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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Wednesday, 26 January 2011
Wednesday whimsies
Good news at last! The World Intellectual Property Database (WIPD) website is no longer as deceptively lookalike as it was yesterday (on the uncanny resemblance of this site to the World Intellectual Property Organization's site, see the IPKat's recent posts here and earlier). If you take a look here, you can see that it now sports the logo on the right. The new logo actually looks not unlike a black-and-white version of the lettering of the WIPR (World Intellectual Property Review), but that's another subject and not one that the IPKat is about to chase up. Anyway, the IPKat is hugely relieved that the risk of confusion and deception has been reduced.
On the subject of rogue websites, the IPKat has received some very thoughtful comments and even a couple of entries in response to yesterday's competition -- which remains open till 6 February. Do take the opportunity to imagine yourself to be advising a United Nations agency -- and to win a copy of Alexander Tsoutsanis's new book Trade Mark Registrations in Bad Faith, which would cost you £125 if you had to buy it yourself!
Komodo Dragon
Around the blogs. PatLit's latest PCC Page, on the new, versatile Patents County Court for England and Wales ("Snails and Octopuses", here) looks further at the dynamics of delay. There's a new blog on the block, this being the splendidly-named IP Komodo Dragon (interests: "eating people" and "intellectual property"). Providing an elegantly-written commentary on IP in Indonesia, this blog is not connected with the excellent IP Dragon, and readers should not be confused by it -- though that's not to say that the trade mark law of a well-known European country beginning with "G" does not contain a specific rule to govern the situation in which a junior mark consists of two words which are identical to the senior mark, where those words are separated in the junior mark by a third word which, while not found in the senior mark, is a word which, while unusual and striking in its appearance, contains a conceptual link to the second of the two words which comprise the senior mark ...
The IPKat has learned from Rita Matulionyte (Institut für Rechtsinformatik, Leibniz Universität Hanover) that a group of European academics released last week an opinion on the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). Says Rita, this opinion identifies the most critical aspects of ACTA and invites European and national institutions to consider it carefully before ratifying the Agreement or withholding consent. The opinion is open for signatures until 7 February 2011, when it will be submitted to the European Parliament and other relevant European and national institutions [Merpel's puzzling a little bit over the word "relevant", which she sometimes has difficulty understanding when it comes so close to the words "European Parliament" ...]. By the way, does anyone know why it's Hannover in German but Hanover in English? Was this an early example of textese?
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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Search This Blog
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Friday, July 22, 2011
Is Risk a Bad Thing?
In reading the New York Times article: Can a Playground Be Too Safe?
by JOHN TIERNEY,
I had a flashback while reading the following excerpt:
"...After observing children on playgrounds in Norway, England and Australia, Dr. Sandseter identified six categories of risky play: exploring heights, experiencing high speed, handling dangerous tools, being near dangerous elements (like water or fire), rough-and-tumble play (like wrestling), and wandering alone away from adult supervision. The most common is climbing heights..."
It's one of my earliest memories of "school". It must have been the early 50’s and the neighborhood school had a typical playground with the tall, all metal slides, steel igloo domed jungle gyms and those old style merry-go-rounds where the object was to spin it fast enough to fling everyone off.
We got bumps, bruises and even a few bleeding, scraped knees and elbows. No big deal. It was part of the “learning” process.
Anyway, my flashback memory phrase trigger in the above article was “handling dangerous tools”.
I’m not sure the girls in Kindergarten were encouraged to use tools (remember this was the 50’s) but the boys got to use real hammers, nails and saws to make stuff.
I remember that I wanted to make a boat by sawing the corners off 3 or 4 planks of wood and nailing the shorter planks on top of larger ones to make a boat with decks.
In the process, I acquired a pretty good cut on the arm when the saw blade slipped. I got sent to the school nurse, had it bandaged, and sent back to class to finish my boat. My finished project looked more like an off kilter pyramid.
I couldn’t wait to show it to mom and dad. It didn’t matter that the boat didn’t float upright when I tried to float it in a tub of water. I was proud that I had made it myself.
I don’t remember my parents making any big fuss over the injury except to check it and put a new bandage it before I went back to school the next day.
...Things sure have changed quite a bit since the good old days.
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[maemo-users] Questions #3: root
From: Jussi Kukkonen jhkukkon at cc.hut.fi
Date: Thu Sep 13 11:17:17 EEST 2007
Thomas Leavitt wrote:
> I also noticed that "/etc/shells" has a long list of shells. It seems
> just slightly strange to me that, on a device this resource constrained,
> they'd "waste" even that many "bytes" by not truncating this file...
> makes me wonder what other potential "optimizations" haven't been done.
The savings in this case would be at most 0.0001% of the flash memory
use and RAM footprint. When maemo developers have time to work on
optimizations like this, we'll be doing great...
> I also wonder how the synaptic install package managed to add a line
> referencing itself to /etc/sudoers... if the app installer permits
> modifications of this sort to be made to /etc/sudoers, doesn't that
> suggest someone could simply write an app that added the line below, or
> write a malicious app that gave itself root privileges?
The app installer runs as root just like every other package manager on
any linux distro. When you install a package, the post- and pre-install
scripts naturally run as root. So yes, what you suggest is possible, and
this is not at all maemo-specific. See SELinux or AppArmor for solutions.
Incidentally, this can be seen as a selling point for centralized
repositories: The repo administrator has at least a theoretical
possibility of checking the install scripts...
> What's the default password for "user"? Will changing it affect
> anything, since obviously the system auto-starts?
Password is not set by default, IIRC. The GUI will still autologin after
you've set the password. Sshing in becomes possible with the passwd. I
typically unset the root passwd after I've setup passwd and sudo-rights
for "user" just to be sure.
HTH,
Jussi
More information about the maemo-users mailing list
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Monthly Archives: June 2011
The New College of Humanities; is this the future?
This morning I read about The New College of Humanities (NCH) ; or rather before I read about the New College of the Humanities, I read alot of RTs on Twitter about the BBC article on New College of the … Continue reading
Posted in higher education | Tagged , , | 23 Comments
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Quotation added by adonybus
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
As the rose woos the bee, so do I flow to thee.. Blum, Donald
This quote is about adonybus · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Blum, Donald ...
The author is me, I've been writing for myself and for others over a period of twenty five years.. Succint phrases such as those found in the "Quotations Book" have been my morning resonance... Thank you, Don H Blum
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Quotes by Dell, Floyd
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"There is no human reason why a child should not admire and emulate his teacher's ability to do sums, rather than the village bum's ability to whittle sticks and smoke cigarettes. The reason why the child does not is plain enough -- the bum has put himself on an equality with him and the teacher has not."
Dell, Floyd on teacher
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
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Will The Ticket Bubble Burst?
RedsArmyAdmin October 6, 2008 Uncategorized 5 Comments
Ticket prices are out of control. The average Celtics ticket price last year was in the $50-something range. Since winning it all, the average price has jumped to $65. Nowhere near the Lakers $89… or the Hornets $24 (source).
And while the Celtics have generally been pretty good about their ticket prices… ticket prices at sporting events everywhere are ridiculous. Now that the economy is swirling the drain, David Stern wants teams to watch themselves when they set their rates. The Celtics say… they're ok for now:
"I don't think you can ignore it," said Gotham of the nation's economy woes during a recent telephone interview. "But I'm very happy we're coming off the championship season because it will help us hold off economy hits. We don't foresee anything right now.
"We have sold all our season tickets. Got sponsorship done. We don't have single-game tickets available and they were gone right away when out."
The question is… what will happen next year? And what happens when the rich companies and executives can't afford to buy out those luxury boxes? We all know that regular fans have been priced out for quite some time. We can't really afford to go to many games anymore. And when we go, it's hard to get the really great seats. Those all go to the suits.
But the suits are a little strapped for cash nowadays. And the suits are going to be strapped for a little while. In fact, they're not going to be "the suits" for much longer. What will happen to the Celtics when they can't fill the premium seats like they used to?
For anyone who doubts that some sort of ticket price Armageddon isn't coming, I advise you to remove your head from the sand. EVERY bubble bursts. The internet bubble. The housing bubble. Everything. Whenever something grows exponentially and without explanation, it will INEVITABLY come back down to earth.
The prices people paid for tickets and luxury seating have been ridiculous. Now that the funds are drying up, all teams… including the Celtics… will have to start thinking long and hard about how to fill buildings.
Herald: Smooth sailing as C's leave Newport | AHN: Walker might fit in reserve role | Broadcast Newsroom: Turner, NBA got game (KG Ad) | Beasley scores 16 in Heat preseason opener | Chandler rolls ankle | KAAL (MN): Ryan Gomes 1-on-1
And here's your complete list of Atlantic Division Blogger Previews
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Posts: 276 | Thanked: 157 times | Joined on Jul 2007 @ Bath, UK
#1071
Hardware looks nice. OS look feasible. You should give the source of where you got the image from though.
__________________
LinuxUK.org - http://www.linuxuk.org
Posts: 512 | Thanked: 776 times | Joined on Oct 2007 @ Moscow, Russia
#1072
Originally Posted by Baloo
You should give the source of where you got the image from though.
He will be fired and then killed if I'll tell you
Well, ok, just another Rickrolling from me Handmade mockup
__________________
Maemo UI improvements blog.
Last edited by wazd; 06-04-2009 at 09:53 AM.
The Following 2 Users Say Thank You to wazd For This Useful Post:
Posts: 1,204 | Thanked: 1,009 times | Joined on Oct 2007
#1073
Originally Posted by wazd
Brand new leaked photo of N900. It's a phone!
nice try, you forgot the arrow keys. and rickroll link too
edit: he was too fast confessing
Posts: 874 | Thanked: 315 times | Joined on Jun 2007 @ London UK
#1074
just another Rickrolling from me
LOL a new word appears in the Lexicon
Rickroll (noun)
1. Nonsense; tomfoolery.
2. A hoax.
3. A gentle satirical imitation; a light parody.
4. A spoof
To Rickroll (verb)
1. To deceive.
2. To do a spoof
3. Satirize gently.
Posts: 512 | Thanked: 776 times | Joined on Oct 2007 @ Moscow, Russia
#1075
Originally Posted by mikkov
nice try, you forgot the arrow keys. and rickroll link too
edit: he was too fast confessing
I was told that some good people from Nokia can have problems cause of that, so I'd better confess now
__________________
Maemo UI improvements blog.
Posts: 723 | Thanked: 463 times | Joined on Jan 2009 @ fr/35/rennes
#1076
check out this video about N900 and maemo5 too:
http://www.newlc.com/en/n900-upcomin...o5-omap3-watch
will this device use ofono too ?
http://www.newlc.com/en/ofono-open-s...phony-solution
I cant wait
Last edited by www.rzr.online.fr; 06-04-2009 at 10:43 AM.
Posts: 119 | Thanked: 78 times | Joined on May 2009 @ Brasilia, Brazil
#1077
Originally Posted by www.rzr.online.fr
check out this video about N900 and maemo5 too:
http://www.newlc.com/en/n900-upcomin...o5-omap3-watch
He pronounces "May-mo". Oh, infidel!
Regarding the comments before about the price, if it really launches at €600, man, what a wasted opportunity. All the comments before about bringing it mainstream, building a bigger user-base, helping Maemo become more widespread and out-of-the-box usable... Forget it. At €600, just not gonna happen.
Now imagine if it shipped for $399, with a nice cd with Nokia Software for easily (really EASILY) syncing media with Windows, Linux, Mac (yeap, it's doable. The Pre syncs with Itunes out-of-the-box). Imagine maybe a flickr/facebook/ovi joint subscription for sharing pictures (already doable in Symbian with Shozo, dunno if they can pull it off), youtube for sharing videos, etc., and that nice, 3.5" screen with Maemo (something that I don't think any other smartphone can offer so far). It would just change the world as we know it. I would be exhilarated to buy one, even if I'm partial for my 4". Everybody here would jump at one. Half the world would want to jump at one.
And I dunno about the US Market, but is T-Mobile seen as something better than AT&T and the others? Is it 'less hated'? Also, how does this T-mobile attachment thing hold out for outside-US releases?
Last edited by Bobbe; 06-04-2009 at 11:42 AM.
Posts: 1,132 | Thanked: 395 times | Joined on Sep 2007 @ Catalunya
#1078
Originally Posted by Bobbe
Forget it. At €600, just not gonna happen.
Now imagine if it shipped for $399
In Nokia Currency Conversion those are the same amount
Posts: 3,468 | Thanked: 4,328 times | Joined on Mar 2006 @ Vienna, Austria
#1079
Originally Posted by johnkzin
Only about half of those steps go away once you've authorized them for automatic pairing. You still have to juggle both devices, turning things on and off (both at the start and end of the session).
this may give the wrong impression to readers here.
if done the way it was intended to work (bluetooth DUN), there is not one single step necessary after the initial pairing. you pull out you tablet and start surfing.
i assume all you write applies to unDUN phones; that's some sort of hack anyway.
Last edited by benny1967; 06-04-2009 at 02:37 PM.
Posts: 678 | Thanked: 196 times | Joined on Jul 2007 @ San Jose CA
#1080
Originally Posted by volt
Absolutely.
Absolutely absolutely !
Tags
disapointed by nokia, dpad, maemo phone, my tablet is crying, n900, nokia gets it wrong, openmoko, rover, rx-51, rx-71 needed, screen size, smartphone, t-mobile
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, Jan 2001
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Presents number of dwelling units and value of residential buildings (new houses and new other residential); value of alterations and additions to residential buildings and value of non-residential building by class of building (e.g. hotels, offices, etc.), for private and public sectors; stage of construction (commenced, under construction, completed); value of work done during the reference period, and value of work yet to be done. Seasonally adjusted series show number of dwelling units commenced and completed and value of work done. Also includes value of work commenced and work done in chain volume measures, with the reference year being the year prior to the latest complete financial year.
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Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
5302.0 - Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia, Dec 2012 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/03/2013
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
DECEMBER KEY FIGURES
Sep Qtr 2012
Dec Qtr 2012
Sep Qtr 2012 to Dec Qtr 2012
$m
$m
% change
BALANCE ON CURRENT ACCOUNT
Trend estimates
-13 940
-14 859
-7
Seasonally adjusted
-15 048
-14 678
2
BALANCE ON GOODS AND SERVICES
Trend estimates
-4 679
-5 727
-22
Seasonally adjusted
-5 389
-5 553
-3
NET PRIMARY INCOME
Trend estimates
-8 948
-8 832
1
Seasonally adjusted
-9 347
-8 829
6
LEVELS AT END OF PERIOD
International Investment Position
863 850
870 040
1
Net foreign equity
116 380
110 215
-5
Net foreign debt
747 470
759 825
2
Current Account Balance (a), Main aggregates
International Investment
DECEMBER KEY POINTS
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
• The current account deficit, seasonally adjusted, fell $370m (2%) to $14,678m in the December quarter 2012. The deficit on the balance of goods and services rose $164m (3%) to $5,553m. The primary income deficit fell $518m (6%) to $8,829m.
• In seasonally adjusted chain volume terms, the surplus on goods and services rose $2,153m (129%) from $1,663m in the September quarter 2012 to $3,816m in the December quarter 2012. This is expected to contribute 0.6 percentage points to growth in the December quarter 2012 volume measure of GDP.
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT POSITION (IIP)
• Australia's net IIP liability position was $870.0b at 31 December 2012, an increase of $6.2b on 30 September 2012. Australia's net foreign equity liability decreased $6.2b to a liability position of $110.2b. Australia's net foreign debt liability increased $12.4b to a liability position of $759.8b.
NOTES
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
ISSUE (QUARTER) Release Date
March 2013 4 June 2013
June 2013 3 September 2013
September 2013 3 December 2013
December 2013 4 March 2014
REVISIONS
The following goods and services debits components have been revised since the release of the December 2012 issue of International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia (cat. no. 5368.0):
• capital goods n.e.s. component of goods debits series, revised back to March quarter 2012
• civil aircraft and confidentialised items component of goods debits series, revised for the December quarter 2012
• industrial transport equipment n.e.s. component of goods debits series, revised for the December quarter 2012
• legal, accounting, management consulting, public relations and other professional services component of services debits, revised for the December quarter 2012
• architectural, engineering and other technical services component of services debits, revised back to September quarter 2012.
Data in this issue aligns with the data in the December quarter 2012 issue of Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat. no. 5206.0) to be released on 6 March 2013.
See Revisions for details
VALUE ADJUSTMENTS
See Value adjustments for details
INQUIRIES
For further information contact Val Tot on Canberra (02) 6252 5540 for balance of payments estimates, and Charles Kauye on Canberra (02) 6252 5541 for international investment estimates.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Marketing 101: Don't blow your shot!
Posted by JulieR under Marketing
From http://blog.em4b.com 1914 days ago
Made Hot by: on February 20, 2008 4:27 pm
This article points out the obvious marketing mistakes that you should never make as a small business.
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David Leonhardt: SEO Small Business Writer
Meet David Leonhardt, our most recent BizSugar "Contributor of the Week" on Facebook. It's a little recognition we … More
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User:Markv
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:22, 28 September 2011 by Markv (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am an embedded GNU/Linux developer and living in The Netherlands.
I am working for a company called Team Embedded. Please contact us if you would like to find out what we can do for you.
Please have a look at my LinkedIn profile for more background information.
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Pages that link to "Talk:Wiki tools for research"
From FamilySearch Wiki
What links here
Filters Hide transclusions | Hide links | Hide redirects
No pages link to Talk:Wiki tools for research.
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.
Learn More
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http://www.fides.org
Africa
2011-09-05
AFRICA/SOUTH AFRICA - Maternal deaths increase mainly among women with HIV
Cape Town (Agenzia Fides) - Since 1990 the rate of maternal deaths has quadrupled in South Africa, mainly due to inadequate prenatal care, neglect and discrimination against women with HIV. Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, however, deaths were reduced by one quarter compared to the same year. South Africa increased from 150 maternal deaths in 1990 to 625 in 2010, every 100 000 live births. According to Human Rights Watch, HIV is one of the main reasons that aggravates this phenomenon. An alarming picture, index of the state of abandonment on behalf of the South African health system, is what is highlighted from the study "Stop Making Excuses: Accountability for Maternal Health Care in South Africa," where, among other things, stresses the fact that women come to hospital when they are already in labor and are sent home without even being visited; nurses who ignore or leave them waiting for hours and days; women who are physically and verbally abused by hospital staff and others forced to change the sheets on their own or carry their children around the hospital even though they are still weak after having given birth.
Even other cases of HIV-positive women from other parts of Africa who suffered discrimination were reported. According to local health authorities, the failure is mostly determined by the staff, who overwork, are not paid adequately and feel demoralized. In addition, the policies of the purchases that have monopolized the control of drugs, have deprived each hospital of the opportunity to administer life-saving ones. Another aggravating situation is the lack of information regarding maternal death rates in the country and that a Demographic Survey has not carried out since 2003. It is said that the delays are due to the high costs, although there are countries with fewer resources that have updated surveys. The main cause of these maternal deaths is HIV, but the National Health Department does not focus adequately on the pandemic. For example, women do not know that they have to undergo prenatal care because the clinics are full of sick people. (AP) (Agenzia Fides 05/09/2011)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Obesity
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 634048, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/634048
Research Article
Weight and Body Composition Changes during the First Three Years of College
1Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, 101 Poultry Science Building, AL 36849, USA
2Department of Consumer Affairs, Auburn University, 308 Spidle Hall, AL 36849, USA
Received 19 April 2012; Accepted 26 August 2012
Academic Editor: Francesco Saverio Papadia
Copyright © 2012 Sareen S. Gropper et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite this Article
Sareen S. Gropper, Karla P. Simmons, Lenda Jo Connell, and Pamela V. Ulrich, “Weight and Body Composition Changes during the First Three Years of College,” Journal of Obesity, vol. 2012, Article ID 634048, 6 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/634048
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Pathology Research International
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 469150, 12 pages
doi:10.4061/2011/469150
Review Article
A Review of Carcinomas Arising in the Head and Neck Region in HIV-Positive Patients
Department of Pathology, Presbyterian-Shadyside University Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Received 14 December 2010; Accepted 14 February 2011
Academic Editor: J. Stebbing
Copyright © 2011 Bibianna Purgina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The majority of malignancies arising in the head and neck among patients with AIDS are Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Patients with HIV/AIDS are also at increased risk of developing several carcinomas of the head and neck. This paper focuses on these less common, albeit important, carcinomas. An English language literature search identified numerous population-based studies evaluating carcinomas in the head and neck of HIV-positive patients. Published results indicate that patients with HIV/AIDS are at an increased risk of developing mucosal squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland, and Merkel cell carcinoma in this anatomic region. Data also suggest that HIV-positive patients with these cancers present at a younger age, with more aggressive disease and worse prognosis compared to HIV-negative patients. Treatment involves surgical resection with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic disease. AIDS patients, however, are more likely to suffer radiation treatment complications. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has not altered the incidence of these malignancies.
1. Introduction
An increased rate of neoplastic disease is a well-established phenomenon in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In contrast to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is by far the most common head and neck malignancy in HIV-negative patients, the majority of malignancies arising in the head and neck among patients with AIDS are the virally-induced AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs): Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), most commonly large B-cell and plasmablastic lymphomas. However, as the HIV pandemic persists and more people are living with chronic HIV infection, the spectrum of non-AIDS defining cancers (NADCs) seems to be increasing. The incidence of NADC in the head and neck in patients with HIV and AIDS is similalry increasing, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) of the salivary gland, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).
These aforementioned epithelial malignancies all demonstrate a relationship to oncogenic viruses including Human Papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCV). Since the oropharynx and respiratory tract is a common site for the persistence and transmission of these oncogenic viruses, it is possible that patients with HIV/AIDS may be at increased risk of developing head and neck cancers compared to the general population. However, confounding etiologic factors also exist since HIV-positive individuals generally have higher smoking rates and greater alcohol consumption, both independent risk factors for head and neck neoplasms, compared to HIV-negative individuals [14]. This paper presents the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, pathologic findings, prognosis and management of the most commonly reported epithelial NADC arising in the head and neck region of patients with HIV/AIDS.
2. Methods
A literature review was performed using PubMed as well as cited references within previously published articles and textbooks for all published studies related to the incidence of head and neck epithelial carcinomas (non-KS, non-NHL) in patients with documented HIV infection. The study was confined to articles in English. An attempt was made to avoid duplicate cases published in the literature. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and/or relative risks (RR), along with 95% confidence interval (95% CI)-were extracted and tabulated.
3. Epidemiology
In the USA, approximately 36,540 individuals in the general population are diagnosed yearly with head and neck malignancies, and approximately 7,880 die of their illness [5]. Epithelial malignancies of the head and neck are most common in men over the age of 50 years and have a strong association with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. They are also associated with the oncogenic viruses, EBV and HPV, typically in the nasopharynx and oropharynx, respectively. In patients with HIV, a statistically significant increased risk has been reported for salivary gland LEC and NPC as well as SCC of the lip, oropharynx, and conjunctiva [4, 614]. Even though the results have been variable [6, 8, 11, 13, 1517], it appears that patients with HIV present at a younger age, with more aggressive disease and worse prognosis compared to their HIV-negative counterparts [10, 11, 1820].
4. Etiology
4.1. Immunosuppression
In comparison to patients with HIV/AIDS, large population-based studies in immunosuppressed transplant recipients have demonstrated a wider range of malignancies that may be associated with immunodeficiency. A meta-analysis comparing both HIV-positive and HIV-negative immune suppressed patient groups showed that an extensive range of malignancies occurred at an increased incidence in both populations and that the pattern of increased risk was similar [21]. Many of these cancers are associated with a known infectious entity including HPV, EBV, Human Polyoma virus, Hepatitis B and C and others, and suggest that the range of infection-related malignancies seen in immunodeficient patients is much wider than previously described. Of the HPV-related malignancies, SCC of the lip, oral cavity, pharynx and conjunctiva showed an increased incidence in HIV-negative and HIV-positive immunosuppressed patient populations. NPC seems to occur more commonly in patients with HIV/AIDS, compared to transplant recipients. The SIR for NPC arising in patients with HIV/AIDS was 2.90 (95% CI 1.8–4.66) in people with HIV/AIDS. Only a single case of NPC was reported in a transplant recipient [21]. It is important to keep in mind that cigarette smoking is different in these two populations, with renal transplant patients’ cigarette smoking rates being similar to the general population [22] and more than double those of patients with HIV/AIDS [2]. However, a meta-analysis of SIRs for tobacco-related cancers were not found to be consistently higher in cohorts with HIV/AIDS [21].
In a large cohort study using nation-wide linkage data, Grulich et al. [13] showed that patients with AIDS demonstrate increased rates of several NADCs, whereas patients with HIV and mild immunodeficiency were only at increased risk of anal cancer. Other cancers were seen only later in the course of HIV-infection. These findings suggest that HIV-positive patients with only mild immunodeficiency may not be at an increased risk of NADCs. One study suggests that there may be increased risk of oropharyngeal carcinoma with increasing severity of AIDS-related immunodeficiency [10].
Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), most HIV-positive patients are now living with only mild to moderate degrees of immunodeficiency for extended periods, and patients with AIDS now represent an increasing minority. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to study the association between the degree and duration of immunodeficiency and the risk of cancer. In transplant recipients with prolonged immunosuppression, there is a striking increased risk of HPV-related carcinomas suggesting that even modest immunosuppression, if present for a long period, can increase the risk of these cancers [22]. Similar studies in mild-to-moderately immunodeficient HIV-positive patients receiving HAART are needed.
4.2. Oncogenic Viruses
The oropharyngeal compartment is central to the persistence and transmission of both EBV and HPV. Studies have shown that EBV and HPV are more commonly detected in the oral mucosa of HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative patients [23, 24]. Ammatuna et al. [23] detected EBV and HPV in the oral mucosa of 17% and 3% of HIV-negative patients, respectively, and 42% and 7% of HIV-positive patients. Kreimer et al. [24] found similar results examining the prevalence of oral high-risk HPV infection among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients (13.7% in HIV-positive patients compared with 4.5% in HIV-negative patients).
The association between HIV and HPV in the context of cervical cancer is well-established and it has been demonstrated that the development and detection of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) are directly proportional to the severity of HIV-induced immunosuppression, measured by low CD4 counts and high HIV viral loads [25, 26]. HPV, most commonly subtype 16, is responsible for some oral cavity carcinomas, more than 60% of oropharyngeal carcinomas, and approximately 90% of tonsillar carcinomas [2731]. There are many other studies linking HPV infection to SCC of the larynx and conjunctiva [3234], and this may also explain the increased risk of these carcinomas in immunodeficient patients [21, 27]. Some studies have shown that HPV-containing cancers of the head and neck lack p53 mutations, unlike the HPV-negative cancers at these sites [3537]. It is well established that the E6 protein of HPV 16 inactivates p53 protein, an important component of the cell cycle, which leads to increased rates of mutagenesis. Thus, the pathogenesis of HPV-associated SCC of the head and neck in patients with HIV/AIDS includes increased proliferation of neoplastic cells caused by viral interference with tumor suppressor genes (p53 and retinoblastoma) from viral proteins generated by both HIV and HPV [3539]. While AIDS patients have been shown to be at increased risk of developing HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinomas (SIR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.1), it is possible that confounding factors such as increased cigarette smoking rates may account for some of this increased risk [10].
Following primary infection with EBV, this herpes virus may undergo active lytic replication releasing viral progeny or may initiate active latency in which one of three restricted gene expression programs is initiated. Type I latency with expression of only EBER (EBV early RNAs) and EBNA-1 (EBV nuclear antigens) is typical of Burkitt lymphoma. Type II latency demonstrates the expression of EBER, EBNA-1, and latent membrane proteins (LMPs) and is seen in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Both latency patterns I and II have been identified in LEC of the salivary gland. EBV is also associated with a variety of other epithelial carcinomas including LEC of the stomach, lung and thymus [35]. EBV has also been implicated in the chronic inflammatory condition known as HIV-related sialadenitis. Chronic sialadenitis is also known to be a risk for salivary gland carcinoma [35]. It has been suggested that altered immunity may be important for the development of EBV-related salivary gland carcinomas since they have also been described in patients with chronic autoimmune disease [40].
MCC also commonly affects immunocompromised patients, suggesting infectious etiology. With great excitement, the association with MCV (also referred to as MCPyV) was recently established [41]. In MCC, the viral DNA is integrated into the tumor genome in a clonal manner [41]. This suggests that infection and integration of the MCV occurs prior to the clonal expansion of the tumor cells and implicates this virus in the pathogenesis of MCC. Once inserted into the host DNA, viral T antigen is expressed as large T and small T antigens. These T antigens in turn alter the behavior of tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulatory proteins such as Rb, p53, protein phosphatase 2A, and Bub1 [42]. Other risk factors including increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) and ionizing radiation may also be involved in T-antigen mutations. Although MCV may be present in cutaneous MCC, it has not been found in similar mucosal high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas [43]. On the other hand, common warts can be positive for MCV in immunosuppressed individuals [44], but not SCC or basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin [45].
4.3. Nonviral Cofactors
There is a strong association between head and neck SCC and cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption. In fact, these two risk factors are strongly synergistic and may account for approximately 75% of these SCCs [46]. There are numerous studies demonstrating that smoking is more common in HIV-positive persons [14, 47], which may explain the increased rates of head and neck carcinomas, especially SCC in this population. However, it is unlikely that cigarette smoking alone can explain the statistically significant increased rates of head and neck SCC observed arising in HIV infected patients significantly younger than their HIV-negative counterparts [10, 11, 14, 18, 19, 48]. In a prospective study out of France, 11% of deaths in HIV positive patients resulted from cancers not caused by hepatitis and unrelated to HIV, and in these cases, smoking and excess alcohol consumption were recorded in 72% and 27% of these cancer deaths respectively [49]. In keeping with these findings, Clifford et al. in a retrospective study from Switzerland found a threefold excess in carcinomas of the lip, mouth, pharynx and lung in HIV-positive patients, and that no carcinomas from these sites were observed in nonsmokers [4]. UV light exposure is another important risk factor for SCC of the lip [7, 9, 12, 46]. Other potential carcinogenic factors related to oral SCC are marijuana, syphilis, oral sepsis, iron deficiency, and oral candidiasis.
5. Mucosal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
SCC of the head and neck comprises a heterogenous group of neoplasms arising from the mucosa of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and other sites. The most commonly reported sites for SCC include the oropharynx, conjunctiva, tonsil, and larynx (see Table 1), which is consistent with other studies [27, 38, 50, 51]. Interestingly, a study from Kenya described an 8% prevalence of conjunctival SCC in patients with HIV/AIDS [51]. A number of epidemiological studies have identified an increased risk of SCC of the larynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, lip, salivary gland, and conjunctiva in HIV-positive patients (see Table 2) [7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 21, 26, 27, 50]. Shebl et al. [14] demonstrated increased rates of HIV-related SCC of the salivary gland (SIR 4.9, 95% CI 2.5–8.6). It must be noted, however, that many so-called SCC of the salivary gland may represent metastases from other head and neck sites. A statistically significant increased risk of oropharyngeal, conjunctival and tonsillar SCC has also been shown in patients with AIDS (Table 2) [7, 9, 10, 12]. As in the general population, SCC of the oral cavity in patients with AIDS may present as an ulcerated or fungating mass or as erythroplakia [10, 20]. Data regarding the incidence and risk of mucosal SCC precursor lesions in patients is limited. However, it is likely that the clinical distinction between benign conditions (e.g., aphthous or infectious ulcers), neoplastic erythroplakia and SCC may be challenging. Most of the affected HIV-positive patients reported to date presented at a younger age and advanced stage at presentation [10, 11, 18, 19, 48]. In general, an overall younger age at presentation has been reported for HIV-associated SCC of the head and neck [10, 11, 18, 19, 48]. One study demonstrated a mean age of 36 years [18].
Table 1: Sites of confirmed mucosal SCC in The head and neck in patients with HIV/AIDS in articles reviewed.
Table 2: Incidence of head and neck carcinomas arising in patients with HIV and AIDS.
The histopathologic features of SCCs arising in the head and neck range from well differentiated tumor with obvious squamous differentiation and keratinization to poorly differentiated carcinomas lacking keratinization (see Figure 1). Keratinizing carcinomas are more typical of the oral cavity and larynx, whereas nonkeratinizing morphology is seen more commonly in the oropharynx, the latter of which is associated with HPV (see Figure 2). While several morphologic variants of SCC (e.g., verrucous, basaloid, and spindle cell carcinoma) exist, these have not been documented to have a different incidence in the setting of HIV as compared to the general population. A recent study by McLemore et al. [27] described the presence of multinucleated tumor giant cells in 39 of 40 head and neck SCC arising in patients with HIV/AIDS. This feature has not been previously reported. We reviewed cases of mucosal SCC in HIV-positive patients from our institution and also identified these multinucleated tumor giant cells (see Figure 3). Otherwise, the morphologic features of SCCs in HIV patients are not particularly distinct despite the aggressive clinical behavior in this setting.
Figure 1: (a) and (b) Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the conjunctiva in a 43-year-old HIV-positive man. ((a) hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) stain, 100x magnification; (b) H&E stain, 400x magnification). (c) and (d) Ulcerated (c) invasive moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and infiltrating among skeletal muscle bands (d) in a 54-year-old HIV-positive man ((c) H&E stain, 100x magnification; (d) H&E stain, 200x magnification).
Figure 2: Detection of HPV by immunohistochemistry for p16 ((a) 400x magnification) and HPV in situ hybridization ((b) 400x magnification) in a nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Note the strong diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic staining with p16 immunohistochemical stain (a) and the focal nuclear dot positivity with HPV in situ hybridization, confirming the presence of HPV within the tumor.
Figure 3: Example of the multinucleated tumor giant cells in mucosal squamous cell carcinoma arising in the tongue (a) of a 48 year old HIV-positive man, in the tongue (b) of a 54-year-old HIV-positive man and in the oral cavity (c, d) of a 44-year-old HIV-positive man and, similar to the findings of McLemore et al. [27] ((a)–(d) H&E stain, 400x magnification).
SCC of the conjunctiva is far more common among HIV-infected individuals compared to HIV-negative persons. A dramatic increase in conjunctival SCC has been reported in sub-Saharan Africa as well as North America [12, 52]. The lower incidence in Europe is believed to be due to the lower solar UV exposure associated with higher latitudes. HIV-related conjunctival squamous lesions range from intraepithelial dysplasia, to carcinoma in situ and invasive SCC. Conjunctival SCC can be seen in relatively young HIV-positive patients and these cancers may be aggressive. Patients can present with eye irritation, erythema, plaque or tumor nodule. SCC of the conjunctiva also has a high propensity for local invasion into the orbit, and occasionally distant metastases may occur. The most common site of origin is the limbus or transition zone of the eye. A case report described conjunctival SCC arising in a 38-year-old woman that although it was focally keratinized, her carcinoma was unusual in that it demonstrated multifocality [51]. In a hospital-based cross-sectional study from Kenya, Chisi et al. [53] noted the following prevalence of histologic patterns of conjunctival SCC in patients with HIV/AIDS: 47% of cases were poorly differentiated, 28% moderately differentiated, 3% were well differentiated and the remainder of these lesions were in situ [53].
Localized SCC is managed with surgery and/or radiation therapy depending on the anatomic subsite. For more extensive or recurrent lesions systemic or targeted chemotherapy may be considered. Treatment complications such as secondary candidiasis and oral mucositis were more common and severe in HIV-positive patients [16, 54, 55] and the outcome of these patients was significantly worse [56]. However, Kao et al. showed that HIV-positive patients could still tolerate radiation therapy [57]. HAART therapy has not altered the incidence of SCC of the oropharynx and other head and neck sites [4, 10, 16, 58, 59].
6. Salivary-Type Carcinomas
Some studies [6, 14], but not all [13], have shown that patients with HIV are at increased risk of developing salivary gland malignancies (see Table 2). Among salivary gland malignancies, the risk of common histologic subtypes seen in the general population such as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, was not elevated among AIDS patients [14]. However, for LEC and SCC of the salivary gland, the risk was greatly increased in patients with AIDS (SIR 39, 95% CI 16.0–81.0 and SIR 4.9, 95% CI 2.5–8.6 resp.) compared to the general population [14].
The cancer risk for patients with HIV was greatest with LEC. However, a significant risk was also determined for SCC of the salivary gland. Whenever a diagnosis of primary SCC of the salivary gland is considered, it is crucial to rule out a metastatic process from another more common head and neck site to a lymph node within or adjacent to the salivary gland [60]. Coincidentally, the parotid gland in which numerous intraparotid lymph nodes can be found is the most commonly reported site of the so-called primary SCCs of the salivary gland. Histologically, the vast majority of SCC in the salivary gland tend to be high-grade and keratinizing [60]. Unique histologic features of salivary gland carcinoma in patients infected with HIV have not been described.
For patients with HIV, the greatest risk for salivary gland carcinoma was determined to be the LEC subtype [14]. The WHO [60] defines LEC of the salivary gland as an undifferentiated carcinoma accompanied by a prominent non-neoplastic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. It comprises less than 1% of all salivary gland tumors arising in the general population and is most common in Inuit (Eskimo) and Asian populations. EBV is associated with almost 100% of LEC cases from endemic areas however, it is usually absent in salivary gland LEC from nonendemic areas. EBV isolated from salivary gland LEC from endemic areas reveals the presence of a clonal episomal form of the virus. LEC of the salivary gland develops as a result of a complex interaction of ethnic, geographic and viral factors [60]. LEC tends to arise de novo however it can rarely arise from lymphoepithelial sialadenitis. Morphologically, salivary gland LEC is indistinguishable from the more common nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). As with SCC in the salivary gland, the vast majority of LEC are diagnosed within the parotid gland [60].
Histologically, the malignant cells of LEC are arranged in infiltrative sheets and islands with abundant lymphoid stroma consisting of polymorphous lymphocytes and plasma cells (see Figure 4). Tumor cells have indistinct borders with pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and variable vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Apart from NPC, other malignant entities to consider in the differentiation include malignant lymphoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. Mitoses are common in LEC and so are necrotic foci. Focal squamous differentiation can be seen. Less common features include noncaseating granulomas, multinucleated giant cells, amyloid and cystic structures. Perineural and angiolymphatic invasion may be seen. The tumor cells are immunoreactive for pancytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Salivary gland LEC arising in endemic areas typically demonstrate positivity for EBER (see Figure 4).
Figure 4: Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland. (a) Medium power view demonstrating the association between the high grade neoplasm and the parotid acini (H&E stain, 100x magnification). (b) High power view showing the highly atypical epithelial cells with irregular vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli (H&E stain, 400x magnification). (c) A cytokeratin AE1 and AE3 highlighting the high grade epithelial cells (200x magnification). (d) EBER in situ hybridization demonstrating strong diffuse nuclear reactivity. Image courtesy of Dr. E. Leon Barnes (400x magnification).
Both LEC and SCC of the salivary gland are typically treated with surgery and radiation therapy for localized disease. Systemic chemotherapy may be utilized for widespread or metastatic disease. Survival is based on stage of disease, with lower stages demonstrating greater 5-year survival. However, as discussed above, patients with profound immunosuppression will likely poorly tolerate surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy.
7. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
In one of the earlier studies, no increased risk of NPC was seen in patients with AIDS in the USA [15]. In a total of 50,050 patients with AIDS, only 4 NPC were diagnosed. Later studies such as that reported by Frisch et al. did demonstrate an increased risk of NPC in AIDS patients (SIR 2.6, 95% CI 1.8–3.8) [9]. The most recent comprehensive study by Shebl et al. also demonstrated an increased risk for NPC for all histologic subtypes (SIR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4–2.7) [14]. The highest SIR in their paper was calculated for nonkeratinizing SCC of the nasopharynx (SIR 2.8, 95% CI 0.9–6.6), followed by nonkeratinizing carcinoma of the nasopharynx (SIR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2–4.4), keratinizing NPC (SIR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–3.7), LEC of the nasopharynx (SIR 2.1, 95% CI 0.7–4.9) and other subtypes (SIR 1.1, 95% CI 0.5–2.3) (see Table 2). Other studies, but not all, have also demonstrated an increased risk of NPC, and the variability among these studies most likely relates to the rarity of this neoplasm in all populations [6, 11, 13, 16, 18].
The WHO defines NPC as a carcinoma arising in the nasopharyngeal mucosa that shows light microscopic or ultrastructural evidence of squamous differentiation. It encompasses keratinizing SCC, nonkeratinizing carcinoma (differentiated or undifferentiated) and basaloid SCC. Adenocarcinoma and salivary-gland-type carcinoma are excluded [62]. The most common site of origin is the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, followed by the superior posterior wall [62]. The histopathologic features (see Figure 5) depend on the histologic subtype but should demonstrate evidence of squamous differentiation either by light or electron microscopy. Close to 100% of patients with nonkeratinizing NPC demonstrate positivity for EBV, whereas keratinizing SCC or NPC demonstrates more conflicting results. These tumors are immunoreactive for pancytokeratins (AE1/AE3) and high-molecular weight cytokeratins (cytokeratin 5/6, 34E12) [62].
Figure 5: (a) Medium-power view of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma, nonkeratinizing, undifferentiated type (H&E stain, 200x magnification). (b) High-power view demonstrating the high-grade malignant cells with indistinct cytoplasmic borders, irregular nuclei with prominent nucleoli (H&E stain, 400x magnification).
Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for NPC, albeit that a greater incidence of treatment related morbidities has been reported in patients with HIV infection [16, 54, 55]. As expected, outcome and prognosis are directly related to the stage of carcinoma, with lower stages having a much better outcome.
8. Merkel Cell Carcinoma
MCC is a rare neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin most commonly occurring in elderly men. It is very aggressive with a high frequency of local recurrence and metastases. In immunocompetent individuals, MCC tends to arise in sun-exposed areas, with approximately 50% arising in the head and neck region, especially the periorbital areas [63]. A recent development in the understanding of the pathogenesis of MCC is the discovery of the MCV [41] and there is evidence that conditions causing immunosuppression, including HIV, are important risk factors [64]. Engels et al. calculated a relative risk of 13.4 (95% CI 4.9–29.1) of developing MCC in patients with HIV/AIDS compared to the general population [64]. Primary MCC may also arise in non-cutaneous sites in HIV-positive patients, such as intraparotid lymph nodes [65].
The histologic features of MCC in immunocompromised and immunocompetent are identical, with hypercellular areas composed of “small blue cells” with indistinct cytoplasmic borders, hyperchromatic nuclei with indistinct nucleoli and numerous mitotic and apoptotic bodies scattered throughout the tumor (see Figure 6). Angiolymphatic invasion and surface ulceration may be seen [63]. MCC must be distinguished from other small round blue cell tumors such as small cell carcinoma of the lung and lymphoma. MCC demonstrates immunoreactivity for both neuroendocrine markers (neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin and chromogranin) and cytokeratins (cytokeratin 20 and CAM5.2) (see Figure 6). Paranuclear dot-like positivity with cytokeratin 20 is useful diagnostic feature (see Figure 6). MCC is negative for TTF-1, cytokeratin 7 and LCA which help to distinguish this neuroendocrine tumor from small cell carcinoma of the lung and lymphoma. Many cases of MCC may demonstrate CD117 (c-kit) positivity, however this has not been associated with improved outcome [63, 66]. Thus far, no c-kit-activating mutations have been identified [66].
Figure 6: (a) Low-power view of Merkel cell carcinoma arising in a transplant patient. Note the hypercellular proliferation of small blue cells within the dermis (H&E stain, 40x magnification). (b) A cytokeratin stain (CAM5.2) demonstrating strong diffuse cytoplasmic staining (400x magnification). (c) Perinuclear positivity is seen with cytokeratin 20 (400x magnification). (d) Synaptophysin demonstrates diffuse cytoplasmic staining.
In a recent review article, Izikson et al. [61] reviewed the clinical characteristics of 11 HIV-positive patients with MCC identified from a literature review, along with 3 additional new cases. Unlike MCC sites in immunocompetent individuals which tends to arise in sun-exposed areas, MCC sites were much more diverse and in non-sun exposed areas, suggesting that UV radiation may be less important in the pathogenesis of MCC in immunocompromised HIV-positive individuals. Of the 14 cases reviewed, 5 patients were diagnosed with MCC of the head and neck region (see Table 3). Sites were MCC was documented included the nose, forehead, ear, cheek and scalp. The average age at diagnosis for all 14 cases was 49 years and for the 5 cases arising in the head and neck, the average age was 46.4 years, both much younger than the average age of 69 years seen in immunocompetent individuals [61]. The range for CD4 count was 63–329 cells/L and the HIV viral load was undetectable to 187,000 copies/mL in some patients (see Table 3). There does not appear to be a relationship between CD4 cell count and HIV viral load with regard to MCC. All 5 patients received HAART prior to, or in one case following the diagnosis of MCC. The lesions in all 5 patients were surgically excised and some received additional radiation and/or chemotherapy. Their survival ranged from 9–24 months.
Table 3: Merkel cell carcinoma in head and neck sites of HIV positive patients (reproduced from Izikson et al. [61]).
9. Conclusion
As HIV-positive patients live longer with chronic HIV infection we can anticipate an increase in NADC-like head and neck carcinoma. The head and neck carcinomas reviewed here not only demonstrate an increased risk in HIV-positive patients, but all have in common a known oncogenic viral association. It is well established that virally induced neoplasms occur with increased frequency in immunosuppressed individuals. Studies comparing cancer in other immunocompromised populations, such as transplant recipients, to patients infected with HIV may allow us to better determine which of these carcinomas are truly related to immune deficiency. However, larger cohort studies are required to fully investigate the risks of NADC in patients with HIV infection. The younger age at presentation mandates early screening for carcinomas arising in the head and neck of HIV-positive patients. However, clinical staging of a detected carcinoma poses a challenge since lymph node enlargement in the head and neck is common among HIV-positive patients due to a variety of other reasons.
Further investigations are required to explore the pathogenesis, biology and management in HIV-positive patients with head and neck carcinomas. management of patients with AIDS and head and neck cancer is particularly difficult given that many of these patients may not tolerate chemotherapy or radiation therapy and may also have a greater surgical complication rate [16, 54]. However, since the introduction of HAART, patients with advanced AIDS are becoming a minority and as a result of improved immunity with HAART, there are increased therapeutic options for infected individuals with cancer. There is little information regarding the impact of HAART on SCC of the oropharynx and other head and neck carcinomas. Based upon available data, however, it appears that HAART has not altered the incidence of head and neck carcinomas in HIV-positive patients as is seen with KS [4, 10, 16, 5860, 62].
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57. G. D. Kao, P. Devine, and N. Mirza, “Oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors in human immunodeficiency virus- positive patients: acute response to radiation therapy,” Archives of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 873–876, 1999. View at Scopus
58. M. L. Gillison, “Oropharyngeal cancer: a potential consequence of concomitant HPV and HIV infection,” Current Opinion in Oncology, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 439–444, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
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61. L. Izikson, E. Nornhold, J. G. Iyer, P. Nghiem, and N. C. Zeitouni, “Merkel cell carcinoma associated with HIV: review of 14 patients,” AIDS, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 119–121, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
The Scientific World Journal
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 603043, 10 pages
doi:10.1100/2012/603043
Research Article
Critical Period of Weed Control in Aerobic Rice
1Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
3Department of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
4Rice and Industrial Crops Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Kuala Lumpur 50774, Malaysia
Received 7 March 2012; Accepted 14 April 2012
Academic Editors: C. Dell, H. A. Torbert, and M. Tsubo
Copyright © 2012 M. P. Anwar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Critical period of weed control is the foundation of integrated weed management and, hence, can be considered the first step to design weed control strategy. To determine critical period of weed control of aerobic rice, field trials were conducted during 2010/2011 at Universiti Putra Malaysia. A quantitative series of treatments comprising two components, (a) increasing duration of weed interference and (b) increasing length of weed-free period, were imposed. Critical period was determined through Logistic and Gompertz equations. Critical period varied between seasons; in main season, it started earlier and lasted longer, as compared to off-season. The onset of the critical period was found relatively stable between seasons, while the end was more variable. Critical period was determined as 7–49 days after seeding in off-season and 7–53 days in main season to achieve 95% of weed-free yield, and 23–40 days in off-season and 21–43 days in main season to achieve 90% of weed-free yield. Since 5% yield loss level is not practical from economic view point, a 10% yield loss may be considered excellent from economic view point. Therefore, aerobic rice should be kept weed-free during 21–43 days for better yield and higher economic return.
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Linux - rpm (x86_64), version 4.0.1, Assamese. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
This version of LibreOffice is prepared with care and presented with pride by the LibreOffice community. PLEASE NOTE that, since this is the very second version in the series, make sure to read the release notes (under "Handy resources").
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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Ink Showdown
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Ink Showdown.
Ink Showdown is one of the four Special Games found in Mario Tennis Open. It is very similar to Piranha Challenge from Mario Tennis. The rules are also the same. In this Special Game, Inky Piranha Plants spit balls at the player. Players need to hit this ball past the opponent to count towards the score. If the opponent manages to hit the ball, or if the player misses the ball, the score does not count, and the player loses one out of three tries. If players lose all tries, the game is over. A score is counted if the opponent fails to rebound or if the player hits the opponent. Nothing is counted if the player hits the ball out of bounds, but the player does not lose a try.
What makes this Special Game different is that Inky Piranha Plants replace regular Piranha Plants. Occasionally, they may spit out an ink ball that can obscure the screen for a brief while if the player misses the ball. To destroy the ink ball, players need to make contact with the ink ball. This ink ball is instantly destroyed, but it does not count towards the score.
The objective of this game is different from Mario Tennis as well. In the previous game, players have to rebound as much as they can within 50 balls. In Mario Tennis Open, there is a set amount of balls the player must rebound within three tries. Also, each difficulty has a different court. At the end of the game, the amount of tries the player has left is factored in to the coins earned from the game.
If players beat the gold difficulty, they can unlock Dry Bowser. If players reach 50 rebounds in the challenge difficulty, they can unlock the Petey Piranha Suit.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish Tintomanía Pormanteau of tinta (ink) and manía (mania).
French (NOA) Défi Piranha encre Piranha Ink Challenge
French (NOE) Halte aux plantes
Dutch Piranha Plant-partij Piranha Plant Party
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Kim:Lab Members
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:52, 1 March 2013 by Melissa Walzer (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
HOME RESEARCH PEOPLE PUBLICATIONS INTERNAL POSITIONS NEWS LINKS OUTREACH CONTACT
Principal Investigator
Deok-Ho Kim, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Bioengineering
Center for Cardiovascular Biology
Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
Center for Nanotechnology
University of Washington
Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195
Citation
Short Biosketch
Postdoctoral Scholars
Young Soo Choi
Kshitiz
kshitizkz@gmail.com
Ki-Hwan Nam
Graduate Students
Alex Jiao
NIH Bioengineering Cardiovascular Training Grant Fellow
Jesse Macadangdang
Daniel Carson
Jonathan Tsui
Research Scientists/Specialists
Melissa Walzer
walzerm@uw.edu
Lab Manager/Research Scientist
Undergraduate Students
Sam Frankel
frankelizer@gmail.com
Nicholas Neal
Julie Antetomaso
Elsa Mesfin
aipelsi@gmail.com
Seattle Central Community College
Cameron Nemeth
Mary Gate Scholar
Nicole Trosper
Mary Gate Scholar
Oscar Lee
Daniel Lih
Kevin Mun
Rasan Cherala
Justin Lee
daho1688@uw.edu
Winnie Leung
winnie03@uw.edu
Troy Yi
troy.k.yi@gmail.com
Visiting Scholars
Jinah Jang
jinahjang@postech.ac.kr
POSTECH
Former Group Members
NameYears in LabFormer PositionCurrent Position
Hee Seok Yang2010-2013Postdoctoral ScholarAssistant Professor, Dankook University, Korea
Katya Nagornyak2010-2013Research Scientist
Andrew Wang2012Rotating Graduate StudentGraduate Student in the Castner Lab
Anna Blakney2012Rotating Graduate StudentGraduate Student in the Woodrow Lab
Derek Britain2010-2012Undergraduate Student
Radu Reit2012Visiting Researcher
Seong Soo Kim2012Undergraduate StudentUndergraduate student at UC Berkeley
Victor Hsiao2012Undergraduate StudentUndergraduate student at Princeton University
David Frolov2010-2012Undergraduate Student
Austin Lee2012Undergraduate Student
Hyun-Jung Lee2010-2012Postdoctoral ScholarPostdoctoral Scholar at University of Texas at Houston
Leah Yablok2010-2012Undergraduate Student
Brian Biccum2010-2012Undergraduate StudentMS candidate at Duke University
Min-Sung Kim2012Visiting ResearcherPhD candidate at Seoul National University
Yung-Hsin Cheng2012Visiting ResearcherPhD candidate at National Taiwan University
Kady Lee2011Undergraduate StudentUndergraduate student at Johns Hopkins University
Sung Hoon Lee2010-2013Visiting ResearcherGraduate Student, Seoul National University
Eunmi Hur2011Undergraduate StudentUndergraduate student at Johns Hopkins University
Inzer Ni2010Undergraduate StudentUndergraduate student at Johns Hopkins University
Rachel Park2010Undergraduate StudentUndergraduate student at Johns Hopkins University
Sook Hee Koo2010Visiting ResearcherGraduate Student, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Krystal Viktoria2010StudentStudent at Seattle Central Community College
Alexander Yuan2012StudentHigh school student at Oregon Episcopal School
Nevin Ramanujan2012Undergraduate StudentUndergraduate student at Duke University
Faculty Collaborators
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Car bomb explodes near Syrian-Israeli border, 8 killed
PanARMENIAN.Net - Eight members of Syria's military intelligence were killed by an Islamist militant car bomb on Thursday night near the southern frontier with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, opposition activists and a violence monitoring group said on Friday, Jan 25.
According to Reuters, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said the bomb was planted by Al-Nusra Front, a rebel unit fighting to oust President Bashar al-Assad that the United States has labeled a terrorist group.
"We think the blast might have killed a colonel who has been leading the fight against rebels in the area," Rami Abdelrahman, head of the Britain-based Observatory said. The building targeted is in the town of Saasa, 14 miles from the frontier with the Golan Heights, he said.
He added that death toll was likely to rise as several security personnel were in a critical condition.
Syrian rebels have been battling Assad's army for months in towns inside and adjacent to the Area of Separation between Israel and Syria, along the disengagement line from the 1973 war.
State-run Israel Radio aired what it said was an interview with an unnamed man from Saasa saying the explosion was close to Israel. "I heard an explosion. I did not see it, I heard it. It was a very large explosion," he said.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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Yea, Gmail Went Down Again - Google Frank About Why
Sep 2, 2009 • 8:30 am | (3) by | Filed Under Other Google Topics
Yesterday, the web version of Gmail and Google Apps went down for pretty much everyone. The downtime was about an hour plus for most people and the world stopped. Why did it happen? Basically, some routers got overloaded and shut down, which caused a rippled effect. For the full details, see Google's blog post with them being extremely clear about the technical issues (I love it when people do that).
I was honestly in disbelief to learn about many people do not have IMAP or POP access to their Gmail accounts. You can use the web interface 99% of the time, but as a backup, get an email client (be it desktop or mobile) and set up IMAP (preferably) to work with your Gmail account. Why? Well, in yesterday's case, IMAP and POP were working fine, but the web site was down. So those who had access to their Gmail account via IMAP and POP, were in luck.
Anyway, Twitter was going wild with "is gmail down" tweets. But the forums were going wild as well.
Forum discussion at Google Web Search Help, Gmail Help, DigitalPoint Forums, WebmasterWorld and so many more I didn't list here.
Previous story: Daily Search Forum Recap: September 1, 2009
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Person:Adelaide of Aquitaine (1)
Adelaide , Princess of Aquitaine
Facts and Events
Name Adelaide , Princess of Aquitaine
Alt Name , de Poitou
Alt Name Adele
Alt Name Adela
Gender Female
Birth? 945 Aquitaine, France
Alt Birth? abt 0952 Poitiers, Vienne, France"of Poitou"
Alt Birth? abt 0952 Bayern, Germany
Other? House of Ramnulfids
Marriage 0968 Paris,Seine,,Franceto Hugues , de Paris, Roi de France
Death[1] 1004 Paris, Paris, France
Ancestral File Number 9G85-RQ
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Adbelahide or Adele or Adelaide of Aquitaine (or Adelaide of Poitiers) (c. 945 or 952 – 1004) was the daughter of William III, Duke of Aquitaine and Adele of Normandy, daughter of Rollo of Normandy.
Her father used her as security for a truce with Hugh Capet, whom she married in 969. In 987, after the death of Louis V, the last Carolingian king of France, Hugh was elected the new king with Adelaide as queen. They were proclaimed at Senlis and blessed at Noyon. They were the founders of the Capetian dynasty of France.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Adelaide of Aquitaine. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
Disputed Lineages
The attribution of Otto of Germany and Adelheide of Italy as parents for Adelaide of Aquitaine appears to be incorrect.
References
1. Adelaide of Aquitaine, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (Online: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.).
2. Roberts, Gary Boyd. Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants. (Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore, 2004), p. 548.
3. Adélaïde, in Baldwin, Stewart, and Todd Farmerie. The Henry Project (King Henry II ): Ancestors of King Henry II.
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Place:Lake Shore, Utah, Utah, United States
Watchers
NameLake Shore
TypeCensus-designated place
Coordinates40.125°N 111.735°W
Located inUtah, Utah, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Lake Shore is a census-designated place (CDP) in Utah County, Utah, United States. It is part of the ProvoOrem Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 817 at the 2010 census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Lake Shore, Utah. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Looking for a Store/Retail Deal? Search here.
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Sunday, July 22, 2012
Vera Bradley 25% - 60% Off Select Colors - Tote $19.60 (Reg $49) + $20 off $75 Exp 7/22
Vera Bradley is offering 60% off everything in their Lemon Parfait collection Exp 7/22. This Tote would be only $19.60 (Reg $49).
They also have the Viva La Vera collection for 50% off, Plum Petals for 40% off and Vera Vera Microfiber for 25% off Exp 7/22.
As a bonus, you can get $20 off a $75 purchase with Coupon Code VBPREP Exp 7/23. Shipping is Free on orders over $100 Exp 7/22.
Don’t want to miss a single deal? Go here to get Hot Deals sent directly to your Inbox! Thanks for joining Your Retail Helper.
This post may contain affiliate links. Go here to see our full Disclosure Statement.
Copyright Information
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. THIS WORK BY YOUR RETAIL HELPER IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE. YOU ARE FREE TO USE ANY INFORMATION FOUND ON THIS SITE AS LONG AS PROPER CREDIT IS GIVEN TO YOUR RETAIL HELPER AND A LINK BACK IS PROVIDED. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT US.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5302.0 - Balance of Payments, Australia, Sep 1990
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/11/1990
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Continued by: Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia
Previously Balance of Payments
Provides detailed quarterly balance of payments tables on current and capital transactions for the latest 10 quarters, including seasonally adjusted, trend and constant price estimates of the current account. Also contains longer term historical series, data on exchange rates, analytical comment, graphs of principal balance of payments aggregates and reconciliations of foreign trade statistics and levels of official reserve assets with balance of payments data. Also includes articles of interest and a list of such articles published in recent balance of payments, foreign investment and foreign trade publications.
This publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software. This provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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I have been employed in a small web agency for about 2 years now and I'm a tech guy. About 6 months ago one of the project managers started talking to me about an idea and suddenly(with the support of the ceo) we started building it. I'm the only developer involved(I can be called CTO), I basically build everything from a vague initial idea, making significant contribution to the whole project. I worked almost full time (80-90% of my time) at this project being paid the same salary as employee of the company before the project started. We are now in a final stage and we have several investors and vc's interested.
I would like to know what could it be a fair equity for my position
Thanks a lot.
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I would like to know what could it be a fair equity for my position
"Fair" is such a big word. I don't know if anyone can tell you what is "fair" in this context.
What you are legally entitled to is easier to answer. Sorry to be harsh, but as I read it, you're not legally entitled to any ownership. You were a salaried employee all along, you had your full salary while working as a developer for the parent company, and there was never any agreement (written or verbal) that you would have ownership.
Then what would be good for business is another matter. If the CEO etc are impressed by you, they should want to offer you "golden handcuffs" to keep you motivated and keep you from moving to another company. By "golden handcuffs" I mean something like an options program, where ownership is given over time, contingent on your ongoing employment.
As for the size of these "golden handcuffs", it's really down to what you can negotiate in the situation. IMHO there are no clear-cut guidelines for pre-Series A companies. Have a look through some of the past discussions here to get an idea, but IMHO there is no clear external benchmark value you can apply to your situation.
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France’s absolutism and strictly enforced mercantilism put it out of the running as a leading nation in industrial or economic growth, despite that its early industrial development had seemed promising and that its population was six times that of England. FULL ARTICLE by Murray N. Rothbard
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Research article
Takayasu's arteritis is associated with HLA-B*52, but not with HLA-B*51, in Turkey
Ziver Sahin1, Muge Bıcakcıgil2, Kenan Aksu3, Sevil Kamali4, Servet Akar5, Fatos Onen5, Omer Karadag6, Zeynep Ozbalkan7, Askin Ates7, Huseyin TE Ozer8, Vuslat Yilmaz1, Emire Seyahi9, Mehmet A Ozturk10, Ayse Cefle11, Veli Cobankara12, A Mesut Onat13, Ercan Tunc14, Nursen Düzgün15, Sibel Z Aydin16, Neslihan Yilmaz16, İzzet Fresko9, Yasar Karaaslan7, Sedat Kiraz6, Nurullah Akkoc5, Murat Inanc4, Gokhan Keser3, F Aytul Uyar1, Haner Direskeneli16*, Güher Saruhan-Direskeneli1 and the Turkish Takayasu Study Group
Author affiliations
1 Department of Physiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Capa 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
2 Department of Rheumatology, Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Cad No:102/104, Kozyatagı 34752, Istanbul, Turkey
3 Department of Rheumatology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Asfalti Uzeri, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Turkey
4 Department of Rheumatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Capa 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
5 Department of Rheumatology, Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Saglık Yerleskesi, Inciraltı 35340, Izmir, Turkey
6 Department of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Sihhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
7 Department of Rheumatology, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Talatpasa Bulvarı, No:5, Altındag 06100, Ankara, Turkey
8 Department of Rheumatology, Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Balcalı, Sarıcam 01330, Adana, Turkey
9 Department of Rheumatology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Kocamustafapaşa Cad. No: 124, Cerrahpaşa 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
10 Department of Rheumatology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Besevler 06500, Ankara, Turkey
11 Department of Rheumatology, Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Eski İstanbul Yolu, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
12 Department of Rheumatology, Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Üniversite Caddesi Kınıklı Kampüsü 20020, Denizli, Turkey
13 Department of Rheumatology, Gaziantep University, Faculty of Medicine, Sahinbey Araştırma Hastanesi 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey
14 Department of Rheumatology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Doğu Kampüsü Morfoloji Binası Kat:2 32260, Isparta, Turkey
15 Department of Rheumatology, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Morfoloji Yerleşkesi, Sıhhıye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
16 Department of Rheumatology, Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Mimar Sinan Caddesi, No: 41, Pendik 34890, Istanbul, Turkey
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012, 14:R27 doi:10.1186/ar3730
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/14/1/R27
Received:17 September 2011
Revisions received:12 January 2012
Accepted:6 February 2012
Published:6 February 2012
© 2012 Sahin et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Introduction
HLA-B*51 and HLA-B*52 are two close human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele groups with minor amino acid differences. However, they are associated with two different vasculitides (HLA-B*51 in Behçet's disease and HLA-B*52 in Takayasu's arteritis (TAK)) and with major clinical and immunological differences. In this study, we aimed to screen a large cohort of TAK patients from Turkey for the presence of HLA-B*51 and HLA-B*52 as susceptibility and severity factors.
Methods
TAK patients (n = 330) followed at a total of 15 centers were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 37.8 years, and 86% were women. DNA samples from the patients and healthy controls (HC; n = 210) were isolated, and the presence of HLA-B*51 or HLA-B*52 was screened for by using PCR with sequence-specific primers.
Results
We found a significant association of HLA-B*52 with TAK (20.9% vs HC = 6.7%, P = 0.000, OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 2.02 to 6.77). The distribution of HLA-B*51 did not differ between TAK patients and HCs (22.7% vs 24.8%, OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.60 to 1.34). The presence of HLA-B*52 decreased in late-onset patients (> 40 years of age; 12.0%, P = 0.024, OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.91). Patients with angiographic type I disease with limited aortic involvement also had a lower presence of HLA-B*52 compared to those with all other disease subtypes (13.1% vs 26%, P = 0.005, OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.78).
Conclusions
In this study, the previously reported association of TAK with HLA-B*52 in other populations was confirmed in patients from Turkey. The functional relevance of HLA-B*52 in TAK pathogenesis needs to be explored further.
Introduction
Takayasu's arteritis (TAK), also known as "pulseless disease," is a chronic granulomatous panarteritis characterized by the involvement of large vessels, especially the aorta and its major branches [1,2]. Although the etiology of TAK is still unknown, infectious agents, genetic factors and autoimmunity are thought to play a major role in its pathogenesis [3]. Cell-mediated autoimmunity has been implicated in the physiopathology of vascular cell injury in TAK. In addition to γδ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, tissue specimens from the aortas of TAK patients are infiltrated with T cells that have a restricted T-cell repertoire, which is typical of antigen-induced proliferation [4-6].
Evidences of genetic susceptibility to TAK have previously been demonstrated for SNPs of cytokine genes such as IL-2, IL-6 and IL-12 and the NFKBIL1 promoter region [7,8], but not with autoimmunity associated genes such as PTPN22 [9] and PDCD1 [10]. Genes encoding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are highly polymorphic, show remarkable ethnic and geographic differences in allele and haplotype frequencies and are natural candidates for genetic susceptibility to immune and inflammatory diseases. Although some associations with class II alleles such as HLA-DRB*1301 have been reported, studies from mainly East Asian countries have demonstrated HLA-B*52 as the main risk factor in the HLA region [11,12]. However, this association has not been confirmed in North American and Arab populations [13,14].
HLA-B*51 and HLA-B*52 are two HLA-B allele groups with only two amino acid differences [15]. However, HLA-B*51 is associated with a phenotypically separate vasculitis, namely, Behçet's disease [16]. Previously, associations of both major HLA-B subtypes HLA-B*51 and HLA-B*52 with TAK have been shown only in an Indian population [17]. On the basis of this background, we screened patients with TAK in Turkey for the presence of HLA-B*51 and HLA-B*52.
Materials and methods
The study was designed as a case-control study. We enrolled 330 patients with TAK (42 men and 288 women, mean age 38.9 ± 12.2 years) of mixed ethnic origin from Turkey. The patients were referred from 15 tertiary university and state hospital rheumatology centers in Turkey. Patients were classified according to the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for TAK [18]. According to the angiographic classification scheme defined at the International Conference on Takayasu's Arteritis in Tokyo, 39.4% (n = 130) of the patients had type I vessel involvement, 6.4% had type IIa (n = 21), 2.7% had type IIb (n = 9), 3.9% had type III (n = 13), 4.5% had type IV (n = 15) and 43% had type V (n = 142) [19]. A surgical procedure was performed in 21.1% of the patients, with 11.6% done after immunosuppressive (IS) therapy. Patients with late-onset (> 40 years of age) disease was present in 23.8% of the patients. Corticosteroid treatment was given to 95% of the patients, standard first-line ISs (methotrexate, azatioprine, leflunomide or cyclophosphamide) were administered to 94.5% and second-line ISs (TNF antagonists) were given to 3.5%.
To evaluate HLA-disease phenotype associations, our study group proposed a consensus definition of "refractory disease" for TAK. Patients with "angiographic or clinical progression despite treatment" or any of the following characteristics were accepted to have "refractory" disease: corticosteroid dose > 7.5 mg/day after 6 months of treatment, despite the administration of conventional ISs (methotrexate, azatioprine, leflunomide or cyclophosphamide); new surgery due to persistent disease activity; frequent attacks (more than three yearly); or death associated with disease activity. On the basis of this definition, 27.4% (n = 114) of the patients with sufficient follow-up for analysis had refractory disease. Eighteen patients (5.9%) died during follow-up.
A total of 210 healthy blood donors (97 men and 113 women, mean age 32.2 ± 10.9 years) with the same mixed ethnic origin from Turkey were recruited for participation as healthy controls (HCs). All patients and controls were enrolled with the approval of the Marmara University Medical School Local Ethics Committee and provided their informed consent.
Genotyping
For genotyping, cellular DNA was isolated from peripheral blood using standard procedures. For the determination of HLA-B*52 and HLA-B*51 alleles, DNA was amplified using the forward primers HLA 192 and HLA 193, respectively, and reverse primer HLA 216 (for both) for the specific product with another pair of primers was used as a control product [20]. PCR amplification was carried out in NH4 buffer with 1.3 mM MgCl2, 0.2 μM deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 0.5 μM of each primer, 60 ng of genomic DNA and 1 IU of Taq polymerase. The cycling parameters were as follows: an initial denaturation step of 2 minutes at 95°C; 5 cycles of 20 seconds at 95°C, 60 seconds at 64°C and 20 seconds at 72°C followed by 25 cycles of 20 seconds at 95°C, 60 seconds at 63°C and 20 seconds at 72°C; and a final extension step of 2 minutes at 72°C. Products were run on 1.5% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide.
Statistical analysis
HLA alleles in TAK patients were compared with those of the HCs and within the patient group. The strength of the association was expressed by the OR, and the statistical significance was examined by χ2 test.
Results
We found a significant association of HLA-B*52 with TAK (20.9% of patients (69 of 330) vs 6.7% of HCs (14 of 210), P = 0.000, OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 2.02 to 6.77). The association of HLA-B*52 with TAK was noted in women (21.5% vs 7.1%, P = 0.000, OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.66 to 7.79), but did not reach significance in men (16.7% vs 6.2%, P = 0.063). The distribution of HLA-B*51 did not differ between TAK patients and controls (22.7% of patients (75 of 330) vs 24.8% of HCs (52 of 210), P = 0.3, OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.60 to 1.34).
When we investigated HLA-B*52 presence according to the onset of disease, a decreased presence of HLA-B*52 was observed in late-onset patients (> 40 years of age) (early onset 24.2% vs late onset 12.0%, P = 0.024, OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.91) (Table 1). We then investigated whether the presence of HLA-B*52 affects the disease phenotype. Although we observed that the frequency of HLA-B*52 was significantly higher in all disease subtypes than in HCs, a lower presence of HLA-B*52 was present in patients with type I disease (13.1%) (P = 0.005, OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.24 to 0.78) compared to all other types of vessel involvement (types IIa through V, 26%). Although the finding did not reach statistical significance, patients defined as having refractory disease also seemed to have a stronger association with HLA-B*52 (refractory 27.4% vs nonrefractory 18.1%, P = 0.84, OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 0.97 to 2.93). No association of surgery and IS drug requirement after surgery with HLA-B*52 presence was present (surgery HLA-B*52 13.6% vs 21.6%, P = 0.092, OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.24 to 1.09; IS after surgery HLA-B*52 19.4% vs 21.6, P = 1.0). No association of HLA-B*51 presence was observed with gender, age, disease phenotype, treatment or any other clinical feature of TAK (Table 1).
Table 1. Distribution of HLA-B*51 and HLA-B*52 allele groups in healthy controls and Takayasu's arteritis patientsa
Discussion
Researchers in various previous studies have demonstrated a strong association of HLA-B*52 in TAK. Our first study from Turkey, with a relatively large sample, has confirmed this association. No association of HLA-B*51 with TAK was present in this series.
The highest presence of HLA-B*52 in TAK was previously reported in a Japanese population (41%, RR = 2.2) [11]. In Japan, HLA-B*52 is also associated with aortic insufficiency, ischemic heart disease and pulmonary involvement [21]. We observed no association with these clinical features in our series. However, the routine use of ISs in our patients might have affected our results. Features of a more severe and refractory disease are also associated with HLA-B*52 presence in Japan: higher blood pressure, acute phase response and corticosteroid requirement [22,23]. Interestingly, we also observed a mild association of HLA-B*52 with more extensive aortic disease and refractoriness to treatment, which might suggest an association of HLA-B*52 with a more severe disease spectrum.
Studies from East Asian countries such as Korea, Thailand and India confirmed a HLA-B*52 association with TAK, though usually with a lower prevalence than Japan (Thailand and Korea both 15%) [12,24]. The lower presence of HLA-B*52 in patients with TAK might be associated with the lower prevalence in the background HCs (HLA-B*52 in HCs in Japan 23%, in Thailand 2.3% and in Turkey 6.7%). Association of HLA-B*52 with TAK has also been reported in other ethnic groups, such as Mexicans and Greeks [25,26]. Lack of association in North America and Arab populations requires confirmatory studies, as the number of samples has been too low in these studies to draw any conclusions [13,14].
Late-onset TAK (> 40 years of age) poses difficulties in the differential diagnosis from giant cell arteritis (GCA), and the two diseases are suggested to be a continuum with overlapping features [27]. In this context, HLA-B*52 might be a specific genetic susceptibility factor for classic early-onset TAK, as no association of GCA with HLA-B*52 has been reported previously [28].
Associations with other HLA genes in patients from Korea (HLA-A*3001, HLA-DRB1*1502) and Mexico (HLA-DRB1*1301) have also been reported; however, they have not been confirmed in other populations [29,30]. Although regions close to HLA-B, such as major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A, have also been investigated for linkage disequilibrium in Japan, no further association has been confirmed [31]. An association of HLA-B*3901 with TAK has also been reported in studies conducted in Japan and Mexico [32,33]. However, this association has not been confirmed in India, Greece or Korea [17,26,29]. We also previously looked at HLA-B*39 in a subset of our population and observed no association with TAK (2.9% vs. 3.6%) (unpublished observation, M. Bicakcigil, et al).
The lack of association of HLA-B*51 with TAK, a granulomatous vasculitis, has important implications for the pathogenesis of TAK. As HLA-B*51 (a very common allele in Turkey) is associated only with Behçet's disease, an inflammatory disease involving the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, peptide-binding differences of HLA-B*51 and HLA-B*52 seem to predispose patients to very different clinical phenotypes of vasculitis [34]. Moreover, the association of HLA-B*52 seem to be weaker in Turkish TAK patients compared to the HLA-B*51-Behçet's association, suggesting that other genetic factors might have a larger effect on disease susceptibility in TAK [35].
Our study has some limitations. All patients were followed in tertiary centers and may reflect a more severe disease spectrum. As TAK is a rare disease, however, we think that most patients suspected or diagnosed as having TAK are referred to specialized centers in Turkey. The gender ratio among TAK patients and HCs was not well-matched in our study. Finally, we chose to study only the HLA-B types previously associated with TAK, and other alleles need to be studied as well.
Conclusion
We have confirmed the association of the HLA-B*52 allele with TAK in patients in Turkey. The negative association with late-onset and milder forms of the disease needs to be confirmed in other populations.
Abbreviations
GCA: giant cell arteritis; HC: healthy control; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; IS: immunosuppressive; NK: natural killer; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; SSP: sequence-specific primer; TAK: Takayasu's arteritis; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
ZS participated in patient data collection, performed genotyping, interpreted and analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. MB participated in design of the study, sample and data collection and genotyping. KA, SK, SA, FO, OK, ZO, AA, HTEO, ES, MAO, AC, VC, AMO, ET, ND, SZA, NY, IF, YK, SK NA, MI and GK participated in sample and data collection from the patient group, interpretation of the data and manuscript preparation. VY and FAU participated in sample and data collection from healthy controls and in genotyping. HD and GSD designed and coordinated the study, analyzed and interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.
Acknowledgements
This study is funded by Istanbul (BAP) and Marmara University (BAPKO) Research Funds. The authors thank G Mumcu for her assistance with statistical analysis.
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Int Immunol 1995, 7:223-228. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
16. Remmers EF, Cosan F, Kirino Y, Ombrello MJ, Abaci N, Satorius C, Le JM, Yang B, Korman BD, Cakiris A, Aglar O, Emrence Z, Azakli H, Ustek D, Tugal-Tutkun I, Akman-Demir G, Chen W, Amos CI, Dizon MB, Kose AA, Azizlerli G, Erer B, Brand OJ, Kaklamani VG, Kaklamanis P, Ben-Chetrit E, Stanford M, Fortune F, Ghabra M, Ollier WE, et al.: Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the MHC class I, IL10, and IL23R-IL12RB2 regions associated with Behçet's disease.
Nat Genet 2010, 42:698-702. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
17. Mehra NK, Jaini R, Balamurugan A, Kanga U, Prabhakaran D, Jain S, Talwar KK, Sharma BK: Immunogenetic analysis of Takayasu arteritis in Indian patients.
Int J Cardiol 1998, 66(Suppl 1):S127-S133. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA, Hunder GG, Calabrese LH, Edworthy SM, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY, Lie JT, Lightfoot RW Jr, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Mills JA, Stevens MB, Wallace SL, Zvaifler NJ: The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis.
Arthritis Rheum 1990, 33:1129-1134. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. Hata A, Noda M, Moriwaki R, Numano F: Angiographic findings of Takayasu arteritis: new classification.
Int J Cardiol 1996, 54:S155-S163. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Bunce M, O'Neill CM, Barnardo MC, Krausa P, Browning MJ, Morris PJ, Welsh KI: Phototyping: comprehensive DNA typing for HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5 & DQB1 by PCR with 144 primer mixes utilizing sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP).
Tissue Antigens 1995, 46:355-367. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
21. Kitamura H, Kobayashi Y, Kimura A, Numano F: Association of clinical manifestations with HLA-B alleles in Takayasu arteritis.
Int J Cardiol 1998, 66(Suppl 1):S121-S126. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22. Moriwaki R, Numano F: Takayasu arteritis: follow-up studies for 20 years.
Heart Vessels Suppl 1992, 7:138-145. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23. Numano F, Ohta N, Sasazuki T: HLA and clinical manifestations in Takayasu disease.
Jpn Circ J 1982, 46:184-189. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
24. Yajima M, Moriwaki R, Numano F, Park YB, Cho YD: Comparative studies between Japanese and Korean patients: comparison of the findings of angiography, HLA-Bw52, and clinical manifestations.
Heart Vessels Suppl 1992, 7:102-105. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
25. Vargas-Alarcón G, Flores-Domínguez C, Hernández-Pacheco G, Zuñiga J, Gamboa R, Soto ME, Granados J, Reyes PA: Immunogenetics and clinical aspects of Takayasu's arteritis patients in a Mexican Mestizo population.
Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001, 19:439-443. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
26. Karageorgaki ZT, Bertsias GK, Mavragani CP, Kritikos HD, Spyropoulou-Vlachou M, Drosos AA, Boumpas DT, Moutsopoulos HM: Takayasu arteritis: epidemiological, clinical, and immunogenetic features in Greece.
Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009, 27(1 Suppl 52):S33-S39. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Clark TM, Hoffman GS: Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis: a spectrum within the same disease?
Medicine (Baltimore) 2009, 88:221-226. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
28. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Rueda B, Vilchez JR, Lopez-Nevot MA, Robledo G, Ruiz MP, Fernández O, Garcia-Porrua C, Gonzalez-Escribano MF, Martín J: Contribution of MHC class I region to genetic susceptibility for giant cell arteritis.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007, 46:431-434. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
29. Lee SW, Kwon OJ, Park MC, Oh HB, Park YB, Lee SK: HLA alleles in Korean patients with Takayasu arteritis.
Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007, 25:S18-S22. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30. Girona E, Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Cutiño T, Reyes P, Vargas-Alarcón G, Granados J, Alarcón-Segovia D: HLA-DR6 (possibly DRB1*1301) is associated with susceptibility to Takayasu arteritis in Mexicans.
Heart Vessels 1996, 11:277-280. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
31. Kimura A, Kobayashi Y, Takahashi M, Ohbuchi N, Kitamura H, Nakamura T, Satoh M, Sasaoka T, Hiroi S, Arimura T, Akai J, Aerbajinai W, Yasukochi Y, Numano F: MICA gene polymorphism in Takayasu's arteritis and Buerger's disease.
Int J Cardiol 1998, 66(Suppl 1):S107-S113. PubMed Abstract
32. Yoshida M, Kimura A, Katsuragi K, Numano F, Sasazuki T: DNA typing of HLA-B gene in Takayasu's arteritis.
Tissue Antigens 1993, 42:87-90. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
33. Vargas-Alarcón G, Zuñiga J, Gamboa R, Hernández-Pacheco G, Hesiquio R, Crúz D, Martínez-Baños D, Portal-Celhay C, Granados J, Reyes P: DNA sequencing of HLA-B alleles in Mexican patients with Takayasu arteritis.
Int J Cardiol 2000, 75(Suppl 1):S117-S122. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
34. Direskeneli H: Autoimmunity vs autoinflammation in Behçet's disease: do we oversimplify a complex disorder?
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006, 45:1461-1465. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
35. Gül A, Uyar FA, Inanc M, Ocal L, Tugal-Tutkun I, Aral O, Koniçe M, Saruhan-Direskeneli G: Lack of association of HLA-B*51 with a severe disease course in Behçet's disease.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001, 40:668-672. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Name source
Australian Faunal Directory
Rank
species
Data links
LSID
JSON / WMS/ RDF
Life Science Identifier (LSID):
urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:87c51c8a-a62a-4e68-9597-a0579838f746
LSIDs are persistent, location-independent,resource identifiers for uniquely naming biologically significant resources including species names, concepts, occurrences, genes or proteins, or data objects that encode information about them. To put it simply, LSIDs are a way to identify and locate pieces of biological information on the web.
Data Links
JSON
For a JSON view of this data, click here
WMS
To use WMS services, copy and paste the following GetCapabilities URL into your OGC client (e.g. uDIG, ESRI ArcGIS)
http://biocache.ala.org.au/ws/ogc/ows?q=species:Amphiprion percula
For higher taxa, this will give you a hierarchical listing of layers for each taxon.
RDF
To download an RDF/XML document for the concepts and names click here
A JSON view of this information is here here
A html view of this information is here here
Further details
For more details on occurrence webservices, click here
For more details on names webservices, click here
Species presence
Recorded In Australia
Marine Habitats
Occurrence records map
View records list Map & analyse records
• Source: Australian National Fish Collection Images
Image by: J.E. Randall
Rights: J.E. Randall
Description
The Clown Anemonefish can be recognised by its orange colour with three white bars (the middle bar usually has a rounded bulge anteriorly) and black markings on the fins. source: Australian Museum Factsheets
The Amphiron percula can grow to be 11cm in length, but is on average 8cm, and can be recognized by three white lines across their bright orange bodies, with no distinction in color between sexes. The anterior white bar is placed just behind the eye; the middle bar goes straight down the middle of the fish; and the posterior bar occurs near the caudal fin. ... source: Wikipedia
Online resources
Names and sources
Accepted name Source
Amphiprion percula
Synonyms
Synonyms Source
Lutjanus percula Lacépède, 1802
Published in: Lacépède, B.G. 1802. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons Paris : chez Plassan Vol. 4 pp. 728 pp. 16 pls
Common Names
Common name Source
Eastern Clown Anemonefish
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Clown Anemonefish
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Clown Fish
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Orange Anemone-fish
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Orange Clown Fish
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Blackfinned Clownfish
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Eastern Clownfish
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Orange Clownfish
Is this a preferred common name for this species? YES | NO
Working classification
kingdom
ANIMALIA
phylum
CHORDATA
subphylum
VERTEBRATA
suprageneric
GNATHOSTOMATA
suprageneric
PISCES
class
ACTINOPTERYGII
subphylum
EUTELEOSTEI
superorder
ACANTHOPTERYGII
order
PERCIFORMES
suborder
LABROIDEI
family
POMACENTRIDAE
genus
Amphiprion
species
Amphiprion percula
Occurrence records
View list of all occurrence records for this taxon
Charts showing breakdown of occurrence records
Hint: click on chart elements to view that subset of records
Name references found in the Biodiversity Heritage Library
Name references found in the TROVE - NLA
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Design and Applications of the Circuit of Keyboard Display in Detecting Axle’s Temperature System
Guilin Lu
Abstract
The technology of detecting axle’s temperature with infrared rays is a new kind of scientific product which plays an important part in the indemnity system of railway rolling stock, The circuit of keyboard and display is a man-machine interactive technology,which is composed of Chip 8279,LED digital display and correlative instruments.Coordinated by Chip 8279,LED digital display perform to read keyboard numerical values and display memory address ; power self-check is accomplished by the Voltage compare device in the circuit;the calendar clock chip 5832 makes the clock display possible. Experimental results accomplished with parameter show that the design of hardware and software is applicable to Infrared Rays System
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Computer and Information Science ISSN 1913-8989 (Print) ISSN 1913-8997 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization
About: Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization
Module by: Charles A. Bouman. E-mail the author
View the content: Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization
Metadata
Name: Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization
ID: m18085
Language: English (en)
Subject: Science and Technology
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Charles A. Bouman (bouman@purdue.edu)
Copyright Holders: Charles A. Bouman (bouman@purdue.edu)
Maintainers: Charles A. Bouman (bouman@purdue.edu), Daniel Williamson (dcwill@cnx.org), S. Jordan Kisner (kisner@ecn.purdue.edu)
Latest version: 1.3 (history)
First publication date: Jul 30, 2008 12:46 pm -0500
Last revision to module: Sep 17, 2009 2:45 pm -0500
Downloads
PDF: m18085_1.3.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m18085_1.3.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m18085_1.3.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m18085_1.3.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.3 Sep 17, 2009 2:45 pm -0500 by Daniel Williamson
Changes:
added google analytics tracking code
Version: 1.2 Oct 24, 2008 2:46 pm -0500 by S. Jordan Kisner
Changes:
Changed title. Assigned category.
Version: 1.1 Oct 24, 2008 1:25 pm -0500 by Charles A. Bouman
Changes:
This is the initial distribution of the content.
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 2.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Charles A. Bouman
• the title of the work: Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m18085/1.3/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 2.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Bouman, C. Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m18085/1.3/, Sep 17, 2009.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Bouman C. Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization [Connexions Web site]. September 17, 2009. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m18085/1.3/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Bouman, C. (2009, September 17). Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m18085/1.3/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Bouman, Charles A.. "Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization." Connexions. September 17, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m18085/1.3/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Charles A. Bouman, "Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization," Connexions, September 17, 2009, http://cnx.org/content/m18085/1.3/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Bouman, C. 2009. Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization. Connexions, September 17, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m18085/1.3/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Bouman, Charles A.. Lab 8 - Number Representation and Quantization. Connexions. 17 Sep. 2009 <http://cnx.org/content/m18085/1.3/>.
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92648
$100 Human Genome Sequencing Within Sight?
The article also addresses how we will think, will we choose different mates? Will the selection of partners we choose involve looking at the DNA of a potential partner to influence one's choice...what type of children would a couple want to bring in to the world and what DNA will they have...could be an issue with emotional involvement with one's partner...gee I really love and care for this person, BUT, their DNA doesn't match up.."I'll be bringing a child in to the world that will have the potential of being bi-polar" for a simple example...so what do you do? Does one bypass the emotional bond and make a decision to forego what they feel in their heart is a potential mate who will be a life time partner?
One other scenario, will people lie about their DNA or simply go to a donor sperm bank to find what they are looking for with DNA so they can reproduce a sibling with the desired personality desired? Will your lifetime potential mate be compared to sperms and eggs at the donor bank? Is there something a little bit inhuman about this process...well if you are from the same generation as myself, I think you might tend to agree that this entire scenario is ripping apart the human culture as we have known it for years, but yet we can't ignore what is taking place as the technology continues to grow...how will your siblings choose their mates and what choices do they have at hand...does this make sense? I guess you could still choose a mate and then opt for the sperm and egg bank as well, but it sure sounds like a cold and calculating process...and in my opinion it further impacts the emotion bonds we have as humans and tends to overshadow the compassion and love that basically makes the world go around...do we need to elevate to this level and make the process of choosing a mate a complicated and calculated process?
On a story posted last week, there is technology out there for sale for $150,000 to create the DNA process and if the product is successful and many purchase, the price of a DNA sequence could have the potential of reaching the $100.00 mark, along with the technology referenced in the article below...
My opinions only, but things are changing around us rapidly and we need to at least have an awareness and not count on being bliss in the future...bring on the counselors if we can find them...BD
Long time readers know that I expect much more rapid advances in biotechnology because biological research is coming to resemble the computer industry with miniature lab devices designed for low cost mass manufacture and automated use. The devices operate on biological systems at the scale of individual cells and molecules. Here's another example of how much this trend cuts costs and speeds progress. Microfluidic devices will enable personal complete DNA sequencing for only $100.
It currently costs roughly $60,000 to sequence a human genome, and a handful of research groups are hoping to achieve a $1,000 genome within the next three years. But two companies, Complete Genomics and BioNanomatrix, are collaborating to create a novel approach that would sequence your genome for less than the price of a nice pair of jeans--and the technology could read the complete genome in a single workday. "It would have been absolutely impossible to think about this project 10 years ago," says Radoje Drmanac, chief scientific officer at Complete Genomics, which is based in Mountain View, CA.
FuturePundit: $100 Human Genome Sequencing Within Sight?
Source: http://scienceroll.com/2008/04/26/personalized-genetics-towards-the-100-genome/
Reactions:
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Ttc Program Usage Guide
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 21:54, 12 December 2012 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Overview
This document describes the program ttc, which is a tool for developing Linux for embedded systems.
ttc is intended to be used in a host/target development configuration, where one machine is the development host where software is configured and built, and one or more machines are targets where software is executed. This is the most common configuration for embedded systems programming. The ttc program is run on the host system in order to build software and interact with target machines in a common way.
The ttc program can be run interactively, or as part of an automated session. The purpose of target is to make it so that the same commands can be used to build software and manipulate different target machines, independent of differences in the configuration and setup of the machines. Certain details of operation are hidden from the user by the ttc command. This makes it possible to perform the same operations on different target boards, using the same set of ttc commands.
When the ttc program runs, it reads the configuration file "/etc/ttc.conf". Usually, it looks up the target to act upon (which is specified either on the command line or in the environment), then sets up the environment for the desired sub-command. (The set of supported sub-commands is listed below in the section "Commands".) Finally, using the attributes specified in the configuration file, ttc executes the specified sub-command.
The different operations (or sub-commands) of ttc are intended to support the following major development activities related to a target:
• retrieving kernel source
• patching the kernel
• configuring the kernel for the target, including both:
• getting a default configuration for the target
• modifying individual configuration options
• building the kernel
• installing the kernel on the target
• rebooting the target machine
• accessing the console for the target
• copying files to and from the target
Note that there is NOT a one-to-one correspondence between the ttc sub-commands and the activities listed above. This is because once the environment is set up it is possible to perform some of these activities in a target-independent way using normal Linux commands (like "make" or "patch").
In reality, ttc is a rather thin wrapper program which sets up the environment and performs some common operations. The bulk of the "intelligence" (how to do the actual operations) is contained in the configuration file in the form of Unix shell commands.
In order to use ttc on your system, you need to install the software and edit the configuration file to match your host/target setup. You may also need to install various helper scripts, referenced in your ttc.conf file, in your PATH.
Theory of operation
The most important aspect of ttc is that it hides certain operational details from the user, so that common commands can be used to perform operations related to an embedded development board.
The things that ttc hides, include things such as:
• the location and name of the cross-compiler (and other toolchain programs)
• the version and location of the Linux kernel source code
• the menu location of kernel configuration options
• the method of installing the kernel on the target board
• the method of rebooting the target board
• the method of installing files to the file system of the target
These things must be set up on the host machine, and then the ttc configuration file must be written to take into account the specific settings for each target connected to the host.
Downloading 'ttc'
Download the tarball from one of the following links and follow the instructions in the README (and in this document).
Version Description Download Link
1.2.3 Public release as of Dec 12, 2012 File:Ttc-1.2.3.tgz
Installing 'ttc'
Copy ttc to /usr/local/bin. If you want to use any of the provided helper scripts on your system (ssh_exec, telnet_exec, powerswitch-cycle), you should put them somewhere on your search PATH. /usr/local/bin would be a good place to copy them to.
Configuring 'ttc'
In order to use 'ttc', you first need to set up the /etc/ttc.conf configuration file for the targets attached to your host machine. This is usually a relatively easy thing to do, but may require special hardware or software to provide the services that 'ttc' needs to access the board.
The syntax of the configuration file, and a description of the required contents, is in Appendix A. Also, a sample configuration file is provided, with definitions for several targets.
Using 'ttc'
You can use 'ttc' interactively from the Linux command line, or you can use it by running an automated test (which invokes target to perform various parts of the test.)
Commands
Command overview
Here is the list of sub-commands available for user with the target command.
Command Operation Notes
console Run a program to access the target console. .
cp Copy files to or from the target. .
get_config Install kernel config for target in the $KBUILD_OUTPUT directory assumes the current directory is top kernel source dir.
get_kernel Install kernel sources for target in the $KERNEL_SRC directory .
help Show this online help. .
info Show information about a target. .
kbuild Build kernel from source. assumes the current directory is the top kernel source dir.
kinstall Install kernel for use on target. assumes the current directory is the top kernel source dir.
list Show a list of available targets. .
login Run a program to perform a network login on the target. .
reboot Reboot (power on and off) target board. .
release Release a reservation of a target. .
reserve Reserve a target for use. .
reset Reset target board. .
rm Remove files from the target. .
run Run a command on the target, collecting it's output .
set_config Set an individual config option assumes the current directory is top kernel source dir
setenv Starts shell with environment for performing build and other operations .
status Show status of target, including reservations. not implemented yet (currently only shows reservation, but not board status)
vars Show information about environment vars used by 'ttc' .
version Show version information and exit. .
wait_for Wait for a condition to be true. command is executed on host (not on the target)
Use cases
Example 1: build and install a kernel and log on to the target to use it
A normal sequence of operations for an interactive user of ttc would be:
• get a list of targets connected to this host
• select a target to work on, and set up the environment for it
• get the kernel sources for a build
• (optionally) apply patches to the kernel sources
• get a (default) kernel configuration for this target
• set specific configuration options
• build the kernel, and install it
• reboot the target with the new kernel
• (optionally) put additional files on the target
• access the target console and do work
Here are the ttc commands one would use to accomplish this:
• get a list of targets connected to this host
$ ttc list
Targets on this host:
ebony
innovator
nut
osk
test
• select a target to work on, and set up environment for it
$ ttc ebony setenv
• get the kernel sources for a build
$ ttc get_kernel -o linux-test
$ cd linux-test
• (optionally) apply patches to the kernel sources
$ patch -p1 <../printk-times.patch
• get a default kernel configuration for this target
$ ttc get_config
• set specific configuration options
$ ttc set_config CONFIG_PRINTK_TIME==y
• build the kernel, and install it
$ ttc kbuild
$ ttc kinstall
• reboot the target with the new kernel
(either one of: On the target board, type "reboot":
$ reboot
or from the host, use:
$ ttc reset
• (optionally) put additional files on the target
$ ttc cp foo bar target:/tmp
$ ttc cp test.sh target_bin:
• login to the console and do some work
$ ttc console
<do interactive work on the target>
Commands
console
Runs a program to access the target console.
Usage: ttc [<target>] console
A program is run to provide interactive access to the target console. It is not possible to predict what program will be used. Often it is minicom, talking to a serial console on the target. But the access program could be something else, so no assumptions should be made. This command is not intended to support automated access to the target console. Use 'ttc run' for that.
cp
Copy files to or from the target.
Usage: ttc [<target>] cp <src1> [<src2> ...] <dest>
The last path specified determines the direction of the copy. Use the prefix "target:" to specify a filepath on the target. "target_bin:" can be used to put a file on the target in a directory on the PATH.
• Ex: ttc cp test_data test_data2 target:/tmp
• Ex: ttc cp test.sh target_bin:
get_config
Install kernel config for target in the $KBUILD_OUTPUT directory
Usage: ttc [<target>] get_config [-o <otherdir>]
Use -o to specify an alternate KBUILD_OUTPUT directory (default is '.') Assumes the current directory is the top kernel source dir.
get_kernel
Install kernel sources for target in the $KERNEL_SRC directory
Usage: ttc [<target>] get_kernel [-o <outputdir>]
Use -o to specify a specific output kernel source directory. The default output directory, if none is specified, is 'linux'.
help
Show the online help.
Usage: ttc help [<command>]
If a command is specified, show help Release a reservation of a target.and usage information for that command.
info
Show information about a target.
Usage ttc [<target>] info [-v] [-n <attr>]
Show information about a target. The '-v' (verbose) option will show all the attributes for the target (from the configuration file). Use the '-n' option to display the value of a single attribute, <attr>.
kinstall
Install kernel for use on target.
Usage: ttc [<target>] kinstall
Assumes the current directory is the top kernel source directory.
list
Show a list of available targets.
Usage: ttc list [-q]
Use -q for "quiet" mode. This suppresses extraneous output. The resulting list can be parsed more easily by other programs.
login
Run a program to perform a network login on the target.
Usage: ttc [<target>] login
reset
Reset target board.
Usage: ttc [<target>] login
rm
Remove files from the target.
Usage: ttc [<target>] rm <file1> [<file2>...]
run
Run a command on the target, and return it's output.
Usage: ttc [<target>] run "command <args>"
set_config
Set one or more individual config options
Usage: ttc [<target>] set_config [-o <outputdir>] <option-def> ...
Use -o to specify a non-default KBUILD_OUTPUT directory. (The default is '.' if none is specified in the environment or the target.conf file.)
Multiple <option-defs> may be specified with one command. Each <option-def> has the syntax: <option-name><operation><value>.i Operations are: '=' for assignment, and '+=' for a string append. Boolean or tristate values should be one of "y", "n", and "n". String values must be enclosed in quotes, which usually requires shell escaping of the quote characters (see below).
A backup is made of the .config file.
Examples:
• ttc set_config CONFIG_FOO=y
• ttc set_config CONFIG_BAR=n CONFIG_BAZ=1234
• ttc set_config "CONFIG_STR=\"foo bar\""
• ttc set_config "CONFIG_STR+=\" quiet\""
Assumes the current directory is the top kernel source dir.
setenv
Prepare environment for building for the target
Usage: ttc [<target>] setenv [-o >file]
This command starts a new shell, with an environment that is prepared for building for the target. That is, things like KBUILD_OUTPUT, CROSS_COMPILE, and ARCH are set in the environment, and PATH has been adjusted to include the appropriate toolchain directory.
When -o is used, no new sub-shell is started. Rather, -o causes target to output the required environment variables as a series of shell export statements. These can be 'sourced' into the current shell rather than starting a new sub-shell.
• Ex: ttc ebony setenv -o >foo ; source foo
status
Show status of target, including reservations.
Usage: ttc [<target>] status
This command shows the the status of the indicated target. The full command for showing status is not implemented yet. Currently, this command shows the reservation status of the target, but not any online/network/booted status for the target board.
version
Show version information and exit.
Usage: ttc version
wait_for
Wait for a condition to be true.
Usage: ttc [<target>] wait_for [-i <interval>] [-t <timeout>] <command> The command is run periodically until it returns 0. By default, the interval between executing the command is 5 seconds. Use -i to specify a different interval, and -t to specify a maximum time to wait. Both are expressed in seconds.
• Ex: ttc wait_for -i 2 -t 100 "test -f /target/ebony/tmp/outfile"
This will check every two seconds to see if /target/ebony/tmp/outfile exists, waiting no longer than 100 seconds total. The exit code from of 'ttc' is the exit code of the last invocation of the command (0 on success).
Note that this command operates on the host. The above example would be most useful for an 'ebony' target with an NFS-mounted root filesystem that had "/tmp" on the target mapped to "/target/ebony/tmp" on the host. If you need to run a command on the target, you can use 'ttc run' for that. Some similar to the above, but running a command on the target to check for the presence of a file would be:
• Ex: ttc wait_for -i 2 -t 100 "ttc run \"test -f /tmp/outfile\""
Automated use of 'ttc'
interactive vs. automated use
Some tricks for automated use:
Use the -o option with "ttc setenv" to output the environment variables to a file, then source that file in the current environment This solves the problem of setting environment variables in the current shell, rather than in a sub-shell started via "ttc". Here's a line which does this:
ttc foo setenv -o >tmp ; source tmp ; rm tmp ; make $kimage
Appendix A: Configuration file specification
The configuration file for ttc is named "ttc.conf", and is located in the /etc directory.
This file contains a list of the targets attached to this host, and their attributes. An attribute can be a static data value, such as the name of the target, its description, or its IP address. Or an attribute can be a list of one or more commands that perform an operation related to the target.
The file contains a list of name-value pairs. It supports single-line and multi-line values. A single-line name-value pair has the syntax:
name==value
A multi-line name-value pair has the syntax:
name=="""first line
second line
etc."""
In other words, three double-quotes are used to denote the start and end of a multi-line value.
Lines starting with a '#' are comments.
The file is divided into sections, one for each target described. Each section begins with a target declaration, of the form: "target==<name>". This line specifies the end of the previous section (if any) and the start of a new section. The attributes that follow this line in the file are associated with the indicated target, up to the next target declaration line.
Some values are sequences of shell script commands, which are used to implement a single ttc sub-command. By convention, the names of an attribute which implement a command ends with "_cmd".
If an attribute name is all upper-case, this denotes a value that is placed in the environment. (There are, however, some environment variable values which are NOT denoted by an upper-case attribute name).
Configuration attributes summary
Supported attributes are:
Attribute Name Meaning of value Notes
target Short (one-word) name of the target .
description A description of the target board. Usually multi-line .
TOOL_PATH Path where toolchain tools are located. This appended to the PATH env. variable .
ARCH Architecture specifier for the kernel build (eg. arm, ppc, i386) .
CROSS_COMPILE Toolchain prefix used with kernel builds (eg. arm-sony-linux- ) .
INSTALL_PATH Place where kernel is installed .
KERNEL_SRC Default name to use for kernel source directory .
KBUILD_OUTPUT Default directory for kernel build output .
kimage Name of the kernel image file (eg. bzImage, uImage) .
kinstall_cmd Command(s) to install the kernel image. (Assumes that the current working dir is $KERNEL_SRC) .
get_config_cmd Command(s) to put a default kernel configuration file (.config) in $KBUILD_OUTPUT .
get_kernel_cmd Command(s) to put the kernel source code in $KERNEL_SRC .
copy_to_cmd Command(s) to copy files from host to target .
copy_from_cmd Command(s) to copy files from target to host .
rm_cmd Command(s) to remove files from target .
ipaddr Target IP address .
reset_cmd Command(s) to reset the target, from the host .
console_cmd Command(s) to start an interactive console for the target (usually minicom) .
login_cmd Command(s) to start an interactive login session with the target (usually telnet) .
target_bin Directory on target where binary files are located .
Configuration Example
Here is a sample:
# Some notes on syntax and conventions
# Attributes that end in "_cmd" are assumed to be shell
# commands, which will be executed in shell context
# Each line of a multi-line _cmd will be executed
# in its own sub-shell. (i.e. don't count on
# exports or cd's being persistent from one line to
# the next)
#
# The get_kernel_cmd should output the kernel source
# to the directory specified by $KERNEL_SRC
#======================================================
target==innovator
description=="""TI OMAP Innovator board, with:
OMAP1510 processor (ARM925T core and a C55x DSP)
The ARM core runs at 168 MHZ.
The board has 32 meg. of flash (in 2 16M banks) and
32 meg. of SDRAM."""
ipaddr==192.168.1.61
login_cmd==telnet inno-1
console_cmd==minicom inno
TOOL_PATH==/usr/local/arm-sony-linux/devel/bin
ARCH==arm
CROSS_COMPILE==arm-sony-linux-
kimage==uImage
kinstall_cmd==cp -v arch/arm/boot/uImage /target/inno-1/boot
reset_cmd==omap-reset
get_kernel_cmd==export CVSRSH==/usr/bin/ssh ; cvs -d :ext:oak.sm.sony.co.jp:/var/cvsroot co -r branch_ALP_LINUX -d $KERNEL_SRC linux-2.6
get_config_cmd=="""export CVSRSH==/usr/bin/ssh ; cvs -d :ext:oak.sm.sony.co.jp:/var/cvsroot co local-dev/team/configs
cp local-dev/team/configs/config-innovator-baseline $KERNEL_SRC/.config"""
target_bin==/devel/usr/bin
copy_to_cmd==cp $src /target/inno-1/$dest
copy_from_cmd==cp /target/inno-1/$src $dest
rm_cmd==rm /target/inno-1/$dest
#=================================================================================
target==osk
description=="""TI OMAP Starter Kit (OSK):
OMAP5912 processor (ARM926EJ-S core and a C55x DSP)
The ARM core runs at 192 MHZ.
The board has 32 meg. of flash and 32 meg. Mobile DDR SDRAM,
10 Mbit Ethernet interface, USB Host interface
and a AIC23 stereo codec."""
ipaddr==192.168.1.72
login_cmd==telnet osk2
console_cmd==echo "console is on timdesk" ; false
TOOL_PATH==/usr/local/arm-sony-linux/devel/bin
ARCH==arm
CROSS_COMPILE==arm-sony-linux-
kimage==uImage
KERNEL_SRC==linux
TMPDIR==/tmp
KBUILD_OUTPUT==../build/osk
kinstall_cmd==cp -v $KBUILD_OUTPUT/arch/arm/boot/uImage /target/osk2/boot
reset_cmd==echo "remote reset not supported" ; false
get_kernel_cmd==tla get -A alp@oak--trial-5 alp-linux--dev $KERNEL_SRC
get_config_cmd=="""export CVSRSH==/usr/bin/ssh ; cd $TMPDIR ; cvs -d :ext:oak.sm.sony.co.jp:/var/cvsroot co local-dev/team/configs/config-osk-baseline ; cd -
cp $TMPDIR/local-dev/team/configs/config-osk-baseline $KBUILD_OUTPUT/.config"""
target_bin==/devel/usr/bin
copy_to_cmd==cp $src /target/osk2/$dest
copy_from_cmd==cp /target/osk2/$src $dest
rm_cmd==rm /target/osk2/$dest
#==================================================================================================
target==nut
description=="""Nut is an x86-based desktop computer, with:
Intel Celeron processor, running at 2 GHz.
The machine has 128 meg. of RAM and a 40G IDE hard drive."""
reset_cmd==nut-reset
console_cmd==minicom nut
login_cmd==telnet nut
ipaddr==192.168.1.14
TOOL_PATH==
ARCH==
CROSS_COMPILE==
INSTALL_PATH==/target/nut/boot
KERNEL_SRC==linux
KBUILD_OUTPUT==../build/nut
kimage==bzImage
kinstall_cmd==cp -v $KBUILD_OUTPUT/arch/i386/boot/bzImage /target/nut/boot/vmlinuz
get_kernel_cmd=="""tar -xjf /home/rbatest/base/linux-2.6.10.tar.bz2
mv linux-2.6.10 $KERNEL_SRC"""
get_config_cmd==cp /home/rbatest/base/config-nut-works-2.6.11-rc4 $KBUILD_OUTPUT/.config
copy_to_cmd==cp $src /target/nut/$dest
copy_from_cmd==cp /target/nut/$src $dest
rm_cmd==rm /target/nut/$dest
#=======================================================================================
target==ebony
description=="""Ebony (San Jose) is an IBM PowerPC development baord, with:
PowerPC 440GP processor, running at 400? GHz.
The machine has 128 meg. of RAM."""
ipaddr==192.168.1.54
reset_cmd==ebony-reset
console_cmd==minicom ebony
login_cmd==telnet ebony
TOOL_PATH==/usr/local/powerpc-sony-linux/devel/bin
ARCH==ppc
CROSS_COMPILE==powerpc-sony-linux-
TMPDIR==/tmp
KERNEL_SRC==linux
KBUILD_OUTPUT==../build/ebony
kimage==zImage
kinstall_cmd==cp -v $KBUILD_OUTPUT/arch/ppc/boot/images/zImage.ebony /target/ebony/boot
get_kernel_cmd==tla get -A alp@oak--trial-5 alp-linux--dev $KERNEL_SRC
get_config_cmd=="""export CVSRSH==/usr/bin/ssh ; cd $TMPDIR ; cvs -d :ext:oak.sm.sony.co.jp:/var/cvsroot co local-dev/team/configs/config-ebony-baseline ; cd -
cp $TMPDIR/local-dev/team/configs/config-ebony-baseline $KBUILD_OUTPUT/.config"""
target_bin==/devel/usr/bin
copy_to_cmd==cp $src /target/ebony$dest
copy_from_cmd==cp /target/ebony$src $dest
rm_cmd==rm -f /target/ebony/$dest
Configuration attribute details
This section lists each configuration attribute, and what its value should be.
target
Short (one-word) name of the target
description
A description of the target board. Usually this is a multi-line value.
TOOL_PATH
Path where toolchain tools are located. This appended to the PATH env. variable
ARCH
Architecture specifier for the kernel build (eg. arm, ppc, i386)
CROSS_COMPILE
Toolchain prefix used with kernel builds (eg. arm-sony-linux- )
INSTALL_PATH
Place where kernel is installed
KERNEL_SRC
Default name to use for kernel source directory
KBUILD_OUTPUT
Default directory for kernel build output
kimage
Name of the kernel image file (eg. bzImage, uImage)
kinstall_cmd
Command(s) to install the kernel image. (Assumes that the current working dir is $KERNEL_SRC)
get_config_cmd
Command(s) to put a default kernel configuration file (.config) in $KBUILD_OUTPUT
get_kernel_cmd
Command(s) to put the kernel source code in $KERNEL_SRC.
copy_to_cmd
Command(s) to copy files from host to target
copy_from_cmd
Command(s) to copy files from target to host
rm_cmd
Command(s) to remove files from target
ipaddr
Target IP address
reset_cmd
Command(s) to reset the target, from the host
console_cmd
Command(s) to start an interactive console for the target (usually minicom)
login_cmd
Command(s) to start an interactive login session with the target (usually telnet)
target_bin
Directory on target where binary files are located
fsinstall_cmd
Command(s) to install a root filesystem to the target
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Orange County, VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Virginia Orange County
Guide to Orange County Virginia genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, immigration records, and military records.
Virginia
Online Records
Orange County, Virginia
Map
Location in the state of Virginia
Location of Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1734
County Seat Orange
Courthouse
Contents
Orange County, Virginia Courthouse
Orange County Courthouse, Orange, Va.
Orange County Courthouse
109-A W Main Street
Orange, Virginia 22960
Phone: 540-672-4066
Clerk Circuit Court has birth records 1860-1895,
marriage records from 1757 probate, court and
land records from 1734[1]
Beginning Dates for Orange County, Virginia Government Records
Birth Marriage Death Census Land Probate
1853 1757 1853 1820 1734 1734
Orange County, Virginia History
King William III of England (1650-1702)
The county was named after King William III of England (1650-1702). Before ruling England, he governed the Dutch Republic and was known as Stadtholder William III of Orange.
A large group of Germans settled in the area during the eighteenth century, while it was the frontier of European settlement.
Parent County
1734--Orange County was created 1 February 1734 from Spotsylvania County.
County seat: Orange [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
• Lost censuses: 1790, 1800, 1810, 1890
Orange County, Virginia Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Orange County, Virginia Genealogy Resources
Vaorange.jpg
Getting Started
Compiled genealogies are a good place to start research for this area, see Orange County, Virginia Genealogy.
If you are researching families who lived in Orange County, Virginia between the 1740s and 1840s, the Sparacios' books are a great time saver. They comprehensively index several publications covering that period:
• Sparacio, Ruth Trickey and Sam Sparacio. Surname Index of Antient Press Publications. 14+ vols. McLean, Va.: R. & S. Sparacio, Antient Press, 1993-. FHL Collection 975.5 P22s v. 1-2; publisher's website: Antient Press. (Some of the index volumes have not been printed and it is necessary to contact the publishers to search them.)
Research Guides
• "A Guide to the Counties of Virginia: Orange County," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1975):283-286. FHL Collection; digital version at New England Ancestors ($).
• Cortada, James W. A Select Bibliography on Orange County, Virginia. Orange, Virginia: Green Publishers, 1975. FHL Collection 975.5 A1 no. 158
• Miller, Ann L. A Guide to Historical Research in Orange County, Virginia. Orange, Virginia: Orange County Historical Society (Virginia), 1988. FHL Collection 975.5372 H2m
African American
Bible Records
Images of the Virginia Historical Society's family Bible collection have been digitized:
Additional Bible records include:
Cemeteries
• Klein, Margaret C. Tombstone Inscriptions of Orange County, Virginia. Baltimore, MD, USA: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979. FHL Collection 975.5372 V3k; digital versions at Ancestry ($); and World Vital Records ($).
Census
For tips on accessing Orange County, Virginia census records online, see: Virginia Census.
Historical populations
Census Pop.
17909,921
180011,44915.4%
181012,3237.6%
182012,9134.8%
183014,63713.4%
18409,125−37.7%
185010,06710.3%
186010,8517.8%
187010,396−4.2%
188013,05225.5%
189012,814−1.8%
190012,571−1.9%
191013,4867.3%
192013,320−1.2%
193012,070−9.4%
194012,6494.8%
195012,7550.8%
196012,9001.1%
197013,7926.9%
198018,06331.0%
199021,42118.6%
200025,88120.8%
1782 Enumeration
1785 Enumeration
1790 - Lost, but a subsitute is available, see Taxation.
1800 - Lost, but a subsitute is available, see Taxation.
1810 - Lost, but a subsitute is available, see Taxation.
1890 Union Veterans
Church Records
Baptist
Early Baptist churches (with years constituted):
1. Blue Run (1769).[3] Historical information was published in Orange County Historical Society Newsletter, Vol. 19, No. 6 (Jun. 1988).
2. Chestnut Grove (1773). A bicentennial history was published: Virginia Baptist Register, Issue 12 (1973).
3. Mountain Run (1767).[4]
4. N. Fork, Pamunkey (1774)[3]
5. Rapid-Ann (1769)[5] Edwards published a membership list dated 1769 in Materials Towards a History of the Baptists... (1772), 81-82.
The 10,000 name petition (dated 16 October 1776) has been digitized at the Library of Congress website. It was signed by people from all over Virginia who wanted an end to persecution of Baptists by the Established Church. Baptists and Baptist sympathizers alike signed the petition. To find your ancestor in this record, first check Hall's transcription in the Magazine of Virginia Genealogy (Vols. 35-38, with annotations in Vol. 39), which is available online at Ancestry ($). It is also available in book form at the Family History Library: FHL Book 975.5 B2vs v. 35-39. Then proceed to the Library of Congress website to see the original images.
Orange County fell within the bounds of the Culpeper Association and the Goshen Association.
Church of England
St. Mark's Parish was organized in 1730. St. Thomas' Parish was organized in 1740.[6]
See also St. Mark's Parish
See also St. Thomas Parish
Records
• Davis, Rosalie Edith Rogers, St. Mark's Parish (Culpeper County, Virginia: Episcopal), Bromfield Parish (Rappahannock and Madison Counties, Virginia: Episcopal). Saint Mark Parish Vestry Book & Levies, 1730-1785: Spotslyvania, Orange and Culpeper counties, Virginia. Manchester, Missouri: Heritage Trails, 1983. FHL Collection
History
• Papageorgiou, Lizabeth Ward. The Colonial Churches of St. Thomas' Parish, Orange County, Virginia: With Notes on Sites in Orange, Greene, and Madison Counties. Baltimore, Maryland: Clearfield, 2008. FHL Collection
German Reformed
• Braun, Johannes, Klaus Wust and Joseph H. Meyerhoeffer. Shenandoah Valley Family Data, 1799-1813: From the Memorandum Book of Pastor Johannes Braun. Edinburg, Va.: Shenandoah History Publishers, 1978. FHL Collection 975.5 K2bjo
Quaker
Early monthly meetings (with years of existence):
• Douglas's Monthly Meeting (1748-1806)[7]
In the 1700s and 1800s, Friends from Orange County, Virginia also attended the Cedar Creek Meeting House in Hanover County, Virginia.[8]
Court
Chancery Court
• Sparacio, Ruth Trickey and Sam Sparacio. Chancery Suits (Superior Court of Law & Chancery), Orange County, Virginia, 1831-1845. McLean, Virginia: R. & S. Sparacio, 1988. FHL Collection
District Court of Fredericksburg
The District Court of Fredericksburg and later the Superior Court of Chancery had jurisdiction over certain Orange County court cases. An index has been compiled:
• Indexes of Court Records in the Clerk's Office, Fredericksburg, Virginia, 1782-1904. Original records, Fredericksburg City Courthouse, Fredericksburg, Va., microfilmed reproduction: FHL Collection [Indexes the following records: District Court law book v. 8, 1782-1792; District Court law books 1790-1793, v. A-F 1789-1811; Superior Court of Law law order books v. G-H 1812-1831; Superior Court of Chancery chancery order books 1814-1831; Hustings Court orders v. A-O 1782-1871; Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery law order books v. A-E 1831-1875; Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery chancery order books v. A-D 1831-1872; Circuit Court chancery order books v. A2, B-C 1875-1904; Fredericksburg District Court (1789-1808) had jurisdiction over the following counties: Spotsylvania (including Fredericksburg), Caroline, King George, Stafford, Orange, and Culpeper; Superior Court of Chancery (1802-1831) had jurisdiction over the following localities: city of Fredericksburg and the counties of Caroline, Culpeper, Fauquier, Fairfax, Lancaster, Northumberland, Madison, King George, Orange, Prince William, Richmond, Spotsylvania, Stafford, Essex, and Westmoreland.]
Superior Court of Chancery
See District Court of Fredericksburg
Genealogy
More than 320 genealogies have been published about Orange County families. To view a list, visit Orange County, Virginia Genealogy.
