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Benches
Info
Search:
Benches at the Mathematical Sciences Building
Scattered around town and campus are a variety of benches. Some of them are artistic, some are memorials and some pragmatic.
Former benches:
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Friday, 20 October 2006
SOMETHING FOR THE WEEKEND
Apple claims i and Pod
The IPKat's friend Miri Frankel drew his attention to this delightful snippet from The Onion. Further comment is superfluous ...
Latest IAM
The October/November 2006 issue of Intellectual Asset Management, published by Globe White Page, has now been published. The cover story, prepared by Victoria Slind-Flor, deals with the risk faced by US corporations that shareholder suits may call them to account for mismanagement of their IP portfolios. This is a terrifying prospect. The IPKat assumes that there will be a sequel, covering the risk - which may be greater - that shareholder suits will be brought against businesses that, through negligence or inadvertence, find themselves infringing third party rights.
Other topics of interest in this issue include benchmarking methodologies for assessing the quality of patent portfolios, the use of valuation techniques as a means of smoothing the path towards the conclusion of IP licences and a special focus on IP litigation strategies.
All about IAM here
WIPO hits the 25,000 mark
According to a data-rich press release the World Intellectual Property Organization's Arbitration and Mediation Center has just decided its 25,000th cybersquatting complaint under the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), among other policies. The landmark decision involved a domain name to which the Red Lion Hotels chain took exception.
84 per cent of cases resolved so far have resulted in wins for the complainant which is not surprising, the IPKat says, when you consider what a lot of parasitic bad-faith registrations are made, wasting everyone's time and causing so much frustration to legitimate businesses, consumers and web-users alike.
For more about the UDRP and related information, click here.
Cybersquatting and double standards here.
The Lovemarks Effect
In May of each year the British Brands Group (BBG) hosts the Brands Lecture. This year's lecture was given by Kevin Roberts, the Worldwide CEO of Saatchi & Saatchi, on the subject "The Lovemarks Effect". A Lovemark is a "super-evolved brand that forges lasting emotional connections". The BBG has published the full text of Kevin's lecture in a handsome little booklet that is both enjoyable and informative - whether you agree with it or not. Well done, BBG, for enlivening yet another aspect of the continuing debate over brands and branding.
More on Lovemarks here; Love Marx here and here
Postscript
The IPKat reminds his readers (i) that they can receive all IPKat postings on this weblog by email circular if they write to him here and ask to be put on the list; (ii) that details of the IPKat's planned Workshop Sessions on the Gowers Review will be posted in the next week or so; (iii) that they should not forget to have a lovely weekend ...
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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"url": "journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/3854/0",
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INTERACTION OF NON-UNIFORM CURRENTS AND SURFACE HAVES
Nabil M. Ismail
Abstract
Modifications of surface gravity waves and opposing nonuniform currents due to their interaction in coastal waters were experimentally and theoretically investigated. The flow field is modelled as a steady turbulent jet heads directly into the surface waves. Experimental results show that the net waves momentum flux is decreased as waves propagate into the jet which gives rise to mean water set-up towards the jet source. Opposing waves increase the spreading rate of the jet and causes vertical upwelling of the mean flow, near the bottom, towards the free surface. Theoretical predictions of the increase of the jet spreading rate and wave set-up agree with the experimental data. Wave-current interaction modifies significantly waves bottom flow pattern by focusing ambient nearshore waters on the jet outlet.
Keywords
nonuniform current; current; surface waves
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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NUMERICAL MODELING FOR WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION WITHIN POROUS SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS OF IRREGULAR CROSS SECTION
George Z. Gu, Hsiang Wang
Abstract
In the design of a porous submerged breakwater, the maximum wave energy dissipation within the breakwater is desirable. To calculate the energy dissipation, the process is simulated numerically in this study using the Boundary Integral Element Method (BIEM). The breakwater is idealized as a homogeneous porous medium and the flow inside the breakwater is modeled by a non-linear porous flow model which is linearized iteratively based on the equivalent energy principle in the numerical model. To fully explore the advantage of BIEM, a boundary integral expression for wave energy dissipation developed in an earlier work by the authors is used to replace the traditional domain integral expression. As a result, the efficiency of the numerical model is greatly increased. The numerical model was run for a number of cases and the results show that the maximum wave energy dissipation can be achieved at a practical permeability level (or stone size). The good agreement between the numerical results and the experiment data for non-breaking waves indicates that the wave energy dissipation within porous breakwaters can be adequately predicted by the numerical model.
Keywords
numerical modeling; wave energy; energy dissipation; breakwater; submerged breakwater; irregular cross section
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Paul Jaschke
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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*pjaschke 'AT' stanford.edu
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I work in the [[Endy Lab]] in the Department of Bioengineering
I work in the [[Endy Lab]] in the Department of Bioengineering
Revision as of 14:28, 24 January 2013
Back to Lab Members
Paul Jaschke
Contents
Personal
Bio
I am currently a post-doc in Drew Endy's lab at Stanford University. The focus of my project is to redesign phage using both rational and combinatorial methods in order to finish the genetics of a simple system.
I started off my science career at the University of Alberta (Canada), working in the Casey and Michalak labs. Summer student work in the Casey Lab on the human sodium-bicarbonate co-transporter protein resulted in an authorship in a peer-reviewed publication. My honors project in the Michalak Lab had me determining the role of calcium signalling and calreticulin on murine embryonic stem cell differentiation. After achieving a B.Sc. (Honors) in Biochemistry in 2003 I went to the Beatty Lab at the University of British Columbia to start my Ph.D. While at UBC I discovered that a photosynthetic organism called Rhodobacter sphaeroides was capable of re-routing its chlorophyll biosynthetic machinery around a blockage to generate a new type of chlorophyll. November 2010 I was conferred a Ph.D in Microbiology and Immunology from UBC.
Badge graphic for SB5.0 representing my refactoring phage project
Contact Info
Table of contents picture for Biochemistry paper. Shows the change in the central metal bacteriochlorophyll from Mg to Zn, and changes to photosystem proteins in the bchD (Mg-chelatase) mutant.
I work in the Endy Lab in the Department of Bioengineering
Education
2010 Ph.D. Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Canada
2003 B.Sc. Honors Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Canada
Publications
Jaschke PR, Lieberman EK, Rodriguez J, Sierra A, Endy D. (2012). A fully decompressed synthetic bacteriophage øX174 genome assembled and archived in yeast. Virology. DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.020. Abstract PDF
Neupane B, Jaschke P, Saer R, Beatty JT, Reppert M, Jankowiak R. (2012). Electron Transfer in Rhodobacter sphaeroides Reaction Centers Containing Zn-Bacteriochlorophylls: A Hole-Burning Study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. Mar 15; 116(10): 3457-3466. Abstract PDF
Jaschke PR, Hardjasa A, Digby E, Hunter CN, Beatty JT. (2011). A bchD (Mg-chelatase) mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides synthesizes zinc-bacteriochlorophyll through a novel zinc-containing intermediates. The Journal of Biological Chemistry Jun 10;286(23):20313-22. Abstract PDF
My unsuccessful cover illustration submission for JBC paper. A novel Zn-bacteriochlorophyll pathway operates in a Mg-chelatase mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The bchD mutant cannot chelate Mg2+ into protoporphyrin IX, which instead, has both both Fe2+ (red sphere) and Zn2+ (green sphere) inserted by ferrochelatase. Zn-protoporphyrin IX joins the bacteriochlorophyll pathway and is converted to Zn-bacteriochlorophyll.
Jaschke PR, Saer RG, Noll S, Beatty JT. (2011). Modification of the genome of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and construction of synthetic operons. Methods in Enzymology. 497:519-38. Abstract PDF
Our solution for French Presses that leak.
Jaschke PR, Drake I, Beatty JT. (2009). Modification of a French pressure cell to improve microbial cell disruption. Photosynth Res. 102(1): 95-7. Abstract PDF
Jaschke PR. (2010). Discovery and characterization of a new zinc-bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic pathway and photosystem in a magnesium-chelatase mutant. PhD Thesis. University of British Columbia. Abstract PDF
Lin S,Jaschke PR, Wang H, Paddock M, Tufts A, Allen JP, Rosell FI, Mauk GA, Woodbury NW, Beatty JT. (2009). Electron transfer in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center assembled with zinc bacteriochlorophyll. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA.106(21): 8537-42. Abstract PDF
Jaschke PR, LeBlanc HN, Lang AS, Beatty JT. (2008). The PucC protein of Rhodobacter capsulatus mitigates an inhibitory effect of light-harvesting 2 alpha and beta proteins on light-harvesting complex 1. Photosynthesis Research. 95(2-3): 279-84. Abstract PDF
Jaschke PR, Beatty JT. (2007). The photosystem of Rhodobacter sphaeroides assembles with zinc bacteriochlorophyll in a bchD (magnesium chelatase) mutant. Biochemistry. 46(43): 12491-500. Abstract PDF
Loiselle FB, Jaschke P, Casey JR. (2003). Structural and functional characterization of the human NBC3 sodium/bicarbonate co-transporter carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic domain. Molecular Membrane Biology. 20(4): 307-17. Abstract PDF
Presentations
Jaschke PR and Beatty JT. (2010). Out of the Blue. In a mutant lacking the magnesium-chelatase complex, we find zinc-bacteriochlorophyll incorporated into the photosystem and a new way to make bacteriochlorophyll. PDF
Jaschke PR and Beatty JT. (2007). Discovery of zinc-bacteriochlorophyll in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. PDF
Professional Activities
Graduate Student Advisor to University of British Columbia iGEM Team. Press: Students build tiny E.coli ‘traffic light’ (see pg.9)
Useful links
Mendeley Profile
LinkedIn Profile
Rhodobacter sphaeroides on Wikipedia
Other
Hobbies
Beer Making
Snowboarding
Hiking & Camping
Personal tools
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User:Finola Roy
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 14:24, 25 October 2012 by Finola Roy (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Finola Roy (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from BME 103 Professor, and I've joined because Because it is required for my class.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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Wikiomics:RNA-Seq
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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current version: palmapper-0.4.tar.gz 2011.07.04
current version: palmapper-0.4.tar.gz 2011.07.04
+
active development: yes
active development: yes
Revision as of 11:36, 12 December 2011
This list is intended mostly for de novo splice site / transcript / gene prediction in newly sequenced genomes. At the same time tools listed below often are used in other pipelines such as transcript quantification or SNP discovery.
Contents
Mappers
Spliced Mappers (tested)
Tophat and Cufflinks
• Tophat
web: http://tophat.cbcb.umd.edu/
current version: 1.3.3 released 2011.10.16
active development: yes platforms
• Linux x86_64 binary
• Mac OS X x86_64 binary
• source code
requirements: SAMtools (http://samtools.sourceforge.net/)
base mapper: bowtie
input: fastq, fasta
output: BAM
Currently the most widely used program for RNA-Seq mapping. Output often processed with Cufflinks. Latest version supports TopHat detection of insertions and deletions using RNA-Seq data. Supports mixed length reads (suitable i.e. for 454 data)
• Cufflinks:
web: http://cufflinks.cbcb.umd.edu/
current version: 1.2.1 released 2011.11.30 (New!)
GMAP/GSNAP
http://research-pub.gene.com/gmap/
current version: 2011.12.09
FastA and FASTQ input, support for paired ends, gziped fastq files
gsnap --dir=genome_directory --db=genome_database --batch=2 --localsplicedist=10000 --nthreads=4 --nofails my_reads.fasta
Check "gsnap --help" for more detailed options
GEM
http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/gemlibrary/index.php?title=The_GEM_library
current version: GEM-binaries-Linux-x86_64-20100419-003425.tbz2 active development: yes (personal communication)
base mapper: gem-mapper and gem-split-mapper
Developed in Ocaml and Python. Two step mapping (unspliced mode first, then unmapped reads are mapped with splicing).
HMMSplicer
http://derisilab.ucsf.edu/index.php?software=105
current version: 0.9.5 from 2010.11.25
active development: maybe (no new release in a year)
base mapper: bowtie
input: fastq (converts quality values to phred scale)
output: bed file of junctions
Developed in Python. Requirements:
• OS: tested on MacOS X (authors), Linux Fedora 8,
• Python 2.6 (tested with 2.6.4)
• numpy (tested by authors with version 1.3.0)
• bowtie (works with 0.12.7)
Also completes running example with Python 2.7.1rc1, numpy-1.5.1 and bowtie 0.12.7 on in-house data.
Basic command:
python runHMM.py -o output_dir -i input_RNA-seq_data.qseq -q quality_type -g genome4mapping -j min_intron_size -k max_intron_size -p number_of_procesors_to_use
type: python runHMM.py --help for more explanation
Tip: you can map your reads first in a non-spliced mode with a mapper of your choice, filter out all mapped reads and feed HMMsplicer with just unmapped reads.
Caveat: due to training process you have to use reads of the same length.
SOAPsplice
http://soap.genomics.org.cn/soapsplice.html
current version: 1.7 from 2011.11.10 active development: yes
The SOAPals website provides detailed information how to install and run it plus performance evaluation data.
SOLiD data only
(untested)
SplitSeek
http://solidsoftwaretools.com/gf/project/splitseek/
current version: 1.3.4
Ameur A, Wetterbom A, Feuk L, Gyllensten U. Global and unbiased detection of splice junctions from RNA-seq data. Genome Biol. 2010 Mar 17;11(3):R34.
Developed in Perl.
It requires AB WT Analysis Pipeline http://solidsoftwaretools.com/gf/project/transcriptome/ which breaks while compiling out of the box with gcc 4.4.x.
Solution:
1. edit ./readsmap/src/simu.cxx file
2. replace line 27:
char *s = strchr(seq, '.');
with this one:
const char *s = strchr(seq, '.');
Solved by Paolo Di Tommaso from CRG.
X-MATE
http://grimmond.imb.uq.edu.au/X-MATE/
current version: Oct 2010?
written in: perl (with some optional python, Java and C++) Requires junction libraries (available from X-MAte web site for human and mouse).
Spliced Mappers (in developement)
PALMapper (fusion of GenomeMapper & QPALMA)
http://www.fml.tuebingen.mpg.de/raetsch/suppl/palmapper
current version: palmapper-0.4.tar.gz 2011.07.04
active development: yes
Simple installation (run "make" in installation directory -> tested on Debian 6.0 with gcc ). To check the install go to "testcase" and run "make" again. This requires fast Internet connection as it downloads genome and FASTQ files.
Mapsplice
web: http://www.netlab.uky.edu/p/bioinfo/MapSplice/
current version: MapSplice 1.15.2 from 2011.4.12 active development: maybe (no new release in half a year)
base mapper: bowtie (new version finally supports bowtie 0.12.7)
Caveat: reference genome sequence is chromosome oriented (= one fasta file for a chromosome).
SpliceMap
http://www.stanford.edu/group/wonglab/SpliceMap/
current version: 3.3.5.2 2010.10.23 active development: maybe (no new release in a year)
base mapper (preferred): bowtie (others possible) "Currently, only the canonical GT-AG splice sites are identified."
Requirements:
• 8GB minimum for human genome, 16GB recommended
• input formats: RAW, FASTQ or FASTA
• Read >= 50bp
Base mappers:
• Bowtie (preferred)
• others: SeqMap, Eland
Features: "Support for arbitrarily long uneven read lengths"
Alexa-Seq
http://www.alexaplatform.org/alexa_seq/downloads.htm
Malachi Griffith, Griffith OL, Mwenifumbo J, Morin RD, Goya R, Tang MJ, Hou YC, Pugh TJ, Robertson G, Chittaranjan S, Ally A, Asano JK, Chan SY, Li I, McDonald H, Teague K, Zhao Y, Zeng T, Delaney AD, Hirst M, Morin GB, Jones SJM, Tai IT, Marco A. Marra. Alternative expression analysis by RNA sequencing. Nature Methods. 2010 Oct;7(10):843-847.
version: ALEXA-Seq_v.1.16 from 2011.06.22
Available configured virtual machines (for VMware) ver. 1.12
GMORSE
www: http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/gmorse/
Proper name: G-Mo.R-Se
current version: gmorse_02mar2011.tar.gz 2011.03.02 (new version)
It was used for Vitis vinifera genome project (old version).
ERANGE
www: http://woldlab.caltech.edu/rnaseq/
current version: Interim Erange3.3 release plus 4.0a new version
base mapper: bowtie or blat
requirements:
1. Python 2.5+
2. Cistematic 3.0 from http://cistematic.caltech.edu
3. Cistematic version of the genomes, unless providing your own custom genome and annotations.
4. You will need genomic sequences to build the expanded genome, as well as gene models from UCSC.
1. (Optional) Python is very slow on large datasets. Use of the psyco module (psyco.sf.net) on 32-bit Linux or all Mac Intel machines to significantly speed up runtime is highly recommended.
2. (Optional) Several of the plotting scripts also rely on Matplotlib,
which is available at matplotlib.sf.net.
TAU
http://mocklerlab-tools.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/TAU.html
current version: 1.4 2010.09.06
Transcriptome Assembly Utility: requires already mapped input. Compatible mappers: Blat, Eland and HashMatch. Also accepts gff3 files.
Not spliced
Mapping short reads to draft genome sequence with multiple contigs poses problems for current spliced mappers.
blat
http://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQblat.html
Detailed description: http://genome.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/help/blatSpec.html
download from: http://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~kent/src/
last version: blatSrc34.zip 2007.04.20
Options used to produce hints for Augustus gene prediction program: (based on: http://augustus.gobics.de/binaries/readme.rnaseq.html)
blat -noHead -stepSize=5 -minIdentity=93 genome.masked.fa rnaseq.fa ali.psl
bahlerlab (nature Protocols 200 Defining transcribed regions using RNA-seq Brian T Wilhelm, Samuel Marguerat, Ian Goodhead & Jürg Bähler http://www.bahlerlab.info/docs/nprot.2009.229.pdf
blat -noHead -out=psl -oneOff=1 -tileSize=8 FASTA_genome.txt FASTA_sequences.txt Output.bsl
Pash
Pash 3.0: A versatile software package for read mapping and integrative analysis of genomic and epigenomic variation using massively parallel DNA sequencing. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010 Nov 23;11(1):572 Authors: Coarfa C, Yu F, Miller CA, Chen Z, Harris RA, Milosavljevic A
Download: http://www.brl.bcm.tmc.edu/pash/pashDownload.rhtml
current version: 3.0.6.2
last
www: http://last.cbrc.jp/
Latest: last-192.zip 2011.11.13
paper: http://genome.cshlp.org/content/21/3/487.full
requirements: min 2GB RAM/mammalian genome, 16-20GB recommended for optimal performance
Installation:
cd src; make
Creating genomic database and short reads mapping:
#db creation
lastdb -m1111110 -s20G -v my_genome_db my_genome.fasta
#mapping
lastal -Q3 -o reads_vs_my_genome_db.out -f 0 -v my_genome_db reads.fastq
where: -Q3: fastq Illumina format -f 0: output in tabulated format -v: verbose (prints what it is doing)
last can map reads with indels and truncate large parts of the reads (highly sensitive but with lower specificity). For example it can report just 30 nucleotide long matches out of 54nn long queries. Output needs to be filtered from spurious matches.
It does not have multiple processor option, so for faster mapping one has to split fastq file(s), run last in parallel and combine the results (or use Hadoop).
Since version 149 it is possible to get SAM output by two step procedure:
#get MAF output first
lastal -Q3 -o reads_vs_my_genome_db.maf -f 1 -v my_genome_db reads.fastq
#convert MAF to SAM using maf-convert.py from scripts directory
maf-convert.py sam reads_vs_my_genome_db.maf > reads_vs_my_genome_db.sam
To convert it to bam format use samtools:
samtools view -b -S -T my_genome.fasta -o reads_vs_my_genome_db.bam reads_vs_my_genome_db.sam
(tested with samtools ver 0.1.13)
Caveat: default options result in mapping homopolymeric runs/simple repeats etc. to multiple genome position. To avoid this genome should be softmasked first.
Obsolete / not available
RNA-mate
http://solidsoftwaretools.com/gf/project/rnamate
current version: 1.01
No activity since 2009. Successor: X-MATE
SOAPals
http://soap.genomics.org.cn/soapals.html
current version: 1.1 , 05-05-2010
The SOAPals website provides exact informations how to install and run it.
Note 2011.03.01
Seems that SOAPals has been replaced by SOAPsplice, and SOAPals is not available anymore.
SAW (method no software yet)
Ning K, Fermin D (2010) SAW: A Method to Identify Splicing Events from RNA-Seq Data Based on Splicing Fingerprints. PLoS ONE 5(8): e12047. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012047
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Quotation added by lifeandart
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How alive is thought, invisible, yet without thought there is no sight. Stojanovic, Dejan
This quote is about thoughts · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Stojanovic, Dejan ...
Dejan Stojanoviæ was born in Pec, Kosovo (the former Yugoslavia), in 1959. Although a lawyer by education, he has never practiced law and instead became a journalist. He is a poet, essayist, philosopher, and businessman and published six critically acclaimed books of poetry in Serbia: "Circling," "The Sun Watches the Sun," "The Sign and Its Children," "The Shape," "The Creator," and "Dance of Time." In 1986, as a young writer, he was recognized among 200 writers at the Bor (former Yugoslavia) Literary Festival. He also received the prestigious "Rastko Petrovic" Award from the Society of Serbian Writers for his book of interviews with major European and American artists and writers. In addition to poetry and prose, he has worked as a correspondent for the Serbian weekly magazine "Pogledi" ("Views"). His book of interviews from 1990 to 1992 in Europe and America, entitled Conversations, included interviews with several major American writers, including Nobel Laureate Saul Bellow, Charles Simic, and Steve Tesic. He has been living in Chicago since 1990.
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/21381/"
}
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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{
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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nvsnj2yjkxlrchxofmywpes6t36jj4p6
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44513",
"uncompressed_offset": 180463258,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/34431/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:67e4d7e1-86e4-4c59-9ba4-4b3b245c0b47>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/34431/"
}
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A great revolution is never the fault of the people, but of the government. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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2013-05-18T08:39:20.000Z
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kdfrpwky3plgwk73qoicebwqcygzlyqk
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44514",
"uncompressed_offset": 180468768,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quotes/author/7884/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:67e4d7e1-86e4-4c59-9ba4-4b3b245c0b47>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quotes/author/7884/"
}
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Quotes by Yezierska, Anzia
Anzia Yezierska (1881 - 1970) was born in Pinsk, Poland, and emigrated to New York City when she was a teenager. She wrote about the struggles of Jewish and later Puerto Rican immigrants in New York's Lower East Side. Her most studied work Bread Givers (ISBN 0892550147) follows the story of young woman while struggling to live from day to day struggles to find her place in Jewish and American culture..
"Without comprehension, the immigrant would forever remain shut -- a stranger in America. Until America can release the heart as well as train the hand of the immigrant, he would forever remain driven back upon himself, corroded by the very richness of the unused gifts within his soul."
Yezierska, Anzia on immigration
"Give a beggar a dime and he'll bless you. Give him a dollar and he'll curse you for withholding the rest of your fortune. Poverty is a bag with a hole at the bottom."
Yezierska, Anzia on beggars
"A man is free to go up as high as he can reach up to; but I, with all my style and pep, can't get a man my equal because a girl is always judged by her mother."
Yezierska, Anzia on daughters
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44547",
"uncompressed_offset": 223568158,
"url": "thevaultofhorror.blogspot.com/2009/07/trailer-trash-blind-dead-edition.html?showComment=1248290241859",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:67e4d7e1-86e4-4c59-9ba4-4b3b245c0b47>",
"warc_url": "http://thevaultofhorror.blogspot.com/2009/07/trailer-trash-blind-dead-edition.html?showComment=1248290241859"
}
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
"QUITE SIMPLY, THE BEST HORROR-THEMED BLOG ON THE NET." -- Joe Maddrey, Nightmares in Red White & Blue
**Find The Vault of Horror on Facebook and Twitter, or download the new mobile app!**
**Check out my other blogs, Standard of the Day, Proof of a Benevolent God and Lots of Pulp!**
Monday, July 20, 2009
TRAILER TRASH: Blind Dead Edition!
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44563",
"uncompressed_offset": 243018881,
"url": "wikitravel.org/en/User_talk:112.79.40.94",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:67e4d7e1-86e4-4c59-9ba4-4b3b245c0b47>",
"warc_url": "http://wikitravel.org/en/User_talk:112.79.40.94"
}
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
User talk:112.79.40.94
From Wikitravel
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Hello! Welcome to Wikitravel. To help get you started contributing, we've created a tips for new contributors page, full of helpful links about policies and guidelines and style as well as some important information on copyleft and basic stuff like how to edit a page. However, even more important than following every guideline is to PLUNGE FORWARD and write something – someone will be along to help with the formatting later! Add your hometown, or a place you’ve visited often!
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44569",
"uncompressed_offset": 251756987,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Lookup/8741.1Main%2BFeatures1Jan%20and%20Feb%201996",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:67e4d7e1-86e4-4c59-9ba4-4b3b245c0b47>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/8741.1Main+Features1Jan%20and%20Feb%201996?OpenDocument"
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8741.1 - Dwelling Unit Commencements Reported by Approving Authorities, New South Wales, Jan and Feb 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/08/1996
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• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:0814-7957; Contains details of the number of dwellings (houses and other residential) commenced as reported by approving authorities in local government areas; material of outer walls and ownership (private or public sector) in statistical divisions. Includes details on number and value of other residential by type (townhouses, flats, etc) and number of stories in statistical divisions.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
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"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3304.0Contents2008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3304.0&issue=2008&num=&view="
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3304.0 - Perinatal Deaths, Australia, 2008 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/04/2010
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CONTENTS
Overview
INTRODUCTION
TRENDS IN REGISTERED PERINATAL DEATHS
SOURCES OF PERINATAL DEATH DATA
Main Condition in Fetus
MAIN CONDITION IN FETUS/INFANT
Main Condition in Mother
MAIN CONDITION IN MOTHER
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44581",
"uncompressed_offset": 313813126,
"url": "www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/view/15160/0",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/view/15160/0"
}
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Assessing the Impact of Private Sector Credit on Economic Performance: Evidence from Sectoral Panel Data for Kenya
Maureen Were, Joseph Nzomoi, Nelson Rutto
Abstract
Despite the growing literature on financial development-economic growth nexus, there is paucity of empirical studies that explore the impact of access to credit and economic performance at the sectoral country level, as an increasing number of studies largely focus on cross-country analyses. This paper investigates the impact of access to bank credit on the economic performance of key economic sectors using sectoral panel data for Kenya. We find a positive and significant impact of credit on sectoral gross domestic product measured as real value added. However, the magnitude of the impact is smaller once factors such as the labour employed and past economic performance of the sectors are taken into account. Policies aimed at financial sector deepening and increasing access to credit are of essence to enhancing economic performance. Such policies should, however, be complemented with strategies that enhance efficiency of the key sectors of economy.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijef.v4n3p182
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44583",
"uncompressed_offset": 334554758,
"url": "www.crummy.com/2003/1/28/1",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:67e4d7e1-86e4-4c59-9ba4-4b3b245c0b47>",
"warc_url": "http://www.crummy.com/2003/1/28/1"
}
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< Previous
Spam Or Desperate Cry For Help? >
: Committed the Blogger and MetaWeblog XML-RPC interfaces, and as a bonus I implemented the Advogato interface. Let me know if they work; I have no idea except that my little test script creates and edits entries like mad, without crashing. Next: the LiveJournal interface, or at least its intersection with the NewsBruiser feature set.
Filed under:
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 362663441,
"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/tenders/eea-com-10-001-2013/annex-4-to-ts-draft.pdf/view",
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"warc_url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/tenders/eea-com-10-001-2013/annex-4-to-ts-draft.pdf/view"
}
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44588",
"uncompressed_offset": 362719073,
"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse/external-links",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:67e4d7e1-86e4-4c59-9ba4-4b3b245c0b47>",
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:44590",
"uncompressed_offset": 364003628,
"url": "www.elinux.org/index.php?diff=131060&oldid=131048&title=PandaBoard",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:14.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:67e4d7e1-86e4-4c59-9ba4-4b3b245c0b47>",
"warc_url": "http://www.elinux.org/index.php?title=PandaBoard&diff=131060&oldid=131048"
}
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Difference between revisions of "PandaBoard"
From eLinux.org
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(Accessories)
(Accessories)
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* [https://specialcomp.com/pandaboard/order.htm Acrylic case]
* [https://specialcomp.com/pandaboard/order.htm Acrylic case]
* [http://bb-lvds.blogspot.com 10" LCD LVDS plug-and-play bundle with capacitance touchscreen and ambient light sensor]
* [http://bb-lvds.blogspot.com 10" LCD LVDS plug-and-play bundle with capacitance touchscreen and ambient light sensor]
* [http://www.esky-sh.com/bbs/viewforum.php?f=19&start=25 BeadaFrame] 7" LCD display kit includes RTC & PWM backlight
+
*[[File:Beadaframe.jpg|200px|thumb|BeadaFrame]][http://www.esky-sh.com/bbs/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=468 BeadaFrame] 7" LCD display kit
+
** 7" 800x480 TFT LCD screen
+
** PWM Backlight control
+
** Resistive touch panel
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** RTC time keeper
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** Plastic frame
= Recommended Reading Material =
= Recommended Reading Material =
Revision as of 12:48, 22 May 2012
The PandaBoard is an OMAP4430 (Cortex-A9) based low cost development platform.
Contents
Hardware
• OMAP4 (Cortex-A9) CPU based open development platform.
• OMAP4430 Application processor
• 1GB low-power DDR2
• Display HDMI v1.3 Connector (Type A) to drive HD displays, DVI-D Connector (can drive a 2nd display, simultaneous display; requires HDMI to DVI-D adapter), LCD expansion header
• 3.5" audio in/out and HDMI Audio out
• Full size SD/MMC card
• Built in 802.11 & Bluetooth v2.1+EDR
• Onboard 10/100 Ethernet
• Expansion: 1xUSB OTG, 2xUSB HS host ports, General purpose expansion header (I2C, GPMC, USB, MMC, DSS, ETM)
• JTAG, UART/RS-232, 2 status LEDs, 1GPIO button
More details can be found here
• PandaBoard EA1 Front
A hi resolution picture of the PandaBoard EA1 front is available here: http://elinux.org/images/d/d4/Panda_front.jpg
• PandaBoard EA1 Back
Availability
PandaBoard are in production and can be ordered from Worldwide distributors. You can also easily identify the board you have using Board revision id
Rev A3
Latest version of the board.
Rev A1/A2
Details
Rev EA1/EA2
These were limited number of 'Early Adopter' boards that built prior to production versions. more details
Rev ES
There is now a PandaBoare-ES http://pandaboard.org/content/pandaboard-es which includes an OMAP 4460 at up to 1.2GHz. Several important differences make it important (at the present time) that the MLO/u-boot/kernel be specifically crafted for the 4460. The thermal management is not in the mainline 4430 code as yet and could cause unwanted thermal problems. So BEWARE of running any code built for the non -ES PandaBoard on the -ES model.
Accessories
Recommended Reading Material
How To's
Older How To's
Community
Website: http://pandaboard.org
IRC: #pandaboard @irc.freenode.net
Mailing List: pandaboard@googlegroups.com
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Upcoming events
From Forensics Wiki
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The revision #13762 of the page named "Upcoming events" does not exist.
This is usually caused by following an outdated history link to a page that has been deleted. Details can be found in the deletion log.
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Network Help
Newbie Member
18Jan2012,00:53 #1
Dear Sir,
is there a program that will send a signal to put off the computer for other computers connected on the same network?
Example: On the same network are connected to 3 computers with one computer is sending information that should be the other two to arrive at the same time, the question is whether it can with a program or what, but that the same signal on a single computer arrives after 15-second delay?
I do not know if I expressed it so well but I'll try another example: the same network of 3 computers a "charge" the other two are "other two" main computer sends a signal to exclude the other two at the same time and now is there a program or something similar to that which will enable them to be the "other two" a disconnect 15 seconds later?
Thanks in advance
happy holidays
sorry for my english
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Forestry Research
Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 176909, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2010/176909
Research Article
Using Florida Keys Reference Sites As a Standard for Restoration of Forest Structure in Everglades Tree Islands
1Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
2Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
Received 22 July 2009; Revised 29 October 2009; Accepted 9 December 2009
Academic Editor: Terry L. Sharik
Copyright © 2010 Michael S. Ross et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
In south Florida, tropical hardwood forests (hammocks) occur in Everglades tree islands and as more extensive forests in coastal settings in the nearby Florida Keys. Keys hammocks have been less disturbed by humans, and many qualify as “old-growth,” while Everglades hammocks have received much heavier use. With improvement of tree island condition an important element in Everglades restoration efforts, we examined stand structure in 23 Keys hammocks and 69 Everglades tree islands. Based on Stand Density Index and tree diameter distributions, many Everglades hammocks were characterized by low stocking and under-representation in the smaller size classes. In contrast, most Keys forests had the dense canopies and open understories usually associated with old-growth hardwood hammocks. Subject to the same caveats that apply to off-site references elsewhere, structural information from mature Keys hammocks can be helpful in planning and implementing forest restoration in Everglades tree islands. In many of these islands, such restoration might involve supplementing tree stocking by planting native trees to produce more complete site utilization and a more open understory.
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Susan Palwick - Summary Bibliography
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Other views: Awards Alphabetical Chronological
Novels Collections Magazine Editor Series Shortfiction Poems Essay Series Essays Reviews
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Not Before Sundown
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Title: Not Before Sundown
Author: Johanna Sinisalo
Year: 2003
Variant Title of: Ennen päivänlaskua ei voi (by Johanna Sinisalo ) [may list more publications, awards and reviews]
Type: NOVEL
Wikipedia Entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_before_sundown
ISFDB Record Number: 964762
Note: Originally written in Finnish and translated to English by Herbert Lomas for publication in the UK in 2003 as Not Before Sundown. The story was then edited and published in the USA as Troll: A Love Story in 2004.
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None
Awards:
Publications:
Reviews:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Linux - deb (x86_64), version 3.6.4, Venda. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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Very Low Activity
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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112 Bible Verses about Boasting
James 4:16 ESV / 180 helpful votes
As it is, you boast in your arrogance. All such boasting is evil.
Jeremiah 9:23 ESV / 124 helpful votes
Thus says the Lord: “Let not the wise man boast in his wisdom, let not the mighty man boast in his might, let not the rich man boast in his riches,
Proverbs 27:1 ESV / 85 helpful votes
Do not boast about tomorrow, for you do not know what a day may bring.
2 Timothy 3:1-5 ESV / 59 helpful votes
But understand this, that in the last days there will come times of difficulty. For people will be lovers of self, lovers of money, proud, arrogant, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy, heartless, unappeasable, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not loving good, treacherous, reckless, swollen with conceit, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God, having the appearance of godliness, but denying its power. Avoid such people.
Proverbs 27:2 ESV / 59 helpful votes
Let another praise you, and not your own mouth; a stranger, and not your own lips.
Ephesians 2:8 ESV / 57 helpful votes
For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God,
1 Corinthians 4:7 ESV / 45 helpful votes
For who sees anything different in you? What do you have that you did not receive? If then you received it, why do you boast as if you did not receive it?
Psalm 94:4 ESV / 40 helpful votes
They pour out their arrogant words; all the evildoers boast.
Ephesians 2:9 ESV / 39 helpful votes
Not a result of works, so that no one may boast.
2 Corinthians 10:12-18 ESV / 34 helpful votes
Not that we dare to classify or compare ourselves with some of those who are commending themselves. But when they measure themselves by one another and compare themselves with one another, they are without understanding. But we will not boast beyond limits, but will boast only with regard to the area of influence God assigned to us, to reach even to you. For we are not overextending ourselves, as though we did not reach you. For we were the first to come all the way to you with the gospel of Christ. We do not boast beyond limit in the labors of others. But our hope is that as your faith increases, our area of influence among you may be greatly enlarged, so that we may preach the gospel in lands beyond you, without boasting of work already done in another's area of influence. ...
James 3:5 ESV / 32 helpful votes
So also the tongue is a small member, yet it boasts of great things. How great a forest is set ablaze by such a small fire!
2 Corinthians 11:30 ESV / 29 helpful votes
If I must boast, I will boast of the things that show my weakness.
Isaiah 10:15 ESV / 24 helpful votes
Shall the axe boast over him who hews with it, or the saw magnify itself against him who wields it? As if a rod should wield him who lifts it, or as if a staff should lift him who is not wood!
James 4:13-16 ESV / 19 helpful votes
Come now, you who say, “Today or tomorrow we will go into such and such a town and spend a year there and trade and make a profit”— yet you do not know what tomorrow will bring. What is your life? For you are a mist that appears for a little time and then vanishes. Instead you ought to say, “If the Lord wills, we will live and do this or that.” As it is, you boast in your arrogance. All such boasting is evil.
