resistant, features an extended battery life of up to approximately 10.3 hours(3), and employs an IPS LCD display that enables a clear, crisp picture with a wide viewing angle even when the device is tilted, the Q582/F is ideal for use on the go and also for use outdoors.
2. Runs on ultra-high-speed Xi communications network
Running on the Xi communications network, the new model is capable of ultra-high-speed communications(4). Receiving speeds of up to 75Mbps and transmitting speeds of up to 25Mbps are possible simply by inserting a docomo User Identity Module (UIM) card that is contracted for the Xi service into the UIM card slot. In addition, if users are outside the Xi service area but within the FOMA service area, they can still enjoy communications at receiving speeds of up to 14Mbps and transmitting speeds of up to 5.7Mbps.
3. Ideal for workers on the go and in demanding field conditions
Running on the Xi service, users can enjoy high-speed communications while out of the office without having to carry another communications device. In particular, it supports ultra-high-speed communications at receiving speeds of up to 75Mbps. This means that salespeople can download large files, such as digital catalogs, when visiting customers to give presentations. The ability to download materials at such high speeds makes this tablet ideal for use by workers outside the office.
Featuring a battery life of over 10 hours, workers spending extended periods of time in the field, doing tasks such as inspections of outdoor equipment, need not worry about their batteries running out.
Being water- and dust-resistant, workers can perform such tasks as reference blueprints or take site photographs using the built-in web camera even under demanding field conditions, such as outdoor work on rainy days or the dusty conditions of construction sites.
Comment by Aki Kayama, Managing Executive Officer, General Manager of the Consumer & Partner Group, Microsoft Japan
"Microsoft Japan welcomes the release of the ARROWS Tab Q582/F that takes advantage of the touch capabilities in Windows 8. With Windows, you get enterprise manageability, security and the ability to run the applications used within organizations. Moreover, Xi and over 10 hours of battery life are great features for customers looking for devices that enable flexible work styles."
Comment by Kosuke Hirano, Senior Executive Officer, General Manager of Cloud Computing Business Group, Intel K.K.
"We are very excited about the launch of Fujitsu's new "ARROWS Tab Q582/F" tablet. With our new Intel® Atom™ processor Z2760 and newly added LTE (Xi) support, ARROWS Tab Q582/F will deliver the performance, the energy-saving and the mobility needed for business professionals. Intel® Atom™
Processor Z2760 also provides users with the seamless PC-like experience, rich multi-tasking possibilities and long battery life needed for business users. Intel is looking forward to further collaboration with Fujitsu to develop advanced tablet products."
Pricing and Availability
Pricing and Availability
Model Name Suggested Retail Price (excluding tax) Shipment Date
ARROWS Tab Q582/F
(With wireless WAN running on Xi service)
From 125,800 yen Mid-March
Glossary and Notes
Water- and dust-resistance:
With the terminal cap and slot cap tightly closed, IPX5 and IPX8 water resistance features protect the tablet from water damage. IPX5 designation indicates that the tablet can normally function after being sprayed with water from a nozzle with a diameter of 6.3 mm at a rate of 12.5 liters per minute from a distance of approximately 3 meters for a period of at least 3 minutes. The IPX8 designation indicates that the tablet will function normally after being immersed in room-temperature tap water to a depth of 1.5 meters for 30 minutes. When the terminal cap and slot caps are tightly closed IP5X dust resistance features protect the tablet from dust damage. IP5X indicates that the tablet can be left in an environment with dust particles with a diameter of 75 µm or less for 8 hours and still function and remain safe to use.
World's slimmest water- and dust-resistant tablet running Windows 8:
As of February 25, 2013, according to Fujitsu's own research.
Extended battery life of up to approximately 10.3 hours:
During video playback
Ultra-high-speed communications:
Please refer to NTT DOCOMO's homepage for a list of compatible service areas (Japanese language only). Communication speeds refer to the maximum speeds for sending or receiving data based on technical specifications rather than actual speeds. As the service employs the best-effort delivery method, speeds may decrease depending on the communications environment and network traffic.
Use of the wireless WAN requires a contract for FENICS II Universal Connect, Fujitsu's network service for enterprise customers, a line contract with NTT DOCOMO, or a contract with a Xi service provider.
About Fujitsu
Fujitsu is the leading Japanese information and communication technology (ICT) company offering a full range of technology products, solutions and services. Over 170,000 Fujitsu people support customers in more than 100 countries. We use our experience and the power of ICT to shape the future of society with our customers. Fujitsu Limited (TSE:6702) reported consolidated revenues of 4.5 trillion yen (US$54 billion) for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2012. For more information, please see http://www.fujitsu.com.
