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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
June 23, 2006
Google Maps + YouTube = Video Map
On Virtual Video Map you can view videos from different corners of the world. The map looks pretty crowded, so you can zoom in to focus on a country or a region. Click on a red balloon and play a video from that country: some videos are touristic, other videos are just funny. You can even find music videos.
Related:
Google Maps + Photos = Panoramia
Free premium videos on Google Video
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Another Fine Mess Assessment's Gotten Us Into: Inheriting the Gooey, Slimy, Delicious Mess of Qualitative Assessment
Marjorie Stewart
Abstract
The questions that needed to be asked about our students’ writing emerged during the process of discussing the first batch of portfolios. Again, this echoes Broad’s experience. He writes, “From the standpoint of qualitative methods, this late blooming is a good thing because it means this research question could not have inappropriately guided decisions I made in collecting data” (24). Again, the quantitative approach that had been used in the past would not have lead us to the central issues that we needed–and still need–to address.
Keywords
writing; composition and rhetoric; assessment; qualitative
Full Text: PDF PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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East vs. West? More like East and West
Yesha Y Sivan
Abstract
East vs. West? More like East and West. There is a lot the West and the East can learn from each other. Virtual worlds are perhaps one of the best examples. China, Korea and Japan all present different approaches to virtual life. Technical and social norms reshape each other. These unique Asian perspectives about virtual worlds were the seed for this issue.
The second part of this note list the next JVWR issues and events.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
The full website for the Journal of Virtual Worlds Research can be found at: http://jvwresearch.org
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May 132012
Even this year I was in Bolzano (Italy) for the annual conference organized by Wuerth-Phoenix on Monitoring with Open Source products.
I found the conference very interesting, with speakers from around the world that have described several open source products and best practices on monitoring but also on configuration and management tools. A big surprise for me has been the strong push for alternatives softwares to Nagios for monitoring in particular Shinken and Icinga have received many praise.
But before I give some more details about the presentations a few words about the company that has hosted about 400 people in their, free of charge, event, Wuerth-Phoenix manufactures and markets an appliance called NetEye, within there are many Open source products including:
Nagios Core, with many preinstalled plugins, Cacti, ocsinventory, GLPI, NfSen, Nedi, and DocuWiki the highest level version has also OTRS, all these software are integrated with some web management interface developed by Wuerth-Phoenix itself. Continue reading »
Feb 192011
A fundamental item for those who work according to ITIL best practices is definitely CMDB.
A configuration management database (CMDB) is a repository of information related to all the components of an information system. Although repositories similar to CMDBs have been used by IT departments for many years, the term CMDB stems from ITIL. In the ITIL context, a CMDB represents the authorized configuration of the significant components of the IT environment. A CMDB helps an organization understand the relationships between these components and track their configuration.
There are many commercial products that offer solutions that should cover every aspect of a company, but than you discover that these software are huge, difficult to manage and impossible to use and customize without the help of a consultant.
That is why today I will propose some open source software for create your CMDB. Continue reading »
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: [tdf-discuss] QA Infrastructure
Andrea Pescetti, 09-10-2010 04:48:
Caio Tiago Oliveira wrote:
Per Eriksson, what do you need on the server to run QATrack?
I don'tspeak for Per, but until I maintained it QATrack was a rather
standard LAMP application and, as far as I could see,this is still the
case. But Andre' already clarified that qatrack.services.openoffice.org,
the current instance of QATrack, is on community-run servers and that a
fresh installation wouldn't be problematic.
Could someone contact them to know whether they will actually cooperate?
--
To unsubscribe, e-mail to discuss+help@documentfoundation.org
All messages you send to this list will be publicly archived and cannot be deleted.
List archives are available at http://www.documentfoundation.org/lists/discuss/
Follow-Ups:
Re: [tdf-discuss] QA InfrastructureFlorian Effenberger <floeff@documentfoundation.org>
References:
[tdf-discuss] QA InfrastructureThorsten Behrens <thb@documentfoundation.org>
Re: [tdf-discuss] QA InfrastructureAndrea Pescetti <pescetti@openoffice.org>
Re: [tdf-discuss] QA InfrastructureCaio Tiago Oliveira <caiot1@gmail.com>
Re: [tdf-discuss] QA InfrastructureThorsten Behrens <thb@documentfoundation.org>
Re: [tdf-discuss] QA InfrastructureCaio Tiago Oliveira <caiot1@gmail.com>
Re: [tdf-discuss] QA InfrastructureAndrea Pescetti <pescetti@openoffice.org>
Privacy Policy | Impressum (Legal Info) | Copyright information: Unless otherwise specified, all text and images on this website are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License. This does not include the source code of LibreOffice, which is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPLv3). "LibreOffice" and "The Document Foundation" are registered trademarks of their corresponding registered owners or are in actual use as trademarks in one or more countries. Their respective logos and icons are also subject to international copyright laws. Use thereof is explained in our trademark policy.
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Choosing a Virtual World Platform for Teaching: “VICERO” - A Scoring Model Aiding the Right Choice
Kai Erenli
Abstract
When asking which Virtual World to use for educational purposes, people most often want to hear a one- sentence answer. Frequently the question leads to a discussion that can be compared to a debate about religion: you cannot be too sure which side you will choose but you are easily doomed from the beginning if you pick the wrong side (or in this case, platform).
To help educators pick the right Virtual World platform we have developed a Scoring Model and Criteria Catalogue which support choosing the most suitable platform for teaching purposes. Educators can use the Scoring Model to rate the criteria based on their respective demand. The Scoring Model will then suggest a Virtual World platform from a “long list” and instruct the educator how to install/use/maintain the platform. Thus educators will not be left alone with their choice and will get a motivational hint where to start and where to seek support. The “long list” is monitored and updated regularly so that selections are always up-to-date.
Keywords
Virtual Worlds, VICERO,
Full Text:
PDF
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3991%2Fijac.v5i3.2192
International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning. ISSN: 1867-5565
Indexing:
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User:Etienne Robillard/Notebook/Arylcyclohexylamines
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(N-substituted psychotropic alkylamines derivatives implicated in organic synthesis of orthogonal phosphoramides)
(References)
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* Reference 1
* Reference 1
* Reference 2
* Reference 2
-
* US patents :
+
* 4-(trans)-N-substituted arylcyclohexylamines derived compounds : US5622916, US5032616, US4073942, US4113777,US4312861, US3536713, US3336308, US6071966, US5270340, US4595759
-
** 4-substituted Arylcyclohexylamines derived compounds :
+
* Substituted cyclohexylaminopyrimidines derivatives: [http://www.google.com/patents/US6197729 US6197729], US6683027
-
*** US5622916, US5032616, US4073942, US4113777,US4312861, US3536713, US3336308, US6071966, US5270340, US4595759
+
== Glossary ==
== Glossary ==
Revision as of 08:12, 8 January 2013
Contents
Introduction
Methylphenidate (trademark Ritalin) HCl is a piperidine derived synthetic drug prescribed in the treatment of schizophrenia and autistic disorders to childrens with chronic ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) symptoms.
The purpose of this document is to investigate the whys and wherefores of Agent Scooby Doo in the product of cyclohexylamine induced reactions by comparitive study of psychotropic alkylamines drugs including Methylphenidate and Arylacetonitriles-derived alkylating solvents and their combined effects on human NMDA receptor.
Also the study of PCP derived piperidine analog compounds will be beneficial in the proper understanding of synthetic drug abuses and to prevent future disasters by chemical aerosol spraying prohibition and legislation.
Psychotropic alkylamines
Cyclohexylamines, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Methylphenidate compound is synthetically comparable to amphetamine-class drug (cocaine), by functioning as a long-term dopamine regulator, however its long-term effects on the developmental area of the brain is controversed and poorly understood by the scientific community. [1]
Moreover, chronic Ritalin use may in addition elevate the risks of amphetamine-induced psychosis, a notable side-effect in chronic amphetamine users. Overmedication with amphetamine-type drug is thus an additional concern to assess in the psychotherapy of childrens with amphetamine-like drugs. [2]
Amphetamine-induced psychosis may implicate as well severe hallucinations and other landmarks of long-term drug abuses including altered state of behavior, paranoia, and depression.
N-substituted psychotropic alkylamines derivatives implicated in organic synthesis of orthogonal phosphoramides
• See also:
• Keywords:
• cyanoethylation,arylcyclohexylamine,phosphoramidate,succinic acid,arynes
4,7-dichloroquinoline
See also
Dedication
This page is dedicated to victims of Sandy Hook mass murder which occured on December 14 2012. May our creator give recomfort to the victims of theses uncivilised murdering acts and theses tragedies never be forgotten to identify and resolve the problems in our own life which leaded to such horror scenes. -Etienne Robillard 09:50, 20 December 2012 (EST)
References
• Reference 1
• Reference 2
• 4-(trans)-N-substituted arylcyclohexylamines derived compounds : US5622916, US5032616, US4073942, US4113777,US4312861, US3536713, US3336308, US6071966, US5270340, US4595759
• Substituted cyclohexylaminopyrimidines derivatives: US6197729, US6683027
Glossary
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Is it possible that I am not alone in believing that in the dispute between Galileo and the Church, the Church was right and the center of man's universe is the earth? Vizinczey, Stephen
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Art is the only thing that can go on mattering, once it has stopped hurting. Bowen, Elizabeth
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Conceit is incompatible with understanding. Tolstoy, Count Leo
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Irreducible complexity
From RationalWiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Goddidit!
