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Place:Woodborough, Nottinghamshire, England
Watchers
NameWoodborough
TypeUnknown
Located inNottinghamshire, England
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Woodborough is a village in Nottinghamshire, England. It is located 7 miles north-east of Nottingham. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,852.
St. Swithun's Church, Woodborough is 13th century tower with a 14th century chancel. Woodborough was a framework-knitting village, and some two-storey cottages with ground-floor knitter's windows remain at the junction of High Street and Shelt Hill.
Woodborough also has a primary school called Woodborough Woods Foundation CofE Primary School, where 200+ students attend at any one time.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Woodborough, Nottinghamshire. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Friday, May 25, 2007
Autism Youth and Adult Residential Care & Treatment Still Abysmal in New Brunswick
In October 2005 the Toronto Star reported on the case of a New Brunswick autistic youth who was being housed by the Province of New Brunswick on the gounds of a youth correctional facility. The youth had committed no crime. The state of New Brunswick's youth and adult residential care and treatment facilities was so bad, virtually non-existent for those with more severe and challenging autism disorder, that the province felt it was the only place that could accommodate the youth while they waited for his admission to a facility in the United States. The Toronto Star article follows this comment. Unfortunately, as the letter from Stephen Robbins posted here a couple of days ago indicates things have not improved any since then. In New Brunswick we must still export our autistic youths and adults out of the country for decent residential care and treatment.
From a personal perspective this issue weighs heavily on my mind. My son Conor was 9 at the time of the first story. He is now 11 and nearing the age of the two youths in these stories. In the meantime youth and adult residential care and treatment in New Brunswick have not moved a single steop forward. The bureaucracy does what the bureaucracy always does. It delays, it denies that problems exist, it worries about the careers of its members and whether they might be embarassed but it takes no significant action on critical issues affecting some of New Brunswick's vulnerable members.
" Autistic boy kept in New Brunswick jail
No other place for him to stay 13-year-old must go to U.S. hospitalNo other place for him to stay
13-year-old must go to U.S. hospital
The Toronto Star, KELLY TOUGHILL, ATLANTIC CANADA BUREAU, Oct. 19, 2005
HALIFAX—A 13-year-old autistic boy now living in a New Brunswick jail compound will be sent out of Canada because there is no home, hospital or institution that can handle him in his own province.
Provincial officials confirmed yesterday the boy is living in a visitor's apartment at the Miramichi Youth Centre and will be moved to a treatment centre in Maine by November.
They stressed he is not under lock and key, has no contact with other inmates and is living outside the high wire fence that surrounds the youth detention centre.
Nevertheless, the jailhouse placement and the transfer to Maine have outraged mental health advocates and opposition critics.
"They put this boy in a criminal facility because he is autistic," said Harold Doherty, a board member of the Autism Society of New Brunswick.
"Now we are exporting our children because we can't care for them. This is Canada, not a Third World country.
``We are supposed to have a decent standard of care for the sick and the vulnerable, but we don't."
Liberal MLA John Foran echoed his concern. "This boy has done nothing wrong, is not the subject of any court order, but is in a penal institution."
Provincial officials yesterday insisted critics are misrepresenting the nature of the boy's situation and that in fact the province has done everything it can to help him.
"This individual is not being held, and is not incarcerated," said Lori-Jean Johnson, spokeswoman for the family and community services department.
"He has housekeeping, bath and a separate entrance. We are just utilizing existing resources."
Privacy laws prevent officials from discussing anything that would reveal the boy's identity, including details of his previous living situation and the whereabouts of his parents.
This much is known: He suffers from a severe form of autism and is a ward of the state, under the guardianship of the minister of family and community services. He was living in a group home until recently, but became so violent that he was judged a danger to himself and others. At a psychologist's recommendation, he was moved to a three-bedroom apartment on the grounds of the Miramichi Youth Centre, a prison for about 50 young offenders. Two attendants from a private company watch the boy around the clock, at a cost to taxpayers of $700 a day.
Johnson said she does not know any details of his care.
Doherty said the jailhouse placement and move to Maine highlight the desperate need for better services for autistic children in New Brunswick and across Canada.
He said staff at most group homes in New Brunswick aren't trained to deal with autism and don't understand the disorder.
"If you don't understand autism, things can become very bad very quickly," said Doherty, who has a 9-year-old son with the disorder.
"We have been pushing for (better facilities) in New Brunswick for several years. This is not a crisis that has popped up in the last two days. Residential care is a critical element for these people and it is not being provided."
Johnson said the provincial system of group homes and institutions that care for children and adults with psychiatric disorders and mental disabilities works for most people.
"We do have existing resources, but once in a while, there will be an exception. Here, we are looking at a very extreme case."
The boy will be moved to an Augusta, Me., treatment centre at the end of the month, said Johnson.
The centre, run by a non-profit group called Spurwink, specializes in dealing with autistic adolescents.
A Spurwink representative did not return a phone call from the Toronto Star.
Provincial officials could not detail the cost to keep the child at Spurwink, nor did they have information about why he's being sent to Maine, rather than a Canadian facility in another province. "
....
Keep autistic children in the province
Daily Gleaner (Fredericton NB)
Published Wednesday May 23rd, 2007
Appeared on page C7
This is a letter to Premier Shawn Graham.
I am a father of a 13-year-old autistic boy. We had to fight for services for our son from the day he was born: to get diagnosed, to get Applied Behavioural Analysis therapy (before it was mandatory), to get teacher's aides in the classroom, to keep him in school, and to get hospital treatment when his compulsion to bite and pinch got to the point where he was covered in wounds and bruises.
I am afraid my wife and I do not have much fight left in us these days. Our son has lived under constant supervision 24 hours a day for the last year. Two workers stay in our home with him during the day (two are needed to restrain him during his rages). While we commend them for all they have done, the workers are merely a Band-Aid solution.
Our only option at this point is to send our son out of country to the U.S. for treatment that he desperately needs.
Services at the two facilities, in Maine or Boston, will cost the government $200,000 to $300,000 a year. Right now my son is costing the government $15,000 to $20,000 a month because of the government's lack of direction when it comes to older autistic children.
My question to you, Mr. Graham, is that it may have been cost effective at one time to send these children away (out of sight, out of mind). But now with it being 1 in 150 children being diagnosed within the autism spectrum disorder, maybe we should re-evaluate the direction our province is going in.
I realize that there may be no other recourse for my son but to be sent to these facilities in the U.S. for treatment.
I hope in the future we may be able to prevent our children from having to leave Canada to get the services they so desperately need.
Stephen Robbins
Woodstock, N.B.
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October, 2007
29
Oct 07
Prism Brainstorming
Now that Prism has launched, a lot of people have been suggesting features and various directions Mozilla Labs could potentially take the experiment in the future. Here is a collection of ideas that people have recently suggested, and some things I’ve been thinking about in the back of my head. Please feel free to post your own ideas in the comments. [Update: or you can discuss on a thread on the Mozilla Labs forums about ideas for future directions].
Improving the Refracting Experience
• We could package webapp bundles as extensions, and then have Prism search for matching extensions when the user is converting a Web application to a desktop application. These extensions would include various files to customize the Web application, like a webapp.css file to style the application, greasemonkey scripts, etc. In terms of the user interface, users would just see a screen shot of what the application will look like, along with a feature list when refracting an application out of their browser. For instance, if the user is converting Google Reader out of their browser (Tools > Convert to Application), they may see one bundle that has been downloaded by 10,000 people and another that has been downloaded by 3,000 people. After looking at the screen shots and feature lists, they choose which the one they want (or none). Users could switch which bundle they are using to modify the Web application at any point after refracting as well.
• Automatically convert the user’s favorite Web applications based on a white list of known applications and their frecency score in places? For instance, Firefox notices that the user visits 30 Boxes every day so it drops a shortcut to 30 Boxes in the Web applications folder of their Start Menu to alternatively launch the application with Prism. Since this is just a shortcut, it’s only going to take up ~1k of space on the user’s hard drive, but it still may not be a good idea since users generally have a certain chagrin for applications that proactively try to help them. There are also some privacy implications.
Content Handling
• Allow Web applications to register with the operating system to handle certain file types. Obviously there are a lot of security concerns with this, and this would only apply to applications that the user has personally refracted, there would need to be confirmation dialog boxes before uploading content, etc.
• Allow the user to drag and drop files onto refracted applications, or Firefox (which will load the Web app in a new tab and then upload the file)
• Get the process of uploading files to Web applications standardized through a group like the WHATWG, and supported by a few popular Web applications, like Zoho, and Google Docs
Integration with the Desktop Environment
Windows
• Minimize to the system tray
OS X
• Modify the dock icon (number of unread emails, web feed messages, etc.)
• Run as a menu bar item (we would need to convert the favicon to monochrome)
All Platforms
• Let Web application developers specify their own high resolution application icon so we don’t have to rely on upscaling
• Support for frameless windows (for more widgetish apps, or stylized apps like twitterrific)
• Get a notification api standardized through a group like the WHATWG, but leave it up to the client to determine how to deliver the notification to the user (we would probably go with growl on mac, system tray dialog bubbles on Windows, custom implementation on Linux, etc.)
• Launch application on startup
Improvements to the Web Platform (mentioned in the original announcement)
• Support for offline applications
• canvas3d
Partner Builds
• Make it really easy for application developers to deploy Prism along with their webapp bundle directly to users.
24
Oct 07
Prism
Today Mozilla Labs is announcing a new experiment called Prism. Over the last few months I’ve had a chance to contribute to many of the initial user facing design aspects of Prism, and this is one of the most exciting labs projects I’ve had a chance to work on so far at Mozilla. (It took us a few months to get this experiment launched due to another little project that has been taking up most of our time). Now that we’ve announced the project and are looking for contributers, here is a quick recap of where the project currently stands in terms of user experience.
UX Goal: Integrate Web Applications into the User’s Desktop Experience
Personal computing is currently in an awkward phase of transition. Half of the applications we interact with are client side desktop applications, and half are online Web applications. This means that half of the applications, regardless of what they are, are currently trapped inside of a Web browser, like some kind of Shakespearean play within a play. Because of this, Web applications are unable to take advantage of many of the user experience benefits afforded to client side applications. Web applications get lost amongst countless tabs of documents, and are closed by accident. Web applications are surrounded with controls like back and forward buttons, and a location bar, that have nothing to do with interacting with the application itself. For many AJAX applications, these Web browser controls literally serve no purpose. By being trapped inside the browser, Web applications are unable to fully integrate with a user’s computing environment, and when accessing Web applications, users are constantly forced to think about what underlying technology the application is based on.
Prism allows users to split Web applications out of their browser, and run them directly alongside desktop applications.
With Prism, you can now have shortcuts to your calendar and email in your quick launch bar, even if one (or both) are actually Web applications. You can organize your favorite applications by purpose, instead of by implementation. If you happen to be away from your computer, you can access these same applications from any Web browser. And if you ever decide to switch platforms, all of the applications you run with Prism can seamlessly switch with you. Marc Andreessen once described the browser as having the power to “reduce Windows to a partially debugged set of device device drivers.” Personally I disagree, in that I think operating systems also happen to be very useful for application launching and window management.
I believe Prism is important not just for the future of the Web, but for the future of the desktop as well. The social nature of the Web has resulted in incredibly fertile ground for new applications. Over the past few years this has resulted in a renaissance of new and innovative applications emerging on the Web, and even entirely new application archetypes, like RSS readers, social networks, and micro-blogging. Some specific applications in these new genres have been ported from the Web to the desktop, but for the most part the evolution of client side applications has significantly slowed, remaining largely in the previous era of desktop publishing. Prism will allow new innovative applications on the Web to integrate into the user’s desktop experience without any additional development effort for the applications’ creators.
Identity
People who follow planet.mozilla.org will likely recognize this project by the former name “Webrunner,” which was a reference to XULRunner, which was a reference to XUL, which was a reference to Ghostbusters. So why change the name? As much as I love geeky references, (especially recursively geeky references), we have to remember that most people aren’t going to semantically disambiguate terms the same way we do. For mainstream users, “running” means faster than jogging, and similarly “execution” involves killing people. The name Prism references a real world metaphor for splitting something apart. Also, we thought the name Prism would adapt well to an icon:
The Prism icon was created by the Iconfactory. If you are curious, here is the creative direction they were working off of.
The Favicon Problem
One of the biggest problems facing the user experience of Prism is that we needed some way of magically scaling favicons to the size of desktop icons. Favicons are nearly always 16×16 (but technically they can be a larger png, or contain higher resolutions in an ico file), while desktop icons go all the way up to 256×256 on Vista, and 512×512 on Leopard (because, seriously, why 1-up someone when you can 2^(n+1) them).
The traditional algorithms for image upscaling like bicubic interpolation were not going to work, since this can get rather fuzzy even for small amounts of upscaling, and certainly can’t scale images from 16×16 to 256×256 or 512×512 without looking horrible. Instead, I decided to try a more artistic design that embraced the pixel, and is reminiscent of our 8-bit heritage (click through for a larger image):
This idea was influenced by the Icon Garden that was previously on the Apple campus, but more directly by ThinkGeek’s 8-bit Tie. The upscaling implementation is all done with <canvas>, and here is an example of the output. You can view the code to see how it works. We haven’t implemented the conversion of these upscaled png files to the proper .ico and .icns formats, so the current version of Prism unfortunately isn’t shipping with support for upscaled favicons yet. If you are interested, helping us out with icon upscaling on OS X, Windows and Linux is one of the many ways you can help contribute to the project.
User Interface
Prism’s user interface for integrating web applications into the desktop isn’t completely in place yet, but here is a mockup of the current design (click through for the full image). The interface is pretty straightforward, a single dialog that is displayed either by launching prism.exe/.app, or by selecting a menu command in Firefox:
The dialog box allows users to change the application’s icon, in case they don’t happen to appreciate dynamically generated isometric pixel art. If Prism becomes popular, we will probably start to see a lot of really cool high resolution unofficial icons for Web applications appear on sites like deviantart.com. These custom icons will also be particularly useful in cases where a favicon doesn’t happen to convert to isometric pixel art very well. Favicons that use a lot of antialiasing don’t look that good when upscaled, while favicons designed for the pixel art aesthetic look great.
Next Steps
In terms of user experience improvements to Prism, I think first we should primarily focus on getting the UI for generating webapp bundles fully in place (here is the current mockup), and getting favicon upscaling implemented is also pretty key. After that, working on creating css styles to match different operating systems could help streamline the creation of application-specific webapp.css files. I am, after all, a big fan of visual integration.
10
Oct 07
The Firefox 3 Visual Refresh: System Integration
As we get closer to moving Firefox 3 from the alpha stage to the beta stage, testers of Minefield (our nightly builds), and people who follow the user experience team’s mockups on bugzilla and forums like dev.apps.firefox are starting to see some glimpses of what Firefox 3 may look like. Since I haven’t posted to my blog yet about our strategy for the visual refresh, I figured I am long due for a post about what we are trying to accomplish, why, and when it is going to land.
Visual Integration with the Platform
Several weeks ago a mockup of the new places organizer hit digg, and public reaction was essentially “Looks nice for Vista users but what about OS X…
This was subsequently followed by a mockup of Firefox 3 on OS X hitting digg, and comments once again started flying: “Yay now it matches…” The Firefox 3 theme for OS X is being developed by the immensely talented contributers Stephen Horlander and Kevin Gerich. We are also receiving a lot of feedback and advice from Aronnax of GrApple fame.
You may be detecting a trend. Visual integration with Windows and OS X is our primary objective for the Firefox 3 refresh.
Fitting in to the visual appearance of the native operating system may seem like a reasonably obvious decision, but it certainly isn’t one that every cross-platform application or windowing toolkit makes. For instance RealPlayer (image) uses a custom appearance across operating systems, as do applications built using Java’s Swing windowing toolkit (image). Personally I think a unified cross platform UI results in applications that at best feel foreign everywhere, and at worst don’t even feel like real applications. Making XUL appear truly native means we have to do some extra work when new operating systems are released, like Vista and Leopard, but I think this work clearly results in a superior user experience.
With this release of Firefox we are trying to achieve an even closer level of visual integration than we have had in previous releases. For instance, we are planning on having two different sets of icons for Windows: a set for Windows XP that uses the XP color palette, and will have the correct plastic reflectance, and a set for Windows Vista that will use a larger color pallet for objects, a smaller color pallet for glyphs, and the icons will be appropriately shiny. For Firefox 2 we weren’t able to ship two icon sets, so we literally averaged the two different aesthetics and created a theme that looked sort of right on each platform. If you are interested in the design guidelines for Windows icons, they are available for XP and Vista, and here are the guidelines for different visual variables I’ve set up based on these documents for the new Firefox icons.
[Update: I made the unfortunate mistake of not mentioning Linux when first posting because we still aren't sure what the best way to visually integrate with Linux is, given the number of different distributions. Mozilla's lead Firefox engineer Mike Connor and our user experience lead Mike Beltzner have both written followup posts about this. Some links to how you can join the discussion about visual integration on Linux appear below].
For OS X we are following the new unified style that is used consistently throughout all applications on Leopard. Firefox will look the same on 10.4 as it does on 10.5, similar to iTunes, and iLife 08. We are also looking into a variety of other little touches to visually integrate on the Mac, like the correct appearance of source lists (we call them sidebars), a cover flow-esque styling in the add-ons manager, and transparent panel styling (sometimes called HUD window styling) for the places drop down and the new identity button in the location bar (mockup coming soon).
One reason we want to focus to this level of detail on visual integration with various platforms is because the Web browser is an incredibly central piece of the user’s operating system, and we don’t want the user’s initial reaction to be that they have modified their computer to add some type of strange, foreign application. For instance, after you install Firefox on a completely fresh installation of Windows, we want you to feel like Firefox is a very carefully crafted part of your OS. This is particularly important on the Mac, since brand new computers only contain software that has been designed by Apple. Also, since Apple does a great job of including all of the applications that regular consumers commonly need for interacting with their computer, Firefox is in many cases the only third party application users install on OS X.
Visual design also goes beyond the user’s first reaction to the software application. As you move between performing tasks on the Web and interacting with the rest of your system, we don’t want the experience to be jarring. We view visual design as a part of interactive design, in that we want Firefox to blend into the rest of your system. Not in the sense that users no longer remember that their computer didn’t initially come with Firefox, but in the sense that the visual integration aids in achieving flow.
Mozilla’s user experience team literally wants to do a better job of visually integrating with Windows than IE, and a better job of visually integrating with OS X than Safari. I don’t know if we will be able to pull that off, but that’s the goal.
Maintaining Firefox’s Identity
One of the biggest challenges with this design direction will be achieving visual integration while still making sure that Firefox maintains a unique brand and identity. Traditionally we have had nearly the same user interface on every platform, so regardless of what operating system you are looking at, you can easily recognize Firefox. Correctly matching the color and reflectance (metal, plastic, glass) of each platform is going to diminish that effect. However, we can still leverage shape for cross platform consistency. For instance, we could come up with a unique shape for how the back and forward buttons integrate with each other, and style this form to match each operating system. The layout of controls will also likely still remain consistent between platforms. We of course also still have a very recognizable application icon.
Overall however, I personally think Firefox has in the past established its identity through interactions as opposed to the visual design of the interface itself. When users described switching to Firefox 1.0, they often talked about tabs (even though the icons were fantastic). I may have a skewed perspective on this because I’m far more of an interaction designer than a visual designer.
To give a specific example of how I see the next release of Firefox establishing its identity through interactions: Firefox 3 is going to include an incredibly useful feature where you can quickly navigate to a bookmark or history item by typing part of its name, or part of the URL (like the start and the end, which seems to be the only parts we remember anyway). Ideally (Seth is still working on this), the suggestions will learn and adapt based on the results you choose, so the interface will become even more streamlined over time:
This is the kind of feature that once you start to rely on it, you quickly think to yourself “how did I ever get by without this?” When you think about the difference between Firefox 2 and 3, or the difference between Firefox and other Web browsers, I think it is streamlined interactions like this, or one click bookmarking, that are likely to spring to mind, as opposed to the application’s unique visual style.
Specific Tasks for the Visual Refresh
Mac OS X:
• Design a new icon set for OS X (bug 399398)
• Implement unified toolbar (bug 303110)
• Implement a new theme for OS X (bug 397723)
Windows:
• Design two new icon sets for Windows (bug 399398)
• Tweak existing Windows theme (bug 399399)
[Update: Linux Distributions:
The implementation work for OS X is already well underway. The refreshed icons will start to be dropped into nightly builds of OS X and Windows as we have them. [Update: The same will go for Linux icons once we decide on the correct direction for visual integration. ]
Firefox Icon Inventory
Firefox 3 will have about 120 different icons, appearing at a variety of different resolutions. To track all of the work we need to do for this visual refresh I’ve set up an inventory of all of the icons we need. The Web application being used to display this data is Exhibit 2.0 created by the SIMILE research group at MIT. In addition to sorting different columns and filtering search, you can also use the controls on the far right side of the window to perform faceted browsing:
For instance, how many high visibility icons are being introduced for the first time in Firefox 3, have a resolution of 16×16 pixels, and have myself as the user experience contact? 3! This is really a useful way to browse data across a variety of dimensions. I was planning on setting up an exhibit view of the Firefox 3 Products Requirements Document, but Mike Connor beat me to it. In both cases the data itself is stored in a Google spreadsheet, which gets syndicated to a JSON RSS Feed, and the Web app immediately reflects changes people make to the spreadsheet. You can learn more about Exhibit from this tutorial about setting one up, and this tutorial about linking one to a Google spreadsheet.
How to Contribute
Things are now underway with the new OS X theme and producing icons. If you are interested in getting involved, there are two areas where we would love for people to contribute:
1) General Feedback on both the design direction and actual work (either below or in the relevant bugs)
2) Specific ideas for theme tweaks to help Firefox fit in on various platforms. For instance, this blog post about tweaking the Firefox theme for Vista is exactly the kind of ideas we are looking for.
8
Oct 07
Firefox and Miro
While pondering the overall user experience of the internet, I find myself often thinking about how in this new era of podcasting, the experience frankly isn’t all about email clients and Web browsers any more. If you look at content and delivery, Firefox and Miro are for the most part opposites:
The main point of interaction between the two applications is when Firefox needs to hand a podcast off to an application like Miro. While redesigning content handling for Firefox 3, at one point we were planning on inspecting RSS feeds to see the types of enclosures, and re-filtering the list of possible applications for feeds that contained podcasts and video podcasts (this was back in the day when Miro was named Democracy):
As part of detecting feeds that predominately contained podcasts and video podcasts, we were considering including a link to getmiro.com in the respective application drop downs in the applications prefpane:
The rational behind this decision was that Windows does not currently ship with an application to download podcasts and video podcasts, and if the user only has Firefox and a fresh install of Windows, this feature would otherwise be useless. We couldn’t rely on the default content handler specified by the OS.
Even though analyzing RSS feeds got cut for Firefox 3, what do people think of potentially still including a bookmark in new profiles to getmiro.com?
[Update: initial reaction to the bookmark idea seems to be unanimously negative, and in general is being viewed as selling out (assuming that it is technically possible for one non-profit to sell out to another non-profit, I'm not entirely sure how that works :). Anyway, I'm backpedaling to the idea of creating a featured Firefox extension for podcasting, which includes the original functionality, but launches when we have time to actually implement it].
Pros
• Miro compliments the functionality of Firefox well. Firefox is all about consuming images and text, and Miro is all about consuming audio and video. With both applications, users will be able to easily consume every type of media delivered to them over the internet.
• Miro provides a great user experience, so introducing Firefox users to Miro will improve their overall user experience with the internet, even though this now includes interactions outside of Firefox.
• The Participatory Culture Foundation and the Mozilla Foundation have very similar goals and values (in particular manifesto points 2, 5 and 6).
Cons
• Adding a bookmark to new profiles increases the complexity of our default UI (even if the new bookmark is only in the bookmarks menu, and not on the bookmarks toolbar).
• Adding a bookmark takes us in the direction of the Netscape Whorebar (although this time around it is 501c3-free-and-open-Web whoring, which is perhaps a little more wholesome.)
Overall I recognize that pre-populated bookmarks constitute incredibly valuable real estate, but I think including this particular bookmark will improve Firerfox users’ experience with the internet, and it is something we should seriously consider.
[Update: I still think that Miro will improve users' experience with the internet, but a recommended extension for podcasting will probably work better than a bookmark until we can get native support for detecting podcasts built in to Firefox].
What do people think? Feel free to comment below, or in bug 399126.
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
April 9, 2009
Find the Sender's Local Time in Gmail
Gmail Labs added a very useful feature for those who receive messages from all over the world. "Sender Time Zone" shows a green phone icon if it's appropriate to call the sender and a red phone icon if it's not a good time for calling (the icon is actually an Unicode character). Click on "show details" and you'll also see the local time of the sender.
"Message headers always include the time sent and often include time zone info too. We use that information to show you these icons. If the time zone isn't included for a given message, this Labs feature won't display anything," explains Gmail's blog. Google saves your timezone in your Google Account and it can be changed from this page.
You can also use Google search to find the time in a certain location.
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Become a Fan
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« Quest for the Guest of Cindy Sherman | Main | Found Art (Bowery): Unmonumental 136 »
March 21, 2009
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Listed below are links to weblogs that reference Arnold Mesches: "Coming Attractions" @ Santa Monica Museum of Art:
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Lidstrom:Measuring 13C Incorporation Into Protein - CO2 Project
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:53, 19 November 2012 by Janet B. Matsen (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Back to Protocols
Contents
Mass Spec Reservation
Cell Prep
• Grow 1.5 mL of OD550 0.8 - 1.5 (approximately 0.3 - 0.8 mg) of cell culture
• Swirl 30-40 seconds in ethanol dry ice bath or liquid N2 (don't freeze sample with liquid N2)
• Centrifuge 5 min at 13,500 g, 4oC
• Discard supernatant
• Wash pellet with 0.9% 1 mL of sodium chloride at 4oC, pellet for 5 min at 13,500 g, 4oC
• Repeat last step
Optional:
• store pellet at -40 to -80oC
Hydrolysis of Amino Acids
• Turn on the heating block and equilibrate it to 105 - 110oC
• Note: equilibrate the temperature with the hood at the level you intend to leave it at overnight. If you equilibrate it with the hood open, then close it, the temperature will rise due to reduced convection. Since we don't want to exceed 110oC, this can be bad.
All steps in this section should be done in the fume hood across from the GC:
• Suspend cell pellets in 1 mL of 6N HCl
• Transfer resuspended cells into 2 mL GC-MS autosampler vials
• Seal tubes with screw caps to prevent evaporation of HCl
• Bake the well-sealed 2 mL tubes for 12-24 hours in a heating block set to 105 - 110 (not hotter)oC
• Hotter temps will may destroy some amino acids
• ?? what criteria should we apply when deciding how long?
• Yanfen says that when she uses 1 mL of culture and 1 mL of HCl, she does 24 hours.
• Note: you can pause at this point by storing the samples at -20oC. Yanfen says there should be no problem storing them this way for 1-2 days. Janet wonders if longer is fine, too.
• Dry the hydrolysate at 95oC with constant air flow (or N2) gas flow in the fume hood until the sample is completely dry.
• Use the "nitrogen tree": Turn heat on high. Set pressure regulator on tank to 2-4 psi. Flow gauge should read 8 L/min for two samples. Clean capillary tips with ethanol, unscrew white plastic, move metal shaft down (may need to wipe with ethanol to allow this), insert capillary tip into glass sample vial (close to liquid but not touching), screw plastic threading back to lock the metal shaft in place. Leave heating block on. Move sample vial up hourly as liquid evaporates.
• Bake the dried samples at 105oC for another 10 minutes to ensure no moisture is left.
• Note: you can pause at this point by storing the samples at -20oC. Use new septum for cap if you do.
Derivitization of Amino Acids w/ TBDMS
• Add 100 uL nanopure water to reconstitute the dried sample (if using 1 mL of OD600 = 0.6 culture)
• Add the volume of water to the vial with the dried sample, pipet to mix, transfer entire volume to a eppendorf tube and vortex.
• This is enough for technical replicates.
• Centrifuge at 13,500 g for another 1 - 2 minutes to remove ash
• Use a filter centrifuge tube if sampling a large fraction of this volume
• If using a very small volume (~ 10 uL) you can pellet without a filter and sample from the top of the supernatant. Centrifuge longer (10 min) if using this approach.
• Transfer into clean GC-MS vial with insert, and repeat drying step with nitrogen tree as done above or speed-vac
• Yanfen uses 10 uL; we should use 20 uL
• Add 10 uL of internal standard to 20 uL of sample
• Internal standard is 13C 14N serine: has mass shift m + 4.
• We can prepare 40 uL + samples to use if the signal from 20 uL is too low
• If using speed-vac: 35oC for 1-2 hours until dry. Hold vials in 15 mL tubes.
• 2012/11/14: Yanfen recommended speed vac
• May need to switch rotor.
• Program 9. Check after 1 hr. Appox. Every 30 min after. Put vials in empty 15 ml centrifuge tubes. Balance rotor. Close lid. Press start. Stay with it to make sure it's actually going. Pump will be really noisy at first then will quiet.
• Check speed vac every 20 min to make sure it's still running.
• Optional freeze @ -20oC to pause
• Turn on heater closes to the RNA room door. Maximum temperature.
• Prepare pyridine:
• Add one layer of molecular sieve to scintillation vial
• Add 1 mL pyridine per sample: found in Hackett lab cabinet under fume hood next to FPLC fridge.
• Let sit for 5 min. No agitation.
For each sample:
• Add 20 uL of molecular-sieve treated pyridine to the dried sample using a syringe (would dissolve pipette tip)
• The solvent may turn slightly brown
• Add another 20 uL of Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid tert-butyldimethylsilyl ester (TBDMS) and seal well
• use the same blue screw-cap but replace the septum
• Rinse syringe in leftover pyridine
Repeat for all samples
• Incubate for 1 hour in the heater closest to the RNA room door. Use the maximum temperature setting. Turn heater off after use.
Mass Spec
• Machine we use: Agilent 5975 GCMS
Supplies
EMD Molecular Sieve Type 3A 8-12 (MX1583D-1)
Pyridine Sigma ACS Reagent (360570-500mL)
Agilent Screw Caps with Red PTFE/white silicone Septa 100 pk (5182-723)
Agilent Extra Septa Red PTFE/white silicone 500 pk (5182-730)
Agilent Vial Glass Small Volume Inserts (5183-2085)
Agilent Glass Vial 2 mL with write on spot (5182-0715)
Personal tools
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The virtue of justice consists in moderation, as regulated by wisdom. Aristotle
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Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
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Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4517.0 - Prisoners in Australia, 2009 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/12/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
SENTENCED PRISONERS
Western Australia recorded the largest proportional (23%) as well as actual (702) increase in sentenced prisoners between 30 June 2008 and 30 June 2009. The Northern Territory recorded the second highest proportional increase in sentenced prisoners (13% or 97 prisoners). Decreases in the number of sentenced prisoners were recorded in the Australian Capital Territory (12%), South Australia (2%) and Tasmania (less than 1%).
Aggregate sentence length
Excluding prisoners with indeterminate, life with a minimum and periodic detention sentences, the median aggregate sentence length for sentenced prisoners was highest in South Australia (4.6 years or 55 months), followed by Victoria (3.7 years or 44 months). The lowest median aggregate sentence length was in the Northern Territory (1.5 years or 18 months).
Expected time to serve
Expected time to serve takes into account the earliest date of release for sentenced prisoners. Excluding prisoners with indeterminate, life without a minimum, and periodic detention sentences, the median expected time to serve for sentenced prisoners at 30 June 2009 was highest in South Australia (2.8 years or 33 months), followed by Victoria (2.3 years or 27 months). The lowest median expected time to serve was in the Northern Territory (1 year or 12 months).
SENTENCED PRISONERS, median sentence length, states and territories(a)
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7307.0 - Wheat Use and Stocks, Australia, Jan 2010 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/03/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
CONTENTS
Wheat Grain Stored
Includes: Stocks of wheat grain stored by bulk grain handlers and wheat users at month end for Australia and states and territories.
Wheat Grain Used
Includes: Wheat grain domestic usage and wheat grain exports at month end for Australia and states and territories.
Wheat Grain Committed
Includes: Wheat grain committed for domestic use and wheat grain committed for export at month end for Australia and states and territories.
Barley and Selected Other Grains and Pulses
Includes: Monthly stocks and quarterly use of barley and selected other grains and pulses for Australia and states and territories.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Email this article to a friend
Methylation of cancer related genes in tumor and peripheral blood DNA from the same breast cancer patient as two independent events
Tomasz K Wojdacz *, Britta B Thestrup, Jens Overgaard and Lise L Hansen
Diagnostic Pathology 2011, 6:116 doi:10.1186/1746-1596-6-116
Fields marked * are required
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Revision history of "Full Disk Encryption"
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Diff selection: Mark the radio boxes of the revisions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.
Legend: (cur) = difference with latest revision, (prev) = difference with preceding revision, m = minor edit.
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Google Not Indexing Pages any more
Contributor
13May2009,11:45 #1
I noticed that google stopped indexing my site. The last time google indexed my new articles was 10 days back. I regenerated my sitemap but still the same.
Ambitious contributor
1Jul2009,09:42 #2
Try to get more back links.. Participate in deep linking so that google will index your inner pages..
Banned
1Jul2009,10:15 #3
Request Google for reconsideration, it's works, at least it got worked with me
Go4Expert Member
5Dec2009,19:34 #4
Just my two cents...
Google was indexing my site pretty well until I submitted a sitemap. Then, not only did my indexing stop - also my traffic died off almost completely - all my rankings tanked. No idea why.
My opinion is that Google can find your pages just fine without a sitemap as long as you have a logical structure to your site. I would build links to your top and sub level categories using social bookmarking etc. Also, on page links (in modules etc) to your lower level categories will help alot.
Contributor
5Dec2009,22:54 #5
I think it takes around 2 weeks for the new content to reflect in the search results if your site does not have a high PR. Atleast that is the case with me.
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Contributor
13Apr2011,17:21 #11
Google Analytic and quirk to mark no follow that is easy for me.
Go4Expert Member
18Apr2011,15:47 #12
Google Analytic and Google AdWords are the two features i most commonly rely on.
Go4Expert Member
1Feb2012,14:56 #13
I use google analytics tool..
Newbie Member
16Feb2012,11:32 #14
There are a lot of seo tools but some of them i use In my daily retune they are here under discussion...
1. Page rank tools
2. page washer tools
3. open site explorer
4. Back link checker
5. key word checker tools
6. Key word suggestions tools
7. Directory submission tools.
8. Fast typing master...
These all are those tools which I use daily in my seo work..
Invasive contributor
16Feb2012,21:41 #15
Google Webmaster Tools and Analytics are my mainstays, I just use various other free tools to further analize what they give me.
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Bibliography: Greater than Heinlein
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Greater than Heinlein
Author: Bob Parkinson
Year: 1969
Type: ESSAY
ISFDB Record Number: 1170489
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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The free office suite
Please use the search form (or only the category selection) below to search & filter this list
Why was LibreOffice launched? Why fork from OpenOffice.org?
To better understand the reasons why the founders of The Document Foundation decided to set-up an independent foundation and carry on the...
How do you pronounce the name "LibreOffice"?
If you want to hear Google Translate pronounce LibreOffice, click on the link below and then, on the Google Translate page that...
Is LibreOffice really free?
Yes, LibreOffice is totally free. You don't have to pay anything to download it, install it or use it. Not now,...
Can I copy and distribute LibreOffice?
Yes, you can copy LibreOffice as many times as you like, and you can give away and distribute copies to anyone...
Can I hack LibreOffice?
Most certainly. LibreOffice is Free Open Source Software, and you are free to download the source code and do what you want...
What is Free Open Source Software?
Free Open Source Software is software that you can truly feel belongs to you. It is usually developed by community-driven projects of...
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Sensors 2011, 11(1), 1059-1077; doi:10.3390/s110101059
Article
Formal Specification and Design Techniques for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks
1 Department of Automation and Electronics, Autonomous University of the West, Cll 25 # 115 - 85 Km. 2 Vía Cali-Jamundí, Colombia 2 Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Colima, Av., Universidad # 333, 28000 Colima, Mexico 3 Department of Computer Engineering (DISCA), Polytechnic University of Valence, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 2 December 2010; in revised form: 1 January 2011 / Accepted: 13 January 2011 / Published: 19 January 2011
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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Abstract: A current trend in the development and implementation of industrial applications is to use wireless networks to communicate the system nodes, mainly to increase application flexibility, reliability and portability, as well as to reduce the implementation cost. However, the nondeterministic and concurrent behavior of distributed systems makes their analysis and design complex, often resulting in less than satisfactory performance in simulation and test bed scenarios, which is caused by using imprecise models to analyze, validate and design these systems. Moreover, there are some simulation platforms that do not support these models. This paper presents a design and validation method forWireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) which is supported on a minimal set of wireless components represented in Colored Petri Nets (CPN). In summary, the model presented allows users to verify the design properties and structural behavior of the system.
Keywords: sensor networks; wireless control networks; Colored Petri Nets
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Martínez, D.; González, A.; Blanes, F.; Aquino, R.; Simo, J.; Crespo, A. Formal Specification and Design Techniques for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks. Sensors 2011, 11, 1059-1077.
AMA Style
Martínez D, González A, Blanes F, Aquino R, Simo J, Crespo A. Formal Specification and Design Techniques for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks. Sensors. 2011; 11(1):1059-1077.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Martínez, Diego; González, Apolinar; Blanes, Francisco; Aquino, Raúl; Simo, José; Crespo, Alfons. 2011. "Formal Specification and Design Techniques for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks." Sensors 11, no. 1: 1059-1077.
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Sensors 2012, 12(10), 13598-13616; doi:10.3390/s121013598
Article
A Three-Axis Force Sensor for Dual Finger Haptic Interfaces
PERCRO Laboratory, TeCIP Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 27 July 2012; in revised form: 28 September 2012 / Accepted: 9 October 2012 / Published: 10 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Sensors Technology in Italy 2012)
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Abstract: In this work we present the design process, the characterization and testing of a novel three-axis mechanical force sensor. This sensor is optimized for use in closed-loop force control of haptic devices with three degrees of freedom. In particular the sensor has been conceived for integration with a dual finger haptic interface that aims at simulating forces that occur during grasping and surface exploration. The sensing spring structure has been purposely designed in order to match force and layout specifications for the application. In this paper the design of the sensor is presented, starting from an analytic model that describes the characteristic matrix of the sensor. A procedure for designing an optimal overload protection mechanism is proposed. In the last part of the paper the authors describe the experimental characterization and the integrated test on a haptic hand exoskeleton showing the improvements in the controller performances provided by the inclusion of the force sensor.
Keywords: force sensor; Maltese cross; three-axis force sensing; haptics; force feedback; haptic interface
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MDPI and ACS Style
Fontana, M.; Marcheschi, S.; Salsedo, F.; Bergamasco, M. A Three-Axis Force Sensor for Dual Finger Haptic Interfaces. Sensors 2012, 12, 13598-13616.
AMA Style
Fontana M, Marcheschi S, Salsedo F, Bergamasco M. A Three-Axis Force Sensor for Dual Finger Haptic Interfaces. Sensors. 2012; 12(10):13598-13616.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Fontana, Marco; Marcheschi, Simone; Salsedo, Fabio; Bergamasco, Massimo. 2012. "A Three-Axis Force Sensor for Dual Finger Haptic Interfaces." Sensors 12, no. 10: 13598-13616.
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Armenian Prime Minister leaving for vacation
PanARMENIAN.Net - Armenian Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan is leaving for vacation till July 18.
The official will spend most of his vacation time in Armenia or Nagorno Karabakh.
During his absence, the official will be replaced by Vice PM, Territorial Administration Minister Armen Gevorgyan, governmental press service reported.
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Earlier, ArmRosgasprom CJSC addressed Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission with an offer to reconsider natural gas price.
Armenian defense ministry’s spokesman described the maneuvers as ordinary exercises conducted several times a year.
Participants will learn basic skills in protecting IT systems and data as well as how to investigate computer-facilitated crimes.
“I wish to further promote the beauty of Armenian art and its principles of tolerance and respect to diversity,” Mnatsakanyan said.
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[72]
The terms of the national compact compel us to consider more than two millions of our fellowbeings as your property; not, indeed, morally, really, de facto, but still legally your property! We acknowledge that you have a power derived from the United States Constitution to hold this ‘property,’ but we deny that you have any moral right to take advantage of that power. For truth will not allow us to admit that any human law or compact can make void or put aside the ordinance of the living God and the eternal laws of Nature.
We therefore hold it to be the duty of the people of the slave-holding states to begin the work of emancipation now; that any delay must be dangerous to themselves in time and eternity, and full of injustice to their slaves and to their brethren of the free states.
Because the slave has never forfeited his right to freedom, and the continuance of his servitude is a continuance of robbery; and because, in the event of a servile war, the people of the free states would be called upon to take a part in its unutterable horrors.
New England would obey that call, for she will abide unto death by the Constitution of the land. Yet what must be the feelings of her citizens, while engaged in hunting down like wild beasts their fellow-men—--brutal and black it may be, but still oppressed, suffering human beings, struggling madly and desperately for their liberty, if they feel and know that the necessity of so doing has resulted from a blind fatality on the part of the
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New England (United States) (1)
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[683]
Chapter 49: first attack on Fort Fisher.--destruction of the confederate ram Albemarle, etc.
• Defences at the mouth of Cape Fear River.
• -- the Army to co-operate with the Navy. -- Rear-Admiral Porter assumes command of the North Atlantic squadron. -- preparations to attack Fort Fisher. -- attempt to close the port of Wilmington, N. C. -- methods resorted to by blockade-runners, and their profits. -- value of the vessels destroyed. -- destruction of the ram Albemarle by Lieutenant Cushing. -- names of officers and men who risked their lives with Cushing. -- bombardment of and capture of Plymouth, N. C. -- losses and fruits of victory. -- the famous powder-boat. -- description of forts and batteries. -- the fleet rides out a terrific gale. -- General Butler's powder-boat exploded. -- great loss of powder, but no damage done to Fort Fisher. -- first attack on Fort Fisher by the fleet. -- batteries silenced. -- Landing of the Army. -- General orders. -- correspondence between Admiral Porter and General Butler. -- General Butler abandons the attempt to capture Fort Fisher. -- General Butler succeeded by General Terry. -- criticisms. -- capture of Flag-Pond battery. -- list of vessels that participated in first attack on Fort Fisher. -- letters in regard to the unnecessary delay of the expedition. -- letters and telegrams from Secretary Welles. -- reports of officers.
In a communication dated September 5, 1864, Mr. Secretary Welles states that, since the Winter of 1862, he had tried to obtain the co-operation of the War Department in a joint Army and Navy attack on the defences at the entrance of Cape Fear River, N. C.
It seems the Secretary of War had decided that no troops could be spared for this purpose, and, in consequence, from small and unimportant works the huge fortification known as Fort Fisher had gradually arisen. These works bade defiance to any ordinary naval force, unsupported by troops, so that what in the first instance might have been prevented by the persistent attacks of a dozen gun-boats, grew to a series of works so formidable that it was evidently a matter of difficulty to effect their reduction — that is, if the Confederates should make a vigorous defence.
Early in the contest a squadron of light-draft gun-boats could have made their way past the small batteries and taken possession of Cape Fear River, closing that channel of blockade-runners, and paving the way for the troops to hold the point on which Fort Fisher was finally built. But this was not attempted until the fortifications were so far advanced as to become the most formidable series of works in the Confederacy.