Ephesians 2:8-9 ESV / 19 helpful votes
For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast.
Proverbs 25:14 ESV / 16 helpful votes
Like clouds and wind without rain is a man who boasts of a gift he does not give.
Romans 11:17-21 ESV / 15 helpful votes
But if some of the branches were broken off, and you, although a wild olive shoot, were grafted in among the others and now share in the nourishing root of the olive tree, do not be arrogant toward the branches. If you are, remember it is not you who support the root, but the root that supports you. Then you will say, “Branches were broken off so that I might be grafted in.” That is true. They were broken off because of their unbelief, but you stand fast through faith. So do not become proud, but fear. For if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you.
1 Peter 4:16 ESV / 12 helpful votes
Yet if anyone suffers as a Christian, let him not be ashamed, but let him glorify God in that name.
1 Peter 2:1 ESV / 12 helpful votes
So put away all malice and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy and all slander.
Mark 8:35 ESV / 11 helpful votes
For whoever would save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for my sake and the gospel's will save it.
1 Timothy 6:10 ESV / 10 helpful votes
For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evils. It is through this craving that some have wandered away from the faith and pierced themselves with many pangs.
Proverbs 1:1-33 ESV / 9 helpful votes
The proverbs of Solomon, son of David, king of Israel: To know wisdom and instruction, to understand words of insight, to receive instruction in wise dealing, in righteousness, justice, and equity; to give prudence to the simple, knowledge and discretion to the youth— Let the wise hear and increase in learning, and the one who understands obtain guidance, ...
Exodus 4:22 ESV / 9 helpful votes
Then you shall say to Pharaoh, ‘Thus says the Lord, Israel is my firstborn son,
John 5:30 ESV / 8 helpful votes
“I can do nothing on my own. As I hear, I judge, and my judgment is just, because I seek not my own will but the will of him who sent me.
2 Thessalonians 1:4 ESV / 7 helpful votes
Therefore we ourselves boast about you in the churches of God for your steadfastness and faith in all your persecutions and in the afflictions that you are enduring.
Philippians 4:13 ESV / 7 helpful votes
I can do all things through him who strengthens me.
Romans 15:18 ESV / 7 helpful votes
For I will not venture to speak of anything except what Christ has accomplished through me to bring the Gentiles to obedience—by word and deed,
Romans 10:17 ESV / 7 helpful votes
So faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ.
Psalm 52:1 ESV / 7 helpful votes
To the choirmaster. A Maskil of David, when Doeg, the Edomite, came and told Saul, “David has come to the house of Ahimelech.” Why do you boast of evil, O mighty man? The steadfast love of God endures all the day.
2 Kings 18:19 ESV / 7 helpful votes
And the Rabshakeh said to them, “Say to Hezekiah, ‘Thus says the great king, the king of Assyria: On what do you rest this trust of yours?
1 Samuel 17:1-58 ESV / 7 helpful votes
Now the Philistines gathered their armies for battle. And they were gathered at Socoh, which belongs to Judah, and encamped between Socoh and Azekah, in Ephes-dammim. And Saul and the men of Israel were gathered, and encamped in the Valley of Elah, and drew up in line of battle against the Philistines. And the Philistines stood on the mountain on the one side, and Israel stood on the mountain on the other side, with a valley between them. And there came out from the camp of the Philistines a champion named Goliath of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span. He had a helmet of bronze on his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail, and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of bronze. ...
Matthew 5:48 ESV / 6 helpful votes
You therefore must be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.
Romans 2:16 ESV / 5 helpful votes
On that day when, according to my gospel, God judges the secrets of men by Christ Jesus.
Romans 1:30 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Slanderers, haters of God, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents,
Psalm 49:6-9 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Those who trust in their wealth and boast of the abundance of their riches? Truly no man can ransom another, or give to God the price of his life, for the ransom of their life is costly and can never suffice, that he should live on forever and never see the pit.
James 2:1-26 ESV / 4 helpful votes
My brothers, show no partiality as you hold the faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord of glory. For if a man wearing a gold ring and fine clothing comes into your assembly, and a poor man in shabby clothing also comes in, and if you pay attention to the one who wears the fine clothing and say, “You sit here in a good place,” while you say to the poor man, “You stand over there,” or, “Sit down at my feet,” have you not then made distinctions among yourselves and become judges with evil thoughts? Listen, my beloved brothers, has not God chosen those who are poor in the world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom, which he has promised to those who love him? ...
Romans 5:6 ESV / 4 helpful votes
For while we were still weak, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly.
John 12:49 ESV / 4 helpful votes
For I have not spoken on my own authority, but the Father who sent me has himself given me a commandment—what to say and what to speak.
John 3:16 ESV / 4 helpful votes
“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.
Luke 8:11 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Now the parable is this: The seed is the word of God.
Proverbs 20:14 ESV / 4 helpful votes
“Bad, bad,” says the buyer, but when he goes away, then he boasts.
1 John 4:1 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world.
Hebrews 7:3 ESV / 3 helpful votes
He is without father or mother or genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life, but resembling the Son of God he continues a priest forever.
Romans 4:11-12 ESV / 3 helpful votes
He received the sign of circumcision as a seal of the righteousness that he had by faith while he was still uncircumcised. The purpose was to make him the father of all who believe without being circumcised, so that righteousness would be counted to them as well, and to make him the father of the circumcised who are not merely circumcised but who also walk in the footsteps of the faith that our father Abraham had before he was circumcised.
Romans 3:1-31 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then what advantage has the Jew? Or what is the value of circumcision? Much in every way. To begin with, the Jews were entrusted with the oracles of God. What if some were unfaithful? Does their faithlessness nullify the faithfulness of God? By no means! Let God be true though every one were a liar, as it is written, “That you may be justified in your words, and prevail when you are judged.” But if our unrighteousness serves to show the righteousness of God, what shall we say? That God is unrighteous to inflict wrath on us? (I speak in a human way.) ...
Acts 11:26 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And when he had found him, he brought him to Antioch. For a whole year they met with the church and taught a great many people. And in Antioch the disciples were first called Christians.
1 John 5:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Whoever believes in the Son of God has the testimony in himself. Whoever does not believe God has made him a liar, because he has not believed in the testimony that God has borne concerning his Son.
Hebrews 4:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart.
1 Thessalonians 2:13 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And we also thank God constantly for this, that when you received the word of God, which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God, which is at work in you believers.
Galatians 3:16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now the promises were made to Abraham and to his offspring. It does not say, “And to offsprings,” referring to many, but referring to one, “And to your offspring,” who is Christ.
Galatians 3:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Just as Abraham “believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness”?
1 Corinthians 1:17-31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For Christ did not send me to baptize but to preach the gospel, and not with words of eloquent wisdom, lest the cross of Christ be emptied of its power. For the word of the cross is folly to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God. For it is written, “I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and the discernment of the discerning I will thwart.” Where is the one who is wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the debater of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world? For since, in the wisdom of God, the world did not know God through wisdom, it pleased God through the folly of what we preach to save those who believe. ...
Romans 8:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For all who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God.
Romans 5:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For if, because of one man's trespass, death reigned through that one man, much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man Jesus Christ.
Romans 5:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all sinned—
Romans 4:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As it is written, “I have made you the father of many nations”—in the presence of the God in whom he believed, who gives life to the dead and calls into existence the things that do not exist.
Romans 3:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As it is written: “None is righteous, no, not one;
Acts 12:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And when he had seized him, he put him in prison, delivering him over to four squads of soldiers to guard him, intending after the Passover to bring him out to the people.
John 17:1-26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When Jesus had spoken these words, he lifted up his eyes to heaven, and said, “Father, the hour has come; glorify your Son that the Son may glorify you, since you have given him authority over all flesh, to give eternal life to all whom you have given him. And this is eternal life, that they know you the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent. I glorified you on earth, having accomplished the work that you gave me to do. And now, Father, glorify me in your own presence with the glory that I had with you before the world existed. ...
John 14:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
You heard me say to you, ‘I am going away, and I will come to you.’ If you loved me, you would have rejoiced, because I am going to the Father, for the Father is greater than I.
John 14:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Jesus said to him, “Have I been with you so long, and you still do not know me, Philip? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’?
John 5:24 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life. He does not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life.
John 3:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
This man came to Jesus by night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do unless God is with him.”
Luke 24:36-41 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As they were talking about these things, Jesus himself stood among them, and said to them, “Peace to you!” But they were startled and frightened and thought they saw a spirit. And he said to them, “Why are you troubled, and why do doubts arise in your hearts? See my hands and my feet, that it is I myself. Touch me, and see. For a spirit does not have flesh and bones as you see that I have.” And when he had said this, he showed them his hands and his feet. ...
Luke 18:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I tell you, this man went down to his house justified, rather than the other. For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, but the one who humbles himself will be exalted.”
Mark 16:9-20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
[[Now when he rose early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons. She went and told those who had been with him, as they mourned and wept. But when they heard that he was alive and had been seen by her, they would not believe it. After these things he appeared in another form to two of them, as they were walking into the country. And they went back and told the rest, but they did not believe them. ...
Matthew 19:16-17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And behold, a man came up to him, saying, “Teacher, what good deed must I do to have eternal life?” And he said to him, “Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only one who is good. If you would enter life, keep the commandments.”
Matthew 15:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In vain do they worship me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.’”
Matthew 12:41 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The men of Nineveh will rise up at the judgment with this generation and condemn it, for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and behold, something greater than Jonah is here.
Matthew 12:40 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For just as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.
Matthew 10:2-4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The names of the twelve apostles are these: first, Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; Simon the Cananaean, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.
Matthew 8:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and birds of the air have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”
Matthew 7:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“So whatever you wish that others would do to you, do also to them, for this is the Law and the Prophets.
Matthew 5:45 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven. For he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust.
Matthew 5:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But I say to you that everyone who looks at a woman with lustful intent has already committed adultery with her in his heart.
Matthew 3:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And behold, a voice from heaven said, “This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.”
Matthew 1:6-16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Jesse the father of David the king. And David was the father of Solomon by the wife of Uriah, and Solomon the father of Rehoboam, and Rehoboam the father of Abijah, and Abijah the father of Asaph, and Asaph the father of Jehoshaphat, and Jehoshaphat the father of Joram, and Joram the father of Uzziah, and Uzziah the father of Jotham, and Jotham the father of Ahaz, and Ahaz the father of Hezekiah, and Hezekiah the father of Manasseh, and Manasseh the father of Amos, and Amos the father of Josiah, ...
Jeremiah 31:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
With weeping they shall come, and with pleas for mercy I will lead them back, I will make them walk by brooks of water, in a straight path in which they shall not stumble, for I am a father to Israel, and Ephraim is my firstborn.
Isaiah 42:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I am the Lord; that is my name; my glory I give to no other, nor my praise to carved idols.
Isaiah 37:1-38 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As soon as King Hezekiah heard it, he tore his clothes and covered himself with sackcloth and went into the house of the Lord. And he sent Eliakim, who was over the household, and Shebna the secretary, and the senior priests, covered with sackcloth, to the prophet Isaiah the son of Amoz. They said to him, “Thus says Hezekiah, ‘This day is a day of distress, of rebuke, and of disgrace; children have come to the point of birth, and there is no strength to bring them forth. It may be that the Lord your God will hear the words of the Rabshakeh, whom his master the king of Assyria has sent to mock the living God, and will rebuke the words that the Lord your God has heard; therefore lift up your prayer for the remnant that is left.’” When the servants of King Hezekiah came to Isaiah, ...
Isaiah 10:8-15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For he says: “Are not my commanders all kings? Is not Calno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus? As my hand has reached to the kingdoms of the idols, whose carved images were greater than those of Jerusalem and Samaria, shall I not do to Jerusalem and her idols as I have done to Samaria and her images?” When the Lord has finished all his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, he will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and the boastful look in his eyes. ...
1 Chronicles 22:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
He shall build a house for my name. He shall be my son, and I will be his father, and I will establish his royal throne in Israel forever.’
1 Chronicles 18:9-10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When Tou king of Hamath heard that David had defeated the whole army of Hadadezer, king of Zobah, he sent his son Hadoram to King David, to ask about his health and to bless him because he had fought against Hadadezer and defeated him; for Hadadezer had often been at war with Tou. And he sent all sorts of articles of gold, of silver, and of bronze.
2 Kings 19:1-37 ESV / 2 helpful votes
As soon as King Hezekiah heard it, he tore his clothes and covered himself with sackcloth and went into the house of the Lord. And he sent Eliakim, who was over the household, and Shebna the secretary, and the senior priests, covered with sackcloth, to the prophet Isaiah the son of Amoz. They said to him, “Thus says Hezekiah, This day is a day of distress, of rebuke, and of disgrace; children have come to the point of birth, and there is no strength to bring them forth. It may be that the Lord your God heard all the words of the Rabshakeh, whom his master the king of Assyria has sent to mock the living God, and will rebuke the words that the Lord your God has heard; therefore lift up your prayer for the remnant that is left.” When the servants of King Hezekiah came to Isaiah, ...
2 Kings 8:26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Ahaziah was twenty-two years old when he began to reign, and he reigned one year in Jerusalem. His mother's name was Athaliah; she was a granddaughter of Omri king of Israel.
1 Kings 20:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Ben-hadad sent to him and said, “The gods do so to me and more also, if the dust of Samaria shall suffice for handfuls for all the people who follow me.”
1 Kings 12:16-24 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And when all Israel saw that the king did not listen to them, the people answered the king, “What portion do we have in David? We have no inheritance in the son of Jesse. To your tents, O Israel! Look now to your own house, David.” So Israel went to their tents. But Rehoboam reigned over the people of Israel who lived in the cities of Judah. Then King Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was taskmaster over the forced labor, and all Israel stoned him to death with stones. And King Rehoboam hurried to mount his chariot to flee to Jerusalem. So Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David to this day. And when all Israel heard that Jeroboam had returned, they sent and called him to the assembly and made him king over all Israel. There was none that followed the house of David but the tribe of Judah only. ...
2 Samuel 21:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The king took the two sons of Rizpah the daughter of Aiah, whom she bore to Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth; and the five sons of Merab the daughter of Saul, whom she bore to Adriel the son of Barzillai the Meholathite;
2 Samuel 8:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And David took from him 1,700 horsemen, and 20,000 foot soldiers. And David hamstrung all the chariot horses but left enough for 100 chariots.
2 Samuel 7:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son. When he commits iniquity, I will discipline him with the rod of men, with the stripes of the sons of men,
2 Samuel 6:23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Michal the daughter of Saul had no child to the day of her death.
Exodus 20:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me,
Genesis 6:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then the Lord said, “My Spirit shall not abide in man forever, for he is flesh: his days shall be 120 years.”
Hebrews 5:7 ESV / 1 helpful vote
In the days of his flesh, Jesus offered up prayers and supplications, with loud cries and tears, to him who was able to save him from death, and he was heard because of his reverence.
Titus 1:5 ESV / 1 helpful vote
This is why I left you in Crete, so that you might put what remained into order, and appoint elders in every town as I directed you—
2 Timothy 2:8 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Remember Jesus Christ, risen from the dead, the offspring of David, as preached in my gospel,
1 Thessalonians 5:17 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Pray without ceasing,
1 Corinthians 4:6 ESV / 1 helpful vote
I have applied all these things to myself and Apollos for your benefit, brothers, that you may learn by us not to go beyond what is written, that none of you may be puffed up in favor of one against another.
Romans 9:5 ESV / 1 helpful vote
To them belong the patriarchs, and from their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ who is God over all, blessed forever. Amen.
Romans 4:5 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And to the one who does not work but believes in him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is counted as righteousness,
Acts 9:20 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And immediately he proclaimed Jesus in the synagogues, saying, “He is the Son of God.”
Acts 2:38 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And Peter said to them, “Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.
Acts 2:37 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Now when they heard this they were cut to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, “Brothers, what shall we do?”
Acts 2:22 ESV / 1 helpful vote
“Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth, a man attested to you by God with mighty works and wonders and signs that God did through him in your midst, as you yourselves know—
John 20:17 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Jesus said to her, “Do not cling to me, for I have not yet ascended to the Father; but go to my brothers and say to them, ‘I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.’”
John 14:6 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.
John 12:48 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The one who rejects me and does not receive my words has a judge; the word that I have spoken will judge him on the last day.
John 7:40 ESV / 1 helpful vote
When they heard these words, some of the people said, “This really is the Prophet.”
John 6:14 ESV / 1 helpful vote
When the people saw the sign that he had done, they said, “This is indeed the Prophet who is to come into the world!”
John 5:37 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And the Father who sent me has himself borne witness about me. His voice you have never heard, his form you have never seen,
John 5:31 ESV / 1 helpful vote
If I alone bear witness about myself, my testimony is not deemed true.
Luke 9:26 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For whoever is ashamed of me and of my words, of him will the Son of Man be ashamed when he comes in his glory and the glory of the Father and of the holy angels.
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20.309:Presentations
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Revision as of 12:00, 30 November 2011 by Susana S. Hak (Talk | contribs)
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20.309: Biological Instrumentation and Measurement
Home Course Information Schedule People Student Presentations LAB SIGNUP
Contents
Presentation grading guidelines
Presentation grade is worth 10% of your total grade and is divided into the following categories:
Uploading presentation file to wiki 6 hrs before presentation time (25%)
Presentation – clarity, interpretation of paper, organization, etc. (50%)
Attendance at the other two sessions (25%)
How to upload your file
1. Go to:http://openwetware.org/wiki/Special:Upload
2. In edit mode, add this double bracket phrase after your name in the Schedule section: [download] where filename.pptx is the full name of your presentation file
3. Click on download to make sure it works!
Schedule
(please do not make edits to this page except to link your presentation)
Thursday, December 8
Session A with Steve Wasserman in 16-336
Alicia and Zeina: " The Frequency Dependence of Osmo-Adaptation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae "
Raven and Omar: "A microengraving method for rapid selection of single cells producing antigen-specific antibodies"
Megan and Xinqi: “Tumor cells caught in the act of invading: their strategy for enhanced cell motility"
Nick and Colin: “Detection of Mutations in EGFR in Circulating Lung-Cancer Cells"
Session B with Peter So in 4-237
Max and Jonathan: " Single-cell NF-kappaB dynamics reveal digital activation and analogue information processing "
Arvind and Samuel: " The effects of molecular noise and size control on variability in the budding yeast cell cycle"
Leanna and Brigitte: “Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology”
Friday, December 9
Session A with Peter So in 16-336
Sachin and Yuan: “DNA nanomechanics allows direct digital detection of complementary DNA and microRNA targets”
Nigel and Vivian: “Towards single-molecule nanomechanical mass spectrometry”
Gabi and Susana: Gupta and Massagué. "Cancer Metastasis: Building a Framework" Cell 2006
Session B with Steven Nagle in 4-231
Shikha and William: “Electrical Spiking in Escherichia coli Probed with a Fluorescent Voltage-Indicating Protein”
Brian and Michael: "Geometric control of cell life and death"
Tuesday, December 13
Session A with Scott Manalis in 16-336
Ginger and Joseph: “Multidimensional Drug Profiling by Automated Microscopy"
Tina: “Visualizing the mechanical activation of Src"
Jacqueline and Manuel: “NETRA: Interactive Display for Estimating Refractive Errors and Focal Range"
Jessica: "Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns"
Session B with Steve Wasserman in 4-237
Sahar and Pablo: “Probing the kinesin reaction cycle with a 2D optical force clamp"
PJ Velez and Pei-Ann: “Diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging”
Lisa and Dana: “Field focusing nuclear magnetic resonance (FONAR): visualization of a tumor in a live animal”
Single cell analysis
1. Mettetal et al., "The Frequency Dependence of Osmo-Adaptation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" Science 2008. supp info Alicia Kaestli and Zeina Ali Siam
2. Tay S, Hughey JJ, Lee TK, Lipniacki T, Quake SR, Covert MW. "Single-cell NF-kappaB dynamics reveal digital activation and analogue information processing."Nature. 2010 Max Wu and Jonathan Gootenberg
3. Love, et al., "A microengraving method for rapid selection of single cells producing antigen-specific antibodies" Nature Biotechnology 2006. Raven Reddy and Omar Abudayyeh. Can't do Dec 6
4. J. Kralj, D. R. Hochbaum, A. D. Douglass, A. E. Cohen, Electrical Spiking in Escherichia coli Probed with a Fluorescent Voltage-Indicating Protein, Science, 333, 345-348, 2011. Shikha Kaji and William Morejon
5. Di Talia, et al., "The effects of molecular noise and size control on variability in the budding yeast cell cycle" Nature 2007. Arvind Thiagarajan
6. Spencer, et al., "Non-genetic origins of cell-to-cell variability in TRAIL-induced apoptosis" Nature 2009.
Metastasis and Circulating Tumor Cells
1. Gupta and Massagué. "Cancer Metastasis: Building a Framework" Cell 2006 Gabriella de Paz and Susana S. Hak
2. Nagrath, et al., "Tumor cells caught in the act of invading: their strategy for enhanced cell motility" TRENDS in Cell Biology 2005. Megan Roytman and Xinqi Li
3. Nagrath, et al., "Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology" Nature 2007. -Leanna
4. Maheswaran, et al., "Detection of Mutations in EGFR in Circulating Lung-Cancer Cells" NEJM 2008. Nick Swenson and Colin "Forizzle" Reisterer
Biomolecular detection
1. Fan HC, Wang J, Potanina A, Quake SR. "Whole Genome Molecular Haplotyping of Single Cells" Nature Biotechnology. 2010
2. Fordyce PM, Gerber D, Tran D, Zheng J, Li H5, DeRisi JL, Quake SR. "De novo identification and biophysical characterization of transcription-factor binding sites with microfluidic affinity analysis"Nature Biotechnology. 2010 -Brigitte
3. Dong and Sahin, "A nanomechanical interface to rapid single-molecule interactions" Nature Communications 2011.
4. A. P. Fields, A. E. Cohen, Electrokinetic trapping at the one nanometer limit, PNAS 2011.
5. E. Winfree, et al. "Design and self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA crystals," Nature 394(6693): pp. 539-544 (1998). OR P. W. K. Rothemund "Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns," Nature 440(7082): pp. 297-302(2006).
6. Fan et al. "Integrated barcode chips for rapid, multiplexed analysis of proteins in microliter quantities of blood," Nature Biotechnology 2008. Jenny Zhou and Anne Ye (Date preference: December 6, 9, 8)
7. S. Husale, H. HJ. Persson, and O. Sahin, “DNA nanomechanics allows direct digital detection of complementary DNA and microRNA targets” Nature 2009.Sachin Shinde and Yuan Zhao
8. Appleyard et al. "Multiplexed Protein Quantification with Barcoded Hydrogel Microparticles" Analytical Chemistry 2011.
9. Naik et al. "Towards single-molecule nanomechanical mass spectrometry," Nature Nanotechnology 2009.Nigel Chou and Vivian Hecht
Optical Microscopy: Imaging
1. AR. Lowe, JJ. Siegel, P. Kalab, M. Sui, K. Weis and J. Liphardt, "Selectivity Mechanism of the Nuclear Pore Complex Characterized by Single Cargo Tracking" Nature 2010
2. Z. E. Perlman et al., "Multidimensional Drug Profiling by Automated Microscopy," Science 306 pp. 1194-98 (2004). Joseph Martinez and Jingkun (Ginger) Yang (Can't do 12/6)
3. E. Chung, D. Kim, and P. T. C. So, "Extended resolution wide-field optical imaging: objective-launched standing-wave total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy," Opt. Lett. 31(7) pp. 945-7 (2006).
4. T. Ichimura et al., "Application of tip-enhanced microscopy for nonlinear Raman spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(10), pp. 1768-70 (2004).
5. T-W. Koo, S. Chan, and A. A. Berlin, "Single-molecule detection of biomolecules by surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering," Opt. Lett. 30(9), pp. 1024-6 (2005).
6. M. J. Rust, M. Bates, X. Zhuang, "Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic reconstruction optical microscopy (STORM)," Nature Methods 3:793-795 (2006).
7. Design of Fluorescence Wide Field Microscopy
8. VF Pamplona, A Mohan, MM Oliveira, R Raskar "NETRA: Interactive Display for Estimating Refractive Errors and Focal Range," Proc. of SIGGRAPH 2010 (ACM Transactions on Graphics 29, 4), 2010. Jacqueline Söegaard and Manuel Legrand
Optical Microscopy: Biomechanics
1. S. M. Block et al., "Probing the kinesin reaction cycle with a 2D optical force clamp," PNAS 100(5), pp. 2351-56 (2003).Sahar Alkhairy, Pablo
1. P. J. Verveer et al., "Quantitative Imaging of Lateral ErbB1 Receptor Signal Propagation in the Plasma Membrane," Science 290 pp. 1567-70 (2000).
2. S. Yamada, D. Wirtz, and S. C. Kuo, "Mechanics of Living Cells Measured by Laser Tracking Microrheology," Biophys. J 78(4), pp. 1736-47 (2000).
3. B. Yap and R. D. Kamm, "Cytoskeletal remodeling and cellular activation during deformation of neutrophils into narrow channels," J Appl. Physiol. 99, pp. 2323-30 (2005). Samuel Acquah
4. J. C. Crocker et al., "Two-Point Microrheology of Inhomogeneous Soft Materials," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(4), pp. 888-91 (2000).
5. C. S. Chen et al., "Geometric control of cell life and death," Science 276 pp. 1425-28 (1997). Brian Carvalho + Michael Batista
6. Y. Wang et al., "Visualizing the mechanical activation of Src," Nature 434, pp. 1040-45 (2005). Tina Stutzman, Can't do Dec. 8th
Optical Trapping and 3D Imaging
1. Khalil, A.S., et al., "Single M13 bacteriophage tethering and stretching." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, pp. 4892-4897 (2007). - Pablo
2. D. Axelrod, "Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy in Cell Biology," Traffic 2 pp. 764-774 (2001).
3. Brau, R.R., et al., "Passive and active microrheology with optical tweezers." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 9, pp. S103-S112 (2007).
4. Y. Nakayama, et al., "Tunable nanowire nonlinear optical probe." Nature 447, pp. 1098-1101 (2007).
5. JM. Walter, et al., "Light-powering Escherichia coli with proteorhodopsin" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, pp. 2408–2412 (2007).
6. M. J. Miller et al., "Two-Photon Imaging of Lymphocyte Motility and Antigen Response in Intact Lymph Node," Science 296 pp. 1869-73 (2002).
7. H. Wang et al., "Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Imaging of Axonal Myelin in Live Spinal Tissues," Biophys. J 89(1), pp. 581-91 (2005).
8. K. M. Hanson et al., "Two-Photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of the Skin Stratum Corneum pH Gradient" Biophys. J 83(3) pp. 1682-90 (2002).
9. P. J. Campagnola et al., "Three-Dimensional High-Resolution Second-Harmonic Generation Imaging of Endogenous Structural Proteins in Biological Tissues," Biophys. J 81(1) pp. 493-508 (2002).
10. Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina, Franze, et. al
11. The Optical Stretcher: A Novel Laser Tool to Micromanipulate Cells, Guck, et. al
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Contrast
1. Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D, “Diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging,” Biophys J 1994.
2. Brunner et al, “Travelling-wave nuclear magnetic resonance,” Nature 2009. PJ Velez and Pei-Ann Lin
3. Damadian R et al, “Field focusing nuclear magnetic resonance (FONAR): visualization of a tumor in a live animal,” Science 1976. Lisa Foo and Dana Braff
4. Gleich B & Weizenecker J, “Tomographic imaging using the nonlinear response of magnetic particles,” Nature 2005.
5. Ogawa S et al, “Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990.
6. Rugar D et al, “Single spin detection by magnetic resonance force microscopy,” Nature 2004.
7. Zhou J et al, “Using the amide proton signals of intracellular proteins and peptides to detect pH effects in MRI,” Nat Med.
Molecular Imaging with MRI
1. Ahrens ET et al, “In vivo imaging platform for tracking immunotherapeutic cells,” Nat Biotechnol 2005.
2. Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH et al, “Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of > 10,000 times in liquid-state NMR,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003.
3. Cohen B et al, “MRI detection of transcriptional regulation of gene expression in transgenic mice,” Nat Med 2007. Derek Ju and John Kucharczyk
4. Lin YJ & Koretsky AP, “Manganese ion enhances T1-weighted MRI during brain activation: an approach to direct imaging of brain function,” Magn Reson Med 1997.
5. Louie AY et al, “In vivo visualization of gene expression using magnetic resonance imaging,” Nat Biotechnol 2000.
6. Higuchi M et al, “19F and 1H MRI detection of amyloid beta plaques in vivo,” Nat Neurosci 2005.
PRESENTATION GUIDELINES
Presentation time should be 10 minutes (it's very important that you do not go over this time). We will have 2-3 minutes for questions and discussion. It's also important that all non-presenters read the papers carefully before the session as this will make the discussion much more interesting.
Your presentation should provide background to motivate why the research was conducted, describe the key results of the paper (not necessarily all of the results) and the essence of the measurement method, and explain the significance of the results to the general field. Remember that 10 minutes will not be nearly enough time to discuss every aspect of the paper so you will need to identify the most important aspects to include in your presentation.
Make sure to upload a Powerpoint or PDF file of your presentation the day before the meeting so that we can use only one computer to avoid connection problems.
Feel free to see 20.309 staff outside of class to discuss any questions or ideas that you might have about the paper.
Personal tools
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Silverpeas
Silverpeas
Project overview
Silverpeas a turn-key web application (Java EE, AGPL V3) for putting to work an Intranet/Extranet or Web 2.0 application, sharing documents, KM, increasing collaboration quality inside teams and with partners (projects, process, design, communities, etc.)
OW2 Silverpeas project home page
License Status Standards implemented
Affero GPL
Incubator none
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Created by Alexandre Lefebvre on 2011/01/10 18:04
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3/27/10
I Need Some Help, Updated Again
(This is staying at the top for a while. There are new posts below!)
I think I have asked for financial help once before and I need to do it again.
The Frustrated Son and I are feeling the pinch. We have some big bills to pay. I need about $2500 in the next couple weeks to fend off the creditors (dental work is expensive!). If you enjoy the blog, please consider donating a little.
Update: Even if you don't enjoy the blog I will be happy to accept your donation! If you do donate, my real name gets sent to you along with a receipt. I trust you will keep it confidential! How's that for incentive!?
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Paypal
Update II: Please?
Update III: I guess folks out there are in worse shape than I! Well, thanks to both of you.
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Person:Bernard of Italy (1)
Bernard , of Italy, King of the Lombards
Facts and Events
Name[1][2] Bernard , of Italy, King of the Lombards
Gender Male
Birth[1] est 797 Vermandois, Picardie, France
Marriage est 0813 to Cunigunde of Laon
Death[1][2] 17 Apr 818 Milano, Lombardia, Italy
Ancestral File Number 9G83-46
Other? House of Carolingian
Alt Death[4] 17 Apr 818 Aachen, Rheinland, Preußen, Germany
Burial[2] Milano, Lombardia, Italy
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Bernard (797, Vermandois, Picardy – 17 April 818, Milan, Lombardy) was the King of the Lombards from 810 to 818. He plotted against his uncle, Emperor Louis the Pious, when the latter's Ordinatio Imperii made Bernard a vassal of his cousin Lothair. When his plot was discovered, Louis had him blinded, a procedure which killed him.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Bernard of Italy. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
References
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bernard of Italy, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (Online: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.).
Bernard was the illegitimate son of King Pepin of Italy, the second legitimate son of the Emperor Charlemagne. In 810, Pepin died from an illness contracted at a siege of Venice; although Bernard was illegitimate, Charlemagne allowed him to inherit Italy. Bernard married Cunigunda of Laon in 813. They had one son, Pepin, Count of Vermandois.
2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 BERNARD, illegitimate son of PEPIN I King of Italy & his mistress --- ([797]-Milan 17 Aug 818, bur Milan, San Ambrosio)., in Cawley, Charles. Medieval Lands: A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families.
3. Bernard, King of Italy, in Lundy, Darryl. The Peerage: A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe.
4. Bernard, in Baldwin, Stewart, and Todd Farmerie. The Henry Project (King Henry II ): Ancestors of King Henry II.
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Oocyte
Jump to: navigation, search
Oocyte
Error creating thumbnail: /home/webapps/wikidoc/mediawiki-1.19.2/bin/ulimit4.sh: line 4: r: command not found
Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum.
Gray's subject #3 38
MeSH Oocytes
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Overview
An oocyte, ovocyte, or rarely oöcyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. In other words, it is an immature ovum. An oocyte is part the ovary development. The germ cells produce a primordial germ cell (PGC) which becomes an oogonia which marks the start of mitosis. After mitosis stops (due to actions of retinoic acid and the mesenephros) meiosis starts. This stage the oogonia is now an Oocyte (pronounced oh'a (like Noah)-site).
Formation
Main article: Oogenesis
The formation of an oocyte is called oocytogenesis, which is a part of oogenesis[1]. Oogenesis results in the formation of both primary oocytes before birth, and of secondary oocytes after it as part of ovulation.
Cell type ploidy/chromosomes chromatids Process Time of completion
Oogonium diploid/46 2N Oocytogenesis (mitosis) third trimester
primary Oocyte diploid/46 4N Ootidogenesis (meiosis 1) (Folliculogenesis) Dictyate in prophase I until ovulation
secondary Oocyte haploid/23 2N Ootidogenesis (meiosis 2) Halted in metaphase II until fertilization
Ootid haploid/23 1N ? Minutes after fertilization
Ovum haploid/23 1N
Characteristics
Cytoplasm
Oocytes are rich in cytoplasm which contains yolk granules to nourish the cell early in development.
Nucleus
During the primary oocyte stage of oogenesis, the nucleus is called a germinal vesicle[2]
The only normal type of secondary oocyte has sex chromosomes 23,X (where sperm can be 23,X or 23,Y).
Nest
The space wherein an ovum or immature ovum is located is the cell-nest[3].
Abnormalities
• nondisjunction -- a failure of proper homolog separation in meiosis I, or sister chromatid separation in meiosis II can lead to aneuploidy, in which the oocyte has the wrong number of chromosomes, for example 22,X or 24,X. This is the cause of conditions like Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome. It is more likely with advance maternal age.
• Some oocytes have multiple nuclei, although it is thought they never mature.
References
1. answers.com
2. Biology-online
3. Germinal epithelium, folliculogenesis, and postovulatory follicles in ovaries of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) (Teleostei, protacanthopterygii, salmoniformes)
Resources
William K. Purves, Gordon H. Orians, David Sadava, H. Craig Heller, Craig Heller (2003). Life: The Science of Biology(7th ed.), pp. 823–824
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Ask Your Question
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references change when copying sheet
asked 2012-10-25 20:11:25 +0200
Anonymous
Please consider a spreadsheet with initially three sheets. Enter data in Sheet1 and in Sheet2. In Sheet3, enter a reference to a cell in Sheet1, something like "=Sheet1.D10" Now, if you produce a copy of Sheet3 and select "move to end", the reference will now point to "=Sheet2.D10". If you instead place the copy with "insert before" Sheet3, the reference remains to "=Sheet1.D10". This behaviour is present in OOo3.2 as well as in LibreOffice 3.4.5, so I guess it's a Feature rather than a bug. I'm afraid but I find it non-intuitive, to say the least. Is there any way to customise the copying of sheets such that any references remain unchanged? Thanks in advance for any advice you can give! Klaus
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2 Answers
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answered 2012-10-26 00:02:17 +0200
This post is a wiki. Anyone with karma >750 is welcome to improve it.
updated 2012-10-26 00:02:17 +0200
KlD
16
Thanks for the quick reply! Yes, I agree that there could be cases where you might want it as a feature.
Take this then as an example of what I like to achieve: A number of sheets contain parts list, let's say parts sourced from different vendors. Then I have a sheet that collects the info from all the parts lists together (all parts make one specific product). Finally when I want to create a new "product" sheet, very similar to the first, referencing the same parts lists: Copy sheet ==> failed due to the feature ;-(
Hence I ask whether maybe this feature could be customised?
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answered 2012-10-25 22:48:04 +0200
Gaffer
96 1 4 12
That's a fabulous feature. It makes it easy to work in three dimensions.
By way of example, lets take your example and turn it into a Fibonacci sequence.
It makes it easy to do a spreadsheet for your accounts for Jan, bring the totals into the next sheet in Feb, then replicate the layout and relationships for the rest of the year. Learn to love it :-)
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Asked: 2012-10-25 20:11:25 +0200
Seen: 62 times
Last updated: Oct 26 '12
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classes and more at Stash
Columbia City's
Neighbor News
classes and more at Stash
Many of you have asked about classes at Stash. Well, I'm pleased to announce that our class schedule has finally come together! Please visit our website for full descriptions of these classes.
In addition to our sewing classes, we will host knitting lessons with Kristin on Tuesday evenings from 6-8. At $15/hour, these semi-private lessons are a great value! Please call or email to reserve a spot.