Press Contacts
Fujitsu Limited
Public and Investor Relations Division
Inquiries
Xi and FOMA are registered trademarks of NTT DOCOMO, INC.
Intel and Atom and trademarks of Intel Corporation in the US and other countries.
All other company or product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Information provided in this press release is accurate at time of publication and is subject to change without advance notice.
News Source : Fujitsu Releases New ARROWS Tab Q582/F Water-Resistant Tablet for Enterprises
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Place:Columbiaville, Lapeer, Michigan, United States
Watchers
NameColumbiaville
TypeVillage
Coordinates43.15°N 83.4°W
Located inLapeer, Michigan, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Columbiaville is a village in Lapeer County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 787 at the 2010 census. The village is within Marathon Township on the Flint River.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Columbiaville, Michigan. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Coyote Acres, Jim Wells, Texas, United States
Watchers
NameCoyote Acres
TypeCensus-designated place
Coordinates27.722°N 98.134°W
Located inJim Wells, Texas, United States
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Coyote Acres is a census-designated place (CDP) in Jim Wells County, Texas, United States. The population was 389 at the 2000 census.
Research Tips
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Place:Matinecock, Nassau, New York, United States
Watchers
NameMatinecock
TypeVillage
Coordinates40.872°N 73.584°W
Located inNassau, New York, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
The Village of Matinecock is a village located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, USA. The population was 810 at the 2010 census.
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
The village was incorporated in 1928. In May 1998, Worth Magazine ranked Matinecock as the fifth richest town in America and the richest town in New York.
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Place:Mud Lake, Jefferson, Idaho, United States
Watchers
NameMud Lake
TypeCity
Coordinates43.841°N 112.482°W
Located inJefferson, Idaho, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Mud Lake is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 358 at the 2010 census.
Research Tips
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1307.8 - Australian Capital Territory in Focus, 2000
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/08/2000
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ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Previously: Australian Capital Territory Statistical Summary (ISSN: 0067-1754)
Presents the latest data description of the social, demographic and economic structure of the Australian Capital Territory by drawing on a wide range of statistics compiled by the ABS and other organisations. Topics included in the publication range from education, environment, demography, tourism and culture, to government, the economy, foreign trade, law and order, housing and construction, transportation, health and community services, ABS business register counts and the labour market.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3413.0 - Migrant Statistics News, Oct 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/10/2007
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CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS NEWSLETTER
A NOTE FROM THE DIRECTOR
A GUIDE TO MIGRANT STATISTICAL SOURCES
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR CALCULATING NET OVERSEAS MIGRATION
AUSTRALIAN SOCIAL TRENDS
CENSUS PRODUCTS
OTHER RECENT ABS RELEASES
NEWSLETTER CONTACT DETAILS
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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You are here: Home » Content » Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram
About: Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram
Module by: Ed Doering. E-mail the author
View the content: Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram
Metadata
Name: Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram
ID: m18662
Language: English (en)
Summary: This project studies intersymbol interference (ISI) in an intuitive way by using a LabVIEW VI to simulate a pulse transmitter, finite bandwidth channel, and received signaling waveform. Rectangular pulses are considered first to demonstrate the ISI problem, and then two alternative pulse shapes are explored as a way to minimize ISI. The eye diagram is also introduced in this project as a visual aid to present the time-domain signaling waveform to promote understanding of the ISI phenomenon.
Subject: Science and Technology
Keywords: channel bandwidth, delay distortion, eye diagram, eye pattern, intersymbol interference, ISI, jitter, LabVIEW, noise margin, raised cosine pulse, rectangular pulse, sinc pulse, timing sensitivity
Document Type: -//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Ed Doering (doering@rose-hulman.edu)
Copyright Holders: Ed Doering (doering@rose-hulman.edu)
Maintainers: Ed Doering (doering@rose-hulman.edu), Erik Luther (erik.luther@ni.com), Sam Shearman (sam.shearman@ni.com)
Editors: Erik Luther (erik.luther@ni.com), Sam Shearman (sam.shearman@ni.com)
Latest version: 1.1 (history)
First publication date: Nov 20, 2008 11:03 am -0600
Last revision to module: Nov 29, 2008 2:47 pm -0600
Downloads
PDF: m18662_1.1.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m18662_1.1.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m18662_1.1.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m18662_1.1.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.1 Nov 29, 2008 2:47 pm -0600 by Ed Doering
Changes:
Initial release
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
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The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 2.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Doering, E. Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m18662/1.1/, Nov 29, 2008.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Doering E. Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram [Connexions Web site]. November 29, 2008. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m18662/1.1/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Doering, E. (2008, November 29). Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m18662/1.1/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Doering, Ed. "Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram." Connexions. November 29, 2008. http://cnx.org/content/m18662/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Ed Doering, "Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram," Connexions, November 29, 2008, http://cnx.org/content/m18662/1.1/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Doering, E. 2008. Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram. Connexions, November 29, 2008. http://cnx.org/content/m18662/1.1/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Doering, Ed. Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye Diagram. Connexions. 29 Nov. 2008 <http://cnx.org/content/m18662/1.1/>.