Historic Residences
• Miller, Ann L. Antebellum Orange: The Pre-Civil War Homes, Public Buildings, and Historic Sites of Orange County, Virginia. Orange, Virginia: Orange County Historical Society, 1989. Reviewed by Calder Loth in The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 671-672. Review available at JSTOR ($).
• Taylor, Jaquelin P. "'Meadowfarm' Orange County, Virginia," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Jul., 1938), pp. 231-233. Available at JSTOR ($).
Immigration
• Andrea, Leonardo. Miscellaneous Court Records. Typescript. FHL Collection 954248 Item 16 [Includes "Importations from abroad to Orange Co., Va., 1735-1755."]
• Coldham, Peter Wilson. North American Wills Registered in London 1611-1857. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 2007. [Includes will of a resident of Orange County proved in London. These records often help establish an immigrant's place of origin.]
Land and Property
Grants and Patents
• [Map] Hildebrand, John R. The Beverley Patent, 1736: Including Original Grantees, 1738-1815 in Orange & Augusta Counties, Va. 1954. FHL Collection Map Case 975.5 E7hjr
• Gray, Gertrude E. Virginia Northern Neck Land Grants 1694-1742. Vol. I. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1987. FHL Collection; digital version at Ancestry. [Includes an Orange County resident.]
• Grymes, J. Randolph. The Octonia Grant in Orange and Greene Counties. Ruckersville, Va.: Seminole Press, 1977. FHL Collection 975.537 R2g
• Hildebrand, John R. The Beverley Patent, 1736: Including Original Grantees, 1738-1815 in Orange & Augusta Counties, Va. 1954. FHL Collection Map Case 975.5 E7hjr
• Hudgins, 390 patents dated 1713-1815 in what is now Orange County, Virginia placed on a map. DeedMapper, 2004. [Names of those who received land patents, dates, land descriptions, and references may be viewed free of charge (click "Index" next to the county listing); however, in order to view the maps, it is necessary to purchase Direct Line Software's DeedMapper product.]
• Joyner, Ulysses P. Orange County Land Patents. [Orange, Va.]: Orange County Historical Society (Virginia), 1985. FHL Collection 975.5372 R2j
Local Histories
• Gwathmey, John Hastings. Twelve Virginia Counties, Where the Western Migration Began. Richmond: Dietz Press, 1937. FHL Collection 1320669 Item 13
• Hurst, Patricia J. The History and People of Clark Mountain, Orange County, Virginia. Rapidan, Virginia: P.J. Hurst, 1989. FHL Collection
• Joyner, Ulysses P. The First Settlers of Orange County, Virginia: A View of the Life and Times of the European Settlers of Orange County, Virginia, and Their Influence Upon the Young James Madison, 1700-1776. Baltimore, Maryland: Gateway Press, 1987. FHL Collection
• Mansfield, James Roger. A History of Early Spotsylvania. Berryville, Virginia: Virginia Book Co., 1977. FHL Collection
• Moffatt, L. G., J. M. Carrière and J. G. Moffatt. "A Frenchman Visits Norfolk, Fredericksburg and Orange County, 1816," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Apr., 1945), pp. 101-123; Vol. 53, No. 3 (Jul., 1945), pp. 197-214. Available at JSTOR ($).
• Scott, W.W. A History of Orange County: From Its Formation in 1734 (O.S.) to the End of Reconstruction in 1870; Compiled Mainly from Original Records. Richmond, Virginia: Everett Waddey Co., 1907. Original edition: FHL Collection; 1974 reprint: FHL Collection; digital versions of original edition at Ancestry ($), Google Books, and World Vital Records ($). Reviewed in The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1962):181. Review: FHL Collection; digital version of review at New England Ancestors ($).
• Thomas, William H.B. Orange, Virginia: Story of a Courthouse Town. Verona, Virginia: McClure Press, 1972. Reviewed by James T. Moore in The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Jan., 1973), pp. 116-117. Review available at JSTOR ($).
Maps
• Hildebrand, John R. The Beverley Patent, 1736: Including Original Grantees, 1738-1815 in Orange & Augusta Counties, Va. 1954. Available at FHL Collection
Military
French and Indian War
• Bockstruck, Lloyd DeWitt. Virginia's Colonial Soldiers. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988. FHL Collection [Identifies some Orange County militia officers, soldier enlistments, and veterans; see place name index.]
• Boogher, William F. Gleanings of Virginia History: An Historical and Genealogical Collection, Largely from Original Sources. Washington: n.p., 1903. FHL Collection; digital version at Google Books. [Includes a chapter titled "Legislative Enactments connecting the preceding historic sketch [French and Indian War, Lord Dunmore's War] with the adjudication of the resulting accounts that follow; with the list of officers, soldiers and civilians entitled to compensation for military and other services rendered." For Orange County, see p. 112.]
Revolutionary War
Regiments. Service men in Orange County served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county. Orange County supplied soldiers for the:
- 7th Virginia Regiment
- 10th Virginia Regiment
- Culpeper Minute Men[9]
Additional resources:
• Thomas, William H.B. Patriots of the Upcountry: Orange County, Virginia in the Revolution. Orange, Virginia: Orange County Bicentennial Commission, 1976. FHL Collection
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital versions at U.S. Census Bureau and Google Books et. al. 1967 reprint: FHL Collection 973 X2pc 1840. [See Virginia, Eastern District, Orange County on page 132.]
• Rejected or Suspended Applications for Revolutionary War Pensions. Washington, D.C., 1852. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1969, and 1991. Reprints include "an Added Index to States." FHL Collection 973 M24ur; digital version at Ancestry ($). [Includes veterans from this county; Virginia section begins on page 238.]
War of 1812
Orange County men served in the 3rd Regiment.[10]
• List of Pensioners on the Roll, January 1, 1883; Giving the Name of Each Pensioner, the Cause for Why Pensioned, the Post-Office Address, the Rate of Pension Per Month, and the Date of Original Allowance... Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883. FHL Collection 973 M2Lp v. 5; digital versions at Google Books and Internet Archive. [See Vol. 5, Virginia, Orange County, p. 96. Identifies War of 1812 veterans living in this county in 1883.]
Civil War
Regiments. Service men in Orange County, Virginia served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county. Listed below are companies that were specifically formed in Orange County, Virginia:
- 6th Regiment, Virginia Cavalry (Confederate). Company I (Orange Rangers).[11]
- 13th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate). Company A (The Montpelier Guard), Company C (The Gordonsville Grays), and Company F (The Barboursville Guards).[12]
Records and histories are available, including:
• Virginia, Civil War Service Records of Confederate Soldiers 1861-1865
• Virginia, Civil War Service Records of Union Soldiers 1861-1865
• Hurst, Patricia J. Soldiers, Stories, Sites and Fights, Orange County, Virginia 1861-1865 and the Aftermath. Rapidan, Virginia: P.J. Hurst, 1998. FHL Collection
• Virginia. Office of Comptroller and Library of Virginia. Confederate Pension Applications, Virginia, Acts of 1888, 1900, 1902; Index, 1888-1934. 220 microfilms, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia; also available as FHL Collection [Includes Spotsylvania County veterans.]
• Watkins, Raymond Wesley. Deaths of Confederate Soldiers in Orange County, Virginia Hospitals, 1861-1864. MSS., 1979, FHL Collection
Civil War Battles
The following Civil War battles were fought in Orange County.
• November 27-December 2, 1863 = Mine Run, also known as Payne’s Farm or New Hope Church[13]
• February 6-7, 1864 = Morton's Ford, also known as Rapidan River[14]
• May 5-7, 1864 = Wilderness, also known as Combats at Parker’s Store, Craig’s Meeting House, Todd’s Tavern, Brock Road or the Furnaces[15]
Maps of Civil War battles in Virginia: 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865
Naturalization
Newspapers
The Virginia Newspapers Project identifies local Orange County, Virginia newspapers.
Indexed images of the Virginia Gazette (1736-1780) are available online through the Colonial Williamsburg website. In addition, Professor Tom Costa and The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia have created a database of all runaway advertisements for slaves, indentured servants, transported convicts, and ship deserters listed in this source and other Virginia newspapers (1736-1803), see: The Geography of Slavery in Virginia. These newspapers are valuable resources for all regions of Virginia.
Private Papers
• Buni, Andrew. "Reconstruction in Orange County, Virginia: A Letter from Hannah Garlick Rawlings to Her Sister, Clarissa Lawrence Rawlings, August 9, 1865," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 75, No. 4 (Oct., 1967), pp. 459-465. Available at JSTOR ($).
• Redwine, Lucy Leah, J.E. Hays, and Daughters of the American Revolution. Elijah Clarke Chapter (Athens, Georgia). Family Bible Records. MSS., Department of Archives and History, Atlanta, Georgia; microfilm: FHL Collection [Includes records from Orange County.]
• Virginia, Historical Society Papers, 1607-2007
Probate Records
A free index to Orange County, Virginia wills and administrations (1735-1800) is available at the <a href="http://lva1.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/F/?func=file&file_name=find-b-clas08&local_base=CLAS08">Library of Virginia</a> website.
Local Court
• Wiggins, Mrs. Joseph P. "Will of Robert Terrill, of Orange County, Virginia," (and family notes) [1786] The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr., 1923), pp. 175-180. Available at JSTOR ($).
London Courts
• Coldham, Peter Wilson. North American Wills Registered in London 1611-1857. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 2007. [Includes will of a resident of Orange County proved in London. These records often help establish an immigrant's place of origin.]
Taxation
How can Virginia tax lists help me?
• [1730-1754] Joyner, Peggy Shomo. Abstracts of Virginia's Northern Neck Warrants and Surveys. Vol. 1 [Orange & Augusta counties, with tithables, delinquents, petitioners, 1730-1754]. Portsmouth, Virginia: P.S. Joyner, 1985. FHL Collection
• [1734, 1738-1739] Hoppin, Charles Arthur. "Orange County Tithe Lists," [1734, 1738 Delinquents, 1739] The William and Mary Quarterly, 1st Series, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jul., 1918):19-27. FHL Collection; reprinted in Virginia Tax Records. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1983, which is also available as FHL Collection; digital version at JSTOR ($).
• [1734-1782] Little, Barbara Vines. Orange County, Virginia, Tithables 1734-1782. 2 vols. [Orange, Virginia?]: Dominion Market Research Corp., 1988. FHL Collection
• [1736-1782] Orange County, Virginia Tithables, 1736-1782. Original records, Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia; microfilm: FHL Collection
• [1739] German Tithables, 1739, Beyond Germanna, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Jul. 1990).
• [1756, 1782] Sparacio, Ruth Trickey and Sam Sparacio. Deed Abstracts of Orange County, Virginia. [1743-1802] 9 vols. McLean, Virginia: R.L. and S. Sparacio, 1985-1995. FHL Collection [Volume 2. Deed abstracts 1759-1778 (Deed books 13-16; tithable list of Benjamin Cave's precinct, 1756; and land tax book, 1782).]
• [1785] Tithables, 1785, Orange County Historical Society Newsletter. Vol. 19, No. 4 (Apr. 1988).
• [1787] Schreiner-Yantis, Netti and Florene Speakman Love. The 1787 Census of Virginia: An Accounting of the Name of Every White Male Tithable Over 21 Years, the Number of White Males Between 16 & 21 Years, the Number of Slaves over 16 & Those Under 16 Years, Together with a Listing of Their Horses, Cattle & Carriages, and Also the Names of All Persons to Whom Ordinary Licenses and Physician's Licenses Were Issued. 3 vols. Springfield, Va.: Genealogical Books in Print, 1987. FHL Collection [The source of this publication is the 1787 personal property tax list. Orange County is included in Vol. 2.]
• [1790] Indexed images of the 1790 Personal Property Tax List of Orange County, Virginia are available online, courtesy: Binns Genealogy.
• [1800] Tax List, 1800, Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2003); Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct. 2003); Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan. 2004). Digital version at American Ancestors ($); FHL Collection.
• [1800] Images of the 1800 Personal Property Tax List of Orange County, Virginia are available to browse online, courtesy: Binns Genealogy.
• [1810] Schreiner-Yates, Netti. A Supplement to the 1810 Census of Virginia: Tax Lists of the Counties for which the Census is Missing. Springfield, Va.: Genealogical Books in Print, 1971. FHL Collection [The source for this publication is the 1810 personal property tax list. Orange County is included because the 1810 Census for that county has been destroyed.]
• [1810] Personal Property Tax 1810, Genealogical Forum of Portland Oregon Bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 8 (Apr. 1966).
• [1815] Ward, Roger D. 1815 Directory of Virginia Landowners (and Gazetteer). 6 vols. Athens, Georgia: Iberian Pub. Co., 1997-2000. FHL Collection [The source for this publication is 1815 land tax. Orange County is included in Vol. 4.]
Vital Records
Indexes to Orange County, Virginia births, marriages, and deaths are available online. These collections are incomplete, but are easy to search. Courtesy: FamilySearch - free.
Birth
• 1750s-1770s - King, George H.S. "Some Orange County Virginia Birth Records," [1750s-1770s] The William and Mary Quarterly, Second Series, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1942), p. 317. Available at JSTOR ($). [Found at the back of Orange County, Virginia Deed Book 17; King may have omitted births of black children.]
• 1751-1778 - Orange County Birth Index 1751-1778. Batch C868624 at FamilySearch - free.[16]
• 1866-1895 - Orange County Birth Index 1866-1895. Batch C868627 at FamilySearch - free.[16]
Marriage
• 1660-1800 - Virginia Marriages 1660-1800 (Ancestry) ($).
• 1722-1850 - Fisher, Therese A. Marriage Records of the City of Fredericksburg, and of Orange, Spotsylvania, and Stafford Counties, Virginia 1722-1850. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, 1990. FHL Collection
• 1740-1850 - Virginia Marriages 1740-1850 (Ancestry) ($).
• 1747-1810 - Knorr, Catherine L. Marriages of Orange County, Virginia, 1747-1810. Pine Bluff, Arkansas: C.L. Knorr, 1959.
• 1751-1777 - Orange County Marriage Index 1751-1777. Batch M868624 at FamilySearch - free.[16]
• 1753-1776 - Grinnan, A.G. "Some of the Early Marriage Licenses of Orange County," The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jul., 1895), pp. 59-61. Digital version at JSTOR - free.
• 1757-1912 - Orange County Marriage Index 1757-1912. Batch M868625 at FamilySearch - free.[16]
• 1770-1800 - Boogher, William F. Gleanings of Virginia History: An Historical and Genealogical Collection, Largely from Original Sources. Washington: n.p., 1903. FHL Collection; digital version at Google Books. [Includes a chapter titled "Early Marriages, Orange County, Virginia, 1770-1800," see p. 383.]
• 1770s-1810 - Scott, W.W. "A List of Marriages Recorded in the Back Part of Deed-Book No. 17, Orange County," [1770s-1810] The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Apr., 1918), pp. 190-200; Vol. 26, No. 3 (Jul., 1918), pp. 297-302; Vol. 26, No. 4 (Oct., 1918), pp. 401-404; Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan., 1919), p. 68; Vol. 27, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1919), pp. 345-348; Vol. 28, No. 2 (Apr., 1920), pp. 152-160; Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul., 1920), pp. 256-265; Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct., 1920), p. 360. Available at JSTOR ($). Alternative titles: "A List of Marriages in Orange County," "List of Marriages in Orange County," and "Orange County Marriages."
• 1802-1938 - Orange County Marriage Index 1802-1938. Batch M868626 at FamilySearch - free.[16]
Vital Record Substitutes
The Virginia Historical Society's Marriage and Obituary Index, 1736-1820 (newspaper abstracts) is available for free online. Images of the original index cards are browseable, arranged alphabetically by surname.
Orange County, Virginia Genealogy Societies and Libraries
• The Orange County Historical Society
130 Caroline Street
Orange, Virginia 22960-1533
Phone: (540) 672-5366
Orange County, Virginia Genealogy Websites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Orange County, Virginia. Page 718 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
3. 3.0 3.1 Robert Baylor Semple and George William Beale, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia (Pitt and Dickinson, 1894), 186, 229-230. Digital version at Google Books.
4. Morgan Edwards, Materials Towards a History of the Baptists in the Provinces of Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia (1772), 39. Digitized by SCDL Collections - free.
5. Morgan Edwards, Materials Towards a History of the Baptists in the Provinces of Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia (1772). Digitized by SCDL Collections - free.
6. Freddie Spradlin, "Parishes of Virginia," VAGenWeb, accessed 20 Dec 2010.
7. Jay Worrall, The Friendly Virginians: America's First Quakers (Athens, Ga.: Iberian Publishing Company, 1994), 537-539. FHL Book 975.5 K2wj.
8. Mary Marshall Brewer, Quaker Records of Cedar Creek Monthly Meeting, Virginia, 1739-1793 (Lewes, De.: Colonial Roots, 2002), Introduction. FHL Book 975.5462 K2b.
9. "A Brief History of Orange County, Virginia," The Orange County Historical Society, accessed 13 June 2011.
10. Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812 (Athens, Ga.: Iberian Pub. Co., 1988), 165. FHL Book 975.5 M2bs.
11. Michael P. Musick, 6th Virginia Cavalry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, c1990). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 66.
12. David F. Riggs, 13th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1988). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 49.
13. Heritage Preservation Services, Civil War Battle Summaries by State, (accessed 2 August 2012).
14. Heritage Preservation Services, Civil War Battle Summaries by State, (accessed 2 August 2012).
15. Heritage Preservation Services, Civil War Battle Summaries by State, (accessed 7 August 2012).
16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Genealogical Society of Utah, Parish and Vital Records List (July 1998). Microfiche. Digital version at https://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/3/37/Igivirginia.pdf.
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British Military RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Redirected from Wales Military Records)
United Kingdom Military Records
British Military2.jpg
Military records are potentially of great genealogical value and may provide information not found in any other source. These records identify individuals who served or were eligible to serve in the military. Military service (other than the militia) was usually a lifetime career. Officers came from the upper classes; soldiers usually came from the poor. On occasion, compulsory conscription was enforced and even "press-gangs" were used.
You may find evidence that an ancestor served in the military from family records, biographies, census, probates, civil registration, or church records. In addition, militaria such as headress badges, buttons, photographs of uniforms, soldier's trunks, paybooks, letters, colours, and medals with clasps can provide proof of ancestral links. Medals can have the soldier's number on the rim of the medal itself.
Contents
The National Archives
The National Archives at Kew in the London area is the caretaker of most of the military records. It is important to understand the "fonds" or the way records are grouped. There is a Department code (ADM for admiralty, WO for War Office, etc) and a series number.
Britain's armed forces comprise, in order of seniority, the Royal Navy (including the Royal Marines - ADM) , Army (WO) and Royal Air Force (AIR). Other units can include local militia, fencibles, yeomanry and territorial units of the army. These are briefly discussed at the end of this section.
History and Background
Wikipedia has more about this subject: Military history of the United Kingdom
1707: British Military history begins when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united forming the Kingdom of Great Britain.
For records prior to 1707 see: England Military Records and Scotland Military Records
Seven Years War
1756–1763: Seven Years War. Called the French and Indian War in North America, this war involved 120,000 British soldiers and began a continuous series of army records.
American Revolutionary War
1775–1783: American Revolutionary War. The British army had 135,000 men in North America when fighting broke out. Some men remained in Canada after the war, but most returned to Britain. Records of Loyalists and others who remained in Canada are separate from other military records.
Napoleonic Wars
1803–1815: Napoleonic Wars. Numerous battles across Europe involved 365,000 British soldiers and 300,000 seamen. These battles include the Peninsular Wars in Portugal and Spain and the famous Battle of Trafalgar. The names of some 1640 officers and men who served in the various ships of the Fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar are listed in a series of files through Genuki.co.org.
War of 1812
HMS St. Lawrence, War of 1812
The War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States confirmed the separate existence of the United States and the future Canada.
See the Wiki article, Great Britain in the War of 1812, for information concerning military records and histories.
For more general information about the war, including online documentaries, see the War of 1812 article.
Crimean War
1854–1856: Crimean War. 225,000 troops were involved in the Crimea (Russian Black Sea).
Indian Mutiny
1857–1860: Indian Mutiny. Many of the troops discharged after the Crimean war were recalled to quell the revolt in India.
Boer Wars
1880–1902: Boer Wars. The first Anglo-Boer War (1880–1881) led to South African independence in 1881. The second Anglo-Boer War (1898–1902) led to the unification of South Africa in 1910.
World War I
1914–1918: World War I. About 6,000,000 British service personnel served in this war. Almost 1,000,000 died.
1914-1918 - First World War. About 35,000 Welsh servicemen died.
World War II
1939–1945: World War II. Just over 400,000 service personnel and civilians died in the war. Historic Photos of the World War II.
1939-1945 - Second World War. About 20,000 Welsh servicemen died.
Royal Navy
The first permanent naval fleet was formed during the reign of King Henry VIII (1509–1547). For many years Britain had the strongest navy in the world. The earliest surviving navy records are from 1617, but the majority of the extensive collection date from the mid-1600s. Many records are available only at The National Archives.
Several sources list navy ships with descriptions and the dates on which they were placed in service
The Navy Official List books, available from 1673, give ports of call for ships during each year. Some of these lists are available in the Family History Library.
Seamen often moved between the navy and the merchant marines. Until 1853 enlistment was informal and lasted for the ship’s commission, usually three years. Individual "ratings" (seamen) were not mentioned in navy records other than musters or pay lists unless they deserted, misbehaved, or earned a medal. After 1853 seamen often made the navy their career. They were assigned continuous service numbers and records were maintained for the duration of their careers.
Navy Officers.
You can usually find navy officers in the Navy Lists (1782 to the present) or in the Index to Commission and Warrant Books (1695 to 1742). See the sub-heading of "Lists of Officers" in this section for details.
Royal Navy records online at the National Archives:
Royal Marines
Main article: Royal Marines
(Corps of Her Majesty's Royal Marines)
The Royal marines originally maintained military discipline on navy vessels. It has been a separate corps of the military since 1755, although under the control of the Admiralty and forming part of the Naval Service. Alphabetically arranged records of marines exist from 1790, some by enlistment date and others by discharge date. Royal Marine Service records, 1842 -1926 can be accessed online via The National Archives.
The Family History Library has Royal Marine Attestation papers on microfilm for the following divisions:
Chatham Division, 1790-1883
Plymouth Division, 1804-1881
Portsmouth Division, 1804-1881
These Attestation papers give the age, birthplace, trade and physical characteristics of each man on recruitment and details of his enlistment and attestation. There is a summary of his service and details of his discharge. The forms are arranged alphabetically under the year of attestation or discharge.
For more information see "Looking for records of a Royal Marine" on The National Archives website.
Army
The army began as a permanent organization in 1660. Earlier armies were raised as needed, usually as county militia units. The oldest regiment is the Honourable Artillery Company, formed in 1537. For information on pre-1660 military records, see the handbooks listed at the end of this section. The Soldier in Later Medieval England database has names of about 250,000 soldiers.
The basic unit of the Army is the regiment under a colonel or lieutenant colonel. Regiments are usually divided into two or more Battalions. The main types of regiments which should be searched are:
• Cavalry
• Infantry
• Corps (e,g, Army Service Corps; Royal Signals; Royal Engineers etc.)
Prior to 1847, English army service was usually for life. Some soldiers were discharged early for disability (liberally defined) or age (often by age 40).
Pre-1872 army records are organized by regiment. Most regiments have published histories that tell the places where they served and the battles they fought. For a bibliography of these histories, see:
Pre-1751 infantry and cavalry units were known by the names of their colonels, i.e. Sir Thomas Adams Regiment of Foot.
Post-1751 a numerical system was adopted to name the regiments, with rank in order of precedence, i.e. Queens 9th Regiment of Foot.
Originally the responsibility for directing the British Army fell under the command of the staff of the National War Office. Thus, the category for records in The National Archives of England is labeled WO for locating all Army collections. Now the army is run by comissioned officers.
Available Records
Pre-1914
Service records for "Other ranks" i.e. not officers, who served in the British army are held at The National Archives (TNA), Kew, although various online subscription-based research providers offer access to digitised copies. At the time of writing, these services were not complete although new records up to and including 1913 are constantly being added. The leading provider of this service is $ Find My Past, but $ TheGenealogist.co.uk has army lists from 1806-1940.
If a soldier was entitled to receive any sort of pension due to his army service, a separate record was created although some information was duplicated from his service papers. These pension papers provide a good insight into a soldiers career although they focus more on his medical history rather than his service career.
Officers papers were compiled and held separately although they too are located at TNA. They are not currently available to view online and can only be accessed at TNA.
1914-1920
Primarily covering WW1 service, these service records are often referred to as the "Burnt Series" due to the fact that the storage facility housing these records was hit by a German bombing raid during WW2 and consequently over 60% of the records were destroyed. The records that survived have been preserved and indexed, even those partially damaged by water and fire.
You can search the Family History Library Catalog to obtain the microfilm number of the TNA Catalogue Number WO 364 records. Alternatively, $ ancestry.co.uk also has the records available to search free of charge although viewing is via subscription.
World War I Service Files.
These records are the service files of soldiers who were discharged from the British army between 1914 and 1920. They are a collection known as the "unburned documents." They represent about 8 percent of the soldiers who served during those years.
The files usually contain the soldier’s unit name and number, birthplace, age at time of enlistment, name and address of next of kin, and date and reason for discharge. They may also include the names of his parents, spouse, and children. Some mention his occupation before he enlisted in the service and show the assignments he had in the service. Some files contain death certificates.
The files are arranged alphabetically, but many documents are missing. Therefore, you will not find every soldier in these files.
The original files are at the Public Record Office in England. The Family History Library has microfilmed copies, which are listed in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
GREAT BRITAIN - MILITARY RECORDS - ARMY - WORLD WAR, 1914-1918
Search the Family History Library Catalog (FHLC) by title for: Military records of the British Army, 1914-1920 you will see two items with that exact title and several that have letters of the alphabet added to the end of the title. Look at the catalog entries for the two without any additional letters.
In the notes section of the catalog entry you should see the National Archives catalogue number, either WO 361 or WO 364. Be sure to use the correct one.
On the page of the FHLC that has the Notes you will need to click on the View Film Notes button near the top right portion of the screen to get the film numbers that apply to surnames in the different parts of the alphabet. There are 804 rolls of microfilm for the WO 364 records
If you cannot locate the service papers of the soldier you are searching for, it is also worthwhile looking within the pension papers index as many men were entitled to pensions for prior service or due to injuries sustained during WW1.
Officers papers are stored at TNA as above and an index of WW1 officers is available to download free of charge from TNA's website here: $ Officer's Papers
Individual regimental archives may also hold limited records and it is well worth writing to the relevant regimental museums. The Guards depot (Grenadier, Coldstream, Irish, Welsh & Scots) also keep separate archives and can, on request supply information. Bear in mind though that some archives, quite reasonably, request payment for such services.
For information on twentieth century army records, see:
• Holding, Norman H. World War I Army Ancestry. 2nd ed. Solihull, England: Federation of Family History Societies (Publications) Ltd., 1991. (Family History Library book 942 M2hol.)
• Holding, Norman H. More Sources of World War I Army Ancestry. 2nd ed. Solihull, England: Federation of Family History Societies (Publications) Ltd., 1991. (FHL book 942 M24hnr.)
Civilians
Civilians were also captured and put in prison camps. One such camp is called The Ruhleben Civilian Internment Camp. Chis Paton has built a website dedicated to this camp and is identifying those who were there during World War 1. See Ruhleben Civilian Internment Camp Ancestors
Post-1920
Due to data protection laws, the records of servicemen or women who served after 1920 are not readily accessible. Under the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act, you may request record details only if you can supply proof of one of the following criteria:
1. You are the direct next of kin.
2. The person was born more than 112 years ago
3. The person died more than 25 years ago.
There is currently a £30 fee for copies of these records and the record copies are normally heavily censored.
The application forms and guidlines can be found here: UK Veteran's Agency
Royal Air Force
Formed on 1st April 1918 by merging the aviation branches of the existing services, namely the Royal Flying Corps (Army) and the Royal Naval Air Service (Royal Navy). This merger created the totally independent Royal Air Force (RAF), and is the oldest air force in the world.
The RAF maintains its own records archive although officers papers are downloadable (£) from TNA here: $ RAF Officers records. Other ranks service records are not online but if service ended prior to 1920, can be accessed at TNA. Post-1920 records are dealt with in the same way as army & Navy records under FOI requests(see above).
RAF Officers can also be found listed in the Air Force lists, which have been published annually since August 1918, Most public libraries have copies available to browse.
The Internet Archives has some Air Force lists available online:
• The Monthly Air Force list (Volume Aug 1919)
• The Monthly Air Force list (Volume Sep 1919)
• The Monthly Air Force list (Volume Oct 1919)
• The Monthly Air Force list (Volume Nov 1919)
• The Monthly Air Force list (Volume Dec 1919)
The Internet Archives has some Army lists available online:
• Army List (Volume October-December 1914)
• Army List (Volume July-September 1915)
• Army List (Volume January-March 1916)
• Army List (Volume January-March 1918)
• Army List (Volume July-December 1939)
There are a large number of records held at TNA that can be researched such as Station and Squadron record books; photo albums and so forth.
Royal Air Force records accessible online at the National Archives in England:
Casualties
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Established by Royal Charter in 1917, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission pays tribute to the 1,700,000 men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died in the two world wars from all services including civillian war dead. It is a non-profit-making organisation that was founded by Sir Fabian Ware. The Commonwealth includes such countries as Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand & South Africa.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has a searchable internet website:
Lists of British army personnel who died during World War I have been compiled from official casualty lists and published in:
Soldiers Died in the Great War, 1914–1919. Reprint. 80 parts. Colchester, England: J.B. Hayward, 1988–9. (Family History Library book 942 M23s; compact disc number 128.) This gives birthplace, place of enlistment, rank, date of death and cause of death.
Ancestry.co.uk also offers a searchable database of those listed in Soldiers Died in the Great War as part of its subscription service.
The War Dead of the British Commonwealth and Empire. London, England: Imperial War Graves Commission, 1957. (Family History Library 942 M2wdf; film 1441037.) This work gives the name, rank, regiment, and grave location of casualites buried in France during World War II.
Post-WW2 casualties can be found listed at the Armed Forces Memorial website.
Royal Navy
British Markings
• Formation signs were first used by the British Army in WW1 in order to provide an easy method of visual identification of the various units.
• Vehicle Markings in 21st Army Group 1944-1945
Medals
Tokens or medals have been awarded to British service personnel since the medieval times although the first officially named campaign medal is the Waterloo Medal (1815). The Military General Service Medal instituted in 1847, covered a retrospective period and was awarded to all army personnel that had served on active campaigns between 1793-1815. Each medal was named to the recipient along with his unit details. A clasp (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a bar) bearing the name of the relevant campaign or battle was attached to the ribbon suspension, with subsequent clasps being added in the sequence in which they were earned. In some cases 10 or more campaign clasps were earned. 29 clasps were authorised in total. Altogether, over 25,000 medals were issued.
The Royal Navy instituted its own equivalent, the Naval General Service Medal, also in 1847 but covering the slightly longer period of 1793-1840. Whilst a staggering 231 different campaign or battle clasps were authorised, not all were issued. The most clasps issued to any single recipient was 7. As the medal was authorised some considerable time after most of the campaigns and battles had taken place, and also due to widespread illiteracy, a large number of men did not claim their medals. In total just over 20,000 medals were actually issued.
These two medals started a precedent of issuing campaign medals that still continues to this day, with the RAF joining the process in 1918 by following the lead set by the Army. It is a widely collected field and there are many resources on the subject. From a family history perspective, knowing what medals a relative was entitled to can lead to fascinating journies of discovery as well as the medal themselves providing useful information.
Awards and Honours
Brave conduct, meritorious service and so forth have long been awarded publicly. Since the 19th century, such awards to the military have generally taken medallic form although it has historically been shown that a reward may also involve a promotion or a share of the spoils, particularly if at sea and an enemy vessel was captured,
As such, honours and awards tend to be publicly announced in the London Gazette newspaper. The online search archive can require a certain amount of skill to find what or rather who you are searching for but it can yield fantastic results: London Gazette Archive
Online Resources (Medals):
WW1 Army medal index cards are available through $ ancestry.co.uk - if you have a subscription they are free. Otherwise you will have to pay £2 fee to download it if you get it through The National Archives website: $ Medal Index Cards . These cards contain details of name, rank, service number(s), unit(s) as well as confirmation of medal entitlement. Some of the cards have additional information on the reverse such as theatre of operations, home addresses, next of kin and so forth. Only Ancestry have copied both sides of these cards. Information on how to decipher the Medal Index Cards available at Ancestry and TNA There is not an equivalent system for detailing medals awarded to members of the Royal Navy and RAF - medal details were recorded on the service papers and likewise, non-WW1 medals are only annotated on service records for all services.
Various medal rolls for different campaigns also exist in various forms e.g. printed books; CD's; TNA records etc. Some are also available on the subscription based sites such as Ancestry and Find My Past.
The British Medals Forum is probably about as definitive a website as one can find when it comes to the subject of British medals of any type. A huge fount of knowledge resides on the forum and membership is free.
The Victoria Cross is Britian’s highest award for valour to members of the armed forces of Commonwealth countries. The Victoria Cross website lists the burial location for Victoria Cross holders world-wide.
Medals indexes and records online at the National Archives
Understanding Military Records
Before you can use British military records, you must determine the specific name or number of the army regiment or navy ship name[s] on which your ancestor served. For suggestions on finding this information, see "Search Strategies" at the end of this section.
Once you know the ship name[s] or the regiment name or number, the following records may help you trace your ancestor’s career, age, and birthplace.
Muster Rolls
Wo12book.png
"Muster Rolls and Pay Rates" were monthly accounts that were kept of military enlistment and pay schedules. They were kept for privates up through officers and may contain valuable information such as "good conduct" awards, punishments, special assignments, and the like. A commanding officer made every effort to list everyone on his muster rolls since the number of men determined his funding. The records usually list each person assigned to a ship or regiment at the muster date, his age on joining, the date he joined, the place where he joined, and sometimes information such as a dependent list (in later army musters) and birthplace (on sea musters from 1770). Muster records for the Royal Artillery are the earliest, beginning in 1708. Other army musters exist for 1760 to 1878. After 1790, they were kept in bound volumes.[1] Navy musters cover 1667 to 1878. Naval musters contain "alphabets" (indexes organized by the first letter of the surname) from 1765.These records can also be used to track the movements of a specific individual.
• Photo courtesy of National Archives at Kew, London, England
WO 12 Series: General Muster Books and Pay Lists
These records begin in 1732 and end in 1878. They cover guards, infantry, cavalry, and household troops. According to the National Archives these records also include special groups, such as colonial troops, various foreign legions, special regiments, and other depots.
These records show an individual's enlistment dates, his movements and dischage dates as show below, notice the sections under "First Muster, Second Muster, and Third Muster", these are the locations of the soldiers at the time of their pay.
If the information you seek is after 1868. there is a "Roll of Married Establishment" which lists husbands and wives as shown below:
• Photo courtesy of the National Archives at Kew, London, England
Recording all this information must have been a daunting task as these books are very large as shown in the earlier picture. There are 13, 307 volumes of these records located at the National Archives. To view them, you have to be there and view them in a special document room.
Because photopying these very large volumes would be extremely difficult, you can use a camera (without flash) to capture the images.
If you are unable to visit the National Archives, they provide a document service at £0.40 per page.
Visit $ WO12 Series General Muster Books and Pay Lists to learn more about these valuable records.
Pension Records.
These records often contain details of an individual’s reason for pension, his fitness on discharge, and sometimes the address where pension payments were sent.
Army pension records start in 1690. Pensions were awarded for length of service, disability, or wounds to most individuals who legally left army service. Sometimes the widows or children of military men received the payments. Payments to retired officers, called half-pay, were not considered pensions. Many different types of pension records covering different time periods still exist.
Naval pension records begin as early as 1617 and give the name of pensioner, reason for discharge, and sometimes next of kin, birthplace, age, and physical description.
Widow’s or children’s pension records often include marriage or baptismal certificates in support of the claim for assistance.
There are many other pension-related records among those of the Paymaster General (Class PMG) at the Public Record Office. The Family History Library also has some pension records.
Description Books
The army description book for each regiment includes each recruit’s full name on "attestation" (enlistment), age when he joined, place where he joined, birthplace, previous trade, and physical description. Most books start about 1805 and continue to 1850. Many no longer exist. Similar records were kept for each navy ship from 1790, but many were never turned in or no longer exist.
Returns of Service (WO 25)
In 1806 the War Office compiled the first return of service, listing all men in the army. The scope, content, and frequency of returns of service vary greatly. Returns of officers’ service tend to be more complete, including the names of the officer and his wife and children; birth and marriage dates and places; and a complete summary of stations, regiments, and promotions.
The returns of officers services for 1828 and 1829 have been transcribed and are found at the Family History Library. The 1828 return was for active duty officers only, while the 1829 return was for both active and half-pay (retired) officers. These records have the National Archives designation of WO 25. Two sets of books serve as a rough "index" to the original returns of service for 1828 and 1829. They only list officers who had children and they are in the same order as the names appear in the original returns (grouped by first three letters of the surname). The two sets of several volumes are:
Children of Officers on Full or Half-pay, 1828. Bound manuscript. N.p., n.d. (Family History Library book 942 M23ber.)
Children of Officers on Full-pay, 1829. Bound manuscript. N.p., n.d. (Family History Library book 942 M23be.)
Similar returns of naval officers begin in 1817. The naval returns are indexed at The National Archives (ADM 10). See England Archives and Libraries for the address.
Pay Records
Pay records include the following:
• Pay lists give the name and rate of pay and sometimes ‘to whom paid’ (which may be a spouse or other relative). Navy pay lists were kept by ship and are not indexed. Active duty army personnel were paid from the muster rolls, and separate pay lists do not always exist.
• Pay warrants are records of actual payment filed with the Exchequer records at The National Archives. Final pay warrants often mention a will or administration and the death date.
• Pay ledgers contain the assignments of pay, addresses to which pay was sent (from 1837), and sometimes birth dates.
• Half-pay registers contain officers’ names, ranks, regiments, dates of first half-pay, rates of pay, and sometimes death dates.
Ship Logs
Ship logs exist from 1673. While they usually give information only on position, weather, and sightings of other ships, records of shipboard events may include names of individual seamen.
Continuous Service Engagement Books
From 1853 navy ratings (seamen) were assigned continuous service numbers. The records gave name, birth date and place, description, and ship. Brief career details were later added. From 1872 until 1892 merchant seamen were included.
Registers of Service
These records tell which ship a man served on. For officers these start in 1846. Those for warrant officers and seamen cover 1802 to 1871.
Soldiers’ Documents (WO 97)
These records of army service are available only for those soldiers who were discharged to pension. Corresponding records for those who left the Army for reasons other than discharge were destroyed. These records vary over time and even between soldiers. They usually include attestation and discharge documents. They often contain the reason for discharge and details on age, birthplace, and trade or occupation on enlistment. They are arranged by regiment, then alphabetically by surname for the years 1760 through 1872. The records for 1873 to 1882 are alphabetically arranged by corps (cavalry, foot soldiers, artillery, guards, and so forth). From 1883 to 1914, these records are arranged in one alphabetical series.
An index to these records is available as part of the online catalogue of the National Archives of the UK. You may enter the name of a soldier in the 'Word or phrase' field and the 'Department or series code' of WO (for War Office) 97. See National Archives for further information.