• Sewing 101 - This class covers the basics of machine sewing. From winding your bobbin, to completing a simple drawstring bag, we'll give you the confidence to go forth and sew!
• Oh Baby! - This project-based class will choose a fun and fast pattern with infants and children in mind. These make great gifts! Appropriate for sewers of all levels.
• Get Quilting! - Over the course of two, two hour sessions, we'll cover the basics of reading and executing a beginning quilt pattern. If you can sew in a straight line (or nearly straight), you can take this class!
• Feeling Domestic? - You'll learn quilting basics while completing a project for the home. From placemats to table runners, you'll learn something new and walk away with something useful!
Every Wednesday from 12-3, we will open up our back room for those who want to sew, knit, or just chat. Kids are welcome! AND, Thursdays, beginning June 7th, we'll host drop-in crafting sessions from 6-8 for anyone who just needs to get out of the house for some uninterrupted creative time. These drop-in craft sessions are free and are a great time to get a little extra help with class projects or to learn tips and tricks from fellow crafters. We do have a limited number of machines on hand for those without. Again, please call or email to reserve a spot as space is limited.
Hope to see you soon!
stashquiltshop.com
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535-8179
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Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
China: Tiananmen Political Prisoner Li Wangyang Found Dead
This post also available in:
Français · Chine: Le prisonnier politique de Tiananmen Li Wangyang retrouvé mort
Svenska · Kina: Politiska fången Li Wangyang hittad död
Català · Xina: apareix penjat un pres polític de Tiananmen
Español · China: La muerte de Li Wangyang, prisionero político de Tiananmén
Malagasy · Shina: Li Wangyang Gadra Politika Noho Ny Raharaha Tiananmen, Hita Maty Nihantona
Li Wangyang, a Chinese political prisoner who spent most of his life in detention, was found dead on the morning of Wednesday 6 June, 2012, after being interviewed by overseas media about the June 4 (Tiananmen Square) Massacre of 1989 and the life of political prisoners in China.
Li was released in May 5, 2011, after 22 years of imprisonment, deaf and blind because of torture he had received. He was a worker activist and participated in the 1989 student democratic movement as a leading figure for Shaoyang city autonomous worker league.
He was arrested after the Tiananmen crackdown and sent to jail for 11 years under the charge of state subversion. He started a hunger strike in prison and was tortured; the prison guards pulled out his teeth and forced him to eat. He was briefly released in 2000 but sent to prison again in May 2001 for ten years in a crackdown against the China Democracy Party, this time under the charge of incitement to subvert state power.
Li Wangyang and his sister in the hospital. Screen capture of Hong Kong Now TV news.
He was interviewed by Hong Kong cable television for a feature story on the 23rd anniversary of the June 4 Massacre. In his interview, he said he would never regret what he had done for democratic reform in China and he was encouraged by the insistence of Hong Kong people on the vindication of June 4 Massacre.
According to the Chinese Human Rights organization WeiquanWang's report [zh], Li's sister found his body hanging from the window frame of a hospital ward in which he was staying at 7am on June 6, as if he had committed suicide. The police then quickly took away Li's body ignoring the relatives’ request for taking pictures of the dead body. Li's friend refused to believe that Li had committed suicide:
据朱承志先生回忆，6月4日那天，他与李旺阳两人进行了亲密无间的交谈，感觉李旺阳乐观向上，虽然身体健康很差，但出狱后在各界的关注下，身体正在逐渐好转。而就在昨天，李旺阳还要求妹妹为他买一个收音机，以帮助他锻炼听力。
According to Zhu Chengzhi [Li's friend], on June 4 he had long chat with Li WangYang and Li was optimistic. Although his health condition was bad, many people had expressed their concern for Li and his health was slowly recovering. Yesterday [June 5], Li asked his sister to buy him a radio so that he could start practicing listening [with hearing aids].
Two photos [WARNING: graphic content] claimed to be taken by eyewitness of the hanging scene have been circulated widely via Facebook and Twitter. They show that the window frame from which Li was hung from was too low and that his feet were still resting on the ground.
Chinese netizens were outraged by the news, below is a selection of tweets reacting to the incident on Twitter [zh]:
@BaiqiaoCh: 欺人太甚！他们连伪装李旺阳自杀都做得如此草率，完全无视天下人的愤怒之情。此生若不找出元凶，我誓不为人！
@BaiqiaoCh: This is too outrageous. They don't even try hard to fake Li Wangyang's suicide and disregard people's anger. I would spend my life digging out the murderer.
@tufuwugan: 硬汉李旺阳21年都挺过来了，却非正常死在被十个国保监控下的医院，加上他都耳聋失明行动不便，当然死亡与控制他自由的人有关，旺阳是自由公民，谁限制他谁就是凶手。不让家属和网友接触尸体还抢尸更说明心虚！
@tufuwugan: Tough guy Li Wangyang had survived all these 21 years but died unnaturally in the hospital under the surveillance of ten security police. In addition, he was deaf and blind and could not move around freely. His death had everything to do with those who restrict his freedom. Wangyang is a free citizen; those who had restricted his freedom are murderers. To ban Li's family and friends from examining the body by forcefully taking the body away indicates that they are guilty.
@crushglass_X: 李旺阳的生前有多少人关注他？死后被称为某些人成为伟大的民主斗士，这是不是可以说非名人、非大人物的人们坚持的抗争是多么的不被重视。他们抗争所付出的代价，与有名望、有影响的人物相比又是多么的沉重。
@crushglass_X: How many people had heard of Li Wangyang when he was alive? Now he is dead and named as great fighter for democracy. This shows that people do not pay attention to those who are not famous. For this group of people, the price that they have paid is much heavier than the famous and influential ones.
@xuange12: 很多事情是这样发生的：你影响了我的政绩，影响了我可能升官的途径，你就是十恶不赦。在我的地盘里，我拥有绝对的权力—我猜测李旺阳是牺牲在这种小人手里。但凡有丁点见识，都犯不着做出这样的事情，全无好处只有弊端。情绪取代理智、无限的权力。
@xuange12: Incidents usually happens like this: Your influence has affected my political career, then you become the villain. In my territory, I have absolute power. My guess is Li Wangyang was killed by these kind of narrow-minded people. If they had some common sense, they wouldn't do such a thing. No one can benefit from it. Only emotion replacing rationality, equipped with unrestrained power, would lead to this.
@wenyunchao: 如果李旺阳“被自杀”的疑点最终都未能消除的话，是否可以合理怀疑当局对政治犯及异见人士的暗杀活动已经开始？
@wenyunchao: If the authorities cannot clear the doubt that Le Wangyang was “passively suicided”, can we raise the reasonable doubt that the authorities have started murdering political dissidents in secret?
The number one cause for suicide is untreated depression. Depression is treatable and suicide is preventable. You can get help from confidential support lines for the suicidal and those in emotional crisis. Visit Befrienders.org to find a suicide prevention helpline in your country.
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In which necessity’s a MoFo
Reality check and status update: I’m still a lab head, and I’m still poor.
But after knocking around in this new position for nearly three months, I have to admit that it’s rather good fun being poor. When you lack items that you’ve always taken for granted, you have to come up with all sorts of creative workarounds to do your experiments. I’m not exactly fashioning a Large Hadron Collider out of twigs, tin foil and gaffer tape, but until our next big grant gets funded, there are a few things I really need that we just can’t afford to buy outright.
As it’s Friday, I thought I’d share with you a few of our more ingenious inventions:
1. The poor man’s CO2 incubator:
As I described last time, we have to culture both sterile human cells, and human cells infected with bacteria. But we’ve got only one CO2 incubator, and the sterile human cells get priority. How then to culture the manky stuff? We can get around the CO2 problem by using media that’s buffered to be at the right pH under normal atmospheric conditions, and we have a regular dry incubator for growing bacteria on agar. What about the requirement for achieving over 90% humidity, though? In hunting around the piles of discarded junk we’ve been slowly getting rid of, I stumbled across a strange plastic container called a “Tommee Tippee”. I had no idea what it was at the time (now I know it’s a baby bottle sterilizer, bought in for someone else’s bizarre experiment a few years back), but without its inset, it looked perfect: a sealable container large enough to contain both a tissue culture plate and a bowl of sterilized water – all nestled on moist paper towels.
It worked a treat! All our cells were still alive and happy the next morning. Sorted.
Price: Hardware: FREE. Consumables (paper towels, water): Approx 5p/week.
2. The poor man’s lid:
When I arrived at the lab, I was bequeathed a pile of nearly-new stuff bought off a previous researcher’s grant – the woman had moved on to a non-research job. One of these was a water bath – without a lid. Had it been lost? When I went on the manufacturer’s website to see if I could order a replacement, I realized immediately why the previous researcher had not ordered one: it was sold separately, and it was nearly the same price as the bath itself. After another rummage in the Pile O’ JunkTM, I came up with an appropriately sized piece of plywood; after a nice coat of aluminum foil, it was good to go.
Result: a bit more prone to fungal infections than a real lid, and liable to tear, so we have to change the foil once a week. Still, preferable to sacrificing £150 quid!
Price: Hardware: FREE. Consumables (foil, to be replaced at weekly intervals): Approx 5p/week.
3. The poor man’s N2 tank (a cautionary tale):
OK, so liquid nitrogen is pretty damned cold: −321 °F, to be precise. You can’t just store your samples in tupperware or a Thermos flask. We had no recourse but to buy a proper 30 liter tank, but we went the second-hand route. This wasn’t easy: the UK is a very small country, and there is hardly anything out there. However, we eventually struck gold, purchasing our tank from a charming Yorkshireman called Steve, who was even nice enough to throw in a three-month guarantee, and a random set of storage canes for free.
All fine and dandy, except it soon became apparent that Steve hadn’t bothered to look inside the used tank before he shipped it off:
But no problem: after throwing away the ancient samples of Funky Monkey, we were ready to place a fill order with our friendly neighborhood BOC rep.
Price: Hardware: £400 + VAT (retail price, about £3,500). Consumables (nitrogen): Approx £6/week plus delivery. Free vials of dead monkey hepatocytes: Priceless.
4. The poor man’s shaking bacterial incubator:
Although originally a microbiology lab, the room and kit I inherited had no provision for growing broth cultures of bacteria. Traditionally, you need an incubator with a mechanism for shaking flasks and tubes with extreme vigor so that your bad-assed bugs are properly oxygenated and give high yields. This one was a real bitch to work out, but with a bit of trial and error, my colleague and I cobbled together the following little beaut of a solution.
1. Take tiny 37-degree benchtop incubator and put it on its side on top of a magnetic stir plate.
2. Open the small metal hatch (of completely unknown function) that is now on the ‘floor’ of the incubator, in contact with the stir plate.
3. Sterilize a 25 mL Erlemeyer flask with a magnetic flea inside it.
4. Add water for test run; pierce foil with thermometer to monitor internal temperature.
5. Place flask inside hole left by open hatch (almost a perfect fit, coincidentally) and switch on magnetic stirrer.
6. Turn on incubator and tweak the unmarked temperature dial until a stable 37°C is achieved.
Hypothesis: a vigorous flea-stir will create sufficient oxygenation for the bad-assed bug cultures.
Result: Unknown as of yet – still waiting for my consignment of tryptone and yeast to arrive. But we did manage to keep the test water temperature between 36 and 38°C over a weekend. Unknown as yet whether the incubator will work reliably long-term upended precariously on its side.
Price: Hardware: FREE. Consumables (water, flasks, fleas): FREE.
Next time: Manual PCR in three waterbaths?
I think not.
About Jennifer Rohn
Scientist, novelist, rock chick
This entry was posted in Scientific method, Silliness. Bookmark the permalink.
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AU Biomaterials Design Lab:Equipment/UV-2550 Shimadzu
From OpenWetWare
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Contents
Description
• Shimadzu® UV-2550 is a ultra-low stray light double monochromator instrument. It provides UV-vis spectral analysis for samples by the embedded double blazed grating double monochromator. High energy optical system, wide dynamic range, small beam size, law stray light are some of its advantages over other double monochromators.
• Its window-compatible software: UVProbe contains three modes: Spectrum, Kinetics, and Photometric modes, that allows wide range of applications.
Purpose of use
Instrumentation
Sample Range
• With the current multicell Sample Compartment, liquid and solid samples can be run by inserting into a quartz or plastic cuvette that is able to fit inside multicell Sample Compartment.
• Liquid samples covers wide range including biological and non-biological liquid solutions. Small solid samples can be cut; size of solid samples can be adjusted to fit inside a quartz or plastic cuvette for analysis.
• Instrument is able to perform test on larger sample with the usage of sample compartment that accommodate larger sizes.
Location
• Beeghly 207
• American University
• Washington, DC, 20016
• access to the laboratory is restricted; see Dr. Miller, Dr. Hartings or Dr. Fox for access.
Contact
Use
• Instrument has three different methods for analyzing samples: Spectrum, Photometric, and Kinetic methods. The usage for methods are different.
• When instrument is turned on, lick connect on UVProve software to connect instrument with program.
• After instruments calibrated and self checked, proceed to toolbar to select methods.
• Samples can be placed into multicell sample compartment. Door to sample compartment should be closed before samples are run.
Spectrum Method
• Spectrum mode is used for scanning a range of wavelength onto a sample and can be selected on toolbar.
• M buttom in PVProbe sets up the acquired parameters.
• Place sample into sample compartment. Standard samples in reference sides are preferred.
• Click start to start the run.
• Table is shown be clicking on Data Table, peaks in spectrum can be labeled by clicking on peak pick table.
Photometric Method
• Photometric mode is used for measuring absorbance at a specific wavelength.
• After parameters are set up in "Method", click on photometric method button in tool bar.
• Select wavelength specified for sample run. Concentration units, type of standard curve can be set up afterwards.
• Then enter measurement parameters for standards. The measurements are acquired by instrument.
• Set sample measurement parameters. Measurement acquired by instrument.
• Standard table is then shown. Fill in the concentration in standard table.
• Load sample.
• Click start to run sample.
• Once data are collected, additional data points are going to shown on standard table.
Kinetics Method
• Knetics mode collects data at a specific wavelength over a set amount of time.
• After instrument warmed up, select Kinetics Method in toolbar.
• Set up the amount of time for samples to run, the amount of time each data point is taken throughout each run, and the range of wavelength the instrument should run samples at under method section.
• Load sample in sample compartment.
• Click start to run.
• Additional data points are shown after each sample run.
• Graph of absorbance versus time is shown under graphical section of screen.
• All files can be saved and be exported into other software for additional analysis.
• Include any relevant links to OWW protocols
• Include any relevant links to the manufacturer's protocols
Safety
Electric Shock
• Do not open the cover of instrument while running. To avoid electric shock, first switch off power, then open instrument.
High Temperature
• Do not touch or approach instrument too close. Instrument might overheat leading to possible burns on body at small distance or upon contact.
Accessories
TCC-240A Thermoelectrically Temperature Controlled Cell Holder
• Uses Peltier effect for controlling the temperatures of the sample and reference sample. No thermostatic bath or cooling water is required, so the operation is quite simple and easy.
• Number of cells: One each on the sample and reference sides.
• Temperature control range: 7 to 60°C
• Temperature display accuracy (difference from the true value): ±0.5°C
• Temperature control precision (variation of temperature): ±0.1°C
Multicell Sample Compartment
• Holds up to six 10 mm square cells. No temperature control capability.
• Number of cells: 6 on the sample side, and 1 on the reference side
UVProbe Software
• Allows data processing with customized paramaters
• Multitasking (possible to execute data processing while measurement is being executed)
• Customizable measurement screen layout (wavelengths, data display font and font size, colors, displayed number of rows)
• GLP/GMP compliant (security, history)
• Real-time concentration display
Specifications
Setting Wavelength Range
• 190nm to 1100nm
Measurement Wavelength Range
• 190nm to 900nm, but can measure up to 1100 with choice with detector
Wavelength accuracy
• ±0.3nm
Wavelength repeatability
• ±0.1nm
Wavelength Scanning Speed
• Wavelength slew rate: about 3200nm/min
• Wavelength scan rate: about 900nm-160nm/min
• Monitor scan rate: about 2500nm/min
Wavelength setting
• At 1nm units for scan start and sea end wavelengths, and 0.1nm units for over wavelengths
Lamp Interchange wavelength
• Auto switching synchronized with wavelength, switching range selectable between 282nm-393nm (0.1nm units)
Spectral bandwidth
• 6-step switching along 0.1/0.2/0.5/1/2/5nm
Response
• Optimum response speed automatically set depending on bandwidth, minimum 0.1sec
Resolution
• 0.1nm
Stray light
• Less than 0.0003% (220nm, Nal 10g/L solution)
• Less than 0.0003% (340nm, UV-39 filter)
Photometric system
• Double-beam, direct-ratio system with dynode feedback
Photometric modes
• Absorbance(Abs.), transmittance(%), reflectance(%), energy(E)
Photometric range
• Absorbance: -4 to 5 Abs
• Transmittance, reflectance: 0.0 to 999.9%
Photometric accuracy
• ±0.002 Abs (0-0.5 Abs)
• ±0.004 Abs (0.5-1.0 Abs)
• ±0.3%T (0-100% T) filter
• Tested with NIST 903D standard
Photometric repeatability
• ±0.001 Abs (0-0.5 Abs)
• ±0.002 Abs (0.5-1.0 Abs)
• ±0.1%T
Baseline flatness
• ±0.001 Abs (excluding noise, using 2nm slit, and slow wavelength scanning speed)
Baseline correction
• Auto correction using PC (stored baseline is automatically loaded when power is switched on, re-correction is possible)
Drift
• 0.0004Abs/h (after power is on for 2 hours)
Temperature and humidity requirements
• 15-35°C, 45-80%(no condensation, less than 70% above 30°C)
Light source
• 50W halogen lamp (2,000 hours life), deuterium lamp (socket type), light source auto position adjustment built in.
Monochromator
• Grating/Grating type double monochromator
• Pre-monochromator: double-blazed holographic grating
• Main monochromator: high-performance blazed holographic grating in aberration-corrected Czerny-Turner mounting
Detector
• R928 Red-Sensitive Photomultiplier
Sample compartment
• Internal dimensions: 150W x 260D x 120H (mm)
• Distance between light beams: 100nm
• Maximum light path length of cell: 100nm
"Power requirements"
• AC100, 120, 220, 240V, switch selectable
• 50/60Hz; 250 VA
Dimensions
• 570W x 660D x 275H (mm)
Weight
• About 36kg
References
Useful links
Personal tools
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Everybody has the right to be left alone but nobody has the right to demand approval. Unknown, Source
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He loses his thanks who promises and delays. Proverb
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Quotes by Moliere
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, better known as Moliere (January 15, 1622 February 17, 1673), was a French theatre writer, director and actor, one of the masters of comic satire..
"The less we deserve good fortune, the more we hope for it."
Moliere on fate
8 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"The more we love our friends, the less we flatter them; it is by excusing nothing that pure love shows itself."
Moliere on flattery
"A learned fool is more foolish than an ignorant one."
Moliere on fools and foolishness
4 fans of this quote
"Gold makes the ugly beautiful."
Moliere on gold
"Grammar, which can govern even Kings."
Moliere on grammar
"Long is the road from conception to completion."
Moliere on ideas
"Without knowledge, life is not more than the shadow of death."
Moliere on knowledge
"Oh how fine it is to know a thing or two!"
Moliere on knowledge
"We often marry in despair, so that we repent of it all our life after."
Moliere on marriage
"Love is often the fruit of marriage."
Moliere on marriage
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Frenchmen have an unlimited capacity for gallantry and indulge it on every occasion."
Moliere on nations
"The greater the obstacle, the more glory in overcoming it."
Moliere on obstacles
4 fans of this quote
"It's true Heaven forbids some pleasures, but a compromise can usually be found."
Moliere on pleasure
"There is no praise to beat the sort you can put in your pocket."
Moliere on praise
"Of all follies there is none greater than wanting to make the world a better place."
Moliere on reform
"It is not only what we do, but also what we do not do for which we are accountable."
Moliere on responsibility
12 fans of this quote
"He must have killed a lot of men to have made so much money."
Moliere on riches
"It is the public scandal that offends; to sin in secret is no sin at all."
Moliere on scandal
"There's nothing quite like tobacco: it's the passion of decent folk, and whoever lives without tobacco doesn't deserve to live."
Moliere on smoking
"Books and marriage go ill together."
Moliere on books - reading
"People of quality know everything without ever having learned anything."
Moliere on upper class
"I always write a good first line, but I have trouble in writing the others."
Moliere on writers and writing
8 fans of this quote
"We always speak well when we manage to be understood."
Moliere on communication
"One ought to examine himself for a very long time before thinking of condemning others."
Moliere on criticism
5 fans of this quote
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
Search Quotations Book
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Rondo, Darko, Sullinger stand out in win in Milan
John - Red's Army October 7, 2012 Celtics News, Darko Milicic, Jeff Green, Rajon Rondo, Recaps 8 Comments
The Celtics weren’t about to become the first NBA team to drop both games in an NBA Europe trip. Rajon Rondo dominated the first quarter, the second unit pulled away in the second quarter, and then it was all a breeze from there in a 105-75 win.
Here’s what stood out:
Rondo, obviously, off the top. He had a perfect first quarter, shooting 7-7, including his 1 three and two free throws.
Darko Milicic had a pretty nice game. He only scored 2 points, but he was a +21 as he displayed some nice shot blocking ability (4 blocks) and also leading the team with 9 rebounds. He also was passing pretty well. I’m actually going to say it… Darko had a very positive impact on this game.
Jared Sullinger was also impressive. He got the start as Doc mixed it up, and he finished with 9 points and 7 rebounds (3 offensive). He also blocked a shot. He’s still got a lot to learn, but he’s proving that he absolutely deserves to be a part of the rotation right now.
Jeff Green was once again tied for the team high in scoring (17, with Rondo)… but he was a lot quieter in this one (aside from an EMPHATIC baseline dunk in the 4th quarter).
Six Celtics scored double digits, including Pierce (14), Jason Terry (11, but six came on back-to-back 3′s in the 3rd quarter), Courtney Lee (11, including some very athletic finishes), and Brandon Bass (a quiet 11 but amassed on 5-5 shooting to go along with 8 rebounds).
KG only played 12 minutes.
Overall, a nice little tune up and show for the crowd in Milan. I’m happy to see Sullinger continue to produce. Darko’s play was very encouraging. But the big caveat in all of this is that it didn’t come against NBA competition. The C’s head back stateside now and are will not play another game until Saturday.
Box Score
As an added bonus… here’s Rondo pulling “the Rondo”
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Thursday, July 13, 2006
Inside Iran-Exclusive Reader's Digest / Zogby Poll of Iranians Reveals a Society in Flux
Zogby International:
While Iran’s nuclear program grabs headlines around the world, a new Reader’s Digest-Zogby International survey reports that Iranians (41%) said reforming their national economy so it operates more efficiently is more important than nuclear capability. A smaller number, 27%, said the country’s top priority should be to develop an arsenal of nuclear weapons, and 23% said the top goal for their government should be to expand the freedoms of its citizens.
Get the complete Iran poll results. READ MORE
These and other opinions were documented in a wide-ranging survey of Iranian citizens that revealed a sharp diversity of views consistent with a nation that is undergoing profound changes. The survey, which focused on a variety of subjects, including nuclear and regional politics, America, Israel and other nations, and cultural issues, included 810 Iranian adults, and carries a margin of error of +/- 3.5 percentage points. The results are included in exclusive reports on Iran published in the August issue of Reader’s Digest magazine. Full results can be found online at rd.com and zogby.com.
“The Zogby poll presents a fascinating glimpse into public opinion in this vitally important part of the world,” said Conrad Kiechel, Editorial Director, Reader’s Digest International Editions. “The evening headlines typically frame the views of world leaders, but this survey provides an illuminating picture of what citizens are saying – and believing.”
The poll revealed a country divided on many issues, although united on the role that Iran should play in the region. Iranians said they believe their country should lead the region “diplomatically and militarily” – 56% supported this view, and only 12% said their country should not be the dominant regional power. Nearly equal percentages of respondents want Iran to become more secular and liberal (31%) as want the country to become more religious and conservative (36%).
On one question, Iranians showed almost total agreement, regardless of age or gender. When asked if the state of Israel is illegitimate and should not exist, 67% agreed and only 9% disagreed.
Despite tensions between the United States and Iran, most Iranians – nearly two thirds – said they don’t believe that the two countries will go to war in the next decade.
Iranian men were more interested than women in making the economy work better. Among men, 47% said the economy should be a top government priority, while just 33% of women agreed. The older the respondent, the less important they considered development of a nuclear arsenal.
A majority said they would be willing to suffer through a bad economy if that were the price the country had to pay to develop its nuclear program. Also, 25% said they would blame the United States if the United Nations imposed nuclear-related sanctions, although nearly 40% said they were not sure whom to blame. Only one in six would blame Iran’s own government. If their country were to develop nuclear weapons, 25% said it would make the Middle East a safer place, but 35% disagreed with that statement.
When it came to their view of the United States, there was a split between the generations. Older Iranians were much more likely to admire the American people and society than younger Iranians. John Zogby, President and CEO of Zogby International, hypothesized that this generational split may be due in part to the lack of exposure to Americans over the past two decades.
Younger and older Iranians would favor a more conservative, religious society, while those aged 30–49 said they would favor a more liberal, secular culture. What is striking is that just 15% said Iranian culture should stay just the way it is right now. Women were more likely than men to say they wanted a more liberal, secular society. Among those Iranians with Internet access, 41% said they wanted a more religious culture, compared to 33% who said they wanted a more secular society.
“The poll illustrates the impact of 25 years of separation,” said Zogby. “The attitudes of younger Iranians toward the government, people and policies of the United States have been shaped by years of isolation, largely conservative religious leadership, and anti-U.S. rhetoric. This group is consistently more negative in its attitudes towards Americans and the American government than are older Iranians. However, new technology, including satellite television and the Internet, could be used as tools that connect young Iranians with other nations in the region, and the West.”
Those technologies – Internet access and satellite TV ownership – appeared to influence attitudes among Iranians, as did gender. Iranians with access to the Internet or satellite TV were significantly more likely than their “unconnected” compatriots to identify the United States as the country they admire the most. They were also significantly less likely to pick the U.S. government as the one they admire the least: one in three Iranians without Internet access (34%) chose the United States as least admired, compared with fewer than one in five Iranians with Internet access (18%), the poll shows.
The American government also appeared to attract more admiration from Iranians who favor a more secular or liberal direction for Iran.
Zogby International is a leading polling firm with experience in 65 countries and worldwide reach. It specializes in survey research in hard-to-reach areas, including Africa, the Middle East and China. As an industry leader, it continues to develop innovative solutions in opinion research, including its interactive polling division, using online technology to generate accurate results in many American political elections. Zogby has offices in Utica, N.Y., Washington D.C., and Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc. (NYSE: RDA) is a global publisher and direct marketer of products that inform, entertain and inspire people of all ages and cultures around the world. About 80 million people in more than 60 countries read Reader’s Digest, the largest-circulation magazine in the world. It is published in 50 editions, and in 21 languages. The company’s corporate website is www.rda.com.
A few observations.
First, the idea that a US firm can produce a reliable poll making unsolicited calls to people in a totalitarian regime is hard to comprehend. The fact that anyone would choose to express an opinion different from those of the regime demonstrates the level of frustration people have with the government. Remember that Iran is a nation that has complete control over its phone and internet access to the outside world. Participation in a US poll in Iran is seen as cooperating with "the enemy" and those that do so in the country, if caught, are likely to be interrogated by the intelligence services and may be subjected to torture and imprisonment, not just for yourself but for your friends and family as well. Telling the pollster what he/she thinks the government would want them to say is far easier.
Case in point, poll was taken a few years ago at the request of the Iranian Parliament and the pollsters were imprisoned. Patrick Clawson wrote:
While anti-Americanism has deep resonance in the Arab world, the situation is quite different in Iran, where the United States has in recent years become profoundly popular.
One indicator was the September 2002 poll commissioned by the Iranian Majlis' National Security Committee which found that 74 percent of Iranians favored resumption of relations with the United States and 46 percent felt that U.S. policies on Iran were "to some extent correct," despite the fact that Iranian media constantly harped on Bush's "axis of evil" remark in his January 2002 State of the Union speech.(1) The Ayandeh Institute pollsters who conducted this poll, Abbas Abdi and Hossein Ali Qazian, were sentenced to jail terms of eight and nine years respectively for "publishing nonscientific research.
If this is how the regime reacts to those that participate with a government sponsored poll imagine what is racing through the minds of Iranian receiving a call from a US (i.e. the Great Satan) pollster.
Second, it is important to know the exact questions that were asked of those being polled and the methodology being used. We would need to see an English and Persian version of the survey questions to properly understand the results.
Third, given Zogby's more recent records in domestic elections one should not expect their results to be better in a foreign (totalitarian) state.
Finally, the spiritual mentor of Iranian President Ahmadinejad, Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi recently told an audience that if they could gain 10% support among the Iranian population they could see an ideal government. I suspect that Yazdi has a better understanding of the Iranian public than does Zogby sitting in Washington D.C.
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Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance/Items
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This page is a stub. Help us expand it, and you get a cookie.
Items are pretty important in this game if you don't want to die right away. You need potions and jewellery to survive this game.
Health potions are what you buy and sell the most. If the enemy takes a long time to beat, be ready to use a lot of health potions until the enemy is defeated.
Magic potions are the same, but for Adrianna. Since she's the sorceress, you don't want her magic to take a while to regenerate, especially when enemies are attacking her due to her weak strength.
Recall potions are important in terms of transporting in between the mission and the shopkeeper. It's a good idea when you reach a maximum weight to sell some stuff and buy more powerful items to help you in the game. Rest assured, you won't lose your progress when you recall back to where you left off. If you are Adrianna, you really need lots of recall potions.
Rings and necklaces are important for your stats. For example, if Adrianna has weak strength in Act 3, she can use the ring with +5 strength to boost her combat and her weight. But if the ring or necklace has no stats, then it's useless and needs to be sold. It's a good idea if one of your stats has been neglected and you need something to help boost it.
Other items like gems are useless in this game. The only thing you can do is sell them to make more gold. So if you need money for an item, sell the gems to lose the carrying weight and hopefully you will have enough for it.
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StarCraft: Brood War/Protoss Mission 2: Dunes of Shakuras
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Protoss Mission 2: Dunes of Shakuras
Location Shakuras
Special Units
New Units Protoss Dark Templar
New Enemy Units None
Special Structures Warp Gate
Objectives
1. Establish a base and find the Dark Templar.
2. (Received after completing the above) Destroy the Zerg base.
The Protoss have arrived safely on the Dark Templar homeworld of Shakuras. However, the Zerg seem to have utilized the Warp Gate to their own ends...
Contents
[edit] The Dark Templar
You start with a few Probes and some ground troops. Head west, dealing with a few Burrowed Zerg on the way, and build a Nexus on the resource deposit. As soon as the Nexus completes, some Hydralisks will start attacking, but the Dark Templar will appear and deal with them for you. That's one objective out of the way!
[edit] Establishing a base
Build Photon Cannons in a circular fashion so that the enemy can't just pick off the Pylon.
After the cutscene is over, you'll notice that you have a new mission objective. Nothing too special; just raze the enemy base like you've always done. First build some Photon Cannons at the top of the ramp to the south, which is the only entrance to your base. There are two ramps here, but a cluster of Cannons placed at the midpoint can hold both sides. Add a Shield Battery here later as well. Dot the eastern ridge of your base with Photon Cannons; Mutalisks will occasionally come to harass your Probes here, and you don't want to lose time moving Dragoons around your base. Build up four Gateways eventually; this will help you to create the attack force in a timely manner and quickly produce reinforcements if needed.
[edit] Dark Templar harassment
Note the complete lack of detectors in this region. Send in the Dark Templar to rip these structures to shreds.
Crossing the bridge after descending this ramp will lead to alternating Spore and Sunken Colonies (mostly Sunken Colonies until you get to the enemy bases), with the occasional Burrowed Zerg. Your Dark Templar should get busy destroying these, since they cannot be detected by the defenseless Sunken Colonies. However, as soon as an enemy Overlord shows up, fall back and wait until it's gone. The new Dark Templar are a little different than the Dark Templar that you saw in original Starcraft; the new Protoss Dark Templar have 40 shields and 80 HP, while the original ones have it switched. Keep in mind, a Dark Templar will take explosive damage, but its shields take full damage. A fully shielded Dark Templar will lose all its shields with one blow from a Sunken Colony.
[edit] Teching to an attack force
The southwest corner of this map contains a small Zerg base that you can take over for resources. You'll need to destroy it anyway, so have your Dark Templar clear as many Sunken Colonies as they can leading up to this point (you'll run into Spores soon enough). You can take this one with a mixed group of Zealots and Dark Templar with support from a half-dozen Dragoons. (you can wait to have a full group of Zealots/Templar and Dragoons if you wish.) Whether you take the resources or not is up to you.
Start climbing the tech tree with a focus either on Reavers or Templar, depending on how you want to approach the attack. A balanced force of Dragoons, Zealots, and Reavers can break through; Reavers can take out static defense and clumps of Hydralisks easily while Zealots help take out other units and buildings and Dragoons provide support. Controlling Reavers along with ground troops is a pain, though, so make sure to have as many Shuttles you need to ferry around your Reavers. Otherwise, you may take one group of mixed Zealots and Dark Templar (eight Zealots to four Templar is a good ratio; by the time you need to send reinforcements to this group, most Zerg detectors would be gone, so you can start putting more weight on the Dark Templar), one group of Dragoons, and around four High Templar. The High Templar will take over the role of killing masses of Zerglings and Hydralisks, while the static defense will have to be dealt with by the melee units. Depending on what you pick, you should research either Scarab Damage or Psionic Storm.
The Stargate tech is usually not recommended in this scenario, because the Scout is the only unit you can produce there this time. If you have the resources, you can create a few to hunt Overlords and deal with Mutalisks, but the money is probably better spent on Dragoons and High Templar.
The Warp Gate area. No detectors here, either.
While not necessary by any means, securing the bridge near the Warp Gate as you do this will let you use the entire center of the map as a staging area.
[edit] The attack
Dragoons tend to have a longer life expectancy in these battles.
High Templar are especially useful for quickly stopping attacks from unexpected directions.
First, scout their base with Observers so you know what you're up against.
You can approach this by ground or by air, or by a combination. By ground, you will have to destroy the line of Sunken and Spore colonies (Dark Templar will be useful again), and once you enter the main base, you'll be swarmed by all the ground troops the enemy can muster. If you brought Reavers, use Shuttles to drop them where they're needed and pick them up when they're in danger, and if you brought High Templar, remember to not be shy about using that Psionic Storm and to morph them into Archons once their energy is spent. The enemy Hatchery will continue to pump out units, but if you destroy their tech buildings (Spawning Pool, Hydralisk Den, etc.) quickly, you can cut down on their options.
Even if you lose your attack force, don't give up! You have those extra resources in the southwest expansion, so rebuild. Once you've softened them up, your second assault will be much easier.
[edit] Alternate Strategy
[edit] Air attack.
You can attack the last base from the air; in other words, with Scouts. However, this takes a huge amount of resources. You have to contend with Spore Colonies, but you will be able to strike directly at the enemy Hatchery and avoid Zerglings altogether. Scouts aren't very powerful when attacking ground targets, but a full group can break through. Also, destroying a few of the Spore Colonies opens them up to the classic Reaver Drop. Take a few Shuttles and load them with fully-stocked Reavers. Drop them all right next to the Hatchery, and pummel it with Scarabs. If you neglect to control with Shuttles, you'll probably lose your Reavers, but you'll put a halt to their production for a while and lower the local Hydralisk population.
[edit] Reaver Drop
This method will really help to clear the zerg base faster and with fewer losses if you pull this off right. Build 10 shuttles, 12 dragoons, and 8 reavers. Make sure to research all the abilities at the Robotics Support Bay. Also, make sure your dragoons are all upgraded to level 3. In the meantime, take out the teal zerg base in the southwest. Then have an observer or two scout the map. Once your reaver drop is ready, order your shuttles to unload their dragoons/reavers below the ramp that leads to the main zerg base. There are several sunkens on the ridge, so take them out with your reavers. Have the dragoons close behind to provide cover. Once the ridge is clear, send your reavers down and watch them raze the rest of the base. Make sure that your dragoons are close behind to provide cover against the enemy mutalisks and any zerg which may attack from behind. This strategy requires some micro-management and you may lose a unit or two, but if you can pull this off, you will be rewarded with a quicker win.