Creationism
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Science
Random articles
Irreducible complexity is a concept popularized by Michael Behe in his 1996 book Darwin's Black Box to support intelligent design. Intelligent design pushers argue that while some systems and organs can be explained by evolution, those that are irreducibly complex cannot, and therefore an intelligent designer must be responsible.[1]
Irreducible complexity stems from the claim that some biological systems appear to be too complex to have arisen by natural selection. Specifically, it argues that if you take a part away from an organism and it stops functioning (analogous to taking the engine out of a car) then it must be irreducibly complex and cannot have evolved. It is one of the main arguments of the Intelligent Design movement.
The concept is considered to be mostly bollocks when applied to evolution because it fails to take into account numerous other pathways that a particular ability can evolve through - it assumes that evolution must go through "additive" processes to achieve its conclusion and this isn't the case. Most evolutionary biologists do not consider it science by any stretch of the imagination because the idea relies on personal incredulity and specific examples are non-falsifiable.
Contents
[edit] Explanations
[edit] "Official"
There is a slightly different definition of "irreducible complexity" related to emergent phenomena in systems theory and computational complexity theory. However, a full explanation of this is beyond the scope of this article.[2] It is believed that Michael Behe has basically taken some of the ideas found within this theory and rehashed it slightly to apply to evolution. Behe's definition is that an irreducibly complex form is:
"composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning"[3]
While surrounded by some fancy words and the language of science, this is just incredulity that the world could arise through naturalistic processes. The argument is no more advanced or "evolved" than William Paley's "Watch Argument" which stated that as a watch looked created, it must have a creator. Essentially, Behe is stating "because I can't see a natural explanation, Goddidit" - this ignores any possibility that a naturalistic explanation or evolutionary pathway will later be discovered.
[edit] Probability Analysis
In calculating the probability for a mutation, one must consider not merely the probability that the mutation will arise, but the number of opportunities for that mutation. So if a mutation has only a one-in-a-million chance of happening, it's still very likely that the mutation will eventually occur if the species has millions of members. So now the question arises: if there are several different mutations under consideration, do we multiply all the probabilities together, and then compare the probability to the number of opportunities, or do we compare each probability to the number of opportunities, and then multiply the adjusted probabilities together? Evolutionary theory suggests that we should generally do the latter;[citation needed] each mutation can arise independently, spread through the population by natural selection, and combine through sexual reproduction (or gene transfer in simpler organisms). Proponents of irreducible complexity assert that in some cases, the individual mutations do not provide any advantage by themselves,[citation needed] and so are not operated on by natural selection, and we must multiply the probability of all of the mutations first before considering the number of opportunities.[citation needed]
[edit] Humor
In a blog post about the Lenski affair, biologist Björn Brembs came up with a hilarious alternative definition[4]:
"I think I have now finally understood what "irreducibly complex" really means: a statement, fact or event so simple it cannot be simplified any further, but still too complex to be grasped by a creationist."
[edit] Explanation from uncyclopedia
An argument that states that because something doesn't work when broken down to its component parts it must be impossible for it to have been developed gradually.
Or something that Michael Behe, after sitting down and thinking for, sometimes, as long as 5 minutes, cannot explain without recourse to an intelligent designer.
[edit] Examples of flawed arguments
Frequently, believers in this philosophy cite the eye as an example of something too complex to have evolved. The argument is frequently presented with a question of the type, "What use is half an eye?". However if the question is recast as "Given a choice, would you prefer to be completely blind or have 50% of your present vision?", then it becomes clear that the question is badly formed, especially when keeping in mind that many species manage to survive with significantly less advanced eyes. Examples include the polychaete worms, which can distinguish between light and dark;[5] the simple eye-cup of the flatworms, for finding the direction of a light source; jellyfish and scallops, with simple eyes for detecting movement;[6] the famous compound eyes of the insects, which can make out simple shapes, and ultimately the sophisticated single-lens eyes of the molluscs and vertebrates.
Another famed and also flawed example is "the watch on the beach." It goes as follows: "if you find a watch on the beach, do you assume it got there by chance, or do you assume it was made by an intelligent designer?" The example is flawed because watches and their parts do not reproduce or mutate. (And if they did, they could be produced by random mutation.[7])
The above arguments are appeals to the common sense of the "Average Joe." Popular support is, however, not part of the scientific method; this can be easily understood when considering that a significant part of the world's population believes in astrology.
Although irreducible complexity is offered as evidence of intelligent design, this conclusion is questionable. Robustness is generally considered to indicate good design, not precariousness. Which parachute would you consider better designed - one which ceased to function if a single part was missing, or one which has a back-up pullcord? Irreducible complexity is at best evidence for crappy design.
Behe also has defined and redefined irreducible complexity:
In response to these demonstrations however, IDC proponents belatedly ‘reinterpret’ their initial claims in order to lift them out of the critic’s reach. A first strategy to this end consists in shifting the burden of proof from plausible evolutionary pathways to the actual evolutionary story, maintaining that the broad outlines of a plausible evolutionary account amounts to nothing more than Darwinian wishful thinking and speculation. The same bait-and-switch technique can be discerned here: IC is constantly boasted as a point of principle for ruling out the possibility of evolutionary explanations, but as soon as it is challenged on that ground, through a discussion of plausible evolutionary scenarios, ID creationists pretend that they were talking about actual evolutionary pathways all along.
When they are confronted with tangible evidence of actual evolutionary history, IDC theorists resort to a second strategy, shifting their design claims to the remaining parts of the evolutionary puzzle, as if the ‘real’ problem was always there. For example, Kenneth Miller (2004) beautifully demonstrated the structural similarities between one component of the flagellum and the so called type III-secretory system. He convincingly argued that the former is a very plausible evolutionary precursor of the latter, which has been co-opted by evolution to perform a new function. In response to this embarrassing demonstration, Behe (2001:689-690) simply shifted his attention to the complexity of the newly discovered system by itself, and at the same time
stubbornly insisted that the assemblage of these precursors into the flagellum system is still impossible without the helping hand of a Designer (Behe, 2004:359).[8]
[edit] How "Irreducibly complex" structures form
One way in which "Irreducibly complex" structures could develop is via a process known as scaffolding, wherein a structure gains in complexity via duplication and mutation of parts, then parts are knocked out via mutations, leaving a structure with no direct linear development from the original, basic structure. Other paths by which irreducibly complex structures may form include cooption of parts from other structures. Both of these can be seen in the case of the bacterial flagellum, which includes many parts taken from a secretory pump.
Another is "function shift" or exaptation, which can also explain how irreducibly complex structures may evolve. During evolution, a feature may shift from one function to another-a classic example is the feathers of a bird. They originally evolved in dinosaurs as a way to keep warm, but birds then evolved to use them for flight. Half a wing might not be useful for flying, but it will still keep you warm. Our arms are another example-they were originally legs, but evolved into arms when we became bipedal.
Additionally, to assert that something is irreducibly complex is to assert that none of the parts could have provided a benefit by themselves. The more parts there are, the more impressive it is that all of them developed; however, this also means that there are more possibilities that have to be eliminated. For instance, if someone claims that there are ten parts to a particular irreducibly complex structure, then there are ten different possibilities for which one developed first. If even just one of them has a use that we are unaware of, then the structure is not irreducibly complex.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] Footnotes
1. http://creationwiki.org/Irreducible_complexity
2. See Wikipedia: Irreducible complexity (Emergence)
3. Micheal Behe - Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution
4. Björn Brembs - I CAN HAZ UR BEKTEERYA?
5. Buchsbaum, R. Animals Without Backbones (Penguin 1958); vol.1, plate 64
6. Scallop eyes
7. Evolution IS a Blind Watchmaker: Video of a clock-'evolving' simulation
8. [1]
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"url": "scienceroll.com/2007/09/15/please-donate-my-dream-is-to-have-my-genome-sequenced/",
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Please Donate: My dream is to have my genome sequenced!
I know I’m not a Craig Venter, Misha Angrist or anybody else in the list of the 10 subjects of the Personal Genome Project (PGP) whose genomes will be sequenced and published, but as I plan to pledge my life to personalized genetics, I’d love to know more about my genetic destiny. So I’ve created this ChipIn widget to try to make my dream come true and of course, any donation would be welcome.
Click here to see the progress…
According to the PGP or Venter, the 1000$ genome is going to be reality somewhen in the next few years. I believe it’s not going to be so easy, that’s why some SNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphism) of mine would be enough to know about. I want to try to prevent some diseases I have elevated risk for (e.g. proper diet in case I have elevated risk for obesity or diabetes). And even I don’t say I would make my genome public, I would like to take part in constructing the future of personalized medicine like that.
If I can raise some money, but can’t have my genome sequenced due to technical reasons, I will donate the whole sum to Genetic Alliance. Anyway at least, I’ve tried it…
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6202.0 - The Labour Force, Australia, Preliminary, Aug 1996
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/09/1996
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• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:1031-038X; Civilian population aged 15 and over classified by sex, labour force status, full-time and part-time status, States and Territories, and, for unemployed, aged 15 to 19 (looking for first job/total), 20 and over.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > News & Media > Media Releases by Release Date
Australians can choose to have census data released in 100 years, Dec 1999
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MEDIA RELEASE
December 17, 1999
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
17/1999
Australians can choose to have census data released in 100 years
The 2001 Census will offer the Australian people a choice of having their names, addresses and Census form information retained by the National Archives of Australia and released for research purposes after 99 years. This was announced today by Minister for Financial Services and Regulation, Joe Hockey.