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Gift Shops
Info
Search:
If you need a gift, consider a cow. If bestowing a bovine is not in the cards, however, you might do well to look in one of the local gift shops. Even if you aren't looking for a gift, they are often fun to browse through to find neat little baubles that calls to your personality.
See also Green and Local Gift Ideas.
Gifts of Ages Past
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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Session:Imagine a World Without Linux
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 22:22, 6 November 2012 by Florian Moesch (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Session Details
Event
ELCE 2011
Date
October 26, 2011
Presenter
Jim Zemlin
Organization
The Linux Foundation
Video
here (free-electrons)
Transcript
Transcribed by
Florian Mösch,
(From the free-electrons video)
0:00 - 1:00: >> JIM ZEMLIN: Welcome to LinuxCon Europe, our first event, and the Embedded Linux Conference Europe. I have to apologize. We have had a lot more people come to the event than we expectet, so I see a lot of people standing over there. But the good news is that the interest in Linux is bigger than ever and I think that's why so many people have come here today to be a part of this. So I want to thank all of you for for attending. I want to thank also our sponsors hwo are making the event possible. In particular our platinum sponsors Intel and Qualcom without which we couldn't do this event. Also for the Embedded Linux Conference Europe, I want to thank in particular Sony who is the platinum sponsor of that event.
1:00 - 2:00: I also like so specifically thank the folks from Linux Congress who are our program and content partners this year. The folks from Linux Congress do a really good job helping us has made this event possible. So thanks to all of you from Linux Congress. I have a couple of quick announcements before we start. Tonight we have an evening event at the oldest brewery in the Czech Republic, the New Fleku Brewery. As with all Linux Foundation events, it will be free as in beer. So please come to tonights event. There will be free food and free beer for everyone. Busses depart at 6:15 and 7 o'clock tonight downstairs. Also we have a mobile app for the event. You can go and download it from the Android marketplace or if you really have to, you can get it from the iTunes appstore. [laughter] It's free and it has a conference guide in that will tell you updates on all the things going on at the event.
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Category:Wayne County, West VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Pages in category "Wayne County, West Virginia"
This category contains only the following page.
W
Media in category "Wayne County, West Virginia"
The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total.
• This page was last modified on 25 November 2012, at 02:22.
• This page has been accessed 290 times.
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Illinois ObituariesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 20:49, 30 July 2012 by Dianekay (Talk | contribs)
United States Illinois Illinois Obituaries
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
Illinois State Genealogical Society
who welcome you to contribute.
Adopt a page today
Obituaries published in the Clay County Advocate
Obituaries have been published in Illinois since the mid-nineteenth century. Obituaries may provide information such as the age of the deceased, birth date and place, names of living relatives and their residences, maiden name, occupation, death date, cause of death, and place of burial. Deceased family members are frequently mentioned. Obituaries may also mention previous places of residence, immigration information, religion, and any social organizations or activities in which the deceased was involved.
Generally, the first step to obtaining an obituary is to find the death date of the person so that the obituary can be more easily found in a newspaper. Death dates may be obtained from the Illinois Statewide death index, or cemeteries in the local area where the person is believed to have died. Once a death date is known, the local library in the area may be contacted to learn whether or not they have newspapers for the time period needed, and if someone is willing to look for an obituary in that newspaper. If the newspapers are not held at the library, the local newspaper office may also be contacted to learn where older editions of the newspaper are kept. Some libraries and even newspaper publishers keep obituary files.
Obituary Resources On Line
• A new Obituary database is available through the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library. This database is a collection of obituary citations compiled from the ALPL Newspaper Microfilm Collection. You will not find the actual obituary, but citations for the obituary which will indicate the newspaper in which it is located along with the date, page and column.
• Browning Genealogy: Evansville Area Obituary Search: Query results for Illinois: 2547 records matched. Even though this resource is based in Evansville, Vanderburgh County, Indiana, the number of Illinois references, makes this resource helpful for Illinois researchers.