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The Sims 2: Seasons
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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The Sims 2: Seasons
Developer(s) Maxis
Publisher(s)
Designer(s) Hunter Howe
Latest version 1.7.0.158
Release date(s)
Windows
Mac OS
Genre(s) Simulation
System(s) Windows, Mac OS X
Mode(s) Single player
Rating(s)
ESRB: Teen
OFLC: Mature
PEGI: Ages 12+
Media CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
System requirements (help)
Windows
1.3 GHz
256 MiB
1.5 GiB
128 MiB
8 x
Mac OS
1.4 GHz
256 MiB
2 GiB
64 MiB
Preceded by Pets
Followed by Bon Voyage
Series The Sims
Neoseeker Related Pages
The Sims 2: Seasons is the fifth expansion pack in The Sims 2 series of games. It was developed by Maxis, released on March 1, 2007 in North America, and was followed by the European release on March 2, 2007. Aspyr released a Mac OS X port of the game in June 2007. The included neighborhood, Riverblossom Hills, has new lots, Sims and storyline.
[edit] Music
This expansion pack contains New Age and Jambands genres. The New Age radio station uses all the original songs from The Sims original Build Mode. Simlish versions of songs from popular artists are also contained in the expansion:
• "Smile" - Lily Allen
• "Mr. High And Mighty" - Government Mule
• "Blue Jeans Pizza" - Moe
• "Zoom" - Tata Young
• "N" - The Breadbox Band
• "The Next One" - The Chris McCarty Band
• "Close Your Eyes" - The String Cheese Incident
• "When It All Falls Apart" - The Veronicas
Inclusion of real songs by popular artists dates back to The Sims 2: University; they have also been present in the Open For Business and Pets expansion packs.
[edit] Included existing features
Features from the existing expansion packs such as the influence system (available in University), turn ons/turn offs (available from Nightlife upwards), lifetime wants (available from University upwards), pranks (available in University), fury (available in Nightlife), Mrs. Crumplebottom (also available in Nightlife) and talent badges (available from Open For Business) are available. Although the talent badges included in Open For Business are not available in the Seasons expansion pack, players can use them if both Open For Business and Seasons are installed.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Pioneer Valley
From Wikitravel
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The Pioneer Valley is the region around the Connecticut River valley in Western Massachusetts. It is a very diverse travel destination, featuring urban, college town, and natural areas nearby.Its largest city is Springfield.
[edit] Regions
[edit] Counties
The three counties of the Pioneer Valley from north to south:
[edit] The Connecticut River Valley
The valley is approximately 20 mi wide at the Connecticut state line but narrows northward. It holds much of New England's best farmland and thus was settled early in New England's colonial history. Since then, the farms have been encroached on by urban and suburban development, but many still exist. The Connecticut River Valley is mostly urban in the Knowledge Corridor region surrounding the cities of Springfield and Hartford (the two of which lie only 24 mi apart). The northern end of the Knowledge Corridor by Northampton and Amherst is a mix of urban and rural, featuring several prominent college towns. The northernmost section of the valley is rural, with many opportunities for outdoor activities.
The Connecticut River Valley's fine farmland and abundant water-power made the it Industrial Revolution's version of "Silicon Valley." Many industrial innovations took place at the Springfield Armory, including the discovery of interchangeable parts. America's first gasoline-powered car, motorcycle, and fire engine were all produced in Springfield. Holyoke became America's center of the paper industry. Industrialization encouraged growth of a string of cities from Northampton in the north to New Haven, Connecticut, in the south. From the early 1800s until the 1960s, the Connecticut River Valley was one of the most prosperous regions in the United States. Today this region is known as the Knowledge Corridor because of its numerous, prestigious universities and colleges.
The Connecticut River Valley remains one of the United States' major centers of higher education. Several of the United States' most prominent universities and colleges are located in the valley, including Amherst College, Smith College, and Mount Holyoke College. Mount Holyoke College was the first women's college founded in the United States. There are 14 colleges and universities located in the 20 mi8 from Springfield to Amherst.
[edit] The Hill Towns or Hilltowns
A somewhat distinct and very rural subregion is the Hill Towns. This is the western part of the three counties, beyond the Connecticut River Valley. Higher elevation, later settlement, limited agricultural potential and cultural differences give the hilltowns a character similar to rural Vermont. Further west the hilltowns merge seamlessly into the Berkshire Hills, although tourism and second home development spreading out from the New York City metropolis have impacted the hilltowns less than Berkshire County.
[edit] Eastern Uplands
Before the 20th century, highlands east of the Connecticut River developed along the same trajectory as the hilltowns to the west; however, development of Quabbin Reservoir during the 1930s created a large depopulated area in the northern 2/3 of this subregion. To the south, there have been modest population growth and development along the Massachusetts Turnpike and US Route 20.
[edit] Cities
• Springfield - The economic, cultural capital of Western Massachusetts and the 4th largest city in New England. Basketball was invented there in 1891. Springfield is home to the Basketball Hall of Fame, the Springfield Armory National Park, three universities, Forest Park, and numerous other cultural and entertainment options.
• Northampton - A bohemian college town, artists' colony, and LGBT mecca; home of Smith College.
• Amherst - A famous college town, home to the University of Massachusetts, Amherst College, and Hampshire College. It features the Emily Dickinson house.
• South Hadley - Home to the United States' first women's college, Mount Holyoke College, and Skinner State Park.
• Westfield - Gateway to the Hilltowns; largely residential; home to Westfield State College and Stanley Park.
• Deerfield - Home of Yankee Candle, Historic Deerfield, and Deerfield Academy.
• Greenfield - The northern hub at the start of the Mohawk Trail.
[edit] Understand
[edit] Get in
[edit] By car
U.S. Interstate 91 connects the Pioneer Valley to Connecticut and Vermont. The Massachusetts Turnpike [1] connects it to Boston. Driving time from the Pioneer Valley to Boston is approximately two hours; to New York City, it is approximately three and a half hours.
[edit] By plane
The closest major international airport serving the Pioneer Valley area is Bradley International Airport (BDL) [2] in Windsor Locks, Connecticut - 12 miles south of Springfield (and equidistant to Springfield's Knowledge Corridor sister city, Hartford, Connecticut.)
[edit] By train
Rail service via Amtrak is available to Springfield as well as Amherst via the Vermonter. It is accessible by Amtrak's regional service, the Vermonter from the north and south, and the Lake Shore Limited from the east and west. Springfield will receive an exponential increase in rail traffic by 2014, so that schedules will change. In concert with the renovation of Springfield's grand, 1926 Union Station, (2011-2012) Springfield will become an intercity commuter rail hub both north and south, with the completion of the Springfield-New Haven high-speed intercity rail line from the south, (2014) and Amtrak's re-tooled Vermonter line, re-routed via the old Montrealer line in the Pioneer Valley following the Connecticut River (2012.) The Vermonter will make intercity stops in Springfield, Chicopee, Holyoke, Northampton, South Deerfield, Greenfield, and Brattleboro, Vermont instead of Amherst, making train travel in the Pioneer Valley much easier.
Springfield is also served east-west by Amtrak's "Lake Shore Limited" from Chicago to Boston and vice versa.
[edit] By bus
Peter Pan Bus is headquartered in Springfield, and is one of the East Coast's major bus carriers. Greyhound/Peter Pan bus service is available to Springfield and many other Pioneer Valley cities.
[edit] Get around
The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (PVTA) [3] is the region's reliable and extensive public transport system. Its service extends from Springfield in the south to Amherst, 20 miles north of Springfield. Fares are $1.35, with a free "transfer" if one uses another PVTA vehicle within an hour of purchasing the original pass. On weekends, buses do not run all routes. Although the system is extensive for such a decentralized area, buses are somewhat infrequent and not all route run nights and weekends, especially outside of the school year (September - May).
[edit][add listing] See
• The Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield.
• The Springfield Armory National Park in Springfield
• The leaves in autumn - particularly concentrations of maples around old farmsteads where 'sugar bushes' were maintained for sugaring and on relatively moist upland sites. Oaks: predominating on dryer, rockier sites -- are less spectacular.
• Prestigious universities and liberal arts colleges - in Amherst, Northampton, Springfield, and throughout the Pioneer Valley.
• The Quadrangle in Springfield - five excellent museums, featuring the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden and the United States' first planetarium.
• The Emily Dickinson House in Amherst - America's most famous female poet lived her entire life in this beautiful house. Excellent tour.
• Forest Park in Springfield - a 735-acre urban park designed by Frederick Law Olmstead (of NYC's Central Park Fame) features a sizable zoo, America's first public pool, and Bright Nights - a nationally-known holiday light show that stretches for 2 miles throughout the park.
• Downtown Northampton - Northampton is the bohemian center of the Pioneer Valley, (which is saying something because much of it is artsy,) Northampton's downtown features numerous restaurants, coffee shops, art galleries, music venues, quirky shops, and street performers. It's people-watching heaven!
• Look Park, Northampton mass. edit
[edit][add listing] Do
• Six Flags New England in Agawam - 1 mile across the Connecticut River from Springfield, across the South End Bridge, New England's largest amusement park features 10 roller-coasters; among them is the Bizarro, rated the #1 or #2 roller-coaster in the world from 2003-present. Open mid-April to early-November.
• The Big E in West Springfield - 1 mile across the Memorial Bridge from Springfield, the Big E (aka the Eastern States Exposition) is the New England States' collective State Fair. It features rides, animals, and performers of all sorts. The 6th largest carnival in America, it runs from roughly September 15-October 1 each year.
• Downhill Skiing
• Crosscountry Skiing
• Whitewater Boating
• Powerboating
• Hiking
• Fishing
• Motorcycle
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Maple Sugar
• Northampton and Springfield offer a wide variety of ethnic cuisine, including Italian, Polish, Puerto Rican, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Hungarian, Indian, Mexican, Argentinian, and Tibetan cuisines.
• Local Produce from Farmer's Markets in Springfield and Northampton
• Vegetarian, especially in Northampton, Amherst, and Springfield
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Microbrews
• Brewpubs
• Specialty Wines (blueberry etc.)
[edit] Stay safe
In general, the Pioneer Valley is a very safe and accepting travel destination featuring an eclectic mix of urban, college town, and suburban settings - all of them relatively safe.
Springfield, the Pioneer Valley's largest city, which a decade ago ranked as high as 18th in the annual U.S. "City Crime Rankings", has seen a steep and steady decline in its crime recently - falling to 51st in the U.S. "City Crime Rankings" in 2010. Springfield is safe during the day, and nearly all of its well-travelled areas are safe and night - for example, the city's entertainment district and the area around the Basketball Hall of Fame are safe at all times. The neighborhoods where 80% of Springfield's crimes occur - Six Corners, Liberty Heights - are well off-the-beaten-path for visitors. That said, to be safe at night in Springfield, bring a partner with you.
The area around Six Flags New England across Springfield's South End Bridge in Agawam is safe day and night, as is the area around The Big E across Springfield's Memorial Bridge in West Springfield.
As of 2011, the City of Holyoke continues to make major strides in revitalizing. Holyoke is safe during the day; however, at night, if you intend on spending time downtown, stick to the commercial and entertainment blocks around High Street. The areas down the hill from High Street, South Holyoke and The Flats, remain dangerous. To be safe at night in Holyoke, bring a partner with you and stick to well-lit areas.
The City of Northampton is completely safe day and night, as is the college town of Amherst.
In general, the Pioneer Valley is very liberal socially and politically, and thus makes for a very accepting destination for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) travelers. This is especially true in the LGBT mecca of Northampton, and in Springfield's entertainment district, which features many establishments catering to LGBT consumers.
The following activities can pose safety risks in the Pioneer Valley:
• Winter driving
• Driving among aggressive, careless, and drunk drivers
• Driving on bad roads - due to pot holes
• deer, and occasionally moose in roads
• walking in the woods - it is easy to get lost
• swimming in the Connecticut River - in many places, the river's pull is too strong for swimming.
[edit] Get out
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6105.0 - Australian Labour Market Statistics, Apr 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/04/2005
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The tables listed below are included in the publication Australian Labour Market Statistics (cat. no. 6105.0). Electronic sources of the data in these tables can be found in Appendix 1.
LIST OF TABLES
THE LABOUR FORCE
1.1 Labour force status: trend series
1.2 Age by social marital status
1.3 States and territories, and capital cities
1.4 Educational attendance (aged 15-24)
1.5 Country of birth by year of arrival in Australia
1.6 Relationship in household
1.7 All families: family type by labour force status
1.8 International comparisons
EMPLOYED PERSONS
2.1 Industry: trend series
2.2 Industry division and subdivision
2.3 Occupation major groups and sub-major groups
2.4 Industry and occupation by full-time/part-time status
2.5 Industry and occupation by status in employment
2.6 Actual hours worked: industry and occupation
2.7 Actual hours worked
2.8 Actual and usual hours worked
2.9 Full-time workers who worked less than 35 hours
2.10 Future employment expectations by job tenure
2.11 Public sector employees
UNEMPLOYED PERSONS
3.1 Duration of unemployment by age
3.2 Long-term unemployed persons: trend series
3.3 Reason for unemployment by industry and occupation of last job
UNDERUTILISED LABOUR
4.1 Labour underutilisation: population counts and rates
4.2 Labour underutilisation: age
4.3 Labour underutilisation: states and territories
4.4 Part-time workers: whether preferred to work more hours
4.5 Persons not in the labour force: whether looking for work
EARNINGS
5.1 Wage price index
5.2 Average weekly earnings: trend series
5.3 Compensation of employees and related measures: trend series
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
6.1 Industrial disputes: working days lost
6.2 Industrial disputes: working days lost per 1,000 employees
JOB VACANCIES
7.1 Job vacancies
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4156.0 - Sport and Recreation: A Statistical Overview, Australia , 2006 Edition 2
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/11/2006
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Contents >> Chapter 13.1 Other Leisure Industries - Introduction >> Chapter 13.2 Other Leisure Industries - Amusement Industries
OTHER LEISURE INDUSTRIES
AMUSEMENT INDUSTRIES
The total income of the amusement industries for 2000-01 was $424.1m, of which $287.2m (67.7%) was generated by Amusement and theme parks, and the remainder by Amusement arcades, centres and other operations. Takings from admissions and rides contributed $161.5m (56.2%) to the income of Amusement and theme parks, while Sales of food and beverages provided another $51.5m (17.9%). The total number of visits to Amusement and theme parks during 2000-01 was 8.9 million and there were 30 parks in operation at June 30 2001.
For Amusement arcades, centres and other operations the main source of income was takings from coin-operated amusement machines. This source contributed $72.6m (53.0%) to their overall income of $136.9m. Another $42.1m (30.8%) came from takings from admissions and playing fees. At June 30 2001, there were 288 of these businesses operating from 384 locations.
Labour costs contributed $118.3m (37.8%) to the total expenses of $312.8m incurred by Amusement and theme parks. For Amusement arcades, centres and other operations, the labour cost share of the $136.0m in total expenses was $41.0m (30.2%).
Overall, 2000-01 was not a profitable year for the amusement industries. This was particularly so for Amusement and theme parks. Although Amusement arcades, centres and other operations managed to just break even, Amusement and theme parks lost $26.7m.
At 30 June 2001, the majority of the amusement industry workforce was employed on a casual basis. For Amusement and theme parks the casual workforce of 2,243 persons was 54.0% of the total of 4,150. For Amusement arcades, centres and other operations; the proportion of casual employees was even larger, with 60.8% (1,698) of the workforce of 2,793 persons being employed casually.
Amusement and theme parks employed more females than males. The female employment of 2,183 was 52.6% of the total. For Amusement arcades, centres and other operations; male employment was larger. The 1,493 males employed accounted for 53.5% of all employment.
13.1 AMUSEMENT INDUSTRIES - 2000-01
Amusement and
theme parks
Amusement
arcades,
centres and
other operations
Total
Businesses at end June no.
(a)30
288
318
Employment at end June
Permanent(b) no.
1 907
1 095
3 002
Casual no.
2 243
1 698
3 941
Males no.
1 967
1 493
3 460
Females no.
2 183
1 300
3 483
Total no.
4 150
2 793
6 943
Income
Takings from admissions, rides and playing fees $m
161.5
42.1
203.6
Takings from coin-operated amusement machines $m
na
72.6
72.6
Takings from sales of food and beverages $m
51.5
10.4
61.9
Other income $m
74.2
11.8
86.0
Total $m
287.2
136.9
424.1
Expenses
Labour costs
Wages and salaries $m
101.0
36.2
137.2
Other labour costs $m
17.3
4.8
22.1
Total $m
118.3
41.0
159.3
Purchases $m
40.6
15.1
55.7
Other expenses $m
153.8
79.9
233.7
Total $m
312.8
136.0
448.8
Operating profit before tax $m
-26.7
**0.1
-26.6
** estimate has a relative standard error greater than 50% and is considered too unreliable for general use
na not available
(a) This is the number of individual parks.
(b) Includes working proprietors and partners.
Source: Selected Amusement and Leisure Industries, Australia, 2000-01 (cat. no. 8688.0).
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1318.0 - Statistics Weekly, 24 March 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 24/03/1994
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• About this Release
Weekly; ISSN:1033-8640; Presents statistical feature articles for each of the week's major releases, together with up-to-date reference tables containing figures for major national and State economic indicators. Details of every publication released during the week and the expected release dates for forthcoming major publications are also provided.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1304.0 - Monthly Summary of Statistics, Australia, Jan 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/01/1994
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• About this Release
Monthly, quarterly and annual data on a wide range of items classified in varying degree of detail for the following topics: population and vital statistics; employment and unemployment; wages and prices; production; building; national accounts, finance; internal trade; foreign trade; balance of payments and transport.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6275.0 - Locations of Work, Nov 2008 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/08/2009
Directory of Statistical Sources
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Pathfinding Robot
Newbie Member
18Jan2011,21:55 #1
Hey there go4expert!
I have been given a piece of coursework and before I go wandering off on my own and messing things up I figured I should best start with a forum of experts.
• The requirements for the program are to have a "Robot" that moves from one location to another read in from a file, on a 20x20 grid.
• It can only move forward and turn to look in the directions of NORTH, EAST, SOUTH, WEST.
• There are also landmarks stored in another file, record the ones I pass over
• Then print out how far the robot moved.
Upgrades (Not necessary for a pass)
• Graphics using swing.
• Being able to rotate in any direction of 360 degrees.
• Still print out how far the robot moved but now it's not as simple as I'd need to use trig. now.
I am a big newbie to programming as a whole, only the basic things I have done through uni I know and I would like any input you guys could give me on how best to start this bad boy of an assignment.
Kind regards,
Accendo
Pro contributor
21Jan2011,05:29 #2
a schema to start
=============================
1) you need code to read from a file
2)create an 2d array 20x20 of integers make all elements -1;
3)create a class Landmarks
--->name,locationX,locationY,visited
4)create an ArrayList of Landmarks objects filled from the data of the file with the
landmarks
5)add landmarks into the grid (store position inside the arrayList into the 20x20 grid)
p.s. if you have any of the files mentioned, post it to see its structure
post your code to help you more.
useful links
http://www.codingforums.com/showthread.php?p=1041768
http://forums.devshed.com/java-help-...og-780228.html
http://forums.hotjoe.com/posts/list/855.page
Last edited by virxen; 21Jan2011 at 05:35..
Newbie Member
21Jan2011,06:07 #3
Hey there I got to work promptly after this message and am now a little further on and it's scary how similiar what you said is to what I already had .
Please look out for my posts encase I get stuck :P.
/|RT
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Obstetrics and Gynecology International
Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 850812, 5 pages
doi:10.1155/2010/850812
Review Article
Diagnostic Strategies for Postmenopausal Bleeding
1Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, TweeSteden Hospital, Dr. Deelenlaan 5, 5042 AD Tilburg, The Netherlands
3Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
5Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maxima Medisch Centrum, De Run 4600, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
Received 20 October 2009; Accepted 17 December 2009
Academic Editor: Robert Mclellan
Copyright © 2010 M. C. Breijer et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) is a common clinical problem. Patients with PMB have 10%–15% chance of having endometrial carcinoma and therefore the diagnostic workup is aimed at excluding malignancy. Patient characteristics can alter the probability of having endometrial carcinoma in patients with PMB; in certain groups of patients the incidence has been reported to be as high as 29%. Transvaginal sonography (TVS) is used as a first step in the diagnostic workup, but different authors have come to different conclusions assessing the accuracy of TVS for excluding endometrial carcinoma. Diagnostic procedures obtaining material for histological assessment (e.g., dilatation and curettage, hysteroscopy, and endometrial biopsy) can be more accurate but are also more invasive. The best diagnostic strategy for diagnosing endometrial carcinoma in patients with PMB still remains controversial. Future research should be focussed on achieving a higher accuracy of different diagnostic strategies.
1. Introduction
Postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) can be defined as uterine bleeding occurring at least one year after menopause. PMB is a common clinical problem in both general and hospital settings [1, 2]. The incidence of spontaneously occurring PMB in the general population can be as high as 10% immediately after menopause [3].
PMB is often caused by abnormalities of the endometrium, whether they are benign or malignant. Of postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding, 10%–15% have endometrial carcinoma [48]. In contrast, the prevalence of endometrial polyps in patients with PMB and an increased endometrial thickness measured with transvaginal sonography (TVS) is estimated to be around 40% [9, 10].
Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract in developed countries [11]. Unlike other malignancies, endometrial cancer often presents at an early stage when there is a possibility of curative treatment by hysterectomy. Survival decreases with increased staging and lower histological differentiation, thus accurate and timely diagnosis is important and should preferably be carried out by a safe, simple and minimally invasive method. Guidelines addressing PMB are therefore aimed at excluding cervical cancer, endometrial carcinoma or precancerous lesions of the endometrium [1215].
2. Diagnosis of Endometrial Carcinoma
2.1. Accuracy of Transvaginal Ultrasonography for Diagnosing Endometrial Carcinoma
Since two decades TVS has become widely used in the evaluation of women with PMB. Before TVS was introduced in the early 1990s, women with PMB were scheduled for dilatation and curettage (D&C). The goal of TVS assessment of the endometrium is to exclude endometrial carcinoma. The probability of endometrial pathology is strongly reduced in the presence of an endometrial ultrasound with an endometrial thickness ≤4 mm. Endometrial sampling is not recommended below this cutoff value [1618].
Guidelines [1215] almost always refer to a meta-analysis performed by Smith-Bindman et al. [17]. Although this is the most cited publication, there are three meta-analyses on this subject which have used different methods and have come to different conclusions [1618].
The meta-analysis of Smith-Bindman et al. [17] combined published data from different studies. Using the reported data, 22 tables per included study were constructed that compared endometrial thickness measured at TVS to presence or absence of endometrial carcinoma. Results across studies were combined in a summary Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) Curve. At a 5 mm cutoff the sensitivity for detecting endometrial cancer was 96% for a 39% false-positive rate. Such a combination of sensitivity and specificity would reduce a pretest probability of 10% for endometrial cancer to a posttest probability of 1% [17]. Based on this posttest probability, expectant management is at present recommended to these women.
Gupta et al. [16] conducted a comprehensive systematic review in which they focused on the study quality assessment of each study. Only four studies were identified as best-quality studies [1922]. For each paper a 22 table was constructed and likelihood ratios (LR) were calculated. Pooling of the results of these four studies for endometrial thickness ≤5 mm resulted in a LR of a negative test of 0.16. In a patient with a negative test result, the posttest probability was 2.5% [16].
Tabor et al. [18] included only studies from which they were able to get the original data from the authors. For each study they calculated median endometrial thickness per centre and used multiples of the median for endometrial thickness to pool data. They reported a sensitivity of 96% for a specificity of 50% and concluded that such a sensitivity with a 4% false-negative rate was too high. Therefore, in their opinion endometrial thickness measurement does not reduce the need for invasive diagnostic testing [18].
Besides the test accuracy, the pretest probability (before any test is done) influences the performance of a diagnostic test in clinical practice. The pretest probability is approximately 10% for the whole population of patients with PMB, but various clinical characteristics can alter this pretest probability. The probability of endometrial carcinoma in women with PMB rises from 1% in women younger than 50 years to 23.8% in women older than 80 years and the incidence of malignancy is, regardless of age, higher in women with PMB and obesity (18%) or diabetes (21%) as compared to women without one of these risk factors (8.0%) [23]. In obese women with diabetes the incidence is reported to be as high as 29% [23]. As the pretest probability for malignancy is higher, the potential of the test to reduce the posttest probability to below 5% can be limited.
2.2. Accuracy of Invasive Endometrial Assessment Methods
Patients with an increased endometrial thickness should undergo more invasive testing, that is, office endometrial sampling, hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage (D&C), to exclude endometrial pathology.
D&C was traditionally the method of choice for investigating patients with postmenopausal bleeding. However, in approximately 60% of the D&C procedures less than half of the uterine cavity is curetted. Another drawback of D&C is that this procedure is performed under general anaesthesia in an inpatient setting [24]. D&C is now considered to be outdated practice and is replaced by less invasive outpatient evaluation using endometrial biopsy devices and outpatient hysteroscopy guided biopsies [25].
Guidelines advocate office endometrial sampling to rule out endometrial carcinoma in women with PMB and an increased endometrial thickness, measured with TVS. Dijkhuizen et al. [26] performed a meta-analysis comparing different minimally invasive endometrial biopsy devices. In postmenopausal women endometrial sampling with both the Pipelle device (Pipelle de Cornier, Paris, France) and the Vabra device (Berkeley Medevices, Inc., Richmond, Calif, USA) are very sensitive techniques for the detection of endometrial carcinoma, with detection rates of 99.6% and 97.1%, respectively, [26]. Despite these reassuring features, the amount of tissue obtained by office sampling varies considerably and is sometimes insufficient for a reliable histological diagnosis. In case the material is classified as insufficient, the clinician is in doubt whether or not to proceed with more invasive testing or to rely on the negative biopsy. In a prospective study performed by Van Doorn et al. four (6%) out of 66 patients with insufficient tissue at office endometrial sample were subsequently diagnosed with endometrial cancer (n = 3) or atypical hyperplasia (n = 1). This finding implicates that women with an insufficient sample and an endometrial thickness of 5 mm or more should not be reassured [27].
Compared with traditional methods such as curettage, hysteroscopy offers the possibility of visualizing macroscopic or focal abnormalities and taking directed biopsies [28, 29]. With the development of smaller diameter hysteroscopic systems and the introduction of a “vaginoscopic” approach to hysteroscopy (without the use of a speculum or tenaculum), patient acceptance has improved considerably and hysteroscopy nowadays can be performed in an outpatient setting without the use of anaesthesia [30, 31].
3. Diagnostic Strategies for Postmenopausal Bleeding
In clinical practice, tests are commonly combined in diagnostic sequences and disease probabilities are usually estimated in a hierarchical manner, first combining information from history and patient characteristics followed by information from additional testing. Test accuracy studies often do not take this clinical paradigm into account. They usually report on the status of a test disregarding history and patient characteristics. Assessing tests in isolation of other tests in the diagnostic sequence (including information from clinical history and patient characteristics) exaggerates the diagnostic information that test combinations can provide in practice.
To determine the most cost-effective testing strategy for diagnosing endometrial carcinoma in women with PMB, Clark et al. constructed a decision model and evaluated 12 different strategies for the initial investigation of PMB. Depending on cancer prevalence (5% versus 10%, resp.), a strategy with TVS as initial investigation with a cut-off of 5 mm or 4 mm followed by endometrial biopsy was most cost effective [1].
There is considerable variability in the endometrial thickness and the likelihood of endometrial carcinoma across women. This variability has been associated with individual patient characteristics including age, time since menopause, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and reproductive factors [23, 3236]. However, guidelines currently used are mainly based on endometrial thickness only, and do not systematically take these additional characteristics into account [1215].
Inclusion of these individual characteristics may allow for a more refined differentiation of women with the same endometrial thickness. This could result in a more individualised and possibly more accurate and efficient work-up strategy, in which a very high a priori chance of endometrial carcinoma warrants further histological testing, whereas women with a very low prior chance might be reassured even without TVS.
Multivariable models to predict endometrial carcinoma incorporating patient characteristics in the diagnostic work-up for patients with PMB have been developed [3740]. Khan et al. proposed the use of individual patient data meta analysis in developing these multivariable models to calculate a posttest probability of disease for a different combination of test results (including patient characteristics and information from clinical history) [38].
Figure 1 shows an algorithm with possible diagnostic pathways for PMB. In this figure an evidence-based approach is combined with approaches requiring more research. Two areas require further research: (1) probability modelling to calculate the pretest probability of endometrial cancer based on patient characteristics [37] and the implementation of such a model in the diagnostic strategy and finally implementation into daily practice and (2) diagnostic approach to benign pathology. That is wether or not subsequent endometrial cavity evaluation for benign abnormalities should be performed after malignancy has been ruled out [41].
Figure 1: Possible diagnostic pathways for postmenopausal bleeding. The areas surrounded by a dotted square require futher research.
4. General Conclusions and Future Research
Sensitivity of TVS endometrial thickness measurement in women with PMB is still controversial. Future research should aim at achieving a higher accuracy of the diagnostic strategy applied. Such higher accuracy might be achieved by incorporation of patient’s characteristics (e.g., age, presence of diabetes, Body Mass Index (BMI), presence of hypertension) in the diagnostic work-up. The incorporation of TVS with patient’s characteristics in a diagnostic strategy has been studied and resulted in higher diagnostic accuracy [37, 39, 40]. Statistical methods can be used to develop and further improve such models and incorporating patient’s characteristics with diagnostic tests [38, 40]. Furthermore, by combining and analysing individual patient data from different studies (IPD meta analyses), larger databases can be obtained, in which previously described models can be externally validated [38, 42]. Such models could be incorporated in clinical prediction rules, where the individual probability for endometrial cancer is obtained for each individual woman, and a diagnostic algorithm is developed to maximize the diagnostic accuracy at an acceptable patient burden and health care costs. Such prediction rules are currently also available in reproductive medicine, and comparable to the risk of malignancy index in ovarian tumours [43, 44]. After developing such clinical prediction rules, diagnostic accuracy and clinical applicability should be tested in clinical practice in a prospective multicentre study. If indeed, such model; would lead to higher diagnostic accuracy than TVS alone, office endometrial sampling or office hysteroscopy could then be offered only to those women with a high probability of endometrial cancer and its precursors.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Stem Cells International
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 602483, 9 pages
doi:10.4061/2011/602483
Research Article
Phenotypic Definition of the Progenitor Cells with Erythroid Differentiation Potential Present in Human Adult Blood
1Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Superior Health Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy
2Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
Received 23 May 2011; Accepted 22 June 2011
Academic Editor: Michel Sadelain
Copyright © 2011 Valentina Tirelli et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
In Human Erythroid Massive Amplification (HEMA) cultures, AB mononuclear cells (MNC) generate 1-log more erythroid cells (EBs) than the corresponding cells, suggesting that MNC may also contain HPC. To clarify the phenotype of AB HPC which generate EBs in these cultures, flow cytometric profiling for CD34/CD36 expression, followed by isolation and functional characterization (colony-forming-ability in semisolid-media and fold-increase in HEMA) were performed. Four populations with erythroid differentiation potential were identified: (0.1%); (barely detectable-0.1%); (2%) and (75%). In semisolid-media, cells generated BFU-E and CFU-GM (in a 1 : 1 ratio), cells mostly BFU-E (87%) and and cells were not tested due to low numbers. Under HEMA conditions, , , and cells generated EBs with fold-increases of 9,000, 100, 60 and 1, respectively, and maturation times (day with >10% cells) of 10–7 days. Pyrenocytes were generated only by / cells by day 15. These results confirm that the majority of HPC in AB express CD34 but identify additional populations with erythroid differentiation potential which, based on differences in fold-increase and maturation times, may represent a hierarchy of HPC present in AB.
1. Introduction
Hematopoiesis is defined as the orderly sequence of events that replenishes the cellular elements of the blood on a daily basis [1]. Under steady-state conditions, the bone marrow provides the microenvironmental cues that allow hematopoietic stem cells to generate a hierarchy of cells (the hematopoietic progenitor cells, HPCs) progressively more restricted in their proliferation and lineage maturation potential [2]. In addition, bone marrow contains very rare precursor cells with the potential to generate hematopoietic stem cells [3]. Human stem cell precursors and stem cells are functionally defined by surrogate assays in animal models [4], while HPCs with different proliferation/maturation potential are defined by semisolid cultures that model the hematopoietic process in vitro [5]. These functional in vitro assays provided the basis for the identification and prospective isolation of a hierarchy of different hematogenic populations present in bone marrow [6]. Based on number and lineage of the cells generated and of the time required for their generation, semisolid assays identify a series of HPCs: HPCs able to generate large colonies (>30,000 cells) comprising cells of multiple lineages (the colony-forming unit, granulocytic-erythroid-megakaryocitic-monocytic, CFU-GEMM) by day 15–18, those which generate erythroid bursts (approximately 5,000 cells, burst-forming unit erythroid BFU-E) and granulomonocytic colonies (colony forming unit, granulomonocytic, CFU-GM) by day 12–15, and finally those which generate clusters (50–200 cells) composed only by erythroid (colony-forming unit, erythroid, CFU-E), granulocytic (CFU-G) or monocytic (CFU-M) cells by day 8 [5].
CD34 is an antigen expressed by HPCs of all types whose expression is lost at the CFU-E level [5, 6]. CFU-GEMM express also CD38 but do not express the α subunit of the interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor, which is acquired during the transition of these cells to BFU-E, CFU-GM, and CD45RA [7, 8], which is specifically expressed by BFU-E [5, 6]. CD36 is an antibody that recognizes thrombospondin, the receptor for the malarial parasite whose expression is activated within a few hours of exposure to erythropoietin (EPO) [9]. Although it is conceivable that CD36 is expressed by erythroid cells of all types, how its expression is modulated during the transition from CFU-GEMM to CFU-E is not known. HPCs may egress from the bone marrow into the circulation [2]. However, since maturation alters the adhesion receptor profile of the cells and their affinity for the marrow niches, HPCs are released from the marrow with different efficiencies and their frequency in blood may not correspond to that of the marrow [10]. The majority of erythroid HPCs in the marrow are CFU-E, but the majority (>90%) of those in blood are BFU-E [11].
The HPCs present in adult peripheral blood (AB) are discarded during the leukoreduction process used to prepare red blood cells for transfusion. Discarded AB HPCs are used in several liquid culture systems to generate great numbers of lineage-restricted precursors to study hematopoiesis [12, 13]. More recently, it has been realized that AB HPCs discarded in the buffy coat from a single donation cultured in the presence of dexamethasone (DXM) and estradiol (ES), and in addition to stem cell factor (SCF), IL-3 and EPO (human erythroid massive amplification, HEMA, culture) [14] may generate erythroblasts (EBs) in numbers sufficient for 3–50 transfusions [15], paving the way for an important area of translational medicine: production of alternative transfusion products ex vivo. Although both AB mononuclear (MNC) and cells generate great numbers of EBs in HEMA culture, the total number of erythroid cells generated by cells is on average 1-log lower than that generated by MNC [13]. This observation has been ascribed to loss of HPCs with erythroid differentiation potential (erythroid precursor cells, EPC) during the CD34 selection procedure and/or to the existence of circulating EPC. The second hypothesis is supported by a recent report indicating that AB cells may differentiate into EBs under HEMA conditions generating more EBs than the corresponding cells [16]. The phenotype of the cells with erythroid potential present in AB buffy coats is not known.
The aim of our study was to further clarify the phenotype of the HPCs/EPC present in AB MNC and to evaluate their contribution to the generation of EBs under HEMA conditions. Flow cytometric profiling for CD34 and CD36 expression of AB MNC followed by functional characterization (colony-forming ability in semisolid media and fold increase in HEMA) of the prospectively isolated populations was perfomed. The results presented indicate that CD34/CD36 profiling identifies a hierarchy of EPC in AB.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Human Subjects
Peripheral blood was collected from 10 normal adult donors at the transfusion center of “La Sapienza” University (Rome, Italy) according to guidelines established by institutional ethical committees.
2.2. Cell Separation
Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were separated by centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque (Amersham Pharmacia Biotec, Uppsala, Sweden). MNC were first antigenically profiled for CD34/CD36 expression by standard flow cytometric techniques and MNC populations with different CD34/CD36 profiles subsequently separated by a combination of magnetic bead separation and sorting as described in Figure 1. For flow cytometrical profiling, MNC were suspended in Ca2+/Mg2+-free phosphate-buffered saline, supplemented with 1% BSA, 2 mmol/L ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), and 0.01% NaN3, stained with either allophycocyanin- (APC-) conjugated CD36, phycoerythrin- (PE-) conjugated CD14 (monocyte differentiation antigen 14 antibody), or fluorescein isothiocyanate- (FITC-) conjugated CD42a (which recognize GPIb) [17], or appropriate isotype controls (all from Becton Dickinson Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and analyzed with the FACS Aria (Becton Dickinson Biosciences) equipped with three air-cooled and solid-state lasers (488-nm, 633-nm, and 407-nm). Dead cells were excluded by SYTOX Blue (0.002 mM, Molecular Probes, Carlsband, Calif, USA) staining. MNC were then divided into and populations using Magnetic MultiSort Microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). The fraction was further divided into and by sorting with the FACS Aria. The fraction was enriched for and cells with Magnetic MultiSort Microbeads coated with CD36. All the bead-based cell enrichments were performed as described by the manufacturer. cells were further divided into and by sorting. Whenever the cell number allowed, the purified populations were reanalyzed for purity and found >90% pure. Results were analyzed by BD FACSDiva Software version 5.0.3.