At the entrance of Cape Fear River, the principal operations of the blockade-runners were carried on, supplying the Confederate armies with clothing, arms and munitions of war to the amount of sixty or seventy millions of dollars.
The Federal Navy Department finally became aware that, unless these supplies were cut off from the Confederate armies, the war was likely to be greatly prolonged. The blockade-runners were very fast steamers, well-manned, and with experienced pilots, and so regular were their trips to Wilmington, that their arrival was counted on almost as confidently as if they had been mail-steamers. Of course, many of them [684] fell into the hands of the blockaders, or were run upon the beach to escape capture. In the latter case, if protected by artillery on shore, the blockade runners would land the most valuable portion of their cargoes and set fire to their vessels.
In September, 1864, Mr. Welles made another application for troops to co-operate with the Navy in an attack on the defences of Cape Fear River, and, being encouraged by General Grant to expect assistance, the Navy Department began to assemble at Hampton Roads a proper force of vessels for the occasion. The command of the squadron was tendered to Rear-Admiral Farragut, and on the 5th of September, 1864, Mr. Secretary Welles, in a letter to that officer, says:
Lieutenant-General Grant has recently given the subject his attention, and thinks an army force can be spared and moved by the first day of October. Upon consultation, he is of the opinion that the best results will follow the landing of a large force under the guns of the Navy on the open beach north of New Inlet, to take possession and intrench across to Cape Fear River, the Navy to open such fire as is possible on the works on Federal Point in conjunction with the army, and at the same time such force as can run the batteries to do so, and thus isolate the rebels.
You are selected to command the naval force, and you will endeavor to be at Port Royal by the latter part of September, where further orders will await you. Bring with you to the rendezvous at Port Royal all such vessels and officers as can be spared from the West Blockading Squadron without impeding its efficiency; and when you leave, turn over the command of the squadron to the officer next in rank to yourself until the pleasure of the Department is known.
Owing to failing health, Admiral Farragut declined accepting this command, and on the 22d of September the Secretary of the Navy wrote to Rear-Admiral Porter as follows:
Sir--Rear-Admiral D. G. Farragut was assigned to the command of the North Atlantic squadron on the 5th instant; but the necessity of rest on the part of that distinguished officer renders it necessary that he should come immediately North. You will therefore, on the receipt of this order, consider yourself detached from the command of the Mississippi squadron, and you will turn over the command, temporarily, to Captain A. M. Pennock. As soon as the transfer can be made, proceed to Beaufort, N. C., and relieve Acting-Rear-Admiral S. P. Lee, in command of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Take with you your personal staff, and a number of officers, not exceeding five, may be transferred from the Mississippi to the North Atlantic squadron.
Under the above orders, Rear-Admiral Porter assumed command of the North Atlantic squadron, and visited City Point, Va., in company with Mr. Fox, Assistant-Secretary of the Navy, to confer with General Grant in regard to the necessary contingent of troops required to co-operate with the Navy in the reduction of Fort Fisher.
Admiral Porter had asked for but eight thousand troops, and a sufficient number of vessels to fire one hundred and fifty guns in broadside. As Fort Fisher had seventy-five heavy guns mounted, the above would only be two guns afloat to one on shore, a small proportion considering that most of the naval force would be wooden ships, against heavy earth-works, protected by solid traverses. The wishes of the Secretary of the Navy were made known to General Grant, and he at once decided to send the requisite number of troops to co-operate with the Navy as soon as the ships could be prepared.
The next thing was to select a General to command, who would act in harmony with the Navy. There were plenty of able commanders. but the trouble was whom could General Grant best spare. Admiral Porter merely suggested one thing — namely, that General Butler should not go in command. North Carolina was in the district over which Butler held control, and the Admiral did not know but that the General would claim the right to go in command of troops operating in that district. It was at length decided that General Weitzel should have command of the military part of the expedition.
By the 15th of October, 1864, the ships-of-war of the fleet destined to attack Fort Fisher were assembled at Hampton Roads, to the number of about one hundred. Many of them were from other squadrons which had been depleted for the occasion. There was a great variety of vessels, as every class in the Navy was represented, from the lofty frigate down to the fragile steamer taken from the merchant service; but all mounted good guns.
Admiral Porter had quite a task before him to organize this large force and make it fit for combined service, for it was not in good condition for battle such as the occasion demanded. A regular system of drilling was at once commenced with sails, masts, yards and guns, particularly the latter, and a large portion of the time was spent in target practice. Immense quantities of shells were fired away, for the commanding officers of the ships were given carte blanche in this respect, the Admiral believing that it would be an ultimate saving in time of battle.
The fleet was now formed into three divisions. There were five Commodores in the fleet — Thatcher, Lanman, Godon, Schenck and Radford. The latter officer had immediate command of the iron-clads. From all these officers Rear Admiral Porter received hearty support, although, owing to the fortunes of war, he had been advanced over their heads, and naturally expected to find some little feeling in regard to it; but there was none whatever. They met the Admiral in the most cordial manner and [
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David D. Porter (47)
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Weitzel (28)
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B. F. Butler (21)
Alexander M. Grant (20)
Gideon Welles (17)
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105. About the same time of this summer, the Lacedaemonians invaded the territory of Argos, they and their confederates, and wasted a great part of their land. And the Athenians aided the Argives with thirty galleys; which most apparently broke the peace between them and the Lacedaemonians. [2] For before, they went out from Pylus with the Argives and Mantineans but in the nature of freebooters, and that also not into Laconia, but other parts of Peloponnesus. Nay, when the Argives have often entreated them but only to land with their arms in Laconia, and having wasted never so little of their territory to return, they would not. But now, under the conduct of Pythodorus, Laespodius, and Demaratus, they landed in the territory of Epidaurus Limera and in Prasiae, and there and in other places wasted the country, and gave unto the Lacedaemonians a most justifiable cause to fight against the Athenians. [3] After this, the Athenians being departed from Argos with their galleys, and the Lacedaemonians gone likewise home, the Argives invaded Phliasia, and when they had wasted part of their territory, and killed some of their men, returned.
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Ask Your Question
0
Unwanted italics
asked 2012-08-03 17:53:33 +0200
This post is a wiki. Anyone with karma >750 is welcome to improve it.
updated 2012-08-03 17:53:33 +0200
russbe
11 1 1 2
The current version of Writer inserts unwanted italics in the text at places I have not selected them. The effect is random paragraphs that are in italics.
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3 Answers
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answered 2013-02-25 05:15:36 +0200
qubit
5693 3 48 41
Hi @russbe,
If installing the latest release doesn't seem to fix this problem, please file a bug and provide a list of steps that can reproduce it. The QA team will be happy to help you track down this issue!
Please post a link to any bugs you file in a comment below using the format "fdo#123456".
Thanks!
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answered 2012-10-06 11:07:21 +0200
This post is a wiki. Anyone with karma >750 is welcome to improve it.
updated 2012-10-06 11:07:21 +0200
Margott@
1
I didn't experience this problem with LO 3.4.4 under Linux/Ubuntu, but I did with LO 3.5.3.2 and now also with LO 3.5.4.2 and LO 3.6.0.2 (always under Linux/Ubuntu). The random unwanted italics come when sharing .doc files with non-LO users, or even when saving files in MS formats. Apparently, the unwanted italics is due to a bug, which is part of "the most annoying bugs ever" (see https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=50285). Unfortunately, it seems that there isn't any solution for the moment.
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Asked: 2012-08-03 17:53:33 +0200
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Hi,
I'm on a Dell XPS M1530 with an Intel 4965AGN card. I've tried this on both Windows 7 and Ubuntu 11.4.
When I select my wireless adapter, set my card to promiscuous mode, and begin capture, I get no packets at all. This doesn't make sense as there are probably a dozen WLANs around me. If I connect to my own network, I can see my own traffic. But I cannot see traffic running through my own network when I disconnect from it.
Any ideas?
asked 08 Jun '11, 14:31
zhouzhen
1111
accept rate: 0%
You might try reading through the Wireshark WLAN (IEEE 802.11) capture setup wiki page.
link
answered 08 Jun '11, 15:39
cmaynard ♦
3.2k51656
accept rate: 15%
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Users/MattRoper
Info
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Name: Matt Roper
Email: <matt AT mattrope DOT com>
Website: http://www.mattrope.com
Matt is a graduate student at UC Davis, currently working on a PhD in computer science. His research deals with concurrent programming and multi-threading.
Matt is a former member of the UC Davis Men's Swim Team and is now an active member of both the UC Davis Triathlon Team and the Davis Mad Cows Racing Team. As of September 17th, 2005, Matt can now call himself an Ironman — he completed the Californiaman Triathlon (full iron) race in 11 hours, 40 minutes.
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22212005-03-19 18:21:002006-02-21 19:54:28Schaal Aquatics Center
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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"url": "dotnetkicks.com/stories/31102/Basic_File_Operations_C_NET",
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Error!
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Basic File Operations (C# / .NET)
0
kicks
Basic File Operations (C# / .NET) (Unpublished)
When an application stores information within files, it is common to include some simple file management tasks within the software. This article describes methods of copying, moving, renaming and deleting files using C# and the .NET framework.
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African American Military RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 20:33, 30 August 2012 by Lotje2 (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States U.S. Military African American Research Military Records
Contents
See also Ancestors Season 2: Military Records in the FamilySearch Learning Center.
Americans with African ancestry have served in United States military units since the arrival of the first black slaves in 1619. No war has been fought by the United States in which the African American soldiers did not participate. African Americans fought and served valiantly in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Civil War, the Spanish American War, the World Wars, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the current War in Iraq.
Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
African American Crispus Attucks was the first martyr in the Patriot cause at the Boston Massacre (1770) leading up the the American Revolution.
African-Americans, slaves and free blacks, served on both sides during the war. Black soldiers served in northern militias from the outset, but this was forbidden in the South, where slave-owners feared arming slaves. Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, issued an emancipation proclamation in November 1775, promising freedom to runaway slaves who fought for the British; Sir Henry Clinton issued a similar edict in New York in 1779. Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to the British lines, although possibly as few as 1,000 served under arms. Many of the rest served as orderlies, mechanics, laborers, servants, scouts and guides, although more than half died in smallpox epidemics that swept the British forces, and many were driven out of the British lines when food ran low. Despite Dunmore's promises, the majority were not given their freedom. Many Black Loyalists descendants now live in Canada.
In response, and because of manpower shortages, Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776. All-black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts; many were slaves promised freedom for serving in lieu of their masters; another all-black unit came from Haiti with French forces. At least 5,000 black soldiers fought as Revolutionaries.
Peter Salem and Salem Poor are the most noted of the American Patriots during this era.
• Patriots of Color. Free database at Archives.com. Includes details about thousands of black Americans in the Revolutionary War.[1]
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
African Americans served in the Regular Army during the War of 1812, primarily in the 26th Infantry. In NARA's Appendix III a "B" follows the names of those whose physical description indicates black or mulatto skin color. People whose skin was described as "dark" were probably "dark" caucasians, not African Americans. The "blacks" and "mulattos" noted while records were being arranged are:[2]
• 4th Infantry = Richard Boyington.
• 14th Infantry = George B. Graves.
• 26th Infantry = Hosea/Hossea Conner, John Cooper, Joseph Freeman, Charles Mathias, Samuel Morris, John Peters, and William Smith.
Other African Americans may be in these or other records of the Regular Army or in the records of state militias.
During the War of 1812, many African Americans fought in the U.S. armed forces, especially in the Navy. Many others fought on the side of the British.
• Van Thienen, Erik, The War of 1812, 1812-1815, (Yahoo! Answers, accessed 29 May 2012), has a good explanation of the role of African Americans in the War, including the names of over 20 soldiers. It also gives several sources for more information.
Mexican War (1846-1848)
Civil War (1861-1865)
Sgt. Major Christian Fleetwood, United States Colored Troops (USCT), Medal of Honor recipient, U.S. Civil War.
The history of African Americans in the U.S. Civil War is marked by 180,000 African Americans comprising 163 units served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and many more African Americans served in the Union Navy. Both free African Americans and runaway slaves joined the fight. Substantially smaller numbers of blacks are recorded to have served on the Confederate side including two units formed in Richmond, Virginia in 1865, however records are scarce and an exact number is not known.
On July 17, 1862, Congress passed two acts allowing the enlistment of African Americans, but official enrollment occurred only after the September 1862 issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. However, state and local militia units had already begun enlisting blacks, including the Black Brigade of Cincinnati, raised in September to help provide manpower to thwart a feared Confederate raid on Cincinnati.
See: United States Colored Troops in the Civil War
In general, white soldiers and officers believed that black men lacked the ability to fight and fight well. In October 1862, African American soldiers of the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers silenced their critics by repulsing attacking Confederates at the Battle of Island Mound, Missouri. By August, 1863, 14 Negro Regiments were in the field and ready for service. At the Battle of Port Hudson, Louisiana, May 27, 1863, the African American soldiers bravely advanced over open ground in the face of deadly artillery fire. Although the attack failed, the black soldiers proved their capability to withstand the heat of battle.
On July 17, 1863, at Honey Springs, Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, the 1st Kansas Colored fought with courage again. Union troops under General James G. Blunt ran into a strong Confederate force under General Douglas H. Cooper. After a two-hour bloody engagement, Cooper's soldiers retreated. The 1st Kansas, which had held the center of the Union line, advanced to within fifty paces of the Confederate line and exchanged fire for some twenty minutes until the Confederates broke and ran. General Blunt wrote after the battle, "I never saw such fighting as was done by the Negro regiment....The question that negroes will fight is settled; besides they make better solders in every respect than any troops I have ever had under my command."
The most widely known battle fought by African Americans was the assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina, by the 54th Massachusetts Infantry on July 18, 1863. The 54th volunteered to lead the assault on the strongly-fortified Confederate positions. The soldiers of the 54th scaled the fort's parapet, and were only driven back after brutal hand-to-hand combat. Despite the defeat, the unit was hailed for its valor which spurred further African-American recruitment, giving the Union a numerical military advantage from a population the Confederacy did not dare exploit in that fashion until the closing days of the war.
Although black soldiers proved themselves as reputable soldiers, discrimination in pay and other areas remained widespread. According to the Militia Act of 1862, soldiers of African descent were to receive $10.00 a month, plus a clothing allowance of $3.50. Many regiments struggled for equal pay, some refusing any money until June 15, 1864, when Congress granted equal pay for all black soldiers.
African American soldiers participated in every major campaign of 1864–65 except Sherman's Atlanta Campaign in Georgia. The year 1864 was especially eventful for African American troops. On April 12, 1864, at Battle of Fort Pillow, Tennessee, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest led his 2,500 men against the Union-held fortification, occupied by 292 black and 285 white soldiers. After driving in the Union pickets and giving the garrison an opportunity to surrender, Forrest's men swarmed into the fort with little difficulty and drove the Federals down the river's bluff into a deadly crossfire. Casualties were high and only sixty-two of the U.S. Colored Troops survived the fight. Many accused the Confederates of perpetrating a massacre of black troops, and the controversy continues today. The battle cry for the Negro soldier east of the Mississippi River became "Remember Fort Pillow!"
The propaganda which sprang from the allegations of a "massacre" at Fort Pillow was useful in convincing United States Colored Troops to become suicide forces which entered battle shouting "No quarter! No quarter!," never surrendered and who themselves perpetrated murders of surrendered Confederate forces in Florida and at Fort Blakley, Alabama, on April 9, 1865, at which battle they also shot two white Union officers who tried to stop them, killing one.
An 1864 investigation of Fort Pillow engaged in wholesale fabrication of "evidence" and included assertions that Black women and children had been murdered by Forrest's forces when there were no women or children present at Fort Pillow. A later 1871 Congressional investigation conducted during Reconstruction by Radical Republicans concluded that there was no evidence of a "massacre" and stated that there were "isolated incidents along the riverbank" which Forrest stopped immediately upon his arrival.
The barracks Forrest's men were accused of burning were actually burned under orders by a Union officer. Lieutenant Daniel Van Horn, Sixth U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery, whose report is contained in the Federal Official Records, documented that Lieutenant John D. Hill, U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery, set fire to the barracks under orders of the Union commanding officer.
Forrest took 39 United States Colored Troops (USCT) as POWs and sent them up the chain of command. Forrest even transferred the 14 most seriously wounded USCT to the U.S. Steamer Silver Cloud where they could get better care than that which he could provide.
Allegations of a "massacre" continue to be controversial because historians remain either willfully or blissfully unaware of the Federal Official Records and the 1871 Congressional investigation conclusion.
Christian Fleetwood at The Battle of Chaffin's Farm, Virginia became one of the most heroic engagements involving African Americans. On September 29, 1864, the African American division of the Eighteenth Corps, after being pinned down by Confederate artillery fire for about 30 minutes, charged the earthworks and rushed up the slopes of the heights. During the hour-long engagement the division suffered tremendous casualties. Of the twenty-five African Americans who were awarded the Medal of Honor during the Civil War, fourteen received the honor as a result of their actions at Chaffin's Farm.
Soldiers who fought in the Army of the James were eligible for the Butler Medal, commissioned by that army's commander, Benjamin Butler.
In actual numbers, African American soldiers comprised 10 percent of the entire Union Army. Losses among African Americans were high, and from all reported casualties, approximately one-third of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War.
Blacks, both slave and free, were also heavily involved in assisting the Union in matters of intelligence, and their contributions were labelled Black Dispatches.
• John David Smith, Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 2002). WorldCat entry.
Confederate States Army
Because of the controversial nature of the subject the debate over how many African Americans served in Confederate uniform, and how many of them served willingly and without coercion is contentious. One estimate by Ed Smith of American University suggests that between 60,000 and 93,000 blacks, both slave and free, served in the Confederate military in some capacity; however, the vast majority of these were likely teamsters, cooks, musicians, and hospital attendants.
"Almost fifty years before the (Civil) War, the South was already enlisting and utilizing Black manpower, including Black commissioned officers, for the defense of their respective states. Therefore, the fact that Free and slave Black Southerners served and fought for their states in the Confederacy cannot be considered an unusual instance, rather continuation of an established practice with verifiable historical precedence." - The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell, by Lt. Col (retired) Michael Lee Lanning, Birch Lane Press (June 1997).
There were many recorded instances of combat service of Black Confederates which can be found in the Federal Official Records, Northern and Southern newspapers and the letters and diaries of soldiers from both sides. In addition there are recorded instances of Black Southerners serving as regularly-enlisted combat soldiers before the Union allowed enlistment of Blacks.
Elgin (Illinois) Daily Courier-News, Monday, April 12, 1948 - "Robert (Uncle Bob) Wilson, Negro veteran of the Confederate army who observed his 112th birthday last January 13, died early yesterday morning in the veterans' hospital at the Elgin State hospital....He enlisted as a private in Company H of the 16th regiment of Virginia Infantry on Oct. 9, 1862 and discharged May 31, 1863."
For most of the war the Confederate Government prohibited the enlistment of African Americans as armed soldiers in the national army, but the states and individual units often varied from or ignored outright such prohibitions since there were actually very few "national army" regiments at any time during the war with most military units still under state command on loan to the Confederate government.
The keywords in discussing "official Confederate policy" regarding Black soldiers are "national army." States still controlled their military policies within the Confederate command structure but, unlike the Union, did not surrender total control of their forces as part of a "national army."
The Confederate Congress authorized salaries for black musicians in 1862, stating "whenever colored persons are employed as musicians in any regiment or company, they shall be entitled to the same pay now allowed by law to musicians regularly enlisted."
Some individual states in the Confederacy permitted free blacks to enlist as soldiers in their state militias continuing a longstanding tradition. The first to do so was Tennessee, which passed a law on June 21, 1861 authorizing the recruitment of state militia units composed of "free persons of color" between the ages of 15 and 50. Louisiana, which had a sizable free black population, followed suit and assembled the all-black 1st Louisiana Native Guard. This regiment was later forced to disband in February, 1862 when the state legislature passed a law in January, 1862, that reorganized the militia by conscripting "all the free white males capable of bearing arms… irrespective of nationality".
Captured Union African-American soldiers, however, were not treated with equality by Confederate troops as white troops. It is a popularly held folk legend unsupported by documentation that those who were captured were summarily put to death along with any white Union officers who were captured having led them into battle - this was a policy stated, but not put into practice, by the Confederacy. In reality, Black Union soldiers who were captured were treated as runaway slaves and, if their owners could be located, returned to them. If the owners could not be located they were put to work to support the Confederate war effort.
Alabama authorized the enlistment of "mixed blood" creoles in 1862 for a state militia unit in Mobile.
Black Southerners served as combat soldiers often with some of the most celebrated and feared Confederate commands and commanders:
Federal Official Records, Series I, Vol XVI Part I, pg. 805, Lt. Col. Parkhurst's Report (Ninth Michigan Infantry) on General Forrest's attack at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, July 13, 1862: "The forces attacking my camp were the First Regiment Texas Rangers [8th Texas Cavalry, Terry's Texas Rangers, ed.], Colonel Wharton, and a battalion of the First Georgia Rangers, Colonel Morrison, and a large number of citizens of Rutherford County, many of whom had recently taken the oath of allegiance to the United States Government. There were also many negroes attached to the Texas and Georgia troops, who were armed and equipped, and took part in the several engagements with my forces during the day."
In January 1864, General Patrick Cleburne and several other Confederate officers in the Army of the Tennessee proposed using slaves as soldiers in the national army since the Union was using black troops. Cleburne recommended offering slaves their freedom if they fought and survived. Confederate President Jefferson Davis refused to consider Cleburne's proposal and forbade further discussion of the idea.
The concept, however, did not die. By the fall of 1864, the South was losing more and more ground, and some believed that only by arming the slaves could defeat be averted. On January 11, 1865 General Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them to arm and enlist black slaves in exchange for their freedom. On March 13, the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14, and President Davis signed the order into law. The order was issued March 23, 1865, but only a few African American companies were raised. Two companies were armed and drilled in the streets of Richmond, Virginia shortly before the besieged southern capital fell.
Despite popular legend, there is documentary evidence that they did see limited combat service:
Richmond Sentinel, March 21, 1865 - "THE BATTALION from Camps Winder and Jackson, under the command of Dr. Chambliss, including the company of colored troops under Captain Grimes, will parade on the square on Wednesday evening, at 4 o’clock. This is the first company of negro troops raised in Virginia. It was organized about a month since, by Dr. Chambliss, from the employees of the hospitals, and served on the lines during the recent Sheridan raid. "
One of the units accompanied General Lee's retreat toward Appomattox and fought at the battle of Amelia, Virginia two days before Lee's surrender.
Indian Wars (1780s-1890s)
From the 1870s to the early 20th Century, African American units were utilized by the United States Government to combat the Native Americans during the Indian Wars. Perhaps the most noted among this group were the Buffalo Soldiers.
At the end of the U.S. Civil War the army reorganized and authorized the formation of two regiments of black cavalry with the designations 9th and 10th U. S. Cavalry. Two regiments of infantry were formed at the same time. These units were composed of black enlisted men commanded by white officers such as Benjamin Grierson, and, occasionally, an African-American officer such as Henry O. Flipper.
From 1866 to the early-1890s these regiments served at a variety of posts in the southwest United States and Great Plains regions. During this period they participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. In addition to the military campaigns, the "Buffalo Soldiers" served a variety of roles along the frontier from building roads to escorting the U.S. mail.
Buffalo Soldiers
On July 28, 1866, Congress passed and act that authorized the army to raise six regiments of African-American soldiers. These six regiments became known as the Buffalo Soldiers, men who served with distinction on the Western frontier. They were named Buffalo Soldiers by the Indians because their curly hair resembled that of a buffalo.
The six regiments became:
• 9th and 10 Calvaries
• 38th, 39th, 40th and 41st Infantry Regiments
* In 1869 the Infantry Regiments were reorganized:
• 38th and 41st became the 24th Infantry Regiment
• 39th and 40th became the 25th Infantry Regiment
Microfilmed Military Records Containing Records of Buffalo Soldiers and Others Available Through the Family History Library Pension Records
Pension Records: records authorizing distribution of benefits of service, generally contain personal and genealogical information.
• Soldiers application: name, rank, place of residence, age, birth date, and time of service
• Widow's application: contains the above, and her information; place of residence, maiden name, date and place of marriage and the date and place of husband's death.
• A Child/Heir application: information about both soldier and widow's death.
Record Group NARA # FHL 1st film Number of films
General Index to Pensions Files, 1861-1934.
• Arranged alphabetically by last name of the soldier.
15 T 288 FHL Films: 540757 (first film of 544) 544 films
Organization Index to Pension Files of Veterans Who Served Between 1861-1900.
• Arranged by unit (regiment) and there under alphabetically by the soldier's surname.
Both the General and the Organization Index to Pensions should be searched.
15 T289 FHL Film:1725491 (first film of 765) 765 films
Veteran's Administration Pension Payment Cards, 1907-1933.
• Arranged alphbetically by surname, The Payment cards, document amounts and dates of pension payments
15 M850 FHL Films:1634036 (first film of 2539) 2539 films
Cavalry and Infantry Returns
The unit returns are monthly reports of the U.S. Army regiments.
• Content: list the post and regiment assigned, company commanders, strength of company, list of absent, sick, arrested, and those confined to quarters or detailed to another assigment.
Record Group NARA # FHL 1st film Number of films
Returns from Regular Army Cavalry Regiments, 1833-1916.
94 M744 FHL Film:1602108 (first film of 117) 117 films
Returns from Regular Army Infantry Regiments, June 1821-December 1916.
For years 1866-1869:
* For years 1869-1916:
94 M665 FHL Film:1579232 (first film of 300) 300 films
Register of Enlistments
Register of Enlistments: these records document a soldier's enlistment Record Group NARA # FHL 1st film Number of films
Register of Enlistments in the United States Army, 1798-1914.
• Content:description of each term of service, date of enlistment, age, occupation and personal description.
• Arranged chronologically into several dates spans,then alphabetically by the first letter of the soldier's surname.
• Soldiers that enlisted more than once will have an enlistment paper for each enlistment.
94 M233 FHL Film: 350307 (first film of 81) 81 films
Negro in Military Service
Another filming: FHL Films:928594-928597
---- M858
FHL Film:1299300 (first film of 3)
3 films
Officer Commissions
Officer Commissions Record Group NARA # FHL 1st film Number of films
Letters Received by the Appointment, Commission and Personal Branch, Adjutant General's Office, 1871-1894.
This microfiche collection reproduces select files from the Adjutant General's Appointment, Commision and Personal (ACP)Branch Files
94 M1395 Not at FHL 1,693 fiche
Name and Subject Index to the Letters Received by the Appointment, Commission and Personal Branch of the Adjutant Generals' Office 1871-1894. 94 M1125 FHL Film:1578432 (first film of 4) 4 films
Letters Received by the Commission Branch of the Adjutant Generals' Office, 1863-1870. 94 M1064 FHL Film: 1758472 (first film of 478) 478 films
Post Returns
Military post returns give the units stationed at a particular post, the strength, names and duties of officers and the number of officers and soldiers absent and a record of events
Record Group NARA # FHL 1st film Number of films
Returns From U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916. 94 M617 FHL Film: 1663081 (first film of 1550) 1550 films
Military Academy
Miliatary Academy Record Group NARA # FHL 1st film Number of films
Black Nominees for Application to the U.S. Military Academy 1870-1887. ---- M1002 FHL Film:1534346 (first film of 21) 21 films
Medal of Honor
Medal of Honor Record Group NARA FHL 1st film Number of films
Documents Relating to the Military and Naval Service of Blacks Awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor from the Civil War to the Spanish American War. --- M929 FHL Film: 1601548 (first film of 4) 4 films
Court Martial
Court Martial
Contain information about proceedings or testimony of cases brought before a military court
Record Group NARA # FHL 1st film Number of films
Register of the Records of the Proceedings of the U.S. Army General Court-Martial 1809-1890. 153 M1105 FHL Film: 1605405 (first film of 8) 8 films
Spanish-American War (1898)
Segregated company during the Spanish-American WarAfter the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s, the regiments continued to serve and participated in the Spanish-American War (including the Battle of San Juan Hill), where five more Medals of Honor were earned. They took part in the 1916 Punitive Expedition into Mexico and in the Philippine-American War.
Units
In addition to the African Americans who served in Regular Amy units during the Spanish American War, five African American Volunteer Army units and seven African American National Guard units also served.
Volunteer Army:
• 7th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 8th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 9th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 10th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 11th United States Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
National Guard:
• 3rd Alabama Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 8th Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• Companies A and B, 1st Indiana Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 23rd Kansas Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 3rd North Carolina Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 9th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
• 6th Virginia Volunteer Infantry (Colored Troops)
Of these units, only the 9th U.S., 8th Illinois, and 23rd Kansas served outside the United States during the war. All three units served in Cuba and suffered no losses to combat.
World War I (1917-1918)
Officers of the 366th Infantry Regiment returning home from WWI service.The U.S. armed forces remained segregated through World War I. Still, many African Americans eagerly volunteered to join the Allied cause following America's entry into the war. By the time of the armistice with Germany on November 1918, over 350,000 African Americans had served with the American Expeditionary Force in on the Western Front.
Most African American units were largely relegated to support roles and saw little combat. Still, African Americans played a major role in America's war effort. One of the most distinguished units was the 369th Infantry Regiment, known as the "Harlem Hellfighters," which was on the front lines for six months, longer then any other African American regiment in the war. One hundred seventy-one members of the 396th were awarded the Legion of Merit.
Corporal Freddie Stowers of the 371st Infantry Regiment was posthumously awarded a Medal of Honor—the only African American to be so honored for actions in World War I. During action in France, Stowers had led an assault on German trenches, continuing to lead and encourage his men even after being twice wounded. Stowers died from his wounds, but his men continued the fight and eventually defeated the German troops. Stowers was recommended for the Medal of Honor shortly after his death, but the nomination was, according to the Army, misplaced.
Many, believing that the recommendation was intentionally ignored due to institutional racism in the Armed Forces. In 1990, under from Congress, the Department of the Army launched an investigation. Based on findings from this investigation, the Army Decorations Board approved the award of the Medal of Honor to Stowers. On April 24, 1991—73 years after he was killed in action—Stowers' two surviving sisters received the Medal of Honor from President George H.W. Bush at the White House. The success of the investigation leading to Stowers' Medal of Honor later sparked a similar review that resulted in seven African Americans being awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II.
Units
Some of the most notable African American units which served in World War I were:
• 92nd Infantry Division
• 366th Infantry Regiment
• 93d Infantry Division
• 369th Infantry Regiment (Harlem Hellfighters)
• 371st Infantry Regiment
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
On October 4, 1935, Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia. African-Americans organized to raise money for medical supplies, and many volunteered to fight for the African kingdom.[1] Within eight months however, it would be overpowered by the advanced weaponry and mustard gas of the Italian forces.
Many years later Haile Selassie I would comment on the efforts: "We can never forget the help Ethiopia received from Negro Americans during the crisis...It moved me to know that Americans of African descent did not abandon their embattled brothers, but stood by us."
Spanish Civil War
African-American activist and World War I veteran Oliver Law, fighting in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade in the Spanish Civil War, is believed to have been the first African-American officer to command white American troops.
World War II (1941-1945)
Despite a high enlistment rate in the U.S. Army, African Americans were not treated equally. Racial tensions existed. At parades, church services, in transportation and canteens the races were kept separate.
Many soldiers of color served their country with distinction during World War II. Famous segregated units, such as the Tuskegee Airmen and U.S. 761st Tank Battalion proved their value in combat, leading to desegregation of all U.S. Armed Forces by order of President Harry S. Truman in July of 1948 via Executive Order 9981.
Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. served as commander of the famed Tuskegee Airmen during the War. He later went on to become the first African American general in the United States Air Force. His father, Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., had been the first African American Brigadier General in the Army (1940).
Doris Miller, a Navy mess attendant, was the first African American recipient of the Navy Cross, awarded for his actions during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Miller had voluntarily manned an anti-aircraft gun and fired at the Japanese aircraft, despite having no prior training in the weapon's use.
In 1944, the Golden Thirteen became the Navy's first African American commissioned officers.
In 1945, Frederick C. Branch became the first African-American United States Marine Corps officer.
Units
Some of the most notable African American Army units which served in World War II were:
• 92nd Infantry Division
• U.S. 366th Infantry Regiment
• 93d Infantry Division
• 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion
• 761st Tank Battalion
• 332d Fighter Group (Tuskegee Airmen)
• 614th Tank Destroyer Battalion
Two segregated units were organized by the United States Marine Corps:
• 51st Defense Battalion. (Composite)
• 52nd Defense Battalion. (Composite)
Medal of Honor recipients
On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton, in a White House ceremony, awarded the nation's highest military honor — the Medal of Honor — to 7 African-American servicemen who had served in World War II.
The only living recipient was:
• First Lieutenant Vernon Baker.
The posthumous recipients were:
• Major Charles L. Thomas
• First Lieutenant John R. Fox
• Staff Sergeant Ruben Rivers
• Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter, Jr.
• Private First Class Willy F. James, Jr.
• Private George Watson
Integration of the Armed Forces
In 1948, President Truman signed Executive Order 9981 integrating the military and mandating equality of treatment and opportunity. It also made it illegal, per military law, to make a racist remark. Desegregation of the military was not complete for several years, all-black Army units persisted well into the Korean War.
In 1950, Lieutenant Leon Gilbert of the still-segregated 24th Infantry Regiment was court martialed and sentenced to death for refusing to obey the orders of a white officer while serving in the Korean War. Gilbert maintained that the orders would have meant certain death for himself and the men in his command. The case led to world-wide protests and increased attention to segregation and racism in the U.S. military. Gilbert's sentence was commuted to twenty and later seventeen years of imprisonment; he served five years and was released.
The integration commanded by Truman's 1948 Executive Order extended to schools and neighborhoods as well as military units. Fifteen years after the Executive Order, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara issued Department of Defense Directive 5120.36. "Every military commander," the Directive mandates, "has the responsibility to oppose discriminatory practices affecting his men and their dependents and to foster equal opportunity for them, not only in areas under his immediate control, but also in nearby communities where they may gather in off-duty hours."
Although the directive was issued in 1963, it was not until 1967 that the first non-military establishment was declared off-limits. In 1970 the requirement that commanding officers first obtain permission from the Secretary of Defense was lifted, and areas were allowed to be declared housing areas off limits to military personnel by their commanding officer.
Korean War
Jesse L. Brown became the U.S. Navy's first black aviator in October 1948. He was killed when his plane was shot down during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir in North Korea. He was unable to eject from his crippled F4U Corsair and crash-landed successfully. His injuries and damage to his aircraft prevented him from leaving the plane. A white squadron mate crash-landed his F4U Corsair near Brown and attempted to extricate Brown but could not and Brown died of his injuries. The U.S. Navy honored Jesse Brown by naming an escort ship after him — the U.S.S. Jesse L. Brown.
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War saw many great accomplishments by many African Americans, including twenty who received the Medal of Honor for their actions.
In 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented the Medal of Honor to U.S. Army Specialist Five Lawrence Joel, for a "very special kind of courage — the unarmed heroism of compassion and service to others." Joel was the first living African American to receive the Medal of Honor since the Mexican–American War. He was a medic who in 1965 saved the lives of U.S. troops under ambush in Vietnam and defied direct orders to stay to the ground, walking through Viet Cong gunfire and tending to the troops despite being shot twice himself. The Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Winston-Salem, North Carolina is dedicated to his honor.
On August 21, 1968, with the posthumous award of the Medal of Honor, U.S. Marine James Anderson, Jr. became the first African-American U.S. Marine recipient of the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions and sacrifice of life.
On December 10, 1968, U.S. Army Captain Riley Leroy Pitts became the first African American commissioned officer to be awarded the Medal of Honor. His medal was presented posthumously to his wife, Mrs. Eula Pitts, by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Post-Vietnam to Present Day
In 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed Army General Colin Powell to the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, making Powell the highest ranking officer in the United States military. Powell was the first, and is so far the only, African American to hold that position. The Chairman serves as the chief military adviser to the President and the Secretary of Defense. During his tenure Powell oversaw the 1989 United States invasion of Panama to oust General Manuel Noriega and the 1990 to 1991 Gulf War against Iraq. General Powell's four-year term as Chairman ended in 1993.
General William E. "Kip" Ward was officially nominated as the first commander of the new United States Africa Command on July 10, 2007. He is currently Deputy Commander, United States European Command and the active military's only black four-star general. According to the Pentagon, Africa Command will help "promote peace and security and respond to crises on the continent." It will also coordinate military support for other diplomatic and development programs.
External Links
References
1. Dick Eastman, "Archives.com to Publish the Patriots of Color Database," Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter, 24 February 2012, http://blog.eogn.com/eastmans_online_genealogy/2012/02/archivescom-to-publish-the-patriots-of-color-database.html.
2. National Archives and Records Administration, War of 1812 Discharge Certificates, (accessed 4 April 2012).
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Henderson County, North Carolina
From FamilySearch Wiki
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==== Taxation ====
==== Taxation ====
==== Vital Records ====
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==== Vital Records ====
*'''1840-1900''' - [http://www.ncgenweb.us/henderson/records/bastardy-bonds-1840-1900 Henderson County Bastardy Bonds 1840-1900] at USGenWeb - free.
*'''1840-1900''' - [http://www.ncgenweb.us/henderson/records/bastardy-bonds-1840-1900 Henderson County Bastardy Bonds 1840-1900] at USGenWeb - free.
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*'''1842-1900''' - [http://www.ncgenweb.us/henderson/records/divorce-records-pre-1900 Henderson County Divorce Records 1842-1900] at USGenWeb - free.
== Societies and Libraries ==
== Societies and Libraries ==
Revision as of 23:13, 18 March 2013
United States North Carolina Henderson County
Guide to Henderson County North Carolina genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, and military records.
North Carolina
Online Records
Henderson County, North Carolina
Map
Location in the state of North Carolina
Location of North Carolina in the U.S.
Facts
Founded December 15, 1838
County Seat Hendersonville
Courthouse
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
NCGenWeb Project
who welcome you to contribute.
County Coordinator
Henderson Co. NCGenWeb
Adopt a page today
Contents
County Courthouse
Henderson County Courthouse
200 N Grove St Suite 129
Henderson, NC 28792-5053
Phone: 828-697-4901
Register of Deeds has birth and death records from 1914,
marriage record from 1800 and rec from 1837
Clerkk superior Court has divorce, probate and court records from 1841[1]
History
Parent County
1838--Henderson County was created 15 December 1838 from Buncombe County.
County seat: Hendersonville [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Nchenderson.png
Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing Henderson County, North Carolina census records online, see: North Carolina Census.
Church Records
Baptist
• French Broad, near Mills River, N.C. Organized before 1792.[3] Previously located in Buncombe County.
Court
Education
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Civil War
Civil War Confederate units - Brief history, counties where recruited, etc.
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Henderson County, North Carolina. Page 509 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
3. "French Broad Baptist Church," North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program, http://www.ncmarkers.com, accessed 22 October 2012.
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Skip to main content Help Control Panel
Lost? Search this Naples Florida website...|Add our search|Login A+ A- 54.234.42.16
Business Directory « Collier County Business Directory «
CHRIS NORTH AUTOS LLC
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PO BOX 770275, NAPLES, FL 34107
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I am a page for CHRIS NORTH AUTOS LLC, which is a company located at: PO BOX 770275 in the town of NAPLES with the zip code of 34107
I was registered by NORTH CHRISTOPHER who is at 621 95TH AVENUE in NAPLES FL, zipcode 34108
. Map of CHRIS NORTH AUTOS LLC - PO BOX 770275, NAPLES, FL 34107
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Wednesday, 24 December 2003
DeCSS LEGAL SAYS NORWEGIAN COURT
Reuters reports that an Oslo appeal court has found that Jon Johansen, the youthful Norwegian writer of the DeCSS computer program that unlocks the anti-copying protection on DVDs, has not broken any laws. Johansen, who claimed that his code was to enable Linux-users to play DVDs, also disseminated it over the internet. Additionally, the court found that there was no copyright infringement where consumers made back up copies of DVDs (and by analogy CDs) that they owned in case the originals were scratched for example. The claimant now has two weeks to appeal to the Norwegian Supreme Court.
The IPKat welcomes the decision in as far as it opens the way for DeCSS to be used to decode technological protection measures where the reason for wanted to copy the DVD is legitimate e.g. the creation of back-up copies of DVDs. However, he does not condone the use of DeCSS by those who just want to copy DVDs to avoid paying for the copyright work themselves.
Fancy yourself as a code-cracker? Click here, here, here and here
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May 30, 2008
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User:David Johnston Monje/Notebook/Maize Endophyte Biofertilizers/2012/10/26
From OpenWetWare
< User:David Johnston Monje | Notebook | Maize Endophyte Biofertilizers | 2012 | 10
Revision as of 18:23, 13 November 2012 by David Johnston Monje (Talk | contribs)
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Applied Soil Microbial Ecology Main project page
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Remains of the Day
• Get TVD report to Steve Loewen by today so he can edit for his due date of Nov 1.
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BISC209: Streaking for Isolation
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Wellesley College-BISC 209 Microbiology -Spring 2010
Protocol for Streaking for Isolation
Nutrient agar plates can be streaked using a three-phase or a four phase pattern (Figure A-1). YouTube Demo [1]
The handling of the plate can be accomplished in a number of ways, all of which attempt to minimize possible contamination by either keeping the lid over the plate or by keeping the plate upside down (Figure A-2).
Isolation streak technique: from broth, slant, or plate to plate.
1. Follow the protocol for BISC209: Aseptic Transfer. If using a loop, sterilize it in a bunsen burner flame and allow the loop to cool for a few seconds. Not allowing any cap, lid, or plug to leave your hand, dip your loop in the donor broth culture or touch your loop to a pure colony of bacteria on a streak plate.
• If using a broth and a loop, allow the film of liquid inside the loop to “break” in the tube so that only those cells adhering to the wet wire and not those in a film within the wire are transferred.
• If using a broth and a sterile cotton swab, remove the sterile cotton swab from its container; be sure not to touch the swab to anything. Insert the swab into the stock culture tube, roll the swab on the side of the container to remove excess liquid.
• If using a loop and either a colony from a plate or growth on the surface of a slant, touch the sterilized loop to the colony or growth to remove a small amount.
2. Using the swab or the loop, streak the first section of the plate using tight sweeping lines that stay within that section: (1/3 for a 3-phase pattern) or (1/4 for 4-phase) of the plate. It is fine to overlap your streaks in this section. (Fig A-3)
3. If you used a cotton swab to inoculate section 1, switch to the loop for the remaining steps.
4. Sterilize the loop and allow it to cool in the air for 15 seconds. Touch the loop to an unused edge of the agar surface to cool it completely before continuing.
5. Pull the loop through the previous streak (section 1) one or two times to re-inoculate the loop with cells. Now streak section 2 of the plate, avoiding section 1 after the first 1-2 streaks and trying not to overlap the streaks (Figure A-4).
6. Sterilize the loop and allow it to cool in the air for 15 seconds. Touch the loop to an unused edge of the agar surface to cool it completely before continuing.
7. Pull the loop through one edge of the streak in section 2 of the plate to obtain inoculum. Now streak the 3rd section of the plate.
8. Sterilize the loop and repeat 6 and 7 until you complete inoculating all sections of your plate. Incubate and look for isolated colonies that have grown from one cell (Figure A-5).
Figure A-1: Two patterns for labeling the bottom of a plate for Isolation Streak technique. The inoculating loop is sterilized between each section and inoculum is taken from the preceeding section to an uninoculated section of the plate.