• The Internet Archive may occasionally have published books which include a collection of obituaries. To search this archive, type Illinois Obituaries in the search box.
Additional Obituary Resources
• For Illinois, some obituaries have been published and indexed in genealogical periodicals. Many of these are referenced in the "Places" section of the Periodical Source Index (PERSI) which is described in the "Illinois Periodicals" section.
• Military Order of the Loyal legion of the United States. Commandery of the State of Illinois. Memorials of the deceased companions of the Commandery of the state of Illinois, Military order of the loyal legion of the United States (December 1901), Volume 1. (Internet Archive)
• Military Order of the Loyal legion of the United States. Commandery of the State of Illinois. Memorials of the deceased companions of the Commandery of the state of Illinois, Military order of the loyal legion of the United States (December 1901), Volume 2. (Internet Archive)
• Brieschke, Walter L. Index of obituaries printed in the Southern Illinois Herald newspaper, 1893-1922 (Murphysboro, Illinois : Jackson County Historical Society (TN), 1985) FHL book 977.3994 V4
Obituaries and indexes from a few individual newspapers can be found in the Family History Library Catalog by using a Place Search under:
ILLINOIS - OBITUARIES
ILLINOIS, [Name of County] - OBITUARIES
ILLINOIS, [Name of County], [Name of Town] - OBITUARIES
Web Sites
A wiki article describing an online collection is found at:
Illinois, Pekin Public Library Obituaries (FamilySearach Historical Records)
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Struggling to Make Sense of the Deadly Stampede on New Year Day in Abidjan
This post also available in:
Français · Abidjan : Comprendre la bousculade mortelle de la nuit du Nouvel An
Español · Tratando de dar sentido a mortal estampida en Año Nuevo en Abiyán
Swahili · Watu 60 Wauawa kwa Kukanyagana nchini Abidjan
Ελληνικά · Πασχίζοντας να χωνέψουν τον θανατηφόρο πανικό της Πρωτοχρονιάς στο Αμπιτζάν
Tree trunks laying on the road seem to have triggered the stampede that killed 60 and injured 49 during a new year celebration in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. The fact that the area was not adequately lighted may have contributed to the terrible tragedy.
Israel Yoroba in Abidjan reports on a lethal stampede [fr] as people gathered to watch fireworks at the Plateau district to ring in the new year. A hashtag #drameplateau was set up to give real time updates and on how one can help the victims. This is the third disaster of this kind since 2009 [fr] in Côte d'Ivoire.
World regions
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BMCB625
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 00:41, 7 April 2007 by Maureen E. Hoatlin (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
BMCB625 Advanced Topics in Molecular Biology
Home People Materials Schedule Help Discussion
Contents
Course overview
Advanced Molecular Biology: Topics and Methods in Modern Molecular Biology. An advanced graduate course with an emphasis on the latest research from the primary literature along with in-depth presentation of the basic concepts of biochemistry and molecular biology. Topics will be chosen from areas of expertise in the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology faculty. Topics will include properties of nucleotides and nucleic acids, the composition and structure of eukaryotic chromatin, eukaryotic gene expression, DNA replication, RNA transcription, RNA splicing and metabolism, and protein translation.
This class is not a faculty-driven lecture class, but is based on student presentations of background material and research papers selected from the current literature. It is designed to maximize active roles for students in each class.
Announcements
Extras
Nice Hints on Talks
Recent updates to the course
Personal tools
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lifeandart's bookmarks
"With your goal you make the one."
Stojanovic, Dejan on goals
"Heavenly bodies are nests of invisible birds."
Stojanovic, Dejan on universe
"It is vain futility to analyze the algebra of time."
Stojanovic, Dejan on futility
"Every star was once darker than the night, before it awoke."
Stojanovic, Dejan on cosmos
"The world is a navy in an empty ocean."
Stojanovic, Dejan on world
"Devil and God – two sides of the same face."
Stojanovic, Dejan on god
"Good is not always good."
Stojanovic, Dejan on good
"What you spend, you save."
Stojanovic, Dejan on saving
"When within yourself you find the road, the right road will open."
Stojanovic, Dejan on road
"In every sound, the hidden silence sleeps."
Stojanovic, Dejan on silence
"In an endless silence even screams sound silent."
Stojanovic, Dejan on silence
"While the world sleeps, darkness and silence are awake."
Stojanovic, Dejan on world
"It is futile to spend time telling stories about the fleetness of each day."