Figure 1: CD36/CD34 expression profiling of AB MNC. (a) Representative coulter plot analyses for CD36/CD34 expression of MNC from a representative AB and summary of the frequency of the different populations identified by this analyses. CD36/CD34 profiling identified five populations: cells (population A, red), cells (population B, black), and cells (population E, green). A fourth population contained numerous cells which are represented by monocytes (see Figure 1(b)). Exclusion of these cells from the analyses revealed two populations which express CD36 al low (, population C, purple) and high ( cells, population D, blue) levels, respectively. The table on the right summarizes the mean frequency (±SD) of each population among MNC obtained from 3 different donors. All the results presented in this figure and in Figure 2(a) are presented with the same color code. (b) Prospective isolation of AB MNC on the basis of CD34/CD36 expression. MNC were first divided in two populations enriched or deprived of cells by CD34-coated magnetic bead adsorption. The population was further purified and divided into and cells by sorting. The CD34 beads flow-through fraction (enriched for cells) was further divided into and cells by magnetic bead isolation. The cells eluted from the beads were purified by sorting on the basis of lack of expression of CD14 and low level of CD36 expression (population C, purple). The cells (population D, blue) were not isolated because expressed high levels of the megakaryocytic marker CD42a. Finally, the CD36 beads flow-through fraction was enriched for cells by sorting. These cells were also upon reanalyses (not shown). Whenever feasible, the prospectively isolated cells were reanalyzed for purity. Results are representative of those obtained in 3 independent purifications.
2.3. Colony-Forming Assay
The colony forming ability of unfractionated and sorted cells was evaluated in standard semisolid methylcellulose cultures (40%, Fluka Biochemika) stimulated with human SCF (10 ng/mL), IL-3 (10 ng/mL), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, 10 ng/mL), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, 100 ng/mL) and EPO (5 U/mL) [18]. The cultures were incubated at 37°C in a fully humidified 5% pCO2 atmosphere and scored after 14 days for the growth of hematopoietic colonies. CFU-GEMM-, BFU-E-, and CFU-GM-derived colonies were recognized according to standard morphological criteria [18, 19].
2.4. Ex Vivo Expansion of Human EBs under HEMA Conditions
MNC (106 cells/mL) and prospectively isolated cells ( cells/mL) were cultured under HEMA conditions, as described [14]. Briefly, the cultures contained Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (IMDM, Lonza Group Ltd, Basel, Switzerland) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS, Sigma-Aldrich) (20% v/v), detoxified human serum albumin (HSA) (25%, Baxter International Inc, Deerfield, iLL, USA) [15], human SCF (50 ng/mL, Sigma-Aldrich), EPO (3 U/mL, Neorecormon, Auckland, New Zealand) and IL-3 (10 ng/mL, Biosource, San Jose, Calif, USA), DXM (10−6 M) and ES (10−6 M) (both from Sigma-Aldrich), L-glutamine (200 mM, Euroclone SpA, Siziano, Italy), antibiotics [penicillin (10,000 units/mL), streptomycin sulfate (10,000 μg/mL), fungizone (25 μg/mL), Lonza Group Ltd], and β-mercaptoethanol (10−6 M). The cultures were kept for up to 10–15 days at 37°C and 5% pCO2 in a fully humidified incubator.
2.5. Cell Viability, Phenotypic Analysis and Sorting
Cell numbers and viability were assessed by microscopic evaluation after trypan blue (Boston Bioproducts, Ashland, Mass, USA) staining. For flow cytometrical characterization, cells were suspended in Ca2+/Mg2+-free phosphate-buffered saline, supplemented with 1% BSA, 2 mmol/L ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), and 0.01% NaN3, stained with either allophycocyanin- (APC-) conjugated CD36 or phycoerythrin- (PE-) conjugated CD235a (antiglycophorin A), or appropriate isotype controls (all from Becton Dickinson Biosciences) and analyzed with the FACS Aria. Dead cells were excluded by SYTOX Blue (0.002 mM, Molecular Probes) staining. Forward and side scatter analyses of cells expressing the mature phenotype and of small size were used for the identification of pyrenocytes [20].
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Results are presented as mean (±SD) of those obtained in at least three experiments per data set. Mean (±SD) were calculated with the computer software Origin 5.0 for Windows (Microcal Software, Inc., Northampton, Mass, USA).
3. Results
3.1. Antigenic Profiling of AB MNC
CD34/CD36 profiling divided AB MNC into 4 populations: (population A, %), (population B, often present in barely detectable numbers but reaching in some donors a frequency of ~0.1%), (~23%) and (population E, ~74%) (Figure 1(a)). cells could in turn be divided into three populations: the majority of them expressed CD14 and was, therefore, represented by monocytes (monocytes are known to express CD36) [21] (Figure 1(b)). By dot blot distribution and CD42a staining, the remaining could be divided into two additional populations: (population C, ~2%), which does not express CD42a, and (population D, ~1.0), which express high levels of CD42a (mean fluorescence intensity, ) (Figure 1(b)).
3.2. Prospective Isolation of MNC Populations Based on CD34 and CD36 Expression
AB MNCs were purified on the basis of CD34 and CD36 expression by the combination of magnetic bead enrichment and cell sorting described in Figure 1(b). First, cells were enriched by selection with CD34-coated microbeads. The fraction (12% pure by reanalyses) was then sorted into cells expressing (, A population) or not (, B population) CD36. Approximately 75,000 A cells and 10,000 B cells were recovered from the buffy coat of an average donation (Table 1). Population A was >98% pure by re-analyses while the purity of population B was not determined due to low cell recovery.
Table 1: Summary of the number of cells recovered in each fraction after CD36/CD34-based purification and of their growth in HEMA culture. Results with MNC and population A are presented as mean (±SD) of those obtained in three separate experiments. Results with population E are representative of two independent experiments, while a complete data set for populations B and C is available only from one experiment.
Reanalyses for CD36 and CD14 expression of the flow-through fraction of the CD34-coated magnetic beads revealed that a great number (~78%) of cells expressed also CD14. This flow-through fraction was further divided into CD36-enriched and CD36-deprived fractions by CD36-magnetic bead isolation. The cells adsorbed to the beads which did not express CD14 and CD42a and expressed CD36 at low levels were sorted (, population C) (Figure 1(b)). Approximately 7,500 C cells were recovered from the buffy coat of a blood donation (Table 1). This low number prevented reanalyses for purity of this cell population and limited its functional characterization. The cells which expressed CD36 at high levels (, population D) was not sorted because of its high CD42a expression, which suggest that the may have been represented by megakaryocytic precursors [17].
The flow-through fraction of the CD36 magnetic beads was further purified by sorting (population E). A total of 10 million cells were recovered from an average AB buffy coat (Table 1).
3.3. Cloning Efficiency of AB Populations Prospectively Isolated on the Basis of CD34/CD36 Profiling
The progenitor cell activity in semisolid assays of population A and E is presented in Table 2. AB MNC were analyzed in parallel as control. As expected, population A was greatly enriched for colony forming cells (cloning efficiency 16%) and generated both BFU-E- and CFU-GM-derived colonies (in a 1 : 1 ratio). It also contained few (0.001%) CFU-GEMM. By contrast, population E had a cloning efficiency 40% lower than that of MNC and generated mainly (80%) erythroid bursts. No difference in size and morphology was observed among erythroid bursts originated from population A and E and MNC (insert in Table 1), an indication that the BFU-E present in the different fractions had similar proliferation/maturation potential.
Table 2: Cloning efficiency of AB MNC and AB cell populations prospectively isolated on the basis of CD34/CD36 expression. Results are presented as mean (±SD) of those observed in three independent experiments. The inserts present the morphology of a representative BFU-E-derived colony obtained in the corresponding semisolid culture (original magnification 10x).
3.4. Expansion Potential under HEMA Conditions of AB Populations Prospectively Isolated on the Basis of CD34/CD36 Profiling
The expansion potential under HEMA conditions of AB populations prospectively isolated on the basis of CD34/CD36 profiling is compared in Figure 2(a) and Table 1. AB MNC were analyzed in parallel as control. As expected, under HEMA conditions, population A had great proliferation potential expressing FIs between 900 (Figure 2(a)) and 24,000 (average , Table 1) compared to of the corresponding MNC. Significant numbers of cells were also generated by population B and C which expressed FI of 100 and 60 by day 13 (Figure 2(a) and Table 1). By contrast, population E had FI as low as 1–3. However, given the great numbers of cells segregating in this fraction (>107), population E generated many cells (~107) under HEMA conditions ().
Figure 2: Growth and erythroid maturation of MNC prospectively isolated on the basis of CD34/CD36 profiling under HEMA conditions. (a) Growth curve of cells prospectively isolated from AB MNC under HEMA conditions (the same color code as in Figure 1). MNC (grey dotted line) were cultured in parallel as control. The number of cells present in the cultures is expressed as fold increase (FI). Results from a representative experiment are shown. Similar results were observed in 2 additional experiments (see also Table 1). (b) Time course of the maturation of EBs in HEMA cultures seeded with either AB MNC or with populations A, B, C, or E, as indicated. EBs maturation was defined on the basis of CD36/CD235a profiling which divides EBs into three populations: (proerythroblasts, blue); (basophilic erythroblasts, purple), and (orthochromatic erythroblasts, red). Forward and side scatter analyzes identified a fourth population of small cells, probably represented by pyrenocytes (yellow). Cells which do not express EB markers are indicated in green. The numbers within each quadrant indicate the frequency of the different subpopulations. Results are representative of those obtained in three independent experiments. nd = not done, due to low cell numbers.
3.5. Maturation Potential of AB MNC Populations Prospectively Isolated on the Basis of CD34/CD36 Profiling
The lineage and maturation stage of the progeny of AB MNC and of AB populations prospectively isolated on the basis of CD36/CD34 profiling is presented in Figure 2(b). EBs maturation was defined on the basis of CD36/CD235a profiling which divides EBs into three populations: (pro-erythroblasts); (basophilic erythroblasts), (orthochromatic erythroblasts) [5]. A fourth population of cells with low forward and side scatter is composed by pyrenocytes [20].
In cultures of MNC, cells with an immature EBs phenotype () became detectable very quickly (2% by day 2) while non-EBs became detectable in modest numbers (6-7%) by day 10. Mature EBs () were detected by day 6 (15%) and reached a frequency >70% by day 10. By day 15, immature EBs became barely detectable and numerous cells with phenotype (both larger cells corresponding to orthochromatic EBs, 18%, and smaller cells corresponding to pyrenocytes, 40%) were detected (Figure 2(b)).
In HEMA cultures of population A, immature EBs were also detected very early (10% by day 2) but the frequency of mature EBs reached 10% only by day 8. By day 15, the cultures contained significant numbers (22%) of orthochromatic EBs but no pyrenocytes (Figure 2(b)).
In HEMA culture of population B, numbers of cells sufficient for antigenic profiling were obtained by day 6. cells represented the majority (~83%) of the cells from day 6 to day 8. In these cultures, mature EBs were observed at earlier time points with respect to cultures of population A (3% and 10% of cells by day 6-7 versus day 7-8 in cultures of population B and A, resp.) (Figure 2(b)). By day 15, the maturation phenotype of the progeny of population B and A was the same.
HEMA cultures of population C were originally seeded with number of cells comparable to those used for population A and B (~7,500 cells with respect to 9,500–10,000 cells used for the two other populations). However, cultures of population C grew very slow (see Figure 2(a)) and the number of cells reached values sufficient for antigenic profiling only by day 8. At day 8, great numbers (39%) of the EBs had already the mature phenotype. However, the progeny of population C progressed poorly to the orthochromatic stage and only 6% of them had acquired the phenotype by day 15.
Finally, population E did not generate significant numbers (26%) of cells until day 6. The cells progressed then very rapidly to the stage (10% cells by day 7) and stage (7.5% by day 13). Pyrenocytes were detectable in these cultures at levels similar to those observed in cultures of MNC (24%) by day 15.
In conclusion, in spite of differences in kinetics, all the populations analyzed in this study generated EBs under HEMA conditions.
4. Discussion
CD36/CD34 profiling identifies at least four populations present in AB MNC capable to generate colonies in semisolid assay and EBs under HEMA conditions.
In semisolid assay, only 9% of the original HPCs activity was recovered among the purified fractions (8.1% in population A and 0.8% in population B). Although the cloning efficiency of population B and C is not known, given the low cell content of these populations (~15,000 cells in total, Table 1), they may contain at most 5% of the MNC HPCs activity. Therefore, >80% of the HPCs activity present in the MNC was lost during the purification procedure. This result suggests the hypothesis that some of the HPCs activity of the MNC is due to pre-HPCs cells which became HPCs in semisolid assay in response to factors released by accessory cells.
Consistent with the data reported by van den Akker et al. [16], we determined that under HEMA conditions EBs are generated both by and AB cells (Table 1). Therefore, both populations contain EPC. CD34CD36 profiling identified that in addition to two EPC populations ( and ), AB MNC contain 2 EPC population ( and ). The antigenic profile which defines the population is still to be identified, although preliminary results indicate that these cells may express CD44 [22], the receptor for hyaluronic acid which interacts also with osteopontin and collagen [23] (data not shown).
By contrast with the great loss of colony forming cells observed with the purification of AB MNC (Table 2), the purification procedures did not lead to great losses of EPC, as indicated by the observation that the sum of the numbers of EBs generated by the four purified fractions is only modestly ( versus ) lower than that generated by MNC (Table 1). Under HEMA conditions, the population which generated the greatest numbers of EBs was population A, only 27% of which had been recovered during the purification procedures (Table 1). Cultivation under HEMA conditions of a population A containing all the cells present in one donation (100% recovery) would generate as many as EBs, a number very similar to that observed in cultures of MNC. These data indicate cell loss during the purification procedure, rather than great EBs generation by HPCs, as the main reason for the overall greater output of EBs from MNC than from cells in HEMA culture.
Based on FI and on the time required to mature in culture, the four EPC populations identified in AB were classified according to the hierarchical model presented in Figure 3. cells may represent earlier cells, probably HPCs (they contain both BFU-E and CFU-GM), while and cells may represents early and late erythroid restricted progenitor cells (EPC), respectively. It is possible that these cell populations are linked in a mother-daughter relationship. It is difficult to classify population E in this model. Since the majority of the cells in this population is likely represented by differentiated precursors, it is conceivable that the progenitor cells represent in this fraction are a rare population with such a great proliferation potential to express . This hypothesis is also supported by the observation that population E was the slowest population to generate EBs ( cells were not detected before day 6). It is suggested that this population may contain precursor cells which are capable to generate cells. Further studies involving time course analyses of the expression of CD34 among the progeny of E cells are required to clarify this important point. Since the growth factors used to stimulate HEMA culture were selected for optimal EB, and not CD34 cell, generation [15], it is possible that preculture of E cells under conditions which promote CD34 cell proliferation (using growth factor combinations including FLT3 ligand or thrombopoietic) [24, 25], will allow generation of greater numbers of EBs when the progeny of their cells will be in turn cultured under HEMA conditions. Also intriguing is the observation that population E is the only purified populations to generate great numbers of pyrenocytes by day 15, an indication that its progeny underwent significant levels of enucleation in HEMA. The presence of macrophages greatly favors the enucleation process [26]. In HEMA culture, macrophages are present as contaminant in cultures of MNC which routinely generate pyrenocytes by day 15 (Figure 1(b)). These cells were removed by the purification process from all the other populations which did not generate pyrenocytes by day 15. Population E, however, although does not contain macrophages ( cells) may contain their precursors, which may maturate in culture, favoring enucleation of EBs. Further studies are required to clarify the role of contaminating macrophages, and/or of their precursor cells, in the enucleation of human EBs generated under HEMA conditions.
Figure 3: A model for the hierarchical relationship between progenitor cells with erythroid proliferation potential present in AB MNC. This model is based of the proliferation potential (as indicated by the FI) and of the speed of maturation (as indicated by the time required to generate significant numbers, >25%, of mature EBs) of the different populations. See text for further details.
In conclusion, CD34/CD36 profiling identifies a hierarchy of EPC in AB. Although under HEMA conditions the majority of EBs were generated by cells, it is possible that further improvement of the culture system by favoring proliferation of cells, may further increase the number of EBs generated by AB.
Funding
This study was supported by a grant from the NY-STAR foundation (C-06066), from Centro Nazionale Sangue, Rome, Italy, and by institutional funds from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Istituto Superiore Sanità, Italy.
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Variant Title of: Zulu Heart (by A. M. Dellamonica ) [may list more publications, awards and reviews]
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• We calculate the estimated cost of the project using the Basic COCOMO model.
• For those familiar with the details, we are using coeffcients a=2.4 and b=1.05.
• Please note that COCOMO was created to model large institutional projects, which often don't compare well with distributed open-source projects.
• COCOMO is meant to include the design, specification drafting, reviewing and management overhead that goes along with producing quality software.
• This model seems to be most accurate with mature, large projects. Young projects with little activity are typically overvalued.
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Moderate Activity
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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73 Bible Verses about Broken Promises
1 John 4:1 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world.
Deuteronomy 6:14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
You shall not go after other gods, the gods of the peoples who are around you—
Zephaniah 2:11 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The Lord will be awesome against them; for he will famish all the gods of the earth, and to him shall bow down, each in its place, all the lands of the nations.
Isaiah 1:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When you spread out your hands, I will hide my eyes from you; even though you make many prayers, I will not listen; your hands are full of blood.
Romans 12:2 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect.
Micah 5:6 ESV / 1 helpful vote
They shall shepherd the land of Assyria with the sword, and the land of Nimrod at its entrances; and he shall deliver us from the Assyrian when he comes into our land and treads within our border.
Micah 5:2 ESV / 1 helpful vote
But you, O Bethlehem Ephrathah, who are too little to be among the clans of Judah, from you shall come forth for me one who is to be ruler in Israel, whose coming forth is from of old, from ancient days.
Jonah 3:10 ESV / 1 helpful vote
When God saw what they did, how they turned from their evil way, God relented of the disaster that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.
Amos 9:1 ESV / 1 helpful vote
I saw the Lord standing beside the altar, and he said: “Strike the capitals until the thresholds shake, and shatter them on the heads of all the people; and those who are left of them I will kill with the sword; not one of them shall flee away; not one of them shall escape.
Daniel 9:9 ESV / 1 helpful vote
To the Lord our God belong mercy and forgiveness, for we have rebelled against him
Ezekiel 18:29 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Yet the house of Israel says, ‘The way of the Lord is not just.’ O house of Israel, are my ways not just? Is it not your ways that are not just?
Jeremiah 32:17 ESV / 1 helpful vote
‘Ah, Lord God! It is you who have made the heavens and the earth by your great power and by your outstretched arm! Nothing is too hard for you.
Jeremiah 31:15 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Thus says the Lord: “A voice is heard in Ramah, lamentation and bitter weeping. Rachel is weeping for her children; she refuses to be comforted for her children, because they are no more.”
Jeremiah 10:11 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Thus shall you say to them: “The gods who did not make the heavens and the earth shall perish from the earth and from under the heavens.”
Jeremiah 10:10 ESV / 1 helpful vote
But the Lord is the true God; he is the living God and the everlasting King. At his wrath the earth quakes, and the nations cannot endure his indignation.
Isaiah 66:1 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Thus says the Lord: “Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool; what is the house that you would build for me, and what is the place of my rest?
Isaiah 48:12 ESV / 1 helpful vote
“Listen to me, O Jacob, and Israel, whom I called! I am he; I am the first, and I am the last.
Isaiah 44:6 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Thus says the Lord, the King of Israel and his Redeemer, the Lord of hosts: “I am the first and I am the last; besides me there is no god.
Isaiah 43:10 ESV / 1 helpful vote
“You are my witnesses,” declares the Lord, “and my servant whom I have chosen, that you may know and believe me and understand that I am he. Before me no god was formed, nor shall there be any after me.
Isaiah 9:6 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder, and his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.
Isaiah 6:13 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And though a tenth remain in it, it will be burned again, like a terebinth or an oak, whose stump remains when it is felled.” The holy seed is its stump.
Proverbs 30:5 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Every word of God proves true; he is a shield to those who take refuge in him.
Proverbs 30:1-33 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The words of Agur son of Jakeh. The oracle. The man declares, I am weary, O God; I am weary, O God, and worn out. Surely I am too stupid to be a man. I have not the understanding of a man. I have not learned wisdom, nor have I knowledge of the Holy One. Who has ascended to heaven and come down? Who has gathered the wind in his fists? Who has wrapped up the waters in a garment? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is his name, and what is his son's name? Surely you know! Every word of God proves true; he is a shield to those who take refuge in him. ...
Proverbs 10:3 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The Lord does not let the righteous go hungry, but he thwarts the craving of the wicked.
Psalm 145:19-20 ESV / 1 helpful vote
He fulfills the desire of those who fear him; he also hears their cry and saves them. The Lord preserves all who love him, but all the wicked he will destroy.
Psalm 145:18 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The Lord is near to all who call on him, to all who call on him in truth.
Psalm 22:1 ESV / 1 helpful vote
To the choirmaster: according to The Doe of the Dawn. A Psalm of David. My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from saving me, from the words of my groaning?
Psalm 19:8 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The precepts of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart; the commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes;
Psalm 18:11 ESV / 1 helpful vote
He made darkness his covering, his canopy around him, thick clouds dark with water.
Psalm 10:1 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Why, O Lord, do you stand far away? Why do you hide yourself in times of trouble?
Psalm 7:10-11 ESV / 1 helpful vote
My shield is with God, who saves the upright in heart. God is a righteous judge, and a God who feels indignation every day.
Job 42:5 ESV / 1 helpful vote
I had heard of you by the hearing of the ear, but now my eye sees you;
Job 34:21-22 ESV / 1 helpful vote
“For his eyes are on the ways of a man, and he sees all his steps. There is no gloom or deep darkness where evildoers may hide themselves.
Job 9:32 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For he is not a man, as I am, that I might answer him, that we should come to trial together.
2 Chronicles 25:8 ESV / 1 helpful vote
But go, act, be strong for the battle. Why should you suppose that God will cast you down before the enemy? For God has power to help or to cast down.”
2 Chronicles 7:14 ESV / 1 helpful vote
If my people who are called by my name humble themselves, and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven and will forgive their sin and heal their land.
2 Chronicles 2:5 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The house that I am to build will be great, for our God is greater than all gods.
1 Chronicles 16:25 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For great is the Lord, and greatly to be praised, and he is to be held in awe above all gods.
1 Kings 8:12 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Then Solomon said, “The Lord has said that he would dwell in thick darkness.
1 Samuel 2:30-31 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Therefore the Lord, the God of Israel, declares: ‘I promised that your house and the house of your father should go in and out before me forever,’ but now the Lord declares: ‘Far be it from me, for those who honor me I will honor, and those who despise me shall be lightly esteemed. Behold, the days are coming when I will cut off your strength and the strength of your father's house, so that there will not be an old man in your house.
Judges 9:23 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the leaders of Shechem, and the leaders of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech,
Judges 1:19 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And the Lord was with Judah, and he took possession of the hill country, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the plain because they had chariots of iron.
Deuteronomy 32:4 ESV / 1 helpful vote
“The Rock, his work is perfect, for all his ways are justice. A God of faithfulness and without iniquity, just and upright is he.
Deuteronomy 14:1-29 ESV / 1 helpful vote
“You are the sons of the Lord your God. You shall not cut yourselves or make any baldness on your foreheads for the dead. For you are a people holy to the Lord your God, and the Lord has chosen you to be a people for his treasured possession, out of all the peoples who are on the face of the earth. “You shall not eat any abomination. These are the animals you may eat: the ox, the sheep, the goat, the deer, the gazelle, the roebuck, the wild goat, the ibex, the antelope, and the mountain sheep. ...
Deuteronomy 8:2 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And you shall remember the whole way that the Lord your God has led you these forty years in the wilderness, that he might humble you, testing you to know what was in your heart, whether you would keep his commandments or not.
Deuteronomy 6:16 ESV / 1 helpful vote
“You shall not put the Lord your God to the test, as you tested him at Massah.
Deuteronomy 6:1-25 ESV / 1 helpful vote
“Now this is the commandment, the statutes and the rules that the Lord your God commanded me to teach you, that you may do them in the land to which you are going over, to possess it, that you may fear the Lord your God, you and your son and your son's son, by keeping all his statutes and his commandments, which I command you, all the days of your life, and that your days may be long. Hear therefore, O Israel, and be careful to do them, that it may go well with you, and that you may multiply greatly, as the Lord, the God of your fathers, has promised you, in a land flowing with milk and honey. “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. ...
Deuteronomy 4:7 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For what great nation is there that has a god so near to it as the Lord our God is to us, whenever we call upon him?
Numbers 23:19 ESV / 1 helpful vote
God is not man, that he should lie, or a son of man, that he should change his mind. Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not fulfill it?
Numbers 12:6-8 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And he said, “Hear my words: If there is a prophet among you, I the Lord make myself known to him in a vision; I speak with him in a dream. Not so with my servant Moses. He is faithful in all my house. With him I speak mouth to mouth, clearly, and not in riddles, and he beholds the form of the Lord. Why then were you not afraid to speak against my servant Moses?”
Leviticus 11:44 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For I am the Lord your God. Consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy, for I am holy. You shall not defile yourselves with any swarming thing that crawls on the ground.
Exodus 33:20 ESV / 1 helpful vote
But,” he said, “you cannot see my face, for man shall not see me and live.”
Exodus 33:17 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And the Lord said to Moses, “This very thing that you have spoken I will do, for you have found favor in my sight, and I know you by name.”
Exodus 33:14 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And he said, “My presence will go with you, and I will give you rest.”
Exodus 33:11 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Thus the Lord used to speak to Moses face to face, as a man speaks to his friend. When Moses turned again into the camp, his assistant Joshua the son of Nun, a young man, would not depart from the tent.
Exodus 33:3 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Go up to a land flowing with milk and honey; but I will not go up among you, lest I consume you on the way, for you are a stiff-necked people.”
Exodus 33:1 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The Lord said to Moses, “Depart; go up from here, you and the people whom you have brought up out of the land of Egypt, to the land of which I swore to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, saying, ‘To your offspring I will give it.’
Exodus 24:9-10 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Then Moses and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel went up, and they saw the God of Israel. There was under his feet as it were a pavement of sapphire stone, like the very heaven for clearness.
Exodus 20:1-6 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And God spoke all these words, saying, “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. “You shall have no other gods before me. “You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, ...
Exodus 20:1 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And God spoke all these words, saying,
Exodus 19:6 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. These are the words that you shall speak to the people of Israel.”
Exodus 17:2 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Therefore the people quarreled with Moses and said, “Give us water to drink.” And Moses said to them, “Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test the Lord?”
Exodus 15:3 ESV / 1 helpful vote
The Lord is a man of war; the Lord is his name.
Exodus 12:46 ESV / 1 helpful vote
It shall be eaten in one house; you shall not take any of the flesh outside the house, and you shall not break any of its bones.
Genesis 35:9 ESV / 1 helpful vote
God appeared to Jacob again, when he came from Paddan-aram, and blessed him.
Genesis 32:30 ESV / 1 helpful vote
So Jacob called the name of the place Peniel, saying, “For I have seen God face to face, and yet my life has been delivered.”
Genesis 26:2 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And the Lord appeared to him and said, “Do not go down to Egypt; dwell in the land of which I shall tell you.
Genesis 18:23 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Then Abraham drew near and said, “Will you indeed sweep away the righteous with the wicked?
Genesis 13:15 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For all the land that you see I will give to you and to your offspring forever.
Genesis 12:7 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Then the Lord appeared to Abram and said, “To your offspring I will give this land.” So he built there an altar to the Lord, who had appeared to him.
Genesis 11:5 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of man had built.
Genesis 6:6-7 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And the Lord was sorry that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart. So the Lord said, “I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the land, man and animals and creeping things and birds of the heavens, for I am sorry that I have made them.”
Genesis 3:8 ESV / 1 helpful vote
And they heard the sound of the Lord God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord God among the trees of the garden.
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BISC 219/F10: RNAi Lab 6
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:00, 12 November 2010 by Tucker Crum (Talk | contribs)
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Contents
Lab 6: Series 3: Reverse Genetics- Cloning Your Gene of Interest
To see this process as an animation created by the DOLAN DNA center, go to | http://www.dnalc.org/view/15476-Genetic-engineering-inserting-new-DNA-into-a-plasmid-vector-3D-animation-with-with-basic-narration.html
Plasmids are circular pieces of DNA that can replicate in bacteria but are not part of the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are generally circular molecules with fewer base pairs of DNA than the chromosome and with certain sequence elements (called the origin or ori) that allow the plasmid to replicate within the bacterial cytoplasm. Many naturally occurring plasmids have been modified for the purposes of using them as research tools. For example, a gene encoding resistance to an antibiotic can be added to a plasmid so that bacteria carrying the plasmid will become antibiotic resistant. This modification allows for selection of cells that carry plasmid DNA. A simplified map of the C. elegans RNAi plasmid is below:
Our goal is to insert our gene of interest into the pL4440 plasmid and transform bacteria with the newly created plasmid.
Restriction enzyme digest of PCR product
To see an animation of this concept and process go to the Dolan DNA center at | http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/restriction.html
Once you have analyzed the agarose gel from last week and determined if the PCR amplification of your gene of interest was successful, you are ready to proceed to the next step: Restriction Enzyme Digestion of the amplified DNA.
What do restriction enzymes/endonucleases do? They are enzymes have been isolated from bacteria and cut single or double stranded DNA at specific recognition sequences. These recognition sequences are often palindromic (read the same forwards and backwards). The purpose of these enzymes in bacteria is to eliminate foreign DNA that enters the cells (ie bacteriaphage genomes) to protect the host genome. Companies now purify these enzymes from the bacteria and we can use them to manipulate DNA to link different DNA strands together.
There are two kinds of "cuts" a restriction enzyme can make, either blunt ended or overhangs called "sticky" ends. The blunt ended cuts cause the DNA to have no single stranded "overhangs" that can facilitate base pairing with another strand of complimentary DNA. This makes joining two pieces together harder, but it can be done. The "sticky" ends make joining two pieces together with complimentary base pair overhangs much easier to do and it is much more likely to happen during a ligation reaction.
For more information on restriction enzymes you can read the information on Wikipedia or my favorite site for restriction endonuclease information New England Biolabs. At NEB you can click on the different enzymes and look at the information they have available about the recognition sequence for cutting, the conditions for effectiveness and lots more.
Protocol for RE digest of bli-1
1. Obtain your frozen PCR product from last week's C. elegans gene amplification from your instructor.
2. Pipette 10 μL of your PCR into a clean 1.5 ml microfuge tube.
3. Add 10 μL of Restriction Digest Master Mix that contains:
1. 2 μL of 10X NEB restriction buffer 2 (100 mM Tris-HCl, 500 mM NaCl, 100 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Dithiothreitol pH 7.9 @ 25°C)
2. 1 μL of 100X BSA (bovine serum albumin)
3. 1 μL of enzyme 1 (for bli-1 that enzyme is called BglII - 10 units/ul)
4. 1 μL of enzyme 2 (for bli-1 it's SpeI - 25 units/ul)
5. 5 μL of dH2O
4. The total volume of your reaction should be 20 μL
Incubate the reaction at 37°C for 45 minutes to allow for proper digestion.
Your instructor will have already cut and purified the pL4440 vector for you. You will need the vector for the ligation reaction. The vector can be purchased from Thermoscientific. The following website will give you more information about pL4440 [1].
Purification of samples (remove enzymes)
In order for the ligation of your new construct to be successful you MUST remove the restriction enzymes from the reaction. There are a few ways of doing this. One is to denature the enzymes with heat, although not all enzymes can be "heat killed". Thus the better option is to purify the DNA away from the enzymes (proteins) and there are wonderful kits out there to do this in a few easy steps. We will use the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit from Qiagen.
We will follow the manufacturer's instructions:
1. Obtain a collection tube and spin column (contains a silica matrix) from your instructor.
2. Make sure the spin column is seated properly in the collection tube.
3. Add 250 μL of buffer PB to the spin column.
4. Add your entire 20 μL restriction enzyme digest sample to the spin column. Close the lid tightly
5. Invert a few times to mix.
6. Centrifuge your sample for 1 minute at 13,200g (highest speed in your microcentrifuge).
7. Separate the spin column from the collection tube; Discard the flow through in the collection tube; put your spin column back into the emptied collection tube.
8. Add 700 ul of PE (Wash Buffer contains EtOH) to the spin column.
9. Centrifuge for 1 minute at 13,200g (highest speed).
10. Discard the flow through in the collection tube; put the spin column back into the emptied collection tube.
11. Centrifuge for 1 minute at 13,200g again. This centrifugation removes any residual wash buffer that might contaminate your final elution.
12. Discard the collection tube(throw it into your autoclave bag) but DO NOT discard the spin column!
13. Put the spin column into a clean 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
14. Add 25 μL of Elution buffer to the center of the silica matrix in the spin column without touching the matrix.
15. Centrifuge for 1.5 minutes at highest speed to elute your purified DNA into the microfuge tube.
16. Discard the spin column in your autoclave bag. Label your elutate with your initials and the name of the C. elegans gene. This DNA will be your "insert" in the next ligation step.
17. Store it in your ice bucket
Ligation into the pL4440 vector
To see an animation of this process go to the Dolan DNA center at | http://www.dnalc.org/view/15541-DNA-ligase-joining-two-lengths-of-DNA-at-their-sticky-ends.html
You have now "cut" the ends of your PCR product to make them amenable to being joined or ligated back together with other DNA molecules cut with the same restriction enzyme to make complementary base pairing possible. This is a very common practice in molecular biology to "clone" or insert genes or pieces of genes into plasmids. We will be using an enzyme called T4 DNA ligase from bacteriophage T4. For more information about ligases see Wikipedia or our exact enzyme from NEB.
Ligation Protocol:
For an effective ligation you want an excess of stick end inserts - typically the smaller piece of DNA to the plasmid, the larger piece of DNA.
We will do a 20 μL reaction.
Add 10 μL of a ligation master mix to a 0.5ml pcr tube in your team color. The ligation master mix contains:
1. 2 μL of 10X T4 DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer 500 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM MgCl2, 10 mM ATP, 100 mM Dithiothreitol pH 7.5 @ 25°C
2. 3 μL of pL4440 vector that your instructor digested
3. 5 μL of dH2O
To that you will add:
9 μL of insert (stored in your ice bucket after digestion and purification).
Bring your final mixture to your instructor for addition of:
1 μL of T4 DNA ligase (1000 units/ul)
Incubate the reaction at room temperature for 30 minutes.
Proceed to the transformation when the incubation is complete.
Transformation into competent cloning cells
Here are two animations from the Dolan DNA center that describe the history and the process of interspecies incorporation and expression of DNA (transformation): | http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/transformation1.html AND | http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/transformation2.html
During “transformation,” a single plasmid enters a single bacterium and, once inside, replicates and expresses the genes it encodes. In this case, the relevant genes expressed are for ampicillin resistance and for the piece of the C. elegans gene of interest. The transformation mixes were given a short time to express these gene products and then were spread on an agar plate that contained nutrients and the antibiotics tetracyclin (encoded by the bacteria) and ampicillin (encoded by the plasmid). Only the cells that incorporated the plasmid DNA and expressed the plasmid genes grew to form colonies of bacteria in the presence of ampicillin. The untransformed bacteria failed to form visible colonies on the ampicillin containing agar surface.
Most bacteria do not usually exist in a “transformation ready” state, but the bacteria can be made permeable to the plasmid DNA by exposing them to calcium chloride. Cells that have been treated with calcium chloride or are otherwise capable of transformation are referred to as “competent.” Competent cells are extremely fragile and must be handled gently, i.e. kept cold, not vortexed, etc. The transformation procedure is efficient enough for most lab purposes; with efficiencies as high as 107 transformed cells per microgram of DNA, but it is important to realize that only 1 cell in about 10,000 is successfully transformed.
This is especially true for "cloning competent" bacteria. The newly ligated plasmids are few in number compared to the number that can be isolated during a miniprep (you will do this more efficient isolation in a future step) so the cells are made "ultra-competent" and usually purchased from a company for A LOT of money - around $300 for 20 transformations! The newly ligated plasmid DNA is not as tightly wound as one isolated from a cell so the plasmids themselves are fragile and can be sheared and rendered untransformable. Please be gentle with your cells and your newly formed plasmids!