The Government's decision was welcomed jointly by Australian Statistician, Bill McLennan, and Director-General of the National Archives of Australia, George Nichols.
Mr Nichols said that the 2001 Census has great significance, being the first of the new millennium and will coincide with the Centenary of Federation. The Government's decision will mean that the census information which people have elected to have retained will be available to genealogists, social historians and other researchers in the 22nd Century.
Mr McLennan stated the census will continue to provide a detailed statistical picture of Australia which will be vital to informed decision making in the future.
Names, addresses and census information will only be retained for those householders who explicitly "opt-in". These details will be retained by the National Archives of Australia and released in 99 years.
"A primary role of the Archives is to retain valuable Commonwealth records in a safe and secure environment, so these census records are guaranteed to remain confidential for the next 100 years," Mr Nichols said.
The high levels of cooperation with past censuses indicate that Australian people have always viewed it as very important for shaping the future of their country.
The ABS encourages organisations with online services to link to the site. Please phone us if you need help to do this.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
The carbon starvation response of Aspergillus niger during submerged cultivation: Insights from the transcriptome and secretome
Benjamin M Nitsche1,2*, Thomas R Jørgensen1,3,4, Michiel Akeroyd5, Vera Meyer2,3 and Arthur FJ Ram1,3
Author Affiliations
1 Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
2 Institute of Biotechnology, Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, 13355, Germany
3 Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Delft, PO Box 5057, 2600 GA, The Netherlands
4 Present Address: Novo Nordisk, Protein Expression, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
5 DSM Biotechnology Center, Beijerinck Laboratory, 2600 MA Delft, PO Box 1, The Netherlands
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2012, 13:380 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-380
Published: 8 August 2012
Abstract
Background
Filamentous fungi are confronted with changes and limitations of their carbon source during growth in their natural habitats and during industrial applications. To survive life-threatening starvation conditions, carbon from endogenous resources becomes mobilized to fuel maintenance and self-propagation. Key to understand the underlying cellular processes is the system-wide analysis of fungal starvation responses in a temporal and spatial resolution. The knowledge deduced is important for the development of optimized industrial production processes.
Results
This study describes the physiological, morphological and genome-wide transcriptional changes caused by prolonged carbon starvation during submerged batch cultivation of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Bioreactor cultivation supported highly reproducible growth conditions and monitoring of physiological parameters. Changes in hyphal growth and morphology were analyzed at distinct cultivation phases using automated image analysis. The Affymetrix GeneChip platform was used to establish genome-wide transcriptional profiles for three selected time points during prolonged carbon starvation. Compared to the exponential growth transcriptome, about 50% (7,292) of all genes displayed differential gene expression during at least one of the starvation time points. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology, Pfam domain and KEGG pathway annotations uncovered autophagy and asexual reproduction as major global transcriptional trends. Induced transcription of genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes was accompanied by increased secretion of hydrolases including chitinases, glucanases, proteases and phospholipases as identified by mass spectrometry.
Conclusions
This study is the first system-wide analysis of the carbon starvation response in a filamentous fungus. Morphological, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses identified key events important for fungal survival and their chronology. The dataset obtained forms a comprehensive framework for further elucidation of the interrelation and interplay of the individual cellular events involved.
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Research article
Underestimation of weight and its associated factors among overweight and obese adults in Pakistan: a cross sectional study
Seema Bhanji1*, Ali K Khuwaja1,2, Fawad Siddiqui1, Iqbal Azam2 and Khawar Kazmi3
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Family Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi - 74800, Pakistan
2 Department of Community Health Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi - 74800, Pakistan
3 Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, PO Box, 3500, Karachi - 74800, Pakistan
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2011, 11:363 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-363
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/363
Received:30 July 2010
Accepted:23 May 2011
Published:23 May 2011
© 2011 Bhanji et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Weight loss is known to decrease the health risks associated with being overweight and obese. Awareness of overweight status is an important determinant of weight loss attempts and may have more of an impact on one's decision to lose weight than objective weight status. We therefore investigated the perception of weight among adults attending primary care clinics in Karachi, Pakistan, and compared it to their weight categories based on BMI (Body Mass Index), focusing on the underestimation of weight in overweight and obese individuals. We also explored the factors associated with underestimation of weight in these individuals.
Methods
This was a cross sectional study conducted on 493 adults presenting to the three primary care clinics affiliated with a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. We conducted face to face interviews to gather data on a pre-coded questionnaire. The questionnaire included detail on demographics, presence of comorbid conditions, and questions regarding weight assessment. We measured height and weight of the participants and calculated the BMI. The BMI was categorized into normal weight, overweight and obese based on the revised definitions for Asian populations. Perception about weight was determined by asking the study participants the following question: Do you consider yourself to be a) thin b) just right c) overweight d) obese. We compared the responses with the categorized BMI. To identify factors associated with underestimation of weight, we used simple and multiple logistic regression to calculate crude odds Ratios (OR) and adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) with 95% Confidence Intervals.
Results
Overall 45.8% (n = 226) of the study participants were obese and 18% (n = 89) were overweight. There was poor agreement between self perception and actual BMI (Kappa = 0.24, SE = 0.027, p < 0.001). Among obese participants a large proportion (73%) did not perceive themselves as obese, although half (n = 102) of them thought they may be overweight. Among the overweight participants, half (n = 41) of them didn't recognize themselves as overweight. Factors associated with misperception of weight in overweight and obese participants were age ≥ 40 years (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.8-6.4), male gender (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.6-5.5), being happy with ones' weight (AOR = 6.4; 95% CI: 3.4-12.1), and not knowing one's ideal weight (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.10-5.47).
Conclusion
In this cross sectional survey, we observed marked discordance between the actual and perceived weight. Underestimation of individual weight was more common in older participants (≥ 40 years), men, participants happy with their weight and participants not aware of their ideal weight. Accurate perception of one's actual weight is critical for individuals to be receptive to public health messages about weight maintenance or weight loss goals. Therefore educating people about their correct weight, healthy weights and prevention of weight gain are important steps towards addressing the issue of obesity in Pakistan.
Background
The global epidemic of overweight and obesity - termed "globesity" is a major public health problem in the developed as well as the developing world. Rates of obesity have tripled in developing countries over the last 20 years, where the prevalence of overweight adults is in the range of 10 to 25%, and the prevalence of obesity ranges from 2 to 10% [1]. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, 25.5 % of women and 18.8% of men in Pakistan are overweight (Body Mass index (BMI)
≥ 25) and 3.6% of women and 1 % of men are obese (BMI ≥ 30) [2]. Additionally, the prevalence of overweight/obese individuals is estimated to be much higher (56% in men and 67% in women) in urban settings if the revised definitions for Asian populations are used to categorize weight [3]. The higher prevalence reported is probably because of lower thresholds used to categorize overweight and obese individuals in this population and also because of the rapidly developing epidemic of obesity in Pakistan.
Being obese or overweight increases the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, a variety of cancers and death and it is closely related to the BMI status [4]. Weight loss has shown to decrease these health risks associated with being overweight and obese. Even a modest amount of weight loss has beneficial effects on hypertension and diabetes [5]. Awareness of weight status is an important determinant in weight loss attempts. Behavior change theories suggest that advice given to overweight people may go unheeded if they do not consider themselves to be overweight or obese. The trans-theoretical model of behavior change suggests that people are able to progress from pre-contemplation to contemplation when they are aware of their weight status coupled with the knowledge of benefit derived from weight loss [6]. The health belief model also suggests that perception of weight along with susceptibility to disease helps in behavior change intervention [6]. Many population based studies have observed that overweight and obese individuals tend to underestimate their weight status [7-9]. Research studies have also shown that awareness of being overweight/obese is an essential factor for weight loss attempts which may have more impact than objective weight status [10].
No studies have been conducted to date on weight perception in Pakistan. To reduce the growing number of obese/overweight people in the population, and to help them lose weight, it is important to first understand if there are problems with weight perception in Pakistan as have been observed globally, and what factors affect this awareness of weight perception. We investigated the perception of weight among adults attending primary care clinics and compared it to their weight categories based on BMI, particularly the underestimation of weight in overweight/obese individuals. We also explored the factors associated with underestimation of weight in these individuals.
Methods
Setting and sampling
We conducted a cross sectional study at three primary care clinics affiliated with a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. These clinics were selected for their location in three different geographical areas of Karachi, to include people with diverse socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. A non-probability convenience sample was drawn from adult (aged 18 year and above) patients or attendants visiting the primary health care units between March 2009 to July 2009. We explained the objective of the study to the study participants and obtained their informed consent. We also obtained permission for data collection at these sites.
The study protocol was developed in accordance with the Helsinki declaration. The study protocol and questionnaire were reviewed and approved by the Research Committee, Department of Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi. We provided the study participants with a consent form in Urdu, detailing the aims of the study, methods, institutional affiliations of the researchers, the anticipated benefits, the right to refuse, voluntary participation and the right to withdraw without any effect on the clinical care. Investigators obtained verbal consent which was documented on a separate sheet along with the daily log of the patient (approached, consented and interviewed).