Figure A-2: Two options for aseptic transfer into a plate. (a) Streaking a plate while holding the lid ajar. Note that the lid shields the agar from airborne contamination: (b) streaking a plate while holding the bottom of the plate. Note that the agar surface faces downward, thereby minimizing contamination from the air.
Figure A-3: Pattern for isolation streaking section 1 of a plate.
Figure A-4: Illustration of isolation streak technique section 1 to section 2.
Figure A-5: An example of growth 24-72 hours after isolation streaking a plate to obtain isolated colonies.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Project info for RIP (Robo in Progress)
Created 12 May 2008 at 22:09 UTC by Opal, last modified 3 Nov 2008 at 01:17 UTC by Opal.
Homepage: http://opalassociation.net
Notes:
RIP is going to be my 1st robot... I gave it the name RIP for several reasons: I couldn't think of a better name. It's a robot I'm working on at this time. The robot, no matter how awesome I make it, will be lifeless. Stupid, I know, but w/e. Which brings me to the next subject; What this robot will do. Err...actually, let's go to design first. This robot is fairly simple; a differential drive robot with 2 layers. On the first layer is mounted the two servos driving the wheels, as well as the circuitboard (Which I've designed myself). On the 2nd there is a 'head' and an arm attached. On this 'head' there is the CMUCam2+, and IR rangefinder, and a laser (to play with my cat). This head is mounted to the 'layer' by 2 servos, allowing for pan-tilt. The arm is made using parts off of lynxmotion.com, since I don't really have the ability to engineer my own arm. Photos of progress: None for now.
This project has the following developers:
• Opal is a Lead Developer.
X
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HELIOPOLIS - Panoramic View
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Title: HELIOPOLIS - Panoramic View
Author: Cairo Postcard Trust
Summary: Natural landscape in foreground, four-story buildings in background
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/7011
Date: n.d.
Original Source Original postcard: "HELIOPOLIS - Panoramic View." (Cairo Postcard Trust). 5.5"x 3.5". From the collection of Dr. Paula Sanders, Rice University.
Subject Heliopolis
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About This Resource: Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
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Cairo Postcard Trust HELIOPOLIS - Panoramic View (n.d.).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/7011
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
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• TIMEA Visual Materials [1769]
This collection contains book illustrations, postcards, stereocards, photographs, and ephemera related to travel in the Middle East, primarily Egypt.
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Reykjavik
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A part of Reykjavík's colourful old town. Tjörnin, with the city hall, is in the centre.
Reykjavík [1] is the capital and largest city of Iceland and with an urban area population of around 200,000, it is the home of the vast majority of Iceland's inhabitants. It is the center of culture and life of the Icelandic people as well as being one of the focal points of tourism in Iceland. The city itself is spread out, with sprawling suburbs. The city centre, however, is a very small area characterised by eclectic and colourful houses, with good shopping, dining and drinking.
[edit] Understand
[edit] History
When it started to develop as a town in the 18th century, Reykjavík had already been inhabited for almost a thousand years. Legend has it that the first permanent settler in Iceland was a Norwegian named Ingólfur Arnarson. He is said to have thrown his seat pillars into the sea en route to Iceland, and decided to settle wherever the pillars were found. The pillars washed up in Reykjavík, and so that was where he set up his farm.
Although the story of Ingólfur Arnarson is not widely believed to be true by modern historians, it's clear that Reykjavík was one of the very first settlements in Iceland. Archaeological remains confirm that people were living there there around the year 871, and for the first few centuries of Icelandic settlement Reykjavík was a large manor farm. Its fortunes steadily waned as other centres of power increased in importance. By the 18th century, the farm of Reykjavík was owned by the king of Denmark (under whose domain Iceland fell at the time). In 1752, the estate was donated to a firm, Innréttingarnar, led by Icelandic politician Skúli Magnússon. Innréttingarnar were meant to become an important industrial exporter and a source of development in Iceland, and their main base was in what is now the heart of Reykjavík. Although the company didn't achieve all its high ideals, it did lay the foundations of Reykjavík as it is today. In 1786, Reykjavík got a trading charter and it soon started to grow in importance.
The year 1801 is when Reykjavík went from being the largest town in the country, to its capital. That year a new supreme court, Landsyfirréttur, was set up in the city after the abolition of Alþingi (which no longer had any legislative functions). The same year the office of the Bishop of Iceland was founded in Reykjavík, merging the bishoprics of Hólar and Skálholt. In 1845, Alþingi was re-founded as an advisory council to the king on the affairs of Iceland, located in Reykjavík and in 1874 it regained legislative powers. As the sovereignty of the country grew, so too did Reykjavík, which by the beginning of the 20th century had been transformed from a small trading and fishing village to a fullly fledged capital.
The Second World War was a boom era in Reykjavík. The city wasn't directly affected by the many horrors of the war, but the occupation of Iceland by first the UK and later the US provided increased employment opportunities and inflows of cash that enabled the rapid expansion and modernisation of the Icelandic fishing fleet. Reykjavík was a leader in this development and it grew very rapidly in the years following the war. New suburbs were built and the city started to reach across municipal limits, subsuming various surrounding communities. The city continued expanding until the financial collapse of 2008.
Due to the its young age, and in particular its rapid expansion in the late 20th century, Reykjavík is very different from the other Nordic capitals. It lacks their grand buildings and the picturesque old quarters. Instead it has come to resemble American cities with their sprawling suburbs and big motorways, as was reccomended by the urban planners of the post-World War 2 era. Nevertheless Reykjavík has a charm of its own, quite unique, shaped by the dualistic nature of this place which still doesn't seem to have made up its mind on whether it's a small town or a big city.
[edit] Climate
Climate Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Daily highs (°C) 1.9 2.8 3.2 5.7 9.4 11.7 13.3 13.0 10.1 6.8 3.4 2.2
Nightly lows (°C) -3.0 -2.1 -2.0 0.4 3.6 6.7 8.3 7.9 5.0 2.2 -1.3 -2.8
Precipitation (mm) 75.6 71.8 81.8 51.3 43.8 50.0 51.8 61.8 66.5 85.6 72.5 78.7
Averages 1961-1990, data from the World Meteorological Organisation.
Up to date weather information from the Icelandic Met Office: [2].
The weather in Reykjavík is notoriously unpredictable. One minute the sun may be shining on a nice summers day, the next it may change into a windy, rainy autumn. Temperatures in Reykjavík are quite bland: They don't go very high in the summer, nor do they go much below zero during winter. It follows that the differences between seasons are relatively small compared to what people experience on either side of the Atlantic.
January is the coldest month and usually has some snow, while there is frequently no snow on the ground during Christmas in December. Summer is without a doubt the favorite season of most Reykjavík inhabitants. Many of them seem to imagine their city is slightly warmer than it really is and it takes little to get them to start wearing shorts and t-shirts, or to go sunbathing in parks. Don't think too much about how silly it may seem, just join them in enjoying the season!
Wind is the main problem with the Reykjavík weather. The city is quite open to the seas, and the winds can be strong and chilling to the bone. Windy spots generally feel significantly colder than those with more shelter.
[edit] Literature
• The Fish Can Sing (Halldór Laxness, 1957). A story of a young boy growing up on a farm on the outskirts of Reykjavík in the early 20th century, during a period of rapid change in Iceland. Like many of the stories by Nobel laureate Halldór Laxness, The Fish Can Sing (Brekkukotsannáll, "The Annal of Brekkukot", in Icelandic) is partly based on real people and places, although names have been changed.
• 101 Reykjavik (Hallgrímur Helgason, 1996). The quintessential book about downtown Reykjavík, capturing its spirit in a way no other book has. The main character never leaves postcode 101 if he doesn't need to, and spends his time either in bars and clubs or at home doing nothing. He has since become seen by many (who don't live in central Reykjavík themselves) as the model for the "101-type".
• Jar City (Arnaldur Indriðason, 2000). A crime novel about the detective Erlendur, with the Reykjavík criminal police department. Portrays the grittier sides of the city, although perhaps slightly exaggerated for the sake of writing a good story. The book has also been translated as Tainted Blood, but the original Icelandic title (Mýrin, "the swamp") refers to the Norðurmýri neighbourhood, by the city centre. Arnaldur has written 10 further books about the detective, most of them happening in or around Reykjavík.
[edit] Tourist information
• Visit Reykjavik, Aðalstræti 2 (by Ingólfstorg), +354 590 1550 (fax: +354 590 1501), [3]. 8:30AM-7PM daily 1 June-15 Sept; 9AM-6PM M-F, 9AM-4PM Sa, 9AM-2PM Su 16 Sept-31 May. edit
[edit] Get in
[edit] By plane
Two airports serve the Reykjavík area, one for international flights and another for domestic. They are quite far away from each other, estimate several hours between flights if you must go between them.
• Keflavík International Airport (Icelandic: Keflavíkurflugvöllur, IATA: KEF, ICAO: BIKF), +354 425 0600 (fax: +354 425 0610), [4]. Keflavík International Airport is Iceland's main international airport, and is located around 50 km from Reykjavík in the town of Keflavík. Some of the international airlines flying to Keflavík include (as of July 2011): edit
• Icelandair [5] is the main international airline of Iceland. Nonstop flights on Icelandair are available from the U.S. and Canada, with gateways in New York City, Boston, Halifax, Toronto, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Orlando (Sanford), Denver, and, Seattle. In Europe, Icelandair has flights to most major cities such as Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Glasgow, Helsinki, London, Oslo, Madrid, Manchester, Milan, Munich, Paris, Stockholm, Bergen and Gothenburg. Please note that some destinations are seasonal. You can stop over in Iceland for up to seven nights at no additional airfare if flying between Europe and North America with Icelandair.
• Iceland Express [6] is an Icelandic low-cost airline, although it's not always much cheaper than its main competitor Icelandair. Flies all year round to Berlin, Copenhagen, London, New York and Warsaw, with various other seasonal destinations.
• SAS [7] has flights from Oslo.
• German Wings [8] and Air Berlin [9] operate flights from various German cities during the summer.
• Delta Air Lines [10] fly between New York and Keflavík International Airport.
• Reykjavík Airport (Icelandic: Reykjavíkurflugvöllur, IATA: RKV, ICAO: BIRK). Located just next to the city centre, mainly used for domestic air traffic and flights to Greenland and the Faeroe Islands. Two airlines have scheduled flights to and from Reykjavík airport: edit
[edit] By bus
If you arrive at Keflavík International Airport, as most tourists do, the best way to get into the city is by the FlyBus. Its first stop in Reykjavík is the main bus terminal, called BSÍ (45 minute ride), which is within walking distance of the city centre. The bus leaves roughly every half hour, on the half hour, during the summer months and more often in the early morning. The first leaves at 4:40 and tickets can be purchased at BSI or at the airport for ISK 1950 (ISK 3500 for a return ticket). Buses leaving Keflavík are coordinated with all arriving flights and will leave 34-45 minutes after each flight arrives. Tickets can (but generally need not) be purchased online before on the FlyBus website.
As part of "FlyBus+", after BSI, the coach can drop people off at the major hotels. It is neccesary to tell the driver that you are intending to go to a specific hotel before the bus leaves from Keflavík. If, for some reason, the FlyBus does not stop at your hotel, you can take local buses nr. 1, 3, 6, 14 and 15 from just across the street from the BSÍ bus terminal (which is only a terminal for the nationwide bus system, not the capital area bus system, called Strætó).
From West Iceland, South Iceland and Akureyri, Reykjavík is relatively well served by busses operated by Sterna [13] and Reykjavík Excursions [14]. If you find yourself in other parts of the country, it will be difficult to find a direct bus route to Reykjavík. The best option, if relying on buses, is to first get into the aforementioned regions and catch a bus to Reykjavík from there. This will probably require an overnight stay.
[edit] By car
Three main roads serve as entry points into Reykjavík: Reykjanesbraut, road 40, enters the city from the west linking it to Southwest Iceland and Keflavík International Airport; the ring road, road 1, enters the city from both east and north. If you're driving into town from South Iceland or West Iceland, beware of some quite heavy traffic jams on Sundays when people are going back home after a weekend away. This mainly applies during the summer, and becomes even worse on Mondays after three-day weekends, not to mention if the weather has been good.
There are rental car services all over Iceland, and many in Reykjavík. The cheapest car at the cheapest dealer you may find would average out to about 5500 ISK each day. If you intend to just stay in Reykjavík, renting a car is not necessary as the bus system is great and it is easy to walk around. If you plan to leave Reykjavík and go to the countryside, then renting a car is the best way to experience Iceland.
[edit] By boat
Several cruise liners stop in Reykjavík each summer, mostly arriving in Sundahöfn which is some distance away from the city centre. Cruise Iceland is a website run by several companies that service cruise liners in the country, they have a list of companies that sail to Iceland: [15].
Reykjavík itself is not served by any ferries, but if you have an abundance of time it is possible to take the Smyril Line (a cruise company based out of the Faroe Islands) from Hanstholm or Esbjerg to Seyðisfjörður (a small town on the east of Iceland), via Tórshavn. This service is on the expensive side, and puts you on the other side of the country. However, it offers the possibility of bringing a car, which can be one of the best ways to travel around Iceland. If you take the ferry and drive from Seyðisfjörður to Reykjavík, you should plan to spend the night somewhere along the way.
Of course, if you have a boat capable of crossing the Atlantic it is possible to sail to Reykjavík. Check with the port authority, the United Ports of Faxaflói [16], to find out about harbour options.
[edit] Get around
[edit] On foot
Looking over a residential area towards Hallgrímskirkja. In the distance on the left is Snæfellsjökull.
Walking in Reykjavík is highly recommended, as many attractions are within walking distance from the hotel area. The city is very beautiful, and the sidewalk and pathway system is first-rate. Reykjavík drivers are in general very friendly, and will sometimes stop for you even when there is no crossing facility.
Unknown to many tourists a very long and scenic pathway for walking and cycling circles almost the whole city. A good starting point is anywhere where the city touches the sea. The path leads by an outdoor swimming pool, a sandy beach, a golf course, and a salmon river.
[edit] By bus
Reykjavík has a public bus system that is clean and reliable, called Strætó [17]. Single rides cost 350 kr. for some very odd reason, the driver cannot give any change. If you need to switch buses to get to your final destination, ask the driver for an exchange ticket (skiptimiði), which is valid for the next 75 minutes on any bus.
If you're staying outside the city centre it may be best best to get a Reykjavík Welcome Card, which allows unlimited access to the buses, along with free access to several museums, some discounts and free internet at the hostel. The 'Welcome' cards are available at the Tourist Information Center by Ingólfstorg, and also at some hotels. A one-day card costs 2900 kr., two days costs 3600 kr., and three days costs 4200 kr (March 2013). Other possibilities include buying 11 tickets for 3,000 kr., a 1-day pass at 800 kr. or a 3-day pass at 2,000 kr. If you're staying for longer you can buy a long-term pass: A green pass lasts a month and costs 7,000 kr., a red pass is for three months and costs 15,900 and a blue pass lasts 9 months and costs 38,500.
Hlemmur and Lækjartorg are the main bus interchanges in central Reykjavík, with buses that can take you to any part of the city. The Strætó system has buses going all the way east to Selfoss and north to Akranes, the former leaving from Mjódd and the latter from Háholt. Both of these stations can be reached from Hlemmur.
Note that while most areas of Reykjavík and the neighboring towns are accessible by bus, the last buses leave around 11pm and the city has no night buses.
[edit] By car
Driving in Reykjavík is the preferred method for most residents there. As a tourist though, you should be able to manage without a car if you're only staying in the city. Driving is recommended though for travel outside of Reykjavík and its suburbs. Note that many streets in central Reykjavík are one-way only and some of them are closed to cars in good weather.
Compared to most other modern European cities, Reykjavík actually manages to have a reasonable number of parking spaces, especially for a city that boasts the most cars per capita in the world. If you're in the centre and can't find a place to park, there are big parking lots by the harbour and in front of Kolaportið (the flea market). Parking spaces in the city centre generally have parking meters charging between 80 and 150 kr. per hour. The city recently introduced a new type of meters and you can now pay by card if you don't have coins on you. The fine for not paying is 2,400 kr.
[edit] By taxi
The main taxi companies in Reykjavík are Hreyfill-Bæjarleiðir (+354 588 5522), BSR (+354 561 0000) and Borgarleiðir (+354 422 2222). All taxis are metered and most are very clean and comfortable, but be warned that travelling by taxi is one of the most expensive ways of getting around Reykjavík. There is a start fee of 600-700 kr. and a fee of 200-400 kr. per kilometer. Taking a taxi is, however, the best way to get home after a night on the town. Paying by card is not a problem, nor is splitting the bill. You can either order a taxi by phone or find one at a taxi rank, of which there are several in the city. In central Reykjavík there is one rank by Lækjargata and another by Hallgrímskirkja.
[edit] By bicycle
It is easy to get around Reykjavík by bicycle, if you can deal with sometimes strong headwinds and a few hills. There are not many dedicated bicycle paths and so most cycling is done on the street or on the sidewalk (both are legal). When cycling on the street you must obey the same traffic rules as cars. When cycling on the sidewalk it's important to be considerate of people who are walking there, they have the right of way.
Where there are specially marked paths for cyclists these are frequently shared with pedestrians, with a painted white line indicating the division between the two forms of transport. In these cases the narrower section is the bicycle path. Dedicated bicycle paths are a new phenomenon in Reykjavík but their number is increasing every year. These mostly link the city centre with the suburbs.
Bicycles can be rented at the following locations:
• Bikecompany (Hjólafélagið), Bankastræti 2 (downtown), +354 665 5600 (), [18]. Bikecompany offers guided bike tours around Reykjavik in varied degree of difficulty.They also operate one of the largest bike rentals in Reykjavik at various locations. Flexible opening hours and they even have tandem bikes for rentals. edit
• Borgarhjól, Hverfisgata 50 (the same street as the national theater and other important buildings), +354 551 5653 (), [19]. Weekdays: 8am - 6pm, Saturday: 10am - 2pm. Half a day: 3600 ISK, 24 hours: 4200 ISK, Week or longer: 3600 ISK pr. day. edit
• Puffin Scooters, Ægisgarður by the Reykjavik harbor (Bus 14), +354 6153535, [20]. May: open every day from 12 - 16 except Mondays, June 1st - 5th of September: open every day from 11:00 - 19:00. Scooters allow you to explore Reykjavik on your own terms or just roll around downtown. Puffin Scooters is a friendly scooter, electric bike, rollerblade and fishing rod rental. (info@puffinscooters.is,) edit
• Reykjavik Bike Tours (Hjólreiðaferðir um Reykjavík), Ægisgarður 7 (next to the Life of Whales Whale Watching ticket booth at Reykjavik's Old Harbor), +(354) 694 8956 (), [21]. Open every day, flexible opening hours by appointment. Bicycle rental - city and mountain bikes, children's bikes, scheduled guided city tours by bicycle and day tours by bicycle. Private tours available. Bicycle delivery to hotels and guesthouses available. edit
• SeasonTours (Árstíðaferðir), Ægisgarður 7a by the Old Harbor. Electric bicycle (El-Bike) rental all year round and Guided Electric Bike tours around the must see places in Reykjavik City. (Bus 14), +354 863 4592 and +354 820 7746 (), [22]. 9:00 and 16:15 all year round.. edit
[edit][add listing] See
Reykjavík's old town is small and easy to walk around. The houses have some very distinct features, most notably their brightly colored corrugated metal siding. Plan to spend at least a couple hours just wandering around, taking in the city. And for further feasts of the eyes, there are several museums and art galleries in the city, most of them within easy reach of the downtown area.
[edit] Parks and open areas
Tjörnin (the Pond)
• Tjörnin (The Pond). A small lake in the centre of the city where young and old often gather to feed the ducks. The Icelandic name, Tjörnin, literally means "The Pond". Tjörnin is mostly surrounded by a park called Hljómskálagarðurinn (Music Pavillion Park) which gets very popular in good weather. The southern end of Tjörnin links it to the Vatnsmýri swamp, a small bird reserve with paths open to the public except during egg hatching season. Built into Tjörnin on the northern side is Reykjavík City Hall. edit
• Austurvöllur. A small park (or square, depending on definitions) in the heart of Reykjavík. It's many locals' favorite place to spend sunny days, either at one of the cafés lining the north of the square or simply having a picnic on the grass. The parliament and the national cathedral both stand by Austurvöllur. edit
• Klambratún. Klambratún is a park just east of the city centre on an area which remained farmland while the city was built up around it. The area was later converted into one of the largest public parks in the city and often hosts various events. One of the houses of the Reykjavík Art Museum, Kjarvalsstaðir, is inside the park. edit
• Reykjavík Botanical Gardens (Grasagarður Reykavíkur), In Laugardalur, [23]. The Reykjavík Botanical Gardens are not large, but they're nice for a short stroll and a good place to see some of the plants that grow in Iceland. Free. edit
• Viðey, [24]. Viðey is a large island in Kollafjörður, the fjord to the north of Reykjavík. It used to be inhabited, and in the early 20th century it had a small fishing village. Nobody lives there anymore apart from the birds, but it's a popular way to get away from the city without actually leaving it. During the summer, a café is operated in one of the houses on the island. The building was built for Skúli Magnússon, an 18th century politician often called "the founder of Reykjavík" and designed by the same man as the royal palace in Copenhagen - although it is not quite of the same scale. Among its more modern architecture, Viðey is home to the Imagine Peace Tower by Yoko Ono (see below). To get to Viðey you must take a ferry from Sundahöfn, some distance from central Reykjavík (on bus route 5). The schedule and prices can be found here [25]. edit
• Grótta. At the far western end of the peninsula on which Reykjavík sits there is a small island. This island, called Grótta, is connected to the mainland on low tides and open to the public most of the year. Just make sure you don't get stuck on the island when the tide comes in! edit
[edit] Buildings
Reykjavík has a very eclectic building style, which is mainly the result of bad (or no) planning. Many of the oldest houses still standing are wooden buildings covered in brightly coloured corrugated iron. Don't be surprised to see that the next buildings down the street are an ultra-modernistic functionalist cube followed by early 20th century neoclassical concrete. Some of the most interesting buildings you'll see in Reykjavík are those you find wandering about. Some deserve a special mention, however.
• Alþingi, Kirkjustræti (by Austurvöllur), [26]. On the southern edge of Austurvöllur is a small building of hewn stone, but don't let its size fool you. This is the building of the Icelandic parliament, known as Alþingi. The institution has in fact long since outgrown the building which was built in 1881 for a nation of a little over 60,000. Today the upper floors of most houses on the north and west sides of the park also house parliamentary offices. The Alþingi building today houses only the debating chamber of the unicameral institution and the party meeting rooms. When Alþingi is in session it is possible to go up to the viewing platforms and follow the debates, otherwise it is necessary to be part of a group to see the building from the inside. edit
• Reykjavík Cathedral (Dómkirkjan í Reykjavík), (by Austurvöllur). The church beside the parliament is Reykjavík cathedral, the head Lutheran church of the country. Similarly deceptive in size, it has been beautifully renovated both inside and out to reflect its orginial 18th century architecture and. edit
• City Hall (Ráðhúsið), Tjarnargata 11 (on the northern edge of Tjörnin). One of the best examples of late 20th century architecture in Iceland, built into Tjörnin (The Pond). On the ground floor, which is open to the public, there is a large relief map of the whole country as well as a café and an exhibition hall. edit
• Hallgrímskirkja, Skólavörðuholti, (), [27]. Mass: Sunday 11am; Church tower open daily 9am - 8pm. This can't miss attraction towers over the city on top of a hill. In front is a statue of Leif Ericsson (Leifur Eiríksson in Icelandic), the Norse explorer who sailed to North America in the 10th century. The United States gave this statue to Iceland in 1930, in honor of the 1,000th anniversary of the Althingi, the Iceland parliament. Admission to the tower: 500 kr., children (6 - 12) 100 kr.. edit
• Perlan (The Pearl), (on the top of Öskjuhlíð). 10am - 9pm. An iconic building on top of a wooded hill called Öskjuhlíð, to the southeast of the city centre. Perlan is built on top of five hot water storage tanks and offers fantastic views of the entire city both from a viewing platform open to the public and a rotating restaurant at the top. If the restaurant is too expensive for you (it is for most), there is also a small cafeteria on the same floor as the viewing platform. edit
• Imagine Peace Tower, Viðey Island, [28]. Yoko Ono's memorial to John Lennon, projecting a "tower of light" into the air that can be seen from around Reykjavík. The tower is turned on October 9th-December 8th, December 21st-28th, December 31st and March 21st-28th. edit
[edit] Museums
There are several museums of art and of history found around the city.
• National Gallery of Iceland (Listasafn Íslands), Fríkirkjuvegi 7 (by the eastern bank of Tjörnin), +354 515 9600 (), [29]. 11am-5pm daily, closed Mondays. the national art gallery with a large collaction of works by Icelandic 19th and 20th century artists, as well as some works by foreign artists including Picasso, Munch and others. 800 kr., free for children under 18. edit
• Reykjavík Art Museum - Hafnarhús, Tryggvagata 17, +354 590 1200 (), [30]. 10am-8pm Thursdays, 10am-5pm all other days. By the old harbour in Reykjavík, Hafnarhúsið hosts a rotating exhibitions of the work of Icelandic artist Erró and temporary exhibitions often showcase other local artists. Adults: 1000 kr., students under 25: 500 kr., children under 18: free. edit
• Reykjavík Art Museum - Kjarvalsstaðir, Flókagata (in Klambratún park), +354 517 1290 (), [31]. It is safe to say that Jóhannes Kjarval (1885-1972) is the single biggest name in Icelandic painting. Kjarvalsstaðir hosts a collection of his work, as well as hosting other temporary exhibitions. Adults: 1000 kr., students under 25: 500 kr., children under 18: free. edit
• Reykjavik Museum of Photography (Ljósmyndasafn Reykjavíkur), Grófarhús, Tyggvagata 15, 6th floor, [32]. 10-16 (Mo-Fr) and 13-17 (weekends). A very small museum with a nice library and reading room where you can find some older (but good) books about photography and current and past issues of photography magazines. It also has a huge collection of Icelandic photographs. edit
• National Museum of Iceland (Þjóðminjasafnið), Suðurgata 41 (Bus no. 1,3,4,5,6,12 and 14 stop in front of or near the museum), +354 530 2200 (), [33]. This museum, located right by the University of Iceland campus, takes the visitor through the history of a nation from settlement to today. Includes a café and a museum shop. General admission: 1200 kr., senior citizens and students: 600 kr., children under 18: free.. edit
• Reykjavík City Museum (Árbæjarsafn), Kistuhyl (Bus nr. 19 from Hlemmur), +354 411 6300 (), [34]. 10am-5pm daily between 1 June and 31 August. During winter there are guided tours at 1pm Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. In the suburb of Árbær, and frequently called Árbæjarsafn (Árbær museum), this open air museum contains both the old farm of Árbær and many buildings from central Reykjavík that were moved there to make way for construction. The result is a village of old buildings where the staff take you through the story of a city. The staff are dressed in old Icelandic clothing styles and trained in various traditional techniques, for example in making dairy products or preparing wool. 1000 kr., free for children under 18. edit
• 871±2 (The Settlement Exhibition), Corner of Aðalstræti and Suðurgata, +354 411 6300 (), [35]. 10am-5pm daily. Run by the Reykjavík City Museum, this exhibition in central Reykjavík was built around the oldest archaeological ruins in Iceland. As the name indicates, these ruins date to around the year 870. This interactive exhibitions brings you the early history of the area that today forms central Reykjavík. 1000 kr., free for children under 18. edit
• The Culture House (Þjóðmenningarhúsið), Hverfisgata 15, +354 545 1400 (), [36]. 11am-5pm daily. This grand building, previously housing the national library, is today home two world class exhibitions. On the ground floor is one of the most important collections of medieval manuscripts in the world, including many of the oldest copies of the Icelandic Sagas. The top floor has an impressive exhibition on the Volcanic island of Surtsey, backing the Iceland's campaign to get it recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is fully interactive and a great introduction to the geological hot spot that is Iceland. Adults: 700 kr.; senior citizens, disabled and handicapped: 350 kr.; school-age children accompanied by adults: free. Free on Wednesdays except for groups.. edit
[edit][add listing] Do
There is a lot to do in Reykjavík, despite being a small city. There is a vibrant music scene with concerts most evenings in the centre of the city. For theatre enthusiasts the city boasts two main theatres staging around 10 plays a year each, both domestic and foreign, as well as a number of smaller theatre groups specialising in different kinds of modern theatre.
There are a number of opportunities to experience at least a bit of Icelandic nature without leaving the city itself, and outdoors activities in the immediate vicinity of the city are easy to find. And no visit to Reykjavík would be complete without going to at least one of the geothermal pools.
For more information about tours and attractions, it may be a good idea to pay a visit to the Tourist Information Centre [37] located in a beautifully renovated old building by Ingólfstorg.
[edit] Music and theatre
Reykjavík has a remarkably active cultural scene for a city of its size. There are a number of art galleries, theaters and concert venues. Some of these are listed below, but many of the places mentioned in the “drink” section below also frequently host concerts. There are no dedicated literary locations listed here, but for book readings it may be best to visit book stores and libraries and ask the staff what's coming up.
• Nordic House (Norræna húsið), Sturlugata 5 (in Vatnsmýri, south of Tjörnin), +354 551 7030 (), [38]. exhibition space open Tue-Sun 12-17, irregular opening hours for other events but the building is generally open during office hours. A cultural centre located in Vatnsmýri, just south of the city centre. Art exhibitions, concerts, poetry readings and other cultural events frequently take place here. edit
• Harpa, Austurbakki 2 (just east of the old harbour), +354 528 5050 for tickets, [39]. The new home of the Icelandic Symphony Orchestra and regularly host to other acts as well. Delayed by the economic collapse, this building was under construction for several years before finally opening in May 2011. This marked the end of a long wait for the symphony orchestra, who had been using a cinema as their main venue the last 50 years. Today the symphony plays a concert every Thursday evening from September through June (although often at other times as well), but the building is rarely empty at other times with Iceland's lively music scene having embraced this new location. edit
• National Theatre of Iceland (Þjóðleikhúsið), Hverfisgata 19, +354 551 1200 for tickets, [40]. A theatre in the centre of Reykjavík, in many ways the focal point of Icelandic theatre. The repertoire is a mix of Icelandic and international plays, both new and old. edit
• Reykjavík City Theatre (Borgarleikhúsið), Listabraut 3 (adjecent to Kringlan shopping mall), +354 568 8000 for tickets, [41]. Like the national theatre, the city theatre puts on a mix of new Icelandic plays and highlights of international theatre. edit
• Vesturport, Tjarnarbíó, Tjarnargata 12 (on the west bank of Tjörnin), (), [42]. This experimental theatre group has toured the world and won many prizes for its daring productions which include Romeo and Juliet, Woyczek and others. They have also made films including the acclaimed Children and Parents, in 2006 and 2007 respectively. edit
[edit] Festivals
At least three times a year, Reykjavík comes out to celebrate.
• Culture Night (Menningarnótt), [43]. Third saturday of August. This is the biggest date in the cultural calendar of Reykjavík. What started out in 1996 as only an evening celebration today starts already in the morning with the Reykjavík Marathon. The day progresses with ever more cultural activities, most of them free, in central Reykjavík and culminates in several huge concerts and a fireworks show by the harbour. Attendence is usually around 100,000 or half of the population of the city. edit
• Gay Pride (Hinsegin dagar), [44]. Early August. Icelanders are proud of their LGBT community, and every August they show it with one of the biggest annual festivals in Reykjavík. Typically a parade will wind its way through the city with floats of varying degrees of outrageousness. It then ends at Arnarhóll with a large outdoors concert. Gay bars and bars that normally don't self-identify as gay alike tend to be very full this evening. In the preceding days there are various events celebrating LGBT culture. edit
• National Day (17. júní). It may come as a surprise, but the National Day celebrations on June 17th every year are probably the smallest of the three festivals mentioned here. Nonetheless, it is a public holiday day of festivities in the city where people (especially families with children) celebrate the date Iceland was declared a republic in 1944. The date itself was selected because it is the birthday of the Icelandic independence hero Jón Sigurðsson. edit
The city also annually hosts a music festival and an international film festival, both take place over several days in the city centre.
• Iceland Airwaves, [45]. Second weekend in October. A music festival held in pubs, bars and clubs in downtown Reykjavík. It literally takes over the city for a few days in October. Airwaves prides itself of frequently having artists on the line-up that are just about to make it and become world famous, before you've ever heard of them. They usually have a wide selection of both Icelandic and international acts, but keep the "big names" to a minimum. Book early, in 2011 the tickets sold up 5 weeks in advance. edit
• Reykjavík International Film Festival (RIFF), [46]. Late September. Several days of excellent cinema. Screenings of most Icelandic productions of the last year, short and feature length as well as documentaries, and the best of what's happening around the world. The main prize, the Golden Puffin, is awarded in a category called "New Visions" which is limited to directors' first or second films. edit
The city also annually hosts an arts festival that takes place over several days in the city centre.
• Reykjavík Arts Festival (Listahátíð í Reykjavík), [47]. This festival is said to be one of Northern Europe’s oldest and most esteemed arts festivals. Celebrated each year in May. edit
[edit] Get in touch with nature
If you want to experience some of Iceland's nature but don't have time to leave the capital for too long, don't worry, you have several options to get a good feel for nature and the countryside without actually leaving the city.
• Whale watching, (most ships sail from Ægisgarður in the old harbour). With the exception of Húsavík in the north, Reykjavík is actually one of the very best places to go whale watching in Iceland. Whales frequently come into Faxaflói, the large bay which Reykjavík sits by and on a typical trip of around 3 hours you can almost be guaranteed to see at least some minke whales and possibly even a humpback. The companies offering whale watching mostly occupy a small area in the old harbour called Ægisgarður, close to the whaling ships. All sail out to the same bay but since conditions there change make sure you are on a good ship. Around 7000-8000 kr., often half price for children. edit
• Horse riding. One of the most popular tourist activities in Iceland due to the special nature of the Icelandic Pony. Although by definition more of a rural activity, there are several companies offering riding tours on the outskirts of Reykjavík, this can be a good option for those not planning on travelling far from the city. edit
• Hiking. The immediate vicinity of Reykjavík offers some good hiking opportunities. By far the most popular among these is Esjan, the mountain that dominates the view to the north from much of the capital and is easily accessible by bus nr. 57. It's a relatively easy hike although there is a steep patch early on and at the tops there are some cliffs to climb. You can estimate 4-5 hours to get to the top and back again, although experienced walkers will be quicker. Another popular place to experience nature is Heiðmörk [48], a green belt to the southeast of the capital. Heiðmörk mostly flat and there are many paths criss-crossing the area, but getting there may be difficult without a car. edit
• Reykjavík Domestic Animal Zoo (Fjölskyldu- og húsdýragarðurinn), Hafrafell v/ Engjaveg (in Laugardalur), +354 57 57 800 (), [49]. This small zoo, in the middle of Reykjavík, is a place where city children can come and get in touch with some of the farming heritage of the country, with most species of domestic animals found in Iceland represented. They also have some non-domestic animals including reindeer and seals. Admission: Adults (12 years +): 450 ISK, Children (Under 4 years): Free, Children (4 - 12): 350 ISK. edit
• See the northern lights, [50]. Reykjavik and surrounding area is great for seeing the northern lights. The lights show up in the winter time and are most likely to be seen in Sept-Oct and Feb-March. After 8pm to maybe 2-3am in the morning is the time period they most likely show up but it all depends on things like clouds, how dark, if there is solar storm hitting earth etc. edit
[edit] Geothermal Swimming Pools
Laugardalslaug geothermal pool
Outdoor geothermal swimming pools are an important part of Icelandic culture and a visit to them is a great way to relax with Icelanders. In fact it is not stretching the truth too far to suggest that because drinking is so expensive the hot-pots at these pools serve the same role that pubs and bars do in the rest of Europe.
• Laugardalslaug, Sundlaugarveg (In the same complex as the National Stadium. Near campsite and youth hostel), +354 411 5100 (), [51]. Weekdays: 6:30am - 10:30pm, Weekends: 8am - 10pm. The city's largest pool with extensive facilities, situated in Laugardalur Valley east of the city centre. It has two large pools for swimming, several hot-pots, a seawater bath, a steam bath, and water slide. It is a well-used large complex that is starting to show its age a little but it is still the best option in the city. Currently undergoing quite a lot of renovation work, but the pool remains open. 500 ISK. edit
• Árbæjarlaug, Fylkisvegur, 110 Reykjavík, +354 411 5200 (), [52]. Weekdays: 6:30am - 10:30pm, Weekends summer: 8am - 10pm, winter: 8am - 8:30pm. A brand new complex on the outskirts of the city, it has nice views over the city centre and is a nice place to watch the sunset. There is an indoor and outdoor pool, a waterslide, several hot-pots and a steam bath. This is a favourite with families and is perhaps the nicest of the city's pools. Buses run here from central Reykjavik. 350 ISK. edit
• Sundhöllin, Baronsstígur, 101 Reykjavik (Located a few minutes from Hallgrimskirkja), +354 411 5350 (), [53]. Weekdays: 6:30am - 9pm, Weekends: 8am - 7pm. The city's oldest and only indoor pool (with outdoor hot-pots), located in the city centre. Has a more municipal feel than the other pools, but has a very central location. edit
• Vesturbæjarlaug, Hofsvallagata, 107 Reykjavik (Located a few minutes from Hotel Saga and the University of Iceland), +354 411 5150 (), [54]. Weekdays: 6:30am - 10pm, Weekends: 8am - 8pm. The city's oldest outdoor pool. Located in a residential area but within a walking distance of the city center. edit
• Nautholsvík Thermal Beach, (To the south of the domestic airport), +354 511 6630, [55]. 10:00 to 20:00 from 15th May until 15th September. Here you can swim in the Atlantic, because they pipe hot water into the ocean. A beach of golden sand has been created and a “pool” has been enclosed nearby, where the water temperature is about 20ºC. There are several hot-pots. Refreshments and various services are available at the beach. Swimming in the Atlantic ocean is also possible during winter, and some would say more fun. The ocean is -2 up to 3 ºC, which makes for an interesting experience. The hot tub, steam bath and other facilities are operated during winter. edit
It is possible to rent swimsuits and towels at all the pools. As Icelandic pools have very minimal amounts of chemicals in them it is very important to shower thoroughly naked beforehand, and pay attention to the notices and posters that highlight hygiene issues.
[edit] Learn
Being the main population centre of the country, Reykjavík is also the location of most of Iceland's education institutions. Close to the city centre is the University of Iceland [56], which offers courses in Icelandic as a second language. Most degree programmes are in Icelandic, but there are some specialised postgraduate degrees available relating to sustainable development and to medieval manuscripts taught in English.
Reykjavík University [57], originally founded as a business school under the auspices of the Icelandic Chamber of Commerce, has evolved into an institution offering a wide range of degrees in the fields of business, law, computer science and engineering, with a higher number of English-language programmes than the University of Iceland.
At pre-higher education levels, Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð (Hamrahlíð College) offers an IB programme in English [58]. Several smaller schools offer Icelandic language courses for foreigners, including Mímir [59] and IceSchool [60].
[edit] Work
There's not much in way of employment opportunities in Reykjavík at the moment. Since the economic collapse of 2008, unemployment has risen to around 8% and unless you have special skills you're likely to be at a disadvantage as a foreigner in a job hunt. Additionally, it's extremely difficult for non-EEA citizens to get a visa unless they already have a job. If you are an EEA citizen, however, you can head over to Eures [61], a database of jobs advertised in the entire EEA. In Iceland it's run by the Directorate of Labour (Vinnumálastofnun) [62] who may also be able to offer you further advice. If you're from one of the other Nordic countries and are aged between 18 and 28, you may be able to take use of the Nordjobb summer job program [63], funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers.
[edit][add listing] Buy
Laugavegur is the main shopping street of Reykjavík and has many funky boutiques, with both Icelandic and international designs. Skólavörðustígur, running from Laugavegur up to Hallgrimskirkja, has a range of souvenir and craft shops where you can find a perfect gift for the family. Record shops and bookstores are also located on these streets, where you can find Icelandic music and literature as well as a wide range of foreign music and books in English.
Reykjavík has one flea market, Kolaportið, located in a warehouse by the harbour and open 11am-5pm Saturdays and Sundays. In addition to stalls selling clothes, antique furniture, old books, and other typical fleamarket wares, there is a food section where you can buy many Icelandic specialities as well as cheap and fresh fish and potatoes.
If you yearn for international chains such as Zara and Debenhams, then head to one of 2 malls in the capital area; Kringlan in Reykjavík and the newer Smáralind in neighboring Kópavogur. But keep in mind that everything in Iceland probably costs more than it does back home. Items can be as much as 3-4 times the price in neighboring countries, mainly because of taxes (24.5% sales tax on products, 7% on books), import duties and so on, though there are exceptions to this rule.
Sales tax is always included in the sticker price. All foreign visitors are entitled to claim back the tax if they spend 4,000 krona or more in one shop in one day. Iceland is not a member of the European Union, so visitors from all European countries are entitled to sales tax refunding. Icelanders living abroad are also entitled to sales tax refunding.
ATMs are found throughout the city, and they should accept any foreign cards. Currency exchange is mainly done at banks, there are very few special currency exchange shops. Icelanders themselves make very little use of cash, paying for even the smallest of things with their cards. Foreign cards will generally be accepted in stores and restaurants, although there may be problems with American Express in some places. A chip-and-PIN system is being introduced, so make sure you remember your PIN.
Please note that tipping isn't done in Iceland, not under any circumstances; not for any service, not for restaurants or for hotels, or any other place
[edit][add listing] Eat
This guide uses the following price ranges for a typical meal for one, including soft drink:
Budget 2000 kr. or less
Mid-range 2000 kr.–5000 kr.
Splurge 5000 kr. or more
[edit] Budget
Food in Iceland can be expensive. In order not to break the bank, you'll need to be smart when eating. On the budget side, you're mostly looking at international-type fast food options common to what you'd find in Europe and America.
10-11 is a chain of convenience stores (open 24/7) with plenty of ready-to-eat items such as sandwiches, wraps, and surprisingly enough, tacos. 10-11 is always open but also more expensive than supermarkets, that's why you see most Icelanders shop for food at Bónus (open 10-18), a low-cost supermarket chain. Even better, you can find a fish shop which will sell you some ridiculously fresh and absolutely delicious fish, at a very reasonable price, and cook it yourself with some potatoes and vegetables. It'll be really nice. The fish shop could be in Kolaportið, a downtown market which only opens on weekends, or alternatively you could look up one of the many fish shops (fiskbúð) all around town.
Try one of the Hot-Dog places that are found everywhere. This German import has become thoroughly Iceland-ized. A dog should set you back 250-300 kr. Ask for "Eina með öllu", a hot dog with everything on it. Deeeeelicious.
Fast food – Apart from the usual suspects such as KFC and Subway (McDonald's was recently rebranded Metró by the local franchise holder, but the menu remains the same) and the hot dog stands mentioned above, Reykjavík has a number of home grown fast food restaurants. In the city centre many are open 24/7 in weekends, serving the partying crowd. Names include Nonnabiti and Hlöllabátar (subs and sandwiches), Kebabhúsið and Ali Baba (kebabs), Serrano (burritos) and The Deli, Bankastræti 14, [64]. 10-20/night time on weekends. The Deli is a gourmet trattoria, featuring regional Mediterranean cuisine as well as peciality pizzas and daily hot specials. edit You should be able to fill your stomach at each of these for 1000 kr. or less.