Transformation of newly ligated plasmid DNA into Invitrogen TOP10 cells
The Invitrogen TOP10 Chemically Competent bacterial cells are on the instructor’s bench You will transform some of your plasmid DNA into this strain. The cells are very fragile, so treat them gently. Thaw them in your ice bucket.
1. Label the top or the side of the tube the cells came in with TOP10, pL4440+your gene name, and your initials or team color.
2. Add 10 μL of your ligated plasmid DNA to the 50 ul of cells in the tube. Swirl gently to mix the DNA and the cells.
3. Close the cap and let the transformation mixture sit on ice for 30 minutes.
4. Heat shock by incubating the transformation mix in the heat block at 42°C for 60 seconds, exactly. This step must be timed exactly!!! Remove the tubes at the end of 60 seconds directly to your ice bucket for about 2 minutes.
5. Pour 3 mls of Luria-Bertoni broth (LB) from the stock bottle into a clean and sterile 15ml conical tube. By doing this, you will minimize the amount of LB that will be contaminated if you accidentally touch the media with something that is not sterile. Contaminated media looks cloudy, so be sure to swirl and examine the stock bottle of LB to make sure it is not contaminated.
6. Add 250 microliters of the LB in your conical tube to the transformation mix. When pipetting the media, remember to release your thumb on your micropipet slowly, to avoid splashing the liquid on the end of the barrel. The barrel is not sterile and if you see the liquid touch it, then discard the media in the waste beaker and try again with a new tip.
7. Once you have added the media, close the cap and invert the tube once or twice to mix the contents.
8. Incubate at 37°C for 30 minutes.
9. While the plasmid DNA is being taken up by the competent cells and the new genes provided by the plasmid are being expressed by the bacteria, label two LB + amp agar plates. Label the bottom of the plates with the bacterial strain name(TOP10), the plasmid used (pL4440+bli-1), the date, your initials and team color. Label one 200 μL. You must label the bottom of the plate since the tops are easily switched.
10. Put these plates in the hood with the blower on and with the lid ajar to dry the surface of the agar for about 10 minutes or until the surface looks dry but is not badly dehydrated.
11. Once the transformation mix has incubated at 37°C for ~30 minutes, invert it to mix the contents and pipet 200 μL of transformed cells onto the center of one plate.
12. Pipet 50 μL of transformed cells onto the second plate.
13. Pour 5-10 sterile glass beads (found in a flask at your bench) onto the plates.
14. Put the lid back on and gently swirl the beads all over the plates to spread the transformed bacteria around. When you are done - pour the beads into the disinfectant beaker on the instructor's bench. Do not discard them!
15. Leave the agar plates undisturbed for a few minutes.
16. Once they have dried enough that the surface doesn’t appear wet, invert the plates and incubate at 37°C on the shelf labeled with your lab day. Incubate for 24-48 hours. The plates should be incubated with the agar side up so that condensation will not drip onto the surface of the agar and smear the colonies that will be growing there. The 37°C incubator is by the door to the lab.
17. Save the remaining transformation mix for 24 hours or until we are sure that there is at least one colony growing on each of your plates.Give it to your instructor to refrigerate for you.
What would it mean if you had no colonies on your plate? Normally, you would expect to have around 10-100 pale color colonies on each plate. After a 24-48 hour growth period the plate to allow formation of medium size but well isolated colonies, the plate should be stored in the rack in the refrigerator labeled with your lab day. If you have no colonies on one or more of your plates, please notify your instructor right away.
Before leaving lab today, give the rest of your ligated plasmid DNA to your instructor in a labeled microfuge tube. Make sure your tube is labeled with your name, lab day, plasmid name and color coded with a piece of tape in your team color.
Outline of Experimental Design for REVERSE Genetics Project
Where are you now in this process?(What have you done so far; What's next?)
Make the feeder strain of bacteria
1. Amplify gene of interest by pcr ;
2. Restriction Enzyme digestion of amplified DNA to create "sticky ends" for ligation;
3. Clean up DNA (remove enzymes);
4. Cloning: ligate gene into vector plasmid with amp resistance gene ;
5. Transform competent bacterial cells;
6. Select for transformants on media with ampicillin;
7. Perform colony pcr on several transformants to be sure to find one colony containing a vector plasmid with the gene of interst
8. Culture the selected colony from colony pcr to create a lot of copies of these bacteria
9. Isolate the cloned plasmid DNA from that cultured colony by miniprep;
10. Retransform isolated plasmids (with gene interest) into HT115 (DE3)cells genetically modified to have impaired ability to degrade RNA;
11. Select for transformants on media with ampicillin
12. Choose an isolated colony to culture and make lots of feeder strain bacteria;
13. Induce expression of C. elegans gene dsRNA from the pL4440 vector in the bacteria by IPTG induction.
14. Seed NM lite worm growth media plates with feeder strain produced as described
Plate wild type C. elegans worms (N2 and rrf-3 strains) on feeder plates made as described (containing bacteria expressing dsRNA of our gene of interest).
Observe phenotype change in progeny caused by RNAi silencing or knockdown of the gene of interest compared to control worms of same strains that were NOT fed feeder strain bacteria.
Isolate RNA from RNAi worms and control worms of same strains.
Perform RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase) using the mRNA of the gene of interest as template, isolated from the RNAi worms.
Visualize cDNA in the pcr product by agarose gel electrophoresis and compare size of amplified fragment to known size of coding regions of gene of interest.
Assignment
Remember to check the Assignment section of the wiki for instructions about the graded assignment due in the next lab and check the Weekly Calendar for other work to accomplish before the next lab.
Links to Labs& Project Info
Series1:
Worm Info
Lab 1: Worm Boot Camp & Sex-Linked or Autosomal Start
Lab 2: Sex-Linked or Autosomal Finale
Series2:
Background: Classical Forward Genetics and Gene Mapping
Lab 2: Mutant Hunt
Lab 3: Linkage Test Part 1
Lab 4: Linkage Test Part 2, Mapping and Complementation
Lab 5: Finish Complementation; Mapping Con't
Lab 6: DNA sequence analysis; Mapping Con't
Lab 7: Complete Mapping: Score
Series3:
Schedule of Reverse Genetics Project
RNAi General Information
Media Recipes
Lab 5: Picking your gene to RNAi
Lab 6: Cloning your gene of interest
Lab 7: Picking your transformant
Lab 8: Plasmid purification and transformation
Lab 9: Induction of bacteria for RNAi
Lab 10: Scoring your worms and RNA purification
Lab 11: RT PCR reactions
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eNovance at Solutions Linux
Solutions Linux 2011
May 10-12, 2011
Paris, France (CNIT exhibition center)
eNovance will be exihibitor at Solutions Linux.
Stand number : C25.
Visitors will enjoy presentations and live demonstrations of:
• High performance
• Open Cloud
• Multi-cloud management
• Hosting
• and many more.
Another OW2 member, UShareSoft, has been invited on the eNovance booth to provide demonstrations of its platform for building cloud-ready software images and deploy it within the eNovance private cloud.
Read more about eNovance at Solutions Linux.
Tags:
Created by Catherine Nuel on 2011/04/27 18:38
Legal Notice
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How To Report a Google AdWords Professional
Jan 28, 2010 • 8:29 am | (1) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
An Google AdWords Help thread has one company who feels he was scammed by a Google "subcontractor." His first mistake is not being knowledgeable enough about who he hired. Google does not have "subcontractors" but they do have certified AdWords professionals.
So if you do feel you were done wrong by a certified AdWords professional, you can report them. That is, if they are really an AdWords professional. First make sure they are a a certified professional. If they are, there is a "Report a complaint about this partner" link on their hosted Google page.
Side note: Interesting they call them "partners" here.
Once you click on that link, you are taken to this form, which you can fill out. Google should then review the complaint and take any necessary action they deem appropriate.
Forum discussion at Google AdWords Help.
Previous story: Why Does Google Sometimes Show PSAs for Cumming Georgia Pages?
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have a startup called Snip that makes software for stylists and salons. At this point, I'm doing something similar to sales but not exactly. I'll explain: at this early stage, I have a product that works but it doesn't do enough to be useful. I'm trying to develop a relationship with a few different stylists/salon owners/salon managers so they can help me understand their business needs, so I can be sure my product meets those needs.
What I'm asking of these people is 15 minutes of their time, once every two weeks or so. Right now I have four people doing this for me. They were easy to convince because one is my girlfriend, two are my girlfriend's co-workers and one is a family friend. In exchange for this favor, I'm offering my product for free, forever. (For others it will be $20/month.)
Since I'm all out of friends who are stylists, I need to start reaching out to people I don't already know. It's tough. People weren't receptive to cold calling. I called one salon manager who is a friend of one of my girlfriend's co-workers and she was really nice, but she didn't call me back when she said she would, and when I called back today her receptionist wouldn't let me talk to her, and told me she might call me back later. Not too promising.
I know that persistence is important, especially with sales. However, I'm not actually selling a product yet. I'm just asking for a favor and offering a potential reward. So my question is, after this long-winded explanation, should I keep trying over and over when this happens or should I move onto the next lead?
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3 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I would encourage you to keep trying other leads. Some people will be receptive to new ideas, but in many cases a larger number of people are going to be skeptical of new things, especially new "free" things. Try a couple of times, and if the person doesn't bite, keep moving. Keep their contact info though, so when you follow up in 6 months you can tell them about the progress you've made and how other salons are seeing the benefits of your product and how you'd like to offer them a second chance :) Take notes on your first call(s), good sales people do this so when you follow up the next time you potentially have something you can use as a conversation starter "I remember from last time you were extremely busy because you had just added 3 new stations. How is that going? Do you have a chance to look at something that could help optimize your shop management now?"
Salons and barber shops can also be common targets of random people trying to hustle random new products, concepts, and side-businesses. In many cases the owners are highly involved in running the business, often as stylist themselves. Their time is limited so don't be too surprised if it takes you a little while to make a connection.
It's not clear from your question, are you looking for salons to beta-test your software, or are you trying to learn their business better so that you can create a product for it?
share|improve this answer
I sincerely appreciate your challenge. I read your blog post that you provided on Mar 10. It gave me additional insight. I would like to offer two thoughts for your consideration:
• You are asking early adopters to be unpaid members of your R&D department. You are taking from them their experience (intellectual capital) in order to build a product that then you will be able to sell.
• Find one critical essential feature -- and make that the foundational application -- and give it away free to build a user base. Treat that user base as the group to design features for that they will pay for. Perhaps build a community engagement component of the service that allows them to prioritize the features that they would be willing to pay for. You could then track actual conversion of free to paid as those features are introduced. From that you will be able to develop a scalable development budget for yourself.
A good start up should be able to clearly answer the following questions:
• What is the problem?
• What is the solution?
• What is the opportunity?
• Who is the team?
• What is the ask?
So what is the problem right now? I see hundreds of software solutions for salons and stylists. From ERPs to client-facing scheduling sites. What is the specific and particular problem that you have identified? What is the actual cost of that problem to salons and stylist? What is the solution? Specifically what is it? How does it respond to the actual cost, and address the real problem. What is the opportunity? How big of a market is this? Who says so? And how is it targeted? What is a reasonable percentage of that market you could gain for what amount of investment (time/money)? Who is the team? Why is this team unique qualified to solve this problem and sieze this opportunity?
And of course-- the ask.
I would not be a good member of your team as I have no particular expertise in the salon or hairstylist business. My hair has all but fallen out and I can cut it with an electric razor in my bathroom. But if you are a software developer is search of a market and product trying to enroll potential members of the target market to provide you feedback in hope that you identify a problem -- well, that seems to be a mathematically highly improbably path to success.
If I have misread the situation I apologize. If they is a clear and present problem which all of the salons are having that you can solve-- you just need lots of user testing to ensure the solution exactly matches? Then find some and offer them an opportunity to partner. They get stock in exchange for the invaluable IP you need to complete production.
Oh, and as Melvin said -- lots of food! Or hair products. Or scarves. I am not sure -- what do salon owners and stylist want?
share|improve this answer
Consider taking them to lunch. Food is a magical thing. I've tried this before. It worked.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have a small 1 person S-Corporation. The first few years I paid an accountant to do my taxes. I do not have revenues to my company, so I am using turbo tax to do this myself.
Last year I took a 4,000 loss on my company to my personal income taxes without issue. This year I have no revenues and I want to take a small $600 loss. $100 is for the state corporation fee and the rest is for shutting down and rolling over my corporate 401k. I have no revenues. In the past this was tax deductible.
However, when I entered this into turbo tax personal (I use turbo tax business for my k-1), turbo tax said this was not deductible. It asked me questions about being at risk and some kind of investment basis. Does anyone know what changed in the tax law? These are clearly expenses related to winding down my business. I don't understand why this isn't a deduction or maybe it is and what I need to enter? I have all my old tax forms from previous years.
share|improve this question
2 Answers
When you say that you only use Turbo Tax for your K-1, do you mean that you manually entered the information into the K-1, or did you go through the software's interview process, and let it create the K-1 for you? I doubt it is the first of the two, but if you did bypass the interview process and manually entered the information into the K-1, I would suggest you go back and let the software create the K-1 for you. You can always manually change things it got wrong.
It's hard to say what your problem is, but one thing to look at is what categories your income and expenses fall under. The IRS has rules and limitations on deducting expenses from one category, from income of another category. For example, generally you can only deduct passive expenses from passive income, and non-passive expenses must only be deducted from non-passive income. There are special rules about investment income (usually considered passive income). If this is your problem, you'll need to either read through the S-Corp IRS Forms and Publications, or consult an accountant.
share|improve this answer
You cannot deduct losses from your S-Corp in excess to your basis (investment). All the cash/assets you contributed to the business is your basis. All the distributions from the business (in excess to earnings) reduce the basis. If you lost more than that - you can only deduct it from the S-Corp income, not from your personal income.
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Twitter Conversations an Agile Case Study
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Twitter Conversations an Agile Case Study (Unpublished)
From time to time Twitter Users engage in conversations. It is a royal pain to follow these conversations using the native Twitter programs including the web version of Twitter. As an exercise I began creating an application that would allow me to follow Twitter conversations. This is the story of creating that application.
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NCover/NCoverExplorer CI Factory Package Release
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NCover/NCoverExplorer CI Factory Package Release (Unpublished)
So with the release of NCover (1.5.5) I feel that I can release the NCover package for CI Factory. It includes a copy of NCoverExplorer and uses NCoverExplorer Extras. I got a lot of help from Grant Drake to create to this package. This package can be installed in 5 quick steps. It will add code coverage to your build with out having to edit/change/disturb your existing scripts workflow.
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Wikia
SRD:Frost Brand
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Revision as of 06:36, August 11, 2009 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Frost Brand: This +3 frost greatsword sheds light as a torch when the temperature drops below 0°F. At such times it cannot be concealed when drawn, nor can its light be shut off. Its wielder is protected from fire; the sword absorbs the first 10 points of fire damage each round that the wielder would otherwise take.
A frost brand extinguishes all nonmagical fires in its area. As a standard action, it can also dispel lasting fire spells, but not instantaneous effects, though you must succeed on a dispel check (1d20 +14) against each spell to dispel it. The DC to dispel such spells is 11 + the caster level of the fire spell.
Strong evocation; CL 14th; Craft Magical Arms and Armor, ice storm, dispel magic, protection from energy; Price 54,475 gp; Cost 27,375 gp and 5 sp + 2179 XP.
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Git
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Introduction
Git is a distributed Version Control System used heavily by the Linux Kernel Developer Community and many other open source projects.
See the Wikipedia entry for Git for a good description.
Git is distributed: every developer has a copy of the whole project and its history, this doubles as backup as well as makes operations super fast since you don't need to go through network.
Git is about tracking changes to a set of files in a directory tree, in a way that preserves the history of all changes in a robust way. Git is optimized for fast operation even on very large source repositories, and for distributed operations. 3 main principles of Git are:
1. Git is fully distributed - every repository has the complete history (record of every change set, and the state of the full source tree for every single commit) Each repository operates in a completely local and standalone fashion. No network operations (e.g. communicating with a master server) are required in order to carry out operations.
2. Git supports fast branching - Git intrinsically supports lightweight branching, which promotes speculative or experimental development. Git allows easy separation of in-progress work from production work.
3. Git has powerful changeset management - Git has very flexible changeset editing and easy merging from other repositories. With Git you can go back in history and edit commits, delete them, reorder or even merge lots of commits into a single commit for publishing. You can do fine-grained changeset management (i.e. the ability to commit only a portion of the modifications in the current checked-out tree). Also, Git has strong support for tracking other repositories with the ability to merge from multiple sources easily, and to merge only some of the commits from a particular source (cherry-picking).
Resources
Web sites
Online books
Reference material
Kernel development with Git
Videos
• Google Tech Talk: Linus' Torvalds on Git
• This talk is a basic introduction to the motivations for git (including the history around Linus' use of bitkeeper), and mostly about what git is not (not CVS, not subversion). This talks includes discussion of aspects of git that are different from other version control systems, and why this is important. Warning: Linus has a jovial, apparently arrogant sense of humor, that some find mildly offensive.
• Pratical Guide to Using Git, a tutorial given by the very experienced kernel developer James Bottomley at the Ottawa Linux Symposium 2008
• This talk has probably the best discussion of practical use of git, and explanation of how git works internally, that I've seen. I highly recommend following along hands-on with his examples. This talk helped me understand merges much better
• Google Tech Talk: Git: a brief introduction by Randal Schwartz
• This is a very good introduction to git, giving talk that was complementary to Linus' talk about what git is and what it does at a technical level.
• Git screencast tutorial by Ralf Ebert
• This is a very good tutorial, only 18 minutes long, showing all the essential features of git.
Help for people coming from other systems
Git Hosting
These sites provide (free) hosting services for git-based projects:
Local (elinux) Information
See Flameman/git and git usage for a Tutorial and examples
See also Tims Git Notes
Some tips and tricks
See history for a sub-portion of the source
• You can see the history of a sub-area of a project, with a command like the following:
• gitk v2.6.30.. kernel/debug
• this shows only the commits since v2.6.30 (a tag), and only for the files under kernel/debug
See graph of commits in text mode
• you can see a graph display of commits using 'git log --graph'
• to make this more readable, shorten the output with '--oneline'
• e.g. git log --graph --oneline v2.6.38.. init
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Pixter Multimedia Expansion Cartridge
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 12:50, 14 July 2007 by Chris (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Here's a quick and dirty table describing a pixter multimedia game cartridge that didnt use Chip On Board technology. Hopefully I (or someone else) will clean it up later.
-=- NET/FUNCTION LIST FOR PIXTER MULTIMEDIA GAME CARTRIDGE -=-
NAND MEMORY ('rom'): Matrix Memory 11247-01 http://www.matrixsemi.com/products-and-applications/documents/DS0043DMTSOPR1.11_062405.pdf Note that the PDF is a different part number. It was chosen because its the same product line and likely has the same pin interface. This is the same IC used in the JuiceBox.
net1 net2 function flash function wiki pin
crt:2 rom:20 DATA0 IO1 30
crt:4 rom:21 DATA1 IO2 29
crt:6 rom:22 DATA2 IO3 28
crt:8 rom:23 DATA3 IO4 27
crt:10 rom:27 DATA4 IO5 26
crt:12 rom:28 DATA5 IO6 25
crt:14 rom:29 DATA6 IO7 24
crt:16 rom:30 DATA7 IO8 23
Logic: Hitachi 74HC32D ('H32') quad 2-input OR gate
(I cheated and used a local copy of a Fairchild Semi DM74LS32 pdf)
net1 net2 function flash function wiki pin
crt:40 H32:1 1a nOE 10
crt:40 H32:4 2a nOE 10
crt:42 H32:2 1b nCS3 11
crt:44 H32:5 2b nCS2 12
H32:3 rom:5 1y RE# [internal net]
H32:6 rom:14 2y WE# [internal net]
More rom / misc lines
net1 net2 function flash function wiki pin
crt:51 rom:12 - CLE *
crt:53 rom:13 - ALE *
crt:56 crt:58 - - *
crt:57 rom:3 - R/B# *
crt:58 crt:56 vcc - *
crt:59 GND GND - *
* I'm honestly confused about these; prpplague pinned the Pixter Expansion Slot without any knowledge for pin1 from the hardware, and had to guess pin numbers.
Keys:
• crt Cartridge port on the pixter MM (numbered odd pins on front; even pints on back as determined by cart PCB)
• rom ROM pin (u-shaped numbering pattern as normal for DIP ic's)
• H32 7432 pin (u-shaped numbering pattern as normal for DIP IC's)`
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Ginkgo nuts should help
Author: intoxicatedsmiLes _Take a day off to read this._ Young, starry-eyed teenager trying to reach the whole world through her writing. And is failing rather miserably. Yeah, I'm Chinese. Not from China but from Singapore. And, no, Singapo... Read Bio
I tossed and turned on the bed,
Trying to remember what I’ve absentmindedly forgotten.
I forgot my parent’s wedding anniversary,
My memory took a holiday to Hawaii.
I fell asleep on my table,
Struggling with quadratic equation.
Teacher taught us how to solve it today,
But I forgot.
My best friend made an appointment with me yesterday.
It was for a girls’ night out on Saturday night.
Come Saturday night I was out with my boyfriend,
When my friend called,
I told her I forgot.
I woke up in the middle of the night,
Trailing to the study room to check on a Chemistry fact
I forgot eons ago.
There was a chemistry test yesterday.
I tried to recall.
But I forgot.
Perhaps I should take more ginkgo nuts.
But I forgot.
Once again.
View this story's details
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Write a Prequel
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Write a Sequel
This story's tags are
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Kafatos:Minipreps
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 03:04, 20 October 2009 by Vaishnavi Ananth (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Home Lab Members Research Publications Contact
Contents
Day 1
- inoculate 5 ml sterile LB medium (+ antibiotic ?) with single bacterial colony
- grow ON @ 37˚C while shaking vigorously
Day 2
- spin 1.5 ml 2’ @ 8,000 rpm in table top centrifuge
- resuspend pellet in 100 μl P1 Buffer. Let sit 5’ @ RT
- add 200 μl P2 Buffer, mix and let sit no more than 5’ @ RT
- add 150 μl ice cold P3 Buffer, mix well and place 5 – 10’ on ice
- spin 10’ @ max rpm (4˚C if possible)
- transfer supernatant to new tube and add 2 volumes of abs EtOH. Let sit for 10 – 20’ on ice
- spin 10’ @ max. speed @ 4˚C
- discard supernatant and wash pellet with 1ml of 70% EtOH
- spin 5’ @ max speed
- suck up or decant supernatant, speedvac or dry pellet @ 37˚C (do not overdo it, though, or it will not properly dissolve again)
- resuspend pellet in 30 μl TE Buffer or ddH20 and check on gel
note: plasmids obtained with this protocol are not clean enough for sequencing
BioStream version
Following is the Kafatos:Minipreps protocol in BioStream, a high-level programming language for expressing biology protocols. What you see here is the auto-generated text ouput of the protocol that was coded up in BioStream (see Source code). More information about BioStream can be found on my home page. Feel free to mail me your comments/ suggestions.Vaishnavi
Text Output
Kafatos:Minipreps protocol
Source Code
Kafatos:Minipreps protocol - source code
Personal tools
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User:Jonfay:Questions
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Jonathan F. Fay
Jon Fay Home Materials Schedule Questions
Contents
DNA Replication
Lopes et al
1. If ssDNA breaks are not an artifact of the EM preparation and do indeed occur in vivo, how does DNA damage checkpoint facilitate efficient fork progression?
Heller et al
1. DnaG (primase) is thought to facilitate replication restart on the leading strand after a stalled fork. What mechanisms does the cell employ to repair these gaps?
DNA Replication (New components)
next et al
1. put words here
next et al
1. more words
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
To be rich nowadays merely means to possess a large number of poor objects. Vaneigem, Raoul
This quote is about riches · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Vaneigem, Raoul ...
Raoul Vaneigem (born 1934) is a Belgian writer and philosopher. He was born in Lessines (Hainaut, Belgium). After studying romance philology at the Universit Libre de Bruxelles from 1952 to 1956, he participated in the Situationist International from 1961 to 1970.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Men have a much better time of it than women. For one thing, they marry later, for another thing, they die earlier. Mencken, H. L.
This quote is about women · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Mencken, H. L. ...
Henry Louis Mencken (September 12, 1880 - January 29, 1956), better known as H. L. Mencken, was a twentieth-century journalist, satirist, social critic, cynic, and freethinker, known as the "Sage of Baltimore" and the "American Nietzsche". He is often regarded as one of the most influential American writers of the early 20th century.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Always be nice to people on the way up; because you'll meet the same people on the way down. Mizner, Wilson
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:45089",
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/24038/"
}
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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We only consult the ear because the heart is wanting. Pascal, Blaise
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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"url": "robots.net/person/msprague/",
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msprague is currently certified at Journeyer level.
Name: Michael Sprague
Member since: 2003-07-10 13:59:17
Last Login: 2010-03-16 00:40:08
Homepage: http://www.sprg.net/
Notes:
I graduated from the electrical engineering program at Michigan State University in 1997. I currently work in the field of industrial automation primarily using PLCs (programmable logic controls). I have little free time currently and do not have any robot projects underway, but it has been a long-time interest of mine.
Recent blog entries by msprague
Syndication: RSS 2.0
10 Jul 2003 (updated 10 Jul 2003 at 15:07 UTC) »
I have been perusing the net for an active user forum related to personal robotics and have come up short. Is there any website that is a good gathering place for robot enthusiasts to interact with a topic organized discussion forum. Do you use the usenet newsgroups for this? I would think that a forum would be a great compliment to the existing structure here at robots.net.
Please reply with any links you have to active online communities of this nature that would be a good place for Q&A and general discussion of robotics related topics.
Maybe someday soon I will be able to find the time to get my own robot project started. I am thinking of starting off with a scratch built mini-sumo entry.
msprague certified others as follows:
• msprague certified petegray as Journeyer
• msprague certified lnxfergy as Journeyer
• msprague certified rudybrian as Master
• msprague certified RoboGal as Apprentice
• msprague certified nitro as Journeyer
• msprague certified matsw as Journeyer
Others have certified msprague as follows:
• nitro certified msprague as Journeyer
• lnxfergy certified msprague as Apprentice
• Botnerd certified msprague as Apprentice
• RoboGal certified msprague as Journeyer
[ Certification disabled because you're not logged in. ]
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Home Browse About Contact Help
Tombs of the Mamelukes, Cairo (23)
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About this item
Title: Tombs of the Mamelukes, Cairo (23)
Author: Bierstadt, Charles, 1819-1903
Summary: View of tombs
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/5548
Date: n.d.
Original Source Original stereograph: "Tombs of the Mamelukes, Cairo (23)." (C. Bierstadt). From the collection of Dr. Paula Sanders, Rice University.
Subject Cemeteries--Egypt--Cairo; Mamelukes; Stereographs
Related Resource Locate TIMEA places on a GIS map
Related Resource Browse more TIMEA resources related to this location
Related Resource Find more information on sites that appear in TIMEA
Related Resource Find a TIMEA research module, "History through the Stereoscope: Stereoscopy and Virtual Travel",
About This Resource: Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
Citation
Bierstadt, Charles, 1819-1903 Tombs of the Mamelukes, Cairo (23) (n.d.).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/5548
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Visual Materials [1769]
This collection contains book illustrations, postcards, stereocards, photographs, and ephemera related to travel in the Middle East, primarily Egypt.
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View source | Discuss this page | Page history | Printable version
Warehouse Management
This article is protected against manual editing because it is automatically generated from Openbravo meta-data. Learn more about writing and translating such documents.
Back to User Guide
Contents
Introduction
In Openbravo most of the warehouse movements are created automatically based on the transactions of Sales and Procurement processes. However, operating a warehouse also involves several manual activities, such as physical inventory, goods movements and their tracking and inventory valuation. These activities are executed in the Warehouse Management application area and are gathered in the Inventory Accuracy business flow which is described below.
Inventory Accuracy
Main sub-processes of the Inventory Accuracy business flow are:
Configuration
Warehouse and Storage Bins need to be created and configured before performing the business flow.
In addition to this a Costing Rule needs to be defined and validated for the legal entity. Each costing rule requires an starting date from when it is going to be valid as well as a Costing Algorithm to be used by the Costing Background Process which has to be scheduled.
Note: It is not required to do any additional setup for the Warehouse Management application area if Food & Beverage (F&B) sample client shipped with Openbravo by default is going to be used to explore it. The sample data set already contains the roles, warehouses, products pre-configured.
Above configuration is part of the overall Business setup flow.
Execution
In Warehouse Management main Inventory Accuracy operations are executed as follows.
To get the Physical Inventory Warehouse Staff:
To execute Goods Movement Warehouse Staff:
For Goods Tracking Warehouse Staff uses:
Inventory Valuation is done with the help of the Valued Stock Report.
This report shows the cost of the stock calculated by the Costing Server process.
Relationship with other application areas
Warehouse Management has a connection with other application areas:
Application Menu
Please find below detailed description of all windows and reports of the Warehouse Management application area.
Transactions
Analysis Tools
Setup
Advanced
Back to User Guide
Retrieved from "http://wiki.openbravo.com/wiki/Warehouse_Management"
This page has been accessed 12,098 times. This page was last modified on 8 March 2013, at 12:21. Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Spain License.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Winter Park (Colorado)
From Wikitravel
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Winter Park, Colorado, is a ski resort in the Front Range. It has many pastimes for both summer and winter visitors. There are several places that close during the spring and fall, however.
Get in
Winter Park is a little over 65 miles from Denver, and is one of the closest ski resorts from Denver. The route is I-70 West most of the way, with the remainder on U.S. Route 40 West, which goes over Berthoud Pass. Be sure to check http://cotrip.org for current conditions on Berthoud Pass, as it's common for it to be snowing (sometimes heavily) on the pass with no snow in Denver or on the way up I-70.
There are shuttles to Winter Park from Denver International Airport, and the town has an adequate free shuttle between Winter Park Resort, the town of Winter Park, and the town of Fraser.
The Ski Train is a great way to get to Winter Park. http://skitrain.com There are winter and summer train schedules from Denver's Union Station direct to Winter Park.
Get around
See
Do
• Winter Park Resort, 239 Winter Park Drive, 303-892-0961, [1]. Ski Resort. Check out the Alpine Slide in the Summer!
• Hot Sulphur Springs Resort. Hot Sulpher Springs is about 45 minutes north of Winter Park. They have a fantastic set of hot springs pools, fun in both the winter and summer. They also have lodging here, but there's a level traing crossing and 3 to 4 trains come through in the middle of the night blowing their whistles within half a mile of the rooms.
• Grand Adventures, Snowmobiling, Sleigh Rides, ATV Rentals, and Horseback Riding. Physical Address: 81699 US Highway 40, Winter Park, CO 80482. Mailing Address: P.O Box 1329, Winter Park, CO 80482. Toll Free:(800)726-9247 [2] Email: info@grandadventures.com
• Pole Creek Golf Course. 27 holes of Colorado Mountain Golf on 3 distinct courses - The Meadow, The Ranch and The Ridge. Course is at 8,600 feet, and plays to 7,107 yards from the back tees. Voted Best New Public Course in North America in 1985. 970-887-9195. Located at 6827 County rd 51, Tabernash, Colorado 80478. [3].
Buy
Eat
• Basecamp Bakery, fantastic breakfast and lunches. (Local, $7 per person)
• Hernando's, Pizza and Pasta. (Local, $7 per person)
• The Shed, unique southwest inspired food, very good stuff though usually very busy. (Local, $12 per person)
• Mad Munchies (30 miles north in Grandby), fantastic sandwiches. (Local, $6 per person)
• Pizza Shop in Frasier. Good pizza and Italian food. (Local, $6 per person)
• De Antonio's, Pizza and Pasta (2 miles north in Frazier). In the Alco strip-mall, across the street from Safeway. Some of the best pizza by the slice in the area. (Local, $7 per person)
• Guido Chang's, a weird fusion of Italian pasta and rice bowls. The sweet chili bowl is fairly good, although the green curry rice bowl is passable. The salads are really nice. (Local, $12 per person)
• The Kitchen, breakfast in downtown Winter Park. It's fairly small, and almost always seems to have a wait. This seems mostly to be due to slow table turnover and a small dining-room. They're fairly heavy on attitude, and the sign out front says "Hours Iffy". Good food. (Local, $8 per person)
Drink
Sleep
• Iron Horse Resort, [4]. Ski-In/Ski-Out, Full-Service resort offering condominiums in hotel style atmosphere.
• Moose Mountain Inn, Tel: (970) 726-8255, Toll Free: 888-999-1616, [5]. Moose Mountain Inn offers luxurious lodging in Winter Park, Colorado.
• Best Western Alpenglo Lodge, 78665 US Highway 40, +1 970 726-8088, Toll-free: +1 888 726-8088, Fax: +1 970 726-0331, [6].
• Vacations Inc., [7]. Condo and home rental listing service.
• Beaver Village Inc, [8]. Condos and reservations service.
• Winter Park Real Estate, [9]. Coyote Creek mountain homes and real estate.
• The Rocky Mountain Inn and Hostel, Frasier, [10]. Very cheap rooms and communal rooms. Has a computer with dial-up net access, but also has very good CDMA coverage.
• Tripbeat, over 250 condos and homes, Winter Park, [11]. Discounts on all nightly rental condos and homes, ski in and out, downtown and Fraiser.
• About 10 miles north of Frasier is a golf resort that has many very nice condos as well as hotel rooms, for around $140 per night. The condos all seem to have hot tubs in them. No CDMA coverage though.
Contact
Winter Park has great Sprint CDMA coverage. This coverage extends north to Frasier, but not much further. The hostel has dial-in on a public terminal.
Wireless Internet
• Rocky Mountain Roastery and Coffee Company, with branches in both Fraser and Winter Park, have just recently (2004-08) added pay-per-use wireless internet connectivity.
• Winter Park Coffee Company [12] has free wireless with a purchase. Located next to Deno's restaurant, in the main street Real Estate building.
Get Out
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Annual; ISSN:1037-9177; Contains data on criminal matters finalised in the Western Australia Higher Courts, Courts of Petty Sessions, and Children's Courts. Data are provided for each level of court, on charges by type of matter, outcome, penalty, and court of final appearance. Data are also provided on individuals and distinct persons by gender, Aboriginality, and age at final appearance. No data on child welfare matters are included in the publication.
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Research article
Evaluation of expression and function of the H+/myo-inositol transporter HMIT
Elena Di Daniel1*, Man HS Mok1, Emma Mead1, Chiara Mutinelli2, Erika Zambello2, Laura L Caberlotto2, Theresa J Pell1, Christopher J Langmead1, Ajit J Shah4, Graham Duddy3, James NC Kew1 and Peter R Maycox1
Author affiliations
1 Psychiatry Discovery Technology Group, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, UK
2 Psychiatry Discovery Technology Group, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Verona, Italy
3 Core Discovery Technology Group, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, UK
4 Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Cell Biology 2009, 10:54 doi:10.1186/1471-2121-10-54
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2121/10/54
Received:20 March 2009
Accepted:16 July 2009
Published:16 July 2009
© 2009 Di Daniel et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The phosphoinositide (PIns) signalling pathway regulates a series of neuronal processes, such as neurotransmitter release, that are thought to be altered in mood disorders. Furthermore, mood-stabilising drugs have been shown to inhibit key enzymes that regulate PIns production and alter neuronal growth cone morphology in an inositol-reversible manner. Here, we describe analyses of expression and function of the recently identified H+/myo-inositol transporter (HMIT) investigated as a potential regulator of PIns signalling.
Results
We show that HMIT is primarily a neuronal transporter widely expressed in the rat and human brain, with particularly high levels in the hippocampus and cortex, as shown by immunohistochemistry. The transporter is localised at the Golgi apparatus in primary cultured neurones. No HMIT-mediated electrophysiological responses were detected in rat brain neurones or slices; in addition, inositol transport and homeostasis were unaffected in HMIT targeted null-mutant mice.
Conclusion
Together, these data do not support a role for HMIT as a neuronal plasma membrane inositol transporter, as previously proposed. However, we observed that HMIT can transport inositol triphosphate, indicating unanticipated intracellular functions for this transporter that may be relevant to mood control.
Background
Bipolar disorder is a severe psychiatric illness characterised by alternating episodes of mania and depression. Dysregulation of the PIns signalling pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology of the disorder by magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies [1]. Furthermore, commonly prescribed drugs used to treat the illness (lithium, valproic acid and carbamazepine) alter neuronal growth cone morphology, a phenotype that is reversed by addition of extracellular myo-inositol [2,3].