The questionnaires were anonymous. The questionnaires were entered into a database by a data collecter, a trained a medical student. The data collecter ensured that the interviews and information collected were confidential. Access to the final data set was restricted to the principal investigator.
Instrument
We designed a structured questionnaire in English after extensive literature search. The question on weight perception was modified from the questions used in previous studies by Johnson-Taylor, Gutierrez-Fisac and Howard [8,11,12]. The questionnaire was translated into Urdu and translated back into English. It was then piloted on small number of patients attending these clinics.
Procedure
All adults presenting to the clinic were approached by the data collecter. The objective of the study was explained and consent was sought for participation. Once consent was obtained, a face to face interview was conducted by the data collecter using the structured questionnaire. The weight (in kilograms) and height (in centimeters) of the study participants was measured by the nursing staff of the clinic in a confidential manner.
BMI was calculated from weight and height measurements and was categorized into Normal weight: BMI = 18.5-22.9, Overweight: BMI = 23-24.9 and Obese BMI ≥ 25.0 based on the Asian thresholds for BMI categorization [13]
Dependent variable
Perception regarding weight was determined by asking the following question: Do you consider yourself as a) thin b) just right c) overweight d) obese. The responses were then compared to the calculated BMI. For overweight participants, underestimation of overweight status was considered when the response was a) thin or b) just right. For obese participants, underestimation for obesity was considered when the response to the same question was a) thin or b) just right or c) overweight. Participants were interviewed prior to their physical measurements to reduce the bias in reporting misperception
Independent variables
Participant demographics
This consisted of age, sex, highest level of education received and location of clinic visited.
Presence of co- morbid conditions
Participants were asked if they had diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease or dyslipidemia.
Weight related assessment
Participants were asked if they had checked their weight in the last two years, if they had been advised about weight by any health professionals and if they knew their ideal body weight. Participants were asked to describe how they felt about their weight using the following descriptors; a) happy, b) unhappy or c) don't think about it.
Statistical analysis
We calculated descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviations) to understand the basic characteristics of the study participants. Self perception of weight status was compared to the calculated BMI to determine the proportion of population exhibiting misperception. Kappa was calculated by comparing self perception to calculated BMI.
For model building, using underestimation of weight as a dependent variable, univariate analysis using simple logistic regression was carried out to look for any association with independent variables (age, sex, education, presence of co-morbid conditions, frequency of weight check, knowledge of ideal weight, weight advice received from health professional and feelings about weight). The results are reported as crude odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Independent variables were then checked for multicollinearity; none of the variables were found to be correlated. Final model building was done by adding all variables in order of significance using multiple logistic regression and results are reported as adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) with 95% CI. SPSS v 16.0 was used for data analysis.
Results
We approached 560 people, out of which 60 did not consent (response rate 89%). Seven questionnaires were incomplete for anthropometric measurements, therefore 493 questionnaires were analyzed. Almost half (45.8%; 95%CI: 41.4-50.2) of the participants were obese and one fifth (18%; 95% CI: 14.7-21.5) were overweight.
The distribution of sociodemographic and personal characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1. There were no statistical differences found according to the confidence intervals with regards to location of clinics, gender, level of education, knowledge of one's ideal weight, weight checked in last two years and presence of comorbid conditions for overweight/obese people. Rest of the characteristics were found statistically significant for overweight/obese people using the same criteria, which were higher for aged ≥40 years, being unhappy about weight and weight advice given by health professionals.
Table 1. Sociodemographic and personal characteristics of the study population
Self perception of weight was compared to the calculated BMI (shown in Figure 1). Among obese participants 165 (73%) individuals did not perceive themselves as obese, although half (n = 102) of them thought they may be overweight. Among overweight participants, 41 (46%) of them didn't identify themselves as being overweight. Poor agreement was observed between self perception and actual BMI (Kappa = 0.24, SE = 0.027, p < 0.001). More males than females misperceived their weight both in the overweight (57% vs 41%) and obese (84% vs 52%) categories.
Figure 1. Self perception of weight compared with the calculated BMI.
Factors associated with underestimation of weight in overweight and obese participants are presented in Table 2. In the univariate model, age, gender, being happy/not thinking about one's weight and comorbidity were associated with misperception. In the multivariate model age, gender, being happy/not thinking about one's weight and not knowing one's ideal weight were associated with misperception.
Table 2. Factors associated with underestimation of weight in overweight/ obese individuals
Discussion
Misperception of weight status was highly prevalent in our study population. We observed that a substantial proportion of individuals in the overweight and obese categories inaccurately classified their weight status; almost half of the overweight and most of the obese participants misperceived their weight status. Appropriate perception of weight is strongly associated with weight loss efforts across genders and BMI categories [10]. Underestimation of weight status contributes to denial or minimization of current weight being a health risk and thus contributes to increase in health problems associated with obesity due to a failure to respond to health professional's advice [14-16].
Higher proportions of misperception have been reported previously. A study from an urban family medicine centre in United States reported similar proportion of misperception of obesity (BMI > 30) in participants coming for screening health checkups [17]. A nationally representative sample from Australia reported half of men and one quarter of women do not consider themselves to be overweight/obese [18]. A community sample from Australia also reported 66% of obese (BMI > 30) and 34% of overweight (BMI > 25) participants failing to recognize their correct weight status [12].
An important finding of our study is that a large number of overweight participants did not categorize themselves as overweight. Similar findings have been reported from a nationally representative sample of Spanish adults [11] and a community sample in Australia [12]. Being overweight (BMI = 23-24.9) is also risk factor for health related problems. This is also true in South Asian cultures, putting them at risk of excessive weight gain and associated health risks [19]. Being overweight is a precursor to obesity and it is relatively easier to lose weight at these moderate levels than at higher levels of weight gain. Thus overweight people should be educated about the associated health risks of being overweight and advised about appropriate weight loss strategies.
We found that being happy or not thinking about their weight was most strongly associated with weight misperception. A large proportion of overweight/obese participants in our study were either content or not concerned about their weight. Anderson et.al. found half of the overweight and obese women in their study to be satisfied with their body size in a national survey of overweight and obese women in United States [20] and Green et. al. observed a large proportion of overweight/obese men to be content with their weight in a nationally representative sample of Canadian adults [21]. This can be explained by social and cultural factors which influence the standards accepted for weight [22]. Traditionally body weight has been regarded as a symbol of health, prosperity and wealth in various populations [23]. This is also true in South Asian culture where people still consider weight to be associated with good health and wealth. They would therefore tend to accept overweight/obesity as a norm and are thus at higher risk of not perceiving it to be of any concern
Comparison between genders showed that a large proportion of men did not consider themselves to be overweight/obese compared with women. Similar trends have been observed in earlier population based studies [8,24]. This difference in perception again could be the result of social or cultural factors. Social and family pressures to maintain an acceptable body image affect women more than it affects men; consequently women are more sensitive of their weight status and they perceive their weight more accurately than men do. There is epidemiological evidence from Western countries that show an increasing trend of obesity in men [25], and the same trend may now be emerging in developing countries as well.
In our study, men and women aged 40 years and over were more likely to misperceive their weight status, which is in concordance with other studies [26,27]. Possible reasons may be that in Pakistan, older people are less concerned about their body image than younger people, which may alter their perception of weight. It may also be related to the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in older age groups, which is usually accepted as an age related phenomenon [28]. This is a cause of concern because accumulation of risk factors with advancing age can increase the likelihood of chronic diseases.
Another important finding of our study associated with misperception is inadequate knowledge of ideal body weight which may lead the obese/overweight people to consider themselves of ideal weight. A study by Kuk et al observed higher ideal weight to be associated with greater body satisfaction and lower intention to participate in weight loss activities [29].
Presence of comorbid conditions lead to increased susceptibility and thus increased awareness of being overweight and obese, but an opposite phenomenon has been observed in our study. This may be because people having hypertension/dyslipidemia/diabetes mellitus may focus more on their primary illness and overlook their weight status. Also they may not consider obesity as a risk factor for chronic disease. Similar findings of poor perception of weight in people with diabetes and coronary heart disease have been observed in a community sample in Cracow, Poland [27]. Powell et al have reported about the weight misperception in people with comorbid conditions in a multi-ethnic urban cohort in Dallas, United states [30]. This weight misperception along with unhealthy life styles contributes to development and progression of chronic disease. This makes it imperative that the high risk groups correctly perceive their weight as knowledge of health risk associated with obesity alone may not prompt attempts to lose weight. Kruger et al., observed in a study of US adults that despite the knowledge of benefits associated with weight loss only half of the obese participants attempted to lose weight [31]. Awareness of one's weight did not improve weight perception among the participants in our study. Possible explanation may be the social or cultural factors that tolerate a higher body weight and inadequate knowledge of ideal body weight.
A large proportion of overweight/obese participants (64%, n = 202) in our study reported not being advised about their weight; only one third (n = 113) of them reported getting weight related advice. This is a global problem. A trend analysis of behavioral risk factors in the United States and a recent study on overweight and obese elderly in Unites States have shown identical proportions of individuals not being advised about weight by health professionals [32,33]. Moreover, majority of overweight/obese participants with comorbid conditions were not given weight advice by health professionals (n = 56, 78%) and most of the participants who were not advised misperceived their weight (n = 45, 80%). Physician's advice is a strong motivator to weight loss attempts as shown in multiple previous studies [32,34], therefore it is assumed that it would lead to improved perception of weight. However, it did not improve perception in our study. Probable reasons may be the powerful role of social demographic and personal factors like body size satisfaction in weight perception.