Thai restaurants – Thais form, along with Poles, the largest immigrant community in Reykjavík and as a result there are a lot of good and cheap Thai restaurants around the capital, often run by Thai families. You will usually get large portions without paying much more than 1000-1500 kr.. Options in central Reykjavík include Krua Thai (Tryggvagata 14) and Núðluhúsið (Laugavegur 59, 2nd floor).
There are tons of cafes everywhere in the city that are relatively inexpensive and a great place to sit, relax, and warm up. You can also check your e-mails if you bring your computer, as there is free Wi-Fi in most of them. Kaffitar and Te & Kaffi are comparatively large chains and serve great barrista style coffee, that might however be on the expensive side.
• Bæjarins beztu, Hafnarstræti 17 (by the harbor). 24/7. The name of this popular hot dog stand literally means "Town's Best" and, based on the queues, it seems to deserve the name. 320 ISK. edit *
• Fljott og Gott (BSI Bus Depot), Vatnsmýravegi 10, [65]. Large restaurant in the bus depot near the downtown airport. Large selection of prepared foods to grab for your bus ride and a large menu of hot food selections to eat in the restaurant. Reasonable prices and a fun place to hang out with working class Icelanders for those wanting a non-tourist experience. For the more daring, Svið is on the menu daily. edit
• Múlakaffi, Hallarmúli 8. A bit away from the city centre, this place is very like an office cafeteria. It prides itself on selling authentic Icelandic home cooking. The sparse menu varies between days. Due to its location surrounded by offices, it caters more to a lunch than dinner and closes at 8pm weekdays, 2pm Saturdays and is not open Sundays. It also seems to stop serving main meals some hours before closing. edit
• Perlan. In addition to its famous restaurant, Perlan also has a café offering food. You can eat with (almost) the same view and a much cheaper price. edit
• Sægreifinn (Seabaron), Verbúð 6 (At the harbour, near the whale watching kiosk), [66]. 10:00-18:00. An extremely authentic seafood place, serves a wonderful lobster soup and offers grilled cod, whale, shrimps, salmon, etc. 800 - 2500 kr. edit
• Tian, Grensásvegur 12, 568-1919. to 22:00. This little chinese restaurant near Laugardalslaug parc and the Artic Comfort Hotel is a sweet quiet little spot with great food and friendly service. The prices are quite low so it fits in well with your budget needs. edit
• Cafe Loki, Lokastíg 28 (Across street from entrance to Hallgrímskirkja), 466-2828, [67]. Icelandic foods served in a nice large room with a view of the church. Noted for rye bread and their one of a kind rye bread ice cream. ISK1200-2000. edit
[edit] Mid-range
The whaling ships in Reykjavík harbour.
There are many fantastic fish restaurants in Reykjavik. The more expensive ones are down by the harbour or in the centre, if you're not so rich try heading towards the old town. Though generally not listed here, most bars serve some food, often better than what you would expect from the look of the place but generally with relatively uninspired menus: Expect to see a few burgers, a pasta dish or two, some salads and maybe a burrito.
Plan on at least 2,000 ISK for any meal not in a budget/fast-food restaurant. Seriously.
• Austur-Indíafjelagið (East India Company), Hverfisgata 56, +354 552 1630, [68]. One of few Indian restaurants in Reykjavik. It serves very good food though and can be compared to the top tier Indian restaurants in London. 4,000-5,000 kr.. edit
• Á Næstu Grösum (The First Vegetarian), Laugavegur 20b, +354 552 9410, [69]. A friendly vegetarian restaurant in the city centre, has a vegan option and attempts to use as much organic produce as possible. 2,000-3,000 kr.. edit
• Caruso, Þingholtsstræti 1 (corner of Laugavegur and Þingholtsstræti), +354 562 7335, [70]. 11:30AM-10PM M-Th, 11:30AM-11:30PM F-Sa, 5:30PM-10PM Su. A cozy Italian restaurant with good food. They sometimes have live guitar music, which together with the dimmed lighting makes for a very romantic setting. 3,000-5,000 kr.. edit
• The Icelandic Bar, (by Austurvöllur), +354 578 2020, [71]. Serves delicious traditional Icelandic food at a very reasonable price, the lamb shank in particular is a must try as is the simple but extremely tasty skyr dessert. Set menus are available from around 4000kr. for a 3 course meal and the restaurant itself is lovely with outside tables available overlooking the small park across the road and catching the afternoon sun. 2,000-4,000 kr.. edit
• Icelandic Fish & Chips, Tryggvagata 8 (down by the harbour), [72]. An organic bistro with a friendly athmosphere that makes a slighlty healthier version of this famous fast food, so don´t expect to find any mayonese or coca cola there. Their dishes are all home made from the freshest ingredients, by some said to be the best fish and chips in the world. The restaurant is semi self-service and child friendly, but can become very busy during summer. 2,000 kr.. edit
• Restaurant Reykjavik, Vesturgata 2, +354 552 3030 (), [73]. A good central restaurant, aimed a little more toward the tourist crowd it does however deliver decent food. The lamb is good. 3,000-5,000 kr.. edit
• Shalimar, Austurstræti, [74]. A small family-owned Pakistani restaurant packed into a tiny building in the oldest part of town. Delicious food, and a very friendly wait staff. 3,000-4,000 kr.. edit
• Vegamót, Vegamótastíg 4, +354 511 3040 (), [75]. A decent fast food restaurant during the day and a happening nightclub after hours. The age limit of 22 on Friday and Saturday nights is somewhat of a buzzkill even for those of legal drinking age here. The Lobster pasta is the restaurant's signature dish and well worth tasting. edit
• Þrír frakkar hjá Úlfari (3 Frenchmen (or overcoats) at Úlfar's), Baldursgata 14, [76]. A nice seafood restaurant. Serves big meals for a moderate price. Their lunch plokkfiskur special is legendary. They serve whalemeat, both raw (as sashimi) and cooked, to those willing to try. This is a convenient price; whale is less expensive in other port towns. They serve a strange (and delicious) traditional cake, skyrterta, made from the Icelandic skyr, this cake alone is worth the visit. 3,000-5,000 kr. edit
[edit] Splurge
If you're willing to spend the money, you'll have no problem finding world class dining in Reykjavík. In addition to some great fish restaurants, most of the world's popular cuisine is represented in Reykjavík's up-scale dining in one form or another.
• Argentína Steakhouse, Barónsstígur 11, +354 551 9555 (), [77]. It's not exactly an Icelandic tradition, but Argentína is a great place to go for quality beef steaks. 6,000-8,000 kr.. edit
• Dill, Nordic house, Sturlugata 5, +354 552 1522, [78]. Part of a growing trend called “new Nordic food” (most famously promoted by Noma restaurant in Copenhagen), this small restaurant prides itself in using local ingredients, many of them sourced from a vegetable garden next to the building. edit
• Fish Company (Fiskifélagið), Vesturgata 2a (across the street from the tourist information centre), +354 552 5300 (), [79]. One of the most recent additions to the flora of fish restaurants, in the basement of a recently renovated old timber house literally standing in the original harbour of Reykjavík. 5,000-6,000 kr.. edit
• Grillið, Hagatorg (in Radison Blu Saga Hotel), +354 525 9960, [80]. A classic French restaurant that has been open for service for over forty years. edit
• Hotel Holt, Bergstaðastræti 37, +354 552 5700, [81]. A staple of the city's up-scale dining landscape. Thick carpets, art over dark wood panels, french cuisine, an extensive wine cellar, the country's most expansive collection of single malts. 5,000-6,000 kr.. edit
• Humarhúsið, Amtmannsstíg 1, +354 561 3303, [82]. Specialising in lobster (the name means Lobster House) and on the expensive end, but has exquisite food that the prices reflect. 5,000-6,000 kr.. edit
• Perlan, Öskjuhlíð, +354 562 0200, [83]. On the top of Öskjuhlíð, overlooking the city, sits Perlan with its rotating restaurant. It's an expensive place to dine but of course it's pretty unique and gives you a second-to-none view over Reykjavik so it's understandable how they can push the prices up. If you dine at the Perlan be sure to have the lamb, absolutely fantastic. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
Reykjavík is considered to have some of the best nightlife in all of Europe and it can be almost guaranteed that you haven't really "partied" until you've done it here. This fact is proven by the amount of celebrities who come specifically for it.
Drinking is expensive - expect to pay between 600 and 900 ISK for a draft pint at a bar. Bottled beers and mixed drinks are more expensive, sometimes outlandishly so. Despite the cost, going out in Reykjavik is a fun experience. Since alcohol is expensive at Reykjavík bars and clubs, Icelanders usually buy their alcohol at the government owned liquor stores (Vínbúðin, called Ríkið by locals) and stay at home drinking until about midnight (or later), then they will wander to the bars. Do not expect bars and clubs to become crowded during weekends until about 1AM (at least). Cover charges are very rare in Reykjavík, unless there is live music or some other sort of event going on. Note that although the legal age for entering clubs is 18, the legal drinking age is 20 and many places set higher entry age limits themselves.
Bars are open to 1AM on weeknights, but most will stay open until 5AM on Friday and Saturday. The clubs and bars themselves are mostly found in a very small area of the city centre, it's easy to just walk around and follow the crowds. You're sure to find somewhere to go, but if you're not sure, groups of drunken Icelanders will usually be eager to help a tourist out! During weekends, live music is easy to find in some of Reykjavík's bars. During the day, be sure to pick up a the free English-language magazine The Reykjavík Grapevine [84] for information on live music events for that evening. It is easy to find in shops, restaurants and bars around the city.
[edit] Bars
The distinction between bars and clubs is not very clear in Iceland, with most clubs being more like bars until a little before midnight. However, the following venues can be said to be purely bars - places to go and drink with your friends, rather than to dance or listen to music.
• Bjarni Fel, Austurstræti 20. A sports bar, named for a famous Icelandic footballer and later sports commentator. edit
• The Celtic Cross, Hverfisgata 26, +354 511 3240. An Irish pub, with several dark ales and booths where groups can sit and talk in relative privacy. edit
• Den Danske Kro (Danska kráin, the Danish Pub), Ingólfsstræti 3. This place tries to imitate a Danish bodega, although it really feels much more Icelandic than Danish. edit
• The English Pub, Austurstræti 12, +354 578 0400. Very popular English-style pub in the heart of the city, with a wide range of beers and a wheel of fortune. Beware troubadours in the weekends, though (they're very bad)! edit
• Næsti bar. It may not look like much, on the outside or the inside. In fact, you may not even spot it unless there are people standing outside smoking. But it's spacious, and the staff are usually very friendly. The fact that it doesn't play loud music makes Næsti bar especially nice when you just want to go out for a drink and a chat. edit
• Ölstofa Kormáks og Skjaldar (Ölstofan), Vegamótastígur 4, +354 552 4587. A small, cozy and extremely popular bar. The decorations seem to be taken from the living rooms of Icelandic grandmothers and include a number of cross stitched pictures. Uniquely for Reykjavík bars they have their own beer called Bríó, brewed for them by a microbrewery within the larger Egils brewery. edit
[edit] Clubs
Reykjavík has a large number of clubs and when one closes, another is usually very quick to take its place. There would be no point in trying to list them all, the following are only a small taste. Most of them are quite small - don't expect the big dance halls of many European capitals - but that's part of the fun, the intimate spirit of the Reykjavík nightlife.
• Bakkus, Tryggvagata 22. This small watering hole pumps up the volume during the weekends and turns into a very nice (if slightly shabby-looking) place to drink and dance. edit
• Bar 11, Hverfisgata 18, +354 511 1180. A rock bar, often featuring live music during weekdays, and good DJs in the weekends. edit
• Barbara, Laugavegur 22, +354 567 7500. A friendly gay bar/club on the second and third stories of an old wooden house. edit
• b5, Bankastræti 5, +354 552 9600 (), [85]. Caters mainly to a slightly up-market crowd. edit
• Dillon Rock Bar, Laugavegur 30, +354 578 2424, [86]. 16pm-1am M-Th, 14pm-3am F-Sa. Dillon has become quite the attraction for the Icelandic music industry, rockers, students, family folk and famed Hollywood actors over the past decade. During the summertime you can enjoy a cold one in the sun in Dillon´s Beergarden and catch outdoor festivals over the summer. Catch a live band, have a chat with the friendly staff or join the mixed up group on Saturday nights when the 60 year old DJ Andrea rocks the joint and join the family of friends at this century old house of fun. edit
• Faktorý, Smiðjustígur 6, +551 4499. A bar downstairs, and a dance venue upstairs with a soundproof door between the two. edit
• Hressingarskálinn, Austurstræti 20, +354 561 2240, [87]. edit
• Kaffibarinn, Bergstaðarstaeti 1, +354 551 1588, [88]. An old favorite, this club in a red two-story timber house has been around since the 1980s and remains hip as ever. It was for a period owned partly by Damon Albarn of Blur. Heavy drinking and heavy dancing. edit
• Kofi Tómasar frænda, Laugavegi 2, +354 551 1855. In a basement on Laugavegur. DJs here play the most popular pop of all eras from the 1960s onwards, songs people can sing along with while they dance. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
This guide uses the following price ranges for a standard double room:
Budget Under 15,000 kr.
Mid-range 15,000-30,000 kr.
Splurge Over 30,000 kr.
[edit] Budget
Be warned that there is very little in the way of affordable lodging in Iceland, particularly if you are traveling with a family. The cheapest option in Reykjavík, by far, is to stay at the city's only campsite. If that's not for you, there are several hostels with affordable dorms located in and around the city centre. Fortunately for the traveller on a budget, this seems to be the fastest growing type of accommodation in Reykjavík. Most of these hostels also offer single or double bedrooms, and a few small guesthouses have rooms at similar prices.
• Gistiheimili Hjálpræðishersins (Salvation Army Guesthouse), Kirkjustræti 2, +354 561 3203 (), [89]. Literally in the heart of Reykjavík, a few meters from Austurvöllur and the parliament building. Dorm: 2,200 kr. winter, 11,500 kr. summer; double room: 7,500 kr. winter, 11,500 kr. summer. edit
• Guesthouse Aurora, Freyjugata 24, +354 899 1773 (), [90]. A friendly little guesthouse in a residential part of the city centre. 15,000 kr. (64.142105,-21.930815) edit
• Guesthouse Sunna, Þórsgata, +354 511 5570, [91]. Great guesthouse located in one of the most iconic places in Reykjavik, right across the square from Hallgrimskirkja. Very clean, very comfortable, with friendly service, and internet. They also include breakfast in the morning, with fresh bread baked on the premises. A little on the expensive side--11600 kr for a single room. Another great feature is their airport/tour bus service. Summer: 15,600 kr. double room; winter: 8,900 kr. double room. edit
• KEX Hostel, Skúlagata 28, +354 561 6060 (), [92]. checkin: 2pm; checkout: 10am. A hostel that was recently opened in a former biscuit factory down by the sea. Very cozy and looks distinctly unlike a hostel, which is not surprising given that a set designer created the appearance. Has a bar and restaurant which serve non-residents as well. Staff are very helpful. Dorm: 3,000 kr. winter, 5,100 kr. summer; double room: 8,000 kr. winter, 14,400 kr. summer. edit
• Laugardalur Campsite, Sundlaugavegur 34, +354 568 6944 (), [93]. Open 15 May - 15 September. The cheapest place to stay in Reykjavík, and an approximately 30 min walk from the city centre, or a short bus journey. The campsite is big and offers decent washing and cooking facilities and people often leave their leftover camping stove fuel for others after leaving Iceland. (Fuel is really expensive in Iceland!) On cold and rainy days, Iceland's biggest pool is situated right next door. Clothes can also be washed at the neighbouring youth hostel. 1,100 per person, per night. edit
• Reykjavík Backpackers, Laugavegur 28, +354 578 3700 (), [94]. A new hostel right on the main shopping street, run by travelers and adventurers. Dorm: 3,000 kr. winter, 4,000 kr summer; double room: 8,000 kr. winter, 12,000 kr. summer. edit
• Reykjavík Downtown Hostel, Vesturgata 17, +354 553 8120 (), [95]. A hostel in an old apartment building right next to the city centre, by the harbour. 3,500 kr. dorm. (64.1498,-21.9443) edit
• Víkingur Guesthouse, Þverholt, +354 896 4661 (), [96]. Just outside the city centre. In addition to accommodations, they also offer car rental services. 13,990 kr. double room. edit
[edit] Mid-range
• Fosshotel Lind, Raudarastígur 18, +354 562 3350 (), [97]. Located one minute walk of the city centre close to the main shopping street Laugavegur. Rooms on the upper floors have great view of the Hallgrimskirkja. There is a restaurant at the hotel called Confusion. It offers aperitivos for reasonable price. Tours are bookable at the reception. 10,000-30,000 kr.. edit
• Best Western Hotel Reykjavík, Rauðarárstíg 37, +354 514 7000 (), [98]. Just outside the city centre, 10-15 minutes walking, but well located with regards to the bus system. 17,000-30,000 kr.. edit
• Fosshotel Baron, Barónsstígur 2-4, +354 562 3204 (), [99]. Located on the eastern edge of the city centre close to the main shopping street Laugavegur. Rooms on the upper floors on the northern side have great views across the sea. There is a 24/7 supermarket right behind the hotel. There is a restaurant, bar and tour desk. There are many types of rooms and price ranges. 10,000-30,000 kr.. edit
• Hótel Björk, Brautarholt 22-24, [100]. A 15 minute walk away from the city centre in a office neighbourhood. 15,000-30,000 kr.. edit
• Hótel Frón, Laugavegur 22a, +354 511 4666 (, fax: +354 511 4665), [101]. By Laugavegur, the main shopping street. 20,000 kr.. edit
• Hotel Klöpp, Klapparstígur 26, +354 595 8520 (), [102]. In a side street close to Laugavegur. Very close to a number of bars and clubs, but surprisingly quiet apart from one bar across the street which often has live jazz or folk music on weekends. Part of the CenterHotels chain like Hotel Plaza below. 15,000-25,000. edit
• Hótel Leifur Eiríksson, Skólavörðustígur 45 (facing Hallgrímskirkja), +354 562 0800 (, fax: +354 562 0804), [103]. A rather basic hotel, but at a good price given its location just across the street from Hallgrímskirkja. Rooms have satellite TV which includes one English-language channel. The hotel also has a bike rental. 21,000 kr.. edit
• Hotel Óðinsvé, Þórsgata 1 (by Óðinstorg), +354 511 6200 (, fax: +354 511 6201), [104]. In a side street a few meters off Skólavörðustígur. Comfortable rooms which include free wi-fi and satellite TV, but breakfast is not included in the price. 17,000-27,000 kr.. edit
• Hotel Plaza, Aðalstræti 4 (By Ingólfstorg square in the city centre.), +354 595 8550 (), [105]. Literally in the centre of Reykjavík, by the oldest street in the city (Aðalstræti) and the Ingólfstorg square. Close to the heart of the nightlife, and so noise is to be expected (at least in rooms facing the square). Free wi-fi. Part of the CenterHotels chain like Hotel Klöpp above. 15,000-25,000 kr.. edit
[edit] Splurge
Just as there are surprisingly few cheap accommodation options in Reykjavík, there are surprisingly many expensive ones.
• 101 Hotel, Hverfisgata 10, +354 580 0101 (, fax: +354 580 0100), [106]. Named after the postcode for central Reykjavík. 40,000 kr. and upwards. edit
• Radisson Blu 1919 Hotel, Pósthússtræti 2, +354 599 1000, [107]. New hotel in an old iconic building built in 1919 which previously housed the head offices of the shipping company, Eimskip. Eimskip's pre-World War 2 logo was a blue swastika, and this used to adorn the front of the building. When it was converted into a hotel a sign was put over the swastika, but as it's a listed building the swastika could not be removed and is still there, behind the sign. edit
• Hótel Borg, Pósthússtræti 11 (by Austurvöllur square), +354 551 1440 (, fax: +354 551 1420), [108]. By the same square as the parliament and the cathedral. Built in the 1930s but newly renovated, Hótel Borg is a Reykjavík landmark in its own right famed amongst other things for its World War II history. 40,000 kr. and upwards. edit
• Hótel Holt, Bergstaðastræti 37, +354 552 5700 (, fax: +354 562 3025), [109]. By a quiet street in the centre of town. When it opened in 1965 the hotel restaurant was one of the first fine dining locations in Reykjavík. 30,000 kr. and upwards. edit
• Hilton Nordica, Suðurlandsbraut 2, +354 444 5000 (, fax: +354 444 5001), [110]. Premises include a spa (NordicaSpa) and a restaurant called VOX. The hotel is located outside the city centre, but the area is well served by busses. 30,000 kr. and upwards. edit
• Radisson Blu Saga Hotel (Hótel Saga), by Hagatorg, +354 525 9900 (fax: +354 525 9909), [111]. A large hotel just outside the old town (a 10 minute walk from the city hall), by the University of Iceland campus. The building (rather than the hotel occupying most of it) is called the "Farmer's Palace" (Bændahöllin), referring to the fact that it was originally erected by the powerful farmer's association and still houses their offices. edit
[edit] Contact
Reykjavík has good mobile phone coverage (including 3G) and various providers, the largest being Síminn [112] and Vodafone [113]. Most foreign SIM cards should work without problems, but it may be best to check with your mobile phone provider at home before leaving. Payphones are almost nonexistant in Reykjavík.
Wi-fi is free at most cafés in Reykjavík and even at many bars. If there's a password required just ask the staff. Partly because of this, internet cafés have almost ceased to exist, but one such still in operation is GroundZero [114], Frakkastígur 8. Be aware that the clientel is mostly gamers. 1 hour costs 600 kr.
Though Icelandic is the official language, English is spoken quite fluently by almost everyone you will meet and you should have no problems when it comes to communication. Many people also speak a Scandinavian language.
[edit] Stay safe
Iceland is considered one of the safest countries in the world. Just be sure to avoid the fights that break out amongst the most intoxicated partiers in bars and most often on the street on weekends. However most people are incredibly friendly and police are also friendly and very helpful.
Recently, however, petty thefts in Reykjavík have occasionally occurred. In addition, the female traveler would do well to exercise good judgment when walking alone at night. Rape is rare, but occurs twice as often as in other nordic countries, Still, even with these issues, Reykjavík is much safer than most other western cities, and certainly safer than the larger capitals of other countries.
Homeless people generally hang in the area around the Hlemmur bus station or on Austurvöllur park. They usually don't bother people, not even to ask for spare change even though they might seem to act strangely.
[edit] Cope
Even though Reykjavík doesn´t have a large population, traffic during rush hour (16:00-18:30) can be a nightmare. This is due to the exploding car population, along with a narrow street system. If you are planning on going somewhere by car or bus, try to do it after around 16:00-18:30 as this is when most of motorists arrive home from work. The same goes for the mornings (07:45-09:00).
Keep in mind that during the summer, the sun does not fully set, resulting in "dusk" between the hours of roughly Midnight and 3:00 AM. While a novelty at first, the lack of night can quickly disrupt your sleeping habits and result in general fatigue. If visiting in the summer, be sure to bring a sleeping mask, even if the window shades largely keep the light out.
If you can bear to be asked by almost every Icelander you meet "How do you like Iceland?" you're all set for the trip.
[edit] Press
Reykjavík has one English language magazine, The Reykjavík Grapevine [115], published bi-weekly in the summer and monthly in the winter. Although it started out as a publication mainly aimed at tourists (with events listings etc.) it has become respected in Iceland for at times very good research journalism and coverage of current events. Available for free at various locations around the city.
Some foreign newspapers are available at newsagents, but for same-day papers you can go to the Eymundsson bookstore at Austurstræti 18 and have them printed.
[edit] Religion
Lutheran churches are easily found throughout Reykjavík and most of them hold mass at 11am every Sunday. There is a Catholic cathedral in central Reykjavík by Túngata, usually called Landakot church but formally known as the Cathedral of Christ the King. A Catholic mass is held there every day in Icelandic, as well as a mass in English 6pm on Sundays and in Polish 1:15pm the second and fourth Sunday of each month. The Russian Orthodox congregation has a house at Sólvallagata 10, holding mass 6pm on Saturdays and 10:30am Sundays. There is no mosque in Reykjavík, but the Association of Muslims in Iceland holds Friday prayers at Ármúli 3, 3rd floor.
[edit] Embassies
[edit] Consulates
[edit] Get out
• Þingvellir National Park is located about an hour and a quarter's drive to the east of Reykjavík, here you can see the canyon caused by the Eurasian and north American plates moving apart. It is also home to the original Alþingi (Parliament) and several other cultural treasures. These factors have seen it added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.
• Gullfoss A spectacular waterfall (which translates as Golden Falls) and one of the nearest big waterfalls to Reykjavík
• Geysir Geothermal hot spot
The first three are normally all included on the Golden Circle tour, a one-day circuit which can be done by coach trip or hire car.
By booking a trans-Atlantic ticket on Icelandair with a free "stop-over" of up to a week in Reykjavík, you can follow a visit to Iceland with a visit to London, Paris, Glasgow, Oslo, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, or another city in Europe, or to Washington, D.C., Boston, Orlando, New York, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Seattle, or another U.S. city. Icelandair also offers direct flights from KEF (Reykjavik) to Toronto and Halifax, Canada.
This is a guide article. It has a variety of good, quality information including hotels, restaurants, attractions, arrival and departure info. Plunge forward and help us make it a star!
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Wikitravel:Star articles
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The proud few articles that have passed the rigorous nomination process to attain Star article status are the best travel guides Wikitravel has to offer. They essentially meet Wikitravel's criteria for perfection, and are at least competitive with the best of existing travel guides to the destination, and at best they exceed all competition. If you are an aspiring Wikitravel writer, you need look no further than these rigorously formatted articles to understand exactly what you should shoot for!
Star articles by geographical distribution
Asia
East Asia
Hiroshima is an industrial city of wide boulevards and criss-crossing rivers, located along the coast of the Seto Inland Sea. Although many only know it for the horrific split second on August 6, 1945, when it became the site of the world's first atomic bomb attack, it is now a modern, cosmopolitan city with a lot of great food and nightlife.
Southeast Asia
Bali, the famed Island of the Gods, with its varied landscape of hills and mountains, rugged coastlines and sandy beaches, lush rice terraces and barren volcanic hillsides all providing a picturesque backdrop to its colourful, deeply spiritual and unique culture, stakes a serious claim to be paradise on earth.
Borobudur is a Buddhist stupa and temple complex dating from the 8th century, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This is one of world's truly great ancient monuments, the single largest Buddhist structure anywhere on earth, and few who visit fail to be taken by both the scale of place, and the remarkable attention to detail that went into the construction.
Nusa Lembongan, fast becoming one of Bali's most popular attractions, is an island paradise a world away from the hassle and hectic pace of South Bali. Neither hawkers nor traffic mar the magnificent scenery; this is a fine place to just put your feet up and relax. Main activities include surfing, diving and snorkeling. The water is some of the clearest you will find anywhere, and a vivid aqua blue in colour.
Ubud is far removed from the drunken bikini scene in Kuta, and is regarded as the cultural centre of Bali. It is famous as an arts and crafts hub, and much of the town and nearby villages seems to consist of artists' workshops and galleries. There are some remarkable architectural sights, artistic gems to be found, and a general feeling of well being to be enjoyed, all thanks to the spirit, surroundings, and climate of the place.
Singapore is a city-state in Southeast Asia. Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, since independence it has become one of the world's most prosperous countries and sports the world's busiest port. Combining the skyscrapers and subways of a modern, affluent city with a medley of Chinese, Indian and Malay influences and a tropical climate, with tasty food, good shopping and a vibrant nightlife scene, this Garden City makes a great stopover or springboard into the region.
Bangkok
Khao San Road is, technically speaking, a small road located about a block from the Chao Phraya River at the northern side of Rattanakosin in Bangkok. Backpackers and budget travelers are drawn here by some of the cheapest accommodation and travel deals in Thailand. Over the years gentrification has taken place as new guest houses, restaurants, bars and clubs moved into the area.
Pratunam is a shopping district in Bangkok. It is a major market area with thousands of fashion stores that sell wholesale with cheap prices guaranteed, especially if you buy in bulk.
Yaowarat and Phahurat is a multicultural district in Bangkok, home to the city's sizable Chinese and Indian communities. By day, Yaowarat doesn't look that much different from any other part of Bangkok, though the neighborhood feels like a big street market and there are some hidden gems waiting to be explored. But at night, the neon signs blazing with Chinese characters are turned on and crowds from the restaurants spill out onto the streets, turning the area into a miniature Hong Kong (minus the skyscrapers). Phahurat is an excellent place for buying fabrics, accessories and religious paraphernalia.
Europe
Benelux
Hilversum is a medium-sized city in the Gooi area of North Holland in the Netherlands. Once called the Garden of Amsterdam, most travelers still come over to cycle and hike through the surrounding forests and heath. The city is also known for its modern architecture, with Dudok's Hilversum Town Hall (Raadhuis Hilversum) being the most significant design. For Dutch people, Hilversum became synonymous with the Dutch media industry.
Britain and Ireland
Berneray is an island in the Outer Hebrides (otherwise known as the Western Isles) off the west coast of Scotland. It is joined to the larger island of North Uist by a short double-track road causeway.
Hampstead is a lovely part of north-central London. The key sights are a wealth of under-stated historical attractions, and the magnificent open spaces of Hampstead Heath. Kenwood House is one of the most accessible of London's great Regency homes, John Keats has a museum devoted to his life and work at his former residence here, and the inspiration for many of John Constable's landscapes is all around you on Hampstead Heath. Combine those with some of the most interesting historical pubs in the whole city, and a vibrant restaurant and cafe scene, and Hampstead really does have much to offer the visitor.
Caucasus
Sheki is Azerbaijan's true travel gem, a small city off on the forested slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains. Rich in Islamic architecture, Silk Road history, good food, and friendly people, this is travel and leisure in the Caucasus at its finest.
Central Europe
Lausanne, the capital of the Swiss canton of Vaud, is a medium sized city (around two thirds the size of Geneva) which sits at the northern most point of Lake Geneva (Lac Léman). The city is the host to the International Olympic Committee and two major universities. It is also the transportation hub of Vaud, and a gateway to the alpine Canton of the Valais, home to some of the best known ski slopes in the world.
France
The 1st arrondissement, the center of contemporary Paris and the site of such landmarks as the Louvre and of the Tuileries and Palais-Royal, is full of attractions for travelers of all inclinations, including some of the finest parks, museums, shops, and bars in the city. The 1st occupies the Right Bank of the River Seine and extends onto the western section of the Île de la Cité in the midst of the river.
Scandinavia
Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark and what a million Danes call home. This "friendly old girl of a town" is big enough to be a metropolis with shopping, culture and nightlife par excellence, yet still small enough to be intimate, safe and easy to navigate. Overlooking the Øresund strait with Sweden just minutes away, it is a cultural and geographic link between mainland Europe and Scandinavia. This is where old fairy tales blend with flashy new architecture and world-class design; where warm jazz mixes with cold electronica from Copenhagen's basements.
Amager is a district and island southwest of central Copenhagen, covering some some 96 km² (37 mi²), and mostly notable as the home of Copenhagen Airport and the charming old fishing hamlet of Dragør. Long considered the backwaters of the city, this old working class district is now undergoing rapid development, contributing to some wonderful contrasts; from the huge uncultivated wetlands of Kalvebod Fælled, the ultra modern Ørestad development area, the laid back and impossibly picturesque Dragør fishing hamlet to the fiercely local patriotic public housing blocks on the northern part of the island.
Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
Staraya Russa is a small, historic town in the center of Novgorod Oblast, long famous domestically for its balneological mineral waters resort, but much more famous among international travelers as Dostoevsky's summer retreat, and the basis for the fictional town of Skotoprigonievsk in The Brothers Karamazov.
Oceania
Australia
Kununurra is a small town built on big dreams in a remote corner of the vast Kimberley region of Western Australia. Its unaffected pastoral feel makes a comfortable base from which to explore the majestic natural attractions in the rugged surrounding landscape.
Menzies is a small town that endured more than 100 years of decline after its gold rush era boom to retain a distinctive impression of the Goldfields' fickle fortunes. The graceful heritage buildings impart histories no less peculiar than the eerie sculptures at nearby Lake Ballard, making Menzies an intriguing destination for the inquisitive traveller.
Itineraries
Along the Magnificent Mile is a one day and night sightseeing tour of Chicago.
The Loop Art Tour is a guided walking tour of Chicago's impressive collection of public art in the Loop, taking 2-4 hours depending on how long you linger at each sight.
Yaowarat and Phahurat Tour is a one day and night guided walking tour through Yaowarat and Phahurat, the home of Bangkok's sizable Chinese and Indian communities.
Travel topics
The Chicago skyline is the world's tallest and easily ranks among its most magnificent. It boasts three of America's five tallest buildings and, if you include its antenna, the massive Sears Tower remains the second tallest skyscraper in the world.
Scuba diving
Diving the Cape Peninsula and False Bay is a regional dive guide intended to provide the already qualified Scuba diver with information which will help to plan dives in the waters of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay, in the immediate vicinity of Cape Town, whether as a local resident or a visitor
The dive site Pinnacle is an inshore rocky reef in the Gordon's Bay area of the east side of False Bay, near Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
The dive sites at Partridge Point, including Big Rock, Seal Rock, Deep Partridge and Peter's Pinnacles are inshore rocky reefs at the southern end of the Castle Rocks restricted zone within the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area on the False Bay coast of the Cape Peninsula, near Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
The dive site Photographer's Reef is an inshore rocky reef near Boulders Beach in Simon's Town, on the False Bay coast of the Cape Peninsula, near Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is in the Boulders restricted zone of the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area.
The dive site Percy's Hole is an inshore rocky reef near Rooi-els on the east side of False Bay, near Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
The dive site at the wreck of the MV Aster in Hout Bay on the Atlantic seaboard of the Cape Peninsula near Cape Town, South Africa, is the wreck of a lobster fishing boat which was scuttled to provide an artificial reef and a diver friendly wreck site.
North America
United States of America
California
San Francisco is a major city in California, the centerpiece of the Bay Area, well-known for its liberal community, hilly terrain, Victorian architecture, scenic beauty, summer fog, and great ethnic and cultural diversity. These are only a few of the aspects of the city that make San Francisco one of the most visited cities in the world.
Chinatown-North Beach in San Francisco combines two adjoining neighbors, both of whom are among the city's most popular immigrant neighborhoods. Culturally and aesthetically, they could not be more different yet their streets mesh seamlessly together.
Civic Center-Tenderloin is an area of Downtown San Francisco. As the name implies, the Civic Center is the primary center of government within the city and many important civic institutions are housed here. Aside from its official duties, it also moonlights as a cultural center with many fine museums, theaters, opera houses, and symphony halls located here.
Fisherman's Wharf is San Francisco's most popular destination among travelers, with circa 12 million visitors flocking here each year. For over a century its historic waterfront was the hub of the city's fishing fleet and is still famous for the depth and variety of its harvest, as well as for having some of the best seafood restaurants in the city. Today, it's also renowned for its numerous tourist attractions such as museums, souvenir stores, historical buildings and piers, and scenic vistas over the Bay.
The Golden Gate area is in the northern section of San Francisco. It is made up of two National Historic Landmarks — The Presidio and Fort Mason — as well as several upscale neighborhoods including Pacific Heights, Cow Hollow, and the Marina District. It has some of the most beautiful scenery and intact natural environments in the city.
Yosemite National Park is internationally recognized for its spectacular granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, giant sequoia groves, and biological diversity. The 750,000-acre, 1,200 square-mile park contains thousands of lakes and ponds, 1600 miles of streams, 800 miles of hiking trails, and 350 miles of roads.
Florida
Walt Disney World
At the Walt Disney World Resort, you can explore human innovation and cooperation; enjoy rides both thrilling and enchanting; relax and recuperate on the beach or the golf course; and discover an entire resort where children and adults can have fun—together.
At Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom, you can learn how tough it is to be a bug, dig for dinosaur bones, challenge the mysterious Himalayan yeti, and view hundreds of live animals in authentic settings.
At Walt Disney World's Downtown Disney, you can design your own T-shirt or marvel at the biggest Disney store in the world; enjoy the fine cuisine of Wolfgang Puck or eat amongst the dinosaurs; visit a virtual-reality theme park or see incredible acrobatic feats; and in general just get away from the Disney parks for a while.
At Walt Disney World's Epcot, you can visit Mexico, France, and China, all in the same afternoon; survive crash tests in an experimental car; soar over California with the wind in your hair; and learn all about human achievement and international cooperation.
At Walt Disney World's Hollywood Studios, you can help Indiana Jones escape from the Nazis, take a wild limousine ride through Los Angeles, get shrunk to the size of a gnat, and learn all about the behind-the-scenes process of creating films and animation.
At Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, you can pillage the Caribbean with Jack Sparrow, spin through a tea party with the Mad Hatter, protect the galaxy with Buzz Lightyear, and visit the six themed lands of the world's most popular theme park.
Mid-Atlantic
Baltimore
Fells Point is a historic maritime neighborhood east of Baltimore's Inner Harbor area that contains the city's densest collection of pubs, bars, and restaurants (good ones, that is).
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States and the seat of its three branches of government, has a collection of free, public museums unparalleled in size and scope throughout the history of mankind, and the lion's share of the nation's most treasured monuments and memorials. The vistas on the National Mall between the Capitol, Washington Monument, White House, and Lincoln Memorial are famous throughout the world as icons of the world's wealthiest and most powerful nation.
Anacostia is the popular name for the huge swathe of Washington, D.C. consisting of the many neighborhoods East of the River. Its heart, in the small, historic neighborhood of Anacostia, is immediately across the Frederick Douglass Bridge from the newly built Nationals Ballpark.
Georgetown is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C. to the south of Woodley Park and west of Dupont Circle across Rock Creek Park. It is a major center of tourism in the capital for its high-end shopping and dining, quaint 18th century rowhouses on cobblestone streets, rowdy collegiate nightlife, waterfront harbor, and Georgetown University.
The National Mall is a National Park and the monumental green space at the heart of the city, the heart of the national psyche, and the heart of civic America. It stretches two miles just south of the White House, from the U.S. Capitol Building in the east to the Lincoln Memorial and Potomac River on the west. The park is home to the Smithsonian, a huge collection of the nation's best (and free) museums, as well as most the country's most famous memorials and monuments. It is the number one destination for visitors in the city, and one of the biggest destinations in the country.
Shaw is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C. just east of Dupont Circle and south of Adams Morgan, but with a history and culture rooted firmly to the D.C.'s African-American history that could not be mistaken for those other neighborhoods. In recent years it has rapidly become one of the most diverse sections of the city, with everyone moving in for the live jazz and high-end nightclubs on U St and 14th, and for the marvelous food, including the amazing Little Ethiopia strip.
Midwest
Ann Arbor is a picturesque city surrounding the University of Michigan. It has a strong bent toward the arts, and an attractive and pedestrian-friendly downtown. Visitors enjoy the city's wonderful sidewalk cafe dining, unique shops, lots of bookstores, and abundant cultural opportunities.
Isle Royale National Park is a United States National Park comprised of Isle Royale and the surrounding waters and small islands, a wilderness preserve in northwest Lake Superior. It's easily identified on maps of the Great Lakes: Lake Superior resembles the profile of a snarling wolf; Isle Royale is the eye. Although it's closer to Ontario, Canada, or even Minnesota, USA, it's part of the state of Michigan.
Chicago
Chicago is the home of the blues and the truth of jazz, the heart of comedy and the idea of the skyscraper. Here, the age of railroads found its center, and airplanes followed suit. Butcher of hogs and believer in progress, it is one of the world's great cities, and yet the metropolitan luxuries of theater, shopping, and fine dining have barely put a dent in real Midwestern friendliness. It's a city with a swagger, but without the surliness or even the fake smiles found in other cities of its size.
Bridgeport-Chinatown is the South Side of Chicago at its most dynamic, as the old South Side Irish neighborhood of the Daleys increasingly blends with the old Chinese immigrant community to the north. Enormous cathedrals now stand next to Buddhist temples, and Old Style washes down lo mein. If you are a visitor, though, you only need to keep in mind two things: Chinese food and baseball.
Bronzeville, the Black Metropolis, is a mecca of African-American History on Chicago's South Side, just miles south of downtown. Gwendolyn Brooks published poetry in the Chicago Defender, Andrew Rube Foster created Negro League Baseball, and Louis Armstrong kept his trumpet singing at the Sunset Cafe to keep Al Capone off his back. Long in disrepair, the neighborhood is coming back, with new residents refurbishing historic homes, and with new dining and nightlife scenes beginning to take root.
Chatham-South Shore is a district at the heart of Chicago's South Side, home to the real Chicago blues, some mind-blowing BBQ, and the best soul food in town.
Hyde Park is one of Chicago's most famous neighborhoods, most certainly so on the South Side, located along the south lakefront. Having played host to the White City, the University of Chicago, President Obama, the setting for Richard Wright's Native Son, and a host of eccentric residents from Saul Bellow to Clarence Darrow to Muhammad Ali, this part of town has more than its fair share of Chicago history.
Lakeview-North Center has the lion's share of Chicago nightlife, starting with Wrigleyville, home of the Chicago Cubs and major players in the city's theater and music scenes, and Boystown, one of the largest and most vibrant GLBT communities in the United States. Down the street from both is the Belmont strip, where teen punks flock to shop and show off in the Dunkin' Donuts parking lot.
In Lincoln Park, collegians mix with freshly-minted lawyers and barrel-chested brokers, all come to sing their good fortune in beer gardens on the north side of Chicago, a short walk from miles of beautiful parks and the fabulous Lincoln Park Zoo. Just south is Old Town, a striking collision of rich and poor, and home of Chicago's two most celebrated theaters, Steppenwolf and Second City.
The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, bounded by the Chicago River to the north and west, Harrison St to the south, and Lake Michigan to the east. It contains the tallest members of Chicago's skyline and much of the city's finest architecture, holding within them much of the city's working stiffs; for visitors, it also has the glitzy downtown theater district, and the biggest annual music festivals.
The Near North is the shop-and-awe center of Chicago. It's bounded by North Avenue to the north, the Chicago River to the west and south, and Lake Michigan to the east. With a whirlwind rush of department stores, restaurants, and luxurious hotels, there's no better place to abuse your budget than the Near North and its celebrated Magnificent Mile.
In the Near South Grant Park overflows from downtown Chicago, leading right up to the main attractions on the lakefront: the splendid Museum Campus, with three world-class (and fun!) natural science museums; Soldier Field, home of the NFL's Chicago Bears; and McCormick Place, the city's massive convention center.
North Lincoln is a collection of neighborhoods on the north side of Chicago through which Lincoln Avenue wanders, remembering treasures and curiosities of the last century in Chicago life, moving along, and forgetting them all over again.
Pilsen is a neighborhood on the Lower West Side of Chicago. Murals of Mexican cowboys notwithstanding, Pilsen is a lot like the Wild West: only a few minutes from the Loop by train, this working-class area is thick with riches in art and historic architecture, encircled by developers and speculators in search of the next hot neighborhood, and occupied by a community that's fiercely proud of where they live.
The Southwest Side of Chicago is far off the beaten path. Plenty of visitors know Midway Airport, but never see anything beyond. Truth be told, there isn't a lot to see. But the Southwest Side does hold some interest as the former home to the infamous Union Stock Yards as well as a pretty long list of hidden culinary gems well worth the trek.