Brain inositol levels are regulated by: a) transport from blood, b) recycling of intracellular inositol phosphates, and c) synthesis from glucose-6-phosphate to myo-inositol-1-phosphate (MIP) by the enzyme MIP-synthase [4,5]. MIP-synthase expression in the brain appears to be confined to the vasculature [5], suggesting that inositol synthesis may not play a key role in neuronal inositol signalling. Rather, an uptake system seems to be required to transport inositol across the plasma membrane into neurones, which may play a role in the regulation of signalling. Three myo-inositol transporters have been identified to date – the sodium myo-inositol transporters 1 and 2 (SMIT1 and SMIT2) [6] and the phylogenetically distant H+/myo-inositol transporter (HMIT) [7]. mRNA expression studies identified HMIT, but not SMIT1 or SMIT2, transcripts in rat neurones [3]. Also, HMIT expression appears highest in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, areas which are implicated in mood disorders [8].
HMIT is a glycosylated protein containing three conserved internalisation signals: an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal in the N-terminal region, a dileucine internalisation signal and a tyrosine based internalisation motif at the C-terminal [7]. Mutation of the retention signals is required for plasma membrane localisation of the recombinant protein in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells, and this surface localisation correlated with functional inositol uptake into the cells [7]. Furthermore, HMIT is a symporter of myo-inositol and protons, since inositol uptake was only evident under acidic extracellular conditions and was associated with an inward electrical current and decreased intracellular pH [7]. It has been proposed that translocation of recombinant or endogenous HMIT to the plasma membrane may be activity-dependent following, for example, neuronal depolarisation or protein kinase C (PKC) activation [8].
Whilst HMIT represents an attractive candidate as a neuronal inositol transporter, it is unclear if HMIT contributes to the inositol-reversible effects of mood stabilisers on neurones [2] through transport of inositol into the cell. To address this question, we undertook studies to further characterise the localisation and functional properties of HMIT in recombinant systems and native tissue. We have analysed HMIT expression in rat and human brain tissue using immunohistochemistry and investigated the conditions necessary for its translocation to the plasma membrane in heterologous cells and cultured neurones. Functional expression was probed using [3H]-myo-inositol uptake, [3H]-cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) accumulation and whole-cell electrophysiology assays.
Results
Intracellular myo-inositol measurements in rat cortical neurones
To determine if extracellular myo-inositol can be taken up by neurones, we measured intracellular myo-inositol concentrations following incubation of cultured neurones with myo-inositol (1 mM) for 2 min or 20 h. After cell supernatant removal, cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and lysed with ice-cold acetonitrile containing ammonium acetate; intracellular myo-inositol concentration was measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Intracellular inositol levels were found to be significantly increased after overnight extracellular application (19.25 ± 0.84 vs 2.33 ± 0.38 μM, mean ± sem; ***p < 0.001; Figure 1A), indicating that inositol can be taken up across the plasma membrane. Intracellular inositol concentration was not changed after 2 min incubation (3.43 ± 0.26 vs 2.33 ± 0.38 μM, mean ± sem; p = 0.07, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post-hoc test; Figure 1A). We subsequently proceeded to investigate whether HMIT is involved in the transport of myo-inositol into neurones by studying its expression and function.
Figure 1. Intracellular myo-inositol analysis and investigation of HMIT expression in rat dissociated neurones. A Intracellular myo-inositol levels in rat cortical neurones incubated with myo-inositol showing increased intracellular inositol levels with time (n = 3 wells from one cell preparation). Primary cortical neurones were stained with anti-HMIT:21 (1:100) in combination with: B an anti-GFAP antibody (Abcam, 1:1000); C an anti-βIII tubulin antibody (Abcam, 1:1000); or D an anti-58K Golgi antibody (Abcam, 1:1000). Secondary antibodies Alexa Fluor anti-rabbit 488 and anti-mouse 633 were used. Neurones were imaged using a confocal microscope with a 63× water immersion objective.
HMIT expression in the brain
In order to analyse HMIT localisation, we generated a specific antibody, as demonstrated by Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry (see Additional files 1 and 2). The cellular specificity and localisation of HMIT was analysed by confocal microscopy of rat primary cortical cultures co-stained with anti-HMIT:21 antibody and either a neuronal, astrocytic or Golgi marker. We observed no co-localisation of HMIT and the astrocytic marker GFAP (Figure 1B), indicating little or no expression of HMIT in primary astrocytes, which are a cell contaminant in the neuronal preparation. The images in Figure 1C show that HMIT co-localised with βIII tubulin in the cell body and neurites, indicating neuronal expression. Furthermore, the HMIT antibody co-localised with the Golgi marker 58K Golgi protein (Figure 1D), suggesting that HMIT is present in an intracellular compartment associated with the Golgi apparatus.
Additional file 1. Additional methods and additional figure legends. Details of additional methods and figure legends provided.
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Additional file 2. Anti-HMIT antibody validation. Western blotting of HEK293 cell lysates following immunoprecipitation; HMIT immunocytochemistry in transfected HEK293 cells, HMIT immunoprecipitation and Western blotting in rat and mouse brain tissue.
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To investigate HMIT localisation in the rat brain, immunohistochemistry was performed in sagittal slices from adult rat brain with staining visualised using the Odyssey infra-red detection system (Li-Cor) (see Additional file 1). Staining was observed in the hippocampal region, with high expression levels of the HMIT protein in CA2-3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (see Additional file 3). In addition, the immunising peptide effectively competed with the observed signal in rat brain (data not shown). Subsequently, fluorescence and colorimetric immunohistochemistry were performed to investigate the detailed anatomical and cellular distribution of HMIT-like immunoreactivity (HMIT-LI) in rat and human brain. HMIT-LI appeared to be distributed in discrete regions of the rat brain with a strong expression in the hippocampus, particularly in the CA2-3 regions and in the dentate gyrus (Figure 2C). Moderate HMIT expression was observed in the cerebral motor cortex (Figure 2A and 2B). In the human brain, a moderate to high HMIT-LI signal was detected in the cerebral cortex (Figure 2D) and hippocampus (Figure 2E). As shown in Figure 2B (rat) and in Figure 2F (human) the HMIT-LI seems to be localised predominantly intracellularly.
Additional file 3. Analysis of rat saggital slices stained with anti-HMIT:21 antibody. Results of infra-red analysis of HMIT localisation in the rat brain.
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Figure 2. Analysis of HMIT expression in rat and human brain. Fluorescence microphotographs of adult male rat coronal sections immunolabelled with anti-HMIT antibody. HMIT-LI distribution in the secondary motor cortex (M2), at approximately +1.20 mm from Bregma at low (A) and high magnification (B); and in the CA3 hippocampal region, approximately -2.80 mm from Bregma (C); the arrowhead indicates a HMIT-positive interneuron; Scale bar = 100 μm (A, C) and 50 μm (B). Microphotographs of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded sections of human brain areas immunolabelled with anti-HMIT antibody. HMIT staining is visible in cell bodies and projections of different regions of the human brain: cerebral cortex (D); hippocampus (E) and thalamus (F), the latter at higher magnification, in which two examples of HMIT positive staining are indicated by the arrowheads. Scale bar = 50 μm (D, E, F).
Analysis of HMIT triple mutant
We first studied and characterised HMIT function using the HMIT triple mutant (generated as described by [7]). It was previously shown that recombinant HMIT is localised in the cytoplasm of HEK293 cells and that expression of an HMIT triple mutant was required to achieve plasma membrane localisation [7]. In order to confirm and extend these findings, we transfected HEK293 cells with pcDNA3.1/V5-His-TOPO-HMIT triple mutant and analysed HMIT localisation by immunocytochemistry using the anti-HMIT:21 antibody and an anti-pan cadherin antibody to confirm plasma membrane localisation (Figure 3A). HMIT triple mutant co-localised with pan-cadherin staining, indicating that the HMIT triple mutant is expressed at the plasma membrane, in contrast to the wild-type recombinant HMIT. In the [3H]-inositol uptake assay using HEK293T cells transfected with the HMIT triple mutant, inositol uptake activity was observed at pH 6.0 and this was partially reversed by treatment with the non-selective inhibitor phloridzin (53 ± 1.4% inhibition with 1 mM phloridzin, 89 ± 1.5% inhibition with 3 mM phloridzin; n = 2 independent experiments). In contrast, the activity measured at pH 7.4 was much lower (100 ± 1.1 fmol at pH 6.0 versus 8.8 ± 0.26 fmol at pH 7.4; n = 2 independent experiments) (Figure 3B). These data indicate that the HMIT triple mutant is expressed at the plasma membrane and is functional at pH 6.0.
Figure 3. HMIT activity in HEK293T cells transiently expressing HMIT triple mutant at the plasma membrane. A HMIT triple mutant is expressed at the plasma membrane in HEK cells as indicated by co-localisation with pan-cadherin antibody (Abcam, 1:1000) observed by confocal microscopy, in contrast to wild-type HMIT, which is mainly localised intracellularly. B [3H]-myo-inositol uptake and its concentration dependent inhibition using the non-selective HMIT inhibitor phloridzin were demonstrated at pH 6.0. C Top left: schematic diagram illustrating the proposed electrogenic transport by HMIT. Top right: representative traces of inositol-evoked currents recorded in a HEK293T cell transiently transfected with HMIT triple mutant (HMIT-TM). Middle: concentration-response relationship for myo-inositol in the HMIT triple mutant at pH 5.2 (n = 5–9 cells per data point). Bottom: pH sensitivity of currents evoked by myo-inositol (2 mM), recordings were made in HEK293T cells transfected with the HMIT triple mutant (n = 4–7 per data point). D The HMIT triple mutant was also demonstrated to transport IP3. Similar to observations with myo-inositol, the electrogenic transport of IP3 was observed at pH 5.2 and not at pH 7.4 (n = 4–6 per data point).
HMIT activity was further analysed using patch-clamp electrophysiology. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made from EGFP-positive HEK293 cells transiently co-transfected with the HMIT triple mutant and EGFP plasmids. Myo-inositol (2 mM) was applied by fast perfusion for 10 s at 60 s intervals under various conditions. At the holding potential of -60 mV, no current responses were observed at extracellular pH 7.4 (Figure 3C). However, when the extracellular pH was 5.2, myo-inositol evoked an inward, non-desensitising current. This response was independent of extracellular Na+ and showed weak voltage-dependence (data not shown). The magnitude of the inositol-evoked currents increased as the extracellular environment was further acidified and reached a plateau level between pH 6 and pH 5 (Figure 3C). Characterising the concentration-response relationship of myo-inositol gave an EC50 of 2.7 mM, with a Hill slope of 1.0 (n = 5–9 per data point; Figure 3C). This contrasts with the affinity constant (Km) of 100 μM as reported by Uldry et al. (2001) using oocytes. In this study, the inositol-evoked currents were sensitive to inhibition by phloridzin (1 mM; 64.0 ± 3.1% inhibition, n = 4) and a similar level of inhibition was also observed in the absence of extracellular Na+ (48.0 ± 6.7% inhibition, n = 4; data not shown). In addition we investigated whether inositol triphosphate (IP3) is also a substrate for HMIT. In HEK293T cells transiently transfected with the HMIT triple mutant, application of IP3 (0.1 mM) did not generate any responses at pH 7.4. When the extracellular pH was set at 5.2, application of IP3 evoked an outward current (+91 ± 20 pA, n = 4) while myo-inositol (2 mM) induced a current of opposite polarity (-120 ± 20 pA, n = 8; Figure 3D). The opposite direction of the net current can be explained by the negatively charged IP3 compared with the neutral inositol molecule. We confirmed that these responses were mediated by the HMIT triple mutant as no currents were observed at pH 5.2 when the experiment was repeated using HEK293T cells transfected with EGFP only as a control (IP3, -0.7 ± 1.8 pA, n = 5; myo-inositol, -0.1 ± 0.9 pA, n = 5).
HMIT-mediated currents in rat neurones
Following characterisation of the HMIT triple mutant, we investigated rat brain tissue for endogenous HMIT-mediated responses. Whole-cell recordings (holding potential -60 mV) were carried out in cultured cortical neurones and to ensure HMIT was not unknowingly inhibited, we did not include tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block spontaneously occurring synaptic currents. At both extracellular pH 7.4 and 5.7, applications of myo-inositol (5 mM) did not evoke any current responses (0.3 ± 0.8 pA, -0.1 ± 0.7 pA, respectively; n = 6; Figure 4A).
Figure 4. Absence of functional native plasma membrane HMIT with electrophysiological analysis. A Summary data showing that myo-inositol (5 mM) did not evoke any currents at either pH 5.7 or 7.4 in rat cultured cortical neurones. Inset, representative traces of typical recordings. The downward deflections are spontaneously-occurring synaptic currents because TTX was not included as the effects on HMIT-mediated responses were unknown (n numbers in parentheses). B Summary data showing that micro-pressure application of myo-inositol (10 mM) did not induce any current responses in interneurones in different regions of rat hippocampal slices. Inset, representative traces of typical recordings from a CA3 stratum radiatum and a CA3 stratum lacunosum-moleculare interneurone. C Summary data showing that inositol-evoked currents were not observed following a variety of stimulation protocols. (Depol.: three 30 s steps of depolarising current injection in current-clamp mode to induce action potential firing, glutamate, PMA, DiC8, pH 7.0: pressure application of myo-inositol dissolved in pH 7.0 extracellular solution; high K+, 30°C: pre-incubation of slices at 30°C for >2 h before recording). Inset, representative traces of a typical recording of a CA3 stratum lacunosum-moleculare interneurone before (control) and after three depolarising steps. The stimulation paradigm did not promote responses to myo-inositol application.
Our localisation data showed HMIT staining in interneurones of the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus (Figure 2C arrowhead). To test for HMIT function in these cells, we made whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in acute rat hippocampal slices and applied myo-inositol (10 mM) onto the cell bodies by micro-pressure application. As illustrated in Figure 4B, we found no inositol-evoked currents in interneurones located in the CA3 stratum radiatum, CA3 stratum lacunosum-moleculare or CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare. To test if neuronal activity is required for HMIT translocation to the plasma membrane, we stimulated the slices using various conditions and found no current responses on application of myo-inositol (Figure 4C). These data obtained in rat dissociated neurones as well as in rat slices suggest that functional HMIT is not present at the plasma membrane of the soma.
Inositol studies in HMIT null-mutant neurones
We further investigated the functional expression of HMIT in cultured neurones using the [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation assay by comparing wild-type (WT) and HMIT null-mutant (KO) mice. Cells were stimulated with the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol (CCh) to activate PIns signalling, and treated with LiCl to block the enzyme inositol monophosphatase, therefore reducing intracellular inositol with the consequent accumulation of CDP-DAG. [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation was measured in cortical neurones from WT and KO mice (Figure 5). Application of extracellular myo-inositol clearly reversed [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation, at physiological pH in WT neurones. No difference was observed between WT and HMIT null-mutant neurones, thus indicating that inositol enters the cell despite genetic ablation of HMIT (see Additional files 1 and 4) [9].
Figure 5. [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation in HMIT null-mutant (KO) and wild-type (WT) mouse cortical neurones. [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation increased with time in WT (black lines) and HMIT KO (grey lines) neurones stimulated with 1 mM CCh in the presence of 10 mM LiCl at pH 7.4. There was no difference in the reversal of [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation in WT (black dashed lines) and HMIT KO (grey dashed lines) neurones following application of 3 mM extracellular myo-inositol.
Discussion
In this study we show that HMIT is a neurone-specific protein that is widely expressed in the brain. The brain distribution is supported by the data from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas http://www.brainatlas.org webcite and Northern blot analysis [7]. The cellular localisation data obtained in the present study, however, contrast with that reported by Uldry et al. [7] which suggested widespread astrocytic localisation. The latter is inconsistent with our immunohistochemical data and also the QPCR data of Cahoy et al. [10], which suggest a neuronal expression (up to mouse postnatal day 30). The discrepancy may be explained by the relative specificity of the antibodies used in the two studies. We confirmed antibody specificity for HMIT using a series of methods including tagged-HMIT and peptide competition assays. Intracellular localisation was investigated both in vitro in primary neurones and ex vivo in rat brain sections. We showed that HMIT is co-localised with a Golgi marker and is not present at the cell surface or in neuronal processes. The Golgi localisation data support findings by [7,8], who observed intracellular staining as demonstrated by co-localisation with the intracellular ER marker calreticulin. We also demonstrated HMIT expression in several regions of the human brain by immunohistochemistry, with the signal being consistent with an intracellular localisation.
In agreement with previous studies, triple mutant HMIT is localised at the plasma membrane when overexpressed in HEK293 cells. The triple mutant was functional, as shown by both electrophysiology and inositol uptake assays, and we confirmed the characteristics of HMIT inositol transport – pH dependence, sodium independence, phlorizidin sensitivity – first reported by Uldry et al. [7]. We extended our analysis to rat primary neurones and hippocampal tissue slices where we were unable, even after stimulation, to demonstrate inositol-induced currents. We recognised that as pressure application of inositol was aimed at the soma we cannot exclude that translocation of HMIT may occur further away in the processes. However, in our localisation studies there was clear staining in the soma with no indication that HMIT is enriched in the processes. We used acutely prepared brain slices and primary dissociated neurones in contrast to Uldry et al. (2004) who showed translocation in rat brain aggregates, and preferential expression in regions of nerve growth and varicosities in primary neurones overexpressing recombinant HMIT. The lack of stimulation-induced HMIT activity was unlikely to be due to insufficient time course as translocation of HMIT was observed after 10 min application of PMA by [8], while we did not observe inositol-induced currents even after 30–60 min stimulation of slices. Although experiments were performed at room temperature, we did not observe any difference when slices were incubated at 30°C for more than 2 h suggesting that function was not affected by lower temperature.
Our data on localisation and function suggest that HMIT is not a plasma membrane transporter. The novel observation that HMIT can also transport IP3 provides an interesting alternative function for this protein. We speculate that HMIT may play a role in intracellular regulation of inositol and phosphoinositides, e.g. by sequestering IP3 into vesicles, possibly affecting intracellular calcium signalling.
Conclusion
Overall, our study has shown that HMIT is expressed at the plasma membrane and is able to transport inositol (at pH 6.0 or below) but only under artificial conditions whereby it lacks intracellular retention motifs. In contrast, the native protein has secondary structural features consistent with intracellular localisation and retention and immunocytochemical analysis confirms its localisation in the ER/Golgi network. We could not demonstrate any activity-dependent inositol transport in vitro or ex vivo in neurones. These data suggest that HMIT is not involved in the neuronal transport of inositol from the extracellular environment and the mechanism underlying this process remains to be identified.
Methods
All chemicals, unless otherwise stated, were purchased from Sigma.
All animal experimental procedures were performed according to either the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986 or according to the Italian law (art. 7, Legislative Decree No. 116, 27 January 1992), which acknowledged the European Directive 86/609/EEC, and GlaxoSmithKline policy on the care and use of laboratory animals and related codes of practice. All efforts were made to minimise the number of animals used.
All human material used in this research was collected and used in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and in accordance with any relevant laws. In all cases informed consent has been obtained from the donor or donor's next of kin.
HMIT nucleotide sequence [NH_001033633] was used to generate HMIT null-mutant mice.
Plasmids
The plasmids used were pcDNA3.1/V5-His-TOPO (Invitrogen) containing rat wild-type or rat HMIT triple mutant DNAs, all generated at GlaxoSmithKline. HMIT was cloned in frame with the V5-His tags by deleting the stop codon. The triple mutant, as described previously [7], was generated by site-directed mutagenesis using the QuikChange® Multi Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene) following manufacturer's instructions.
HMIT antibody generation
Rabbit polyclonal affinity purified antibody anti-HMIT #21 (anti-HMIT:21) was produced by Open Biosystems. The following conserved peptide (human, rat and mouse) coupled to KLH was chosen: RWLIQKGQTQKARRILS [rat accession number AJ315643], which is located in the intracellular loop between transmembrane domains 6 and 7.
Cell culture and transient transfection
Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were cultured in MEM (Invitrogen), 10% (v/v) foetal bovine serum (FBS) (Invitrogen), 1% (v/v) MEM non-essential amino-acids (Invitrogen), 2% (v/v) L-glutamine (Invitrogen).
Cells were seeded at 30,000–50,000 cells per well (in 24-well plate format) or at 200,000 cells per well (in 6-well plate format) and grown for 24 h before transfection using Fugene 6 (Roche) according to manufacturer's instructions. Cells were fixed or lysed 48 h post-transfection.
Rat and mouse cortical neurone preparation
Cortical neurones were cultured from gestational day 18 rat foetal tissue of Sprague Dawley rats [9] or gestation day 15 mouse foetal tissue. Briefly, cerebral cortices were collected in Hank's balanced salts solution, the meninges removed, and cortex dissected and dissociated with a papain tissue dissociation kit (Worthington) following the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were resuspended in Neurobasal medium (it contains 40 μM inositol) containing 2% (v/v) B27 supplement, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 50 μg/ml streptomycin (media components from Invitrogen).
Rat hippocampal slice preparation
Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day (P) 16–27) were deeply anaesthetised with isoflurane by inhalation and the brains were removed following decapitation. Using a vibratome (HM650V, Carl Zeiss Ltd.), horizontal hippocampal slices (250–300 μm thick) were cut in ice-cold artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) of the following composition: 125 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 26 mM NaHCO3, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4.H2O, 25 mM glucose, 1 mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2; bubbled with 95% O2/5% CO2. Slices were incubated at room temperature in aCSF for an hour before experimentation and used for up to 8 hours after preparation.
Intracellular myo-inositol measurement (Table 1)
800,000 cortical neurones/well were plated in 6-well plates. After 8–9 days in culture the neurones were stimulated with inositol, lysed in 500 μl of ice-cold acetonitrile with 100 mM ammonium acetate (90:10, v/v), briefly spun down and supernatant analysed. A standard curve was generated using pure myo-inositol (10–0.1 μM). A Jasco binary gradient HPLC system was used. Eluates were detected using an Applied Biosystems Sciex API-4000 triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a TurboIonSpray ion-source. The operating parameters of the ion-source, including analyte-dependent and source-dependent were optimised to obtain the optimum performance from the mass spectrometer for the analysis of myo-inositol. The sensitivity of detection for myo-inositol in the negative ion mode was found to be higher than in positive mode. The collision associated dissociation of myo-inositol precursor at m/z (mass/charge) 179 produced abundant ions at m/z 161, 117, 99 and 87. Of these product ions m/z 179→87 transition was selected as it provided the greatest selectivity. For [2H6]-myo-inositol (CDN isotopes) the best signal for precursor-to-product transition was m/z 185→167. The optimum values for declustering potential, collision energy, entrance potential and collision exit potential for the precursor-to-product ion transitions selected are listed below. The source dependent parameters for myo-inositol consisted of collision gas, curtain gas, ion spray gas 1 and 2, ionspray voltage and the temperature of the heater gas, with optimum values of 6, 10, 20, 30, -4.5 kV and 600°C, respectively. An aliquot (5 μl) of myo-inositol was loaded onto a 150 × 2.1 mm i.d. Luna HILIC column (Phenomenex). The column temperature was maintained at 35°C. A linear gradient elution profile was used for the separation of myo-inositol. The mobile-phase consisted of eluent 'A', composed of a mixture of acetonitrile and 100 mM ammonium acetate buffer (90:10%, (v/v)), and eluent 'B', composed of acetonitrile, water and 100 mM ammonium acetate buffer (50:40:10%, (v/v)). A flow rate of 0.43 ml/min was used. The following elution profile was used: 0.0 min – 100% A; 2.5 min – 100% A; 12.0 min – 50% A and 50% B (linear gradient from 2.5 to 12.0 min); 12.9 min – 50% A and 50% B; 13.0 min – return to 100% A; hold for 7 min before proceeding to the next injection.
Table 1. Intracellular myo-inositol measurement
Immunocytochemistry – primary neurones and cell lines
Cells were seeded at 30,000–50,000 cells per well in 24-well plate format on glass coverslips coated with poly-D-lysine. Following transfection, cells were fixed with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 15 min at room temperature (RT). Cells were washed three times with PBS and permeabilised with 0.3% (v/v) Triton X100 for 5 min. 5% (v/v) normal goat serum (Chemicon) in PBS was used as blocking agent for 1 h. Primary antibodies were diluted in blocking solution and cells incubated overnight at 4°C with gentle shaking, followed by three washes with PBS. The secondary antibodies used were Alexa Fluor conjugated antibodies (Molecular Probes; 1:400), applied for 1 h at RT (in darkness). The coverslips were mounted onto glass slides with ProLong Gold antifade reagent with or without DAPI (Molecular Probes) to detect the cell nuclei. Cells were visualised using an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with epifluorescent optics using Image-Pro Plus (Media Cybernetics) or Special Cell F (Olympus) software to analyse the images. For confocal imaging a Leica TLS SP confocal microscope with 63× and 100× water objectives was used with Leica confocal software.
Immunohistochemistry – rat and human brain
The analysis of the HMIT protein distribution in rat brain was performed on adult animals anaesthetised with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg) and transcardially perfused with saline for 5 min, followed by 15 min of fixation with 4% (w/v) PFA in PBS. Thirty μm-thick coronal brain sections were cut using a vibratome (Leica) and left free-floating in PBS. The slices were firstly exposed to antigen-retrieval, consisting of 30 min incubation at 80°C in 0.1 M Tris-HCl added with 1 mM EDTA, pH 9 and then blocked for 1 h in PBS supplemented with 3% (v/v) goat serum (Vector Laboratories), 0.3% (v/v) Triton X-100 (Sigma) and 0.02% (v/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) at RT. The slices were incubated overnight at 4°C in the same buffer with anti-HMIT:21 at a dilution of 1:200 and then incubated in PBS with the fluorescent secondary antibody 488 goat anti-rabbit (Alexa-Fluor; Molecular Probes). Finally, slices were mounted on slides with Vectashield-mounting medium for fluorescence (Vector Laboratories), covered with a coverslip and visualised by fluorescent microscopy.
The distribution of the HMIT protein in the human brain was investigated in formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues obtained from Zoion, Inc. as an anatomical gift, following approved ethical guidelines. Five μm-thick tissue slices were cut using a microtome (Micron) and collected on slides. The tissue sections were then processed through a de-paraffination consisting of a series of washes in xylene, mixtures of xylene and ethanol, and decreasing ethanol concentrations (100%, 95%, 70%, 50%). The sections were then exposed to heat-induced antigen retrieval in a microwave oven (2 cycles of 5 min with an output of 700 W with a 1 min interval between the two boiling cycles) in 0.1 M Tris-HCl with 1 mM EDTA, pH 9. The slices were then incubated for 10 min in 1% (v/v) H2O2 in PBS containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 and then blocked for 1 h at RT in the same blocking buffer used for rat tissues. In the same buffer, the slices were incubated overnight at 4°C with anti-HMIT:21 antibody at a dilution of 1:200. Subsequently, tissue sections were incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) affinity purified made in goat secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories) in PBS with 1% (v/v) goat serum and then exposed for 45 min to avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex (ABC Standard, Vector Laboratories), before incubation in 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB, Vector Laboratories) for 3 min followed by a series of dehydrating washes (increasing ethanol concentrations and xylene).
[3H]-myo-inositol uptake in HEK293T cells
The method utilised was based on Uldry et al. [7]. HEK293T cells were seeded at 40,000 cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine-coated plate format. 24 h after seeding, cells were transiently transfected with HMIT triple mutant DNA using Fugene 6 (Roche) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 48 h after transfection, [3H]-myo-inositol uptake was measured at pH 6.0 in a total assay volume of 500 μl. Cells were washed twice with K5 buffer (5 mM KCl, 127 mM NMDG, 10 mM D-glucose, 1 mM MgCl2, 20 mM HEPES, 2.7 mM CaCl2; pH 7.4). Cells were pre-incubated for 10 min at 37°C with 0, 1 or 3 mM phloridzin, a non-selective HMIT inhibitor, in 450 μl of K5 buffer (5 mM KCl, 127 mM NMDG, 10 mM D-glucose, 1 mM MgCl2, 20 mM HEPES, 2.7 mM CaCl2; pH 6.0). Phloridzin was prepared as a 100× stock in neat ethanol, subsequently diluted in the assay buffer to give a final concentration of 1% ethanol. The reaction was started by the addition of 50 μl (5 μCi) of [3H]-myo-inositol (GE Healthcare)/2 mM cold myo-inositol mix, prepared in pH 6.0 K5 buffer. After 2 min the reaction was stopped by aspiration of the [3H]-myo-inositol and washing five times with 0.75 ml of ice-cold PBS. Cells were solubilised in 0.5 ml of 5% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 37°C for 30 min. Lysates were mixed with 4.5 ml of Ultima Gold XR (Perkin Elmer) scintillation liquid and radioactivity counted by scintillation spectroscopy (Tri-Carb 2800TR, Perkin Elmer). All data are reported as mean ± S.D.
[3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation in mouse HMIT null-mutant cortical neurones
Mouse HMIT null-mutant and wild-type cortical neurones, prepared as described above, were seeded at 150,000 cells per well in 24-well poly-D-lysine-coated plates. Seven or nine days after plating, [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation was measured using a method adapted from Atack et al. [11]. Media was removed and neurones pre-incubated with 300 μl/well of modified Krebs-Hensleit buffer (118 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaHCO3, 4.7 mM KCl, 1.3 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 5 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose; pH 7.4) containing 0.3 μCi [3H]-5-cytidine (Sigma) for 1 h at 37°C. Endogenous muscarinic G-protein coupled receptors were stimulated with 1 mM CCh in the presence of the inositol monophosphatase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase inhibitor LiCl (10 mM), to prevent formation of myo-inositol, thus, resulting in [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation. Experiments were performed over a time course in the absence or presence of 3 mM extracellular myo-inositol. Incubations were terminated by the addition of 1 ml of a mixture of methanol and chloroform (2:1, (v/v)) containing 1 M HCl to each well, which was left to extract for 5 min at RT. Well contents were transferred to centrifuge tubes; 310 μl of chloroform and 560 μl of 0.1 M HCl were added to aid phase separation. Samples were centrifuged at 0.1 rcf for 10 min at RT. An aliquot (400 μl) of the lower organic phase was removed, without disturbing the aqueous upper layer, transferred to scintillation vials and solvent was evaporated overnight. Ultima Gold XR scintillant liquid (4.5 ml) was then added and the samples counted by scintillation spectroscopy. All data are reported as mean ± S.D.
Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings
HEK293 cells and cultured rat neurones, prepared as above, were perfused with an external solution containing: 145 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, pH 7.4 with NaOH. In some experiments, NaCl was replaced with NMDG-Cl. Patch pipettes (5–10 MΩ tip resistance) were filled with: 135 mM KMeSO4, 10 mM HEPES, 4 mM NaCl, 4 mM Mg-ATP, 0.2 mM Na2GTP, 0.5 mM EGTA; pH 7.3; 280–300 mOsmol/kg. Membrane currents were recorded by whole-cell voltage-clamp using an Axopatch 200B amplifier and pClamp9 software (Molecular Devices). The holding membrane potential was set at -60 or -70 mV unless specified otherwise. Solutions containing test compounds were applied via a dual-barrel fast perfusion system (RSC-160; Biologic) and all experiments were conducted at RT.
Hippocampal slices were superfused (2–3 ml/min) at RT with aCSF: 125 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 26 mM NaHCO3, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4.H2O, 25 mM glucose, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2; pH 7.3 when bubbled with 95% O2/5% CO2. Interneurones in the CA3 stratum radiatum and CA3 and CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare were visualised under IR-DIC optics (Nikon). Membrane currents were recorded by whole-cell voltage-clamp using a Multipatch 700B amplifier and pClamp9 software (Molecular Devices). Patch pipettes had tip resistances of 5–10 MΩ when filled with internal solution: 130 mM KMeSO4 or CsMeSO4, 4 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, 0.5 mM EGTA, 4 mM Mg-ATP, 0.2 mM Na2GTP; pH 7.3, 300 mOsmol/kg. Pressure micro-application of myo-inositol (5–15 p.s.i.; Picospritzer, Warner Instruments) was achieved using a glass pipette of tip diameter 50–150 μm positioned adjacent to the target cell body. All test compounds were bath perfused via gravity feed. In some experiments, brain slices were stimulated by: perfusion of glutamate (10 or 100 μM) for 5–30 min; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (0.5 or 5 μM) for 30–60 min; D-myo-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-sn-1,2-di-O-octanoyl-glyceryl, 3-O-phospho linked (DiC8) (10 μM in the intracellular solution allowed to dialyse for at least 15 min before recording); 25 mM K+ external solution for 2 min; pre-incubation of slices at 30°C (for >2 h before recording); or depolarisation by current injection in current-clamp mode.
Data analysis of agonist-evoked currents was performed using pClamp9 (Molecular Devices) and Origin7.5 (Original Lab Corp.) software. Concentration-response curves were fitted with the Hill equation: y = 1+ (EC50/x)nH, where y is the membrane current, EC50 is the concentration of half-maximal efficacy, x is the agonist concentration, and nH is the Hill coefficient. All data are reported as mean ± S.E.M.
HMIT null-mutant mouse generation
The technical strategy for the KO mouse generation is described in Additional files 1 and 4.
Additional file 4. Generation of HMIT null-mutant mice. Description of strategy used to generate HMIT null-mutant mice and mRNA analysis in neurons.
Format: PDF Size: 41KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
EDD and EM experimental design, immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and infra-red immunohistochemistry. MHSM electrophysiology studies. EDD and MHSM analysis of results, writing of manuscript, discussion of experimental results. CM, EZ and LLC immunohistochemistry in the rat and human brain. TJP [3H]-inositol uptake and [3H]-CDP-DAG accumulation experiments. AJS intracellular myo-inositol measurements. GD designed the HMIT KO strategy and coordinated mouse generation. CJL, PRM and JNCK concept and interpretation of study, discussion of experimental results, writing of manuscript, manuscript revision. All authors drafted, read and approved the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge David Pountney (Neurology Discovery Technology Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK) for the generation of the third mutation in the HMIT double mutant; Hugh Herdon (Neurosciences CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK) for valuable discussions; Stephen Wilson and Ellen Shapland (Molecular & Cellular Technologies, GlaxoSmithKline, The Frythe, UK) for blastocyst injection; the genotyping group of Transgenic Technologies (Molecular & Cellular Technologies, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK) and the Laboratory Animal Science group (GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK) for mouse identification and mouse husbandry, respectively.
References
1. Kim H, McGrath BM, Silverstone PH: A review of the possible relevance of inositol and the phosphatidylinositol second messenger system (PI-cycle) to psychiatric disorders – focus on magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies.
Hum Psychopharmacol 2005, 20:309-326. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Williams RS, Cheng L, Mudge AW, Harwood AJ: A common mechanism of action for three mood-stabilizing drugs.
Nature 2002, 417:292-295. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Di Daniel E, Cheng L, Maycox PR, Mudge AW: The common inositol-reversible effect of mood stabilizers on neurons does not involve GSK3 inhibition, myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase or the sodium-dependent myo-inositol transporters.
Mol Cell Neurosci 2006, 32:27-36. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Shaltiel G, Shamir A, Shapiro J, Ding D, Dalton E, Bialer M, Harwood AJ, Belmaker RH, Greenberg ML, Agam G: Valproate decreases inositol biosynthesis.
Biol Psychiatry 2004, 56:868-874. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Wong YH, Kalmbach SJ, Hartman BK, Sherman WR: Immunohistochemical staining and enzyme activity measurements show myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase to be localized in the vasculature of brain.
J Neurochem 1987, 48:1434-1442. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Coady MJ, Wallendorff B, Gagnon DG, Lapointe JY: Identification of a novel Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter.
J Biol Chem 2002, 277:35219-35224. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Uldry M, Ibberson M, Horisberger JD, Chatton JY, Riederer BM, Thorens B: Identification of a mammalian H(+)-myo-inositol symporter expressed predominantly in the brain.
EMBO J 2001, 20:4467-4477. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
8. Uldry M, Steiner P, Zurich MG, Beguin P, Hirling H, Dolci W, Thorens B: Regulated exocytosis of an H+/myo-inositol symporter at synapses and growth cones.
EMBO J 2004, 23:531-540. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
9. Skaper SD, Vantini G, Facci L, Leon A: Monosialogangliosides and their action in modulating neuroplastic behaviors of neuronal cells.
Adv Exp Med Biol 1990, 265:197-204. PubMed Abstract
10. Cahoy JD, Emery B, Kaushal A, Foo LC, Zamanian JL, Christopherson KS, Xing Y, Lubischer JL, Krieg PA, Krupenko SA, Thompson WJ, Barres BA: A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes: a new resource for understanding brain development and function.
J Neurosci 2008, 28:264-278. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
11. Atack JR, Cook SM, Watt AP, Fletcher SR, Ragan CI: In vitro and in vivo inhibition of inositol monophosphatase by the bisphosphonate L-690,330.