At the Family History Library the records are on microfilm and arranged by regiment. These records have been digitised and are available online via FindMyPast.co.uk. There are also searchable on FamilySearch.org
It was possible to have a qualified pension commuted to allow a soldier to immigrate to British colonies. A list of those who did, between the years 1830-1839, is found online at TheShipsList.com.
The Public Record Office has a computerized index to the soldiers’ documents from 1760 to 1854. The index shows the name, age, birthplace, year of enlistment and discharge, the regiment, and the reference to the original document.
Chaplains’ Returns
Army chaplains throughout the British Empire kept records that list the baptisms, marriages, and burials of officers, soldiers, and their families. These returns (from 1760 to 1971) are indexed and are available by correspondence from the Office of National Statistics (formerly Registrar General). Indexes for births 1796–1880, for marriages 1796–1955, and for deaths 1786–1880, are available on microfiche at the Family History Library.
Regimental Registers
Regiments kept birth, marriage, and death records for officers and men. Births and baptisms are indexed. These records (1790–1924) are available by correspondence from the Office of National Statistics (formerly Registrar General). The indexes are available on microfiche at the Family History Library.
Records of Service.
These records, similar to soldiers’ documents, were kept for army officers from 1771 until 1911. However, they are incomplete before 1828. They contain the officer’s birth date and place; promotions; transfers; marriage date and place; his spouse’s name; and his children’s names, birth dates, and birthplaces.
Lists of Officers
Published annually, these records give an officer’s name, rank, regiment or ship, and date of commission. See:
• Army List. London, England: publishers and title vary, 1754–. (Family History Library book 942 M25; films 856427–452 and others.) First published in 1740, these lists have been published continuously since 1754 and are indexed beginning in 1766. They list army officers and are arranged by regiment. Half-pay (semi-retired) officers were not included in the early indexes. The listing for WO 65 is avaliable for free download Family History: Digital Microfilm Catalogue Description WO 65 National Archives online
• Index to Commission and Warrant Books. N.p., n.d. (Family History Library films 824516–7.) This index lists naval officers from 1695–1742 and gives dates of commission and a reference to further details available at The National Archives.
• Navy List. London, England: several publishers, 1782–. (Family History Library book 942 M25gba; films 918928–940, 990323–326.) The Navy List names all commissioned officers, including masters, pursers, surgeons, chaplains, yard officers, coast guardsmen, and reservists.
British Military3.jpg
Militia Lists and Musters
Militia lists (beginning as early as 1297) contain the names of men eligible for military service. Militia musters are lists of men in the militia. Early militia lists and most militia musters contain only the men’s names. A brief explanation of musters and the location of available pre-1757 lists are given in:
• Gibson, Jeremy, and Alan Dell. Tudor and Stuart Muster Rolls. Solihull, England: Federation of Family History Societies Publications, Ltd., 1989. (Family History Library book 942 M2gj)
Militia units were generally raised on a county basis and kept their own records. From 1757 to 1876, lists of men ages 18 to 55 were compiled by individual parishes and turned in to the shire (county) lieutenant. These lists usually contain each man’s name, parish of residence, age, fitness for service, and sometimes cause for exemption (such as a man with more than two young children, a disability, or an exempt occupation).
Origins.net has a dataset that contains over 110,000 names of militia recruits in England and Scotland. The Irish Origins index contains another 12,500 names of militia recruits. A project is also underway to digitize Militia Attestation (enlistment) papers for 1806-1915 (WO 96), and make them available online through FindMyPast.com, by the end of 2011.
For further information on militia lists and musters, see:
• Medlycott, Mervyn, and Jeremy Gibson. Militia Lists and Musters, 1757–1876. 3rd Editor. Solihull, England: Federation of Family History Societies Publications, Ltd., 1994. (Family History Library book 942 M2gmm.BYU Harold B Lee Library book CS 414 .X1 G533 2001.)
Other Records
Many other records are available, such as records on medals, casualties, promotions, desertion, and court martials. The following military branches have separate records:
• Fencibles were army units raised for home service only. Fencibles were usually classed with the militia, and records are kept with militia records.
• The Ancient British Fencible Cavalry 1794-1800. A brief history of the British Fencible Cavalry with a list of Officers who served with the Regiment, covering years 1794-1800. Article in Hel Achau, #3, Spring 1981, pages 21-24, Family History Library Ref. 942.23 D25h
• Yeomanry were volunteer regiments, records of which often do not survive or are less complete than other military records.
• Colonial armies were forces raised in other countries. Records of these forces are usually in the country where the forces were raised. A notable exception is the Indian Army, for which many records are held at the British Library Oriental and India Office Collections, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB England. British Army in India information, click here.
• The Coast Guard (1816–1923) kept their own records, including pension, description, and other records.
These records are at The National archives. For further information on military records for branches of the service other than navy or regular army, see the military record handbooks at the end of this section.
POWs
The International Committee of the Red Cross has an incomplete list of all known POWs and internees of all nationalities for both World Wars. Searches can be made only by a written request and an hourly rate is charged. To learn more about how to obtain a copy of a listing use the contact information located on their website.
Resources
The National Archives (TNA), located at Kew, West London, houses a wealth of information on military personnel, much of it now available to download. See the "Online Resources" section below for further information.
Military histories or regimental histories are listed in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
GREAT BRITAIN - MILITARY HISTORY
Pre-1914 records for both the army and the navy are at The National Archives - TNA
The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 4DU England
Post-1914 army records are at:
Army Records Centre
Bourne Avenue
Hayes, Middlesex UB3 1RF
England
Post-1914 navy records are at:
Ministry of Defense
Main Building, Whitehall SW1A 2HB
England
Internet
Imperial War Museum
Imperial War Museum, London (WWI & WWII Collections)
Records at the Family History Library
The Family History Library’s collection of army records includes:
• Army soldiers’ documents (before 1882)
• Description books
• World War I service files
• Officers’ records of service
• Army Lists 1740 to the present
• Indexes to the Regimental Registers and the Chaplains’ Returns
• Regimental histories
• Other miscellaneous army records
For theNavy, the library has:
• Continuous service engagement books
• Indexes to commission and warrant books
• Bounty papers
• Various published sources
Some Royal Marine attestation (enlistment) records are also available at the library.
A number of name indexes to some military records containing birth, marriages, or deaths are in the Family History Library. These indexes can be found in the Place search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
MILITARY RECORDS - CIVIL REGISTRATION
The library staff has compiled a typescript listing of army records in its collection (Family History Library book 942 M2; film 990313 item 5).
Library records are listed in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under either ENGLAND or GREAT BRITAIN and the following subject headings:
MILITARY RECORDS
MILITARY HISTORY
MILITARY RECORDS - ARMY
MILITARY RECORDS - NAVY
Search Strategies
It is difficult to locate an individual’s record without knowing his ship or regiment. If you do not know this, you may find it in other types of records. Once you know the regiment or ship, consult the muster rolls, records of service, or other records available for that ship or regiment. Strategies for finding the ship or regiment follow.
If you know a campaign or battle in which the ancestor fought, a place he was stationed, or a place where a child was born while he was in the service, use:
Kitzmiller, John. In Search of the "Forlorn Hope," 2 vols. plus supp. Ogden, Utah: Manuscript Publishing Foundation, 1988. (Family History Library book 942 M2j.) This work will help you find where regiments were stationed during a range of years.
Army Officers. You can usually find army officers in the Army List (1740 to the present - see "Lists of Officers" in this article). If your ancestor does not appear in the Army List for the right time period, consult the card index to officers, available only at the Public Record Office.
If an officer was living during 1828 or 1829, you can use the indexed returns of service. "Birth certificates" submitted with widow’s pension applications may reveal an officer’s name. If you still cannot find a record, use the search strategies for soldiers.
Usually there are separate records for Commissariat officers, staff officers, medical officers (surgeons), chaplains, and others. Board of Ordnance officers (artillery, engineers, sappers, miners, artificers, and others) are not always included in the Army List and have their own records until 1855.
Royal Navy personnel. If your ancestor was in the navy after 1852, search the index to Continuous Service Engagement Books, or the Surname Index to the 1861 Census Returns of Ships. (See the "Merchant Marine" article.) Before 1853 the source to use depends on what you know about your ancestor. If you know:
• The name of a ship on which he served, search the ship musters, pay lists, and ship logs for the time period he should have been aboard.
• A port where your ancestor landed on a specific date, search the List Books, a geographically arranged list of ship locations at the Public Record Office (class ADM 8).
• A battle or campaign in which his ship was involved, search the medal rolls.
• The name of an officer serving with your ancestor, search the Navy List for that officer’s ship.
Since many seamen also served in the Merchant Marines during their careers, search the records described in British Merchant Marine
Many officers are included in published biographies, such as:
Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660–1815. Three Volumes. N.p., n.d. (Family History Library book 942 M23cs, films 909026–027. BYU FHL book V 11 .G7 A52 vol.1.)
Bibliography for Military Records
The resorces listed below may assist you in your research:
Bevan, Amanda, and Andrea Duncan. Tracing Your Ancestors in the Public Record Office. Fourth Edition. London, England: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1995. (Family History Library book 942 A5 no. 19 1995.)
Colledge, James J. Ships of the Royal Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987. (Family History Library book 942 M3c.)
Hamilton-Edwards, Gerald. In Search of Army Ancestry. London, England: Phillimore & Company, Limited, 1977. (Family History Library book 942 M2. BYU FHL book CS 415 .H36 1977.)
Higham, Robin. A Guide to the Sources of British Military History. London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972. (Family History Library book 942 M2h.)
Kew Lists. (See England Archives and Libraries for details.)
Records of Officers and Soldiers Who Have Served in the British Army. London, England: Public Record Office, 1984. (Family History Library book 942 M23 number 1.)
Rodgers, N.A.M. Naval Records for Genealogists. Second Edition. London, England: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1988. (Family History Library book 942 A5 number 22.)
Swinson, Arthur S., Editor. A Register of the Regiments and Corps of the British Army. London, England: Archive Press, 1972. (Family History Library book 942 M2.)
White, Arthur S. comp. A Bibliography of Regimental Histories of the British Army. Dallington, East Sussex, England: Naval and Military Press Ltd., 1992. (Family History Library book 942 M23was.)
References
A wiki article describing an online collectio is found at:
United Kingdom, Chelsea Pensioners' Service Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)
1. Hamilton-Edwards, Gerald (1977). In Search of Army Ancestry. Phillimore, p. 73.
External Links
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Dickenson County, VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 16:20, 5 June 2012 by Jaburgess (Talk | contribs)
Dickenson County, Virginia
Map
Location in the state of Virginia
Location of Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1880
County Seat Clintwood
Courthouse
United States Virginia Dickenson County
Southwest Virginia county.
Contents
County Courthouse
Dickenson County Courthouse
Box 190
Main Street
Clintwood, VA 24228-0190
Phone: 540-926-1616
County Healr Department has birth, death, and burial records,
Clerk Circuit court has marriage, divorce, court and land records
from 1880 and military discharge records[1]
Beginning Dates for Dickenson County, Virginia Government Records
Birth Marriage Death Census Land Probate
1880 1880 1880 1900 1880 1885
History
Parent County
1880--Dickenson County was created 3 March 1880 from Buchanan, Russell and Wise Counties.
County seat: Clintwood [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
African American
Freedmen's Bureau Letters or Correspondence, 1865-18721
Bible Records
Images of the Virginia Historical Society's family Bible collection have been digitized:
Additional Bible records include:
Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing Dickenson County, Virginia census records online, see: Virginia Census.
Historical populations
Census Pop.
18905,077
19007,74752.6%
19109,19918.7%
192013,54247.2%
193016,16319.4%
194021,26631.6%
195023,39310.0%
196020,211−13.6%
197016,077−20.5%
198019,80623.2%
199017,620−11.0%
200016,395−7.0%
201015,903−3.0%
1890 Union Veterans
1900
• Vanover, Gregory Lynn, Joan Short Vanover, and Barbara Kendrick Vanover. Dickenson County, Virginia, 1900 Federal Census. Pound, Virginia: G.L. Vanover, 1984. Available at FHL.
Church
Baptist
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. Sand Lick Primitive Baptist Church, the First Hundred Years, 1837-1937: A History of the Oldest Religious Organization in Dickenson County, Virginia. 1937; reprint, [Clintwood, Virginia?]: Mullins Printing, 1985. Available at FHL.
Court
Genealogy
More than a dozen genealogies have been published about Dickenson County families. For a list, see Dickenson County, Virginia Genealogy.
Land
Local Histories
• Giles, Albert William. The Geology and Coal Resources of Dickenson County, Virginia. University of Virginia, 1921. Digital version at Google Books (full-view).
• Schwab, W.G. The Forests of Dickenson County, Virginia. Charlottesville, Va., 1917. Digital version at Google Books (full-view).
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. Meet Virginia's Baby: A Brief Pictorial History of Dickenson County, Virginia, from Its Formation in 1880 to 1955, with Stress on Pioneer Background. Clintwood, Va.: E.J. Sutherland, 1955. 1975 reprint available at FHL.
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper and Hetty Swindall Sutherland. Pioneer Recollections of Southwest Virginia. Clintwood, Va.: H.S. Sutherland, G.L. Vanover, and J.S. Vanover, 1984. Available at FHL.
Maps
Military
Civil War
• Gobble, Lillian and Rhonda Robertson. Between Brothers: Civil War Soldiers of Wise and Dickenson County [Virginia]. [Big Stone Gap, Virginia: L. Gobble and R. Robertson, 200-?]. FHL Collection.
Naturalization
Newspapers
Private Papers
Dickenson County, Virginia, Family Bible Records, 1934-1935. Clintwood, Virginia: Mullins Printing, 1999. Available at FHL.
Probate
Research Guides
• "A Guide to the Counties of Virginia: Dickenson County," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1964):124-126. Available at FHL; digital version at New England Ancestors ($).
Taxation
Vital Records
Indexes to Dickenson County, Virginia births, marriages, and deaths are available online. These collections are incomplete, but are easy to search. Courtesy: FamilySearch - free.
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. E. J. Sutherland Collection, Dickenson County, Virginia, 1650-1965. MSS., available at FHL. [Includes Dickenson County Vital Statistics, 1830-1938.]
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Websites
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References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Dickenson County, Virginia. Page 713 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
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Revision as of 23:24, 28 June 2012
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Getting started with Italian research
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Flag of Italy.png
Welcome to the Italy page of the FamilySearch Wiki.
FamilySearch Wiki is a community website dedicated to helping people throughout the world learn how to find their ancestors. Through the Italy page you can learn how to find, use, and analyze Italian records of genealogical value. Please visit the help page to learn more about using the site. The Italy Page is a work in progress, your contributions and feedback are essential! For more information on the history and geography of Italy, click here
NEW! Join the Italy Genealogy Research Community on Facebook or Skype!
Jurisdictions
Italy is subdivided into 20 regions (regioni, singular regione). Five of these regions have a special autonomous status that enables them to enact legislation on some of their local matters, and are marked by an asterisk (*). It is further divided into 109 provinces (provincie) and 8,101 municipalities (comuni).
Records are kept at the town level.
Regions
Italy map with regions numbered.svg.png
1. Abruzzo
2. Aosta Valley *
3. Apulia (Puglia)
4. Basilicata
5. Calabria
6. Campania
7. Emilia-Romagna
8. Friuli-Venezia Giulia *
9. Lazio
10. Liguria
11. Lombardy (Lombardia)
12. Marche
13. Molise
14. Piedmont (Piemonte)
15. Sardinia (Sardegna)
16. Sicily (Sicilia) *
17. Trentino-Alto Adige *
18. Tuscany (Toscana)
19. Umbria
20. Veneto
Research Tools
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
Research Strategies
Locating births records Locating marriage records Locating death records
Featured Content
Military Conscription Records [registro di leva] list all males by year of birth and provide the name, parents’ names, place of residence, birth date and place, vocation, literacy, and physical description. They also show the draft board’s decision regarding the draftee’s fitness for service. If the draftee had emigrated, the date and destination are noted.
Read more... See the Italian tutorials at FamilySearch.org for "Basic Italian Research", "Italian Script", and lessons onetwo and three on "Reading Italian Handwriting Records".
Did you know?
• Most Italian emigrants were from southern Italy and settled in New York, Chicago, and along the East Coast. Many emigrants from northern Italy settled in the coal and mineral mining towns across the United States. Other northerners later settled in northern California where a climate similar to their own existed.
• The Anglo-Italian Family History Society has online transcriptions of Italian names in the 1841, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881 and 1891 England censuses.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Russia: Violence in Ingushetia
&tAttacks on civilians in Ingushetia have increased in the past few months. The most recent victims of violence include the family of an ethnic Russian teacher from the town of Karabulak, two ethnic Koreans in Stanitsa Ordzhonikidzevskaya, and a 66-year-old ethnic Russian doctor at a blood transfusion center in Nazran. Attacks on law enforcement authorities are also reported to be on the rise. To help local security forces manage the situation, some 2,500 interior ministry troops were sent to Ingushetia (pop. 467,294) earlier this month.
In Karabulak, the Federal Security Service (FSB) carried out a “special operation” on Sept. 2, which resulted in the death of Apti Dolakov, a 21-year-old man allegedly involved in the murder of the teacher's family.
LJ user shurpaevwrote this (RUS) about the incident:
So I'm sitting in the lobby [of the Karabulak prosecutor's office] and in comes a huge guy in camouflage, and he is fuming – “How can it be! Why did they have to kill?! They could've just arrested him, if there had been something on him, they could've just arrested him and that's it, and now they'll just put all the blame on the guy!” The secretary hissed at him – “There are journalists here!!!”
According to the official story, the guy was killed as he attempted to escape and resist the police. And he had a hand grenade. So we go to the site of the incident, find the backyard where he was killed, talk to the witnesses of the special operation, and what do you think? Everyone says the same thing. And we weren't recording the crowd, we walked from one apartment to the other, so I think there is a substantial grain of truth in what they were saying. Here are [...] the facts.
- the guy had no weapons on him, there was nothing in his hands as he was running away, but he was being followed by armed men.
- the crowded neighborhood, in which the special operation was taking place, had not been cordoned off. But there was [a great deal of] shooting there.
- the guy was shot in the backyard, then it looks like they made a “control shot,” then they lifted his body and placed a hand grenade underneath. [...] No one said they'd placed the hand grenade into his pocket, into his hand, etc. Everyone said they'd lifted the body, and they even thought they wanted to administer first aid to the guy. [...]
At the end of his post, Shurpaev explains why what's going on in Ingushetia now is similar to the situation in Dagestan two years ago – and why it appears to be much worse:
The situation in Ingushetia sucks and I doubt it'll improve. The terrorist act statistics is nearly the same as in Dagestan two years ago. But over there, special services where not fighting guys “with hand grenades” – but were killing weathered gang bosses. In [Dagestan] now, it's not three terrorist acts a night, but one every two weeks at the most.
Other explanations of the situation in Ingushetia feature the neighboring Chechnya – in one way or another.
According to some officials, militants from Chechnya and other North Caucasian republics are behind some of the attacks.
Ruslan Isayev, a Prague Watchdog author, whose recent text was translated from Russian by David McDuff of A Step At A Time, reports on this scenario that's now being discussed in Ingushetia:
One rumour that is spreading says that the situation in the republic is being aggravated on purpose so that the forces of the Moscow-backed Chechen President Kadyrov can be called in to restore order and to unite the two republics in future, and that [Ingushetia's extremely unpopular president] Murat Zyazikov will tender his resignation [...] this month.
Isayev also notes that the ongoing violence in Ingushetia is viewed by many as a possible beginning of yet another war in the North Caucasus:
Many people are now comparing the situation in Ingushetia with the situation in Chechnya before the second war. Some observers even draw parallels with the most active phases of the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya, when members of the federal forces were able with impunity to abduct any person or simply shoot a passer-by who didn’t look at them in the right way.
Marina Litvinovich – LJ user abstract2001, Garry Kasparov‘s aide and founder of the PravdaBeslana.ru website – is dismayed with president Vladimir Putin's lack of response to the situation in Ingushetia and links it to the upcoming presidential election, scheduled to take place on March 9, 2008. She appealed (RUS) to the president's press service on her blog:
If I still had an opportunity to advise president V. Putin to issue a statement, I would definitely insist on a statement about the events in Ingushetia.
Because Russians and not just them are being purposefully killed there, educated and respected people more often than not. Extrajudicial killings (shootings) of civilians are also taking place there (most often for their religious beliefs). All this has been going for two months already.
It's about time the president paid attention to this.
Because he regularly signs condolences when citizens of other countries die, and the same about congratulations, but there's no reaction from him whatsoever when bloody events and deaths of citizens occur in his own country.
But here's what's even worse. They are “setting up the stage” now by killing people in Ingushetia, then they'll organize some terrorist act, and when it's all over, Putin would appear “in front of the nation” and say something like this:
“We are not dealing with singular acts of intimidation or with unrelated attacks by terrorists. We are dealing with a direct intervention of international terror against Russia.
We're dealing with a total, cruel and full-scale war, which is taking lives of our compatriots again and again.
All international experience shows that such wars do not end quickly, unfortunately. In such circumstances, we cannot afford and shouldn't live as carelessly as before.
Our country has entered the election period. It is obvious that the terrorist underground is willing to make use of the time when the power in Russia is being transfered. Our enemies want instability and chaos. But we won't let them drag us into war and terror.
I'd like to say the following in this regard.
First.
A set of measures aimed at strengthening the unity of the country will be prepared in the nearest future.
Second.
To preserve stability in Russia, I have sent the chambers of the Federal Council of the Russian Federation a proposal to introduce changes into paragraph 3 of Article 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation [which reads: "No one person shall hold the office of President of the Russian Federation for more than two terms in succession."]
I hope that the citizens of Russia will understand and support my decision.
Today, we must be together. Only this way shall we able to overcome the enemy.”
Vladimir Vladimirovich, it's good in Australia, but Ingushetia is burning right next to you.
Thank you for your attention.
LJ user varfolomeev66Vladimir Varfolomeev, Radio Echo of Moscow host – is dismayed with public indifference towards violence in Ingushetia. On his blog, he wrote (RUS):
[...] We think that what's going on in Ingushetia – so distant from both capitals [Moscow and St. Petersburg] – will not affect us, that the bony hand of the militants and “death squads” will never reach us.
We are wrong to be so hopeful.
The war in Chechnya ended up resulting in the hijacking of planes, explosions of residential building, theater and school sieges. If the Ingush boiler explodes, you and I may end up being buried under its debris, too.
We should at least think about this – if no one, unfortunately, cares about the fate of the Ingush people.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
A Brazilian journalist in search of Iranian bloggers
This post also available in:
বাংলা · ইরানী ব্লগারদের খোঁজে একজন ব্রাজিলিয়ান সাংবাদিক
Español · Periodista brasileño a la búsqueda de blogueros iraníes
Português · Um jornalista brasileiro na procura de blogueiros iranianos
Italiano · Un giornalista brasiliano alla scoperta della blogosfera iraniana
简体中文 · 巴西记者采访伊朗博客
繁體中文 · 巴西記者採訪伊朗部落客
فارسی · خبرنگار برزیلی از بلاگرهای ایرانی می گوید
Raul Juste Lores is a Brazilian journalist and Beijing Bureau Chief of Folha de Sao Paulo. He has recently taken a trip to Tehran, where he met and interviewed several Iranian bloggers and civil society personalities such as the Nobel Peace Laureate Shirin Ebadi.
Why is a chief bureau of a Brazilian newspaper in Beijing interested in Iranian bloggers?
Actually I cover Asia, but not Middle East. Due to the elections in Israel, a colleague was there and my newspaper wanted someone else to go to Tehran to cover the 30th anniversary of the Islamic Revolution. It was a great opportunity and I accepted inmediately.
In any country, bloggers can give you a fresh idea about what the youth is thinking — and in Iran, where 70% of population can be considered pretty young, blogosphere becomes more important.
You have interviewed several bloggers in Iran. What were their social/political background? What were their concerns, hopes and projects?
Most were middle class in Tehran, unfortunately I couldn't travel to the countryside, although I talked to one or two bloggers from other cities by chat. Anyway, they represent an urban, middle class and young generation where the internet is their territory of freedom, or at least the freer one. I've interviewed a conservative blogger as well, it was interesting to realize that religious conservatives are using the same platform.
I wish I had the opportunity to know more about bloggers from other groups. What I've seen is just a small fragment. Most of them really look like young people everywhere in the world: idealistic, full of projects, web-addicts, dreamers. But in Iran they tend to be much more politicized and interested about world news — they created their own way to break the isolation of the country after so many embargos and sanctions.
How do you evaluate the citizen media impact on the Iranian society?
It is a very big impact. In countries where all the media belongs to, or at least, is strongly regulated by the government, blogs can be an important alternative to spread news, to give voice to different sources, to express different points of view and criticisms. Many blogs are more focused about humour, jokes than political and intellectual issues, but it is the same everywhere.
How much of the Iran you discover was similar to the image of Iran you had in your mind?
The tension in the air is very similar to the one I had imagined. To see so many women covered in dark, long chadors… Nature is so full of colors, don't you think? The idea that someone can be put in jail because he/she is doing something pretty normal in the rest of the world. Also, the society is very, very conservative, sexism and the lack of equality of rights between men and women go well beyond the religious laws, even the so-called modern and liberal ones are definitely conservative.
On the other hand, Iranian youth has managed to live as best as it is possible, so somehow they break many laws, they have fought for their space against so many prohibitions. In a word, they are far less accomodated than young people in many other countries. Thay have to fight for things others take for granted.
How do you compare the Iranian blogosphere and the Brazilian and/or Chinese ones?
They have a bigger political role than in Brazil, because in Iran you don't have as many outspoken actors in civil society like in my country (free press, strong NGOs, many political parties, etc). Iranian Blogs can work as good opinion polls, or termometers of what a good portion of Urban Iran is thinking. In this way, they are closer to the Chinese blogosphere, they defy the rhetoric of the official media, they spread news that the governments think they can just block. They are more horizontal, from the bottom of the society to the top. Certainly the leaders in both countries are really aware and pay attention about what is discussed in blogs.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Portugal: Adrift, With a Bailout in the Works
This post also available in:
Español · Portugal: A la deriva y con intenciones de rescate
Français · Portugal : A la dérive, et contraint au plan de sauvetage économique
Deutsch · Portugal treibt hilflos vor sich hin – Rettungspaket ist unterwegs
Português · Portugal: País à Deriva e Intenções de Resgate
The same week that Portugal celebrated the 25 of April (the day on which in 1974 it put an end to the 41 year dictatorship to make way for neoliberal democracy) and the 1 of May – Worker’s Day - an appeal is made to the ideals of liberty, justice and equality with the backdrop of prolonged economic crisis which contaminates social and political life.
The fall of the Government in mid March and the opening to the doors of the “troika” formed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Central Bank and the European Commission (EC) for a international financial bailout, have triggered an even greater state of alert by Portuguese people to issues that will determine living conditions for years to come.
Blogs and social networks mete out judgement on a poorly-governed and adrift Portugal, a country that is not able to satisfy the complex macro-economic model [pt] it committed to, under the protection of the idea of an open Europe, one of solidarity [pt].
"Proposal to update the Portuguese flag, together with the increase of the length of the national anthem to two times, reducing the speed to half, institutionalizing in video with a loop editing, first backwards and then forwards. This intention in keeping with the reality of our country." Photograph by Miguel Januário from the site maismenos.net, used with permission
More or less development
Even though since Portugal’s joining the then “European Economic Community” (EEC, today the European Union, EU) in 1986, hundreds of millions of Euros have been injected in structural and membership funds for the development of the country, recent studies have concluded that “economic growth in Portugal was adversely affected by joining the Economic and Monetary Union” [pdf, pt].
On Quintus’ blog, a post signed with the pseudonym Clavis Prophetarum, explains [pt]:
pagaram para que destruíssemos o nosso tecido produtivo: a frota abatida em troca de subsídios de “modernização da frota” que não exigiam que as embarcações abatidas fossem substituídas por novas (…), com o abandono dos mares e a abertura escancarada dos nossos mares às frotas europeias e com idênticas acções na agricultura e na indústria, tornamo-nos num estéril “país de serviços”.
They paid for us to destroy our productive fabric: one fleet decommissioned in exchange for subsidies for a “modernization of the fleet” that did not require that the old ships were substituted by new ones (…), with the abandonment of the seas and the blatant opening of our seas to European fleets with identical interests in agriculture and industry, we turned ourselves into a sterile “country of services”.
Two Euro coins of Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain (the “PIGS” of Europe), before those of Germany. Photo by Flickr user Landahlauts (Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA).
With the adoption of the Euro since 1999 and its entry into sole circulation in 2002, Portugal committed itself to the “Euro Convergence Criteria” established by the countries of the Euro Zone, that require responsible fiscal policies, with public debt below 60% of GDP and a budget deficit of less than 3%. According to data released by the Instituto Nacional de Estatística (National Statistics Institute) [pt], in March 2011 the value of the Portuguese deficit rose 0.6% from 2010, to 9.1%, and public debt rose from 92.4 to 93% of GDP.
Austerity with ostentation
From since the end of 2007 the words “crisis”, “deficit” and public “debt” [pt] have been staples of Portuguese conversation. In power for six years, the government of José Socrates has looked for solutions to balance out the deficit, and since March 2010 it presented four proposals for “Pacto de Estabilidade e Crescimento” (Stability and Growth Pacts), or PEC, with austerity measures on public spending that caused controversy in cutting various social services.
The year 2011 started with cuts in salaries to public servants, which led to widespread discontentment [pt] given the government’s inability to find constitutional means to contain spending in a more “just” way.
Another austerity measure with immediate impact on Portuguese pockets since the beginning of the year was the increase in the EU VAT tax [called the IVA in Portugal], applied by the EU on consumption. With a 2% increase in the VAT, a 23% tax is levied on all economic transactions in Portugal. When the government announced that golf (with a contribution of 500 million euros to the GDP) would only be taxed at 6% maximum, the wave of indignation was immediate. The goal would be to promote the economic recovery of the country through tourism, but as it is considered by most a “sport of the rich” [pt], the reduction of the tax on golf sparked a huge controversy in the face of new proposals to cut social services.
The Protest of the Scraping-By Generation on March 12 brought at least 200,000 people to the streets who demonstrated their discontent with increasing unemployment and precarious work. In response to the strong adhesion to the protest, a coalition of blogs formed called Já Basta! (Enough Already!) [pt], demanding the fall of the government.
On March 23, when the Parliament rejected the fourth “Stability and Growth Pact” proposed by Prime Minister Socrates, he presented his resignation to President Cavaco Silva. On the same day, a creative intervention by artist and activist Miguel Januário on the steps of Parliament, marked the day with a golf swing and with ostentation:
“± EGO SUM PANIS VIVUS ±” (I am live bread) by ± on Vimeo
Contradicting what Socrates had claimed [pt] would not happen earlier in the year, in April a request was sent to the troika of the IMF, EC, and ECB to bailout the country from its debts. The conditions for an “inevitable” loan of 80 billion euros [pt] are being assessed.
Is the inevitable viable?
There are a number of “online social movements” that question, and cause one to question, if that which the Government and its bailout agents propose is in fact the best solution.
"The inevitable is unviable" by Gui Castro Felga of "O Blog ou a Vida" (The blog or a life). Image used with permission
The anti-austerity collective Portugal Uncut takes actions daily against the announcements of cuts of public services around the country.
A manifesto signed by 74 citizens born after 1974 [pt] appeals for a rethink of the changes that are seen in labor markets – with the “regression of labor rights together with a growing precariousness that invades all aspects of life” — as well as changes to the State – highlighting increasing privatization of health and education. They go on to criticize the “new vocabulary” that has implanted itself in the country:
transformando em «credores» aqueles que lucram com a dívida, em «resgate financeiro» a imposição ainda mais acentuada de políticas de austeridade e em «consenso alargado» a vontade de ditar a priori as soluções governativas.
transforming into “creditors” those who profited from the debt, in a “financial bailout”, the imposition of even more accentuated policies of austerity and in “broad consensus” the will to dictate a priori solutions by government.
Launched on April 15, the transparency portal Despesa Pública (Public Spending) [pt] promises to make Portuguese citizens understand how their government spends public monies. The site allows users to search contract documents between state and public and private entities, responding to the lack of information accessible on how and where tax monies are spend, and by whom.
Legislative elections are scheduled for June 5. But before this, let’s see what May brings.
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A smile is a curve that sets everything straight. Diller, Phyllis
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It is not the critic who counts. Not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled or where the doer of deeds could have done better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs and comes short again and again; who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause. Who, at the best, knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat. Roosevelt, Theodore
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Faliraki
From Wikitravel
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Faliraki is the site of one of the most beautiful beaches in Rhodes and is a great choice for anyone who wants a sun and sand holiday complete with lots of bright lights and action.
The resort centre is as buzzing as the beach at night, the place gives you every opportunity to dance and party with a wealth of pubs, discos, music-bars and clubs.
Kalithea has a hilly backdrop with a cove offering a range of watersports, but if you are looking for a good stretch of beach you will find some just 3 kilometers away.
A nearby water park also makes for a great day out.
There are a few bars and restaurants, however most head for Faliraki for more lively action.
[edit] Understand
[edit] Get in
[edit] By taxi
It takes 15 min from Rhodes Ferry terminal to Faliraki center, the price is around €20.
[edit] By bus
The bus is €2 per person but it takes 35 min and also you have to walk a few minutes to the bus stop.
[edit] By car
Rent a car 15 -55 € per day depending on time of year,
[edit] By motorbike
Rent a moto for around €25-35 per day.
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
There are a large number of restaurants in Faliraki to suit every taste. The vast majority of these restaurants are located on the main Rhodes-Lindos highway where it passes through the centre of Faliraki. Ermou Street (known as Bar Street) and Pigon Kallitheas Avenue (known as Club Street) also have a large number of food outlets that double up as bars at night.
The cuisine served at most takeaways and restaurants caters mainly for the tastes of tourists, however it is possible to find some local cuisine in some of the family run tavernas. A good example is Manolis Taverna, located close to the junction of Bar Street and Club Street.
[edit][add listing] Drink
Nightlife in Faliraki tends to begin at around 10pm. Ermou Street, which is one of the main streets in Faliraki, is the focal point for pubs and bars. Tourists and bar owners call this area Bar Street. The quality of drinks served in the bars can vary between bars. Bar staff will often give special offers in order to attract customers into the bar, including free shots, cocktails and drinks included with entry/cover charge. The quality and quantity of alcoholic drinks is not always consistent.
A typical price for bottled beer is about 2-3 Euros. In the more expensive establishments, drinks may be around 4-5 Euros.
• King Arthurs Pub, # 1 Club Street, [1]. Bar designed to look like King Arthurs Castle. LIve Music every night. Reasonable Prices and Friendly staff. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Apartment Dafne, Faliraki Beach, [2]. The apartments are within walking distance from the main beach. Within easy walking distance is the lively center of Faliraki. The apartment is for rent for both short breaks and for Langzeitbeiwohnung. You feel right at home and enjoy the typical Greek hospitality. edit
• Faliraki Lodge, [3]. The Faliraki Lodge is a traditional house with a total of 160 m2 living area plus 40 m2 the garden house and 1.200 m2 garden, just outside of the busy Faliraki centre area with night clubs and entertainment all kinds. The location of the house offers you a tranquil holiday with your family or a couple of friends and the sandy beach of Faliraki is reachable within walking distance. 30€. edit
• Frida Studios, Rhodes-Faliraki, +30 6937372813, [4]. checkin: 24 hr. Nice cozy studios. €25-120. (36.328802,28.199938) edit
• Telhinis Hotel, (It takes 4 min to Bar Street, 7 min to the beach.), +30 2241 087578, +30 69 77250333 (mobile), [5]. Nice friendly place. edit
• Hotel Venezia, Faliraki, [6]. The hotel offers 125 rooms in total, as well as superb surroundings, well-kept grounds and excellent service. It has a lobby, 24-hour reception, currency exchange facility, mini-supermarket and Internet access (subject to fees). Guests can spend the evenings relaxing in the bar, watching satellite TV in the lounge or playing video games. Younger guests are sure to enjoy the playground. £19. edit
• White Palace Hostel, 2 Agisandrou St. (close to the main road and beach), [7]. Clean hostel with WiFi, BBQ, swimming pool and free parking. Studio with kitchenette also available. 10€. edit
[edit] Contact
[edit] Get out
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High Country (Victoria)
From Wikitravel
(Redirected from Murray River)
Jump to: navigation, search
Mountains in the alpine area of the High Country
The High Country is a region of the state of Victoria in Australia. It extends down from the wine regions in the mid north-east of the state to the alpine regions to their south.
[edit] Regions
[edit] Cities
[edit] Other destinations
• Mt Bogong is located close to Falls Creek.
[edit] Ski resorts
The High Country contains Victoria's ski fields:
[edit] Understand
[edit] Get in
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
[edit] Itineraries
[edit][add listing] Do
• Bogong Horseback Adventures, 52 Fredas Lane. Tawonga, 03 5754 4849, [1]. by appointment. Award winning horse tour operator offering rides from 2 hours to Multi-day packhorse expeditions into the Alpine National Park. Home of Spring Spur Australian Stock Horse stud, all expedition horses are bred and trained on the property. Clinics in Natural Horsemanship available. from $90. (147.11.239 E,36.41.682 S) edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Lindenwarrah at Milawa, Milawa-Bobinawarrah Rd - Milawa. Lindenwarrah is situated right in the heart of the Milawa Gourmet Region, acountry house hotel surrounded by vineyards and with views to the Alpine region. Phone: (03) 5720 5777. ([2]).
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[edit] Stay safe
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABS 1996, Occasional Paper: Population Issues, Indigenous Australians, cat. no. 4708.0, ABS Canberra.
ABS and AIHW 2008, The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, cat. no. 4704.0, ABS Canberra.
ABS 2004, Experimental Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 1991-2009, cat. no. 3238.0, ABS Canberra.
ABS 2008, Population Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2101, cat. no. 3222.0, ABS Canberra.
ABS 2008, Experimental Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, cat. no. 3238.0.55.001, ABS Canberra.
ABS various quarters, Australian Demographic Statistics, cat. no. 3101.0, ABS Canberra.
ABS various years, Births, Australia, cat. no. 3301.0, ABS Canberra.
ABS various years, Population by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories, cat. no. 3201.0, ABS Canberra.
Carmichael G 1998, Things Ain't What They Used to Be! Demography, Mental Cohorts, Mortality and Values in Post-war Australia, Presidential address, Journal of the Australian Population Association, Vol 15, No 2.
Corr, P and Kippen, R 2006, The Case for Parity and Birth-Order Statistics, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Statistics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 171-200.
Gray A 1997, The Explosion of Aboriginality: Components of Indigenous Population Growth 1991-1996, Discussion Paper no. 142/1997, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Australian National University, Canberra.
Lattimore, R and Pobke, C 2008, Recent Trends in Australian Fertility, Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper, Canberra.
Laws, P & Sullivan, E A 2009, Australia’s mothers and babies 2007, Perinatal statistics series no. 23. Cat. no. PER 48. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, Handbook on the Collection of Fertility and Mortality Data: 2004, <http://esa.un.org>.
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, Principles and Recommendations for a Vital Statistics System: Revision 2, <http://esa.un.org>.
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, <http://esa.un.org/unpp>.
Statistics New Zealand, <http://www.stats.govt.nz>.