Uptown is a scruffy, jazz-inflected neighborhood on the north side of Chicago. Within its boundaries, off to the side of the action, are the residential areas of Sheridan Park and Buena Park, and an exciting Southeast Asian community based around Argyle Street.
Wicker Park is the vanguard of music, nightlife, and fashion in Chicago. This article also includes the sly, enjoyable Ukrainian Village, immediately south, and pieces of the greater West Town area.
South
Uptown is the central business district of Charlotte. It is home to most of the city's major institutions, as well as being the historic core. It is also the geographic center of Charlotte, with the center point of the city at the intersection of Trade and Tryon Streets.
Southwest
Albuquerque, the largest city in New Mexico, is a vibrant, sprawling desert metropolis. Although overshadowed as a tourist destination by Santa Fe, it has a number of great attractions in its own right, with pleasant scenery, colorful history, and a spectacular hot-air balloon fiesta in the fall.
Santa Fe, founded in 1607, is the capital of the state of New Mexico in the United States. With an elevation of 7000 feet, it is not only the United States' oldest state capital but its highest. With a population of about 70,000, it's not the most populous capital, but that's part of its charm. Santa Fe is consistently rated one of the world's top travel destinations for its confluence of scenic beauty, long history (at least by American standards), cultural diversity, and extraordinary concentration of arts, music and fine dining.
Zion National Park is a United States National Park located in the southern Utah regions of Dixie and Canyon Country. The park protects the incredible rock formations and high sandstone cliffs within its boundaries and is a favorite spot for hiking, backpacking, canyoneering and climbing. In fact, Zion has some of the most spectacular trails in the National Park System. Visitors to Zion walk on the canyon floor and look up, rather than looking down from the rim as in many parks. In addition to the magnificent monoliths and cliffs, the park is known for its desert landscape of sandstone canyons, mesas, and high plateaus.
Texas
Big Bend National Park is vast, rugged, and one of the least visited national parks in the continental U.S. With three distinct ecosystems, endless views, and powerful landscapes, Big Bend may leave you feeling like you've stumbled onto a well-kept secret.
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Copán Ruinas
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Copán[1] was one of the great centers of Maya civilization over a thousand years ago. The beautiful ruins have some of the most impressive pre-Columbian art anywhere. Near the ruins is the modern town of nearly the same name - Copán Ruinas, with clean hotels and other facilities for visitors. Due to their proximity, both locations are covered by this article.
Sculpture at Ruinas de Copán
The ruins are quite substantial and a major tourist attraction in western Honduras. While less visited than the better known tourist attraction ruins like Chichen Itza, many people find them even more interesting.
Copán is in a fertile river valley and nestled among rolling hills, at an elevation so it is not so very hot as some of the Central American rainforest sites.
Parque Central in Copán Ruinas town
Get in
There are direct buses from San Pedro Sula and Guatemala.
Elsewhere in Honduras: There are regular shuttle buses to Copán Ruinas (L40) from La Entrada, a regional transport hub about 1-2 hours from Copán. Find a bus that passes through La Entrada (San Jose, San Pedro Sula, Nueva Ocotepeque, etc.)
Hedman Alas [2] services Copán Ruinas from San Pedro Sula, with connections to/from Tegucigalpa, La Ceiba, and elsewhere. If you just go to the San Pedro Sula bus station, it's likely a bus will be leaving in the near future. Casasola Expresses is a budget (L110) alternative to Hedman Alas.
Guatemala: There are daily shuttles that depart Antigua, Guatemala at 4AM and 9AM and arrive in Copán Ruinas around six hours after departure time. Most travel agents in Antigua sell tickets for this shuttle. Prices vary from $7 to $12.
El Salvador
• Cross the border at El Poy. From there you can get a share taxi to Nueva Ocotepeque (L20). Board a San Jose bound bus and get off at La Entrada (L90). There you can find a minibus to Copán Ruinas (L40).
• More expensive shuttles can be booked from some San Salvador hostels.
Get around
Mini Taxi in the city of Copán Ruinas
Copán is a small community, so don't worry about mapping sights before you get there. If you are a walker and sure-footed, it is safe to walk the cobblestone streets anywhere in town or walk to the ruins on foot. Streets are reportedly safe after dark (however you'll see plenty of white young women who may be vampires on them), but standard precautions apply.
Mototaxis (Honduran rickshaws) will take you anywhere in town for a small fee (L10 around town, L20 to the Ruins/Macaw Mountain).
The Mayan Ruins are a short walk out of town and a further 20 minutes walk will take you to Las Sepulturas, a wonderfully open section of the ruins that many people fail to visit - don't! There is also a short nature walk at the main ruins that meanders around other smaller ruins.
See
Face at Ruinas de Copán
Las Copán Ruinas (entry $15/person) are the highlight of Copán. Although quite extensive, they are not as huge as Tikal in Guatemala or Teotihuacan in Mexico, but there is more sculpture here than any other Pre-Columbian city. The ruins are prized for the carved stellae of ancient rulers, and the well preserved hieryoglyphics including the hieryoglyphic stairway. Also in the archeological park is a marvelous Mayan museum (entry $7/person) with a reconstructed temple and fabulous artifacts. Fans of Maya art or ancient ruins can easily spend two full days between the two main ruins sites and museu. The tunnels are reportedly not worth the extra fee, and are not authentic, having been dug by archaeologists in the 1980s (these tunnels were originally dug for investigation and they show to the visitors the buried parts of older temples since the Mayans built on top of the older structures to make the new ones taller ). In July 2011 it was possible to visit the Sepulturas on the next day without purchasing a second ticket although the main ticket office may not tell you this.
It's recommended to be there when it opens at 8AM, as the site gets very hot by mid-day. Hire a guide at the entrance to the ruins for $25 divided between however many people you can collect. Cesar (30s, good accented English) and Antonio (60s, few teeth, excellent English) are recommended if they're around.
Besides the ruins, the countryside is attractive. Slow paced local life is quite calm, and farming of corn, beans, coffee, and tobacco is the main vocation.
Do
• Agua Caliente. is a natural hot springs about an hour's drive (25km) from Copán proper. A variety of adventure tour companies will take you there for $15/person plus $60/group, which is outrageous considering the alternatives. For cheaper transportation, pickups and minibuses congregate at the soccer field (right before the bridge on the way to the ruins). Gather a group together, and you might negotiate a pickup for $50. They may be willing to wait up to 3 hours for you. even better, be patient, and a (tiny) seat in a minibus is only L35 each way. To get back to town, start walking, and a minibus will pass before long. The drive is very scenic, so enjoy it! One can easily spend the whole day at Agua Caliente, but bring your own food. entry $10/person.
• Macaw Mountain, [3]. is an excellent bird sanctuary a short (L20/person) mototaxi ride from el Centro. The price may seem steep, but the sanctuary is commendable for its beautiful location, free tours in English, swimming hole, and obviously healthy, well cared-for birds. As of January 2011, the birds that are being rehabilitated are brought out for holding at 3PM. The ticket is valid for 3 days, so come back and swim for free. entry $10/person.
• Centro de Mariposas. is a butterfly sanctuary located just outside town. entry L120/person.
• Canopy/zip line, [4]. Copán has one of the world's longest zip lines, including one about 1,000 meters (3,200 feet) long. ~$35/person.
• Horseback Rides. can take you to La Pintada, a Maya Chorti village, and to Los Sapos, which is a small ruin not included in the archaeological park. La Pintada is interesting but overrated, while Los Sapos, though very small, is fascinating with a good guide. It's a 10 minute walk down to the river where you can swim for free. $12-15/person for 3hrs.
Volunteer
There are numerous community-building projects in and around Copán Ruinas. One site to check out is Mayatan Bilingual School [5], a locally-founded independent, non-profit school that educates local children in Spanish and English. The school relies on foreign volunteers to teach its English language courses (Pre-K through high school), and it always welcomes visitors. Mayatan is located on the path to the Macaw Mountain bird park, about 1.5km from the center of town, or a L15 (75¢) taxi ride. Contact David for more information.
Buy
There is an unimpressive market near el Centro. On Sundays, fruit vendors line el Centro with their pickup trucks.
Eat
Most places offer a plato tipico de Honduras. This includes beef strips (or sometimes chicken or eggs), beans, fried plantains, tortillas, cabbage and sour cream. Licuados are either water- or milk-based fruit smoothies that for L30 should be enjoyed every day. Local meals run L80-L120.
• Cafe Via Via - The restaurant/bar in the ViaVia hostel offers great food and standard drinks.
• Picame - This restaurant is small but excellent, offering a great value for your lempira. The proprietor is Jessica who speaks excellent English. Try the double cheeseburger or ENORMOUS breakfast burrito. Caddy-corner from the soccer field, it's an excellent place to get take-out sandwiches for a day at Agua Caliente.
• Comedor Mary - The best local restaurant in town for delicious, cheap, clean Honduran food. Great tipicos and pupusas. Unpretentious and authentic.
• Carnitas Nia Lola - A restaurant a little ways off the parque central that offers a wide variety of delicious food and has a good happy hour. Service can be either excellent or quite slow.
• La Casa de Todo Restaurant - Great food! Homemade bread, yogurt, organic coffee and much more one block down from Banco de Occidente.
• Llama del Bosque - Second only to Comedor Mary for dependable local food. Larger and busier, but an excellent value and good service. The chorizo burrito and fajitas de res are huge and delicious.
• Twisted Tanya's - Run by an expat (Tanya) with a great balcony. 2PM-10PM. Closed on Sunday, Offering a Backpacker special every night, and dishes you would not find anywhere else, Tequila Shrimp, Filet Mignon, curries, and home made pasta's and breads and desserts all made in house.
• Asados Copan - A local "steakhouse" that offers the traditional carne asada in a variety of ways (with onions, jalapeno sauce, on a kabob, etc.) The restaurant is located up the hill from Picame, just one block behind the Banco Occidente on a large open-air wood deck. An entree runs between 100 and 200 lempiras.
• Don Udo´s, Avenida Mirador (BarrioEl Centro), 6514533, [6]. 6AM-10PM. An open restaurant with garden patio and full service menu. The steaks are best known, but there is a large a-la-carte menu with special dishes and snacks.
• Kymberly, Annapolis. Barcito- beautiful food, fun atmosphere. I got the jalapeño hummus with homemade bread, and the kebbhes (middle eastern meatballs), two margaritas and a pack of cigarettes for L225. A little more than $10.
• Sol de Copan German Brewery & Restaurant, Barrio Buena Vista Ave El Mirador (Copan Ruinas), 26514758. 10 to 10. German Beer on tap, German & Hondurian Kitchen
Drink
• Espresso Americano - The Honduran chain. Best coffee shop in town, nice strong espresso drinks.
• La Casa de todo Cafe - in beautiful tropical garden... serve fresh roasted Organic Coffee
• Twisted Tanya's - Surprisingly well-made cocktails for $4 or $5. 2-for-1 from 3PM-6PM and drink specials all night, great balcony overlooking the mountains. Beer on tap and good wine's.
• sol de copan (German brewery & restaurant), Barrio Buena Vista (Copan Ruinas), 26514758. 10 to 10.
Sleep
The town of Copán Ruinas has all types of accommodations for all prices ranges. Most places are located within two blocks of Parque Central.
Budget
• En la manzana verde - Funky hotel run by the Belgian couple that also run the ViaVia cafe. Dormbeds, television, kitchen, 100 Lempiras.
• Las Gemelas - A beautiful, clean hotel run by the charming Dona Mafalda. Simple, tidy rooms with shared bath start at L100. Closed as of Jan 2012?
• Hotel San Jose - A clean hotel. Simple, private, tidy rooms with shared bathrooms, L100 if you haggle.
• 'La Iguana Azul[7]' - An excellent hostel a short walk from el Centro. Dorm beds in small rooms $5, private single $11 private double $13. Run by an American couple, free purified water and good information on the area. Very quiet at night. Highly recommended!
• Hotel Ch'orti, (504) 2651-4694, [8]. Funded through CONIMCHH, the indigenous Ch’ortí Maya organization, your stay here will help support Honduras’ indigenous population. The facilities feature clean, private rooms with en suite bathrooms, free high speed wi-fi, hot showers, picturesque mountain views, free cable, and access to purified water. Just a five minute walk from the center of Copán Ruinas, down the block from La Iguana Azul. The rooms could use a fresh coat of paint and are sometimes stuffy, but get the job done. L200 single, L250 double.
• Full Monte - In the court yard of Twisted Tanya's and Copan Connections, only one room with DVD, Cable, coffee and huge bathroom! Great location right in town and very safe. (504) 2651-4182 $35/$25 weekly and monthly rates.
Mid-range
• Hotel Graditas Mayas - [9]. Located two blocks west from the central park. It offers 15 comfortable rooms.
• Hotel Marina Copán - [10]. Located in the center, this hotel is known for its history, nice architecture and good services. It has over 60 rooms, and the ambiance of the town where it is located makes a perfect and relaxing vacation.
• Hotel Plaza Copán - (504)651-4070 or -4071 or -4072. Located on the square next to the church, this hotel surrounds a pool/ bar/ atrium area. 20 rooms with private bath, TV and A/C. Single/ Double $50US/ $60US.
• La Casa de Café, (504)651-4620, [11]. 10 room B&B in two wings each with private hot water bath, wood paneled ceiling, ceiling fan, writing desk, night table w/ reading lamp and an oversized picture window which looks out onto a great view of the Copán River Valley, the distant mountains and La Casa de Café's own lovely tropical garden. US$45.00 single / night (Plus Tax)US$55.00 double / night (Plus Tax).
• ViaVia Hostel - run by Belgians that offers great sleeping accommodations. They have very good food but can be quite noisy due to the karaoke bar next door.
• Hotel los Jaguares - [12]. Small family run hotel on the main plaza with about 10 rooms. Large rooms with TV, AC and private bath with hot water. Fast wifi. Parking. Free purified water. Very pleasant, helpful and friendly staff. Single / Double US$35/40. (504) 2651 - 4451 or 2651 4075. jaguares@copanhonduras.org or hotellosjaguares@yahoo.com
Splurge
• La Casa Rosada -Bed & Breakfast - (504)651-4324 [13]. Conveniently located two blocks from central park and one kilometer (0.6 miles) from the Mayan archeological site. The hotel has 5 rooms. All rooms have private baths with steam showers, dual head showers, bidets, and a selection of natural hand-made soaps and shampoos. Each room has a DVD/CD player, flat screen LCD TVs with cable, a small refrigerator, A/C and ceiling fan, and 100% cotton linens. The place is beautifully decorated and creates a very relaxing atmosphere. Guests are offered a selection of cigars and fine wine.
• Posada Real de Copán - (504) 651-4480/81/82 [14]. Located 2 kilometer (0.6 miles) from Copán Ruinas and Sepulturas. A little far away from town (3 kilometer - 2 miles). Big rooms, private bath with hot water. Restaurant and Pool & Jacuzzi. Free scheduled shuttle service to town and Ruinas/Sepulturas.
• Terramaya [15] (2 1/2 blks north of Central Park), 504 651-4623. Six rooms each with either private full size terrace, private garden or private balcony. Hammock, a/c, ceiling fan, Egyptian cotton linens, lovely handcrafted hardwood furniture, wood beamed ceilings, library, full breakfasts included in rate, massage pavilion, outdoor shower, free wireless internet, internet jack in each guest room, garden, complimentary coffee, tea and iced tea. Spectacular views from guest rooms.
Get out
• Antigua Guatemala - Many shops in town sell tickets for the Antigua shuttle, which departs at 5:30AM and at midday, pickup from your hostel is all part of the service ($20US - August 2011).
• El Florido (Guatemala Border) - A minibus leaves regularly from the bridge near the central square beginning at 6AM (L30). From El Florido you can catch a minibus to Chiquimula (Q20), a transport hub. Of particular interest in Chiqui is the direct bus to Flores via Rio Hondo, Rio Dulce and Poptun. Leaves from the main bus station in the market at 9:30AM daily (Q85, 8 hours). Leave Copán bright and early and you will have plenty of time to get the bus to Flores.
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Latin America
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 04:50, 8 September 2011 by 122.168.228.51 (Talk)
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Latin America includes those countries in South, Central and North America where Spanish or Portuguese is the official or most common language. Although the term is sometimes used in the United States to refer to the entire region of the Americas to the south, it is more properly a cultural or linguistic term. It is not precisely defined, but does not include the United States of America, Canada, or Caribbean islands where English and/or local languages are dominant. (French-speaking nations are sometimes included, as the language is Latin-based, but this isn't the usual sense of the term.)
[edit] Caribbean
[edit] Central America
[edit] North America
[edit] South America
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
7330.5 - Summary of Crops, Western Australia, 1992-93
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/08/1994
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Publications
7330.5 - Summary of Crops, Western Australia
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4839.0 - Patient Experiences in Australia: Summary of Findings, 2011-12 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/11/2012
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HARM AND HARMFUL SIDE-EFFECTS
This chapter provides information about harm or harmful side-effects experienced by people in the past year. Respondents were asked whether they had experienced harm or harmful side-effects from any medication, medical care, treatment or test in that time, and if so:
• where they had the medication, medical care, treatment or test that caused the harm or harmful side-effects
• whether they received information beforehand of the possible risk of harm or harmful side-effects
• whether they received an explanation of their most recent harm or harmful side-effect
• whether they understood the explanation provided
• whether they sought treatment from a health professional
• how satisfied they were with the way the situation was handled by the health professional for the most recent incident.
In 2011–12, 4% of people aged 15 years and over had experienced harm or harmful side-effects from medication, medical care, treatment or a test. This represented a slight decline since when this information was last collected in 2009 (5%). Nationally, around three-quarters (77%) of those who experienced harm or a harmful side-effect saw a health professional regarding their most recent harm or harmful side-effect. (Tables 1 and 22)
Of the people who had seen a health professional for their most recent experience of harm or harmful side-effects, four out of five were either satisfied or very satisfied with the way the situation was handled (81%). (Table 22)
Across Australia, 61% of people aged 15 years and over who experienced harm or harmful side-effects had been informed of the risk that harm or a harmful side-effect might occur. Slightly more males (65%) than females (59%) had been informed of the risk. (Table 22)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
5501.6 - Government Finance Statistics, Tasmania, 1999-2000
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/05/2001
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Previously: Local Government Finance, Tasmania
Provides Tasmania State and local government finance statistics. Tables show: operating statement revenues and expenses, and net operating balance; net acquisition of non-financial assets and net lending/borrowing; cash flow statements and surplus/deficit; expenses by purpose; details of taxation revenues; State and local sector balance sheets and net worth; operating statements and balance sheets for each council.
See also 5512.0.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
Statistics by Catalogue Number
54. International trade
5409.0Overseas Trade - Part I - Exports and Imports, 1976-77
5422.0International Merchandise Trade, Australia, Mar 2003
5432.0.65.001International Merchandise Exports, Australia - Electronic Delivery, Sep 2003
5439.0International Merchandise Imports, Australia, Apr 2013
5439.0.55.001Information Paper: Changes to Ausstats Tables for International Merchandise Imports, Australia, Jul 2005
5465.0International Trade, Australia - Information Consultancy Subscription Service, 2000
5466.0International Trade, Australia - Information Consultancy Ad Hoc Service, 2000
5485.0Australian Outward Finance and Insurance Foreign Affiliate Trade, 2009-10
5487.0Information Paper: International Merchandise Trade Statistics, Australia: Data Confidentiality, 1999
5488.0Information Paper: International Merchandise Trade Statistics Revision of Commodity Classifications, 1996
5489.0International Merchandise Trade, Australia, Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2001
5492.0Information Paper: A Methodology for Estimating Regional Merchandise Exports - Including Experimental Estimates for Three Queensland Regions, 1994-95 to 1996-97
5494.0Economic Activity of Foreign Owned Businesses in Australia, 2000-01, 2000-01
5495.0Australian Outward Foreign Affiliates Trade, 2002-03
5496.0.55.001Foreign Ownership of Australian Exporters and Importers, 2002-03
5497.0.55.001Information Paper: Request to Confidentialise International Trade Data, 2001
5498.0.55.001Information Paper: International Trade - Ensuring Data Quality, 2008
5499.0.55.001Information Paper: International Trade Classification Feasibility Studies, 2001
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4183.0 - Cultural Funding, Australia, 1996-97
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/09/1998
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Contains estimates of funding for arts and cultural activities by the three levels of government in Australia.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6416.0 - House Price Indexes: Eight Capital Cities, Dec 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/02/2009
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DECEMBER KEY FIGURES
Sep Qtr 08 to Dec Qtr 08
Dec Qtr 07 to Dec Qtr 08
Established house prices
% change
% change
Weighted average of eight capital cities
-0.8
-3.3
Sydney
-0.3
-4.1
Melbourne
-1.7
-3.2
Brisbane
-1.2
-1.4
Adelaide
0.3
2.0
Perth
-0.9
-6.7
Hobart
-1.0
-3.1
Darwin
1.6
3.8
Canberra
0.7
-4.1
Established house prices, Weighted average of eight capital cities - Quarterly % change
Established house prices, Quarterly % change - December quarter 2008
DECEMBER KEY POINTS
ESTABLISHED HOUSE PRICES
Quarterly Changes
• Preliminary estimates show the price index for established houses for the weighted average of the eight capital cities decreased 0.8% in the December quarter 2008.
• The main contributors to the decrease were Melbourne (-1.7%), Brisbane (-1.2%), Perth (-0.9%), Sydney (-0.3%) and Hobart (-1.0%). These decreases were offset by increases in Adelaide (+0.3%), Canberra (+0.7%) and Darwin (+1.6%).
• The movement in the preliminary established house price index between June and September quarters 2008 has been revised from an estimated decrease of 1.8% to a decrease of 2.4%.
ANNUAL CHANGES (DECEMBER QUARTER 2007 TO DECEMBER QUARTER 2008)
• Over the year to December quarter 2008, preliminary estimates show that the price index for established houses for the weighted average of the eight capital cities decreased 3.3%.
• Annually, house prices rose in Darwin (+3.8%) and Adelaide (+2.0%), and fell in Perth (-6.7%), Sydney (-4.1%), Canberra (-4.1%), Melbourne (-3.2%), Hobart (-3.1%), and Brisbane (-1.4%).
• The movement in the preliminary established house price index between September quarters 2007 and 2008 has been revised from an estimated increase of 2.8% to an increase of 1.6%.
NOTES
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
ISSUE (QUARTER) Release Date
March 2009 4 May 2009
June 2009 4 August 2009
September 2009 2 November 2009
December 2009 1 February 2010
CHANGES IN THIS ISSUE
This issue introduces an updated weighting pattern and changes to the stratification method used in the calculation of the established house price index. More details of these changes can be found in the Appendix on page 18 of this issue.
REVISIONS
Estimates for the two most recent quarters of the established house price index series are preliminary and are subject to revision (see paragraphs 12 and 13 of the Explanatory Notes). This issue, revisions to June and September quarters 2008 also reflect updates to the weighting pattern and stratification method.
The series for median price of established house transfers (unstratified) and number of established house transfers are subject to revision. In addition to the usual reason for revisions outlined in paragraph 27 of the Explanatory Notes, this issue there are revisions resulting from implementation of the updated stratification method.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or Mark Dubner on Sydney (02) 9268 4448.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/02/2008
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Contents >> Energy
ENERGY
Energy is a vital input to all sectors of the economy. As well as supplying the power on which industry and households depend, the production and supply of energy provides employment, investment and export opportunities, all of which contribute substantially to the welfare and standard of living of Australians.
Energy sources are divided into two groups - renewable (energy sources for which the supply is essentially inexhaustible) and non-renewable (energy sources with a finite supply). Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydro-electricity, geothermal and biomass. However, most of Australia's energy comes from non-renewable fossil fuel sources, such as oil, natural gas, coal and uranium.
Australia's energy resources are outlined in the initial section of this chapter. Subsequent sections describe the supply and use of energy in Australia, the production of primary energy, international trade in energy products, and provide an analysis of energy use.
This section contains the following subsection :
Resources
Supply and use
Production
International trade in energy products
Energy use
Energy Bibliography
Previous PageNext Page
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6291.0.40.001 - Labour Force, Selected Summary Tables, Australia, Feb 2003
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/03/2003
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Contains selected final labour force tables -- labour force status for regions; duration of unemployment for Australia, States and Territories (every month); and industry of employment for Australia (in February, May, August and November).
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Category:Former Albemarle County Commonwealth's Attorneys
From Cvillepedia
Revision as of 19:14, 24 January 2012 by B.S. Lawrence (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Former Albemarle County Commonwealth's Attorneys
Pages in category "Former Albemarle County Commonwealth's Attorneys"
This category contains only the following page.
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Mount shadow volumes on disk images
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 23:35, 30 July 2012 by Joachim Metz (Talk | contribs)
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Windows Shadow Volumes when created are automatically mounted at the file system root by Windows. Unfortunately this is invisible to the user and can not be directly accessed. Mklink, an included command line utility that ships with Windows is able to create a symbolic link that allows access to these shadow volumes.
Shadow Volumes that exsit on a drive image are no different. They too can be accessed by creating a symbolic link to the location of the volume. There is a caveat here though -- the Shadow Volume is mounted at the local file system's root rather than the drive image's file system root.
This example will be showing how to mount a virtual disk image in the VHD format using Windows 7's built in tools. It will then proceed to detail the steps of mounting a Shadow Volume that exists on the disk image. Note: Windows 7 Professional or Ultimate edition are required as the necessary tools are not bundled with other versions.
Contents
Mounting the Disk Image
The first step is to mount the VHD. If you have a RAW image or another similar format these can be converted to VHD using a tool such as qemu-img (http://wiki.qemu.org/Main_Page) or vmToolkit's Vmdk2Vhd utility (http://vmtoolkit.com/).
• To mount the VHD bring up the Start menu in Windows.
• Right click on "Computer" and click "Manage". This will bring up a
window titled "Computer Management".
Open the Computer Management window.
• Now double click on "Storage" in the center pane.
Click "storage" in the center pane.
• Next double click the "Manage Storage" in the center pane.
Double click "manage storage" in the center pane.
• Now click the "More Actions" menu in the right most pane and select "Attach VHD".
Select Attach VHD in the right pane.
• Browse to the location of the drive image that you would like to mount and hit "OK".
Now that the image is mounted we can begin the examine the Shadow Volumes on it.
Command Prompt Method
These steps can also be accomplished using an administrator enabled Command Prompt. To perform these steps using the command prompt the diskpart command must be used.
• To start type "diskpart" at the command prompt.
C:\> diskpart
When diskpart starts the prompt will change to say DISKPART>.
• Next select the drive image by typing "select vdisk file=<path to image>" where <path to image> is the path to the vhd file.
DISKPART> select vdisk file=C:\myimage.vhd
• Last type "attach vdisk" or optionally if you'd like to mount it read only "attach vdisk readonly".
DISKPART> attach vdisk readonly
Mounting the Shadow Volume
To work with the Shadow Volumes we will use the VSSAdmin tool bundled with Windows 7 Ultimate and Professional editions.
• Start by opening an Administrator enabled command shell. This can be done by right clicking on the Command Prompt application in Start > Accessories > Command Prompt and selecting "Run As Administrator".
• Once the command prompt is open you can view the available Shadow Volumes by typing: "vssadmin list shadows".
C:\> vssadmin list shadows
• At this point you may see a long list of Shadow Volumes that were
created both by the machine the disk image is from as well as local shadow volumes. To list just the Shadow Volumes associated with the drive image you can add an optional /FOR=<DriveLetter:\> where DriveLetter is the drive letter that the drive image is mounted on.
C:\> vssadmin list shadows /for=E:\
vssadmin list
• Now that we have a list of the Shadow Volumes we can mount them using the mklink tool. To do this, on the command line type:
"mklink /D C:\<some directory> \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy#"
Where <some directory> is the path that you'd like the mount the Shadow Volume at, and the # in HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy is the number o the Shadow Volume to mount. Please note that the trailing slash is absoutely necessary. Without the slash you will receive a permissions error when trying to access the directory.
mklink /D C:\shadow_volume_1 \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\
• If all was successful you should receive a message that looks like this:
symbolic link created for <some directory> <<===>> \\?GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\
You can now browse the files contained in the Shadow Volume just like
any other files in your file system!
Success!
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ipc vs socket prg
Go4Expert Member
2Apr2007,17:45 #1
what is different between ipc and socket programming .
when we use ipc?
when we use socket programming?
Team Leader
2Apr2007,19:07 #2
IPC is for communication between processes. Let me recommend Beej's guides; there's one for each.
Go4Expert Member
2Apr2007,19:08 #3
what about socket prg
Go4Expert Member
2Apr2007,19:09 #4
can we communicate with remote system using only ipc?
Team Leader
2Apr2007,19:18 #5
As I mentioned, Beej has tutorials for BOTH. I suggest your read them or something similar. When a person posts multiple posts in a row (particularly on frequent occassions) I know that person is shooting from the hip. By that, I mean not thinking clearly and thoroughly, but just tossing each random thought at the forum. That is a waste of our time, and yours.
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Ranger
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Vehicle
Ranger
A Ranger in its original appearance in GTA London 1969 and GTA London 1961.
Appearance(s) GTA London 1969
GTA London 1961
GTA San Andreas
Vehicle type Civilian 4x4 (GTA London)
Law enforcement SUV (GTA San Andreas)
Body style 2-door camper
Capacity 2 (driver and passenger)
The Ranger may refer to any one of two distinct off-road vehicles in the GTA series. The Ranger name was first used in Grand Theft Auto: London, 1969 and Grand Theft Auto: London, 1961 for a civilian 4x4, while Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas reintroduces the Ranger name for a rural police vehicle.
Contents
Design
The London renditions of the Ranger, with a top-down profile similar to a Land Rover 109" Series II, are essentially 4x4s comparable to Grand Theft Auto 1's 4x4 and Repair Van, reflecting off-road vehicles of the games' era and setting. Despite its use by civilians, the Ranger only appears with a green body and a white roof. Like the Repair Van, it also features a front-lid mounted spare tire, similar to a Land Rover.
In GTA San Andreas, the Ranger is depicted as police-issued Ranchers that are outfitted with sirens, light bars, radio antennas, and a camper shell/criminal-hold in the back. Its color scheme is also distinctive from "panda" paintwork seen on standard police cars in the game, featuring a white hood, a black roof and a white camper shell.
Performance
GTA London's Ranger is a somewhat lumbering vehicle, with average top speed but below-average acceleration, bulky weight, poor brakes and poor handling. However, the Ranger does have one of the fastest maximum reversing speed, on par with the Beagle 3. The Ranger's base export value is £500 if delivered in perfect condition.
GTA San Andreas's Ranger handles almost the same as the original Rancher. It is slightly faster, and has slightly larger ground clearance, It also has a slightly more durable body and can sustain more damage than the Rancher. It is a great off-road vehicle and can drive on rocks. Despite this, because of weight and little traction, it isn't the best vehicle for hill climbing. Doing so will often cause it to tip over, falling down the mountain. Immediate, simultaneous sharp turns made at high speeds can also often cause it to tip over.
Trivia
The irregular headlights of the Ranger in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.
• Due to modeling errors, the Ranger in GTA San Andreas features two peculiarities. When damaged significantly, smoke or fire will emerge from the center of the vehicle instead of its engine in the front. In addition, its right headlight does not illuminate completely, as it only glows.
• The GTA San Andreas rendition of the police Rancher appears in Bully, a Rockstar Vancouver game, as a traffic vehicle in the town area.
Locations
• The Ranger in GTA San Andreas is primarily native to rural San Andreas, where rough terrain merits its presence.
• In a garage next to the Police Department in Dillimore.
• In front of the El Quebrados sheriff's office when dating Barbara Schternvart. It will be unlocked once you have reached 50% relationship status with her.
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Bibliography: Three Early Novels
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Title: Three Early Novels
Author: Philip K. Dick
Year: 2000
Type: OMNIBUS
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 735521
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Nano Express
Nanometer Sized Silver Particles Embedded Silica Particles—Spray Method
G Gnana kumar1, B Karunagaran2, KeeSuk Nahm1,3* and R Nimma Elizabeth4
Author Affiliations
1 Specialized Graduate School of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Engineering, Chonbuk, National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
2 Semiconductor Physics Research Center and Department of Semiconductor, Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
3 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
4 Department of Physics, Lady Doak College, Madurai, 625002, India
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2009, 4:452-458 doi:10.1007/s11671-009-9269-y
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:
Received:25 December 2008
Accepted:27 January 2009
Published:18 February 2009
© 2009 to the authors
Abstract
Spherical shaped, nanometer to micro meter sized silica particles were prepared in a homogeneous nature by spray technique. Silver nanoparticles were produced over the surface of the silica grains in a harmonized manner. The size of silver and silica particles was effectively controlled by the precursors and catalysts. The electrostatic repulsion among the silica spheres and the electro static attraction between silica spheres and silver particles make the synchronized structure of the synthesized particles and the morphological images are revealed by transmission electron microscope. The silver ions are reduced by sodium borohydride. Infra red spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirm the formation of silver–silica composite particles. Thermal stability of the prepared particles obtained from thermal analysis ensures its higher temperature applications. The resultant silver embedded silica particles can be easily suspended in diverse solvents and would be useful for variety of applications.
Keywords:
Attraction; Repulsion; Silver; Spray; Thermal
Introduction
The glory of nanomaterials is imperative and stimulated its various dimensions in nano-electronics, analytical chemistry, photonics, drug delivery, bio encapsulation, data recording media, gas sensing, storage, electronic, optical, and mechanical devices [1-7]. The large interfacial area, mechanical, chemical, and optical properties afforded by the nanomaterials promote the efficiency of the above fields. Besides, the effective characteristics such as quantum-size effect, nonlinear optical properties, and unusual luminescence than that of their bulk materials influence its viable applications [8-12]. But the applications of nanomaterials in industries have been hampered by the difficulty in controlling their size and morphology in a bulk amount. This impedes the commercial application of nanoparticles across the global industries than the micro particles. Various techniques have been adopted to synthesize the nanoparticles such as ultra sonication, pretreatment steps in electro less plating, electrostatic assemble method, and bi-functional composite method. The uncontrolled flow of chemicals by the above conventional methods leads to the aggregation as well as nonhomogeneous nature of the nanoparticles and even sometimes it leads to the formation of micro particles too. It has also degraded the product quality and could not provide the anticipated efforts in particle dispersal, which makes the application process tedious.
But through the spray technique, flow rate could be effectively controlled, which avoids the aggregation and promotes the homogeneous nature of the synthesized particles. The spray technique is well known for its rapidness, applicable for the heat-sensitive materials, simplicity, high purity, and the prospect of scale up [13,14]. Among the nanoparticles, silica and silver have been extensively used in cosmetics, textiles, paints, bio-products, nanoscale electronic devices, photographic emulsions, catalysis, pigments, ceramics, optoelectronics, and the protection of environmentally sensitive materials [15-18]. The above-mentioned applications are being satisfied by a single material, i.e., either by silver or silica. By combining the above two materials, more remarkable properties can be achieved and influences its viable applications in various fields. In recent times, silver nanoparticles embedded silica particles have been of great interest due to their potential applications in electronic, optical, catalytic, bactericidal, and fungicidal fields [19-21]. Hence, an attempt was carried out for the synthesis of silver embedded silica particles by spray method. The structural characterization and thermal analysis of the synthesized particles are reported. Moreover, by simply changing the content of precursors and catalysts, a chance of nanometer to micrometer sized particles is guaranteed and has reported as follows.
Experimental Section
Tetra ethyl ortho silicate (Si(OC2H5)4, TEOS), ammonium hydroxide (as a catalyst) distilled water, ethanol, silver nitrate, and sodium borohydride were used as source materials and were analytically pure. The spray equipment has been designed according to the procedure described previously [22]. Briefly, a quartz capillary nozzle is fitted with a reservoir. One end of the reservoir is connected with a round bottomed flask and another end is fixed with a pressure regulator for the flow of nitrogen. The synthesis of silica is described previously [13] and the synthesis of silver–silica composite particles is described as follows: appropriate amount of TEOS (7.5 wt% for 90 nm in ethanol solution, 20.38 wt% for 1 μm in ethanol solution) was taken in a reservoir. It was sprayed (pressure 10 psi) drop wise in to the mixture of ammonium hydroxide (4.25 wt% for 90 nm silica particles, 37.64 wt% for 1 μm silica particles in ethanol). Then appropriate amounts of aqueous silver nitrate solution (4.75 wt% for 6–9 nm silver particles, 9.20 wt% for 30–34 nm silver particles) and sodium borohydride were sprayed drop wise over the above mixture and continuously stirred for 4 h at room temperature. The particles were separated by the centrifugal machine. The separated particles were washed twice with ethanol by ultra sonication and dried in an oven at 80 °C for 4 h.
Conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs were recorded on (JEOL JEM-2010). FT-IR spectra of the samples were recorded at room temperature using Jasco FT-IR-300 E in the region 400–4,000 cm−1. Thermal gravimetric analysis was carried out using Perkin Elmer instrument. The TGA measurements were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 30 to 800 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was carried out on a Kratos Amicus spectrometer (Kratos Analytical Ltd. Manchester, England). The PL spectra of the synthesized particles were measured by a spectrometer with a CCD detector (Jasco, FP-6500).
Results and Discussion
Figure 1 shows the TEM microscopic images of silica particles. From the images, it is clear that mono dispersed and smooth surfaced 90-nm silica particles were obtained from spray method under base-catalyzed condition. Figure 2 a, b reveals the silver embedded nanometer sized silica particles. The silver nanoparticles in the range of 3 to 6 nm were homogeneously mobilized over the surface of the silica particle. The incorporation of silver particles does not change the spherical morphology of silica particles. Figure 2c indicates a much closer view of the silver particles embedded on the silica particle and ensures the homogeneous nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The hydrolysis of tetra ethyl ortho-silicate (TEOS) under alkaline condition resulted the Si(OH)4 tetrahedra. It is followed by the condensation (polymerization) of the dispersed phase material, which yielded three dimensional silica nanospheres. The inclusion of ammonia promotes the hydrolysis, which facilitated the condensation rate and results in faster kinetics. The formed spherical shaped silica particles are negatively charged under alkaline condition and the repulsive electric forces highly capitulate mono dispersed silica spheres [23]. The added aqueous AgNO3 solution has reduced in to silver ions by the inclusion of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The reduced silver particles possess the positive charge and are being adsorbed on the surface of the silica particles, which were negatively charged. The silver ions were reduced first and then have become the nucleus for the deposition of the nanosilver on the silica particles. The electro static repulsion experienced between the silica nanospheres avoid the aggregation, whereas the electro static attraction between the silica spheres and silver leads to the attachment of Ag particles on the silica surface. Figure 3 reveals the 30–34 nm sized silver particles embedded on the 1 μm sized silica particles. From this, it is clear that with the variation of silica and silver precursors concentration, nanometer to micrometer ranged homogeneous particles could be prepared without the change in any experimental parameters. An increase in the precursors concentration effectively promotes the size of the synthesized particles. The enrollment of controlling size and homogeneity of the silver embedded silica particles by the conventional methods is tedious but from the spray technique nanometer to micrometer sized particles can be effectively controlled and ensures its viable applications in various fields. Figure 4 reveals the EDX spectrum, and the presence of Si, Ag, and oxygen elements indicates the formation of the pure silver–silica composite.
Figure 1. TEM images of 90 nm silica particles
Figure 2. TEM images ofa,b3–6 nm sized silver embedded 90 nm silica particles andca closer view of the silver nanoparticles
Figure 3. TEM images ofa,b30–34 nm sized silver embedded 1 μm silica particles
Figure 4. EDX spectrum of silver embedded silica particles
Figure 5 shows the IR profile of pure silica and silver embedded silica particles, the characteristic bands were assigned as follows: the broad characteristic bands observed at 3,440 and 1,640 cm−1 are attributed for the O–H stretching of molecular adsorbed water with hydrogen bonds or to isolate OH and to the H–O–H bending vibration of molecular water, respectively. The asymmetric LO and TO stretching bonds ≡Si–O–Si≡ of the SiO4 tetrahedron were assigned for the peaks found at 1,106 cm−1 along with the accompanied shoulder at 1,398 cm−1, respectively. The shoulder found at 953 cm−1 attributed to the Si–O–H stretching vibrations. Si–O–Si symmetric stretch of the obtained silica particles was observed at 800 cm−1. Si –O–Si or O–Si– O bending mode was observed at sharp one located at 469 cm−1 and was shifted to 471 cm−1 for silica–silver composite. An intense peak found at 1,384 cm−1 was attributed for the silver particles (Fig. 5b) [13,24]. The separate bands for the silver–silica composites have not found out with a high intensity and narrow width for the synthesized samples. But all the characteristic bands of silica were shifted for the silver embedded silica particles. The split and shifts of bands observed from the IR spectra indicate the formation of silver embedded silica matrix [25]. Since only infrared peaks related to the SiO2 surface layer and silver observed from the infra red spectroscopic analysis indicates the high purity of the prepared sample.
Figure 5. IR profile of (a) silica particles and (b) silver embedded silica particles
The thermal analysis of the prepared samples is given in Fig. 6. A low percentile weight loss was observed for the synthesized silica and silver embedded silica particles. The first main weight loss was observed at around 100 °C and attributed for the evaporation of weakly adsorbed water molecules. The weight losses observed for silica and silver embedded silica were 7.1% and 3.4%, respectively for this region. The condensation of silanol groups yielded the second weight loss at 200–350 °C. Here, the thermal weight loss of silica and silver embedded silica were 8.32% and 8.49%, respectively. The loss of water molecule via condensation of silanol groups resulted in the third weight loss at 700–800 °C and the thermal weight losses observed in this stage were 10.85% and 12.62% [13,26]. At lower temperatures, pure silica particle experiences lower thermal stability than the silver–silica composite material. Though the incorporation of silver nanoparticles over the silica matrix experiences lower thermal stability at higher temperatures, a lower weight percentile loss obtained from the thermal analysis ensures the thermal stability of the synthesized silver embedded silica particles.
Figure 6. Thermal analysis: (a) silica particles and (b) silver embedded silica particles
Figure 7 reveals the XPS spectrum of pure silica and silver–silica composite matrix. The strong peaks observed at 101.75 and 152 eV reveal the Si2P and Si2S spectrum and confirm the presence of silica (Fig. 7a) [27]. The peak found at 531.84 eV shows the O1S spectrum and attributed to the OH groups, which are present in the surface of silica [28]. Besides, a weak C1S peak was also observed at 282.4 eV in pure silica sample (Fig. 7a). This C1S signal might be due to the incomplete hydrolysis of the alkoxide precursor used for the synthesis of the pure silica particles. These peaks confirm the formation of silica particle. The above-mentioned pure silica XPS peaks were also observed for the silver embedded silica particles as shown in Fig. 7b. Besides, a doublet band observed at about 368.8 and 374.6 eV corresponds to the Ag3d5/2 and Ag3d3/2 spectrums, respectively, and confirms the presence of silver over the surface of the silica particles [29]. No other peaks observed in the XPS spectrum confirm the high purity of the prepared samples.