Stojanovic, Dejan on futility
"What a life! True life is elsewhere. We are not in the world."
Rimbaud, Arthur on life
28 fans of this quote
"When the star dies, its eye closes; tired of watching, it flies back to its first bright dream."
Stojanovic, Dejan on dream
"They are both spectacular, life and death.”"
Stojanovic, Dejan on life
"What you gain here, you lose on the other side."
Stojanovic, Dejan on gain
"Mathematics doesn’t care about those beyond the numbers."
Stojanovic, Dejan on mathematics
"I lose faith in mathematics, logical and rigid. What with those that even zero doesn’t accept?"
Stojanovic, Dejan on mathematics quote
"I lose faith in mathematics, logical and rigid. What with those that even zero doesn’t accept?"
Stojanovic, Dejan on mathematics quote
"With me: one minus one = one; with you: it’s zero. Here lies the only difference. "
Stojanovic, Dejan on mathematics
"My mathematics is simple: one plus one = one."
Stojanovic, Dejan on mathematics
"Creating means living."
Stojanovic, Dejan on
"And this that you call solitude is in fact a big crowd."
Stojanovic, Dejan on solitude
"I enjoy it when the world smiles; the more smiles, the warmer I am."
Stojanovic, Dejan on smile
"I recreate myself; that is my only power."
Stojanovic, Dejan on power
"One hand I extend into myself, the other toward others."
Stojanovic, Dejan on men
"Wherever I go, I run into myself."
Stojanovic, Dejan on road
"He will understand when it is too late that it is easier to love."
Stojanovic, Dejan on love
"Nothing is made, nothing disappears. These are the old truths. The same changes, at the same places, never stopping."
Stojanovic, Dejan on truth
"In greatness, life and death merge."
Stojanovic, Dejan on life
"Long ago we conquered our passions looking at ourselves in the mirror of eternity."
Stojanovic, Dejan on passion
"Long ago an uncalled rain fell and a called-upon God stayed equally distant."
Stojanovic, Dejan on god
"While gazing at myself from yourself, I was beautiful."
Stojanovic, Dejan on beauty
"Will the day tell its secret before it disappears, becomes timeless night."
Stojanovic, Dejan on secrets
"Only when the last tree has been cut down; Only when the last river has been poisoned; Only when the last fish has been caught; Only then will you find that money cannot be eaten."
Proverb, American Indian on money
62 fans of this quote
"The world is always open, waiting to be discovered."
Stojanovic, Dejan on world
"You are hurrying to the sweet place, to the nonsense chasing your spirit and in the nonsense you look for answers."
Stojanovic, Dejan on nonsense
"Life into death— life’s other shape, no rupture, only crossing."
Stojanovic, Dejan on life
"There are no clear borders, only merging invisible to the sight."
Stojanovic, Dejan on vision
But wait... my book has more: prev 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 next
Books's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 21st July 2012.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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mewomennorth's bookmarks
"It is a good thing for an uneducated man to read books of quotations. Bartlett's Familiar Quotations is an admirable work, and I studied it intently. The quotations when engraved upon the memory give you good thoughts. They also make you anxious to read the authors and look for more."
Churchill, Winston on quotations
37 fans of this quote
mewomennorth's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 20th March 2012.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Bynum moved to the bench
RedsArmyAdmin October 7, 2009 Uncategorized 17 Comments
A couple of years ago, all we heard was how the Finals would have been different if Andrew Bynum was playing.
This year, with all the Lakers "faithful" praying to whatever evil pagan deity it is they've sold their souls to for a rematch, they'll have to find a new excuse when they get destroyed… because it looks like Andrew Bynum is gonna be spending time on the pine.
It’s early, undoubtedly, but center Andrew Bynum is currently on the Lakers’ second unit.
Lamar Odom played with the starters in Saturday night’s scrimmage, along with Kobe Bryant, Ron Artest, Pau Gasol and Derek Fisher.
Apparently, Lakers Coach Phil Jackson is more
comfortable going with a unit similar to the one that flourished in the
playoffs last season, the obvious exception being Artest in place of Trevor Ariza.
That's what you want to hear about a guy who's getting $12.5 million this year. He's guaranteed more than $40 million dollars… he's barely done squat. Meanwhile, we've got a guy here in Kendrick Perkins who has dominated Bynum in the past… and gained national attention by containing Dwight Howard 1-on-1 in last year's playoffs…who's is making a combined $8.5 million over the next 2 seasons.
Great start to the season, Lakers fans. Looks like Chuck's prediction is already starting to come true.
(hat tip: Lex)
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