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Seth Burnley
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Seth Burnley was a member of the Charlottesville Planning Commission in the 1940's. [1]
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References
1. Web. [ Minutes of a Meeting of the Planning Commission of the City of Charlottesville, Held October 20, 1944], Print, City of Charlottesville, retrieved June 12, 2012.
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Brigg, LincolnshireEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
England Lincolnshire Lincolnshire Parishes
Brigg St John the Evangelist Lincolnshire.jpg
Contents
Market-Town and Chapelry History
Brigg St John the Evangelist was formerly a chapel of ease in Broughton, Lincolnshire Ancient Parish.
The church was built in 1842-1843 by W A Nicholson as a replacement for the former chapel of ease and has been designated a grade C listed building by English Heritage. listed building
Brigg (formerly Glanford Brigg) is a market town and was home to the Glanford Brigg Union Workhouse
English Heritage
"GLANDFORD BRIGG or BRIDGE, a market-town and chapelry, and the head of a union, in the parish of Wrawby, S. division of the wapentake of Yarborough, parts of Lindsey, county of Lincoln, 24 miles (N. by E.) from Lincoln, and 153 (N. by W.) from London."[1]
Resources
Civil Registration
This parish was in the Brigg sub-district of the Glanford Brigg registration district Glanford Brigg registration district
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
Church records
Material deposited at Lincolnshire Archives, St Rumbold Street,Lincoln,Lincolnshire,LN2 5AB,England Enquiries: lincolnshire.archives@lincolnshire.gov.uk The website enables you to view a PDF file for all records held for each parish as part of continuing efforts to provide an online catalogue
The digitisation of parish records for the county now offers images via the Lincs to the past website (July 2011). Use advanced search terms at Search Lincs to the past to search for available images for parish registers and other records for this parish with images. Advance search terms Brigg Par 1 will identify available images.
Glanford Bridge
Census records
Census records from 1841-1891 are available on film through a Family History Center or at the Family History Library. The first film number is 438762. To view these census images online, they are available through the following websites for a fee ($) or free:
• FamilySearch has some of the British Censuses available.
• FindMyPast ($) has all available census records including images, and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and some public and academic libraries.
• Ancestry.co.uk ($) has now all available census records but free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and at numerous public and academic libraries. The library versions are known as AncestryInstitution.com.
• The Genealogist.co.uk ($) has all available censuses and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and various other libraries.
• FreeCen is a UK census searches. It is not complete and individuals are always asked to consider helping out with transcriptions.
Poor Law Unions
Glanford Brigg Poor Law Union, Lincolnshire
Probate records
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Lincolnshire Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
Websites
References
1. Lewis, Samuel A., A Topographical Dictionary of England(1848), pp. 294-298.
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Nuix Desktop
From Forensics Wiki
(Redirected from Fbi (tool))
Jump to: navigation, search
Nuix Desktop
Maintainer: Nuix
OS: Windows
Genre: Analysis
License: Commercial
Website: www.nuix.com/Products
Nuix Desktop is the main product provided by Nuix, however there is also a "light weight" version called Proof Finder. Both capable of processing many different formats including:
• EnCase, AccessData and raw dd images.
• HFS+, HFSX, ext2/3/4, NTFS, FAT16/32
• Cellebrite and XRY images
Features
• NTFS deleted file recovery and file carving support for all supported file systems.
• Processing the data produces a full text index that can be quickly searched.
• The ability to extract out several types of "named entities" including email addresses, IP addresses, references to companies and currencies.
• It also provides a network graph to see the communications detected inside the data.
External Links
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
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Forests 2011, 2(1), 51-65; doi:10.3390/f2010051
Article
Food, Paper, Wood, or Energy? Global Trends and Future Swedish Forest Use
Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, SE-101 31 Stockholm, Sweden
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 29 November 2010 / Accepted: 20 December 2010 / Published: 31 December 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Forests)
Download PDF Full-Text [317 KB, uploaded 31 December 2010 12:15 CET]
Abstract: This paper presents a futures study of international forest trends. The study, produced as part of the Swedish Future Forest program, focuses on global changes of importance for future Swedish forest use. It is based on previous international research, policy documents, and 24 interviews with selected key experts and/or actors related to the forest sector, and its findings will provide a basis for future research priorities. The forest sector, here defined as the economic, social, and cultural contributions to life and human welfare derived from forest and forest-based activities, faces major change. Four areas stand out as particularly important: changing energy systems, emerging international climate policies, changing governance systems, and shifting global land use systems. We argue that global developments are, and will be, important for future Swedish forest use. The forest sector is in transition and forest-, energy, climate- and global land use issues are likely to become increasingly intertwined. Therefore, the “forest sector” must be disembedded and approached as an open system in interplay with other systems.
Keywords: forest trends; Sweden; forest use; energy; climate; politics; global land use; futures study
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Beland Lindahl, K.; Westholm, E. Food, Paper, Wood, or Energy? Global Trends and Future Swedish Forest Use. Forests 2011, 2, 51-65.
AMA Style
Beland Lindahl K, Westholm E. Food, Paper, Wood, or Energy? Global Trends and Future Swedish Forest Use. Forests. 2011; 2(1):51-65.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Beland Lindahl, Karin; Westholm, Erik. 2011. "Food, Paper, Wood, or Energy? Global Trends and Future Swedish Forest Use." Forests 2, no. 1: 51-65.
Forests EISSN 1999-4907 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Meeting Minutes – Tech Ops 2011-12-28
Posted by & filed under .
Tech Ops Meeting
Dec 28, 2011
Whole Foods, Greenwich
AGENDA
items taken from https://www.nycga.net/groups/tech/forum/topic/agenda-for-12-28-11-tech-ops-meeting/
1. Report Backs
• occupywallstreet.net
• Content team doubled in size
• Content team is mapping out current info flow
• Having weekly meetings
• Hardware
• First round of purchases arrived at the office – 4 laptops, 6 monitors
• No movement on laptops and internet access for 60 Wall
• TeraDek offers us free hardware hardware
• Voice Services
• Service is running out on Friday
• FGA
• Article in Wired
• Development environment is almost stable
• Server Migration
• NYCGA.net is migrated to Panix
• DNS names are being moved to Gandi
• Occupy.net
• New frontpage is pretty
• Roadmap is almost complete
• Freedom Tower
• New tower was made – Debian server
• Might live at the office til Isaac is back
• tech.nycga.net
• New posts have been added, trying to humanize tech
2. Campus Party Speaker selection http://wiki.occupy.net/wiki/Brasil_-_Campus_Party_Speaker
3. Policies
elaborate deadline and process for implementation, discuss values:
• Terms of Use Policy (website), including Website Personhood Policy
• Privacy Policy (website and phone system)
• Admin Policy
• formulate implementation plan
• Groups policy implementation
4. Hardware Budget
• general discussion of funding models
• voice services
• hardware purchase
5. Listservs – Open source vs. not
6. LastEnding.com Demo
7. New Business
MINUTES
1. Report Backs
• Hardware
• Teradeck is giving Techops and Media maybe a dozen free bonding units (5K value per unit) and is being excessively cooperative.
• In total mintues, OWS has domintated totals. Larger than the Olympics.
• Talking about using Livestream’s data centers as part of our infrastructure.
• Matt had previous working relationship with Angel.com and knew their API, which allowed us to quickstart voice functionality. This includes automated event reports, twitter feeds and more at NYCGA-411 via text-to-speach. It is a short-term solution until we go open source.
• FGA
• Searchable directory of occupations is nearly done and will be up sometimes next week
• Users can manage own listing
• Half way done with dev environment
• Need UX people, have lots of engineers and Drupal talent on board
Is this meeting happening right now?
2. Campus Party
• Andrew, Charles, Devin, Liza, Matt presented
• Blind voting – Outcome
• OUTCOME: Charles received most votes
3. Policies
• Should reach out to other working groups vested in the
• We should extract pieces from existing policies
• Ben Yee used to work for NY State Senate
• Site’s terms of use could be Creative Commons.
• Approach to Developing
• List of policies we like
• http://www.penny-arcade.com/ (where are these policies/terms?)
• List of issues to address
• Groups to involve in policy
• Liza: Cross-group communication is an issue
• Legal
• Town Planning
• OUTCOME: Charles will spearhead for Wednesday meeting
4. Hardware Budget Proposal
• We don’t really have a budget
• Rackspace SLA will be ending soon
• Panix will be donating until end of March
• From a service perspective, we’re pretty well covered
• There is a spreadsheet of all our expenses (where?)
• Separate out 1) Voice (855-NYCGA-411), 2) Servers and 3) Monthly
• Voice will be cut off on Friday
• Upfront (Capital)
• $1,500 or $2,500 (50K minutes) – Voice (depending on # of minutes)
• $2,500 – Hardware (2 servers)
• Monthly (Operational)
• $250 – Hosting
• 4 X $150 – Data
• Total: $1000
• OUTCOME: Liza to will draft proposal and post by Saturday
• Present to GA Tuesday
• Posted by Monday
ITEMS NOT ADDRESSED
5. Listservs – Open source vs. not
6. LastEnding.com Demo
7. New Business
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8.
When Hercules had been translated to the gods, his sons fled from Eurystheus and came to Ceyx.1 But when Eurystheus demanded their surrender and threatened war, they were afraid, and, quitting Trachis, fled through Greece. Being pursued, they came to Athens, and sitting down on the altar of Mercy, claimed protection.2 Refusing to surrender them, the Athenians bore the brunt of war with Eurystheus, and slew his sons, Alexander, Iphimedon, Eurybius, Mentor and Perimedes. Eurystheus himself fled in a chariot, but was pursued and slain by Hyllus just as he was driving past the Scironian cliffs; and Hyllus cut off his head and gave it to Alcmena; and she gouged out his eyes with weaving-pins.3 [2]
After Eurystheus had perished, the Heraclids came to attack Peloponnese and they captured all the cities.4 When a year had elapsed from their return, a plague visited the whole of Peloponnese; and an oracle declared that this happened on account of the Heraclids, because they had returned before the proper time. Hence they quitted Peloponnese and retired to Marathon and dwelt there.5 Now before they came out of Peloponnese, Tlepolemus had killed Licymnius inadvertently; for while he was beating a servant with his stick Licymnius ran in between; so he fled with not a few, and came to Rhodes, and dwelt there.6 But Hyllus married Iole according to his father's commands, and sought to effect the return of the Heraclids. So he went to Delphi and inquired how they should return; and the god said that they should await the third crop before returning. But Hyllus supposed that the third crop signified three years; and having waited that time he returned with his army7 ... of Hercules to Peloponnese, when Tisamenus, son of Orestes, was reigning over the Peloponnesians.8 And in another battle the Peloponnesians were victorious, and Aristomachus9 was slain. But when the sons of Cleodaeus10 were grown to man's estate, they inquired of the oracle concerning their return. And the god having given the same answer as before, Temenus blamed him, saying that when they had obeyed the oracle they had been unfortunate. But the god retorted that they were themselves to blame for their misfortunes, for they did not understand the oracles, seeing that by “ the third crop” he meant, not a crop of the earth, but a crop of a generation, and that by the narrows he meant the broad-bellied sea on the right of the Isthmus.11 On hearing that, Temenus made ready the army and built ships in Locris where the place is now named Naupactus from that.12 While the army was there, Aristodemus was killed by a thunderbolt,13 leaving twin sons, Eurysthenes and Procles, by Argia, daughter of Autesion.14 [3] And it chanced that a calamity also befell the army at Naupactus. For there appeared to them a soothsayer reciting oracles in a fine frenzy, whom they took for a magician sent by the Peloponnesians to be the ruin of the army. So Hippotes, son of Phylas, son of Antiochus, son of Hercules, threw a javelin at him, and hit and killed him.15 In consequence of that, the naval force perished with the destruction of the fleet, and the land force suffered from famine, and the army disbanded. When Temenus inquired of the oracle concerning this calamity, the god said that these things were done by the soothsayer16 and he ordered him to banish the slayer for ten years and to take for his guide the Three-Eyed One. So they banished Hippotes, and sought for the Three-Eyed One.17 And they chanced to light on Oxylus, son of Andraemon, a man sitting on a one-eyed horse （ its other eye having been knocked out with an arrow）; for he had fled to Elis on account of a murder, and was now returning from there to Aetolia after the lapse of a year.18 So guessing the purport of the oracle, they made him their guide. And having engaged the enemy they got the better of him both by land and sea, and slew Tisamenus, son of Orestes.19 Their allies, Pamphylus and Dymas, the sons of Aegimius, also fell in the fight. [4]
When they had made themselves masters of Peloponnese, they set up three altars of Paternal Zeus, and sacrificed upon them, and cast lots for the cities. So the first drawing was for Argos, the second for Lacedaemon, and the third for Messene. And they brought a pitcher of water, and resolved that each should cast in a lot. Now Temenus and the two sons of Aristodemus, Procles and Eurysthenes, threw stones; but Cresphontes, wishing to have Messene allotted to him, threw in a clod of earth. As the clod was dissolved in the water, it could not be but that the other two lots should turn up. The lot of Temenus having been drawn first, and that of the sons of Aristodemus second, Cresphontes got Messene.20 [5] And on the altars on which they sacrificed they found signs lying: for they who got Argos by the lot found a toad; those who got Lacedaemon found a serpent; and those who got Messene found a fox.21 As to these signs the seers said that those who found the toad had better stay in the city （ seeing that the animal has no strength when it walks）; that those who found the serpent would be terrible in attack, and that those who found the fox would be wily.
Now Temenus, passing over his sons Agelaus, Eurypylus, and Callias, favoured his daughter Hyrnetho and her husband Deiphontes; hence his sons hired some fellows to murder their father.22 On the perpetration of the murder the army decided that the kingdom belonged to Hyrnetho23 and Deiphontes. Cresphontes had not long reigned over Messene when he was murdered with two of his sons;24 and Polyphontes, one of the true Heraclids, came to the throne and took to wife, against her will, Merope, the wife of the murdered man.25 But he too was slain. For Merope had a third son, called Aepytus, whom she gave to her own father to bring up. When he was come to manhood he secretly returned, killed Polyphontes, and recovered the kingdom of his fathers.26
1 Ceyx, king of Trachis, who had given shelter and hospitality to Herakles. See above, Apollod. 2.7.7. Compare Diod. 4.57, who agrees with Apollodorus as to the threats of Eurystheus and the consequent flight of the children of Herakles from Trachis to Athens. According to Hecataeus, quoted by Longinus, De sublimitate 27, king Ceyx ordered them out of the country, pleading his powerlessness to protect them. Compare Paus. 1.32.6.
2 Compare Scholiast on Aristoph. Kn. 1151, who mentions that the Heraclids took refuge at the altar of Mercy. As to the altar of Mercy see below, Apollod. 3.7.1 note. Apollodorus has omitted a famous episode in the war which the Athenians waged with the Argives in defence of the children of Herakles. An oracle having declared that victory would rest with the Athenians if a highborn maiden were sacrificed to Persephone, a voluntary victim was found in the person of Macaria, daughter of Herakles, who gave herself freely to die for Athens. See Eur. Heraclid. 406ff.; Eur. Heraclid. 488ff.; Paus. 1.32.6; Zenobius, Cent. ii.61; Timaeus, Lexicon, s.v. Βάλλ᾽ εἰς μακαρίαν; Scholiast on Plat. Hipp. Maj. 293a; Scholiast on Aristoph. Kn. 1151. The protection afforded by Athens to the suppliant Heraclids was a subject of patriotic pride to the Athenians. See Lys. 2.11-16; Isoc. 4.15, 16. The story was told by Pherecydes, who represented Demophon, son of Theseus, as the protector of the Heraclids at Athens. See Ant. Lib. 33. In this he may have been followed by Euripides, who in his play on the subject introduces Demophon as king of Athens and champion of the Heraclids （Eur. Heraclid. 111ff.）. But, according to Paus. 1.32.6, it was not Demophon but his father Theseus who received the refugees and declined to surrender them to Eurystheus
3 Traditions varied concerning the death and burial of Eurystheus. Diod. 4.57.6, in agreement with Apollodorus, says that all the sons of Eurystheus were slain in the battle, and that the king himself, fleeing in his chariot, was killed by Hyllus, son of Herakles. According to Paus. 1.44.9, the tomb of Eurystheus was near the Scironian Rocks, where he had been killed by Iolaus （not Hyllus） as he was fleeing home after the battle. According to Euripides, he was captured by Iolaus at the Scironian Rocks and carried a prisoner to Alcmena, who ordered him to execution, although the Athenians interceded for his life; and his body was buried before the sanctuary of Athena at Pallene, an Attic township situated between Athens and Marathon. See Eur. Heraclid. 843ff.; Eur. Heraclid. 928ff.; Eur. Heraclid. 1030ff. According to Strab. 8.6.19, Eurystheus marched against the Heraclids and Iolaus at Marathon; he fell in the battle, and his body was buried at Gargettus, but his head was cut off and buried separately in Tricorythus, under the high road, at the spring Macaria, and the place was hence called “the Head of Eurystheus.” Thus Strabo lays the scene of the battle and of the death of Eurystheus at Marathon. From Paus. 1.32.6 we know that the spring Macaria, named after the heroine who sacrificed herself to gain the victory for the Heraclids, was at Marathon. The name seems to have been applied to the powerful subterranean springs which form a great marsh at the northern end of the plain of Marathon. The ancient high road, under which the head of Eurystheus was buried, and of which traces existed down to modern times, here ran between the marsh on the one hand and the steep slope of the mountain on the other. At the northern end of the narrow defile thus formed by the marsh and the mountain stands the modern village of Kato-Souli, which is proved by inscriptions to have occupied the site of the ancient Tricorythus. See W. M. Leake, The Demi of Athens, 2nd ed. （London, 1841）, pp. 95ff., and Frazer, commentary on Pausanias, vol. ii. pp. 432, 439ff. But Pallene, at or near which, according to Euripides, the body of Eurystheus was buried, lay some eighteen miles or so away at the northern foot of Mount Hymettus, in the gap which divides the high and steep mountains of Pentelicus and Hymettus from each other. That gap, forming the only gateway into the plain of Athens from the north east, was strategically very important, and hence was naturally the scene of various battles, legendary or historical. Gargettus, where, according to Strabo, confirmed by Hesychius and Stephanus Byzantius （s.v. Γαργηττός）, the headless trunk of Eurystheus was interred, seems to have lain on the opposite side of the gap, near the foot of Pentelicus, where a small modern village, Garito, apparently preserves the ancient name. See W. M. Leake, op. cit. pp. 26ff., 44-47; Karten von Attika, Erläuternder Text, Heft II. von A. Milchhoefer （Berlin, 1883）, pp. 35 （who differs as to the site of Gargettus）; Guides-Joanne, Grèce, par B. Haussoullier, i. （Paris, 1896）, pp. 204ff. Thus the statements of Euripides and Strabo about the place where the body of Eurystheus was buried may be reconciled if we suppose that it was interred at Gargettus facing over against Pallene, which lay on the opposite or southern side of the gap between Pentelicus and Hymettus. For the battles said to have been fought at various times in this important pass, see Hdt. 1.62ff.; Aristot. Ath. Pol. 15, with Sir J. E. Sandys's note; Plut. Thes. 13; Scholiast on Eur. Hipp. 35. The statement of Apollodorus that Hyllus killed Eurystheus and brought his head to Alcmena, who gouged out his eyes with weaving-pins, is repeated by Zenobius, Cent. ii.61, who probably here, as so often, simply copied our author without acknowledgment. According to Pind. P. 9.79(137)ff., （with the Scholia）, the slayer of Eurystheus was not Hyllus but Iolaus; and this seems to have been the common tradition. Can we explain the curious tradition that the severed head and body of the foeman Eurystheus were buried separately many miles apart, and both of them in passes strategically important? According to Eur. Heraclid. 1026ff., Eurystheus, before being killed by the order of Alcmena, announced to the Athenians that, in gratitude for their merciful, though fruitless, intercession with Alcmena, he would still, after his death, lying beneath the sod, be a friend and saviour to Athens, but a stern foe to the descendants of the Heraclids—that is, to the Argives and Spartans, both of whom traced the blood of their kings to Herakles. Further, he bade the Athenians not to pour libations or shed blood on his grave, for even without such offerings he would in death benefit them and injure their enemies, whom he would drive home, defeated, from the borders of Attica. From this it would seem that the ghost of Eurystheus was supposed to guard Attica against invasion; hence we can understand why his body should be divided in two and the severed parts buried in different passes by which enemies might march into the country, because in this way the ghost might reasonably be expected to do double duty as a sentinel or spiritual outpost in two important places at the same time. Similarly the dead Oedipus in his grave at Athens was believed to protect the country and ensure its welfare. See Soph. OC 576ff.; Soph. OC 1518-1534; Soph. OC 1760-1765; Aristides, Or. xlvi. vol. ii. p. 230, ed. G. Dindorf. So Orestes, in gratitude for his acquittal at Athens, is represented by Aeschylus as promising that even when he is in his grave he will prevent any Argive leader from marching against Attica. See Aesch. Eum. 732(762)ff. And Euripides makes Hector declare that the foreigners who had fought in defence of Troy were “no small security to the city” even when “they had fallen and were lying in their heaped-up graves.” See Eur. Rh. 413-415. These examples show that in the opinion of the Greeks the ghosts even of foreigners could serve as guardian spirits of a country to which they were attached by ties of gratitude or affection; for in each of the cases I have cited the dead man who was thought to protect either Attica or Troy was a stranger from a strange land. Some of the Scythians in antiquity used to cut off the heads of their enemies and stick them on poles over the chimneys of their houses, where the skulls were supposed to act as watchmen or guardians, perhaps by repelling any foul fiends that might attempt to enter the dwelling by coming down the chimney. See Hdt. 4.103. So tribes in Borneo, who make a practice of cutting off the heads of their enemies and garnishing their houses with these trophies, imagine that they can propitiate the spirits of their dead foes and convert them into friends and protectors by addressing the skulls in endearing language and offering them food. See Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild, i.294ff. The references in Greek legend to men who habitually relieved strangers of their heads, which they added to their collection of skulls, may point to the former existence among the Greeks of a practice of collecting human skulls for the purpose of securing the ghostly protection of their late owners. See notes on Apollod. 2.5.11 （Antaeus）, Apollod. 2.7.7 （Cycnus）. Compare Apollod. E.2.5 （Oenomaus）; note on Apollod. 1.7.8 （Evenus）.
4 For the first attempted invasion of the Peloponnese by the Heraclids or sons of Herakles, see Diod. 4.58.1-4. The invasion is commonly spoken of as a return, because, though their father Herakles had been born at Thebes in Boeotia, he regarded Mycenae and Tiryns, the kingdom of his forefathers, as his true home. The word （κάθοδος） here employed by Apollodorus is regularly applied by Greek writers to the return of exiles from banishment, and in particular to the return of the Heraclids. See, for example, Strab. 8.3.30, Strab. 8.4.1, Strab. 8.5.5, Strab. 8.6.10, Strab. 8.7.1, Strab. 8.8.5, Strab. 9.1.7, Strab. 10.2.6, Strab. 13.1.3, Strab. 14.2.6; Paus. 4.3.3; Paus. 5.6.3. The corresponding verbs, κατέρχεσθαι, “to return from exile,” and κατάγειν, “to bring back from exile,” are both used by Apollodorus in these senses. See Apollod. 2.7.2-3; Apollod. 2.8.2 and Apollod. 2.8.5; Apollod. 3.10.5. The final return of the Heraclids, in conjunction with the Dorians, to the Peloponnese is dated by Thuc. 1.12.3 in the eightieth year after the capture of Troy; according to Paus. 4.3.3, it occurred two generations after that event, which tallies fairly with the estimate of Thucydides. Velleius Paterculus i.2.1 agrees with Thucydides as to the date, and adds for our further satisfaction that the return took place one hundred and twenty years after Herakles had been promoted to the rank of deity.
5 Diodorus Siculus says nothing of this return of the Heraclids to Attica after the plague, but he records （Diod. 4.58.3ff.） that, after their defeat and the death of Hyllus at the Isthmus, they retired to Tricorythus and stayed there for fifty years. We have seen （above, p. 278, note on Apollod. 2.8.1） that Tricorythus was situated at the northern end of the plain of Marathon.
6 For the homicide and exile of Tlepolemus, see Hom. Il. 2.653-670, with the Scholiast on Hom. Il. 662; Pind. O. 7.27(50)ff.; Strab. 14.2.6; Diod. 4.58.7ff. According to Pindar, the homicide was apparently not accidental, but committed in a fit of anger with a staff of olive-wood.
7 He was met by a Peloponnesian army at the Isthmus of Corinth and there defeated and slain in single combat by Echemus, king of Tegea. Then, in virtue of a treaty which they had concluded with their adversaries, the Heraclids retreated to Attica and did not attempt the invasion of Peloponnese again for fifty years. See Diod. 4.58.1-5; Paus. 8.5.1. These events may have been recorded by Apollodorus in the lacuna which follows.
8 Pausanias at first dated the return of the Heraclids in the reign of this king （Paus. 2.18.7, Paus. 3.1.5; compare Apollod. 4.3.3）, but he afterwards retracted this opinion （Apollod. 8.5.1）.
9 This Aristomachus was a son of Cleodaeus （Paus. 2.7.6）, who was a son of Hyllus （Paus. 3.15.10）, who was a son of Herakles （Paus. 1.35.8）. Aristomachus was the father of Aristodemus, Temenus, and Cresphontes （Paus. 2.18.7, Paus. 8.5.6）, of whom Temenus and Cresphontes led the Heraclids and Dorians in their final invasion and conquest of PeloponnesePaus. 2.18.7, Paus. 5.3.5ff., Paus. 5.4.1, Paus. 8.5.6, Paus. 10.38.10）. Compare Hdt. 6.52, who indicates the descent of Aristodemus from Herakles concisely by speaking of “Aristodemus, the son of Aristomachus, the son of Cleodaeus, the son of Hyllus.” Thus, according to the traditional genealogy, the conquerors of the Peloponnese were great-grandsons of Herakles. With regard to Aristomachus, the father of the conquerors, Pausanias says （Paus. 2.7.6） that he missed his chance of returning to Peloponnese through mistaking the meaning of the oracle. The reference seems to be to the oracle about “the narrows,” which is reported by Apollodorus (see below, note 2.8.2.h).
10 As Heyne pointed out, the name Cleodaeus here is almost certainly wrong, whether we suppose the mistake to have been made by Apollodorus himself or by a copyist. For Cleodaeus was the father of Aristomachus, whose death in battle Apollodorus has just recorded; and, as the sequel clearly proves, the reference is here not to the brothers but to the sons of Aristomachus, namely, Temenus and Cresphontes, the conquerors of the Peloponnese. Compare the preceding note.
11 The oracle was recorded and derided by the cynical philosopher Oenomaus, who, having been deceived by what purported to be a revelation of the deity, made it his business to expose the whole oracular machinery to the ridicule and contempt of the public. This he did in a work entitled On Oracles, or the Exposure of Quacks, of which Eusebius has preserved some extracts. From one of these （Eusebius, v.20） we learn that when Aristomachus applied to the oracle, he was answered, “The gods declare victory to thee by the way of the narrows” （Νίκην σοι φαίνουσι θεοὶ δι᾽ ὁδοῖο στενύγρων）. This the inquirer understood to mean “by the Isthmus of Corinth,” and on that understanding the Heraclids attempted to enter Peloponnese by the Isthmus, but were defeated. Being taxed with deception, the god explained that when he said “the narrows” he really meant “the broads,” that is, the sea at the mouth of the Gulf of Corinth. Compare K. O. Müller, Die Dorier(2), i.58ff., who would restore the “retort courteous” of the oracle in two iambic lines as follows:“ γενεᾶς γάρ, οὐ γῆς καρπὸν ἐξεῖπον τρίτον
καὶ τὴν στενυγρὰν αὖ τὸν εὐρυγάστορα
ἔχοντα κατὰ τὸν Ἰσθμὸν δεξιάν.
12 Naupactus means “ship-built.” Compare Strab. 9.4.7; Paus. 4.26.1; Paus. 10.38.10.
13 Aristodemus was a son of Aristomachus and brother of Temenus and Cresphontes, the conquerors of the PeloponnesePaus. 2.18.7）. Some said he was shot by Apollo at Delphi for not consulting the oracle, but others said he was murdered by the children of Pylades and Electra （Paus. 3.1.6）. Apollodorus clearly adopts the former of these two accounts; the rationalistic Pausanias preferred the latter.
14 Compare Hdt. 6.52.
15 The soothsayer was Carnus, an Acarnanian; the Dorians continued to propitiate the soul of the murdered seer after his death. See Paus. 3.13.4; Conon 26; Scholiast on Theocritus v.83.
16 That is, by the angry spirit of the murdered man.
17 With this and what follows compare Paus. 5.3.5ff.; Suidas, s.v. Τριόφθαλμος; and as to Oxylus, compare Strab. 8.3.33. Pausanias calls Oxylus the son of Haemon.
18 The homicide is said to have been accidental; according to one account, the victim was the homicide's brother. See Paus. 5.3.7. As to the banishment of a murderer for a year, see note on Apollod. 2.5.11.
19 Pausanias gives a different account of the death of Tisamenus. He says that, being expelled from Lacedaemon and Argos by the returning Heraclids, king Tisamenus led an army to Achaia and there fell in a battle with the Ionians, who then inhabited that district of Greece. See Paus. 2.18.8, Paus. 7.1.7ff.
20 As to the drawing of the lots, and the stratagem by which Cresphontes secured Messenia for himself, see Polyaenus, Strateg. i.6; Paus. 4.3.4ff. Sophocles alludes to the stratagem （Soph. Aj. 1283ff., with the Scholiast on Soph. Aj. 1285）.
21 In the famous paintings by Polygnotus at Delphi, the painter depicted Menelaus, king of Sparta, with the device of a serpent on his shield. See Paus. 10.26.3. The great Messenian hero Aristomenes is said to have escaped by the help of a fox from the pit into which he had been thrown by the Lacedaemonians. See Paus. 4.18.6ff. I do not remember to have met with any evidence, other than that of Apollodorus, as to the association of the toad with Argos.
22 Compare Paus. 2.19.1; Paus. 2.28.2ff., who agrees as to the names of Hyrnetho and her husband Deiphontes, but differs as to the sons of Temenus, whom he calls Cisus, Cerynes, Phalces, and Agraeus.
23 The grave of Hyrnetho was shown at Argos, but she is said to have been accidentally killed by her brother Phalces near Epidaurus, and long afterwards she was worshipped in a sacred grove of olives and other trees on the place of her death. See Paus. 2.23.3; Paus. 2.28.3-7.
24 Compare Paus. 4.3.7.
25 Compare Hyginus, Fab. 137.
26 Compare Paus. 4.3.7ff. （who does not name Polyphontes）; Hyginus, Fab. 184. According to Hyginus, the name of the son of Cresphontes who survived to avenge his father's murder was Telephon. This story of Merope, Aepytus, and Polyphontes is the theme of Matthew Arnold's tragedy Merope, an imitation of the antique.
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• Cross-references to this page (2):
• Cross-references in notes from this page (75):
• Aeschylus, Eumenides, 732
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Epitome, e.2.5
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 1.7.8
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 2.5.11
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 2.7.2
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 2.7.7
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 2.8.1
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 2.8.2
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 2.8.5
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 3.10.5
• Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library, 3.7.1
• Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, 15
• Euripides, Heraclidae, 1026
• Euripides, Heraclidae, 1030
• Euripides, Heraclidae, 111
• Euripides, Heraclidae, 406
• Euripides, Heraclidae, 488
• Euripides, Heraclidae, 843
• Euripides, Heraclidae, 928
• Herodotus, Histories, 1.62
• Herodotus, Histories, 4.103
• Herodotus, Histories, 6.52
• Isocrates, Panegyricus, 15
• Lysias, Funeral Oration, 11
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10.26.3
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10.38.10
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.32.6
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.35.8
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.44.9
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.18.7
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.18.8
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.19.1
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.23.3
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.28.2
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.28.3
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.7.6
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3.13.4
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3.15.10
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3.1.5
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 3.1.6
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 4.18.6
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 4.26.1
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 4.3.3
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 4.3.4
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 4.3.7
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.3.5
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.3.7
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.4.1
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.6.3
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7.1.7
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 8.5.1
• Pausanias, Description of Greece, 8.5.6
• Pindar, Pythian, 9
• Pindar, Olympian, 7
• Sophocles, Ajax, 1283
• Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus, 1760
• Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus, 576
• Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus, 1518
• Strabo, Geography, 8.8.5
• Strabo, Geography, 8.4.1
• Strabo, Geography, 9.1.7
• Thucydides, Histories, 1.12.3
• Homer, Iliad, 2.653
• Euripides, Rhesus, 413
• Strabo, Geography, 10.2.6
• Strabo, Geography, 13.1.3
• Strabo, Geography, 14.2.6
• Strabo, Geography, 8.3.30
• Strabo, Geography, 8.3.33
• Strabo, Geography, 8.5.5
• Strabo, Geography, 8.6.10
• Strabo, Geography, 8.6.19
• Strabo, Geography, 8.7.1
• Strabo, Geography, 9.4.7
• Plutarch, Theseus, 13
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Google's Email, Gmail, Is Now Open To Public
Feb 8, 2007 • 7:45 am | (5) by | Filed Under Other Google Topics
Like I reported at Search Engine Land yesterday, Gmail Now Public Beta, Open To All. That is right, you no longer need an invite to get a Gmail account. Which rocks, people can stop leaving me comments for a Gmail invite (211 comments to be exact). So go to Gmail and sign up without an invite.
Right, it won't cost you $250 for an invite like it once went for on eBay. Oh, it is also not a hoax when it launched on April 1, 2004 (April Fools Day), it was real and no hoax.
Forum discussion at DigitalPoint Forums and WebmasterWorld.
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
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Place:Webster, Louisiana, United States
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source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Webster Parish (French: Paroisse de Webster) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The seat of the parish is Minden. In 2010, the Webster Parish population was officially tabulated as 41,207; the 2011 estimate is 41,288. One in three persons in Webster Parish is African American.
Among the first settlers in Webster Parish was Newett Drew, a native of Virginia, who about 1818 established a grist mill at the former Overton community near Minden. At this time the area was Natchitoches Parish and later Overton became the Parish Seat of Claiborne Parish in 1836 until it moved in 1848. His son, Richard Maxwell Drew was born in Overton and served as a district judge state representative prior to his death in 1850 at the age of twenty-eight. R. M. Drew's descendants held judicial or legislative positions in Webster Parish as well, Richard Cleveland Drew, Harmon Caldwell Drew, R. Harmon Drew, Sr., and Harmon Drew, Jr.
The parish is named for 19th-century American statesman Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. It was created on February 27, 1871 from lands formerly belonging to Bienville, Bossier, and Claiborne parishes.
Webster Parish is part of the Minden Micropolitan Statistical Area as well as the ShreveportBossier City–Minden Combined Statistical Area.
Contents
Timeline
Date Event Source
1871 County formed Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1871 Court records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1871 Land records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1871 Marriage records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1871 Probate records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1880 First census Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
1880 No significant boundary changes after this year Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
Population History
source: Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
Census Year Population
1880 10,005
1890 12,466
1900 15,125
1910 19,186
1920 24,707
1930 29,458
1940 33,676
1950 35,704
1960 39,701
1970 39,939
1980 43,631
1990 41,989
Research Tips
External links
www.rootsweb.com/~lawebste/
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Webster Parish, Louisiana. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Concealed conduction
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Definitions of conduction abnormalities
Aberrant conduction
Cardiac conduction through pathways not normally conducting cardiac impulses, particularly through ventricular tissue.
Anterograde conduction
Transmission of a cardiac impulse in the normal direction, from the sinus node to the ventricles, particularly forward conduction through the atrioventricular node.
Concealed conduction
Incomplete penetration of a propagating impulse through the cardiac conducting system such that electrocardiograms reveal no evidence of transmission but the behavior of one or more subsequent impulses is somehow affected. A common example would be an interpolated PVC (a type of premature ventricular contraction) during normal sinus rhythm; the PVC does not cause an atrial contraction, because the retrograde impulse from the PVC does not completely penetrate the AV node. However, this AV node stimulation (which is not visible on EKG by itself, hence "concealed") can cause a delay in subsequent AV conduction by modifying the AV node's subsequent conduction characteristics. Hence, the P-R interval after the PVC is longer than the baseline P-R interval.
Another variation on this concept is seen in atrial flutter. As a result of the rapid atrial rate, some of the atrial activity fails to get through the AV node in an antegrade direction but can alter the rate at which a subsequent atrial impulse is conducted. In this circumstance, an alteration in the F-wave to QRS relationship is seen.
Concealed retrograde conduction
Retrograde conduction blocked in the atrioventricular node; it does not produce an extra P wave but leaves the node refractory to the next normal sinus beat.
Retrograde conduction
transmission of a cardiac impulse backward in the ventricular to atrial direction, particularly conduction from the atrioventricular node into the atria.
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