Figure 7. XPS spectrum of (a) silica particles and (b) silver embedded silica particles
Figure 8 reveals the PL spectrum of pure silica and silver–silica composites under the excitation wavelength of 250 nm. For the pure silica particles, a strong peak observed at 301 nm was attributed for the origination of two-fold-coordinated silicon lone-pair centers (≡O–Si–O≡). It corresponded to the intrinsic diamagnetic defect centers. For bare silica, both the photo excitation and radiative recombination occurred within itself, whereas for silver-loaded silica the distinguished increase in PL intensity was observed. The PL emission at 310–370 nm from porous silicon prepared by high temperature oxidation [30] or from the silicon oxide film prepared with various deposition techniques [31] has been observed and attributed to the oxygen excess defects, such as a peroxy linkage –Si–O–O–Si–. Qin et al. [32] have reported that the SiO2 powder annealed in O2 at high temperature has a PL peak at 370 nm and an obvious PLE peak at 280 nm monitored at the emission wavelength. Garcia et al. [33] have found that the silica coatings prepared via sol–gel in air show a PL spectrum dominated by a peak at 370 nm upon excitation with 322 nm light. In this study, the PL peak observed at 310 nm is associated with the ≡Si–Si≡ oxygen vacancies. During the implantation of silver ions over a silica matrix, a large extent of structural defects were resulted from the splitting of the perfect ≡Si–O–Si≡ network and a peak at 310 nm ensures the large concentration of ≡Si—Si≡ oxygen vacancies. This oxygen vacancy is created by electronic excitation effect as well as chemical reaction. Electronic excitation creates depth profile of Si–Si bonds, whereas chemical reaction creates the profile of implanted silver ions. When the chemical reaction is predominant, implanted ions chemically react with oxygen atoms in the silica network structure for the formation of implant-oxygen bonds and leaving Si–Si bonds [34]. The PL peak found at 358 nm was attributed to the atomic silver. The Ag oligomers dispersed within the pores of silica formed by the reduction of AgNO3 were clearly evidenced from the above peak and ensure their complete incorporation and higher chemical stability [35]. The harmonious distribution of nanosized silver particles, optical, electrical, catalytic, microbicidal properties of the composite makes its potential application in nano-electronics, nonlinear optical devices, catalysts, delivery of drugs, sensors, bactericidal, and fungicidal fields and are assigned as follows: silver–silica composite materials exhibit excellent antibacterial characteristics even at the lower concentrations and are nontoxic. Organic materials based antibacterial agents are chemically unstable and cannot be utilized under precise conditions. But it was effectively tackled by the silver embedded silica particles due to its high anti antibacterial and chemical durability. In general, the oxidation of alcohols had been catalyzed by chromium. Due to its high cost and harmful nature, it was greatly avoided for utilization. The silver–silica composite catalyst induces the high conversion rate of the alcohols oxidation due to its highly exposed surface, which is responsible for more reaction sites [36]. The presence of silver clusters in silica promotes the third-order optical non-linear susceptibility, which leads to an intensity-dependent refractive index thus allowing the scheduling and the development of all-optical switching devices. The well-adsorbed silver nanoparticles inside the channel of silica completely reduce the catalyst leaking. It makes the catalyst stable and anti-contaminated, which lead to a promoted sensor for the determination of hydrogen peroxide [37]. The tunable pore sizes with narrow distributions and well-defined surface properties of the composite allowing them to adsorb certain kinds of drugs and release these drugs in a more reproducible manner and find their application in drug delivery [38]. Besides the present results suggest that the fused silica could generate different photoluminescence emission, excited with different incident beams, which can be interesting for applications in the optoelectronic field.
Figure 8. PL spectrum ofasilica particles andbsilver embedded silica particles
Conclusion
With the variation of precursors and ammonium hydroxide, silver embedded silica particles with different particle sizes were synthesized. Harmonized size and spherical shape of the particles were confirmed by morphological images. EDX, infra red spectroscopy, and XPS measurements ensure the formation of silver embedded silica particles and its high purity. Harmonized distribution of silver embedded silica particles prepared by the novel spray technique has proven as a prevailing approach for the synthesis of silver embedded silica nanoparticles.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) through the Specialized Graduate School program. The authors convey their heart felt gratitude to Dr. Senthilarasu, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea for his guidance.
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Mater. Lett.. 2007, 61:1951.
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J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol.. 2004, 30:89. Publisher Full Text
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J. Mater. Sci. Lett.. 2003, 22:891.
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J. Electron Spectrosc. Rel. Phenom.. 1977, 10:85.
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Appl. Phys. A. 1990, 51:411.
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Solid State Commun.. 1996, 97:221.
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Appl. Surf. Sci.. 1994, 79–80:321. Publisher Full Text
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Appl. Phys. Lett.. 1996, 69:1689.
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Mater. Lett.. 2000, 43:23. Publisher Full Text
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[20] Isaiah is very bold, and says, "I was found by those who didn't seek me. I was revealed to those who didn't ask for me."
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus Latin (Saint Jerome, Bible Foundation and On-Line Book Initiative)
load focus Greek (Brooke Foss Westcott, Fenton John Anthony Hort, 1885)
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0031.tlg006.perseus-eng1:10.20
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TGW Awards 2012 Conveyor Material Handling Equipment Integrator Award for 6th Time to Integrated Systems Design - ISD
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Conveyor and high density storage and retrieval systems manufacturer, TGW of michigan, awards one of their top 2012 sales awards to integrated systems design – ISD for integrating TGW conveyor and automated storage and retrieval systems – ASRS - in distribution, manufacturing, warehouse, retail, and wholesale organizations throughout north america which reduce floor space, inventory and labor requirements while providing a fast return on investment.
Wixom, MI, United States, January 16, 2013 - (PressReleasePoint) - TGW, a world leading manufacturer of material handling equipment such as conveyor, mini-load automated storage and retrieval systems has awarded Integrated Systems Design (ISD) with headquarters in Wixom, Michigan one of their top 2012 sales awards. The 2012 silver award was presented by TGW’s Tom Brower, Distributor Services Manager and Jim Bronsema, Director Distributor Sales to ISD’s Anthony Morgott, VP of Sales and Mr. Mark Jordan, VP of Operations.
This is the sixth year since 2004 that ISD has won an award from TGW for selling their material handling conveyor equipment into ISD’s designed and implemented integrated material handling systems.
Designing order picking systems utilizing such world class material handling equipment from manufacturers like TGW helps provide our customers with quality and reliable manufacturing, distribution, and conveyor systems which help them outperform their automated storage and retrieval competitors and surpass their business objectives, said. Morgott.”
Morgott continued, “It’s all about performance and value when we design a distribution, manufacturing or warehouse system for our customers it’s very important that the system design and material handling equipment exceed expectations.”
Integrated Systems Design (ISD) and TGW have worked together for years to provide some of the top integrated warehouse, distribution and manufacturing systems in North America.
ISD - Integrated Systems Design is a leading manufacturer and systems consultant, designer and integrator for warehouse, manufacturing, distribution, wholesale, institutions and retail organizations in North America. ISD systems are renowned for their tremendous value, reliability and ease of maintenance. Systems are designed using technologies from the leading material handling manufacturers of the world.
Solutions designed by ISD focus on providing space savings, increased productivity, reduced labor, higher accuracy and system flexibility to change as on operations activities change in the future. Utilizing proven technology and off the shelf components helps provide cost effective solutions requiring minimum maintenance and yielding fast Return on Investments (ROI).
ISD expertise ranges from handling and picking pieces (eaches), cases, pallets, build lines, and special or custom handling solutions. Products and services include: automatic storage and retrieval (ASRS), conveyor, robotics, batch stations, automatic inserters and printers, pick to light, A-frames, horizontal and vertical carousels, vertical lift modules (VLMs), controls, software (including inventory management, WCS, WMS, MES and ERP), application and facility consulting and design, AutoCAD, system simulation, moves, installation and service.
For more information on Integrated Systems Design, call 248-668-8250 or visit the ISD web site at www.isddd.com
TGW Awards 2012 Conveyor Material Handling Equipment Integrator Award for 6th Time to Integrated Systems Design - ISD
Press Contact:
Ed Romaine
Integrated Systems Design
29659 West Tech Drive
Wixom, MI 48393
215-431-4524
http://www.isddd.com
********@**d**.com
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Place:Hobart, Lake, Indiana, United States
Watchers
NameHobart
TypeCity
Coordinates41.529°N 87.267°W
Located inLake, Indiana, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Hobart is a primarily residential city in Lake County, Indiana, United States. The population was 29,059 at the 2010 census. Although it has been historically primarily residential, recent annexation has added a significant retail corridor to the city.
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
George Earle, an English immigrant bought land from the Potawatomi Native American tribe, who built a dam on Deep River, creating Lake George. He named the settlement which later developed Hobart, after his brother, Frederick Hobart Earle, who never left England. There are two NRHP sites in the downtown area of Hobart, The First Unitarian Church of Hobart and The Hobart Carnegie Library.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Hobart, Indiana. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia, Sep 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/10/2002
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Previously: Consumer Price Index (ISSN: 1031-0207)
Movements in retail prices of goods and services commonly purchased by metropolitan households. The goods and services are divided into the following groups: food; alcohol and tobacco; clothing and footwear; housing; household furnishings, supplies and services; health; transportation; communication; recreation; education; and miscellaneous. Indexes for each of these groups and for 'All Groups' are published for each of the State capitals along with Canberra and Darwin, and for the weighted average of the eight capital cities. Details are also shown for about 54 sub-groups and special and analytical series, for the weighted average of the eight capital cities.
See also 6454.0.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I own a successful website selling a software product, but we do absolutely no in-house marketing at all. 75% of our sales come from affiliates promoting us. So, we'd like to become more involved in the marketing side of things.
I know the basics of PPC, but I wouldn't call myself anything but a beginner. I don't have time to learn to do PPC management well, so it's either hire someone to do it in-house, or hire a 3rd party company.
What are the pros and cons of each option, and which do you recommend? If you recommend going the 3rd party route, can you recommend a few good, reputable companies (from my research so far, most seem to be scams or incompetent).
Thanks in advance!
John
share|improve this question
3 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
It depends on your budget. If you're looking at more than $25,000 per month in spend then I would argue the in house route with a professional advertiser. From $6000 to $25,000 you can hire a bright intern to teach the ropes and keep them part to full time, depending on how much work your campaign(s) need. Less than $6000 I think you would be able to manage it effectively yourself.
My own experience is that I had done some minor ppc work prior to my current job. When I started my job we were using a third party company and had been using them for several months. The company that we were using is one of the VERY large names in the business and apparently they have some super-duper software that they use for managing campaigns and a huge staff of people itching to get to work on our advertising. Whatever. Their fee was about ten percent of our ad spend and it was actually MORE than my starting salary.
I looked at what they were doing, and in my horror of the royal mess they had made I decided I could do better. I studied up for a month during down moments from my other work and started to work.
Overall I increased our CTR ~25% and, with some landing page redesign, increased our conversion rate 160%. So our advertising became nearly 3x as efficient as before in a little under a week once I launched my changes. Even if you chalk the conversion rate increase to just new landing pages, that's still a huge increase in CTR for a one man show vs a company that claims to handle tens of millions of ad spend per year.
The moral of the story is to be VERY cautious of using 3rd party companies. Keep tabs on them and run your own testing on the side. Make sure that you've very clear what your advertising goals are (cost per conversion, etc) and fire them promptly if they don't hit their goals. I support hiring an staff person just because you can make sure they're going in the right direction and keep an eye on them. And of course, depending on your local laws, you can be just as stringent with them as with a third party company.
share|improve this answer
Whatever you decide, I would start in-house. There is a lot of value from developing your own PPC campaign. It will open your eyes to the terms that customers are using to find your business, what they expect, and where they are coming from. Plus, you never know---you may end up designing a great PPC program that needs minimal ongoing work.
Lots of nice tools for in-house learning, implementation and tracking.
In addition, you'll have a greater understanding of what you want out of a PPC firm, what they're talking about when they pitch you, etc.
I think it's always important to learn the drivers of your business before turning them over to outsiders whenever possible. Get your hands dirty.
If you can spend a little time learning the PPC process, there are two outcomes: Either you learn to do it really well yourself and save a bunch of cash, or you become a more informed customer when it comes time to turn it over to a professional firm.
share|improve this answer
I would do it inhouse but use a software tool (suite really) the simplifies the entire process and allows you to track the effectiveness of your PPC campaign vs. your organic clicks.
I would use Hubspot. They have some great webinars that give you an overview of the functionality of their software.
ps. I'm not afffiliated with Hubspot in any way. I just know some very enthusiastic users.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I was doing business under a DBA, then I became incorporated.
When I incorporated, I applied for a new EIN - and got one. I have since closed that corporation and now again doing business as a DBA. But I did not get a new EIN this time.
Do I need a new one or can I use the EIN that was given to me the first time I had a DBA?
(when I went as a corporation, I gave my previous EIN on the application)
share|improve this question
1 Answer
You do not need a new EIN. You can use your first EIN, as long as you continue as a Sole Proprietor.
From the IRS website:
The IRS cannot cancel your EIN. However, if you receive an EIN but later determine you do not need the number (the new business never started up, for example), the IRS can close your business account. The EIN will still belong to the business entity and can be used at a later date, should the need arise.
Also, see Do You Need a New EIN?:
Generally, businesses need a new EIN when their ownership or structure has changed. Although changing the name of your business does not require you to obtain a new EIN, you may wish to visit the Business Name Change page to find out what actions are required if you change the name of your business.
Sole Proprietors
You will be required to obtain a new EIN if any of the following statements are true.
• You are subject to a bankruptcy proceeding.
• You incorporate.
• You take in partners and operate as a partnership.
• You purchase or inherit an existing business that you operate as a sole proprietorship.
You will not be required to obtain a new EIN if any of the following statements are true.
• You change the name of your business.
• You change your location and/or add other locations.
• You operate multiple businesses.
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Sunday, April 24, 2011
A Few Tulip Photos and a Link
Tulips are blooming in this area, so I took advantage of that over the past few days to photograph a few of them.
I am not sure whether the one immediately above or the one immediately below is my favorite of the bunch.
I do not have many birds to report right now as the weather patterns have not been favorable for migration into central New Jersey. However, I did see my first Chimney Swifts of the season last night, and there has been a steady trickle of birds. Swallow-tailed Kites have been reported in a few places around the state, including some in central New Jersey, so I guess I should watch the skies here more frequently.
Since today is Easter, I thought it would be an appropriate time to post this link about a bird that is a seasonal visitor to our area. See this link to learn more about their life history and behavior.
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OLS2006Demos
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
OLS 2006 Demos
• In the lobby of the main hall, CE Linux Forum is going to demonstrate the embedded Linux technologies by the CE Linux Forum members and the partners. CE Linux Forum highly appreciate the officials of the OLS to provide such opportunity for us.
• The same demonstration will be perfoemed in the "CELF Project BOF", too. See the detail CELF Project BOF.
Date and place
• Date: July 19
• Time: 10:45 am to 5:00 pm
• Place: Congress Centre, basement
Demonstration Items
• The demonstration items are listed below.
NO Member (Presenter) Demonstration Poster
1 Sony (Kaminaga) Improving startup time using Software Suspend Media:PosterForTexhShowcase_Sony.pdf
2 Panasonic Mobile Communications (Mizuyama) Mobile Phone Powered by Linux Media:PosterForTexhShowcase_PMC_OLS2006.pdf
3 NEC (Koto) Linux Technology from Cellular Phone implementation Media:NEC_demo_PosterForm_Eng.pdf
4 Hitachi (Nojiri)Waseda univ. (Sugaya) Linux Kernel CPU Resource Reservation (CABI) Media:CPUResourceReservation.pdf
5 IBM (Muneto) Mandatory Access Control Comparison for Embedded Linux Media:PosterForTexhShowcase-IBM-20060713.pdf
6 Panasonic (S. Johnson) CELF Security Working Group Secure Boot Loader Media:SecureBootloader.pdf
7 AIST (Suzaki)(National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan) HTTP-FUSE KNOPPIX Box Media:PosterForTexhShowcase-suzaki.pdf
Actual Scene
Snapshots
Demonstrating "Secure Bootloader"
Demonstrating "Mandatory Access Control Comparison for Embedded Linux"
Demonstrating "Software Suspend"
Demonstrating "HTTP-FUSE KNOPPIX Box" "Take free CD-ROM"
Demonstrating "CABI" Penguin race?
A big croud observed in the break time.
Enthusiastic discussions are observed everywhere.
Thank you very much, Andrew, for visiting our demonstration
Linux empowered Cellular Phone by two member companies, NEC and Panasonic Mobile
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Newfoundland and LabradorEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
News and Events
Topics
Other Heading
The Research Forums have been closed. For a limited time the Canadian Research Forum will be available in read-only mode.
Canada Newfoundland and Labrador
Getting Started
1. What information do you wish to locate about your ancestor? To choose the sources you need to search first, please click on RECORD SELECTION TABLE: Newfoundland_and_Labrador, which will help you decide.
2. From the above Record Selection Table, which sources do you wish to check in this province? To check the availability of your sources of interest as well as to check the websites that have them online, please click on this province's SOURCES LINKS TABLE
3. Do you know the location that you wish to search in this province? If so, please check for some possible sources and some online information about your location of interest, by clicking on this province's POPULATED PLACES TABLE A-H or I-Q or R-Z.
Research Tools
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Monroe County, West VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:02, 18 June 2012 by Murphynw (Talk | contribs)
Monroe County, West Virginia
Map
Location in the state of West Virginia
Location of West Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1799
County Seat Union
Courthouse
United States West Virginia Monroe County
Contents
County Courthouse
Monroe County Courthouse
Main Street
Union, WV 24983
Phone:304-772-3096
County Clerk has birth and death records from 1853
Marriage and land records from 1799 and probate Records[1]
History
Monroe County, West Virginia
Parent County
1799--Monroe County was created 14 January 1799 from Greenbrier County.
County seat: Union [1]
Boundary Changes
See an interactive map of Monroe County boundary changes.
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Research Guides
• "A Guide to the Counties of Virginia: Monroe County," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1974):295-298. Available at FHL; digital version at New England Ancestors ($).
Cemeteries
Find a Grave Monroe County, West Virginia
Tombstone Transcription Monroe county, West Virginia
Political Graveyard.com - Monroe County, West Virginia
Census
For tips on accessing Monroe County, West Virginia census records online, see: West Virginia Census.
1830 Census Federal Census Index
Church
Baptist
Early Baptist churches (with years constituted):
1. Indian Creek (1792)[2]
Monroe County fell within the bounds of the Greenbrier Association.
Court
DNA
DNA has been collected from men claiming descent from the following Kanawha County, (West) Virginia residents. Attempts have not been made to verify the lineages of those tested.
• [Fletcher] Descendant of William Fletcher, b. England, resident of Kanawha and Monroe Counties, Virginia. Y-DNA 12 Marker Test, FTDNA. Genetic signature available online (labelled William Fletcher of Accomac County, Virginia/James Fletcher of Brunswick County, Virginia), courtesy: The Fletcher DNA Project.
Family Histories
It is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. Use this list to:
• Locate publications about direct ancestors
• Find the most updated accounts of an ancestor's family
• Identify publications, to quote Elizabeth Shown Mills, about an ancestor's "FAN Club" [Friends, Associates, and Neighbors]
General
• Blankenship, Gayle King. Virginia Families of Louisa, Hanover and Monroe Counties. Poquoson, Va.: G.K. Blankenship, 1991. FHL 975.5 D2bg
Bibliography
• [Bean] Beane, Fannie B. William Bean of Monroe County and His Descendants. St. Albans, W.Va., 1988.
• [Long] Beane, Fannie B. William Bean of Monroe County and His Descendants. St. Albans, W.Va., 1988.
• [Long] Buchanan, Paul C. "Long Families in Monroe Co. (Then) Virginia," Mountain Empire Genealogical Quarterly, Vol. 8. Pages 146-153.
• [Long] Buchanan, Paul C. and Susie M. Owens. "Henry Long and Some Descendants of Colonial Virginia," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1994):115-126; Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1994):190-200; Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1994):263-273; Vol. 39, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1995):27-31. Digital version at American Ancestors ($). FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 38 (1994)-v. 39 (1995).
• [Mann] Malott, Eva, Ada McPhilliamy, and Dick Pence. Digging Our Roots: The Pence Kids. Baltimore, Md.: Gateway Press, 1977. FHL Book 929.273 P372a.
• [Riggins] Burgess, James A. Burgess, Mullins, Browning, Brown and Allied Families. Parsons, W.Va.: McClain Printing Company, 1978. FHL Film 1035668 Item 10; digital version at Family History Archives - free.
• [Tiffany] McIlhany, H.M. Some Virginia Families. Staunton, Va.: Stoneburner & Prufer, 1903, pp. 239-242. 1962 reprint: FHL US/CAN Book 975.5 D2m 1962; digital version at Ancestry ($).
Land
Local Histories
The standard local history of Monroe County, West Virginia is Oren F. Morton's A History of Monroe County (Ruebush-Elkins Co., Dayton, VA, 1916). It is available as a reprint, and is also up at: Google Books.
Maps
Map of 1850 Virginia and West Virginia
Monroe County, West Virginia Map
Military
Revolutionary War
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital versions at U.S. Census Bureau and Google Books et. al. 1967 reprint: FHL Collection 973 X2pc 1840. [See Virginia, Western District, Monroe County on page 135.]
• Rejected or Suspended Applications for Revolutionary War Pensions. Washington, D.C., 1852. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1969, and 1991. Reprints include "an Added Index to States." FHL Collection 973 M24ur; digital version at Ancestry ($). [Includes veterans from this county; Virginia section begins on page 238.]
War of 1812
Monroe County men served in the 75th Regiment.[3]
Turk, David Scott, The memorialists : an antebellum history of Alleghany, Craig and Monroe counties of West Virginia, 1812-60 (Bowie, Maryland, Heritage Books, c1997) page 168 FHL Book 975.5 H2
Civil War
Regiments. Service men in Monroe County, West Virginia served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county. Listed below are companies that were specifically formed in Monroe County, West Virginia:
- 8th Regiment, Virginia Cavalry (Confederate). Company G (Mountain Rangers).[4]
- 26th Battalion, Virginia Infantry (Edgar's) (Confederate). Company A (Red Sulphur Yankee Hunters) and Company B.[5]
- 27th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate) . Company D (Monroe Guards).[6]
- 30th Battalion, Virginia Sharpshooters (Clarke's) (Confederate). Company C.[7]
Records and histories are available, including:
World War II
Monroe County, West Virginia World War II Casualities Army and Air Force
Naturalization
West Virginia, Naturalization Records, 1814-1991
Newspapers
Probate
Monroe County, West Virginia Will Books 1799 - 1969
Taxation
At first glance, researchers might conclude that Virginia tax lists contain very little family history data, though one soon learns that valuable genealogical conclusions can be drawn from these records, nicknamed "annual censuses," such as: relationships, approximate years of birth, socio-economic status, identification of neighbors, the ability to distinguish between persons of the same name, evidence of land inheritance, years of migration, and years of death.
Virginia began enumerating residents' payments of personal property and land taxes in 1782. These two types of taxation were recorded in separate registers. Personal property tax lists include more names than land tax lists, because they caught more of the population. The Family History Library has an excellent microfilm collection of personal property tax lists from 1782 (or the year the county was organized) well into the late nineteenth century for most counties, but only scattered land tax lists. Microfilm collections at The Library of Virginia include land tax lists for all counties and independent cities for the years 1782 through 1978, as well as personal property tax lists for the years 1782 through 1930 (and every fifth year thereafter). Taxes were not collected in 1808.
Some tax records are available online or in print, though published abstracts often omit useful details found only in the original sources. Statewide indexes can help genealogists identify specific counties where surnames occurred in the past, providing starting points for research.[8][9]
Vital Records
West Virginia Vital Records - Birth - Death - Marriages
Monroe County, West Virginia Marriage Record Indexes
Societies and Libraries
Monroe County Historical Society
P O Box 465
Union, WV 24983
Monroe CountyPublic Library
Family History Centers
Web Sites
Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in Fun Five Minute Genealogy Videos.
References
1. 1.0 1.1 The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
2. Robert Baylor Semple and George William Beale, A History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia (1810; reprint, Richmond, Va.: Pitt and Dickinson, 1894), 421. Digital version at Google Books.
3. Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812 (Athens, Ga.: Iberian Pub. Co., 1988), 145. FHL Book 975.5 M2bs.
4. Jack L. Dickinson, 8th Virginia Cavalry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1986). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 25.
5. Terry Lowry, 26th Battalion Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1991). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 81.
6. Lowell Reidenbaugh, 27th Virginia Infantry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1993). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 90.
7. Michael West, 30th Battalion Virginia Sharpshooters (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1995). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 108.
8. "Using Personal Property Tax Records in the Archives at the Library of Virginia," Library of Virginia, http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn3_persprop.htm.
9. "Using Land Tax Records in the Archives at the Library of Virginia," Library of Virginia, http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/rn1_landtax.pdf.
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Meeting report
A new era for proteomics research?
Mathias Uhlen
Author Affiliations
School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
Genome Biology 2008, 9:325 doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-11-325
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2008/9/11/325
Published:4 November 2008
© 2008 BioMed Central Ltd
A report of the 7th Annual Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 16-20 August 2008.
Meeting report
The human genome sequence provided information on the protein-encoding genes that are expressed in the hundreds of cell types that make up the human body. The next step forward is to use the information from genomics research for a systematic study of the human proteome. At the recent Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) conference in Amsterdam, various approaches to such studies were discussed. Topics covered the use of proteomics to study biology in humans and model organisms, including investigations aimed at increasing the understanding of cellular pathways, the biology of stem cells, and subcellular organization.
The state of the art in mass spectrometry was addressed in several keynote lectures. Refined instrumentation and more advanced software for analysis means that whole-proteome coverage for model organisms in a single experiment can now be envisaged and relatively low-abundance mammalian proteins can be detected. Ruedi Aebersold (ETH, Zurich, Switzerland and ISB, Seattle, USA) described the identification of 'proteotypic peptides' - protein fragments that are detectable in mass spectrometry - and pointed out that a vision for the future might be to identify and publish such peptides for all human proteins and to make these publicly available through web portals such as the Peptide Atlas http://www.peptideatlas.org webcite. Matthias Mann (Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany) focused on the advantages of using stable isotopes to achieve higher accuracy in quantitative measurements of proteins. He described the use of SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) for the study of proteins in cell lines and model organisms such as rat and mouse. By combining kinase-specific affinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry, more than 1,000 phosphorylation sites on human protein kinases were identified, and interestingly, more than half of these were upregulated during mitosis in human cancer cells.
An atlas for human protein distribution
The use of antibodies and other affinity reagents to study the human proteome was the topic of many talks. Emma Lundberg (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden) described the use of antibodies from the Human Protein Atlas program http://www.proteinatlas.org webcite to explore the subcellular localization of proteins in three human cell lines of glioma, epithelial and mesenchymal origin. An analysis of 2,000 proteins suggested that approximately one-third were localized mainly to the nucleus. Version 4.0 of the Human Protein Atlas was launched at the conference. This compendium of protein distribution now contains data from experiments with 6,000 antibodies and more than 5 million high-resolution images, double the content of the previous year. Profiles showing a protein's distribution in cells, tissues and organs cover more than 5,000 genes, approximately 25% of human protein-coding genes.
Erik Björling (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden) presented a new gene-centric organization of the atlas, which now allows advanced queries involving protein classes, chromosomal location and protein profiles in normal and cancer tissues. Fredrik Ponten (Uppsala University, Sweden) described the use of the portal as a discovery tool for potential biomarkers in the fields of breast, colorectal, prostate and lung cancer. He presented several examples with prognostic value, such as the putative human transcription factor SATB2 for the prediction of outcome for colorectal cancer patients, as evaluated by subsequent analysis using validation cohorts containing many hundreds of disease-specific samples from patients.
Proteome biology and interaction analysis
It is evident that human biology depends on precise regulation of protein concentrations in space and time and intricate interactions between different protein isoforms to form stable complexes and transient interaction networks. This topic was addressed by Anne-Claude Gavin (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany), who reviewed progress in the global analysis of biomolecular interactions. Genome-wide scans in model organisms have led to network maps of general relevance for eukaryotic organisms. The generation of comprehensive maps involving specific pathways can be used to identify potential therapeutic targets. Gavin pointed out that one of the challenges for the future is to adapt quantitative biochemical interaction analysis for proteome-wide efforts.
Tony Pawson (University of Toronto, Canada) is using a combination of classical cell biology techniques with quantitative mass spectrometry to study signaling pathways. In a study of the formation of tight junctions in kidney cells, he has found that the protein phosphatase PP1alpha binds to multiple sites on the Par-3 protein, regulating the binding of other proteins. The results suggest that Par-3 acts as a scaffold for both serine/threonine kinases and PP1 phosphatase. Pawson's talk provided a good example of how the new generation of quantitative proteomics platforms can be used to provide detailed analysis of cell signaling based on temporal and spatial proteomics. Hans Clevers (Hubrecht Laboratory, Utrecht, the Netherlands) described a detailed analysis of the stem cells of the intestinal epithelium using a combination of molecular biology and proteomics. The intestinal epithelium is one of the most proliferative tissues in humans, making the intestinal crypt an interesting model for studies of adult stem cell biology. Clevers described the unique role of the LGR5 protein expressed specifically in the intestinal stem cells at the crypt bottom, based on a number of different approaches, including knock-in mouse experiments and antibody-based protein profiling.
Outlook for a Human Proteome Project
Amos Bairoch (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland), whose group administrates the SwissProt/UniProt protein database, announced that the number of human protein-coding genes was currently estimated to be 20,400, although this number is likely to change over the next few years. Interestingly, he reported that for almost 9,000 (44%) of these genes, there is still no experimental information about the proteins they encode. This emphasizes the need for a systematic effort to characterize human proteins to leverage information from the genome project and to form a basis for further studies. At the conference, the possible launch of a Human Proteome Project to systematically map the proteome was discussed with representatives from funding agencies from Europe, USA, Canada and Asia. John Bergeron (McGill University, Montreal, Canada) proposed a gene-centric approach based on three technology platforms (mass spectrometry, antibodies and interaction analysis) to characterize at least one representative protein variant from every gene locus. Several participants pointed out the difficulty of a gene-centric approach for mass spectrometry, whereas such an approach is more feasible for antibody- and interaction-based analysis. The shortcomings of previous systematic proteomics efforts were brought up, emphasizing the need for increased precision of protein identification by mass spectrometry. Representatives of several funding agencies pointed out the importance of focused pilot projects to show the feasibility of the different parts of the effort, and emphasized the need for clear end-points and international coordination.
The conference demonstrated that proteomics research has entered a new era of biology-driven applications, with studies of signal pathways and protein profiles in various cells and tissues based on advances in the use of proteomics tools. The rapid development of mass-spectrometry based, immuno-based and gene-tagging technologies has opened up the possibility of whole-proteome analysis. The challenge for the proteomics community now is to show how the human proteome can be experimentally annotated, and to deliver a human proteome 'parts-list' with data on localization and function within a reasonable time-frame. Such a list, with its accompanying resources of protein-specific probes (antibodies), proteotypic peptides and cDNA clones, would provide a valuable asset for hypothesis-driven research into human biology and disease. Such efforts will no doubt be discussed at the next HUPO conference, to be held in Toronto, Canada, in September 2009.
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Modify
Opened 11 months ago
Closed 9 months ago
#7792 closed defect (duplicate)
JOSM does not start
Reported by: anonymous Owned by: team
Priority: major Component: Core
Version: latest Keywords: template_report
Cc:
Description
What steps will reproduce the problem?
1. No JOSM profile exists, then start JOSM
What happens instead?
JOSM is not visible, only the error message appears
Repository Root: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn
Build-Date: 2012-06-17 01:31:05
Last Changed Author: bastiK
Revision: 5281
Repository UUID: 0c6e7542-c601-0410-84e7-c038aed88b3b
URL: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn/trunk
Last Changed Date: 2012-06-16 19:04:59 +0200 (Sat, 16 Jun 2012)
Last Changed Rev: 5281
Identification: JOSM/1.5 (5281 de)
Memory Usage: 62 MB / 3022 MB (31 MB allocated, but free)
Java version: 1.6.0_18, Sun Microsystems Inc., OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM
Operating system: Linux
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 3
at java.awt.Container.createHierarchyEvents(Container.java:1415)
at java.awt.Container.createHierarchyEvents(Container.java:1415)
at java.awt.Container.createHierarchyEvents(Container.java:1415)
at java.awt.Container.createHierarchyEvents(Container.java:1415)
at java.awt.Container.createHierarchyEvents(Container.java:1415)
at java.awt.Container.createHierarchyEvents(Container.java:1415)
at java.awt.Component.hide(Component.java:1530)
at java.awt.Window.hide(Window.java:944)
at java.awt.Component.show(Component.java:1494)
at java.awt.Component.setVisible(Component.java:1444)
at java.awt.Window.setVisible(Window.java:842)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.gui.MainApplication.main(MainApplication.java:34
Attachments (0)
Change History (3)
comment:1 Changed 11 months ago by bastiK
comment:2 Changed 11 months ago by Don-vip
comment:3 Changed 9 months ago by skyper
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
If you shoot at a king you must kill him. Emerson, Ralph Waldo
This quote is about kings · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Emerson, Ralph Waldo ...
Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 April 27, 1882) was a famous American essayist and one of America's most influential thinkers and writers.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Managers have traditionally developed the skills in finance, planning, marketing and production techniques. Too often the relationships with their people have been assigned a secondary role. This is too important a subject not to receive first line attention. Hewlitt, William
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{
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Once one is caught up into the material world not one person in ten thousand finds the time to form literary taste, to examine the validity of philosophic concepts for himself, or to form what, for lack of a better phrase, I might call the wise and tragic sense of life. Unknown, Source
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The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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{
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Research is usually a policeman stopping a novel from progressing. Moore, Brian
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The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Men renounce whatever they have in common with women so as to experience no commonality with women; and what is left, according to men, is one piece of flesh a few inches long, the penis. The penis is sensate; the penis is the man; the man is human; the penis signifies humanity. Dworkin, Andrea
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Home Browse About Contact Help
The Pyramid and Sphinx
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creator Huber, C. Rudolf
date.accessioned 2008-03-14T02:08:06Z
date.available 2008-03-14T02:08:06Z
date.issued 1878
identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/1911/21160
description Caption: "The Pyramid and Spinx ."
description.abstract A team of local men in white robes and caps helping an English woman climb the great Pyramid.
format illustrations
language.iso en
publisher Electronic version published by Rice University, Houston, Tx
relation.ispartof
relation.ispartofseries Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
rights Publicly available via the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA) through the following Creative Commons attribution license: "You are free: to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work; to make derivative works; to make commercial use of the work. Under the following conditions: By Attribution. You must give the original author credit. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above."
rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/
subject.lcsh Pyramids--Egypt
subject.lcsh Sphinxes--Egypt
subject.other Art & Artifacts
title The Pyramid and Sphinx
type Still Image
digitization.specifications 600dpi; 24 bit color; tiff
source.original Ebers, Georg. "Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque." Volume 1. Cassell & Company, Limited: New York, 1878. p 128.
contributor.funder Funded by the Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and Rice University's Computer and Information Technology Institute (CITI).
date.digital 2006
date.note The date given for this image is the publication date of the book from which it is taken.
identifier.citation (1878). "The Pyramid and Sphinx."
Citation
Huber, C. Rudolf The Pyramid and Sphinx (1878).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/21160
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Visual Materials [1769]
This collection contains book illustrations, postcards, stereocards, photographs, and ephemera related to travel in the Middle East, primarily Egypt.
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20.519 Clean Fuels
Department of Transportation
To assist in financing the acquisition of clean fuel vehicles and related facilities for agencies providing public transportation and operating in an urbanized and non-urbanized area designated as a non-attainment or maintenance area for ozone or carbon monoxide.
Revise results below
Total Program Obligations*: (grants and loans)
• 2009: $104,056,000
• 2010: $51,392,855
• 2011: $51,392,855
• Consistency (Grants)200920102011
percent or dollar amount of obligations that were over/under reported, or not reported at all
Over Reported$23,481,003
Under Reported$75,377,522$32,770,188
Not Reported
• Timeliness200920102011
percent or dollar amount of obligations that were late
Total Dollars Analyzed$11,889,332$18,089,667$60,184,941
Late Dollars (reported over 45 days after obligation)$3,120,000
Average Reporting Lag (days since obligation)291616
• Completeness200920102011
percent or dollar amount of obligations that failed each field
Recipient type
Federal Agency
CFDA Program Number
Funding Amount
Principal Place of Grant Code
Recipient Name
Recipient State
Recipient County Code
Recipient County Name$4,539,999
Recipient City Code
Recipient City Name$4,539,999
Principal State of Grant$28,678,478
Record Type
Action Type
Recipient Congressional District
Obligation Action Date Formatted Correctly
Assistance Type$3,000,000
Federal Award ID
* Total program obligations reported in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance
No obligations reported in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance
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Tag:highway=footway
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+/- highway=footway
Description
For designated footpaths, i.e. mainly/exclusively for pedestrians.
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Undefined
Use the highway=footway tag for mapping minor paths used mainly or exclusively by pedestrians.
For wider pedestrianised streets, typically lined with shops or commercial buildings use highway=pedestrian. For paths used by a variety of non-motorised traffic highway=path may be better and for ones primarily used by cyclists consider highway=cycleway (although where a route is primarily available for pedestrians but is also usable by bicycles you can use highway=footway and bicycle=yes). For rough routes that can be used with a motorised vehicle consider highway=track. For tracks and gravel paths which are not designated can be captured with highway=path + access=*-Tags and classified with sac_scale=* and trail_visibility=*.
For sidewalks that run on one or both sides a road (known as pavements or confusingly 'footways' in the UK) either add sidewalk=left/right/both/separate to the feature describing to road or where the sidewalk is nor simply running parallel to the carriageway then describe it using highway=footway - see below for details.
How to map
To map a footway nothing else than a simple way is required. Add the highway=footway tag to it and add a name=* if appropriate.
Add access=* restriction tags if appropriate. See Default Access-Restrictions.
If the footway is associated with a road then add a footway=sidewalk tag.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6104.1.40.001 - Monthly Regional Labour Force Statistics, New South Wales, Jan 1998
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/02/1998 Ceased
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Contains a detailed table showing labour force status, unemployment rate and participation rate for each statistical region in NSW.
Note: Released on the Tuesday after the release of Labour Force, Australia, Preliminary (6202.0). Faxed to subscribers 5 days after the release of preliminary national and state data @ $40.00 per month or $480.00 for 12 month subscription.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1307.1 - Economic Indicators, New South Wales, Sep 1997
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/09/1997
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• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:1031-8534; An up-to-date overview of economic trends in New South Wales. Key economic trends are highlighted in a main features section at the front of the bulletin, followed by easy-reference graphs which provide an overview of trends. For those needing the detail of the actual numbers, these as well as percentage changes from prior periods are provided in summary tables.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Research article
Combinatorial control of temporal gene expression in the Drosophila wing by enhancers and core promoters
David D O’Keefe1, Sean R Thomas2, Kelsey Bolin4, Ellen Griggs4, Bruce A Edgar1,3 and Laura A Buttitta4*
Author Affiliations
1 Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
2 Gladstone Institute for Cardiovascular Disease, J David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
3 German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-Center for Molecular Biology Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
4 Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2012, 13:498 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-498
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/498
Received:24 February 2012
Accepted:13 September 2012
Published:20 September 2012
© 2012 O'Keefe et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The transformation of a developing epithelium into an adult structure is a complex process, which often involves coordinated changes in cell proliferation, metabolism, adhesion, and shape. To identify genetic mechanisms that control epithelial differentiation, we analyzed the temporal patterns of gene expression during metamorphosis of the Drosophila wing.
Results
We found that a striking number of genes, approximately 50% of the Drosophila transcriptome, exhibited changes in expression during a time course of wing development. While cis-acting enhancer sequences clearly correlated with these changes, a stronger correlation was discovered between core-promoter types and the dynamic patterns of gene expression within this differentiating tissue. In support of the hypothesis that core-promoter type influences the dynamics of expression, expression levels of several TATA-box binding protein associated factors (TAFs) and other core promoter-associated components changed during this developmental time course, and a testes-specific TAF (tTAF) played a critical role in timing cellular differentiation within the wing.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that the combinatorial control of gene expression via cis-acting enhancer sequences and core-promoter types, determine the complex changes in gene expression that drive morphogenesis and terminal differentiation of the Drosophila wing epithelium.
Keywords:
Drosophila melanogaster; Core promoter; Cis-regulatory sequence; Microarray; Metamorphosis; Wing Morphogenesis; Terminal differentiation; Cell cycle exit; TATA box binding protein-associated factor
Background
Within many developmental contexts, cells assemble into epithelial sheets and coordinately differentiate to form organs and tissues. This differentiation process often involves changes in cell shape, cell-cycle arrest, and the emergence of cell-type-specific features. Whereas many factors (i.e., transcription factors, signaling pathways, adhesion molecules, and cytoskeletal elements) have been identified that control individual aspects of this differentiative process, it is less clear how these divergent changes in epithelial and cell biology are temporally coordinated to generate the adult structure.
Drosophila wing tissue is uniquely amenable to studies that concern epithelial differentiation. During larval stages of development, presumptive wing cells proliferate within a relatively uniform, mono-layered epithelium. When the animal pupariates and metamorphosis is initiated, however, this simple epithelium rapidly transforms into a complex wing structure. The most dramatic changes associated with wing differentiation involve cell shape, as evagination and elongation of the wing pouch gives rise to the much larger wing blade. This process requires wing-cell flattening, creation of a bi-layered epithelium, and the formation of tubes (i.e., wing veins) [1,2]. Coincident with this epithelial morphogenesis, each cell executes its final cell cycle [3,4], adopts a cell-type-specific shape [5,6], and forms a polarized actin-rich wing hair [7], among other things. To identify regulatory mechanisms that initiate and coordinate the terminal differentiation of an epithelium, therefore, we have characterized the changes in gene expression that occur during a time course of Drosophila wing metamorphosis.
Our time-course study in the wing reveals a surprisingly complex pattern of gene regulation during metamorphosis, affecting nearly half of the genes in the Drosophila genome at one or more time points. We suggest that this complex regulatory pattern results from the combined influence of sequence-specific binding complexes within genetic enhancers, and temporal changes in core-promoter preference. As such, our focused analysis of a single epithelial tissue as it undergoes a dynamic developmental transition, suggests an important role for core-promoter sequences (and associated proteins) in coordinating epithelial differentiation.
Results
Within a very short period of time (roughly 36 h at 25°C) the wing imaginal disc is transformed from a relatively simple epithelial sheet into a complex structure that resembles the adult wing (Figure 1A). To illustrate this fact, and to confirm the developmental timing of our genotype under study (w1118), wing tissue was dissected at several developmental time points between the late third larval instar (L3) and 36 h after puparium formation (APF). We found that wing pouch evagination began at pupariation and was clearly evident by 2 h APF (Figure 1A,C). By 6 h APF, wing elongation and hinge region constriction were occurring (Figure 1C), as described previously [8]. In addition to gross morphological changes such as these, dramatic changes in shape were also observed at the cellular level. Developing wing tissue was stained for DE-cadherin to reveal the apical shape of each cell [9]. Between 18 and 36 h APF, wing cells adopted a hexagonal shape (a process termed hexagonal packing) [6], and vein/intervein shape differences emerged [5] (Figure 1B). Each wing cell also formed a wing hair during early pupal stages [7], as revealed by F-actin localization (Figure 1B).