Low socioeconomic status is associated with weight misperception in many populations [8,11]. In our study, education was taken as proxy marker for socioeconomic status and we did not find any association between weight misperception and level of education.
Body size dissatisfaction is another important determinant of disordered weight control practices besides misperception of weight. Anderson et al., observed that women who were not satisfied with their body size were approximately nine times and women who were satisfied with their body size were three times more likely to try to lose weight as compared with women who were very satisfied with their body size [20]. It has been observed that greater body size satisfaction is associated with healthy lifestyle behavior and less weight gain in later years in children and adolescents [35]. Besides distorted perception, body dissatisfaction is strongly associated with increasing BMI and can lead to inappropriate weight control practices like binge eating and anorexia [36].
As the epidemic of obesity becomes global, it is imperative that steps are taken to control it. Obesity management now covers a wide range of long term strategies ranging from prevention, through weight maintenance and management of obesity comorbids to weight loss [4]. Therefore it is important for health professionals to identify overweight/obese people, educate them about the health risks of obesity and advise them about appropriate strategies for weight loss. More importantly concerted efforts need to be undertaken to prevent weight gain by emphasizing healthy eating habits and adequate exercise in children [37], adolescents and adults [4].
Our study has limitations. The study took place in an urban setting and hence these results cannot be generalized to the entire Pakistani population. But it can be assumed that the misperception rates may be higher than the rates observed in our study. There were more male participants than females probably because we included patients as well as attendants and female patients are usually accompanied by male attendants in our setting. We did not study body size dissatisfaction, which is another important determinant of weight loss. Instead, we enquired about their feelings regarding weight which we used as an indirect measure of body size dissatisfaction.
Conclusion
We found that in this cross sectional survey, there was marked discordance between the actual and perceived weight. This was prevalent in older people, men, people who were happy with their weight and people who did not know their ideal body weight. Accurate perception is critical for individuals to be receptive to messages regarding weight maintenance or weight loss goals. Therefore, there is a need to educate people about healthy weights and correct weight perception as well as prevention of weight gain are important steps towards addressing the issue of obesity in Pakistan.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Authors' contributions
SB conceived the idea, designed the study, analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. FS performed the literature search, collected, cleaned, entered and validated the data and assisted in manuscript writing. AKK critically reviewed the data analysis and interpretation, contributed to revisions of the manuscript and provided conceptual feedback throughout. IA supervised the data analysis and critically reviewed the manuscript. KK further developed the initial idea and provided critical feedback in study design and manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to all the nursing and administrative staff of the clinics especially Saeed and Ropa Inayat Ali for assisting in anthropometric measurements, Dr Huma Naz and the administrative staff for their support of the study, Dr. Aisha Ambreen for her assistance in proposal and questionnaire development. We are thankful to Drs. Jenny Watson, and Marie Andrades for copy editing the manuscript and Dr. Richard Smith and Dr. Banalata Sen for reviewing the manuscript and providing very constructive feedback
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30. Powell TM, de Lemos JA, Banks K, Ayers CR, Rohatgi A, Khera A, McGuire DK, Berry JD, Albert MA, Vega GL, Grundy SM, Das SR: Body size misperception: a novel determinant in the obesity epidemic.
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32. Abid A, Galuska D, Khan LK, Gillespie C, Ford ES, Serdula MK: Are healthcare professionals advising obese patients to lose weight? A trend analysis.
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33. Clune A, Fischer JG, Lee JS, Reddy S, Johnson MA, Hausman DB: Prevalence and predictors of recommendations to lose weight in overweight and obese older adults in Georgia senior centers.
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34. Galuska DA, Will JC, Serdula MK, Ford ES: Are health care professionals advising obese patients to lose weight?
JAMA 1999, 282:1576-1578. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
35. van den Berg P, Neumark-Sztainer D: Fat 'n happy 5 years later: is it bad for overweight girls to like their bodies?
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/363/prepub
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An Integrated Framework for On-line Viral Marketing Campaign Planning
Patrizia Grifoni, Alessia D’Andrea, Fernando Ferri
Abstract
Over the years Internet marketing has become the primary tool for marketers to deliver information to consumers. It includes a mix of methods (m-marketing, social networks, viral marketing etc.) to create awareness for the company’s brand, products and services. This paper, in particular addresses the on-line viral marketing method. In particular it provides a theoretical framework involving elements and actors important for the planning of an on-line viral marketing campaign. The framework presents four different phases of the analysis. The first phase involves the analysis of the company, its business context and the knowledge of the type of on-line viral marketing campaigns already done (both internal and external). In the second phase objectives and target are defined. On considering the third phase this includes the message creation and the selection of useful tolls to use. Finally in the last phase the implementation of the on-line viral marketing campaign is carried out. Each of these phases is caracterised by different actors involved in the different processes.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ibr.v6n1p22
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Business Research ISSN 1913-9004 (Print), ISSN 1913-9012 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Instead of AdBlock, enjoy ad-free CAN by becoming a member. Everybody wins!
The Evil Eye – Optical audio record by Indianen
The Evil Eye project is the result of a residency by Belgium collective Indianen at the Frans Masereel Center, a center for printmaking in Kasterlee. The project investigates how printmaking could produce another kind of information, transforming material into an object with a new meaning.
When you put “optical audio record” on the record player it passes the handheld electronic “eye” the team has built: a simple device with an LED and a light sensor. The rotating patterns create modulating light that is translated into an electric signal by the eye. This signal is fed into a guitar amplifier and comes out as the exact sound that is embedded in the prints.
The app that generates the patters was made with Cocoa / Objective-C. It can create tracks with notes and sequences of notes with different waveforms like a synth, or just audio files (.wav) that you load into it. The screenshot below shows the record in the making and allows user to move and scale the tracks, change the sample rate, etc.
The track editing view superimposes waves on top of each other and allows for adding tones, moving them around and changing their pitch and waveforms (square wave, sine, sawtooth, etc…). The software finally exports the PDF files (single track image on the left which includes only sine waves or many different tracks, mostly square waves, on the right – the label was added in illustrator afterwards )
The device used to read the patters contains a small electronic circuit that converts the light it receives into an audio signal. When you hold it above a spinning (optical) record, the LED at the bottom shines on the pattern (see video below). The light that is reflected from the paper is measured by an optical sensor and that’s the signal that gets sent to the amplifier. There is no extra processing of the signal.
Evil Eye performance is taking place on Thursday June 28th 2012 at the Frans Masereel Center, Kasterlee, Belgium.
IndianenFrans Masereel Center.
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You are here: Home / The European environment – state and outlook 2010 / Country assessments / Latvia / Freshwater - National Responses (Latvia)
Freshwater - National Responses (Latvia)
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SOER Common environmental theme from Latvia
Published: Nov 26, 2010 Modified: Apr 08, 2011
Implemented and planned measures to reduce the pollution of freshwater at national level
Since 2000, a number of fundamental laws have been adopted to ensure sustainable development of the water ecosystem and relevant Cabinet of Ministers regulations incorporating EU water legislation. The water management system has been reorganised and environmental protection measures are planned for river catchment basins[1]. River basin management plans have also been developed and measures adopted[2].
Measures have also been introduced to reduce point source discharge pollution. In order to curb discharge of pollutants from waste water, the whole of Latvia has been designated as highly-sensitive territory for which special urban waste water treatment requirements apply. In addition, authorities have been set up to regulate pollutant discharge and use of water resources. Between 1995 and 2008, environmental protection projects totalling LVL 488.15 million were implemented. The largest proportion (LVL 385.55 million or around 79 %) was invested in water services development to improve waste water treatment and collection and to provide good quality drinking water. Most of the financing (LVL 93.56 million) originated from EU funds (Phare, ISPA, the Cohesion Fund and the European Regional Development Fund) and from bilateral cooperation programmes. In recent years, investments to develop environmental protection for water services have increased considerably in Latvia.
Figure 11: The dynamics of investments in water services development (LVL million per annum), 1995–2008
Source: Ministry of the Environment of the Republic of Latvia
Landfill sites which pose a potential risk as a source of point pollution have been reconstructed and historically contaminated sites are gradually being cleansed. From June 2010, a limitation will be imposed on phosphorus content in detergents: the maximum
permissible phosphorus content in household detergents must not exceed 0.5 % of the total mass.
To protect water and soil from diffuse source pollution, a part (12.6 %) of Latvian territory under intensive agricultural production has been defined as a nitrate-vulnerable zone. Various restrictions have been imposed on agricultural production in this area: buffer zones, limitations on the application of fertilisers, requirements governing manure storage, soil treatment methods, etc. In order to reduce diffuse pollution resulting from other human activities or originating in natural processes, protective belts have been established for watercourses and water bodies and in the vicinity of drinking water abstraction sites.
Considerable investments have also been made in waste management. Between 1995 and 2008, some LVL 79.59 million (about 16 % of all investment in the environmental sector) was invested in the development of waste management.