United States Department of Health and Human Services, <http://www.cdc.gov>.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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So, what is the best franchise business? Which one should you own? Which one is the best? And, how can you find out? One more question: Who decides what is meant by "the best?" Find out by reading this franchise blog post.
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You are here: Home / The European environment – state and outlook 2010 / Country assessments / Finland / Country profile - Societal developments (Finland)
Country profile - Societal developments (Finland)
Country introduction - Major societal developments
Published: Nov 26, 2010 Modified: Nov 23, 2010
As a consequence of the Second World War, Finland lost nearly 10 % of its area, including the second largest city, and about 10 % of the production capacity. Basically all of the 430 000 inhabitants who had lived in the area which was lost were evacuated. A settlement plan was created aiming to help the evacuees to continue their occupation. They settled mainly in the rural areas.
Another consequence of the war was the huge war indemnities that were imposed on Finland. On the one hand, this was a vast burden to the Finnish industry but on the other hand, it helped to build production capacity.
After World War II, the industrialisation of Finland gained speed. Both GNP and industrial production had grown slowly and roughly doubled during the years 1925–1945. After that, the GNP grew five-fold until 1990, and the growth in industrial production was nearly three-fold.
This development is also reflected in the energy consumption that has grown steadily and is now five-fold compared to 1950. At the same time, the equity ratio of the energy consumption fell from about 60 % in 1960 to 20 % in 1976, and is now around 32 %.
The industrialisation process was one of the developments affecting agriculture and forestry. In 1950, about 800 000 persons were working in agriculture and the number of persons working in forestry was slightly higher. In 1990, the number for agriculture was about 200 000 and now it is below 150 000. The number of persons working in forestry declined even faster to 60 000 in 1980 and to 24 000 in 2007.
The growth in business activity based on the information and communication technology is one of the notable features in Finland. The Finland-based enterprise Nokia can be credited with much of this development.
The driving forces behind the rapid evolution of technology in Finland have been a rather high educational level and prompt reactions to the emerging educational needs, close cooperation between the actors in politics, science and private businesses as well as an up-to-date legislation.
The migration to cities and abroad of the rural population, often living in smallholdings, started to grow in the 1950s and peaked in the beginning of the 1970s. Many of the inhabitants who moved were young which affected the consequences of the depopulation of the rural areas. The migration to urban regions continues[1].
Sweden has been an important target of emigration from Finland. The emigration was at the highest in 1968-1986 and the total number since 1945 is 540 000 persons. However, at the same time around 300 000 persons have moved from Sweden to Finland thus diminishing considerably the net emigration[2].
Finland joined the EU in 1995 at the same time as Austria and Sweden, and has been participating in the work of the European Environment Agency since 1993.
Disclaimer
The country assessments are the sole responsibility of the EEA member and cooperating countries supported by the EEA through guidance, translation and editing.
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Union Township, Dallas County, IowaEdit This Page
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
ElectroComponent Science and Technology
Volume 9 (1982), Issue 4, Pages 296-296
doi:10.1155/APEC.9.296
Announcement
Copyright © 1982 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This article has no abstract.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Polymer Science
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 526795, 17 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/526795
Research Article
Characterization and Some Insights into the Reaction Chemistry of Polymethylsilsesquioxane or Methyl Silicone Resins
1Electronics Solutions S&T, Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd., 2-2 Chigusa-Kaigan, Chiba Ichihara 299-0108, Japan
2Analytical Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, 2200 W. Salzburg Road, Midland, MI 48686-0994, USA
3Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Received 15 June 2012; Accepted 17 August 2012
Academic Editor: Takahiro Gunji
Copyright © 2012 Maki Itoh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Bibliography: The Hush of Dark Wings
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Title: The Hush of Dark Wings
Author: Charles L. Grant
Year: 1999
Type: NOVEL
Series: Black Oak
Series Number: 2
ISFDB Record Number: 980810
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Place:München, München, Oberbayern, Bayern, Germany
Watchers
NameMünchen
Alt namesMunich
Monacosource: Enciclopedia Europea (1978) p 7:716
Monaco di Bavierasource: Cambridge Italian Dictionary (1962) I-487
Munichensource: Canby, Historic Places (1984) p 2:628
Münchensource: Getty Vocabulary Program
Münchensource: Wikipedia
Munchen
TypeIndependent City
Coordinates48.133°N 11.583°E
Located inMünchen, Oberbayern, Bayern, Germany (700 - )
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Munich (; , , Bavarian: Minga) is the capital and the largest city of the German state of Bavaria. It is located on the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, behind Berlin and Hamburg. About 1.42 million people live within the city limits. Munich was the host city of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Its inhabitants are sometimes called Munichers in English.
The city's motto is "" (Munich likes you). Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" (Cosmopolitan city with a heart). Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat of arms. Black and gold—the colours of the Holy Roman Empire—have been the city's official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian.
Modern Munich is a financial and publishing hub, and a frequently top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location in livability rankings. Munich achieved 4th place in frequently quoted Mercer livability rankings in 2011. For economic and social innovation, the city was ranked 15th globally out of 289 cities in 2010, and 5th in Germany by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index based on analysis of 162 indicators. In 2010, Monocle ranked Munich as the world's most livable city (in 2012, Munich was ranked fifth in Monocle's ranking, yet remained the highest ranked city in Germany).
Contents
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Origin as medieval town
The year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is only the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg. By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge.
In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification. In 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. (Wittelsbach's heirs, the Wittelsbach dynasty, would rule Bavaria until 1918.) In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria.
Duke Louis IV was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. In the late 15th century Munich underwent a revival of gothic arts—the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest gothic church, now a cathedral—the Frauenkirche—constructed in only twenty years, starting in 1468.
Capital of reunited Bavaria
When Bavaria was reunited in 1506, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court (see Orlando di Lasso, Heinrich Schuetz and later Mozart and Richard Wagner). During the 16th century Munich was a centre of the German counter reformation, and also of renaissance arts. Duke Wilhelm V commissioned the Jesuit Michaelskirche, which became a centre for the counter-reformation, and also built the Hofbräuhaus for brewing brown beer in 1589. The Catholic League was founded in Munich in 1609. In 1623 during the Thirty Years' War Munich became electoral residence when Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria was invested with the electoral dignity but in 1632 the city was occupied by Gustav II Adolph of Sweden. When the bubonic plague broke out in 1634 and 1635 about one third of the population died. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors Munich was an important centre of baroque life but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742.
In 1806, the city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria, with the state's parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising being located in the city. Twenty years later Landshut University was moved to Munich. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period and were built under the first three Bavarian kings. Later Prince Regent Luitpold's years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich (see Franz von Stuck and Der Blaue Reiter).
World War I through World War II
Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich. After World War I, the city was at the centre of much political unrest. In November 1918 on the eve of revolution, Ludwig III and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican premier of Bavaria Kurt Eisner in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. When Communists had taken power, Lenin, who had lived in Munich some years before, sent a congratulatory telegram, but the Soviet Republic was put down on 3 May 1919 by the Freikorps. While the republican government had been restored, Munich subsequently became a hotbed of extremist politics, among which Adolf Hitler and the National Socialism rose to prominence.
In 1923 Hitler and his supporters, who were then concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party, which was virtually unknown outside Munich.
The city once again became a Nazi stronghold when the National Socialists took power in Germany in 1933. The National Socialist Workers Party created the first concentration camp at Dachau, 10 miles (16 km) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the Hauptstadt der Bewegung ("Capital of the Movement"). The NSDAP headquarters was in Munich and many Führerbauten ("Führer-buildings") were built around the Königsplatz, some of which have survived to this day.
The city is known as the site of the culmination of the policy of appeasement employed by Britain and France leading up to World War II. It was in Munich that British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland region into Greater Germany in the hopes of sating the desires of Hitler's Third Reich.
Munich was the base of the White Rose, a student resistance movement from June 1942 to February 1943. The core members were arrested and executed following a distribution of leaflets in Munich University by Hans and Sophie Scholl.
The city was heavily damaged by allied bombing during World War II—the city was hit by 71 air raids over a period of six years.
Postwar
After US occupation in 1945, Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous and – by comparison to other war-ravaged West German cities – rather conservative plan which preserved its pre-war street grid. In 1957 Munich's population passed the 1 million mark.
Munich was the site of the 1972 Summer Olympics, during which Israeli athletes were assassinated by Palestinian fedayeen in the Munich massacre, when gunmen from the Palestinian "Black September" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team.
Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life. Mercer HR Consulting consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide—a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th. The same company also ranks Munich as the world's 39th most expensive city to live in and the most expensive major city in Germany. Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Environmental pollution is low, although as of 2006 the city council is concerned about levels of particulate matter (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. Since the enactment of EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate in the air, environmental groups such as Greenpeace have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the State government to take a harder stance on pollution.
Today, the crime rate is low compared to other large German cities, such as Hamburg or Berlin. This high quality of life and safety has caused the city to be nicknamed "Toytown" amongst the English-speaking residents. German inhabitants call it "Millionendorf", an expression which means "village of a million people".
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Munich. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Culture & Education: An Analysis on Schooling of an Ethnic Minority Village in Pre-modernization
Xiaoyan Wang
Abstract
The study focuses on a Miao village of Southwest China, where the educations both home and community existing in the village are affecting the children. Before the place becomes part of modern society, traditional culture working in their reality life as well as rooting deeply in villagers’ mind. They haven’t recognized the meaning of the schooling education completely yet. The study finds that the point is that there are the different education types between schooling and home & community, including different contents, methods and aims of teaching. The findings suggest that they are badly in need a process of getting themselves to adapt to schooling, that is not the time problem, but understanding that “why I am going to school”, and “what I am studying for”.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Board Structure and Corporate Performance in Malaysia
Zubaidah Zainal Abidin, Nurmala Mustaffa Kamal, Kamaruzaman Jusoff
Abstract
This study examines the association between board structure and corporate performance, where performance is defined as the value added (VA) efficiency of the firm’s physical and intellectual resources rather than the more commonly used financial terms or profitability ratios. It is argued that the inclusion of intellectual elements into the measurement provides a long-term measurement of corporate performance. The VA efficiency of the firm’s total resources is calculated using the Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) methodology developed by an Austrian, Ante Pulic. The four board characteristics that are of interest in this study are board composition, directors’ ownership, CEO duality and board size. Based on a randomly selected sample of 75 companies listed on Bursa Malaysia, it is found that board composition and board size have a positive impact on firm performance, while the effects of directors’ ownership and CEO duality on the VA efficiency of firm’s total resources are not established. The outcome of the study shows that the emphasis on the importance of outside directors on the board by The Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance and by the requirements of Bursa Malaysia is deemed pertinent to the long-term corporate performance.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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ECE497 Project: PS EYE QT
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 04:57, 24 February 2012 by Yanj (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Team members: Mona Yan, Greg Harrison
Contents
Executive Summary
For our Final Project we wanted to be able to capture audio from the PlayStation Eye microphone array and then be able to display the audio waveforms all on the beagle. Initially we set out to display the waveforms in Qt using Qwt, which was later proved to be more difficult than initiall anticipated due to limitations on the Beagle and neither of us having prior C++ programming experience. The next thought was to try to use GnuPlot to try to plot the audio data. GnuPlot was really designed to produce static plots of information, not plots that were in realtime. We were able however to find different ways to "force" GnuPlot to plot the live data with the help of a clever script written by Thanassis Tsiodras, and then also edited by Andreas Bernauer which can be found here. When we implemented this script with our audio data on the beagle it still wasn't as realtime as we would have liked it to be due to the capabilities of the beagle, so we then had the idea to send the data back to a host computer which would then have the processing capability to produce the results we were after.
We currently have working plots of audio waveforms for channel1 and channel2 of the PS Eye microphone array. These plots are displayed on a host computer with the data being sent from the beagle via netcat. If time permits, it would be interesting to see if what we could also get netcat to do such as transferring video and/or audio from the beagle to the host.
We've investigated the audio effect through open source community and we choose Gstreamer. We explored GStreamer core module, the gst-plugins-base module, the gst-plugins-good module, the gst-plugins-ugly module, and the gst-plugins-bad module offered by the 0.10 GStreamer stable release series. We successfully implemented lowpass, bandpass filter, echo, reverberation and invert effects. In addition, we further explored other audio effects that Gstreamer capable of, such as removing human voice from background music.
This project turned out to be a lot more difficult then initially anticipated. Although it would be nice for this project to run solely on the beagle it is very interesting to discover all of the possibilities of utilizing netcat between the beagle and host.
Installation Instructions
Every package needed on the beagle should already be there with the current image we are working with. Start by cloning the git directory on the host computer:
user@host:~$ git clone git@github.com:harrisgw/ECE497-DisplayAudioWaveforms.git
Then go into this directory and view all the files
user@host:~$cd ECE497-DisplayAudioWaveforms
user@host:~/ECE497-DisplayAudioWaveforms$ ls
Beagle driveGnuPlotStreams.pl Host.sh README
The folder Beagle now needs to be copied to the beagle. In this example 10.0.0.13 is the IP address of the beagle replace with your beagles IP address:
user@host:~/ECE497-DisplayAudioWaveforms$ scp -r Beagle/ root@10.0.0.13:.
root@10.0.0.13's password:
audio_input_output.h 100% 521 0.5KB/s 00:00
Makefile 100% 6923 6.8KB/s 00:00
Beagle.sh 100% 56 0.1KB/s 00:00
audio_input_output.c 100% 12KB 11.7KB/s 00:00
debug.h 100% 741 0.7KB/s 00:00
audio_thread.h 100% 447 0.4KB/s 00:00
audio_process.c 100% 879 0.9KB/s 00:00
audio_process.h 100% 98 0.1KB/s 00:00
app_DEBUG.Beagle 100% 23KB 23.4KB/s 00:00
main.c 100% 1806 1.8KB/s 00:00
audio_thread.c 100% 9553 9.3KB/s 00:00
The Beagle folder should now be on your beagleboard. Check and then enter that folder:
root@beagleboard:~# ls
Beagle a.out busybox driveGnuPlotStreams.pl exercises sinuses.pl
Desktop autogain byobu-4.25 esc-gst network
Old bin c6run_build esc-media qt
root@beagleboard:~# cd Beagle
root@beagleboard:~/Beagle# ls
Beagle.sh audio_input_output.c audio_process.h debug.h
Makefile audio_input_output.h audio_thread.c main.c
app_DEBUG.Beagle audio_process.c audio_thread.h
Now that that is all set up we need to get the gnuplot package on the host. This should be all you need to do:
user@host:~/ECE497-DisplayAudioWaveforms$ sudo apt-get install gnuplot
For the audio effect, compile AudioEffect.c to read in audio from in input jack.
# gcc -Wall $(pkg-config --cflags --libs gstreamer-0.10) AudioEffect.c -o AudioEffect
Run AudioEffect.
# ./AudioEffect
usage: please input <choice> (choice from 0 to 4)
0--original
1--lowpass
2--bandpass
3--audioecho-reverb
4--audioinvert
User Instructions
After setting up everything on the host and Beagle, its time to see if everything works. First run the Beagle.sh script on the Beagle board:
root@beagleboard:~/Beagle# ./Beagle.sh
Then on the host run the Host.sh script, which will ask a series of questions:
user@host:~/ECE497-DisplayAudioWaveforms$ ./Host.sh
How many streams (enter:1 or 2)?
2
Would you like those streams in 1 window or 2 windows? (enter:1 or 2)
2
How many samples per window?
100
Enter Minimum Y axis:
-10000
Enter Maximum Y axis:
10000
Enter window width:
500
Enter window height:
500
Enter IP address of Beagle:
10.0.0.13
If everything worked you should now see 2 plots of audio that are from the Beagle board being displayed on the host computer. To quit the plots just push ctrl-c in the terminal window of either the beagle or the host.
Highlights
Currently our project can take audio data from a Playstation Eye microphone array running on the Beagle Board and then plot it on a host computer. We found this method to be the fastest and smoothest way to implement the plotting of the audio signals with the limited C++ programming experience and time we had. The script running on the host can take information about the plots including the range, number of channels, number of windows, and the number of samples displayed. A demo of what our project can do can be found here.
Theory of Operation
Our program works by running the AudioThru program we made work in Lab08 to generate the audio data. This audio data is then sent through a netcat connection with the host computer. This audio data is then plotted using GnuPlot with the given preferences for the plots supplied by the user. Scripts were created to simplify this entire process. The plots can be generated by only running one script on the beagle and one script on the host computer making the plotting easier for the user. The simple overview of our program can be summed up in the following diagram:
Work Breakdown
Initial work with Qt-Greg
Plotting with gnuplot-Greg
Sending data back to host for faster plotting with netcat- Greg
Making scripts to somewhat automate the plotting- Greg
Audio effect using Gstreamer- Mona
Conclusions
We are able to capture channel1 and channel2 audio signal from PS Eye microphone and display audio waveform plot on a host computer with the data being sent from the beagle via netcat. We also able to implement four different audio effects using Gstreamer. But this project turned out to be a lot harder than first anticipated. Much time was spent trying to get a Qt application to run on the beagle and use Qwt to plot the audio data with not a lot of success. It would be nice if we can add GUI to audio effect to let user to choose the effect and set properties of each effects. It would definitely have been better if we had C++ experience and a familiarity with Qt. It would be very beneficial if time was not a factor to learn how to use Qt because it can provide some powerful applications especially on embedded devices. Though we couldn't get this project to work using Qt and to run soley on the beagle, we did want to have something to show for our project which is the current implementation. Getting a program to run only using the beagle, adding a GUI to enhance the user experience with our program, and having the ability to send video and audio back to a host computer are all enhancements that would be greaat to implement if time permitted.
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RPi Hub
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 16:56, 2 December 2012 by Walkeral (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Raspberry Pi Wiki Hub eng | fra | pt-br
Notice: The Raspberry Pi Wiki pages on this site is collaborative work - the Raspberry Pi Foundation is not responsible for content on these pages.
I need help with...
Buying a new Raspberry Pi
Please visit the Model Wizard to select your Raspberry Pi.
Booting an OS onto my Raspberry Pi
Please visit the OS Wizard to select your Raspberry Pi OS distribution, or if you'd like to compare the OS distros, visit OS Distributions page to select an OS to boot onto your Raspberry Pi.
Now shipping to customers
Update on lead times as of 17 November 2012: The lead time is around 2 days from Farnell and RS.
Don't have an idea on which to buy? Use the Model Wizard to select your Raspberry Pi!
See the Buying Guide on how to order one, or visit the Raspberry Pi Foundation Home Page
About
The Raspberry Pi production board (model B Rev 2.0)
The Raspberry Pi (short: RPi or RasPi) is an ultra-low-cost ($25-$35) credit-card sized Linux computer which was conceived with the primary goal of teaching computer programming to children. It was developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, which is a UK registered charity (Registration Number 1129409). The foundation exists to promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing. The device is expected to have many other applications both in the developed and the developing world (Read more).
Raspberry Pi is manufactured and sold in partnership with the worldwide industrial distributors Premier Farnell/Element 14 and RS Components.
• Products are RoHS, CE, FCC, CTick, CSA and WEEE compliant[1]. In common with all Electronic and Electrical products the Raspberry Pi should not be disposed of in household waste. Please contact the distributor from whom you purchased your Raspberry Pi device for details regarding WEEE in your country.
• Price: 25USD Model A, 35USD for Model B, excluding taxes, postage and packaging. For information about availability and shipping see the Buying Guide.
History
If you are interested in why the Raspberry Pi was created, and why it is what it is, check the General History page, which highlights relevant events in its history. It is not intended to be a detailed history, so it can be read quickly. You could also check the design changes page for how the Raspberry Pi has evolved, and the manufacturing differences page that may help if you are having problems with your board.
Getting Started
Buying Guide
The Model Wizard will help you select your model to buy.
Where can I get one and for how much?
• The Raspberry Pi can no longer only be purchased via their official distribution partners - detailed information can be found on the RPi Buying Guide page.
Basic Setup
First little Raspberry Pi Steps...
• Ensure you have all the equipment you need to go with your Raspberry Pi.
• Become familiar with the board layout and connect it ready for power up.
• If you have not been provided with a pre-setup SD card you will need to prepare one with your chosen Operating System distribution
• Note: On the Debian OS after you log in you need to type startx at the prompt to get a graphic desktop.
• Particularly after first boot its important to do a clean shutdown with the command sudo halt
Beginners Guide
You've just got your new Raspberry Pi device - what now?
• Get started with some basic projects and tutorials:
Raspberry Pi YouTube Tutorials
Another set of video tutorials
My First Raspberry Pi Game
Easy GPIO Hardware & Software - in-progress at the moment
Example projects/tuts which can be linked from here
(or from within a beginners guide page perhaps):
Setup XBMC media centre
Programming tutorials (Liams YouTube etc)
Easy GPIO (when complete or similar thing).
Also links to some basic linux user guides.
• Take a look through the Community section, which contains a range of beginner and advanced tutorials and guides, as well as groups to help you find like-minded developers.
Resources
Hardware & Peripherals
Software & OS Distributions
The Raspberry Pi will run a range of OS Distributions and run a variety of software.
Documentation
Documentation relating to the Raspberry Pi can be found here.
Frambozenier.org Documentation Project Datasheets
Example documents which can be linked from here (or sub page):
Official Datasheets
White Papers
User Manuals
Recommended books (perhaps)
RPi Troubleshooting
Head over to the troubleshooting page for help fixing common problems.
RPi Bugs
Head over to the bugs page for a list of known bugs.
RPi Model B 3D CAD files
Theses are various 3D CAD Versions in both RAR and ZIP.
Community
Projects, Guides & Tutorials
• An important source of information and guides is the Official Forum.
• Knowledgeable users may want to review and help out with the Tasks page.
• Get started by following some of the many Tutorials.
• Common tasks and useful tips are available through the Guides page.
• Projects can be found, and added to, on the Projects page.
Schools, Universities, Clubs & Groups
• The Raspberry Pi Foundation's aims include encouraging education. Several groups including Computing At School aim to bring Computing Science back into schools.
• Go to the Education Page to add your project and find helpful links.
Supporting Communities
The Raspberry Pi Community is steadily growing:
About the RPi Wiki
Do not be afraid to add your bit, content is vital for the wiki to function.
A 3D rendering of the Raspberry Pi logo
We are governed by the RPi Wiki Council (RPWC). New guidelines not made by Ghans alone are currently being drafted. As the RPi wiki is currently a wreck, the council's current goal is to clean up the RPi Wiki!
Translations
The wiki is being translated into several languages, some of which can be seen on the hub banner above. Current languages include:
Any help translating would be greatly appreciated. Thank you to those who have already contributed!
Admins/Contributors
The wiki is governed by the Raspberry Pi Wiki Council.
References
1. http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-44828/l/raspberry-pi-safety-data-sheet
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Harford County, MarylandEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 18:26, 4 May 2012 by Murphynw (Talk | contribs)
United States Maryland Harford County
Contents
County Courthouse
Beginning Dates for Harford County, Maryland Government Records
Birth Marriage Death Census Land Probate
1898 1774 1898 1790 1773 1774
Harford County Courthouse
Room 304
20 West Courtland Street
Bel Air MD 21014
History
• Named for Henry Harford, the illegimate son of Frederick Calvert, 6th and last Lord Baltimore. Mr. Harford was the last Proprietary Governor of Maryland but did not inherit the title of Lord Baltimore because of his illegimatacy.
Parent County
• Created 17 December 1773 from Baltimore County.
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Cities
Town
• Bel Air
Census Districts
• Bel Air North
• Bel Air South
• Edgewood
• Fallston
• Jarrettsville
• Joppatowne
• Perryman
• Pleasant Hills
• Riverside
Communities
• Abingdon
• Cardiff
• Gunpowder
• Castleton
• Churchville
• Darlington
• Dublin
• Forest Hill
• Joppa
• Norrisville
• Pylesville
• Street
• Whiteford
• White Hall
Military
• Aberdeen Proving Ground
Neighboring Counties
Anne Arundel|Baltimore | Carroll |Frederick | Montgomery| Prince George's
Resources
Cemeteries
Partial Listing of Harford County Cemeteries
Aberdeen Proving Ground Cemetery, APG
Angel Hill Cemetery, Havre de Grace
Ayres Chapel Cemetery, White Hall
Baker's Cemetery, Aberdeen--Surnames A-F
Baker's Cemetery, Aberdeen--Surnames G-O
Baker's Cemetery, Aberdeen--Surnames P-Z
Bethel Presbyterian Cemetery
Cranberry United Methodist Church Cemetery, Aberdeen
Darlington Cemetery, Darlington
Dublin Ministry Baptist Church Cemetery, Darlington
Emory United Methodist Church Cemetery, Hickory
Franklin Baptist Cemetery, Darlington
Hickory Baptist Cemetery, Forest Hill
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church Cemetery, Churchville
John Wesley Methodist Church Cemetery, Abingdon
McKendree Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery, Blackhorse
Mt. Tabor United Methodist Church Cemetery, Bel Air
Norrisville Cemetery, Norrisville
Oak Grove Baptist Church Cemetery, Bel Air
Old Salem Evangelical Cemetery, Near Jarrettsville
St. Francis Byzantine Catholic Church Cemetery, Abingdon
St. George's Episcopal Church Cemetery, Perryman
St. James United Cemetery, Havre de Grace
St. James AME Cemetery, Havre de Grace
St. James UAME Cemetery, Darlington
St. Paula's Lutheran Cemetery, Aberdeen
Smith's Chapel UMC Cemetery, Churchville
Southern Cemetery, Dublin
Thomas Run M.E. Church Cemetery, Churchville
Trappe Mission Baptist Cemetery, Darlington
Wesleyan Cemetery, Aberdeen
William Watters memorial Methodist Church Cemetery
Census
Federal Census reports available 1790-1930 including slave and veterans schedules. For tips on accessing Harford County, Maryland census records online, see: Maryland Census.
Church
Maryland State Archives' Guide to Maryland Religious Institutions identifies all churches known to have existed in Harford County, Maryland. It covers all denominations and includes record descriptions. The following records, taken from its collection, have been digitized and made available to view for free online:
Church of England
See also St. George's Parish
Methodist
Surname index to Harford County Maryland Church Records: West Harford Circuit Methodist Episcopal Church South (1851-1877), courtesy: Petersrow Publishers.
Court
Family Histories
It is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. Use this list to:
• Locate publications about direct ancestors
• Find the most updated accounts of an ancestor's family
• Identify publications, to quote Elizabeth Shown Mills, about an ancestor's "FAN Club" [Friends, Associates, and Neighbors]
'Bibliography
• [Harris] Harris, Mrs. Norris. "The Harris Family of Balitmore and Harford Counties," The Maryland and Delaware Genealogist, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Spring 1990):68. FHL US/CAN Book 975 B2m.
Gazetteers
Immigration
Land
Through a Joint eGovernment Service of the Maryland Judiciary and the Maryland State Archives, free images and indexes of the complete series of Harford County Deed Books (1773-present) have been uploaded to their website: MDLandRec.Net: A Digital Image Retrieval System for Land Records in Maryland. (Requires free registration.)
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Revolutionary War
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital version at Google Books. 1967 reprint: FHL Collection 973 X2pc 1840. [See Maryland, Harford County on page 127.]
• "Harford County, Maryland, Oaths of Fidelity, 1778," The Maryland and Delaware Genealogist, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Fall 1988):126-127; Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter 1989):10-11; Vol. 30, No. 2 (Spring 1989):46-47; Vol. 30, No. 3 (Summer 1989):88-89; Vol. 30, No. 4 (Fall 1989):126-127; Vol. 31, No. 1 (Winter 1990):6-7. FHL Collection 975 B2m
War of 1812
• List of Pensioners on the Roll, January 1, 1883; Giving the Name of Each Pensioner, the Cause for Why Pensioned, the Post-Office Address, the Rate of Pension Per Month, and the Date of Original Allowance... Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883. FHL Collection 973 M2Lp v. 5; digital versions at Google Books and Internet Archive. [See Vol. 5, Maryland, Harford County, pp. 149-151. Identifies War of 1812 veterans living in this county in 1883.]
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
• [1783] Harford County Tax List of 1783: This is an alphabetical index to names to all property owners assessed. The index cards at the Maryland State Archives include county, hundred, names of tracts of land and whether individuals were paupers or single males as provided in the law.
Vital Records
Death
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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Substance theory
From Issuepedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[edit] Overview
Substance theory is an ontological theory which argues that every object has a "substance" which is distinct from its "accidental" aspects. In other words, every object has both substantial properties and "accidental properties". "Substance" in this sense is a core concept of both ontology and metaphysics.
For example: a chair may be blue, tall, wide or narrow, made of wood or plastic. These properties are called "accidental" (in modern usage, we might be more inclined to say "incidental" or "circumstantial"), i.e. not part of the essential properties which make the object a chair. The essential properties of a chair might be specified, depending on your definition of "chair", as "sittability", "stability", and "movability".
[edit] False Dichotomy
This distinction, while valid in some ways, can lead to a false dichotomy if misapplied. For example, although the exact shape of a chair is not an "essential" property, if you take the pieces of wood which make up a chair and rearrange them, you could easily end up with something which is no longer a chair (except in a loose past-tense usage: "That stool over there is the chair I took apart last week.") "Chairness" is not an intrinsic property of the materials comprising the chair, but arises out of a combination of those intrinsic properties and how they are arranged. Even "intrinsic" physical properties arise from the manner in which the atoms and molecules of the construction materials are arranged.
The trap arises when one makes a decision about which properties are "essential" and which are incidental, and then uses that distinction as the sole basis for further conclusions: "Well, wood isn't an essential property of a chair, since some chairs are made of plastic or metal -- so I'm going to make a chair just like this one, but out of rubber, and it will still be a chair." It may look like a chair -- if you point at it and ask someone what it is, they will likely recognize the chair-ness of its shape -- but if you try to use it as one, you may well find that it collapses under you and is not really usable as a chair. Is it still a chair? Only if your definition of "chair" does not include being able to sit on it without making it collapse.
[edit] Christian Theology
St. Thomas Aquinas used substance theory in articulating the theology of the Eucharist, particularly Transubstantiation: the "accidental properties" of the bread and wine do not change, but their essences change from bread and wine to "the Body and Blood of Christ".
In so doing, he clearly falls partway into the dichotomy trap shortly before taking a left turn down a rabbit-hole: he draws a firm distinction between the "accidental" (incidental) properties of the bread and wine, which he apparently defines as being all of their observable properties, and then claims that they have somehow acquired a substantial property of being something else besides (or perhaps in addition to) bread and wine.
In other words: he first claims that all the observable properties of wafers are somehow irrelevant to the wafer's "essence" and that changes to that "essence" would therefore in no way affect the observable properties of the wafer, and then he claims that the wafer-blessing somehow accomplishes such changes.
This is obviously nonsense; even if he somehow turned out to be correct, there is no way he (or anyone else) could determine if this were the case, since the changes are claimed to be unobservable. Furthermore, he has failed to define what the "essence" of the Body of Christ is or how it is different from the "essence" of the wafer. His statement is both baseless (how can Aquinas – or anyone – tell that this actually happens as predicted?) and meaningless (exactly how has the wafer changed?).
This sort of ontological handwaving is nonetheless a common characteristic of much theological discussion, and is given far too much credibility.
[edit] Links
[edit] Reference
[edit] Thomas Aquinas
Personal tools
bookmarking
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Saturday, March 17, 2012
Mitt Romney/Ron Paul alliance...
I had to click through several links to find this. If the Republican primaries have all been about finding the "anti-Romney" then Mitt Romney will need something to generate some excitement so that he can beat Obama in November. The question is what is it that need need. Perhaps an alliance with US Sen. Rand Paul (R-Kentucky) is one possible answer:
Even as they tamp down rumors of a pact, Paul’s advisers concede that the friendship between Paul and Romney is the initial step toward a deal. And behind the scenes, discussions between the two campaigns — as well as initial discussions with the Santorum and Gingrich camps, according to one Paul adviser — are slowly taking shape.
An alliance could benefit both camps. Paul’s support would go a long way toward helping Romney with a bloc of young Republicans who have been turning out in huge numbers for Paul and who otherwise might stay home in November. It might also help Romney grab all of Paul’s delegates. Such an arrangement would help Paul get what a Romney ally called “an important speaking role at the convention.”
Paul’s camp contends he will exceed the 270 delegates Romney garnered in 2008, which earned him an undercard slot on the penultimate evening in St. Paul. Josh Putnam, a political scientist at Davidson College who studies delegate allocation, notes that Paul’s campaign hasn’t furnished evidence to back up those claims. But he says there is a chance Paul could “completely exploit the system and take delegates from caucus states where there’s no written rule to how delegates are allocated.” Paul’s aides say they expect to win a plurality of delegates in a batch of blue-to-purple caucus states where Paul failed to win the popular vote, including Iowa, Minnesota, Maine, Nevada and Washington.
...
Maybe so, but at 76, Paul is understandably concerned about the future of his movement. Aides say if Paul can’t win the nomination, four legislative priorities would top the Texas Representative’s wish list: deep spending cuts that lead to a balanced budget; the restoration of civil liberties; a commitment to reclaim the legislative branch’s right to declare war, which it abdicated to the executive branch in recent decades; and reforms that shore up the U.S. monetary system, such as an audit of the Federal Reserve or competing-currency legislation. Paul might also be enticed, says campaign chairman Jesse Benton, by the prospect of serving as a presidential adviser, a Cabinet position for someone in his orbit or “perhaps a vice presidency.”
Not for himself, but rather his son. Rand Paul, the junior senator from Kentucky and a Tea Party icon, is expected to launch his own White House bid in 2016. Being on the ticket now — or even being mentioned for it — would be a helpful step. Says one Paul adviser: “If you’re talking about putting Rand on the ticket, of course that would be worth delivering our people to Romney.”
Romney is unlikely to go for that. At the same time, Paul’s backers recognize that selling supporters on an alliance with Romney carries special risks, since Paul’s bond with his backers is predicated on his record of principled stands. A pact would have to be done “very cautiously,” says Benton. “We wouldn’t ask our people to do that if we worried they were just being co-opted or that we were in some way selling out.”
But it may soon be time for Paul’s army to decide if it wants to win or lose in the fall. “There’s clearly something going on between the two of them, and that’s a very good thing,” says David Adams, a Kentucky Tea Party strategist who helmed Rand Paul’s Senate primary campaign. “The main goal is stopping this lurch to the left. Mitt Romney and Ron Paul can go a long way toward healing what ails our nation.”
If I was Rand Paul I was serve one term in the US Senate before taking a VP slot. As for Ron Paul if he wants his agenda to be advanced hopefully he is talking to the eventual nominee. It may not be the perfect fit but certainly it seems as if not a lot of Republican really want either Ron Paul or Romney. I can understand about Paul for sure Romney is not so easy other than many just don't think he's conservative enough. Although to be sure I wonder if that could be said about former US House Speaker Newt Gingrich.
OK so I got this link via Instapundit clicked through there to DailyPundit then Reason and then finally to Time magazine which is where I got this quote. WHEW!!!
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: [tdf-discuss] Good bye to all of the community members knowing my name...
On 29/10/2011 Bernhard Dippold wrote:
Even if I tried not to compromise my real life by my LibreOffice
activities, I had to realize, that I can't reach this goal
Thanks Bernhard for your long history of contributions to OpenOffice.org and later LibreOffice. I understand that the time comes when real life must be given priority, but I will miss your analytic, insightful, elaborate comments...
Bye,
Andrea.
--
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[tdf-discuss] Good bye to all of the community members knowing my name...Bernhard Dippold <bernhard@familie-dippold.at>
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[maemo-users] Backing up an image...
From: Tilman Vogel tilman.vogel at web.de
Date: Thu Sep 13 12:06:53 EEST 2007
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1
Yes, boot from MMC.
I use the method from
http://www.sanitarium.net/golug/rsync_backups.html
for incremental backups. Don't forget to mount your rootfs to a second
place because of all the mounts that might hide parts of it. Works like
a charm with this script which must be run as root in order to preserve
user ids:
#!/bin/bash
PREVIOUS=`readlink current`
NEW=`date --iso-8601=sec`
OPTIONS="-PavH --numeric-ids --delete"
echo "new backup tag is $NEW"
if [ ! "$PREVIOUS" ]; then
echo "previous backup not found, starting fresh"
else
echo "making incremental backup based on $PREVIOUS"
cp -al "$PREVIOUS" "$NEW"
fi
if ! ssh root at yourdevice "mkdir /tmp/backup-mnt ; mount /dev/mmcblk0p2
/tmp/backup-mnt"; then
echo "Could not mount /dev/mmcblk0p2 /tmp/backup-mnt"
exit 1
fi
echo rsync $OPTIONS root at yourdevice:/tmp/backup-mnt/ "./$NEW"
if rsync $OPTIONS root at yourdevice:/tmp/backup-mnt/ "./$NEW"; then
ln -snf $NEW current
fi
ssh root at yourdevice "umount /tmp/backup-mnt && rmdir /tmp/backup-mnt"
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.2 (GNU/Linux)
Comment: Using GnuPG with SUSE - http://enigmail.mozdev.org
iD8DBQFG6P2t9ZPu6Yae8lkRAm40AJ9qcyGPIIh8yNIBHHm3BnazBu6sQwCeOFTf
XOyKuTqq/lCCm5Y1B+owNlY=
=FG2H
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
More information about the maemo-users mailing list
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Show Photo
Nasi Kandar Pelita is located at No. 149, Jalan Ampang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur. Nasi Kandar Pelita is a famous and one of the largest Nasi Kandar restaurant chain in Malaysia. The origin of Nasi Kandar, an Indian Muslim dish, can be traced to the very streets of colonial Malaysia. In 1995, Nasi Kandar Pelita first opened for business as a stall selling nasi kandar at a corner coffee shop in Penang. The men behind Pelita Nasi Kandar are two family friends, Mr. Kirudu Muhamed Bin Kuppaikanni or as regulars know him, Abang K. K., and Mr. Kaliq Jamal, popularly known as 'Pak Misai'. Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant is on Ampang, J; is on Mayang; is near Klcc, P; is near Hampshire, P; is near Lidcol, P; is near Binjai, J; is near Yap Kwan Seng, J; is near Yap Kwan Seng, L; Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant is geographically located at latitude(3.1592 degrees) 3° 9' 33" North of the Equator and longitude (101.7149 degrees) 101° 42' 53" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant are represented by the nearest distances two points and may not be nearest by road. For example, Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant is located 40 metres from Wisma Central. Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant is located 90 metres from Corus Hotel. Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant is located 95 metres from Parking Wisma Central. Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant is located 99 metres from Po Ling Chinese Temple. Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant is located 122 metres from avenue K.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
Wisma Central is located 0 Kilometres away from Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant. Wisma Central - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Corus Hotel is located 0.1 Kilometres away from Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant. Corus Hotel - 3 Photo(s) Featured.
avenue K is located 0.1 Kilometres away from Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant. avenue K - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Corus Hotel 0.1km, Nikko Hotel 0.4km, Mandarin Oriental 0.5km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant.
avenue K 0.1km, Suria Klcc 0.3km, Ampang Park 0.5km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant.
Cultural Craft Complex 1.1km, Times Square Theme Park 1.9km, Market Square 2.5km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant.
SJK (c) Lai Ming 0.8km, SJK Jalan Gurney 1km, Sal College 1.2km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant.
Park Klcc 0.3km, Field Jalan Hj Yakup 0.8km, Muslim Cemetery Jalan Ampang 0.9km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant.
Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant
Wisma Central
Corus Hotel
Parking Wisma Central
Po Ling Chinese Temple
avenue K
Mayang Court Condo
Putra KLCC
Panaroma
Hamphire Resident
P Hamphire Apartment
Masjid Asy-Syakirin
Menara Maxis
Mentz Apartment
D'mayang Condo
Wisma Mca
Plaza Osk
Canadian High Commission
Menara Citibank
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Nasi Kandar Pelita Restaurant
Royal China Rest is about 0.3 km away.
KLCC Fountain is about 0.3 km away.
Wisma Equity is about 0.3 km away.
Park Klcc is about 0.3 km away.
Suria Klcc is about 0.3 km away.
Corinthians Condo is about 0.3 km away.
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Hip Replacements, by Matthew Osso
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 12:11, 5 February 2013 by Matthew Osso (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Background
The “pelvic girdle” is made up of two hip bones, which are each made of three main parts: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis.
As can be seen by the figure, the upper region of the hip bone is the ilium; this section forms the sacroiliac joint. The ilium supports the sacrum on either side, which in turn supports the spine. The ishium is the bottom posterior piece of the bony hip; this is the part that humans sit on. The pubis is the bottom anterior part and the two pubic bones are connected by fibrous cartilage. This is also where the bladder rests within the human body. The large socket seen in the hip structure toward the bottom is known as the acetabulum. This socket forms the “ball and socket” joint with the femur and is a major weight-bearing joint. [1] Hip Replacement Surgery is usually either partial or total; the difference being how much of the hip is actually replaced during the surgery. For most partial surgeries, it is only the femoral head (the “ball”) that is replaced, with the acetabulum (the “socket”) remaining the same. The reasoning for partial instead of total would be more of an injury whereas total is typically needed for those with severe arthritis. [2] When looking at Total Hip Replacement Surgery there are two main types, cemented and cementless. Cemented replacements most commonly use polymethylmethacrylate as the cement and patients with such surgeries can usually move well soon after the surgery. The only issue with cemented replacements is if the cement fails and the prosthesis loosens or the bond between the cement and the bone breaks. Even so, this is generally a very reliable method. Cementless replacements are those which are directly attached to the bone without the need of cement. The surface of such implants are said to be “conductive to attracting new bone growth”. The main issue with this type of replacement is the need for very high precision in order for the bone to actually grow onto the implant. Due to this, motion directly following the procedure is usually assisted in order to allow the bone time to grow a connection with the implant. This type of implant is still being developed, but for most cases it is used in younger patients who tend to be more active and have better overall bone quality. [2]
History
In 1891, Professor Themistocles Glück developed one of the first hip implants, making the ball-and-socket joint out of ivory. This implant was then fixed to the bone of the patient using nickel-plated screws [3]
In 1940, Dr. Austin Moore inserted a metal replacement for a large portion of a patient’s femur that had been damaged from a “recurrent giant cell tumor”. This prosthesis was made of a Vitallium, which is a cobalt, chromium, and molybdenum alloy and is lightweight and durable. [3][4]
The first total hip replacement was successfully implemented by Sir John Charnley during the 1960’s. The socket component of the hip structure was made of Teflon, with the femur ball component being made of stainless steel. Even though the Teflon component was found to be ineffective as a prosthesis material, the form of Charnley’s prosthesis became the standard for such implants, and even today is used with some variation. [5]
Motivation
The hip is a major weight-bearing piece of the human body and therefore, any complications with it must be seriously dealt with. Any replacements for the hip must be very sturdy, but also flexible enough to allow the day to day movement and stress the hip goes through without causing constant pain to the patient.
There are several reasons to get a hip replacement, the most common of which is arthritis. Osteoarthritis of the hip joint is the most common reason for hip replacement surgery. Other reasons why a patient may need hip replacements include: osteonecrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, bone tumors in the joint and major joint injury. Typically, alternative treatments such as physical therapy and even a cane or walker may be suggested, but if the pain continues or grows, then a hip replacement may be the solution. [6]
Technology
The total hip replacement implant is made up of the parts seen in the accompanying image. The acetabular shell is inserted as the “socket” part of the joint. Next, a liner (polyethylene in the shown case) is added as a cushion similar to cartilage present in a healthy joint. The stem part of the implant is inserted into the femur and the femoral head is attached to it making the “ball” portion of the joint. Once completely assembled, the implant is tested to be sure that it allows as much movement as healthy joints would.
The stem of the implant is typically made of a titanium alloy as well as a cobalt-chromium alloy. Some cobalt-chromium alloys also employ molybdenum. Cobalt-chromium alloys are also seen in the femoral head of the implant although in some cases other ceramics can be used. Finally, the acetabular shell can be made of various materials including metal, polyethylene with a very high molecular weight, or a combination of the two. The different parts of the implant all come in varying sizes and shapes and are custom made to allow for bone growth and proper fit in each patient. [2]
Procedure
Standard Surgery
Source E: Short Video on Anterior Hip replacement Surgery
The standard hip replacement surgery follows a number of steps in order to properly fit a working prosthesis. The first step is to make an incision through the skin, tissue, and muscle layers over the hip joint. The leg is then rotated to dislocate the femoral head, this is then removed using a bone saw. Once this occurs, the acetabulum will be accessible to the surgeon, who will use a reamer to properly shape a new socket for the acetabular shell to be placed. The acetabular shell is then implanted and held in place using a variety of methods including a bone cement. An insert is then added to the cup, typically made of a ceramic or a plastic, this will be in contact with the new femoral head once fully assembled. The femur will then be exposed using a type of level to slightly lift it. The surgeon will then use tools such as an osteotome and a rasp in order to allow the stem of the implant to be inserted into the canal of the femur. Before adding the stem, the surgeon will typically remove any osteophytes remaining around the hip socket. Osteophytes, or bone spurs, are small bone growths that occur due to overcompensation of stressed joints. The femoral stem is then implanted and a “trial ball” is placed on it, this will be used to test the range of motion of the hip and ensure that the joint will be stable. The final femoral head ball is put onto the stem in place of the test ball; the leg is tested again for motion and stability, as well as tested to see if the length of the leg remains unchanged. Finally, the surgeon will close the opening and seal the wound with stitches and staples. [7][8]
Minimally-Invasive Surgery
Source F: In-Depth Video on Minimally Invasive Hip replacement Surgery
Minimally Invasive Hip Replacement Surgery follows a similar procedure to that of the standard surgery. The major difference between them is that for the minimally invasive surgery, the incision made is much smaller, only about 3-4 inches long. The smaller incision results in less recovery time needed after the surgery as well as less of a risk of damaging any tissues, nerves, or muscles that are commonly worked around during the standard surgery. [9]
Complications
Some complications are possible following the implanting of a replacement hip. The earliest complication is dislocation where the new ball comes out of the socket. This is typically uncommon and can usually be remedied by a reduction of the hip. Only if it continues to occur would further surgery be necessary. [10]
The most common complication associated with the surgery is blood clots. Blood clots can potentially cause death if untreated, but in most cases a program will be set post-surgery to keep clots from forming. [10]
Another complication is infection, this can occur in the wound and it is typically treated simply with antibiotics. Even so, the infection could spread to the implant, which would require further surgery and the possible removal of the prosthesis. [10]
Over time, there may also be wearing or loosening of the prosthesis, if this becomes painful, a second “revision” surgery may be needed. In some cases, patients will experience a difference in leg length after their surgery. Although it is common practice to try and keep leg length constant, there may be a need to alter it in order to keep the prosthesis stabilized. Those who do find this complication uncomfortable have remedied it using a simple shoe lift. [10]
Future
References
[1] Sanders, Tina. "The Skeletal System." Understanding Human Structure and Function. By Valerie C. Scanlon. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1997. 82-107. Print.
[2] "Hip Implants." OrthoInfo. American Academy of Orthapedic Surgeons, Oct. 2007. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. <http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00355>.
[3] Gomez, Pablo F., MD, and Jose A. Morcuende, MD, PhD. "Early Attempts at Hip Arthroplasty: 1700s to 1950s." The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal (2005): 25-29. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 3 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888777/>.
[4] Kaminski, M., J. Baszkiewicz, J. Kozubowski, A. Bednarska, A. Barcz, G. Gawlik, and J. Jagielski. "Effect of Silicon Ion Implantation on the Properties of a Cast Co-Cr-Mo Alloy." JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (1997): 3727-732. Print.
[5] Pospula, Wieslaw. "Total Hip Replacement: Past, Present and Future." Kuwait Medical Journal (2004): 250-55. Print.
[6] "What Is a Hip Replacement?" National Institute of Arthritis and Muskuloskeletal and Skin Diseases. National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, July 2010. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. <http://www.niams.nih.gov/health_info/Hip_Replacement/hip_replacement_ff.asp>.
[7] "The Surgical Procedure for Total Hip Replacement." Stryker. Stryker Corporation, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://www.aboutstryker.com/pdfs/hip_replacement.pdf>.
[8] "Virtual Hip Replacement Surgery." Edheads. Zimmer, Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. <http://www.edheads.org/activities/hip/glossary.shtml>.
[9] "Minimally Invasive Hip Surgery (MIS)." Minimally Invasive Hip Replacement. Stryker Corporation, n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. <http://www.aboutstryker.com/hip/procedures/procedures-mis.php>.
[10] "Total Hip Replacement." OrthoInfo. American Academy of Orthapedic Surgeons, Dec. 2011. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. <http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00377>.
Images and Video
[A] http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/bone.htm
[B] http://www.kingorthopedics.com/hip-osteoarthritis.html
[C] http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00377
[D] http://onsmd.com/condition_treatment/hip-replacement-surgery/
[E] Stefan Kreuzer, MD., http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRki3UDYa08
[F] Barry Waldman, MD., http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hm2ogoSc1Y
[G] http://www.sicot.org/?id_page=235
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Maturity and immaturity are proportionate to one's choice-based and urge-based behaviour. Arul MJ
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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23 April 2012
There's Something About California...
Frankly, I don't know what it is about California, but we seem to have a strange urge to elect really obnoxious women to high office. I'm not bragging, you understand, but no other state
-including Maine- even comes close.
When it comes to sending Left-wing dingbats to Washington... we're #1
There's no getting around the fact that the last time anyone saw the likes of Barbara Boxer, Dianne Feinstein, Maxine Waters, and Nancy Pelosi, they were stirring a cauldron when the curtain went up on 'Macbeth'.
The four of them are like jackasses who happen to possess the gift of blab. You don't know if you should condemn them for their stupidity or simply marvel at their ability to form words.
-Burt Prelutsky, Los Angeles Times
h/t Speedunque
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spotlight
Recap: Celtics offense disintegrates in awful loss to Hornets
The 6 game winning streak was fun while it lasted. Tonight the Celtics treated us to one of those mind-numbing, head-shaking, go-through-the-motion performances we’ve come to hate, yet accept. The result: a 90-78 loss to the Hornets. The Celtics managed just 78 points vs one of the league’s worst defenses. I don’t have a shot [...]
January 16, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Gametime, Recaps 72
How we see it goin’ down: Celtics – Hornets
Tip: 8PM Court: TD Garden Watch it: CSNNE Hear it: WEEI Referees: Ken Mauer, Derrick Collins and Kevin Cutler Spread: Boston -7.5 Boston Celtics Tickets The Matchup Record: 20-17 Record: 12-26 At Home: 13-6 On road: 6-13 Streak: Won 6 Streak: Won 1 Leaders Leaders Buckets: Pierce (19.6 ppg) Buckets: Eric Gordon [...]
January 16, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, Gametime, Previews 13
NBA unveils All Star uniforms
adidas and the NBA unveiled this year’s All Star jerseys (likely to be worn by Rajon Rondo and Kevin Garnett if the voting stands) Here’s what adidas says about them: the uniforms take inspiration from Houston’s rich aeronautical history and the speed of the jet planes that dot its skies. The uniforms’ eye-catching impact camo [...]
January 16, 2013 John - Red's Army Around the NBA 4
Your Morning Dump… Where Danny Ainge is too reactionary
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there’s nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. ”That doesn’t make a lot of sense to radically change the team when you’re trying to compete to win it all,” Ainge told Dickerson. “We have been [...]
January 16, 2013 Nick Sannicandro Celtics News, The Morning Dump 70
Photo Gallery: Celtics-Bobcats
It was a great Monday evening at TD Garden as the US Army, Marines, Navy & Air Force were recognized during “Seats For Soldiers” night. Rondo’s triple-double gave the brave men & women of our Armed Services a lot to cheer about, as he led the C’s to a 100-89 win over Charlotte. The Celts will [...]
January 15, 2013 KWAPT Avery Bradley, Brandon Bass, Courtney Lee, Jared Sullinger, Jason Terry, Jeff Green, Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce, Post Game Galleries, Rajon Rondo, Red's Army Multimedia 2
Rajon Rondo’s insane pre-game routine
Jason Terry… who I think is auditioning for an ESPN or NBA TV job with every interview he does (and I love it) dished on some teammates for ESPN. His story about Rondo’s pregame routine is insane. His routine is long-winded and it lasts all the way through tip-off. It starts in the back hallway. [...]
January 15, 2013 John - Red's Army Celtics News, Rajon Rondo 9
Jeff Green tops NBA.com’s Dunks of the Week (again)
Jeff Green has once again dunked his way to number one on NBA.com’s “Dunks of the Week”. His ferocious slam against the Phoenix Suns’ Jermaine O’Neal beat out JR Smith for top honors. I was at the Garden for that one, and man did the building erupt. I know guys like Blake Griffin, Terrence Ross [...]
January 15, 2013 KWAPT Jeff Green, Red's Army Multimedia, Videos 8
Rev. Dooling is one helluva motivational speaker
Who or what deserves credit for the Celtics inspired play and 6-game winning streak? Is it Avery Bradley? Consistent bench play? Whatever the answer, we need to add Keyon Dooling to the list of reasons, reports Jess Camerato: “Keyon Dooling has actually helped, actually,” said Rondo. “He’s been in the locker room, amping guys up. [...]
January 15, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, Keyon Dooling 4
Taking Stock: Celtics – Bobcats
After every game, we’ll take stock of how each individual performance affects the player’s overall value. Starters Offense: Defense: Overall: He was 4-4 from 16-23 feet, and despite down-shifting into 3rd gear after starting the game going all out in 5th gear, he still came up with the big play when needed. Offense: [...]
January 15, 2013 John - Red's Army Taking Stock 26
The time KG chucked a table in the locker room
The Globe’s Gary Washburn has a great nugget about Kevin Garnett, courtesy Charlotte coach Mike Dunlap. Dunlap then relayed a story he said he was told by a Raptors clubhouse attendant. “He said, ‘Well one time Boston came up in here and lost and Garnett chucked a table in the locker room postgame,’ ” Dunlap [...]
January 15, 2013 Chuck - Red's Army Celtics News, Kevin Garnett 14
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Build Your Own Robot Store
Posted 27 Nov 2007 at 15:41 UTC by Rog-a-matic
A father looking for a wholesome activity for his son and a retail veteran join forces to create Robot Galaxy - a children's entertainment brand to transform kids into Explorers as they design their own robotic comic book characters in a retail setting. Explorers customize their robot characters using various motorized parts, accessories, decals, along with programmable features like sound, lights, and speech. Birthday party plans will also be available. Two stores are now opened in NJ and NY with big plans ahead.
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Environs of Cairo Sheet II
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Title: Environs of Cairo Sheet II
Author: Wagner & Debes
Summary: Top half of a colored map of the area immediately south of Cairo, with major landmarks, roads and towns.
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/9329
Date: 1898
Original Source From: Baedeker, Karl. "Egypt: Handbook For Travellers. Fourth Remodelled Edition". (K. Baedeker: Leipsic, 1898): 106b.
Subject Alexandria (Egypt) -- Maps.
Related Resource Find more information on sites that appear in TIMEA
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About This Resource: Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
Citation
Wagner & Debes Environs of Cairo Sheet II (1898).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/9329
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Historical Maps and Plans [148]
The TIMEA map collection contains 150 historical maps and plans, primarily of Egypt in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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The Genetics of Santa Claus
Let me present a theory that is a bit more realistic than the tale of coolantarctica.com about the genetics of Santa Claus. I had to make corrections as I’ve found some crucial faults in the interpretation of the genetical facts. The aim is to get results or end up in a publication on Christmas Magic itself.
In normal case, you have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but Santa…. He has 3 more. So what is his karyotype like? 49, XY +H, +R, +A. What do these letters mean? I tell you immediately.
We could say that he has trisomy 24 as these chromosomes are the replications of the so called 24th one. Getting complicated…
• The first of the additonal chromosomes is known as the “Holly Homolog” - it is curiously shaped akin to a holly leaf, with telomeres that increasingly resemble holly berries with age.
• The second is known as the “Redemption of Scrooge Homolog” - it resembles, as some say a generously sized turkey, though any similarity is regarded by the scientific community as fanciful.
• The third and most mysterious is called the “Angel of Christmas Homolog” – it is oddly formed, but of course doesn’t look like the fairy on anybody’s Christmas Tree as that would be daft.
Image source. The karyogram of Santa Claus.
Why is it so important? Just because these chromosomes create the magic of Christmas. Be ready for that. The research is going on and a late publication is about to be published on the 24th of December in the Christmas Tree Edition of Xience Magazine…
If you have additional questions about the genetics of Santa , don’t hesitate. I feel I’m really deep in the topic…
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Santillana del Mar
From Wikitravel
Europe : Iberia : Spain : Northwestern Spain : Cantabria : Santillana del Mar
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Santillana del Mar is a picturesque town in Cantabria, Spain, renowned for its medieval architecture. The area around Santillana del Mar has been populated for thousands of years and there are traces of some of the earliest inhabitants at the Altamira Caves about two kilometres from the town. Unfortunately, the village has become a bit of a tourist trap, and is so swamped with new developments around the outskirts, that on arrival you might be forgiven for wondering what all the fuss is about.
However, the original kernel of the medieval village still survives in the centre, although the beauty of the winding streets and yellow sandstone buildings is rather marred by the abundance of shops selling tourist nick-nacks that have proliferated into almost every doorway. The highlight of the town is the Colegiata de Santa Juliana - a lovely medieval church with a walled cloister that can be found in the heart of the town. The entrance fee is €3.
For the more adventurous, there are some lovely walks in the small hills around the town that afford stunning views of the Picos de Europa and ??? mountain ranges, as well as the coast of the Bay of Biscay..
There is a very modern and helpful tourist office in the town that provides lots of useful information
[edit] Get in
Santillana is 15 ml (24 km) from Santander.
[edit] Plane
The next airport is Santander Airport (Santander - Parayas, Aeropuerto Internacional de Santander) [1] Aptdo de Correos 097, E-39600 Maliaño/Cantabria, tel. 942 202100, fax 942 202152, email: infosdr@aena.es
[edit] Rail
The next FEVE [2] railway station is Puente San Miguel, about 3 ml (4 km) from Santillana-del-Mar.
The next RENFE [3] railway station is Torrelavega, about 6 ml (10 km) from Santillana-del-Mar. Autobuses Garcia operate bus services from Torrevelaga to Santillana del Mar and back.
[edit] Bus
There are buses to Santillana del Mar from Santander, with the journey taking about half an hour. There are up to seven buses a day in July and August, although fewer outside of these months.
• La Cantabrica, Nav 5, El Campon, Penacastillo, tel 42342701, 942720822 fax 942346988 operates bus services from Santander Bus Station (estación de Autobuses de Santander) [4] to Santillana del Mar from Sep 1 until Jun 30 at 10.30 and 11.30 am, 1.05, 5, 6.15, 7.15 and 8.30 pm. Journey time: 40 minutes, price: € 2.25 single (December 2009).
The bus from Santander drops you just outside of the town. When leaving beware that, although there is a bus shelter just outside the town where you will be dropped off on your way in, the bus back actually departs from the steps in front of the town hall?, about 50 metres closer to town.
The bus station is at Av, Cantabric s/n, tel 942891954.
• Autobuses Garcia operate services to and from Altamira and Torrevelaga.
[edit] Car
• from Santander: take the highway to Torrelavega - exit “Requejada”, go ahead to Barreda, turn right on road CA-131 to Santillana del Mar, or exit “Puente San Miguel” and take the CA-133 road to Santillana del Mar.
• from Asturias: take the “Autovía del Cantábrico” (Cantabrian Highway) or N-634 to Puente San Miguel, then the CA-133 road to Santillana del Mar.
• from Madrid, Bilbao, Burgos, Palencia or Valladolid: take the highway to Torrelavega, then as above
• from Comillas: take the CA-131 road.
Distances from Santillana del Mar:
• Suances 6 Km.
• Torrelavega 6 Km.
• Comillas 16 Km.
• Santander 30 Km.
• San Vicente de la Barquera 30 Km.
• Parque de Cabárceno 30 Km.
• Picos de Europa 70 Km
[edit] Get around
• Altamira, (3 km). edit
• Santillana zoo, (2 km). edit
• Comillas, (17 km, with Sobrellano Palace, chapel-mausoleum of the Marquises of Comillas, Pontifical University, Capricho of Gaudí,). edit
• San Vicente de la Barquera, (29 km, with Santa María de los Ángeles Church and Castillo del Rey Castle,). edit
• Oyambre National Park, (20 km). edit
• Queveda, (Torre de Don Beltrán de la Cueva, 18th cent, Virgen de las Quintas Hermitage). edit
• La Barca de Calderón, Carretera de Santillana del Mar a Viveda. house of the Calderón de la Barca family, 15th cent edit
• Santa María de Viaceli (Cisterciensian Abbey), Cóbreces, on the road from Santillana del Mar to Comillas. edit
• Complejo del Monte Castillo (rock paintings from the Upper Paleolithic), Cuevas del Castillo. from May 1 until Sep 30 10am to 2pm and 4pm to 8.30 pm, maximum 380 persons per day in groups of 20, duration of the visit 45 min. edit
• Cueva de Covalanas, Ramales de la Victoria, 942645504. from May 1 until Sep 30 10am to 1pm and 4pm to 7 pm. Mon and Tue closed, maximum 60 persons per day. rock paintings, more than 15000 years old edit
• Cueva de Chufin, Riclones (Rionansa), 942727457. 10 am and 4 pm. edit
• Ecomuseo Saja-Nansa, Puente Pumar (Señorial Valle de las Poblaciones) (more than 1000 square km, up to altitudes of 2000 meters). edit
• Suances, Ría de San Martín. edit
• Torrelavega (Palacio Municipal, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Church, Consolación Church with the Gothic picture of the city patron La Virgen Grande), N-611. edit
[edit][add listing] See
The whole town, old and well-preserved, is worth visiting.
[edit] Museums
• Museo Diocesiano de Regina Coeli, El Cruce, 942818004, 639830520, [5]. 10 am to 1.30 pm, 4 to 6.30 pm, in summer to 7.30 pm, in winter closed on Mon. 2,50. edit
• Museo Jesús Otero, Plaza de Francisco Abad, 942818806. winter: 9.30 am to 1.30 pm, 4 to 7 pm, summer: 10 am to 1 pm, 4 to 7.30 pm. museum of the Cantabrian scultpor Jesús Otero free. edit
• Museo y Centro de Investigación de Altamira, 942818005 (), [6]. from Jul until Sep: Tue to Sat 9.30 am to 7.30 pm, Sun 9.30 am to 5pm, rest of the year: Tue to Sun 9.30 am to 7 pm, duration of the visit: one hour. ´€ 2,50. edit
• Museo de la Inquisición el Solar, Escultor Jesús Otero, 942840273. winter 10.30 am to 8 pm, summer 10 am to 10 pm. museum displaying torture tools and "instruments for public humiliation" € 3,50. edit El Museo de la Tortura or Torture Museum contains an impressive collection of instruments of torture from around Europe, including those used in the Spanish Inquisition. The museum is interesting and rich in history, but be warned that it is not for the faint of heart!
• La Cueva Mitológica, Calle El Cantón, (), [7]. summer 11.30 am to 2 pm, winter: short visits in the morning only. € 4. edit
[edit] Churches
• Collegiata de Santa Juliana. Tue to Sat 10 am to 1.30 pm, 4 to 6.30 pm. in summer to 7.30 pm. abbey dating to the 12th cent, beautiful Romanesque church, in ancient times one of the most powerful monasteries of Spain, attracting many noble families who built their houses in Santillana del Mar € 3. edit
• Claustro de la Colegiata, Plaza del Abad Francisco Navarro, 639830520. 9.30 am to 1 pm and 4 to 6 pm, in winter closed on Sundays. Romanesque cloisters dating to the 12th and 13th cent with scenes from the Bible and fighting scenes € 2,50. edit
• Convento de las Clarisas (16th cent monastery), Rúa Jesús Tagle. edit
• Convento de las Dominicas, Calle Antonio Niceas. edit
[edit] Houses and Palaces
• Casas del Águila y la Parra, Calle Juan Infante, 942818398. winter: 10 am to 1 pm and 4 to 7 pm, Sat, Sun 10 am to 1 pm, Mon closed. adm free. edit
• Casa de los Sánchez Tagle, Calle de Velasco, 942818141. Passion Week and from Jul until Sep 10.30 am to 1.30 pm and 4.30 to 8.30 pm, Mon closed, rest of the year weekends only. edit
• Palacio de Velarde (palace, 15th cent), Plaza de las Arenas. edit
• Casa de los Quevedo, Calle del Río. edit
• Palacio de Peredo - Barrera (also called Palacio de los Benamejís, 18th cent, expositions organized by Caja Calabria), Santo Domingo, 942818171. from Tue to Sun 11 am to 2 pm and 4 to 8 pm. € 2,50. edit
• Casa de los Hombrones (noble house, 17th cent), Calle Cantón. decorated with Baroque coat of arms saying 'Un bon morir es onra de la vida' - A good dying honours life edit
• Casa del Marqués de Santillana (Gothic house, 15th cent, home of doña Leonor de la Vega, mother of López de Medonza, later Marqués de Santillana), Calle Cantón. edit
• Casa de los Bustamante (house from the 18th cent), Calle de la Carrera. edit
• Casa de los Villa (house, rebuilit in the 18th cent), Calle Santo Domingo. edit
• Plaza Ramón Pelayo o del Mercado (former market place), (Calle Racial con Calle Juan Infante). edit
• Casa de los Barreda - Bracho (building from the 18th cent, today Parador de Turismo), Calle Santo Domingo. edit
• Torre del Merino (Gothic tower, 15th cent, today exhibition center), Plaza Ramón Pelayo. free. edit
• Torre de Don Borja (Gothic tower, 15th cent), Plaza Ramón Pelayo. 10am to 1.30 pm, 4 to 8 pm. edit
• Casa de la Infanta Paz (house of the infant Paz de Bourbon, princess of Bavaria), Plaza Ramón Pelayo. edit
• Casa de la Archiduquesa (exile of Princess Margaretha of Hapsburg), Calle Río Cantón. edit
[edit][add listing] Do
• Zoo, Ctra. Puente de San Miguel, 942818125, 942840175, [8]. 9.30am to sunset. € 8, children: € 4, guided tour: € 7. edit
[edit] Local Festivals
Epiphany: Santillana, 5 January. Medieval Festival: June. Folia: Variable, San Vicente de la Barquera, 30 km. Procession for Santa Juliana: 28 June, Santillana del Mar. San Roque: 16 August.
[edit] Swimming
There are beaches at
• Urbiaco (5 km),
• Cobreces (10 km),
• Comillas (17 km),
• Oyambre (20 km) and
• Suances (10 km)
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
Typical pastries include sobao pasiego and quesadas (a light sort of cheesecake)
• Los Blasones, Plaza de la Gandara 8, 942818070. old fashioned restaurant, € 25. edit
• Casa Cossio, Plaza Abad Francisco s/n, 942818355. € 22. edit
• Café Concana, Calle los Hornos, 942840161. edit
• La Joraca ((Hotel Colegiata)), Los Hornos, 942840137. edit
• Altamira, Cantón, 942818025. € 12. edit
• Taberna del Chus, Calle del Río, 942818122. edit
• Los Nobles, Calle Carrera, 942818042. edit
• El Catillo, Plaza Mayor, 942818377. edit
• Casa Ángel, El Cantón, 942818227. € 24. edit
• Parador Gil Blas, Plaza de Ramón Pelayo, 842818000. € 30. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
A trip to northern Spain must include a sampling of sidra, or hard cider, which is typical of Cantabria as well as Asturias and Basque Country. It is traditional to pour the cider into the glass from a height of about three feet. Your bartender will know how if you are hesitant to try the feat yourself.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Posada Araceli, Calle La Robleda 20, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Cantabria (12 rooms), 942840194 (fax: 942818083), [9]. edit
• Altamira, Calle Canton 1, 39330 Santillana del Mar, Cantabria (32 rooms), 942818025 (fax: 942840136), [10]. edit
• Parador de Santillana - Gil Blas, Plaza Ramon Pelayo 11 (On the main sqare, access via the Travesía Santander-Comillas), 942028028 (, fax: 942818391), [11]. ancient mansion of the Barreda-Bracho family, with wooden floors, traditional furniture and 28 rooms €70-110. edit
[edit] Contact
• Tourist Information (Oficina de Turismo) [12] Calle Jesus Otero 26, tel 942818812
• Guardia Civil, Avda. Antonio Sandi, s/n, 42 818 010. edit
• Centro de Salud Altamira (Health Center), Barrio La Teja, s/n, 39530 Puente San Miguel, 942838515, 942820684. edit
• Hospital de Sierrallana (Hospital), Ganzo, s/n, 39300 Torrelavega, 942847400, 942847402, 942847403, urgencies: 942847505 (fax: 942847501). edit
• Farmacia (Pharmacy), Jesús Otero, s/n, 942 818 369. edit
[edit] Get out
The bus to Santander departs from the steps in front of the town hall?.
• La Cantabrica operates bus services from Santillana del Mar to Santander Bus Station (estación de Autobuses de Santander) [13] from Sep 1 until Jun 30 Mon to Fri at 7.15 am, daily at 10.15 am and 3.45 pm, Mon to Fri at 6 pm, Sat and Sun at 7.30 pnm. Journey time: 40 minutes, price: € 2.25 single (December 2009).
• Autobuses Garcia C/H.Alcalde del Rio, 2 Bajo, Torrelavega, tel 942891640 fax 942891104 operate bus services from Santillana del Mar to Torrelavega.
[edit] Additional information
• Wikipedia
• Pictures
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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West Highland Way
From Wikitravel
Europe : Britain and Ireland : United Kingdom : Scotland : West Highland Way
Revision as of 13:57, 28 September 2007 by Andyfarrell (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is an itinerary.
The West Highland Way (or W.H.W.) [1] is a 95 mile (152km) long distance walk from Milngavie outside Glasgow, to Fort William in the Highlands of Scotland. It is one of five officially-recognised Long Distance Routes in Scotland.
Get in / Get out
Although it is of course possible to walk from Fort William to Milngavie, the general advice is to use the more gentle terrain in the south as a warm-up to the remote and dramatic mountain areas further north, plus you will have the sun behind you. Milngavie is best reached from Glasgow city centre. Regular bus and local train services depart throughout the day from Buchanan Street Bus Station and Queen Street Railway Station respectively. The Kelvin Walkway is the best route if you wish to cycle or walk from the city.
Fort William has a three times daily train service and three times daily bus service both to Glasgow. Prices are around GBP15 one way.
Walk
Generally, people take anything between 6 and 9 days to complete the W.H.W., with the position of overnight accommodation determining daily mileages.
The opening stretch of the walk from Milngavie to Drymen is a loosener through soft and pleasant agricultural countryside. The first section from Drymen to Balmaha takes you through the managed pines of Garadhban Forest, where you catch your first glimpse of Loch Lomond. From the forest you emerge into the Highlands, an unfarmable landscape carved by glaciers. Feast on the view from the top of Conic Hill.
The stretch from Balmaha to Inverarnan takes in the entire length of Loch Lomond's remote and wooded eastern shore. In May and early June the steep bank is wall-to-wall bluebells. When the sun is out, small sandy beaches invite you to swim.
Inverarnan to the Inveroran Hotel is possibly the easiest stretch of the walk. The path is wide and gently undulating. Peaks rise above you giving the first clue of the wild, mountainous scenery to come. From the Inveroran Hotel you walk up onto the unfeasibly beautiful Rannoch Moor. Lovers of lonely desolation will catch their breath. The path across the moor brings you out at the Kings House Hotel, a speck at the foot of the astonishing Glen Coe.
From the Kings House Hotel the "Devil's Staircase" takes you up and over into Kinlochleven. It sounds worse than it is. From Kinlochleven a steady climb takes you up into Lairigmoor, a pristine glacial valley. An optional scramble half way up one of the peaks on the northern side reveals the full beauty of this place. From Lairigmor the path snakes North into managed woodland. A couple of tiring but short climbs and the path takes you over into Glen Nevis, from where the going into Fort William is easy.
The Fort William end of the walk connects with the Great Glen Way, which runs a further 73 miles (118 kilometres) to Inverness.
Though it passes through mountainous country and fine scenery, the Way isn't a mountain walk. The path is generally very good and easy to navigate, and any given section of the Way would simply be a pleasant stroll. The difficulty comes with the endurance required to walk all day every day for a week.
Sleep
There is a range of hotels, B&Bs, bunkhouses, simple shelters and campsites along the way. Expect to pay £20 - £40 per night, in the high season, for bed and breakfast at both hotels and B&B's. This option is available at:
• Drymen (mile 12)
• Balmaha (mile 18)
• Rowardennan (mile 25)
• Inversnaid (mile 33)
• Ardlui (mile 37)
• Inverarnan (mile 40)
• Crianlarich (mile 46)
• Tyndrum (mile 52)
• Bridge of Orchy (mile 59)
• Inveroran (mile 62)
• Kings House Hotel (72)
• Kinlochleven (mile 80)
• Fort William (mile 95).
Highlights include the Inversnaid Hotel on the eastern bank of Loch Lomond, where in June 2006 a single room with ensuite and breakfast was a remarkable £20, and the historic King's House Hotel in stunning Glen Coe, where B&B starts at around £30.
You can expect to pay around £10 - £20 for a bunkhouse bed with breakfast. These can be found at
• Balmaha (mile 18)
• Rowardennan Lodge (Youth Hostel) (mile 26)
• Inversnaid (mile 33)
• Inverarnan (Youth Hostel) (mile 40)
• Tyndrum (mile 52)
• Glencoe Village (10 miles by bus from the Kings House Hotel at mile 72)
• Kinlochleven (mile 80)
• Fort William (mile 95)
A backpacker's pitch at a serviced campsite (i.e. one providing water, showers, toilets etc) costs around £5. These can be found at:
• Gartness (mile 10)
• Easter Drumquassle Farm (mile 11)
• Millarochy (mile 20)
• Cashel (mile 21)
• Ardlui (mile 37)
• Inverarnan (mile 40)
• Auchtertyre (mile 49)
• Tyndrum (mile 52)
• Inveroran (mile 62)
• Kinlochleven (mile 80).
If this is your preferred option, a choice must be made between a shortish (11 miles) or longish (20 miles) first day. If you choose the latter, conic hill around mile 17, whilst a first taste of the scenic beauty to come, is a heartbreaker. Also note that a long second day to Ardlui or Inverarnan then follows. After that the sites are well spaced. The pick of the bunch is Beinglass Farm at Inverarnan. Basically it's an excellent bar/restaurant with a campsite and camping shop attached. The Millarochy site is also recommended for its lovely spot on Loch Lomond.
Walkers may wild camp for free in small numbers except in enclosed fields of crops or near farm animals but all traces of the camp must be removed (see www.outdooraccess-scotland.com). Water presents the main difficulty with this option. Consuming water from the many streams (or "burns") along the way is said to be "high risk at low level" (i.e. unless there has been lots of rain) because of the cows and sheep on the hills, although boiling the water will provide a measure of protection. The safest option is to bring water from the nearest drinkable source. This means hauling a lot of weight but, if you pick the right spot, it can be worth it for the solitude. Designated wild campsites close to drinkable water can be found at Rowardennan Lodge, Inversnaid and Kings House Hotel.
Finally there are two bothies en route, Rowchoish and Doune, both on Loch Lomond. These are basically stone shelters without running water, i.e. offer wild camping without the need for a tent.
Eat / Drink
Shops on the route can be few and far between, but some are available (in Drymen, Crianlarich, Tyndrum, and Kinlochleven). Further north the shops disappear for long distances, however there are small public houses at reasonable intervals (Drymen, Rowardennan, Inverarnan, Crianlarich, Tyndrum, Bridge of Orchy, King's House, Kinlochleven). These establishments usual serve a range of hot food in addition to bar drinks.
Stay Safe
The West Highland Way is a very enjoyable and rewarding walk. The remote country, changeable weather and length which make it so also mean you could find yourself in difficulty. Appropriate emergency equipment should be carried, and all the usual mountain walking rules still apply.
External Links
WHW official website
This article is still a stub and needs your attention. It does not have a template. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Research article
Horizontal transfer of expressed genes in a parasitic flowering plant
Zhenxiang Xi1, Robert K Bradley2,3, Kenneth J Wurdack4, KM Wong5, M Sugumaran6, Kirsten Bomblies1, Joshua S Rest7* and Charles C Davis1*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
2 Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred, Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
3 Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
4 Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
5 Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 259569, Singapore
6 Rimba Ilmu Botanic Garden, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
7 Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2012, 13:227 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-227
Published: 8 June 2012
Abstract
Background
Recent studies have shown that plant genomes have potentially undergone rampant horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In plant parasitic systems HGT appears to be facilitated by the intimate physical association between the parasite and its host. HGT in these systems has been invoked when a DNA sequence obtained from a parasite is placed phylogenetically very near to its host rather than with its closest relatives. Studies of HGT in parasitic plants have relied largely on the fortuitous discovery of gene phylogenies that indicate HGT, and no broad systematic search for HGT has been undertaken in parasitic systems where it is most expected to occur.
Results
We analyzed the transcriptomes of the holoparasite Rafflesia cantleyi Solms-Laubach and its obligate host Tetrastigma rafflesiae Miq. using phylogenomic approaches. Our analyses show that several dozen actively transcribed genes, most of which appear to be encoded in the nuclear genome, are likely of host origin. We also find that hundreds of vertically inherited genes (VGT) in this parasitic plant exhibit codon usage properties that are more similar to its host than to its closest relatives.
Conclusions
Our results establish for the first time a substantive number of HGTs in a plant host-parasite system. The elevated rate of unidirectional host-to- parasite gene transfer raises the possibility that HGTs may provide a fitness benefit to Rafflesia for maintaining these genes. Finally, a similar convergence in codon usage of VGTs has been shown in microbes with high HGT rates, which may help to explain the increase of HGTs in these parasitic plants.
Keywords:
Rafflesia; Transcriptome; Phylogenomics; Horizontal gene transfer; Codon usage
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Research article
Intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan®) in osteoarthritis of the knee. a randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial in the asian population
Teng-Le Huang1,2,3, Chi-Ching Chang4, Chian-Her Lee5, Shih-Ching Chen6, Chien-Hung Lai7 and Ching-Lin Tsai8*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Orthopaedic, China Medical University Hospital, No.2 Yu-Der Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
2 Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan 404, Taiwan
3 School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medial University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan 404, Taiwan
4 Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
5 Department of Orthopaedic, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
6 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
7 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
8 Department of Orthopaedic, National Taiwan University and University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2011, 12:221 doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-221
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/12/221
Received:26 February 2011
Accepted:6 October 2011
Published:6 October 2011
© 2011 Huang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The efficacy and tolerability of 500-730 kDa sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan®) for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) pain has been established in clinical trials, but few data are available in the Asian population. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of this preparation in a Taiwanese population.