Figure 1. Early stages of wing differentiation. (A) To illustrate the morphogenetic process of wing-disc elongation, wing tissue from late third larval instar (L3), 2 h after puparium formation (APF), and 36 h APF was dissected and stained for DNA. The wing margin (red), wing veins (orange), and notum (purple) are indicated in developing tissue and the adult fly. (B) Between L3 and 36 h APF, each wing epithelial cells adopts a cell-type-specific shape, and differentiates a wing hair. Time courses of wings stained for either DE-cadherin (to visualize apical cell shape) or F-actin (to visualize hair formation) are shown. Images are centered on a presumptive wing vein. Developmental stages are indicated. (C) Flow cytometric analysis demonstrates changes in DNA content associated with cell-cycle exit in the wing. At L3 and 2 h APF, presumptive wing cells asynchronously proliferate. By 6 h APF, most cells in the wing temporarily arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, leading to a relatively synchronized final cell cycle between 14 and 24 h APF (represented here by 18 h APF). By 24 h APF, cell proliferation is no longer detected in the wing epithelium, and nearly all cells arrest with a G1 DNA content. Dissected wing tissues stained for DNA are shown for each developmental stage. (D) To determine the changes in gene expression associated with wing morphogenesis and cell cycle exit, RNA was collected from six developmental time points between L3 and 36 h APF (corresponding to images shown in (C)), and microarray analysis was performed. Using L3 as a reference sample, the number of transcripts that exhibit a significantly different level of expression is listed for each time point.
Between late L3 and 36 h APF, presumptive wing cells also exit the cell cycle. To precisely determine the timing of this event, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis to characterize the temporal changes in DNA content of wing cells (Figure 1C). The wing epithelium remained proliferative through 2 h APF (i.e., high levels of G1-, G2-, and S-phase cells), but by 6 h APF many cells had temporarily arrested cycling with a G2 DNA content. This results in an in vivo semi-synchrony of the final cell cycle. By 18 h APF, most cells in the wing had re-entered the cell cycle and completed their final round of division (i.e., many cells were already in G1, with smaller proportions completing their final S- and G2-phases) [3,4]. By 24 h APF, over 95% of the wing was arrested in G1, and only very rare S- or M-phases were observed in the wing blade (see Additional file 1). No further cell cycling was observed in the wing blade between 24 and 36 h APF.
Additional file 1. The final cell cycle in theDrosophilawing. Pupal wings at the indicated hours after pupa formation (h APF) were either fixed, stained and photographed as described [67] or exposed to Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for S-phase labeling for 1 h prior to fixation, as described [67]. Primaray antibodies directed against Elav (1:100, DSHB) to detect postmitotic neurons; BrdU (1:100, Becton Dickinson); Drosophila Cyclin A (CycA) to detect cells in G2; and phospho-Ser10-histone H3 (PH3) (1:4,000, Upstate) to detect mitotic chromatin, were used. Wings showed very few to no S-phases or mitoses after 24 h APF. G2 phases, as indicated by high levels of CycA, were only observed in the anterior margin of the wing at 24 h APF.
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To capture the gene expression dynamics that drive these developmental changes, we performed a microarray analysis. RNA was isolated from late L3 wing discs (the reference sample), and from wings at 2, 6, 18, 24, and 36 h APF. For technical reasons concerning the dissection, samples from the earliest time points (L3, 2 h, and 6 h APF) contained presumptive notum tissue, whereas the later samples (18, 24, and 36 h APF) did not. This array analysis revealed a striking number of transcripts whose level of expression significantly changed during this developmental time course (Figure 1D). For example, comparison between L3 and 36 h APF yielded 6855 genes that were differentially expressed. In total, 8338 genes were differentially expressed at one or more time points.
Gene expression dynamics during differentiation of the wing
With such a large number of differentially expressed genes, we explored computational methods of categorizing and grouping genes to identify patterns within the data. We first used self-organized mapping of genes (ordered by similarity across the five time points) to intuitively display global gene-expression dynamics. This provided a clear view of general changes in gene expression over time, but masked many discrete temporal patterns by grouping them in with the most common trends (see Additional file 2).
Additional file 2. Gene-expression changes in the wing during terminal differentiation. A gene expression heat map shows log2 changes in gene expression at the indicated time points (wing tissue from the late third larval instar was used as the reference sample). Genes were organized into 10 groups by the Self-organized Mapping (SOM) clustering method using the program GENESIS and organized by similarity. Each row corresponds to a single gene and each column represents an individual time point. Expression values are color coded according to the legend at the top.
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We next used hierarchical clustering to organize all 8338 differentially expressed genes. From this analysis, we estimated that the dataset contained between 25 and 30 distinct temporal patterns of gene expression. Based on this information, we used the Genesis program to perform k-means clustering, imposing values of k that ranged from 26–40. We empirically determined that 30 clusters represented the optimal number of temporal expression patterns, without generating too many similar or overlapping clusters. Additional file 3 shows the pattern of expression for each k-means cluster and Supplemental text files 1–30 contain the transcript list and complete data for each cluster. We next hierarchically organized the genes within each k-means cluster, and ordered the clusters to generate a heat map, which represents the global changes in gene expression that occur during metamorphosis of the wing (Figure 2).
Additional file 3. K-means clustering of genes that exhibit changes in expression during wing differentiation. K-means clustering with Euclidean distance (via the Genesis program) was used to group genes into 30 clusters based on temporal similarities in their expression profiles (see Materials and Methods). The normalized log2 expression level for each gene in the cluster is plotted as a function of time (x-axis) in grey. The magenta line represents the average expression of all the genes within the cluster.
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Figure 2. Dramatic changes in gene expression take place during wing differentiation. A compressed heat map shows significant global gene expression changes for 8338 genes in the wing between late L3 and 36 h APF (proliferating L3 wing tissue was used as the reference sample). Each row corresponds to a single gene and each column represents an individual time point. Expression values (log2) are color coded according to the legend at the top. Using k-means clustering (see Materials and Methods), genes were grouped into 30 clusters based on expression profile similarities. Expression plots are shown for selected k-means clusters and approximately aligned to corresponding regions of the heat map. Plots of all 30 k-means clusters are shown in Additional file 3. For each cluster, the normalized log2 expression level of each gene (grey lines) is plotted as a function of time (x-axis). The magenta line represents the average expression of all genes within a cluster. Examples of genes and enriched gene ontology terms for the selected clusters are listed at right.
Enhancer motifs are enriched in co-regulated clusters
We first examined gene ontology (GO) enrichment within the 30 k-means clusters to see if clusters with similar temporal patterns of expression contained functionally related genes. For this analysis 118 GO terms were used. Sorting clusters based on GO enrichment, however, did not group clusters with similar patterns of expression (see Additional file 4). During differentiation of the wing, therefore, GO terms do not accurately predict the temporal pattern of expression for a given gene.
Additional file 4. GO-term enrichments are not shared by co-regulated clusters. The 30 k-means clusters were sorted based on enrichment for 118 listed gene ontology (GO) terms. Each column represents a single cluster and each row represents a single GO term. The presence of a dot indicates enrichment for the indicated term of at least p < 0.001. The size of the dot is inversely correlated with the p-value. At the bottom is shown a gene-expression heat map for the wing developmental time course. Expression levels represent the average of all genes within each cluster. Developmental stages are indicated.
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We next asked whether similarly regulated clusters of genes share known regulatory motifs (i.e., transcription factor binding sites) within upstream enhancer regions. A database of 87 known Drosophila transcription factor-binding motifs (based upon the FLYREG motif set) was used for this analysis [10]. We also added several motifs to this dataset, including the mammalian E2F motif from Transfac, and custom motifs for Drosophila Myc, Ecdysone Receptor/Ultraspiracle complex (EcR/USP), Trithorax-like (Trl), Medea (Med), and Drosophila E2F. These custom motifs were obtained by performing MEME analysis on previously described target genes [11-13], and by deriving a consensus from two Drosophila E2F binding sites identified by Yamaguchi and colleagues [14]. The Med motif was obtained by MEME analysis of confirmed direct Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling target genes in the wing (DOK and LAB, manuscript in preparation). Finally, a starvation responsive E-box motif [15] was also included. See Additional file 5 for details concerning these custom motifs. Additional file 6 provides the position-specific scoring matrices (PSSM) for all motifs used for this analysis.
Additional file 5. Additional motifs for enhancer analysis. We added custom motifs to the FLYREG motif set for the factors listed. Motifs for Myc, EcR/USP, Trl were obtained by performing MEME analysis on target genes described in [11,12] and [13], respectively. A Drosophila E2F motif was derived via consensus between two identified Drosophila E2F binding sites [6]. The generated Trl motif was compared to the previously obtained Trl motif in the FLYREG database via TOMTOM, which resulted in the indicated q-value. The starvation-responsive E-box motif is from [15]. The custom Medea motif was obtained by MEME analysis of confirmed Dpp target genes in the wing (DOK and LAB, manuscript in preparation).
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Additional file 6. Excel file containing position-specific scoring matrices (PSSM) for all motifs used in this analysis.
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For each gene, 1 kb of sequence immediately upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS) was defined as the DNA-search space. This amount of sequence provided a good compromise between capturing important regulatory elements and minimizing sequence search space, which can decrease enrichment. We empirically tested search spaces of 1, 2, and 3 kb upstream of each TSS, and found the greatest amount of motif enrichment and/or depletion when 1 kb of sequence was analyzed. This finding is consistent with published data concerning Drosophila regulatory elements [16,17], but certainly does not identify all binding sites within target-gene enhancers and will omit binding sites outside of the 1-kb window and in introns.
In Figure 3, the average change in gene expression for each cluster is represented by the heat map at the top, and the most significantly enriched GO term for each cluster is listed (if p < 10-5). Clusters were ordered based on similarities between the temporal patterns of gene expression. We found that a number of motifs known to regulate cell growth, protein synthesis, and the cell cycle (e.g., E2F, Myc, DNA-Replication-related Element Factor (Dref), Mothers against Dpp (Mad), Med, and Brinker binding motifs [18-24]) were frequently enriched in the upstream sequences of the same clusters. In addition, expression of these clusters generally declined during pupal stages of development and upon cell-cycle exit (Figure 3C). An interesting exception to this rule was cluster 29, which contains many of these same binding sites, but is characterized by increased levels of expression during pupal stages (further discussed below). We also found that motifs associated with tissue differentiation (e.g., Caudal, Crocodile, Engrailed, and Ultrabithorax binding motifs [25-32]) were significantly depleted in clusters with declining levels of expression (Figure 3C). Instead, these differentiation-associated motifs were enriched in clusters that increased expression during pupal time points. Finally, clusters that exhibited a strong peak of gene expression (log2 > |3|) at 6 h APF (or a dip in the case of cluster 28) were typically associated with Broad binding-site enrichment. This suggests that Broad mediates a transcriptional response to Ecdysone signaling at 6 h APF in the wing (Figure 3C). This likely mediates the G2 arrest that characterizes the 6 h APF wing, as two high-scoring potential Broad binding sites are found upstream of the gene string, whose downregulation mediates the temporary G2 arrest. Our data suggests that in the differentiating wing enhancer motifs are generally enriched in clusters of genes with similar temporal patterns of expression.
Figure 3. Enrichment of core promoter types and regulatory motifs within gene expression clusters. (A) Clusters were grouped based on temporal patterns of expression, which are represented by the heat map (y-axis is time). Average expression values for genes within a cluster are shown. For each cluster, the most significantly enriched gene ontology (GO) term is listed (only when p < 10-5). (B) All 30 clusters were examined for statistically significant (z-score > |3|) enrichment (red) or depletion (green) of ten core Drosophila promoter motifs (see Materials and Methods). The search space was defined as the 100 bp spanning the transcriptional start site (−60 to +40 bp). Certain core promoter motifs were frequently enriched in the same clusters. For example, DRE, CP-1, CP-7, and CP-6 motifs were typically enriched within a similar subset of clusters. In addition, these clusters tended to decrease expression over time. In contrast, INR, DPE, and MTE motifs were often found together in clusters that increased expression over time. TATA motifs were rarely enriched or depleted. (C) All 30 clusters were examined for significant enrichment or depletion of 87 known Drosophila transcription factor binding motifs. The search space was defined as the 1 kb immediately upstream of the transcriptional start site. A group of motifs known to regulate cell growth, protein synthesis, and the cell cycle (e.g., E2F, Myc, Dref, Mad/Med/Brinker) were enriched and frequently found together in clusters that decreased expression over time and upon cell-cycle exit. Clusters that decrease expression over time were also depleted for a group of motifs associated with tissue differentiation (e.g., Cad, Croc, En, Ubx). These differentiation-associated motifs were instead enriched in clusters that increased expression during pupal time points.
Core-promoter types strongly correlate with co-regulated clusters of genes
A previous study used cell sorting coupled with serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to reveal a role for Dref in controlling gene-expression changes during differentiation of the Drosophila eye [33]. Dref is a transcription factor that acts as a component of a transcription-initiation complex containing TBP-Related Factor2 (TRF2) [34]. The Dref regulatory element (DRE) is found in upstream regulatory regions of many cell-cycle genes (e.g., pcna[35]), but is also one of the most common core-promoter motifs identified in Drosophila[36]. We found DRE enrichment in clusters of genes with declining levels of expression during terminal differentiation, which generally contained genes involved in the cell cycle and ribosomal biogenesis. This finding, combined with recent work demonstrating a role for core-promoter components in regulating gene transcription during development [37], prompted us to examine whether core-promoter types are associated with specific temporal patterns of gene expression in the differentiating wing. For each of the 30 k-means clusters, therefore, we asked whether ten core Drosophila promoter motifs (see Materials and Methods) were either enriched or depleted. The 100 bp spanning the TSS (from −60 to +40 bp) was defined as the DNA-search space for this analysis. Certain core-promoter (CP) motifs (i.e., DRE, CP-1, CP-7, and CP-6) were frequently found together in clusters of genes with declining levels of expression during wing differentiation. In contrast, Initiator (INR), Downstream Promoter Element (DPE), and Motif-Ten Element (MTE) motifs were often found together in clusters that increased expression over time. TATA motifs were rarely enriched or depleted in these k-means clusters (Figure 3B). In the developing wing, therefore, core-promoter type strongly correlates with the temporal patterns of gene expression, suggesting a change in core promoter usage upon terminal differentiation.
Clusters enriched for certain motifs contain verified target genes
To ask whether motif enrichment within a cluster indicates that these genes are regulated by a common factor (i.e., the transcription factor that binds the motif), we compared selected clusters to published datasets of verified target genes. For example, cluster 30 is enriched in EcR/USP motifs. To validate that this cluster represents a true EcR/USP regulon, we compared genes within this cluster to previously identified EcR/USP targets [38] (Figure 4A). Similarly, clusters 13 and 29 are enriched in the starvation-associated E-box motif, the Myc motif, and the Drosophila E2F motif. Genes from these two clusters were therefore compared to starvation-response genes [39], Myc target genes [15], and E2F target genes [40] (Figure 4B-D). In every case except one, significant enrichment for the independently validated target genes was observed (as measured by hypergeometic probability < 0.05). Observed enrichment was most significant when similar tissues and developmental stages were compared. This likely reflects tissue- and temporal-specific target-gene expression, as expected. Strikingly, genes within clusters 13 and 29 are enriched for both Myc and E2F motifs, yet they are characterized by different core promoter motifs, and are regulated in an opposite fashion (i.e., expression of cluster 13 and 29 decline and rise during wing differentiation, respectively). Nonetheless, the majority of genes in cluster 13 and 29 were independently validated as legitimate Myc and E2F target genes. However, nearly all cluster 13 Myc/E2F targets increase in response to Myc or E2F overexpression (Figure 4C,D, blue in heat maps), whereas nearly all cluster 29 genes decrease in response to Myc or E2F overexpression (Figure 4C,D, yellow in heat maps). Our data suggest that this dramatic switch in gene-expression behavior may depend upon the type of core promoter, although we cannot exclude the contribution of other enhancer motifs to gene expression in these clusters.
Figure 4. Motif-enrichment validations. Gene clusters with significant motif enrichment were compared to published datasets. For example, cluster 30 was enriched for EcR/USP binding sites, so genes within cluster 30 were compared to independently identified EcR/USP target genes (A). This analysis was repeated for clusters 29 and 13, which were both enriched for the starvation-associated motif (B), the Myc motif (C), and the Drosophila E2F motif (D). In every case but one, significant enrichment for independently validated target genes was observed. Confirmed Myc target genes within Cluster 13 are generally induced by Myc expression, whereas cluster 29 genes are generally repressed by Myc expression (see heat map (C)). Similarly, verified E2F targets within clusters 13 and 29 are generally upregulated and downregulated by E2F expression, respectively (see heat map and expression plot (D)).
Core-promoter type may influence gene-expression behavior
In our analysis, each transcript has a unique identifier, providing the transcription start location (TSS) for each isoform. Thus, all transcripts were treated as separate entities, allowing us to include alternate TSSs in our analysis. This raised the interesting question of whether genes with multiple TSSs that contain different core promoter types, switch core-promoter usage during differentiation.
In the Drosophila genome, 14% of genes are predicted to utilize multiple TSSs. Based on our analysis, a small number, 10.5% of these have identifiable DPE or DRE core promoter motifs. Of this small number of genes, there are 20 genes within the Drosophila genome that have a DRE at one promoter and a DPE (or another promoter motif) at an alternative TSS. In our wing dataset, nine of these genes had at least two temporally regulated transcripts that use fundamentally different core promoters. In all nine cases, the complement of promoter motifs predicted the transcript’s overall expression behavior and cluster assignment (Table 1). Transcripts from the same gene that utilized different core-promoter types did not cluster together, whereas transcripts from different genes with similar promoters frequently clustered together (e.g., clusters 3 and 23; see Table 1). These nine genes represent 22 transcripts. For 20 of the 22 alternate TSS transcripts, the predicted core promoter enrichment for the assigned cluster also correctly predicted the transcript expression pattern. For these genes, core-promoter sequences could exert a greater influence on temporal patterns of expression than more distal regulatory sequences.
Table 1. Cluster assignments for genes with alternate TSSs
Changes in expression of core promoter-associated factors upon terminal differentiation
We next examined the patterns of expression for genes that encode core promoter-binding proteins, general transcription components, and TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Expression data from the wing developmental time course was extracted for these genes, and hierarchical clustering was used to group them according to their temporal pattern of gene expression (Figure 5A, Additional file 7). Significant changes in expression were observed for core promoter element binding proteins (e.g., Dref and Boundary Element-Associated Factor (BEAF)), and TFIID components (e.g., TAFs and testes-specific TAFs (tTAFs)). Expression levels of Dref, several TAFs (2, 5, 7, 8, and 13), and an isoform of BEAF (transcript RA) that binds the DRE [41] all declined during terminal differentiation of the wing. In contrast, expression of TRF2 (a Dref partner [34]), an isoform of BEAF (transcript RB), several TAFs (3, 11, 12, and 10b), and select testes-specific TAFS (males in absentia (mia), cannonball (can), andnohitter (nht)) increased during the developmental time course. These observations support the hypothesis that a change in core promoter usage may be associated with terminal differentiation in the wing.
Additional file 7. Expression data for core promoter binding proteins, general transcription components, and TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Hierarchical clustering (Genesis software) was used to sort 72 genes with predicted functions in basal transcription processes, based on their temporal patterns of gene expression. Each row corresponds to a single gene and each column represents an individual time point. Expression values (log2) are color coded according to the legend at the top.
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Figure 5. Changes in core-promoter binding proteins may affect wing differentiation. (A) Expression data from the wing developmental time course for genes that encode core promoter binding proteins, general transcription components, and TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Each row corresponds to a single gene and each column represents an individual time point. Expression values (log2) are color coded according to the legend at the bottom. Specific groups of genes are indicated. The complete clustering of all 72 genes is provided in Additional file 7. (B) RT-PCR and western blot analyses were used to examine RNA or protein levels for selected factors in pupal wing tissue. By microarray analysis sa, which is a tTAF, did not increase expression at the time points shown. This was verified by western blot. Levels of the tTAF Mia increased in the wing, both by RT-PCR (at 24 h APF) and western blot (at 36 h APF). Mia-specific bands at 35 and 70 kD (indicated by asterisks) are observed with anti-Mia antibody in select tissues (N. Haugen and D. Wassarman, personal communication). BEAF decreased in the wing over time. Acetylated histone H4 served as a loading control. (C-F) Using UAS-RNAi lines, engrailed-Gal4 was used to inhibit either white (w), or nht in the posterior wing. Tubulin-Gal80TS was used to limit RNAi expression from the second larval instar until eclosion. Compared to controls (C), nht reduction affected posterior wing growth and cuticle integrity (D). Staining for F-actin reveals developing wing hairs at 34 h APF (E). Compared to the anterior control, expression of nht RNAi led to delay in wing hair formation in the posterior (F). nhtz5946 hemizygotes, exhibit ectopic vein and multiple wing hair phenotypes (G, inset). Two nht alleles in trans (nhtz5347/nhtz5946) at 25°C exhibit ectopic vein (indicated by arrowheads in H, with 20X magnification in I). Approximately 10% of nhtz5347/nhtz5946 females exhibit patches of thin, small wing hairs (outlined by dashed line in J).
To verify the expression-array data, western-blot analysis was used to examine protein levels for selected factors in pupal-wing tissue (Figure 5B). By microarray analysis, the tTAF spermatocyte arrest (sa) did not increase expression at the time points shown. This was verified by western blot, and demonstrates selectivity in tTAF regulation within the differentiating wing (i.e., not all tTAFs were co-regulated). Levels of the tTAF Mia increased in the wing at later stages of development (both by RT-PCR and western-blot analyses), whereas total levels of BEAF decreased in the wing over time.
Using inducible RNAi transgenes, we then reduced levels of several TAFs and testes-specific TAFs (tTAFs) and examined the effect on differentiation of the wing. Because many of these genes can affect general transcription, we used the temperature-sensitive Gal80 system, in combination with wing Gal4 drivers, to express RNAi constructs from the mid-larval stage of development (L2) until eclosion (i.e., the adult stage). RNAis to specific TAFs and core promoter-associated genes resulted in disrupted wing phenotypes when expressed via apterous-Gal4. These included bip3 (TAF3) and TFIIAS-2 (Additional file 8). Employing the same experimental protocol for the tTAF can resulted in lethality. When the tTAF nht was inhibited in the posterior wing using engrailed-Gal4 (L2 to eclosion), defects in posterior wing growth and cuticle integrity were observed (Figure 5D). Terminal differentiation in nht RNAi-expressing wings was assessed at the cellular level by staining these wings for F-actin at 34 h APF. Beginning at this stage of development, every cell in the wing blade forms an actin-rich wing hair, which is an early differentiation event. Expression of nht RNAi in the posterior wing led to a cell-autonomous delay in wing-hair formation and terminal differentiation (Figure 5F), revealing an unexpected potential somatic role for nht.
Additional file 8. Manipulation of specific general transcription components and TBP-associated factors affects terminal differentiation in the wing. Using apterous-Gal4 in combination with tubulin-Gal80TS, RNAi transgenes for TFIIAS-2, bip, beaf, and nht (from VDRC) were expressed in the dorsal wing from the second larval instar until eclosion. The same experimental protocol was also used to overexpress Dref. Compared to controls (wRNAi), effects in wing growth, wing elongation, vein formation, and cuticle integrity were observed when these genes were manipulated. Two nht EMS alleles were put in trans to assess effect of nht loss of function on wing development. Fifty percent of nhtz5347/nhtz5946 males exhibited a mild ectopic vein phenotype (arrowheads). Two examples are shown. Panel at right is a 20x magnification of the left panel.
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In further support of a function for nht in the wing, we noted that flies hemizygous for the EMS loss of function alleles nhtz5946 or nhtz5947[42] were sub-viable and 50% of escapers were developmentally delayed by 24 hours during the pupal stage. Nearly all nhtz5946 hemizygous adults exhibited ectopic wing vein phenotypes (Figure 5G) and 10% exhibited multiple wing hair phenotypes (Figure 5G, inset). Fifty percent of nhtz5347/nhtz5946 transheterozygous males exhibited a mild ectopic vein phenotype in the anterior wing and 10% of females raised at 25°C exhibited ectopic vein (Figure 5H-I) and occasional patches of small, thin wing-hairs (Figure 5J).
Vein refinement involves the coordinated action of multiple signaling pathways and a developmental delay can affect the vein the refinement and limitation process. Other genotypes exhibiting wing hair developmental delay also exhibit multiple wing hairs or thin wing hair phenotypes [43], further suggesting a developmental delay in the wing occurs due to loss of nht. This result, combined with the promoter/motif analysis, suggests that a change in TAFs and core-promoter type preference may play an important role in regulating gene expression during differentiation of the wing. In total, our results indicate that the combinatorial influence of enhancer occupancy and core-promoter usage shapes the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression that drive epithelial differentiation.
Discussion
Dramatic gene-expression changes during metamorphosis of the wing
Previous studies with whole animals estimated that 10% of the genome is differentially regulated during metamorphosis [44-46]. Many tissue-specific changes in gene expression are likely obscured by using whole animals however, as Li and White found that expression levels for 17% of the genes in the genome are significantly affected in at least one of five tissues during the developmental transition into metamorphosis [47]. Strikingly, our analysis of wing tissue during metamorphosis revealed significant changes in expression for ~50% of the genome (8338 genes). This likely reflects the wide range of developmental and cellular processes that are involved in differentiation of the wing (e.g., cell adhesion, cytoskeletal remodeling, apoptosis, neurogenesis, and cuticle formation). Changes to the cell cycle are particularly dynamic during this developmental time period (late L3 to 36 h APF), as initially proliferative cells temporary arrest in G2, synchronously execute a final cell cycle, and permanently exit the cell cycle in G1 (Figure 1). Our results indicate that such a breadth of developmental changes ultimately depends upon the modulation of several thousand genes. Our data suggests that this dynamic program of gene-expression regulation involves combined inputs from both enhancer sequences and the type of core promoter. Furthermore, this suggests that only a small proportion of genes will truly fit the definition of “constitutive” or “housekeeping” when examining dynamic developmental processes across multiple tissues.
Temporal gene-expression patterns correlate most strongly with core-promoter types
In the differentiating wing, gene expression patterns were not highly correlated with GO term enrichment, i.e., functionally related genes were not co-regulated. Instead, shared upstream-regulatory motifs and the type of core promoter were more accurate predictors of a gene’s temporal pattern of expression. These findings are in contrast to a recent analysis, which suggests that co-regulated genes in Drosophila are more likely to share GO terms than transcription factor binding sites [48]. These authors based their conclusions on gene-expression data from whole organisms, an approach that may have masked tissue-specific patterns that are necessary to find shared transcription factor binding sites. Instead our analysis is consistent with the findings of FitzGerald et al., [49] which found core promoter type strongly correlated with gene expression in embryos vs. adults. We also found that enrichment for a particular type of core promoter more accurately predicted a gene’s temporal pattern of expression than enrichment for any particular enhancer motif within 1 kb of the TSS. Comparing the same tissue at multiple developmental time points, therefore, has revealed an unappreciated level of transcriptional regulation that depends upon the core-promoter type. As the wing differentiates, we found a shift in expression away from genes with DRE, and certain core promoter types (CP-1, -6, and −7), toward genes that use INR, DPE, and MTE promoter elements. This trend even held true for genes with multiple TSSs containing different core promoters, where in nearly every case we observed a shift in TSS usage during differentiation (Table 1). This shift may reflect changes in TAF and core promoter associated factors during terminal differentiation, and is consistent with studies that have found wing differentiation functions for additional components of the basal transcription machinery (summarized in Additional file 9) [50-53].
Additional file 9. Published studies showing wing differentiation-specific functions for components of the basal transcriptional machinery.
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The type of core promoter may dictate target-gene induction or repression in response to Myc and E2F
For general enhancer analysis, promoters such as the heat-shock protein (HSP) 70 TATA promoter are thought to be sufficient. Validation of the reporter-gene expression pattern is typically performed at a limited number of pre-selected time points, and reporters that recapitulate the expected pattern are chosen. Our data suggest however, that such constructs may miss important aspects of temporal regulation that are not captured by an arbitrary choice of core promoter.
Two gene clusters in our dataset (cluster 13 and 29) were enriched for both E2F and Myc binding sites, and regulated known E2F and/or Myc target genes [15,40]. However, most genes within cluster 13 were induced by dMyc/dE2F1, whereas most genes within cluster 29 genes were repressed by dMyc/dE2F1 activity (Figure 4). The latter represents a non-canonical response, as these factors primarily activate transcription when overexpressed. We identified a difference in core-promoter sequences between these two clusters, as cluster-13 genes were enriched for DRE, CP-1, -6, and −7 sequences, whereas cluster-29 genes were enriched for DPE, MTE, and INR sequences. This finding, together with our observation that the expression of genes encoding for core promoter-associated proteins were temporally regulated in the differentiating wing, suggests that differences in core-promoter type may underlie the non-canonical behavior of these E2F and Myc target genes. Most studies concerning E2F regulation use either well-characterized endogenous DRE-containing promoters [54], cell-cycle gene promoters that contain DREs [55], or engineered constructs with an HSP70 TATA-type promoter [56]. Our data suggest that there may be another level of E2F (and possibly Myc) transcriptional regulation that is missed by using reporters such as these. This idea is supported by findings that an enhancer can be functionally linked to a specific core promoter in Drosophila[57], and that certain factors can stimulate DPE-dependent transcription and inhibit TATA-dependent transcription [58]. Future studies that involve reporter constructs with different types of core promoters (like those generated in [57] and [59]) will be necessary to verify and characterize this new level of regulation.
A requirement for a tTAF in wing terminal differentiation
A previous report indicated that expression of nht (a tTAF) is restricted to the male germline [42]. It was surprising to find therefore, that nht may play a role in the proper timing of terminal differentiation in the pupal wing. However, nht expression had only been examined in embryos (0–24 h after egg deposition (AED)) and adults [42]. Newer modEncode transcriptome data found that nht transcription is undetectable until pupal stages of development [60], whereas the adult wing contains very few viable cells, due to developmentally regulated apoptosis that occurs immediately after eclosion [61]. We found that nht, as well as several other tTAFs including mia and sa, are expressed in the pupal wing. These results are based on microarray, RT-PCR and western blotting analyses, where possible (Figure 5). Our tTAF expression data do not contradict previous findings, therefore, but instead reveal somatic expression at a different stage of development.
nht mutants are viable but male sterile, consistent with their well-defined role in terminal differentiation of spermatocytes [42]. Although wing phenotypes associated with nht loss-of-function have not been reported, we used an inducible RNAi construct to inhibit nht function in the pupal wing. This acute knockdown approach revealed a dramatic wing hair differentiation phenotype that may be partially masked in nht mutants by compensatory changes in other TAFs. We also observed wing vein and abnormal wing-hair phenotypes in nht mutants (Figure 5). This genetic data demonstrates an unexpected role for nht in wing development. Our results suggest that non-canonical TAFs may play an important role in terminal differentiation of somatic tissues as well [62,63], including TAFs that were previously thought to be germline specific.
Conclusions
The dynamic changes in gene expression during Drosophila wing terminal differentiation encompass approximately 50% of the protein coding genes in the genome, and are directed by combinatorial inputs from both enhancer sequences and the core-promoter type at individual genes. Our results suggest that a change in core promoter preference, likely mediated by a shift in expression of core promoter binding proteins, plays a much more significant role in modulating gene expression during metamorphosis than previously recognized.
Methods
Microarrays
For pupal wing microarray hybridizations, 10 pupal wings were dissected from w1118 animals (Bloomington Stock #3605) that had been raised on standard cornmeal/molasses media under uncrowded conditions (less than 50 larvae per vial) at 25°C. Wandering L3 was defined as wandering larvae at the gut half-empty stage (approximately 110 h AED). All pupae were staged from 0 h APF, defined as stiff white pre-pupae (approximately 120 h AED ± 20 min at 25°C). RNA was isolated from dissected tissues using Trizol (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY), and cleaned using the RNAEasy Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). RNA integrity was confirmed via agarose gel. Using 500–1,000 ng input RNA for each reaction, cDNA synthesis was performed with one subsequent round of T7-dependent linear RNA amplification, using the commercially available Message AmpTM kit from Ambion [40]. Amplified RNA was quantified via nanodrop, and its integrity confirmed via Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). According to Nimblegen protocols (Madison, WI), 10 mg of RNA was subsequently labeled in a cDNA synthesis reaction and hybridized to Nimblegen 4-plex 60-mer Drosophila expression arrays ( http://www.nimblegen.com webcite). Hybridizations were repeated four times with independently obtained biological replicates to ensure maximal confidence in data reproducibility. NimbleScan software was used for array scanning and quantile normalization [64]. Gene calls were generated using the Robust Multichip Average (RMA) algorithm [65]. All arrays in this study were normalized together. MA plots of the array data, showing a linear relationship between intensity and average intensity post-normalization, is provided (see Additional file 10). Statistically significant changes in gene expression (adjusted p < 0.05) were determined using ANOVA. The mean fold change for genes with significant changes was 2.2. Approximately half of the genes exhibited fold changes > 2, and half exhibited less than a 2-fold change. We also compared our results to previously published RT-PCR and microarray data where similar pupal wing stages were possible (Additional file 11) [66].
Additional file 10. MA plots of normalized microarray data. NimbleScan software was used for array scanning and quantile normalization. All arrays in this study were normalized together. MA plots of the array data, show a roughly linear relationship between intensity and average intensity post-normalization.
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Additional file 11. Comparisons between our microarray data and published expression fold changes(viaqPCR) concerning similar stages of wing development.
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The data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus. The GEO Series accession number is GSE36015.
Drosophila lines
The following lines were used in this study: w1118 (Bloomington Stock, #3605), nhtz5347/nhtz5946 , Df(2 L)A263 (Bloomington Stocks #25159, 6062 and 25160), engrailed-Gal4, UAS-GFP; tub-Gal80TS (engrailed-Gal4, UAS-GFP from [67], tub-Gal80TS from [5]), UAS-nhtRNAi (Vienna Drosophila RNAi Collection, stock #10351). For experiments using the temperature-sensitive (TS) Gal80 system, animals were shifted from 18°C to 28°C at the indicated times.
Gene expression clusters
Genes differentially expressed at one or more time points compared to the wandering L3 reference sample (> 1.5-fold) were grouped into 30 clusters using the k-means clustering algorithm with Euclidean distance in the Genesis program ( http://genome.tugraz.at webcite). Hierarchical clustering was also performed in Genesis to generate heat maps showing transcript changes (log2 ratio of expression compared to L3 reference) for all transcripts with a fold-change ≥ 1.3 (> log2 ± 0.4) at one or more time points. For the gene expression heat map of 30 k-means clusters shown in Figure 3, the average expression for all genes within the indicated cluster at the indicated time point is shown.
Western blotting, RT-PCR, and histology
Western blots using 10 wild-type Drosophila pupal wings at the indicated stages were performed as described [68]. Blots were incubated with primary antibodies directed against acetylated histone H4 (1:2000; Millipore, Billerica, MA), BEAF (1:200; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB)), Sa (1:100; kindly provided by Dr. M. Fuller), Mia (1:100; a kind gift from Dr. D. Wassarman). Appropriate horse-radish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were used at 1:2000 and detected using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ). For RT-PCRs, 10 dissected wings of the indicated stages were homogenized in Trizol for RNA isolation and clean up using the RNAeasy kit (Qiagen) with DNAse treatment to remove genomic DNA. RNA was quantified using a nanodrop, integrity was confirmed using gel electrophoresis, and 500 ng was used for cDNA synthesis via the oligo-dT primed, Superscript III kit (Invitrogen). PCR was carried out using 1/10 of the cDNA reaction using Go Taq (Promega, Madison, WI), with 35 amplification cycles. Primers for mia are available upon request. Mock reactions without RT (−RT in Figure 5) were carried out to ensure PCR products were not from genomic DNA contamination.
Pupal wings of the indicated stages were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and stained using a primary antibody directed against DE-cadherin (DSHB) and an Alexa-fluor 568 secondary antibody as described [5]. Pupal wings were stained for nuclei using Hoechst 33258 at 0.5 μg/mL in PBS, or F-actin using Rhodamine-labeled phalloidin diluted 1:200 in PBS (Molecular Probes). For F-actin staining, wings were not exposed to detergent. Confocal images of pupal wings were taken using a Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope at 20× and Zeiss AIM software.
Adult wings were dehydrated in 100% ethanol, placed in methyl salicylate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) for 10 min, and permanently mounted and flattened in Canada balsam and methyl salicylate (1:1) (Sigma). Adult wings were photographed under brightfield conditions on a Leitz Orthoplan2 at 10-20× magnification, using a Nikon DS-Vi1 color camera and Nikon NIS Elements software.
Flow cytometry
Twenty wild-type Drosophila wings of the indicated stages were dissected, dissociated in a trypsin/PBS solution and stained for DNA using Hoechst 33342 as described [69]. Dissociated cells were analyzed using a FACS Vantage Cytometer (BD) with CellQuest software. At least 20,000 cells were measured to generate cell-cycle histograms.
Motif analysis
Fimo [70] was used (at p < 0.0001) to identify the locations of relevant DNA-binding motifs (Additional file 6 includes all PSSMs used. Additional file 5 shows custom motifs added to the FLYREG dataset). Core promoter (CP) motif PSSMs have been described [36]. For all genes, Fimo scans were performed independently at the core promoter (−60 to +40 bp), and across the extended promoter region (−1 kb to −1 bp) of all genes.
To identify motifs that were enriched or depleted in given gene clusters, the sum of all motif occurrences for each cluster was calculated. Permutation tests were then performed to determine the significance of seeing that many motif occurrences at random in a cluster with ‘n’ genes where ‘n’ equals the number of genes for each cluster. For each permutation test, ‘n’ genes were randomly chosen to form a random cluster. The sum of each given motif’s occurrence in a randomly selected set was recorded. One thousand such permutations were performed to calculate the mean and standard deviation of motif occurrences in randomly selected clusters of ‘n’ genes. From the distribution of motif occurrences, a z-score was calculated to express the enrichment or depletion of a given motif in a real cluster of genes compared with randomly-chosen clusters of equal size. A threshold z-score of |3| was chosen as significant for enrichment or depletion of motifs. Permutation tests were performed to calculate z-scores for each cluster and motif combination.
Gene ontology analysis
Gene ontology terms were obtained from FlyBase ( http://www.flybase.org webcite). For each cluster of genes, the enrichment of functional terms associated with that cluster was calculated using the hypergeometric distribution, which calculates the probability of randomly drawing ‘b’ genes with a given functional term from among all ‘N’ genes in the genome, given that there were ‘n’ genes in the cluster (the number of draws from the genome) and ‘B’ total genes with that annotation in the entire genome.
Validation of cluster motif enrichment
Hypergeometric probabilities were calculated using the hypergeometric distribution. In our case: (1) the population size equals the total number of genes on our microarray platform, (2) the number of successes in the population is the total number of genes that are represented in both our dataset and the published dataset under comparison, (3) the sample size is the total number of genes in each cluster (for which there is data in the published dataset under comparison), and (4) the number of successes in the sample equals the total number of genes in that cluster that are validated as significantly changed by the treatment or transcription factor under study in the published dataset under comparison. A p-value less than 0.05 indicated a significant overlap.
Abbreviations
ANOVA: Analysis of variance; APF: After puparium formation; CP: Core promoter; DRE: DNA replication-related element; FACS: Fluorescence activated cell sorting; FIMO: Find individual motif occurrences; GO: Gene ontology; L3: Larval instar stage 3; MEME: Multiple em for motif elicitation; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; PSSM-: Position specific scoring matrix; RNAi: RNA interference; SAGE: Serial analysis of gene expression; TAFs: TBP-associated factors; TBP: TATA binding protein; TS: Temperature sensitive; TSS: Transcriptional start site; tTAF: Testes-specific TAF.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
DDO, LAB, and BAE conceived of the project. DDO, SRT, and LAB performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. KB and EG assisted with experiments in Figure 5. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank M. Fuller and D. Wassarman for reagents; L. Li for essential advice and analysis of preliminary microarray data; M. Morgan, J. Davison and the FHCRC array facility for help with microarray hybridization, processing, and data analysis. Antibodies were obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, developed under the auspices of the NICHD and maintained by The University of Iowa, Department of Biology, Iowa City, IA 52242. The indicated Drosophila lines were obtained from the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center at Indiana University or the Vienna Drosophila RNAi Collection (VDRC). This work was supported by grants from the NIH, GM070887 to BAE and GM086517 to LAB. DDO was supported by NCI 1 U54 CA132381 to the FHCRC.
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Research article
The relationship of high sensitivity C-reactive protein to percent body fat mass, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist circumference in a Taiwanese population
Cheng-Chieh Lin1,2,3,4,5, Sharon LR Kardia6, Chia-Ing Li2, Chiu-Shong Liu1,2,3, Ming-May Lai1,3, Wen-Yuan Lin1,3, Pei-Chia Chang7, Yih-Dar Lee8,9, Ching-Chu Chen10, Chih-Hsueh Lin1,3, Chuan-Wei Yang2, Chih-Yi Hsiao4, Walter Chen11 and Tsai-Chung Li12,13,5*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
2 Medical Research, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
3 Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
4 Institute of Health Care Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
5 Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
6 Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
7 Administration Center, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
8 Department of Psychiatry, Medical College, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
9 Bristol-Myers Squibb (Taiwan) Ltd, Global Development & Medical Affairs, Taipei, Taiwan
10 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
11 Department of Medicine, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
12 Graduate Institute of Biostatistics & Chinese Medicine Science, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
13 Biostatistics Center, China Medical University & Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2010, 10:579 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-579
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/579
Received:7 January 2010
Accepted:28 September 2010
Published:28 September 2010
© 2010 Lin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is an easily measured inflammatory biomarker. This study compared the association of percent body fat mass (%FM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with hs-CRP in a Taiwanese population.
Methods
A total of 1669 subjects aged 40-88 years were recruited in 2004 in a metropolitan city in Taiwan. The relationships between obesity indicators and a high level of hs-CRP were examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The upper quartile of the hs-CRP distributions was defined as the high category group. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated for all obesity indicators to compare their relative ability to correctly classify subjects with a high level of hs-CRP.
Results
After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratio for %FM was the only significant indicator that was associated with a high level of hs-CRP in men (1.55, 95% CI: 1.07-2.25). All indicators were associated with a high level of hs-CRP in women. In men, the AUCs for %FM were significantly higher than those for BMI, WHR, and WC, when demographic and lifestyle behaviors were considered (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), but they were not significantly different in females.
Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that %FM is the only obesity indicator that is strongly associated with a high level of hs-CRP after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle behaviors and components of metabolic syndrome in both genders in a Taiwanese population aged forty years and over. In men, %FM had the greatest ability to classify subjects with a high level of hs-CRP when only demographic and lifestyle behaviors were considered. Our study finding has important implications for the screening of obesity in community settings.
Background
Obesity is a major public health problem in the world, affecting people in both developed and developing countries [1-4]. According to reports, there are about 250 million adults suffering from obesity [5,6]. A previous survey has shown that the age-adjusted prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing in Taiwan, from 10.5% to 15.9% for men from 1993-1996 to 2000-2001 [7]. Of most importance, obesity is associated with numerous chronic health conditions or diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [8,9].
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), the main acute phase protein in humans, is a sensitive marker for systemic inflammation. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that elevated hs-CRP levels correlate significantly with features of metabolic abnormality, including adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [10-13]. Although the physiological mechanisms linking elevated hs-CRP to these disorders are not known, it is possible that the association is partly mediated by adipose tissue, a main source of inflammatory cytokines. Most epidemiologic studies identifying strong associations between hs-CRP and obesity indicators predominantly use anthropometric indexes [10-13]. Only a few studies have used measures of body fat [14-16].