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Bootup Time Task List
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Below is a list of tasks to be worked on in the Bootup Time Working Group. See also the Bootup Time Howto Task List
Instructions
If no one has signed up for a task, feel free to do so (on a first-come, first-served basis).
To edit the task list, you can click on either EditText or EditTable at the bottom of this page.
Please fill in the person (which can be a wiki name if you have a page on this site) or just your name. Please also provide contact information if you are not a member of the forum. If you would like to commit to a completion date, please enter that as well, in the form: YYYY-MM-DD. Finally, add any notes you think are pertinent to this task.
If you need to create a page with more detailed information about the task, please do so and link to that page either in the Task Description or the Notes field.
Status should be one of: "not done", "started", "done", "cancelled"
Task List
Task Description Project Person Expected Completion Date Status Notes
Make this task list WG process Tim Bird 2004-01-12 done This task is recursive :)
isolate KFI patch from CELinux tree KFI - - not done -
check for IDE noprobe bugfix in 2.6 kernel noprobe - - not done -
port printk patch to 2.6 kernel printk - - not done -
examine bootsplash project and see if it is interesting bootsplash - - not done -
create a table of reduction techniques, and ask people to sign up for each page. See Bootup Time Howto Task List howto Tim Bird - done -
make wiki pages for each workgroup project, spec, and implementation process - - not done -
Document KFI usage (triggers and filters) KFI Todd Poynor - not done -
write sample specification for avoiding calibrate_delay() LPJ Tim Bird - not done -
create outline of kernel init sequence howto - - not done -
create core group process All - not done -
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Category:Témiscouata County, QuebecEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This category covers pages and media about Témiscouata County, Quebec.
Pages in category "Témiscouata County, Quebec"
The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total.
T
• This page was last modified on 13 December 2012, at 01:57.
• This page has been accessed 116 times.
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Prince Edward Island For Further ReadingEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Canada Prince Edward Island For Further Reading
For more detailed information on records and research on Prince Edward Island see:
• Arsenault, Georges. The Island Acadians, 1720–1980. Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Ragwood Press, 1989. (FHL book 971.7 F2a.) Contains illustrations, maps, and portraits.
• Canadian Genealogist. (Quarterly Periodical). Agincourt, Ontario: Generation Press, c 1979. Vols. 1–10. (FHL book 971 D25cg.)
• The Island Magazine. (Semi-annual Periodical). Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Heritage Foundation. 1976–. (FHL book 971.7 H25i.) Includes illustrations, maps, and portraits.
• Jonasson, Eric. The Canadian Genealogical Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Finding Your Ancestors in Canada. 2nd ed. Rev. 1978. (FHL book 971 D27j.) Contains maps and bibliographies.
• Jones, Orlo and Doris Haslam, eds. An Island Refuge: Loyalists and Disbanded Troops on the Island of Saint John (Prince Edward Island). [S.l.]: Abegweit Branch of the United Empire Loyalist Association of Canada, 1983. (FHL book 971.7 H2i.) Illustrated. Includes family histories.
• Marsh, James H., ed. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 4 vols. 2nd ed. Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers, 1988. (FHL book 971 A5c.) Has colored illustrations, maps, and portraits. Indexed.
• Punch, Terrence M., ed. Genealogist's Handbook for Atlantic Canada Research. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1989. (FHL book 971.5 D27pt.)
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• This page was last modified on 25 October 2010, at 20:51.
• This page has been accessed 422 times.
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Ohio Archives and LibrariesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:23, 11 June 2012 by Dianekay (Talk | contribs)
United States Ohio Archives and Libraries
Archives and libraries often have maps, gazetteers, and other place-finding aids. They frequently have collections of previous research, such as family and local histories and biographies. Many have record-finding aids, such as guides to their own collections or inventories of records housed elsewhere in the state.
Contents
Archives
The following organizations have major collections or services for genealogical researchers:
National Archives Great Lakes Region (Chicago)
7358 S. Pulaski Rd.
Chicago, IL 60629-5898
Phone: (773)948-9001
Fax: (773)948-9050
E-mail: chicago.archives@nara.gov
Internet: http://www.archives.gov/great-lakes/
National Archives—Central Plains Region (Kansas City)
400 West Pershing Road
Kansas City, MO 64108
Telephone: 816-268-8000
Internet: http://www.archives.gov/central-plains/
Special Collections - Archives
• Archives of Ohio United Methodists
Archives
Ohio Wesleyan University
Beeghly Library
43 Rowland Ave. | Delaware, OH 43015
Telephone: 740-368-3285
• Erie Lackawanna Historical SocietyErie Lackawanna Historical Society
History about the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, Erie Railroad, Erie Lackawanna Railway and related lines.
College and University Libraries - Archives
• Central State University
Central State University
P.O. Box 1004 | 1400 Brush Row Rd. | Wilberforce, OH 45384
Telephone: 800-388-2781 • (937) 376-6011
Libraries
• Cleveland Public Library
325 Superior Ave. NE, Cleveland, OH 44114-1271
Phone: (216) 623-2800
Internet: Cleveland Public Library
• Columbus Metropolitan Library
Genealogy, History & Travel
96 S. Grant Ave., Columbus, OH 43215-4163
Phone: (614)645-2275
Internet: Columbus Metropolitan Library
Historical Societies
Almost every county in Ohio has a branch of the OGS that actively collects, preserves, and publishes local records. There are many other societies in Ohio proactive in promoting research.
• Ohio Historical Society
Ohio Historical Center
1982 Velma Avenue, Columbus, OH 43211-2497
Telephone: 614-297-2510, Fax: 614-297-2546
Internet: Ohio Genealogical Society
Guides to collection[2][3]
The Archives Division of the State Historical Society of Ohio primarily collects manuscript records of the state, including government, land, and military records
Sources
Family History Library
In the early 1940s the Historical Records Survey produced inventories of county courthouses and archives. These describe the existing records and record-keeping systems. The Family History Library has copies of these inventories for about 30 of the 88 counties in Ohio. These are listed in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
OHIO- ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES OHIO,
[COUNTY] - ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES
Guides and Directories
You may also learn about research sources in:
References
1. County by County in Ohio Genealogy. Columbus, Ohio: The State Library, 1978. FHL fiche 6046719; book 977.1 D23o
2. Lentz, Andrea D., ed. A Guide to Manuscripts at the Ohio Historical Society. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio Historical Society, 1972. FHL book 977.1 A3ohs Digital version available through FHL catalog entry.
3. Mettle, Suzanne Wolfe, et al., comps. Genealogical Researcher's Manual with Special References for Using the Ohio Historical Society Library. Columbus, Ohio: Franklin County Chapter, Ohio Genealogical Society, 1981. FHL book 977.1 D27g.
4. Pike, Kermit J. A Guide to the Manuscripts and Archives of the Western Reserve Historical Society. Cleveland, Ohio: The Western Reserve Historical Society, 1972. FHL book 977.1 A3p.
5. Western Reserve Historical Society. History Library. Card Catalog to the Manuscripts Collection in the Library of the Western Reserve Historical Society. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1974. FHL films 934566-69; 934617-18.
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Portugal Notary RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 00:25, 9 May 2012 by Lotje (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Portugal Notary Records
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
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{
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Libmsiecf
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 02:22, 26 August 2012 by Joachim Metz (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
libmsiecf
Maintainer: Joachim Metz
OS: Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Mac OS X, Windows
Genre: Analysis
License: LGPL
Website: libmsiecf.sourceforge.net
The libmsiecf package contains a library and applications to read the MSIE Cache File format.
Contents
History
Libmsiecf was created by Joachim Metz in 2009, while working for Hoffmann Investigations.
Libmsiecf is a rewrite of pasco with support for more recent versions of MSIE Cache Files
Tools
The libmsiecf package contains the following tools:
• msiecfexport, which exports the items stored in MSIECF files.
• msiecfinfo, which shows the information about MSIECF files.
Examples
Exporting items from an index.dat:
msiecfexport -m items index.dat
Exporting recovered items from an index.dat:
msiecfexport -m recovered index.dat
Exporting an index.dat from a Chinese Windows installation:
msiecfexport -c windows-936 index.dat
External Links
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Actions
Navigation:
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You are here: Home > Free Data Downloads
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 437920, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/437920
Review Article
The Plasminogen System in Regulating Stem Cell Mobilization
Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology and Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine and Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Received 11 April 2012; Accepted 5 June 2012
Academic Editor: David M. Waisman
Copyright © 2012 Yanqing Gong and Jane Hoover-Plow. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The treatment of patients with hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPSCs) to reconstitute hematopoiesis after myeloablative therapy or to repair ischemia after myocardial infarction has significantly improved clinical outcomes. Successful blood or bone marrow transplants require a sufficient number of HPSCs capable of homing to the injured site to regenerate tissue. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is widely used clinically for stem cell mobilization. However, in some patients the response is poor, thus a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying G-CSF-regulated stem cell mobilization is needed. The pasminogen (Plg) system is the primary fibrinolytic pathway responsible for clot dissolution after thrombosis. Recent evidence suggests that Plg plays a pivotal role in stem cell mobilization from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation, particularly in HPSC mobilization in response to G-CSF. This paper will discuss the potential mechanisms by which the Plg system regulates stem cell mobilization, focusing on stepwise proteolysis and signal transduction during HPSC egress from their bone marrow niche. Clear elucidation of the underlying mechanisms may lead to the development of new Plg-based therapeutic strategies to improve stem cell mobilization in treating hematological and cardiovascular diseases.