Methods
Two hundred patients with mild to moderate OA of the knee were randomized to receive five weekly intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate or placebo. The primary efficacy outcome was the change from baseline to Week 25 in patients' evaluation of pain using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) during the 50-foot walking test. Additional outcomes included Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) scores, time on the 50-foot walking test, patient's and investigator's subjective assessment of effectiveness, acetaminophen consumption, and the amounts of synovial fluid.
Results
The Hyalgan® treatment group showed a significantly greater improvement from baseline to Week 25 in VAS pain on the 50-foot walking test than the placebo group (p = 0.0020). The Hyalgan® group revealed significant improvements from baseline to week 25 in WOMAC pain and function score than the placebo group (p = 0.005 and 0.0038, respectively) Other outcomes, such as time on the 50-foot walking test and subjective assessment of effectiveness, did not show any significant difference between groups. Both groups were safe and well tolerated.
Conclusions
The present study suggests that five weekly intra-articular injections of sodium hyaluronate are well tolerated, can provide sustained relief of pain, and can improve function in Asian patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
Level of Evidence
Therapeutic study, Level I-1a (randomized controlled trial with a significant difference).
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01319461
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a common arthropathy and a leading cause of disability in elderly adults. The disease is characterized by a reduction in the lubricating and viscoelastic properties of the synovial fluid, accompanied by progressive destruction of the cartilage surface [1,2]. When simple analgesics, such as acetaminophen, prove ineffective for reducing the pain of OA, the most common therapy for treating the signs and symptoms of OA is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs have proven efficacy for the relief of pain and inflammation of OA, but their use may be restricted by adverse gastrointestinal effects, including serious occurrences of bleeding [3,4].
Hyaluronic acid present in the synovial fluid and cartilage of the knee imparts viscoelastic properties that allow for the efficient movement of articular joints [5]. Hyalgan® (Fidia, S.p.A., Abano Terme, Italy) is a sodium hyaluronate preparation, with a molecular weight of 500-730 kDa, which is naturally derived from rooster combs and has the same molecular structure as the endogenous hyaluronic acid present in the human body [6]. This sodium hyaluronate restores the viscoelastic properties of the synovial fluid and stimulates synthesis of endogenous hyaluronic acid by synoviocytes [7,8]. In addition, this sodium hyaluronate may also mediate therapeutic effects in OA by a number of other biochemical actions within the joint, including the induction of proteoglycan aggregation and proteoglycan synthesis, inhibition of inflammatory mediators, and analgesic activity [9].
The efficacy and tolerability of intra-articular (i.a.) injections of this sodium hyaluronate have been established in many clinical trials conducted worldwide [10-18]. In a large, controlled clinical trial conducted in the United States, a 5-injection course of sodium hyaluronate was shown to provide effective pain relief for as long as 26 weeks after initiation of the therapeutic course [10]. Accordingly, i.a. injections of sodium hyaluronate are considered by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to be an alternative to NSAIDs for treatment of pain in patients with OA [4]. Hyalgan® was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1997, and this therapeutic agent is now available in over 43 countries worldwide. However, only one study has been published evaluating this sodium hyaluronate in an Asian population; these investigators found that 4 weekly doses decreased pain and increased mobility over a 49-day follow-up [19]. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of this 20-mg/2 mL sodium hyaluronate administered as 5 i.a. injections at weekly intervals, for relieving the pain of OA of the knee in the Asian population.
Methods
Patients
Patients eligible for the study were males or females > 50 years of age, diagnosed with OA of the knee according to ACR criteria (knee pain with one or more of the following conditions: age > 50 years, crepitus, or morning stiffness < 30 minutes in duration). Eligible patients also had radiographic evidence of OA with Kellgren-Lawrence score of II to III (mild to moderate) on x-ray, with predominance in the tibio-femoral compartment and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores of ≥ 40 mm on a 50-foot walking test. It was required that any acute disease or trauma leading to secondary OA must have occurred at least 5 years before study entry. Major exclusion criteria included severe degeneration of the knee joint with marked joint narrowing, varus, or valgus deformity of the knee (> 12°) or other joint deformities, or other joint disorders (eg, inflammatory joint disease, specific arthropathy, severe axis deviations or instabilities, joint or skin infections, joint prostheses of the lower limbs or symptomatic hip). Patients were not permitted to have received i.a. steroid injections within the 2 weeks prior to study entry.
Study design
Ethical approval has been granted by Ethics Committee of Department of Health, Taiwan (Ref: DOH-TW-0890036458) and the participating medical centers, including National Taiwan University Hospital, the Taipei Medical College Hospital, and the Tri-Service General Hospital, in Taipei, Taiwan.
This was a prospective, randomized, masked-observer, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5 weekly i.a. injections of sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan®, Fidia S.p.A, Abano Terme, Italy) at 20 mg/2 mL in comparison with 5 weekly i.a. injections of saline placebo (2 mL) in patients with radiographically confirmed, mild to moderate OA of the knee. The study was conducted at 3 hospitals: the National Taiwan University Hospital, the Taipei Medical College Hospital, and the Tri-Service General Hospital, in Taipei, Taiwan. Six investigators enrolled patients. Efficacy was defined as improvement from baseline to Week 25 after initiation of treatment in 100-mmVAS pain on the 50-foot walking test. After a screening period, eligible patients were randomized to 5 weekly injections with either sodium hyaluronate or placebo, and were then evaluated at Week 5, Week 13, and Week 25. Patients who required further pain treatment were permitted to take acetaminophen as needed, but not exceeding 3 g/day. Patients were not permitted to take any acetaminophen on the day before the study visit. Oral and parenteral corticosteroids, i.a. corticosteroid injections, NSAIDs or analgesics other than acetaminophen, topical analgesic preparations, rehabilitation, physical therapy, or acupuncture were not permitted during the study.
Definition of the primary outcome and the secondary outcome
The primary efficacy outcome was defined as the change from baseline (Week 0) to Week 25 in patients' evaluation of pain, measured by a 100-mm VAS during the 50-foot walking test (0 = "No Pain" and 100 = "Maximum Pain"). The secondary efficacy measures included: (1) the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) OA scales for pain, stiffness, and physical function, by VAS; (2) time taken in the 50-foot walking test; (3) volume of synovial effusion of the enrolled knee, if present; (4) overall effectiveness evaluated by patients and investigators on a scale of 1 to 6 (1 = Gravely worsened and 6 = Excellent improved); and 5) acetaminophen tablet count.
Sample Size
The sample size required was estimated based on results from the UK study conducted by Huskisson and Donnelly, in which the adjusted means difference between treatment groups for VAS pain on movement at 6 months was equal to 15.04 mm, and the corresponding effect size was equal to 0.52 for completers [18]. Sixty patients in each group were required to ensure adequate power to detect a similar between-groups difference.
Statistical Analysis
Treatment groups were compared with respect to the primary efficacy variable using an analysis of variance, including treatment, investigator, and treatment-by-investigator interaction as factors. The analysis was based on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population with the last observation carried forward (LOCF) for patients who did not complete the study. Improvement in WOMAC index and improvement in time taken for the 50-foot walking test were analyzed using the same approach as for the primary variable. Volume of synovial fluid effusion was evaluated using the student's t-test. Patients' and investigators' overall effectiveness evaluations were analyzed by Chi-square test. Between-group comparison for acetaminophen consumption was conducted using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Safety
Safety was assessed by adverse events, laboratory findings, and vital signs.
Results
Patient Characteristics and Disposition
Of 227 patients screened, 200 patients were randomized in the study. Of these, 176 patients completed the study, and 198 patients (100 in the sodium hyaluronate group, 98 in the placebo group) were included in the ITT population. Of the 24 patients who withdrew from the study, 2 were lost to follow-up, 7 withdrew due to lack of efficacy, and 15 withdrew consent. The flow of study participants is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flow of study participants.
Demographic and baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1. Mean age of the patients in both treatment groups was 65.0 years. The two treatment groups were similar with regard to all demographic and baseline disease characteristics evaluated. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups with regard to baseline VAS scores on the 50-foot walking test or any of the other measures of pain and function.
Table 1. Baseline demographics and disease characteristics of all randomized patients
Primary Efficacy Outcome
Concerning the placebo group, the VAS scale was improved from baseline (Week 0) of 45.15 mm to 21.53 mm (Week 25). As to Hyalgan treatment group, the VAS scale was improved from 47.85 (Week 0) to 17 mm (Week 25). The difference of VAS scale at week 25 between these two groups was statistically significant (17 mm versus 21.53 mm for Hyalgan and placebo, respectively) (p = 0.035). (Table 2) The Hyalgan treatment group showed a significantly greater improvement from baseline to Week 25 in VAS pain on the 50-foot walking test than the placebo group (reduction of 30.85 mm versus 23.62 mm for Hyalgan and placebo, respectively; and, least squares mean difference between groups of 8.07 ± 2.58 mm, 95% CI 2.98-13.16 mm, p = 0.002). (Table 2) The reduction in pain intensity as compared with baseline (week 0) was apparent at one week after the first dose (reduction of 9.9 ± 12.33 mm versus 7.55 ± 8.95 mm for sodium hyaluronate and placebo, respectively). However, the difference between groups became significant only after completion of the 5-injection treatment course (Week 5) (p = 0.026). (Figure 2) The detailed VAS scales at different period were shown in Table 2. The Mean changes of VAS scale from baseline (W0) in both groups were presented in Figure 2.
Table 2. The VAS pain scales of Placebo and Hyalgan treatment groups on the 50-foot walking test
Figure 2. Mean change from baseline in VAS pain on the 50-foot walking test. The primary efficacy outcome of change from baseline through Week 25 measured by VAS pain score (0-100 mm scale) on the 50-foot walking test for the ITT population (sodium hyaluronate, n = 100; placebo, n = 98).
Secondary Efficacy Outcomes
WOMAC scores
Both the sodium hyaluronate and placebo groups showed improvement in the secondary efficacy parameters of WOMAC pain, stiffness, and function scores over the 25-week study period. The sodium hyaluronate group revealed significant improvements from baseline to week 25 in WOMAC pain and function score than the placebo group (p = 0.0050 and 0.0038, respectively) Although there was a greater improvement in sodium hyaluronate-treated patients for the parameter of WOMAC stiffness throughout the 25-week follow-up period, this difference did not achieve statistical significance at any timepoint. (Table 3) The between-group mean difference for WOMAC pain scores was significant in favor of sodium hyaluronate as early as Week 5 (p = 0.023) (Figure 3). Similarly, patients treated with sodium hyaluronate showed significantly greater improvement in WOMAC function scores as early as the end of the 5-injection treatment course (Week 5) (p = 0.0081) (Figure 4).
Table 3. Mean change from baseline to Week 25 in WOMAC index scores
Figure 3. Mean change from baseline (mm) in WOMAC pain scores. Patients treated with sodium hyaluronate exhibited statistically significant improvement in WOMAC pain indices as compared with placebo treatment. Data are shown for the ITT population.
Figure 4. Mean change from baseline (mm) in WOMAC function scores. Patients treated with sodium hyaluronate exhibited statistically significant improvement in WOMAC function indices as compared with placebo treatment. Data are shown for the ITT population.
Time on the 50-foot walking test
Both treatment groups showed a slight reduction in time consumed on the 50-foot walking test with no statistically significant difference between them.
Patient's and investigator's assessment of effectiveness
Nominally more patients in the sodium hyaluronate group compared with the placebo group were considered "slightly improved", "improved", or "excellent improved" by both patient's judgment of effectiveness at Week 25 (58 versus 45 patients, respectively) and investigator's judgment (60 versus 47 patients, respectively). On the other hand, less patients in the sodium hyaluronate group compared with the placebo group were considered "slightly worsened" or "gravely worsened" at Week 25 by both patient's judgment (6 versus 15 patients, respectively) and investigator's judgment (7 versus 14 patients, respectively). However, the differences did not achieve significance.
Acetaminophen consumption
There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups with regard to the total mean acetaminophen consumption over the 25-week study period.
Synovial fluid volume
The amounts of synovial fluid drawn at each timepoint through Week 25 were similar in these two groups, either for the entire treatment population or when the analysis was only applied to patients with the volume of synovial fluid > 0.
Safety
There were a total of 153 adverse events (67 in the sodium hyaluronate groups, 86 in the placebo group) reported by 87 patients. More patients in the placebo group compared with the sodium hyaluronate group experienced at least 1 adverse event (48% versus 39%). The nature of adverse events reported was comparable between these two treatment groups. All reported events were mild or moderate in intensity, and none were considered related to study treatment. The most frequently reported adverse events in both treatment groups were in the respiratory system, the most common of which were acute bronchitis and bronchitis combined, occurring in a total of 10 patients in the study. No patients discontinued from the study because of an adverse event. Five serious adverse events were reported in the study: 3 in the sodium hyaluronate group and 2 in the placebo group. These included a forearm fracture, intestinal obstruction, and aggravated urinary incontinence in the sodium hyaluronate group, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding and joint sprain in the placebo group. All were considered to be unrelated to study treatment.
A statistically significant treatment difference was seen in change from baseline for platelet counts at Week 5 (p = 0.027), with standardized counts decreasing slightly in the sodium hyaluronate group and increasing slightly in the placebo group. However, this difference was not considered clinically relevant nor was it apparent at other timepoints during the study. No other significant laboratory results or vital signs findings were observed.
Power of the Current Trial
Based on the current observed results of primary outcome (change from W0 to W25) and the sample size for each group, this study give a power of 91.3% to identify the change in VAS score between groups.
Discussion
Hyaluronan (HA), a large glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-glucosamine, is a ubiquitous component of the extracellular matrix. Intra-articular (i.a.) injection of HA is now applied worldwide for the treatment of arthritis. The efficacy and tolerability of i.a. injections of Hyalgan® have been established in many clinical trials conducted worldwide [10-19]. However, little study has specially addressed in evaluating the effect and safety of this sodium hyaluronate on an Asian population.
The primary aim of this clinical trial was to study the efficacy and safety of 5 weekly i.a. injections of sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan®), as compared with the placebo, in Asian patients suffering from OA of the knee. The duration of this study comprised a 5-week treatment period followed by a 20-week follow-up period. The results demonstrate that the Hyalgan treatment group showed a significantly greater improvement from baseline to Week 25 in VAS pain on the 50-foot walking test than the placebo group. Our findings were further supported by a previous pivotal clinical trial involving 218 completed patients (103 for Hyalgan® versus 115 for placebo) [10]. At Week 26 of follow-up, the statistically significant treatment difference for pain intensity on the 50-foot walking test (assessed by a 0-100 mm VAS) was 8.8 mm in favor of sodium hyaluronate, similar to the magnitude of effect seen here (8.07 mm). Their sample size and the result of VAS difference are quite comparable to our study. That means the current study provide a similar power as theirs. As to the sample size and the accepted absolute changes of VAS, Huskisson [18] conducted a randomized control trial to examine the efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction of i.a.HA in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. They used a sample size of 50 patients for each group to give a power of around 90% for the detection of a mean treatment change of 15.4 mm in VAS score. In the current study, our sample size is 100 patients for each group that provide a similar power of 91.3% for the detection of mean treatment change of 8.07 mm in VAS score.
In the present study, the reduction in pain intensity was apparent at one week after the first dose of sodium hyaluronate. This finding was further confirmed by some recent reports. Lee [20] conducted an open-label, randomized, multicentre clinical trial to compare the clinical effects between high and low molecular weight HA. They indicated that the symptom relief could be as soon as one week after HA injection, in terms of significantly reducing the VAS and improving the WOMAC pain, function, and stiffness scores. A similar finding was shown in another clinical trial by Kirchner M [21]. We may attribute the rapid reduction in pain intensity to the mechanism of anti-inflammation through the synovium, which was further supported by a recent review article [22].
Regarding the secondary outcome estimated by WOMAC scores, we found that the pain and function sub-scales were significantly reduced as early as at Week 5, by compared with placebo group. Furthermore, the significant difference was maintained throughout the study. As to the subjective evaluations, more patients in the sodium hyaluronate group compared with the placebo group were considered "slightly improved", "improved", or "excellent improved" by both patient's and investigator's judgment of effectiveness at Week 25. These results all imply that i.a. administration of Hyalgan® can improve joint function and ameliorate pain in Asian patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Concerning the estimation of safety, both sodium hyaluronate and placebo were well tolerated in this study. There were no instances of any severe local inflammatory reactions, such as have been reported with growing frequency in the literature for another hyaluronate product, hylan G-F 20 [23]. Aside from an apparently isolated difference between the treatment groups in platelet counts at Week 5 (not clinically significant), no changes in laboratory values, blood pressure, pulse rate, or body temperature were observed in either treatment group.
In the present study, efficacy of sodium hyaluronate, as measured by the primary outcome variable, did not show signs of waning at the 25-week timepoint. Therefore, we might have seen a longer-term benefit of this sodium hyaluronate had the follow-up period been extended. This finding of a relatively long-term pain relief is also consistent with findings of controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials that found continuing benefits with sodium hyaluronate treatment for at least 6 months [18] and, in some cases, for 1 or more years after completion of the treatment course [16,24,25].
To sum up, our results showed that a 5-injection course of this sodium hyaluronate was effective, in terms of a significantly greater improvement from baseline to Week 25 in VAS score, WOMAC pain and function score than the placebo group. The whole course was safe and well tolerated both in sodium hyaluronate treatment group and the placebo.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that intra-articular administration of Hyalgan® is safe and can improve joint function and ameliorate pain in Asian patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
TL H drafted the manuscript, interpreted of data and participated in its design and coordination. CC C, SC C, and CH L investigated and followed patients. CH L investigated, followed, and clinically managed patients. CL T initiated the study and participated in its design and coordination.
Acknowledgements
Hyalgan is kindly provided by Fidia Farmaceutici SpA and Med Pharma Co., Ltd.
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25. Kotz R, Kolarz G, Hochmayer I: Long-term benefits and repeated treatment cycles of intra-articular sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan®) in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/12/221/prepub
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The current study on olive ridley turtles was undertaken from 2007 to 2010 in Gahirmatha rookery of Odisha coast especially during their breeding season. Entire period of study the solitary nest and their predation and erosion level were studied in islands as well as mainland beach.
BHUBANESWAR: Large-scale erosion of Olive Ridley nesting grounds in the State has prompted the Wildlife Wing to look for answers.
KENDRAPARA: Emergence of millions of baby Olive Ridley marine turtles along the tranquil Gahirmatha beach has brought cheers to conservationists here.
Olive Ridley turtles have finally arrived at Gahirmatha beach in Odisha to lay eggs much to the delight of wildlife lovers and forest officials.
A two-day workshop, titled “Fishery-dependent Livelihoods, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: The Case of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas in India”, was held in New Delhi during 1-2 March 2012. The workshop was a follow-up to the one held in Chennai in 2009, which was titled “Social Dimensions of Marine Protected Area (MPA) Implementation in India: Do Fishing Communities Benefit?”.
BHUBANESWAR: This year, an air of uncertainty hangs over the arrival of Olive Ridley sea turtles along the Odisha coast.
Wildlife in India is facing a losing battle.
Bhubaneswar: Greenpeace India and United Artists' Association on Monday released the report of a study jointly conducted by them on the measures needed to improve the
The United Artists Association (UAA) and Greenpeace India undertook an independent study in the Gahirmatha region to understand, examine and document perceptions and thoughts of fisher communities on income generation schemes and livelihood options as well as their perceptions and attitudes relating to the existing fisheries management and marin
The Chinese shipwreck off Orissa
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• Title: The Shunned House
• Authors: H. P. Lovecraft
• Year: 1961-00-00
• Publisher: Arkham House
• Price: $17.50
• Pages: 59
• Binding: hc
• Type: CHAPTERBOOK
• Title Reference: The Shunned House
• ISFDB Record Number: 266171
• Notes: Approximately 100 copies, bound from the remaining set of sheets from the original 250 sets printed by W. Paul Cook in 1928 for an edition intended to be published by Recluse Press (the remaining 150 sets were sold unbound in 1959)
Price from "The Arkham House Companion", by Sheldon Jaffery, Starmont House, 1989
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Bibliography: The Irish Question
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Title: The Irish Question
Author: Graham Masterton
Year: 1998
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Sensors 2013, 13(1), 611-625; doi:10.3390/s130100611
Article
Development of a Radial Pulse Tonometric (RPT) Sensor with a Temperature Compensation Mechanism
1 Advanced Medical Device Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, 111, Hanggaul-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-910, Korea 2 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 486, Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 2 November 2012; in revised form: 17 December 2012 / Accepted: 17 December 2012 / Published: 4 January 2013
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors)
Download PDF Full-Text [842 KB, uploaded 4 January 2013 14:52 CET]
Abstract: Several RPT sensors have been developed to acquire objective and quantitative pulse waves. These sensors offer improved performance with respect to pressure calibration, size and sensor deployment, but not temperature. Since most pressure sensors are sensitive to temperature, various temperature compensation techniques have been developed, but these techniques are largely inapplicable to RPT sensors due to the size restrictions of the sensor, and incompatibility between the compensation techniques and the RPT sensor. Consequently, in this paper a new RPT sensor comprising six piezoresistive pressure sensors and one thermistor has been developed through finite element analysis and then a suitable temperature compensation technique has been proposed. This technique compensates for temperature variations by using the thermistor and simple compensation equations. As verification of the proposed compensation technique, pulse waves of all types were successfully compensated for temperature changes.
Keywords: pulse diagnosis; FEM; pressure sensor; thermistor; temperature compensation
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Yoo, S.-K.; Shin, K.-Y.; Lee, T.-B.; Jin, S.-O.; Kim, J.U. Development of a Radial Pulse Tonometric (RPT) Sensor with a Temperature Compensation Mechanism. Sensors 2013, 13, 611-625.
AMA Style
Yoo S-K, Shin K-Y, Lee T-B, Jin S-O, Kim JU. Development of a Radial Pulse Tonometric (RPT) Sensor with a Temperature Compensation Mechanism. Sensors. 2013; 13(1):611-625.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Yoo, Seong-Ki; Shin, Ki-Young; Lee, Tae-Bum; Jin, Seung-Oh; Kim, Jaeuk U. 2013. "Development of a Radial Pulse Tonometric (RPT) Sensor with a Temperature Compensation Mechanism." Sensors 13, no. 1: 611-625.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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User:Etienne Robillard/Notebook/Arylcyclohexylamines
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(References)
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* US patents :
* US patents :
** 4-substituted Arylcyclohexylamines derived compounds :
** 4-substituted Arylcyclohexylamines derived compounds :
-
*** US5622916, US5032616, US4073942, US4113777,US4312861, US3536713, US3336308, US6071966, US5270340
+
*** US5622916, US5032616, US4073942, US4113777,US4312861, US3536713, US3336308, US6071966, US5270340, US4595759
== Glossary ==
== Glossary ==
Revision as of 09:43, 1 January 2013
Contents
Introduction
Methylphenidate (trademark Ritalin) HCl is a piperidine derived synthetic drug prescribed in the treatment of schizophrenia and autistic disorders to childrens with chronic ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) symptoms.
The purpose of this document is to investigate the whys and wherefores of Agent Scooby Doo in the product of cyclohexylamine induced reactions by comparitive study of psychotropic alkylamines drugs including Methylphenidate and Arylacetonitriles-derived alkylating solvents and their combined effects on human NMDA receptor.
Also the study of PCP derived piperidine analog compounds will be beneficial in the proper understanding of synthetic drug abuses and to prevent future disasters by chemical aerosol spraying prohibition and legislation.
Psychotropic alkylamines
Cyclohexylamines, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Methylphenidate compound is synthetically comparable to amphetamine-class drug (cocaine), by functioning as a long-term dopamine regulator, however its long-term effects on the developmental area of the brain is controversed and poorly understood by the scientific community. [1]
Moreover, chronic Ritalin use may in addition elevate the risks of amphetamine-induced psychosis, a notable side-effect in chronic amphetamine users. Overmedication with amphetamine-type drug is thus an additional concern to assess in the psychotherapy of childrens with amphetamine-like drugs. [2]
Amphetamine-induced psychosis may implicate as well severe hallucinations and other landmarks of long-term drug abuses including altered state of behavior, paranoia, and depression.
Arynes, arylacetonitriles, and arylation of 4-substituted cyclohexylamine compounds
4,7-dichloroquinoline
See also
Dedication
This page is dedicated to victims of Sandy Hook mass murder which occured on December 14 2012. May our creator give recomfort to the victims of theses uncivilised murdering acts and theses tragedies never be forgotten to identify and resolve the problems in our own life which leaded to such horror scenes. -Etienne Robillard 09:50, 20 December 2012 (EST)
References
• Reference 1
• Reference 2
• US patents :
• 4-substituted Arylcyclohexylamines derived compounds :
• US5622916, US5032616, US4073942, US4113777,US4312861, US3536713, US3336308, US6071966, US5270340, US4595759
Glossary
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3 Finnish hotels to have Angry Birds Activity Parks
PanARMENIAN.Net - A company that owns several resort hotels in Finland is set to construct a series of Angry Birds Activity Parks at three hotels, SlashGear reports.
The first of the three activity Parks based on the Angry Birds video game will be a year-round indoor activity park. The park will be completed in Kuusamon Tropiikki by Christmas of 2012.
In February 2013, another Angry Birds activity park will be completed in Saariselka. By the fall of 2013, the third Angry Birds park will be completed in Saimaa, in Lappeenranta. The Activity Parks are aimed at children and are more like playgrounds that use Angry Birds themes than a theme park with rides.
The largest year-round activity park being constructed using an Angry Birds theme is being built in Vuokatti. This is an indoor park that will measure 8700 square meters. In addition to the Angry Birds section, this particular park will also have a sports world for playing different sports and a freestyle area for skateboarding and BMX bicycling. The Angry Birds section will be completed in December.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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[41]
“And so, my men,” said he, “it seems to me that we should take only such meat and such drink as one would suppose to be least likely to overcome us with sleep and foolishness.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus Greek (1910)
hide Places (automatically extracted)
View a map of the most frequently mentioned places in this document.
Visualize the most frequently mentioned Pleiades ancient places in this text.
Download Pleiades ancient places geospacial dataset for this text.
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• Cross-references in general dictionaries to this page (1):
hideData/Identifiers
Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg007.perseus-eng1:4.2.41
Document URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg007.perseus-eng1
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End of Toolbar PageRank?
May 28, 2005 • 9:56 pm | (12) by | Filed Under Google PageRank & Algorithm Updates
Its been about 24 hours and the Google Toolbar is still grayed out for all sites. I have not seen it myself, since I don't have a toolbar installed, but forums are buzzing about it. Is this the end to PageRank? Toolbar PageRank? Google?
Forum discussion at: - WebmasterWorld - Search Engine Watch Forums - DigitalPoint Forums - Cre8asite Forums - SEO Chat Forums - HighRankings Forums - SEOGuy Forums - IHelpYou Forums - WebWorkShop Forums - SitePoint Forums
Previous story: Ask's VP, Jim Lanzone, Live Q&A Session
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Place:Richland, Shawnee, Kansas, United States
Watchers
NameRichland
Alt namesRichland Centersource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS20013524
Richland Cornerssource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS20013524
TypeDeserted settlement
Coordinates38.883°N 95.533°W
Located inShawnee, Kansas, United States (1854 - 1974)
Also located inMonmouth (township), Shawnee, Kansas, United States
Contained Places
Cemetery
Boles Cemetery
Richland Cemetery
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
Richland, which was located in the far southeast corner of Monmouth township, was purchased by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the late 1960s as part of the Flood Control Act of 1962 (Public Law 87-874, 23 Oct 1962). This act authorized land acquisition for Clinton Lake. By 1974, the town was vacated and the remaining buildings were demolished shortly thereafter. Even though Richland was demolished for this project, the land site is not currently underwater and fragments of paved streets, ruined buildings and Richland Cemetery are still in evidence.
External Links
Research Tips
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Posterior cruciate ligament
Jump to: navigation, search
Ligament: Posterior cruciate ligament
Diagram of the knee
Latin ligamentum cruciatum posterius genus
Gray's subject #93 342
From posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
To medial condyle of the femur
MeSH A02.513.514.600
Dorlands/Elsevier l_09/12492130
The posterior cruciate ligament (or PCL) is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur. This configuration allows the PCL to resist forces pushing the tibia posteriorly relative to the femur.
Contents
Injury
The posterior drawer test is used by doctors to detect injury to the PCL.
The posterior cruciate ligament is a section of the patellar tendon joining medially to the lateral quadriceps femoris.
Surgery to repair the Posterior Cruciate ligament is controversial due to its placement and technical difficulty.[1]
See also
Additional images
References
1. Jonathan Cluett, M.D. (2003-08-05). Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). about.com. Retrieved on 2006-11-11.
External links
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Light chain
Revision as of 15:02, 2 June 2009 by Brian Blank (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
An antibody molecule. The two heavy chains are colored red and blue and the two light chains green and yellow. See also:[1]
WikiDoc Resources for
Light chain
Articles
Most recent articles on Light chain
Most cited articles on Light chain
Review articles on Light chain
Articles on Light chain in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Light chain
Images of Light chain
Photos of Light chain
Podcasts & MP3s on Light chain
Videos on Light chain
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Light chain
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TRIP on Light chain
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Light chain at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial results on Light chain
Clinical Trials on Light chain at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Light chain
NICE Guidance on Light chain
NHS PRODIGY Guidance
FDA on Light chain
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Books
Books on Light chain
News
Light chain in the news
Be alerted to news on Light chain
News trends on Light chain
Commentary
Blogs on Light chain
Definitions
Definitions of Light chain
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Light chain
Discussion groups on Light chain
Patient Handouts on Light chain
Directions to Hospitals Treating Light chain
Risk calculators and risk factors for Light chain
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Light chain
Causes & Risk Factors for Light chain
Diagnostic studies for Light chain
Treatment of Light chain
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Light chain
International
Light chain en Espanol
Light chain en Francais
Business
Light chain in the Marketplace
Patents on Light chain
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Light chain
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [3] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Overview
A light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of an antibody (or immunoglobulin); a typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains.
In humans
There are two types of light chain in mammals,
• lambda (λ) chain (1, 2, 3, and 4)
• kappa (κ) chain (only one type)
In other animals
Other types of light chains can be found in lower vertebrates, such as the Ig-Light-Iota chain of Chondrichthyes and Teleostei.[1][2]
Camelids are unique among mammals as they have fully functional antibodies which have two heavy chains, but lack the light chains usually paired with each heavy chain.[3] The functional role of this separate repertoire is unknown as yet.
Structure
Only one type of light chain is present in a typical antibody, thus the two light chains of an individual antibody are identical.
Each light chain is composed of two tandem immunoglobulin domains:
• one constant (IgC) domain
• one variable domain (IgV) that is important for binding antigen
The approximate length of a light chain protein is from 211 to 217 amino acids.[1]
References
1. 1.0 1.1 Janeway CA, Jr. et al (2001). Immunobiology., 5th ed., Garland Publishing. (electronic full text via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-8153-3642-X.
2. IMGT Index Antibodies (or Immunoglobulins).
3. Hamers-Casterman C, Atarhouch T, Muyldermans S, Robinson G, Hamers C, Songa E, Bendahman N, Hamers R (1993). "Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains". Nature 363 (6428): 446-8. PMID 8502296.
External links
Cost Effectiveness of Light chain
| group5 = Clinical Trials Involving Light chain | list5 = Ongoing Trials on Light chain at Clinical Trials.govTrial results on Light chainClinical Trials on Light chain at Google
| group6 = Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Light chain | list6 = US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Light chainNICE Guidance on Light chainNHS PRODIGY GuidanceFDA on Light chainCDC on Light chain
| group7 = Textbook Information on Light chain | list7 = Books and Textbook Information on Light chain
| group8 = Pharmacology Resources on Light chain | list8 = AND (Dose)}} Dosing of Light chainAND (drug interactions)}} Drug interactions with Light chainAND (side effects)}} Side effects of Light chainAND (Allergy)}} Allergic reactions to Light chainAND (overdose)}} Overdose information on Light chainAND (carcinogenicity)}} Carcinogenicity information on Light chainAND (pregnancy)}} Light chain in pregnancyAND (pharmacokinetics)}} Pharmacokinetics of Light chain
| group9 = Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Light chain | list9 = AND (pharmacogenomics)}} Genetics of Light chainAND (pharmacogenomics)}} Pharmacogenomics of Light chainAND (proteomics)}} Proteomics of Light chain
| group10 = Newstories on Light chain | list10 = Light chain in the newsBe alerted to news on Light chainNews trends on Light chain</small>
| group11 = Commentary on Light chain | list11 = Blogs on Light chain
| group12 = Patient Resources on Light chain | list12 = Patient resources on Light chainDiscussion groups on Light chainPatient Handouts on Light chainDirections to Hospitals Treating Light chainRisk calculators and risk factors for Light chain
| group13 = Healthcare Provider Resources on Light chain | list13 = Symptoms of Light chainCauses & Risk Factors for Light chainDiagnostic studies for Light chainTreatment of Light chain
| group14 = Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Light chain | list14 = CME Programs on Light chain
| group15 = International Resources on Light chain | list15 = Light chain en EspanolLight chain en Francais
| group16 = Business Resources on Light chain | list16 = Light chain in the MarketplacePatents on Light chain
| group17 = Informatics Resources on Light chain | list17 = List of terms related to Light chain
}}
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I am in the following situation where i got an offer to join a start-up in Paris for a lead ios dev position. The field they are working on is a mix of technology and art which really fit to my personality.
I have a previous experience of 7 years in a big company working in the US on technology such as C++, Qt with a big emphasis on UX. I got back to France and took a year off after this to create a full product on tablet on my own that i will release in a couple of weeks from now (so I have 1 year of iOS where i maxed out my knowledge there)
I am very undecided though to take this position as there are a couple of things that bother me during the hiring process:
• The technical interview was very brief, i just got two precises questions by one developer but i was really expected much more there to test my knowledge.
• Second the paycheck is low, it is about 40k Euros while i believe i could value myself btw 50k to 55k on the ios job market in France specially with my past experience in the states. I have tried hard to negociate the salary by exposing clearly the different values beside the one I could bring on top of the technical aspect (I also have a couple of experience in management of interns and got a good grasp on how to improve the software development process) but there was nothing I could do.
• They didn't mention anything about stock options that could compensate the low salary. They have just mentioned that I could earn really much more after the funding period they have received for the next 2 years and the success at that time.
They are in business since 2 years and they are not focus too much on benefits but for now on R&D.
I have tried to put into account all pros and cons on paper but i come to about the same pros and cons :-(.
Should i just drop the offer because there are so many uncertainties/risk or should i give it a try. The real benefits I could see here is the type of project they are working on and i have a lot of freedom to shape their next products. They have release two apps on the Apple Store - they have really good taste there but they seem to be lacking on the technical side. I am also worried that since they have a low salary to offer they are ok to hire B or C player. Any advice would be greatly appreciated to make up my mind!
Can someone enlightened me with what i should be considering maybe?
share|improve this question
1 Answer
It depends on quite a lot of parameters. I will try to answer this in a general way.
1. If you have a family or some other responsibility where finances are quite important? This could be a risk.
2. How easy is it for you to find a new job?
3. I feel over a long run finances become more important as the work gets pretty static in nature. Do you see this as a long term project? Even if you join at 20% less, can you expect the business to reward you if you drive them to success? I always try to study my employers when I meet them. Try to see what is more important for them, business profit or quality work (but the non-technical managers don't actually understand software quality, so this is tough).
4. In next 6 months - 1 year, you might value your self at 60k euro. How will it feel waking up in the morning and going to work with 40k salary.
5. Have you worked in a start-up before? I have worked in big multinationals and now running a start-up, its just a different ballgame. There will be a lot more work pressure, responsibility, lots of questions by your employers(as now you will be the lead) and not very satisfactory salary.
share|improve this answer
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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Terastation Midnight Commander
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
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(Extract files)
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==Installation==
==Installation==
===Extract files===
===Extract files===
-
Open a SSH shell to your TeraStation, and install those packages using ''sudo tar -xzv /mnt/array1/share/software/xyz.tgz''. When you're done, you can run Midnight Commander by simply typing ''mc''.
+
Open a SSH shell to your TeraStation, and install those packages using
+
+
sudo sudo tar --numeric-owner -xzvf -xzv /mnt/array1/share/software/xyz.tgz
+
+
When you're done, you can run Midnight Commander by simply typing ''mc''.
Revision as of 18:43, 7 February 2006
Contents
About
GNU Midnight Commander is a GPL licensed file manager like the popular Norton Commander, but available for many Operating Systems, including Linux.
Preparations
Converting RPMs
As stated in another location in this Wiki, there are PPC rpms available, but the TeraStation does not understand RPM. Therefore you need to convert the RPMs first. I wrote this small script named teradlppcrpm.sh, which needs to be run on another Linux machine:
#!/bin/bash
# Download and convert .rpm to .tar.gz
if [ $# -lt 1 ]
then
echo "Please specify packet name without .ppc.rpm extension!"
exit
fi
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/$1.ppc.rpm
mkdir $1
cd $1
rpm2cpio ../$1.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
tar -zcpf ../$1.tgz .
cd ..
Getting necessary files
Midnight Commander needs glib und gpm libraries before it will run, so there are four packages in total. Call this script teradl-mc.sh in the same folder:
#!/bin/bash
# Download and convert packages necessary for Midnight Commander on TeraStation
for folder in 'glib-1.2.10-0vl5' 'gpm-1.20.1-35vl3' 'gpm-libs-1.20.1-35vl3' 'mc-4.5.54-0vl4'; do
./teradlppcrpm.sh $folder
done
echo You may now copy the .tgz files to your TeraStation and install them there using
echo sudo tar -xzv /mnt/array1/share/software/xyz.tgz
echo where xyz corresponds to the tgz names created by this script.
It will call the first script to download and convert those four packages, and give you 4 tgz files you need to copy to your TeraStation.
Alternative
You can also do this in one step if you don't like those scripts (I wrote them only because I think I might want to add more packages later). This allows you to put all into just one package as well:
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/glib-1.2.10-0vl5.ppc.rpm
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/gpm-1.20.1-35vl3.ppc.rpm
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/gpm-libs-1.20.1-35vl3.ppc.rpm
wget ftp://core.ring.gr.jp/pub/linux/Vine/VineSeed/ppc/software/mc-4.5.54-0vl4.ppc.rpm
mkdir mcpluslibs
cd mcpluslibs
rpm2cpio ../glib-1.2.10-0vl5.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
rpm2cpio ../gpm-1.20.1-35vl3.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
rpm2cpio ../gpm-libs-1.20.1-35vl3.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
rpm2cpio ../mc-4.5.54-0vl4.ppc.rpm | cpio -idv
tar -zcpf ../mcpluslibs.tgz .
cd ..
Now just copy mcpluslibs.tgz to your TeraStation share.
With more packages I prepare for my TeraStation, I my provide a full script that automates everything in just one script.
Installation
Extract files
Open a SSH shell to your TeraStation, and install those packages using
sudo sudo tar --numeric-owner -xzvf -xzv /mnt/array1/share/software/xyz.tgz
When you're done, you can run Midnight Commander by simply typing mc.
Personal tools
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