Body mass index (BMI) is an indicator of heaviness rather than fatness, and cannot distinguish body fat from fat-free mass. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is a measure of regional fat distribution, whereas waist circumference (WC) is a measure of central obesity. Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) produces a close estimate of fat-free mass throughout a wide range of body composition [17]. BIA is a non-invasive measurement of body composition and is especially useful in large epidemiologic studies. It also possesses many advantages over other methods, in that it is inexpensive, simple, fast, safe, portable, easy-to-perform, and requires minimal operator training [18,19]. The current study was designed to explore the values of obesity indicators of percent body fat mass (%FM), as determined by BIA for the total body, compared to BMI, WC, and WHR, in terms of their independent relation to hs-CRP under two conditions: one considering metabolic syndrome (MetS)'s components, except obesity, and the other not considering these MetS components.
Methods
Participants
This was a community-based cross-sectional study based on data from the Taichung Community Health Study. The detailed methodology has been described elsewhere [20-25]. A total of 2,359 residents of Taichung City, Taiwan, aged 40 and over, participated in the study in October 2004. Hs-CRP levels were measured only for the first 1669 consecutive subjects. This study was approved by the Human Research Committee of China Medical University Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.
Anthropometric measurements and laboratory examinations
Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were obtained from the complete physical examination. Weight and height were measured on an auto-anthropometer (super-view, HW-666), with the subjects shoeless and wearing light clothing. BMI was derived from the formula, weight (kg) ÷ (height)2 (m2). With the participant standing, WC was measured midway between the superior iliac crest and the costal margin, and hip circumference at its maximum protrusion point of the buttocks around the pelvis, and then the WHR was calculated as a measure of regional fat distribution. %FM was assessed by a body composition analyzer (Tanita BC-418, Arlington Heights, Illinois, USA). The measurements were performed with the subjects stepping onto the measuring platform without shoes and after wiping the soles of their feet. The amount of body fat was expressed as a percentage of total weight. Previous studies have confirmed the validity of BIA in estimating body composition compared to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) [19,26]. The means values for BIA and DEXA were very close [26]. BIA was a good predictor of DEXA-derived fat-free mass (r = 0.85-0.88) and was superior to BMI in measuring body fat [19]. The principle of BIA is that fat tissue exhibits greater resistance to the flow of electrical current than fat-free tissue because of differences in water content.
Blood pressure was measured by an electronic device (COLIN, VP-1000, Japan) three times after the subjects had rested for 20 minutes. The lowest systolic and diastolic blood pressure was recorded. Blood was drawn from an antecubital vein in the morning after a 12-hour overnight fasting and was sent for analysis within four hours of blood collection. Hs-CRP levels were measured by nephelometry, a latex particle-enhanced immunoassay (TBA-200FR, Tokyo, Japan). The interassay and intra-assay CVs were <2.0% and <1.9%, respectively. The lower detection limit of the assay was 0.1 mg/L. Biochemical markers such as fasting plasma glucose, HDL-C, and triglyceride were analyzed by a biochemical autoanalyzer (Beckman Coulter Synchron system, Lx-20, Fullerton, CA, USA) at the Clinical Laboratory Department of China Medical University Hospital. Fasting plasma glucose was measured in blood obtained by use of NAF TUBE. NAF TUBE contains 5 mg sodium fluoride to inhibit glucose metabolism and 4 mg potassium oxalate to chelate calcium and prevent coagulation. The interassay and intra-assay CVs for fasting plasma glucose were 4% and 4%, respectively. We measured cholesterol and triglyceride in serum mode. A SST tube was used. The SST™ tube refers to the Serum Separator Tube containing clot activator and serum separator gel. The silica particles that coat the walls of the BD Vacutainer® SST™ tube are the clot activator. Initial activation occurs when blood enters the tube and contacts the particles on the tube wall. Triglyceride levels were determined using an enzymatic colorimetric method. The interassay and intra-assay CVs for triglyceride were 6.8% and 5%, respectively. The HDL-C level was measured by a direct HDL-C method and the interassay and intra-assay CVs were 4.5% and 4.5%, respectively. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was also measured using a direct LDL-C method, and interassay and intra-assay CVs were 4.5% and 3%, respectively. The serum insulin level was measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, CA). The interassay CV for insulin was 8.7% and the intra-assay CV was 3.4%. Insulin sensitivity was estimated with a Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) equation. The HOMA-IR equals fasting serum insulin (μU/ml) times fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) divided by 22.5 [27]. The cut-offs defining abnormality of triglycerides, HDL-C, blood pressure, and fasting glucose were in accordance with the AHA/NHLBI statement that was used to define the four components of MetS [28]: elevated triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL), reduced HDL-C (< 40 mg/dL for men, <50 mg/dL for women), elevated blood pressure (BP ≥130/≥85 mmHg), and elevated fasting glucose (≥100 mg/dL).
Data regarding smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, betel nut chewing and family history of cardiovascular-related diseases were collected by questionnaire when the participants underwent a complete physical examination. Subjects who self-reported any of these characteristics (smoking, alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing and family history of cardiovascular-related diseases) were placed into groups based on the specific characteristic. Those in the non-smoking group had never smoked or had smoked less than 100 cigarettes during their lifetime, whereas those in smoking group smoked currently or had smoked more than or equal to 100 cigarettes during their lifetime. Individuals who self-reported alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing or exercise were classified into the group with this specific characteristic. Those whose parents or siblings had a specific cardiovascular-related disease were classified as having a family history of the disease.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were reported as means, whereas categorical variables were reported as numbers (percentage). The cutoff points for WC [28] were 90 (cm) for men and 80 (cm) for women, and for WHR [29] were 0.9 in men and 0.85 in women. The value of the cutoff point of BMI for defining overweight was 24 [30]. We defined the subjects in the upper quartile of the %FM and hs-CRP distributions as the high category group. To examine the relationship between obesity indicators and hs-CRP, crude odds ratios (ORs) were first used; then, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent effect on the high level of hs-CRP, adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel nut chewing. Finally, variables for abnormality of the MetS components other than obesity were entered into models. ORs and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The areas under curve (AUCs) for each receiver operating characteristics curve were calculated to compare the relative ability of obesity indicators to correctly classify subjects with a high level of hs-CRP, and the nonparametric method was used to test whether the AUCs of these four obesity indicators were different [31]. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). A two-sided significant level of p < 0.05 was reported.
Results
A total of 1669 subjects (807 men and 862 women) were analyzed in the final model. The sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and biomarkers of the obese participants, as defined by %FM, BMI, WHR, and WC, and stratified by gender, are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Obese participants, both men and women, identified by these four obesity indicators had similar characteristics.
Table 1. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in obese individuals as defined by each obesity indicator, and stratified by gender, n (%)
Table 2. Distributions of sociodemographic and biochemical characteristics in obese individuals defined by each obesity indicator, and stratified by gender
Table 3 shows the ORs of the high level of hs-CRP for each obesity indicator for men and women. Without considering any covariates, all ORs were significant, except BMI, and ORs were largest for %FM for both men and women (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.37-2.73 in men; OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 2.59-4.98 in women). After adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol drinking, and betel nut chewing, the effect of %FM still remained significant (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.33-2.68 in men; OR: 3.34, 95% CI: 2.39-4.68 in women). After further adjusting for hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and low HDL-C, the OR for %FM became attenuated, but remained significant (1.55, 95% CI: 1.07-2.25 in men; OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.03-4.11 in women). In women, the crude ORs for the four obesity indicators were all statistically significant. These ORs remained significant after considering age, smoking, alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing, and the four components of MetS. The high categories of BMI, WHR, and WC were associated with a 2.11-fold (95% CI: 1.51-2.95), 2.07-fold (1.45-2.97) and 2.37-fold (1.67-3.35) increased risk of having a high level of hs-CRP, respectively.
Table 3. The odds ratios of a high level of hs-CRP for obesity as defined by %FM, BMI, WHR, and WCa
The AUCs and 95% CIs of four obesity indicators stratified by gender are shown in Table 4. In men, the AUCs for BMI, WC, and WHR were similar and were all significantly lower than that for %FM (χ2 for overall test = 14.77, p = 0.002, the p values for pair-wise comparisons were all <0.001, Figure 1). On the other hand, in women, the AUCs for %FM, BMI, and WC were similar and were slightly higher than that for WHR, but there were no significant differences between the AUCs for the different obesity indicators (χ2 = 5.55, p = 0.1355, Figure 2). After further adjusting for the four components of MetS, the differences between the AUCs for the four obesity indicators were no longer statistically significant in men.
Table 4. Comparisons of AUCs for percent body fat mass, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist circumference, stratified by gender.
Figure 1. The receiver operating characteristics curves of BMI, WHR, WC and %FM for males.
Figure 2. The receiver operating characteristics curves of BMI, WHR, WC and %FM for females.
Discussion
In this community-based study, we demonstrated that all obesity indicators, except WHR in men, were strongly associated with a high CRP level in Taiwanese men and women when sociodemographic factors and lifestyle behaviors were considered. Only the association for %FM remained significant in women after further considering individual abnormalities in the four components of MetS.
Hs-CRP is an easily measured inflammatory biomarker and is released by the liver under the stimulation of cytokines, including interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. It has been shown hs-CRP has associations with endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance syndrome [32]. Although a relationship has been found between hs-CRP and DEXA-measured trunk fat [33], our finding is the first to show that hs-CRP is only associated with %FM in men and women compared with BMI, WHR, and WC, indicating that %FM is the obesity indicator that can capture the inflammatory phenomena in both genders that are responsible for the higher likelihood of diabetes and cardiovascular events. In addition, %FM had a greater ability to classify subjects with a high level of hs-CRP compared with BMI, WHR, and WC in men, when demographic and lifestyle behaviors were considered, but this ability diminished when MetS components were considered. This finding has important implications for obesity screening in community surveys. The BIA measurement may not be more valuable than the other obesity indicators when health surveys use blood samples, but is a measurement worth using when the health survey for screening obesity does not draw blood samples.
WHR has been the traditional anthropometric index for assessing central adiposity; however, the use of WC is gaining support [34-37] and popularity as an alternative, simpler option [38-40]. WHR was the only obesity indicator that did not perform well in men in identifying individuals with a high hs-CRP level after adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel nut chewing. In Craig's work, WHR did not perform well in identifying risk factors for cardiovascular disease and undiagnosed diabetes [41]. In addition, the correlations with individual risk factors were weaker than those of other measures of body composition, especially in women [41]. On the other hand, WHR explained the highest percentage of the variability of CRP in men in Thorand's work [15], and WHR was significantly correlated with CRP in both men and women [16]. The possible explanation for the differences in the findings among these studies was that these studies were conducted with different ethnic groups, or the populations in these studies had different levels or types of obesity.
The limitations of this study must be considered. The principal limitation relevant to the interpretation of our results is the use of cross-sectional data; thus, causal pathways underlying the observed relationships cannot be inferred. Second, these analyses were restricted to the first 1669 subjects entering the current study, indicating that potential selection bias might exist. To assess this possibility, we examined the demographic characteristics of the individuals with and without hs-CRP measurement by comparing age, sex, and administrative unit, and similar distributions were found. The non-differential distributions in age, sex, and administrative unit indicate this kind of selection error might be random, thus, the biased results in the effect may be toward the null, a lesser threat to validity.
Conclusion
In summary, this study demonstrates that %FM is strongly associated with a high level of hs-CRP in both genders in a Taiwanese population aged forty years and over. The novelty of the study is that %FM is the only significant indicator related to hs-CRP among various anthrometric indexes in men when demographic and lifestyle behaviors, and the individual components of MetS are considered. This finding highlights the importance of %FM in screening obese individuals who have a higher likelihood of chronic inflammation, especially when no blood sample is drawn. BIA measurement offers a convenient and practical approach to body composition assessment and may be useful and valuable in community settings. Our study finding has important implications for the screening of obesity.
Abbreviations
hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WC: waist circumference; BIA: bio-electrical impedance analysis; %FM: percent body fat mass; DEXA: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; MetS: metabolic syndrome; ORs: odds ratios; AUCs: receiver operating characteristics curve.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CCL, SLRK and TCL contributed equally to the design of the study and the direction of its implementation, including supervision of the field activities, quality assurance and control. CIL, CSL, WYL, MML, CCC, TL, CYH, WC and PCC supervised the field activities. CSL and YDL helped conduct the literature review and prepare the Methods and the Discussion sections of the text. TCL, SLRK, CIL, CSL, CCL, CHL and CWY designed the study's analytic strategy and conducted the data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by grants from the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC93-2314-B-039-025&NSC94-2314-B-039-024) and Taiwan Department of Health Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (DOH99-TD-B-111-004).
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/579/prepub
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< The Pitch! #2
Next >
Deep Sea Interviews: Inspired by these cool pictures. Today: the coffinfish.
News You Can Bruise: Hello.
Coffinfish: Hello.
NYCB: Is it true that you can walk on the ocean floor using your fins?
CF: You'd better believe it.
NYCB: Where do you usually walk?
CF: Just around.
NYCB: But like where? Like to the store?
CF: There are no stores in the depths of the ocean!
NYCB: Well, have you ever thought about opening a store?
CF: Why?
NYCB: Because it's never been done before. The market is completely open. I think it would be a good business for you if you opened up a convenience store off the coast of Australia. You could sell to the other deep sea fish and to the squids and crabs and whatnot.
CF: Look, do you know what fish use for money?
NYCB: No, what?
CF: Nothing! 'Cause we're fish! We have no economy! Our relationships with other fish are predator/prey relationships or mating relationships or rival relationships! So stop with the store idea!
NYCB: Do you think that the ocean as a whole would be more productive if you had an economy?
CF: No.
NYCB: Why not? Humans have an economy.
CF: Yeah, and what do you get out of it? You have to work all day to get your "money"!
NYCB: But you have to work all day as well. All day you lure smaller fish to their doom with the glowing bait atop your head.
CF: That's not work! I just sit back and the fish fall into my gaping maw! It's fun!
NYCB: And then you have to evade predators.
CF: To evade predators, I simply swallow an enormous amount of water! I bet that doesn't work for you!
NYCB: No, but if a predator did get you, how would your family survive without you to provide for them?
CF: That is a moot point because I don't provide for them now.
NYCB: I'm saying that maybe it would be a good idea if you took out an insurance policy or something.
CF: I have an insurance policy!
NYCB: Really?
CF: I am insured against theft, and damage from earthquake!
NYCB: That's pretty useless.
CF: We fish trade only in things that have no value! If we have something valuable, we keep it for ourselves.
NYCB: But what about symbiosis?
CF: Symbiosis is for sea anenomes!
NYCB: You're a very unpredictable interview.
CF: You are a very unpredictable interviewer. Why do you ask me about economic activity all the time? Why don't you ask me some more stupid human questions about how I walk, just like you do? Huh? How about anthropomorphizing me some more? Blaaah! I'm a coffinfish! Blaaah!
NYCB: So, uh, when you walk, are you all walkin' down the street like this, or are you all walkin' down the street like this?
CF: The first one.
NYCB: 'Cause that one's cooler?
CF: Yeah, whatever.
NYCB: Look, you wanted more questions about the walking thing.
CF: Why don't you ask me about my new book?
NYCB: You have a book?
CF: Yes, it's called "Passion and Power: The Political Houses of the Great Barrier Reef 1951-1956".
NYCB: What's it about?
CF: It's got it all: politics, food, sex, budding, intrigue, all set against the stunning backdrop of the postwar Great Barrier Reef.
NYCB: So is it a history?
CF: It's more of a fictionalized memoir. It takes place from the perspective of a young polyp who grows unobserved in the chambers of the ruling class of corals.
NYCB: I'm intrigued.
CF: It also has my favorite recipe for fish. I call it "Fish a la Fish".
NYCB: Would you like to share the recipe?
CF: Yes. First, you stay very still with your mouth open. Then, you eat the fish.
NYCB: So, it's more a means of acquiring fish than a recipe.
CF: It's both. The second part is the recipe.
NYCB: Your book sounds very interesting. Do you have a publisher?
CF: I was planning on disseminating it through oral tradition.
NYCB: You should get a publisher.
CF: Is that another economy thing?
NYCB: Sort of. I think a lot of humans would pay good money for a book written by a coffinfish.
CF: And what would I do with this "money"?
NYCB: You could buy a bunch of really tacky knicknacks and scatter them over the ocean floor, and then show them to other fish.
CF: Your human ways have corrupted me! Now I too must have these tacky knick-knacks!
NYCB: Sorry.
CF: Tell me where are the knick-knacks!
NYCB: Like what do you want?
CF: A little castle! I must have a little castle that gets algae in it! And a treasure chest that opens to reveal fake treasure!
NYCB: That sounds like classic aquarium store material.
CF: All right, I will try your aquarium "store".
NYCB: Thanks for inaugurating this series, coffinfish.
CF: Blaaah! [swims off]
Filed under: , ,
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Structure of CO2 emissions from thermal power plants in EU-27, 2009
Created : Jan 31, 2012 Published : Jan 31, 2012 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:40 AM
Topics: ,
How to read the figures: Left-top: % Share of fuel input (TJ) by type (liquid, solid, gaseous, biomass and other fuels) into 1A1a public electricity and heat production. Left-bottom: Implied emission factor for each fuel above (tCO2 / TJ), taken from EEA (2009) Right-top: Average efficiency of transformation in EU-27. Numerator = 101109 Output from district heating plants + 101121 Output from public thermal power stations Denominator = 101009 Input to district heating plants + 101021 Input to public thermal power stations Right-bottom: % Share of CO2 emissions by fuel type (liquid, solid, gaseous, biomass and other fuels into 1A1a public electricity and heat production)
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European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Coastal Research and Management Project (not active)
Eighty five per cent of Australia's population lives within 50km of the coastline, mostly around estuaries and other coastal waterways. With increasing population and catchment land-use pressures, estuaries and coastal waterways are experiencing ever-declining water qualities, and the situation is expected to worsen as a result of climate change.
Geoscience Australia's Coastal Research and Management project is no longer active but its work provides information on how estuaries and coastal waterways function in terms of their biogeochemistry. This information is used by coastal managers to better understand the processes responsible for deteriorating water quality.
Nutrient sources and sinks were studied in South Australia's Coorong, lower lakes, including Lakes Alexandrina and Albert, and River Murray mouth in collaboration with the CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship and the associated Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth CLLAMMecology research cluster. In this project we studied water quality in the Coorong, where salinities are up to six times the level of normal sea water and seagrass areas, fish and bird abundances have declined dramatically over recent decades as a result of insufficient freshwater inflow.
Sediment and nutrient retention and transformation were studied in tropical estuaries as part of the project on Tropical Rivers and Coastal Knowledge (TRaCK), which is funded through the Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities program and associated funding partners. In this project, the impact of urbanisation on nutrient cycling in the intertidal mudflats of Darwin Harbour were investigated. Parts of the harbour are affected by urban run-off as well as sewage outfalls, both of which contribute additional nutrients to the system.
Estuarine water quality assessments and the development of estuarine health indicators were completed in the estuaries of south-western Australia in collaboration with the Western Australian Department of Water. These estuaries have experienced some of the worst water quality in Australia with toxic algal blooms and fish kills being common in some systems.
Topic contact: marine@ga.gov.au Last updated: October 11, 2011
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Ventrilo ban, how to change IP or bypass the ban feature?
Light Poster
10Jul2008,00:34 #1
I was recently banned from a vent because of someone who always abuses admin privileges. I am trying to go back to the vent to be able to speak to my friends however I can't now. I was wondering if there was a way to change my IP or mask it to get in, or any other way? I have tried various IP changers but they're all the same thing and don't normally work.
Invasive contributor
10Jul2008,06:33 #2
lol mate u can try and try and try i tryed it over 30 times now and ive just gave up its impossible to do it.
IF there is way i just havnt found out about it yet
Contributor
10Jul2008,07:13 #3
Have how tried using cmd and typing
Code:
ipconfig /release
ipconfig /renew
?
Light Poster
10Jul2008,07:28 #4
Just tried it, did not work.
Invasive contributor
10Jul2008,07:57 #5
that does not really work you see when u log on to ventrilo it keeps a record someone how of the machine logging on (ur pc) after t hat it checks the scripts ( if ur bann/admin/ or whatever) if u ban=true then vent will not allow u to acess that server
also
ur /ipconfig
really doesnt work at all probably never will ever lol
Light Poster
10Jul2008,08:03 #6
There has to be a way to get into a vent even if you were banned. Can you delete all traces of vent, reinstall and somehow mask your ip?
Invasive contributor
10Jul2008,08:11 #7
HA I GOT IT THIS IS HOW U CAN GET ON TO VENT IF UR BANNED ON THAT IP
get to someone else pc and then get vent logon to vent and talk LOL cause that ip isnt banned lol
Light Poster
10Jul2008,08:24 #8
That's crap! I need to be able to do it from the comfort of my chair. Can anyone tell me?
Go4Expert Member
10Jul2008,09:15 #9
Is it a temporary ban? or a lifetime ban?
Invasive contributor
10Jul2008,09:54 #10
im sry i just though that was funny but serious its impossible to bypass i mean its not impossible but its the fact that we lack the knowledge of knowing how to do it if u know what i mean
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Bibliography: The Magician King
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Title: The Magician King
Author: Lev Grossman
Year: 2011
Type: NOVEL
Series: Fillory
Series Number: 2
ISFDB Record Number: 1297607
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Reviews:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Molecules 2013, 18(3), 2978-2987; doi:10.3390/molecules18032978
Article
The Identification and Characterization of Chitotriosidase Activity in Pancreatin from Porcine Pancreas
1 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, Taipei 24301, Taiwan 3 Department of Environment and Biotechnology, Refining & Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, 217 Min-Sheng S. Rd, Chiayi 60051, Taiwan
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 21 November 2012; in revised form: 17 December 2012 / Accepted: 17 February 2013 / Published: 4 March 2013
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
Download PDF Full-Text [472 KB, uploaded 4 March 2013 11:04 CET]
Abstract: The versatile oligosaccharide biopolymers, chitin and chitosan, are typically produced using enzymatic processes. However, these processes are usually costly because chitinases and chitosanases are available in limited quantities. Fortunately, a number of commercial enzymes can hydrolyze chitin and chitosan to produce long chain chitin or chitosan oligosaccharides. Here, a platform to screen for enzymes with chitinase and chitosanase activities using a single gel with glycol chitin or glycol chitosan as a substrate was applied. SDS-resistant chitinase and chitosanase activities were observed for pancreatin. Its chitotriosidase had an optimal hydrolysis pH of 4 in the substrate specificity assay. This activity was thermally unstable, but independent of 2-mercaptoethanol. This is the first time a chitotriosidase has been identified in the hog. This finding suggests that oligochitosaccharides can be mass-produced inexpensively using pancreatin.
Keywords: chitin; chitosan; oligosaccharides; pancreatin; chitotriosidase
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Shen, C.-R.; Liu, C.-L.; Lee, H.-P.; Chen, J.-K. The Identification and Characterization of Chitotriosidase Activity in Pancreatin from Porcine Pancreas. Molecules 2013, 18, 2978-2987.
AMA Style
Shen C-R, Liu C-L, Lee H-P, Chen J-K. The Identification and Characterization of Chitotriosidase Activity in Pancreatin from Porcine Pancreas. Molecules. 2013; 18(3):2978-2987.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Shen, Chia-Rui; Liu, Chao-Lin; Lee, Hsiao-Ping; Chen, Jeen-Kuan. 2013. "The Identification and Characterization of Chitotriosidase Activity in Pancreatin from Porcine Pancreas." Molecules 18, no. 3: 2978-2987.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Materials 2009, 2(4), 2259-2275; doi:10.3390/ma2042259
Article
Interactions between CO and Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) as Induced by Ion-Exchanged Zeolites
1 Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, and Center of Petroleum Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2 Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 28 September 2009; in revised form: 29 November 2009 / Accepted: 3 December 2009 / Published: 8 December 2009
Download PDF Full-Text [792 KB, uploaded 8 December 2009 14:18 CET]
Abstract: The effects of zeolite type, ion-exchanged level, and ion type on the electrical conductivity responses of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), doped poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (dPPV) and zeolite composites under CO exposures were investigated. The electrical sensitivity of dPPV/Cu+-ZSM5(Si/Al = 23) system shows a negative sensitivity value of −0.154, while the Na+ system gives a positive sensitivity of 1.48. Based on FTIR and TPD data, the positive response of PPV/Na+-ZSM5 stems from the CO molecules acting as a secondary dopant. On the other hand, the negative response of PPV/Cu+-ZSM5 originates from the fact that CO molecules are selectively adsorbed on Cu+ sites rather than C+ sites of doped PPV.
Keywords: conductive polymer; electrical conductivity; CO; ion-exchanged zeolites
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Thongchai, N.; Kunanuruksapong, R.; Niamlang, S.; Wannatong, L.; Sirivat, A.; Wongkasemjit, S. Interactions between CO and Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) as Induced by Ion-Exchanged Zeolites. Materials 2009, 2, 2259-2275.
AMA Style
Thongchai N, Kunanuruksapong R, Niamlang S, Wannatong L, Sirivat A, Wongkasemjit S. Interactions between CO and Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) as Induced by Ion-Exchanged Zeolites. Materials. 2009; 2(4):2259-2275.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Thongchai, Nareerat; Kunanuruksapong, Ruksapong; Niamlang, Sumonman; Wannatong, Ladawan; Sirivat, Anuvat; Wongkasemjit, Sujitra. 2009. "Interactions between CO and Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) as Induced by Ion-Exchanged Zeolites." Materials 2, no. 4: 2259-2275.
Materials EISSN 1996-1944 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Google Webmaster Central Wants Your Ideas
Jun 25, 2009 • 9:11 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
This is your chance to give the Webmaster Central team your ideas and have the SEO community vote on them. The more votes your ideas get, the more likely the Google team will work on them.
The Google Blog post links us to the Product Ideas for Webmaster Central Google Moderator section. There you can submit new ideas or vote on existing ideas. Currently there are 72 people have submitted 55 ideas and cast 609 votes, which is pretty low - so get in there and get voting.
The top ideas currently are:
"In [Links to your site] I would like to see an additional summary view that just shows the domains that are linking to my website rather than individual pages. This will help me to easily see when word of my website has spread somewhere new."
"Make webmaster tools part of Google Apps so that I can give people in my company access to our webmaster tools. Right now, we have to setup each person individually using a consumer google account."
"Provide a "history" of crawling errors: how a domain and its errors are developing over the last weeks / months (less 404 etc.). It would be very useful, especially if the site structure and paths have changed."
Again, submit your Product Ideas for Webmaster Central.
Forum discussion at Google Webmaster Help.
Previous story: Google My Client Center AdWords Professionals Having Technical Issues
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Video: Google's Matt Cutts Presentation at WordCamp
Aug 20, 2009 • 8:39 am | (1) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
A DigitalPoint Forums thread links to Matt's slides from WordCamp. The slides can be found on Google Docs, but I say, skip those and watch the video below of Matt's presentation.
The one thing I learned from it was that it makes sense to have keywords in your URL and if you want to rank well for alternatives to the title of your page, put that keyword in the URL. Matt's example was for a blog post with the word "Change" in the title, but he wanted to also rank for "changing," so he put that word in the URL and it does work, he said.
In any event, the presentation is extremely fun to watch. Matt has really become an excellent speaker over the years.
Forum discussion at DigitalPoint Forums.
Previous story: Microsoft Claims To Fix Fake Referrals or "Single Word Query" Complaint
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7/10/10
Saturday Cartoon Fun: Moral Decency Edition
7/9/10
We're Getting Closer
Discovery Helps Researchers Close In on HIV Vaccine
(July 8) -- American scientists are touting a major stride toward a vaccine that can ward off HIV, after finding two key proteins that neutralize 91 percent of the virus' 190 strains.
The team of researchers with the National Institutes of Health's Vaccine Research Center hopes the antibody discovery can spur successful work toward a method of preventing HIV, which already afflicts an estimated 33 million people worldwide.
7/8/10
The Gaping Gap
HuffPo Front Page
I wonder if this gap has anything to do with that other gap?
The Grateful Dead Sing National Anthem At 1993 Giants Game
Vince Welnick (the newest member), Bob Weir and Jerry Garcia sing the National Anthem at Candlestick in 1993. Did you know they could sing? CSN&Y taught them how! (h/t BB)
7/5/10
Poverty And The Achievement Gap: Married
(Reuters) - A murder in the neighborhood can significantly knock down a child's score on an IQ test, even if the child did not directly witness the killing or know the victim, U.S. researchers reported on Monday.
The findings have implications both for crime control efforts and for the heavy reliance on standardized tests, said New York University sociology professor Patrick Sharkey, who conducted the study.
They can also explain about half the achievement gap between blacks and whites on such tests, he reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [emphasis mine]
"It means being more aware of the potential for violence to have a reach that extends beyond just those victimized and those who witness a violent event, to reach across a community and affect all children in a community," Sharkey said in a telephone interview.
Sharkey compared data on crimes broken down to within a few blocks in a neighborhood with school test scores.
h/t AC
7/4/10
Happy Fourth Of July
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Information/MIPSelFlashROM
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 19:08, 29 July 2007 by Linuxnotincluded (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article Based on work by nix, frontalot and noName. Originally by frontalot. at Linkstationwiki.org
First some background. 'mtd' stands for memory technology device. Traditionally Unix (and Linux) just has two device types
1. Block special files
2. Character special files
Major number
The major number in a special file entry identifies the device driver. Each driver in a Linux or Unix kernel has a number. The major number just selects the driver, e.g. if a serial port driver or a hard disk driver should be associated with the name in the file system
Minor number
The minor number in a special file entry is interpreted individually by a particular device driver. For example a serial driver might use it to compute the I/O address of a UART, or a hard disk driver might use it to address a particular disk on the periphery bus
The interfaces of these special files is and was primarily geared at communicating with devices like hard disks, tapes, or terminals. Flash memory, or other 'memory technology' doesn't match to well to the classic device interfaces. For example, writing to a flash device should usually be more controlled to avoid excessive wear and tear of the memory (flash memory allows just a limited number of re-writes). So a particular mtd interface was created in the kernel to support these devices better. In addition, for backward-compatibility with non-mtd-aware software and tools (most are not mtd-aware) the mtd interface was mapped back to the classic block and character special device interfaces. The LinkStation firmware contains the necessary mtd device driver and matching file entries under /dev.
Contents
Flash ROM analysis
(all information based on official firmware 2.05):
Device Major Minor Start Size Function
/dev/mtd0 90 0 0xbfc00000 0x040000 Boot loader (custom version of idt/sim)
/dev/mtd1 90 2 0xbfc40000 0x350000 Stores firmimg.bin (encrypted bzip2 compressed (vmlinux with embedded initrd.gz)).
/dev/mtd2 90 4 0xbffc0000 0x040000 Stores configuration files as conf_save.tar.gz (written by ls_flash).
/dev/mtd3 90 6 0xbf000000 0x400000 The whole flash.
/dev/mtdblock0 31 0 Block special file version of mtd0.
/dev/mtdblock1 31 1 Block special file version of mtd1.
/dev/mtdblock2 31 2 Block special file version of mtd2.
/dev/mtdblock3 31 3 Block special file version of mtd3.
Note: If the flash devices do not already exist, they can easily be created by mknod:
mknod /dev/mtd0 c 90 0
mknod /dev/mtd1 c 90 2
mknod /dev/mtd2 c 90 4
mknod /dev/mtd2 c 90 6
mknod /dev/mtdblock0 b 31 0
mknod /dev/mtdblock1 b 31 1
mknod /dev/mtdblock2 b 31 2
mknod /dev/mtdblock2 b 31 3
/dev/mtd0
/dev/mtd1
The kernel is compiled with embedded gzip-ed ram disk. The resulting ELF image is then compressed using bzip2 and then encrypted. An encrypted header is prepended and the result is firmimg.bin.
/dev/mtd2
Contents of conf_save.tar.gz:
etc/network/interfaces
etc/samba/
etc/samba/smb.conf
etc/samba/lmhosts
etc/samba/smbpasswd
etc/samba/smbusers
etc/samba/recycle.conf
etc/samba/secrets.tdb
etc/samba/smb.conf.bak
etc/atalk/
etc/atalk/atalkd.conf
etc/atalk/AppleVolumes.default
etc/atalk/AppleVolumes.system
etc/atalk/afpd.conf
etc/atalk/config
etc/atalk/config.papd
etc/atalk/papd.conf
etc/melco/
etc/melco/info
etc/melco/shareinfo
etc/melco/userinfo
etc/melco/groupinfo
etc/melco/ntp
etc/melco/ntp_result
etc/melco/timer_backup.cron
etc/melco/timer_status
etc/melco/pcast_mp2000
etc/melco/printer
etc/melco/ftpstatus
etc/melco/pdcuserinfo
etc/melco/backup_error_status
etc/melco/timer_backup_folder
etc/melco/groupinfo.bak
etc/passwd
etc/group
etc/hosts
www/.htpasswd
www/cgi-bin/.htpasswd
www/script/.htpasswd
etc/ls_servd.log
etc/shadow
etc/printcap
etc/pcast/pcastd.conf
You can read and write conf_save.tar.gz to and from /dev/mtdblock2 (using the block device here is slightliy more efficient) by using /usr/bin/ls_flash - However, at least in the 2.05 firmware that file in the flash partition is not used. The init.d script load_config is not referenced in any init.d run-level.
ls_flash [device] [add|del|get|init] [options]
add -n <filename>
add file image to end of flash
del [-n <filename>|-i <block number>]
delete Entered file name or block number of block data from flash
get [-n <filename>|-i <block number>] [--output <filename>]
read Entered file name or block number of block data from flash, and store output filename
init
clear device by zero
For example:
ls_flash /dev/mtdblock2 get -n /tmp/conf_save.tar.gz --output /tmp/conf_save.tar.gz
There is a "hidden" feature to list the contents of the flash bank:
ls_flash /dev/mtdblock2 list
Some of this information courtesy of http://www.yamasita.jp/linkstation.en/index.html.
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"uncompressed_offset": 38111312,
"url": "buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?diff=8347&oldid=8344&title=Torrentflux_with_Transmissioncli",
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"warc_url": "http://buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?title=Torrentflux_with_Transmissioncli&diff=8347&oldid=8344"
}
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Torrentflux with Transmissioncli
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
m (Requirements)
(Requirements)
Line 5: Line 5:
=== Requirements ===
=== Requirements ===
-
You will need to install:
+
You will need to install either:
# [[Apache_HTTP_server%2C_installing | LAMP]] Steps 1-5
# [[Apache_HTTP_server%2C_installing | LAMP]] Steps 1-5
+
# [[Lighttpd_with_mysql_and_php_%28LLMP%29 | LLMP]]
=== Installation ===
=== Installation ===
Revision as of 13:37, 4 December 2006
Contents
Requirements
You will need to install either:
1. LAMP Steps 1-5
2. LLMP
Installation
First get python and perl
apt-get install python perl
Goto webservers root directory (/var/www)
cd /var/www
Download torrentflux-b4rt into said directory
wget http://download.berlios.de/tf-b4rt/torrentflux_2.1-b4rt-97.tar.bz2
Untar the downloaded file and move into it
tar -jxvf torrentflux_2.1-b4rt-97.tar.bz2 && cd torrentflux_2.1-b4rt-97
Configure and make transmissioncli
cd clients/transmission && tar -jxvf Transmission-0.7-svn1124_tfCLI-svn1565.tar.bz2
./configure --prefix=/usr/local --disable-gtk --sysconfdir=/etc
make
make install
See if it's in the right place
updatedb
locate transmissioncli
Should be in /mnt/hda/usr/bin/transmissioncli
Add the Mysql database
cd ../../../sql/mysql
mysqladmin create torrentflux
(if you set a passwd for mysql root then use this and enter passwd at prompt)
mysqladmin -p create torrentflux
and then
mysql torrentflux < mysql_torrentflux_tf-b4rt-97.sql
(if you set a passwd for mysql root then use this and enter passwd at prompt)
mysql -p torrentflux < mysql_torrentflux_tf-b4rt-97.sql
cd ../../html
mv config.db.php.dist config.db.php
(if you set a passwd for mysql root you need to edit)
pico config.db.php
add passwd
$cfg["db_pass"] = "<add passwd>"; // Password for Database
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/torrentflux_2.1-b4rt-97/html
Apache
Now you will need to create a file in apache to see torrentflux
pico /etc/apache/conf.d/torrentflux.conf
and add this to that file
# Torrentflux Virtual Host Configuration file
Listen 8090
<VirtualHost _default_:8090>
DocumentRoot "/var/www/torrentflux_2.1-b4rt-97/html"
<Directory "/var/www/torrentflux_2.1-b4rt-97/html">
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
AllowOverride None
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
<IfModule mod_dir.c>
DirectoryIndex index.html index.php
</IfModule>
</VirtualHost>
Restart apache
/etc/init.d/apache restart
Run it
Go to your Torrentflux on your Linkstation
http://<IPAdddress>:8090
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:39270",
"uncompressed_offset": 55895322,
"url": "crantastic.org/packages/aws/versions/16045",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:23:47.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:11775976-3b92-43ab-9bcc-0052a4f89b76>",
"warc_url": "http://crantastic.org/packages/aws/versions/16045"
}
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aws (1.7-1)
Adaptive Weights Smoothing.
http://www.wias-berlin.de/projects/matheon_a3/
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/aws
The package contains R-functions implementing the Propagation-Separation Approach to adaptive smoothing as described in J. Polzehl and V. Spokoiny (2006), Propagation-Separation Approach for Local Likelihood Estimation, Prob. Theory and Rel. Fields, 135(3):335--362. and J. Polzehl and V. Spokoiny (2004) Spatially adaptive regression estimation: Propagation-separation approach, WIAS-Preprint 998.
Maintainer: Joerg Polzehl
Author(s): Joerg Polzehl <polzehl@wias-berlin.de>
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: Does not use any package
Released over 1 year ago.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
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"uncompressed_offset": 82866188,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Galesburg,_Illinois",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:23:47.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:11775976-3b92-43ab-9bcc-0052a4f89b76>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Galesburg,_Illinois"
}
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Galesburg, IllinoisEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
City Government Web Site
City of Galesburg, Illinois Government Online has a short history of Galesburg, links to sites about Galesburg, a ward map, photos, etc.
Cemeteries
LDS Cemetery Records
US Vol. 24 page 75 - Union Hill Cemetery
Return to Knox County, Illinois
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• This page was last modified on 13 September 2011, at 22:26.
• This page has been accessed 395 times.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:39288",
"uncompressed_offset": 82877300,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?redirect=no&title=Princess_Ann_County%2C_Virginia",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:23:47.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:11775976-3b92-43ab-9bcc-0052a4f89b76>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Princess_Ann_County,_Virginia&redirect=no"
}
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Princess Ann County, VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Redirect page
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 27 October 2010, at 03:20.
• This page has been accessed 31 times.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:39305",
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"url": "globalvoicesonline.org/2011/10/17/ethiopia-aberash-hailays-case-ignites-online-campaign-to-stop-violence-against-women/",
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"warc_url": "http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/10/17/ethiopia-aberash-hailays-case-ignites-online-campaign-to-stop-violence-against-women/"
}
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Ethiopia: Aberash Hailay's Case Ignites Campaign to Stop Violence Against Women
This post also available in:
Nederlands · Ethiopië: Zaak van Aberash Hailay inspireert online campagne tegen geweld tegen vrouwen
Italiano · Etiopia: il caso di Aberash Hailay rilancia la lotta alla violenza contro le donne
Ελληνικά · Αιθιοπία: Η υπόθεση της Aberash Hailay πυροδοτεί εκστρατεία για την παύση της βίας εναντίον γυναικών
srpski · Etiopija: Slučaj Aberaši Haili pokrenuo kampanju za zaustavljanje nasilja nad ženama
Aberash Hailay is an Ethiopian Airlines flight attendant whose ex-husband, Fisseha Tadesse, stabbed both her eyes with a knife in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian activists are using the Internet to call for justice for Aberash Hailay and draw attention to issues of violence against women in Ethiopia.
Billene Seyoum covered the story on the AfricanFeminism blog, on September 19, 2011. She wrote:
Aberash, an Ethiopian Airlines flight attendant whose ex-husband, Fisseha Tadesse, stabbed both her eyes out with a knife last week, now lies in a hospital in Bangkok, Thailand receiving medical attention to retain sight in one of her eyes, although local medical experts have ruled out the chance of survivability. According to the Amharic newspaper, The Reporter, Aberash was married for seven years before the marriage amicably ended a few months ago. Her uncle says that the night of the incident both Aberash and her ex-husband were invited for festivities in his house and they appeared to be in “good condition”, whatever that means. What the article did not express however was that both her eyes experienced multiple stabs from various directions which made it near to impossible for surgeons to even sew shut the gaping socket which once housed beautiful eyes.
She stressed:
Her wounds and her pain are symbolic of a dysfunctional society stained by the tears and blood of countless women whose cries and plea have often gone unheard and silenced by the taboos of culture
Ethiopian airlines hostess Aberash Hailay. Photo taken from africanfeminism.wordpress.com
On September 22, netizens took a campaign called Ahun BeAyne Meta!!!” Campaign for Aberash Hailay and other suvivors of VAW (violence against women) to Facebook. The campaign page with over 200 page likes reads:
“Ahun BeAyne Meta!!!” (“Now Through My Eyes”). The Amharic phrase expresses sentiment towards an injustice or a grave act committed against a person which surpasses bodily harm.
Latest news about Aberash's case:
Tuesday, October 18th, 9am – Followup court hearing for suspect in Aberash Hailay's case. The Network of Ethiopian Women's Association (NEWA) is asking you to show up and spread the word.
Another page on Facebook with more than 900 likes is called Justice for Aberash Hailay:
This page is created to raise our VOICE for Justice!! To Aberash Hailay & all the ladies in Ethiopia & all over the world who are being terreriosed, abused and harrased by Men everyday!!!! .
More than 1,300 people have signed an online petition to the Ethiopian government to stop violence against women. The petition reads:
To protect and redress the injustice committed against Aberash Hailay, an Ethiopian Airlines flight attendant and countless others who had endured attacks on their persons.
One person who signed the petition, Etsub Ethiopia said:
It is sad that there is no real support from any government and non-government agencies. There lots of women who tried to get such support [from] government……. it is [really] sad this should be [stopped] and the government need[s] to take action.
The “Ahun BeAyne Meta” campaign was launched last month in Addis Ababa:
The purpose of the gathering on the morning of September 23rd at the Sheraton Addis was three-fold:
1. To give a press statement on the case of Aberash Hailay and other survivors of VAW
2. To unveil the open letter addressed to Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and sign the petition
3. And thirdly, to discuss the issue of increasing levels of violence against women in Ethiopia and arrive at strategies for way forward.
The open letter to the Prime Minister Melese Zenawi reads:
Your Excellency, you have also on many occasions spoken on the issue of violence against women and girls. The issue of gender-based violence as an issue intrinsically tied to political, economical, social and traditional issues requires the leaders in each sector to play a key role … Read the full text.
Ethiopian netizens have also taken the Shweya Mullah campaign online. Shweya Mullah is a 30-year-old Ethiopian who was brutally tortured by the wife of Gadhafi's son.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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{
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
February 24, 2012
A Strange Google Mobile Experiment
Sometimes it's difficult to understand Google. A few weeks after dropping the non-obvious navigation menu from the desktop UI, Google tests a new mobile interface that uses the same menu.
Cascading menus on a mobile device? They're too large and many Google services are missing (Reader, Blog Search, iGoogle, Product Search, Google Finance, Picasa Web, Google Talk, Google Tasks), not to mention that there's no room for displaying Google+ notifications.
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