1. Introduction
Recruitment of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPSCs) to the blood followed by chemotherapy or cytokine treatment is a clinical process termed stem cell mobilization. This process mimics enhancement of the physiological release of stem cells and progenitors from the bone marrow (BM) reservoir in response to stress signals during injury and inflammation [1]. Currently, stem cells mobilized to the peripheral blood after treatment are the preferable source of HPSCs harvested for stem cell transplantation because of faster engraftment and reduced procedural risks compared with the direct harvest of the BM cells [2, 3]. Successful stem cell therapy, both autologous and allogeneic, requires the infusion of a sufficient number of HPSCs capable of homing to the injured site to promote tissue repair. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the most commonly used mobilizing agent to recruit HPSC from the BM; however, impaired response to G-CSF is observed in 25% of patients and 10% to 20% of healthy donors [46]. This has led to studies to identify the mechanisms underlying cytokine-induced stem cell mobilization that could offer better strategies to enhance stem cell mobilization.
Plasmin, a serine protease, degrades fibrin and is the primary enzyme for clot lysis, a process called fibrinolysis [7]. Plg, the zymogen of plasmin, can be converted to plasmin at different locations by tissue Plg activator (tPA) or urokinase Plg activator (uPA). While tPA is distributed in the ECM of most cell types, uPA is mainly localized on the cell surface via its highly specific cell surface receptor, uPAR [8]. The activities of uPA and tPA are regulated by Plg activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In addition, plasmin activity can be inhibited directly by -antiplasmin and -macroglobulin [9]. Several studies [10, 11] have reported a marked increase in Plg binding to differentiated cells compared to undifferentiated cells, suggesting an important role for Plg activation for cell differentiation that requires the release and migration of cells from microenvironments. Recent evidence reveals that the Plg system is crucial for cytokine- or chemotherapy-induced stem cell mobilization. Here, we will discuss the role of the Plg system in regulating stem cell mobilization.
2. Regulation of Stem Cell Mobilization via a Plg-Dependent Proteolytic Pathway
2.1. Stem Cell Mobilization and Plg Function
The egress of stem cells from the BM involves interfering with the physiological interaction between stromal cells and hematopoietic cells, which regulate both cell transmigration and the BM remodeling processes. The dynamic secretion and inactivation of the chemokines, stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), membrane-bound Kit ligand (KitL), and interleukin-8 (IL-8), which anchor HPSCs in the BM microenvironment, are critical for establishing the chemoattractant gradient between the BM and the peripheral blood for stem cell mobilization. Degradation and functional inactivation of the BM extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) by proteases such as elastase, cathepsin G and MMP-9, are also indicated as major players in stem cell mobilization [1, 12].
In addition to its role in fibrinolysis [13], Plg has many other functions. Interaction of Plg with its cell surface receptors and activation to plasmin, results in degradation of matrix proteins and activation of cytokines [14]. Plg directly binds to the ECM and upon its conversion to plasmin, degrades multiple ECM proteins including fibrin, laminin, and fibronectin [1517]. Plasmin can also activate other proteases, such as MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-12, and MMP-13 [18, 19] to degrade other matrix components such as collagens [20].
2.2. Role of Plg in Chemotherapy-Induced Stem Cell Mobilization
Many studies indicate that the Plg system facilitates HPSC mobilization through plasmin-mediated proteolytic mechanisms, by which plasmin inactivates chemotactic cytokines and degrades ECM in the BM compartment. Heissig et al. [21] have shown that deletion of Plg prevents hematopoietic stem cells from entering the cell cycle and undergoing multilineage differentiation after 5-FU treatment, causing lethality in mice. Activation of Plg by administration of tPA promoted cleavage of KitL mediated by MMP-9 secreted from stromal cells, subsequently enhancing HPSC proliferation, differentiation, and mobilization. This data suggests that Plg regulates HPSC function via MMP-9-mediated KitL release. Consistently, Tjwa et al. [22] reported that hematopoietic recovery upon delivery of 5-FU was impaired in Plg, tPA and uPA deficient mice. Moreover, depletion of fibrinogen in Plg deficient mice did not restore hematopoietic recovery, indicating that Plg-regulated stem cell mobilization is fibrinolysis-independent. Instead, Plg deficiency inhibited breakdown of the BM matrix proteins fibronectin, VCAM-1, and laminin, which are required for adhesion of HPSCs to their BM microenvironment and also in transendothelial migration of HPSCs. These studies indicate that Plg and its activators are required for hematopoietic regeneration by regulating HPSC mobilization, proliferation, differentiation through MMP-9-mediated release of KitL, and plasmin-mediated degradation of ECM in the BM.
2.3. Role of Plg in G-CSF-Induced Stem Cell Mobilization
Plg is also necessary for HPSC mobilization in response to G-CSF. Tjwa et al. [23, 24] have found that genetic loss of PAI-1 or plasmin inhibitor -antiplasmin, which enhances plasmin generation, increased HPSC mobilization in response to G-CSF, and thrombolytic agents such as tenecteplase and microplasmin, enhanced HPSC mobilization in mice and humans. Tenecteplase is a mutant of recombinant human tPA, which has a prolonged half-life and is used for treatment of acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular syndromes. Microplasmin is a truncated form of plasmin that has an improved safety profile (less bleeding) and is easier to produce as a recombinant protein than is plasmin. Studies of mice [24, 25] validated that Plg is required for G-CSF-induced stem cell mobilization. Fewer HPSCs in the peripheral blood were detected in mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice after treatment with G-CSF. Similarly, WT mice treated with the Plg inhibitor tranexamic acid also impaired HPSC mobilization into the circulation. Furthermore, cleavage of the uPA receptor, (uPAR), by plasmin may account for Plg-regulated stem cell mobilization. Studies suggested that cleavage of the receptor uPAR is an important factor in regulating stem cell function [24]. First, uPAR was found to be expressed on a subpopulation of HPSCs, and HPSC mobilization was impaired in uPAR-deficient mice . Second, intact uPAR is required for adhesion of HPSCs to the BM as well as homing and engraftment of HPSCs. During stem cell mobilization, uPAR is cleaved and subsequently stem cells are released from the BM to the circulation. Cleavage of uPAR was detected only in WT mice but not in mice during stem cell mobilization, suggesting that plasmin regulates stem cell mobilization by inactivating uPAR via proteolytic cleavage [24]. These findings suggest that uPAR is essential for Plg-regulated stem cell mobilization. However, less inhibition in HPSC mobilization was observed in mice compared to mice [24], suggesting that there are other mechanisms for Plg regulation of G-CSF induced HPSC mobilization besides uPAR cleavage. While kitL is important in myelosuppression-induced HPSC mobilization, it does not seem to be involved in G-CSF-induced HPSC mobilization since G-CSF does not affect its levels [25, 26].
2.4. Role of Plg in the Regulation of SDF-1/CXCR4 Pathway
Another crucial pathway controlling stem cell mobilization is the SDF-1/CXCR4 signal. Under basal conditions, SDF-1/CXCR4 anchor HPSC in the BM and keep them in a quiescent state. During stem cell mobilization, SDF-1 in the BM is downregulated and HPSCs are released and mobilized into the circulation in response to the higher SDF-1 concentration in the peripheral blood [27, 28]. Our recent study has established the interplay between Plg and SDF-1/CXCR4 signals. Our data have shown that Plg is required for G-CSF-induced HPSC egress to sinusoidal capillaries in the BM and subsequent mobilization to peripheral circulation. G-CSF induced Plg-dependent activation of MMP-9 in the BM, and MMP-9 neutralization or deficiency suppressed HPSC migration and mobilization. Reconstitution of MMP-9 activity by the BM transplantation after lentiviral overexpression rescued HPSC mobilization in mice, indicating that MMP-9 activation is required for Plg-mediated HPSC mobilization. Interestingly, after G-CSF simulation, Plg downregulated SDF-1 in the BM and spatiotemporally regulated the expression of CXCR4 on mobilized HPSC. Reconstitution of MMP-9 activity in mice reversed CXCR4 expression on HPSC in plasma and the BM, suggesting that CXCR4 serves as a newly identified downstream signal of Plg/MMP-9 in HPSC mobilization [25].
Taken together, these data indicate that the Plg system plays a crucial role in chemotherapy- or cytokine-induced stem cell mobilization. It functions through activating plasmin-mediated proteolytic activity to degrade the ECM in the BM (such as fibronectin or laminin) or by inactivating some key cytokines in the BM niches, such as KitL/c-Kit (KitL receptor), uPAR, and SDF-1/CXCR4, thus eventually leading to the release of HPSCs and the facilitation of their egress from the BM to the circulation (see proposed pathway in Figure 1).
Figure 1: Plasmin-dependent and -independent mechanisms for HPSC mobilization from the BM to circulation. (a) Plasmin-mediated proteolysis induces HPSC mobilization. uPA converts Plg into protease-active plasmin that activates pro-MMP-9. Active MMP-9 cleaves KitL and upregulates CXCR4, and MMP-9 and plasmin degrade ECM, both of which release HPSC from the BM, leading to HPSC egress to circulation. (b) Plasmin-independent proteolysis and chemotaxis induce HPSC mobilization. uPAR is cleaved to chemotactic suPAR that drives HPSC migration to circulation. Cleavage of membrane uPAR also directly disrupts the interaction between uPAR and VLA-4, degrades vitronectin, and desensitizes the CXCR4 signal, which leads to HPSC mobilization.
3. Regulation of Stem Cell Mobilization in the Plg-Independent Signaling Pathway
3.1. Urokinase Plg Activator Receptor, uPAR
In addition to proteolytic activity, other regulatory pathways are involved in the Plg system-mediated HPSC mobilization. uPAR was originally identified as a key factor for the activation of Plg to plasmin and thereby the regulation of cell surface proteolysis in space and time [29]. The structure of uPAR consists of three homologous domains of ~90 amino acids each (D1, D2, and D3 as numbered from the NH2 terminus) and is anchored to the cell membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol tail, attached to the C terminal D3 domain [30]. Interestingly, uPAR, independent of proteolytic activity, regulates migration and adhesion of cells through binding to integrins and G-protein-coupled receptors and initiates intercellular signaling cascades [31]. Previous reports [3234] have shown that uPAR regulates cell adhesion and migration by activating its downstream intracellular signaling pathways in various cell types [35].
3.2. Stem Cell Mobilization and uPAR
Recently, a critical role of uPAR in stem cell mobilization has also been documented [24, 3639]. During G-CSF-induced HPSC mobilization in humans, uPAR expression significantly increased on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs), in particular on CD33+ myeloid precursors and on CD14+ monocytic cells released from the BM into the circulation. By contrast, CD34+ cells and T and B lymphocytes were uPAR-negative, suggesting that uPAR may play a selective role in stem cell mobilization [36]. In mice, stem cell mobilization induced by G-CSF treatment was impaired [24]. A very recent study [39] has demonstrated that uPAR is required to mobilize mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from the BM of mice stimulated with G-CSF in vivo. Down- and up-regulation of uPAR inhibited and stimulated MSC differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells, respectively. Consistently, infusion of MSCs isolated from mice impaired its engraftment to injured femoral artery. These data indicate a role of uPAR in stem cell mobilization and engraftment. Additional evidence suggests several mechanisms by which uPAR plays a role in stem cell mobilization: chemotactic role of cleaved uPAR, regulation of integrins, and regulation of CXCR4 signaling.
3.3. The Chemotactic Role of Cleaved uPAR in Stem Cell Mobilization
Proteolytic cleavage of membrane bound uPAR in the linker region between D1 and D2 and at the juxtamembrane domain from the cell surface by plasmin or other proteases releases truncated uPAR (suPAR) into the extracellular space, where it may be proteolytically cleaved into smaller fragments (c-suPAR) [4043]. uPAR fragments generated from uPAR cleavage are essential for uPAR-regulated stem cell mobilization. Previous studies have shown [36] that G-CSF treatment induced an increase in uPAR as well as suPAR. c-suPAR were released in vitro by the PBMNCs and were also detectable in the serum of G-CSF-treated donors. Fietz et al. [44] have confirmed that both uPAR and cleaved forms of uPAR are increased in HPSC donors following G-CSF treatment. Moreover, c-suPAR and its derived peptide (uPAR84–95) induce in vitro migration of bone marrow HPSCs towards SDF-1. Furthermore, the chemotactic human c-suPAR peptide has been shown to mobilize HPSC in mice. Similarly, administration of human uPAR84–95 peptides induced mobilization of CD34+ HPSCs into the circulation to an extent similar to that observed in G-CSF in mice [36].
In agreement with these findings, utilizing mice with deleted uPA, tPA, uPAR, and Plg genes, Tjwa, et al. [33] have found that uPAR is expressed on the BM cells that are in close contact with osteoblasts as well as a subset of HPSCs. At steady state, mice are partially depleted of HPSCs in the BM with a decrease of cell cycle quiescence and chemoprotection. In addition, mice are impaired in HPSC mobilization, homing, and short-term engraftment. The membrane-anchored uPAR retention signal on HPSCs is inactivated by plasmin via proteolytic cleavage to a c-uPAR truncated product, which stimulates HPSC mobilization. These studies suggest that uPAR serves as a new anchor factor, similar to KitL/c-Kit to maintain HPSC retention in the BM, while cleaved soluble uPAR is a new chemoattractant and mobilizer of stem cell egress from the BM to the circulation.
3.4. The Role of uPAR in the Regulation of Integrins
Lacking transmembrane and intracellular domains, uPAR must cooperate with transmembrane receptors to activate intracellular signaling. Extensive studies suggest that integrins, a major family of ECM receptors are signaling coreceptors of uPAR [4549]. Besides uPA, the ECM glycoprotein vitronectin has been identified as a second ligand for uPAR [50]. It is reported that blocking uPAR-vitronectin binding impaired uPAR-regulated cell morphology, adhesion, and migration [45, 46]. Recent studies suggest that uPAR binding to vitronectin activates integrin signaling by simply increasing plasma membrane—ECM contact, facilitating integrin—ligand interactions [45]. Namely, vitronectin may act as an adaptor for the interaction of uPAR and integrins. The major integrins that uPAR interacts with are and (very late antigen-4, VLA-4) [51, 52]. The integrin regulates the migration and adhesion of HPSCs to fibronectin and VCAM-1 during their homing and engraftment in the BM [5356]. The function of also depends on the presence of intact uPAR, as only intact uPAR interacts with the integrin [43, 56]. Removal of DI from uPAR reduces -mediated cellular adhesion in vitro [56]. Thus, when uPAR is depleted, such as in mice, or inactive, such as after preincubation of WT HPSCs with anti-uPAR antibody, adhesion of on HPSCs to the BM matrix is reduced, likely explaining why homing and engraftment of HPSCs are impaired [24]. Furthermore, anti- antibodies could not further aggravate the adhesion defects of HPSCs when uPAR was absent or blocked. Likewise, homing and engraftment defects were similar in mice lacking functional uPAR or [24]. These data suggest that cooperation of uPAR with may partially contribute to the uPAR-mediated HPSC mobilization.
3.5. The Role of uPAR in the Regulation of CXCR4 Signal
Recent studies have revealed that functional interactions between the uPA-uPAR system and receptors for N-formylated peptides, such as the fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP), are important for leukocyte chemotaxis [57]. The peptide, c-suPAR and its derived chemotactic peptide uPAR84–95, corresponding to the uPAR chemotactic region unmasked by D1-D2 cleavage, can induce monocyte chemotaxis by FPRL1 activation [58]. FPRL1 belongs to the family of fMLP receptors; the other 2 members are FPR and FPRL2 [59]. Interestingly, activation of both FPR and FPRL1 can lead to the desensitization of other chemokine receptors, such as CXCR4 [60, 61]. CXCR4 and its specific ligand SDF-1 strongly contribute to retention of HPSCs in the BM since the downregulation of the CXCR4/SDF1 signal pathway increases HPSC mobilization [27, 28, 62]. Several studies have investigated whether suPAR is also able to interfere with the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis through fMLP receptors [36, 37]. The results have shown that SDF-1-dependent BM HPSC in vitro migration was impaired by uPAR84–95 through the activation of FPR. Serum c-suPAR in vivo can also regulate CD34+ HPSC mobilization by downmodulating CXCR4 activity [37]. SDF-1 also induced chemotaxis of the BM CD34+ HPSCs isolated from 3 donors, and pretreatment with fMLP or uPAR84–95 completely abolished SDF1-dependent migration [36]. These data indicate that uPAR may regulate HPSC migration through FPR-mediated CXCR4 desensitization.
Altogether, these data suggest that uPAR regulates stem cell mobilization through several possible mechanisms. During G-CSF-induced HPSC mobilization, uPAR expression is first upregulated on CD33+ and CD14+ cells and is then cleaved, thus generating chemotactic forms of suPAR that present in the serum of G-CSF-treated donors. In the first case, cleavage of uPAR may disrupt the interaction between uPAR and integrin to release HPSC from their osteoblast niche. In the second case, suPAR may inactivate CXCR4 by heterologous desensitization and further promote HPSC release from the BM. Most importantly, c-suPAR may act as a chemoattractant for the BM HPSCs and stimulate their mobilization from the BM to the circulation (see proposed pathway in Figure 1).
4. Conclusion
In multiple pathological settings, including stroke and myocardial infarction, HPSCs are mobilized from the BM to sites of injury to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Stem cell therapy, including direct transplantation of stem cells, stimulation of stem cell mobilization and homing by cytokines, for example G-CSF, has emerged as a promising approach to promote tissue repair and regeneration after ischemia. The studies on Plg have revealed an essential role of the Plg system in cytokine-induced stem cell mobilization and have elucidated the molecular mechanisms regulating Plg-mediated stem cell mobilization. This will potentially contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies, for example, targeting Plg/MMP-9 for strengthening the established G-CSF treatment for ischemia disease. More importantly, the proposed experimental therapy with Plm (a truncated form of plasmin with fewer side-effects) or chemotactic peptide (uPAR84–95) to promote HPSC recruitment to the damaged cardiac tissue, will confer clinical therapeutic potentials of plasmin in stem cell-mediated treatment, especially given the verified safety and efficiency of plasmin therapy (e.g., tPA) in MI treatment.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Nanotechnology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 429890, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/429890
Research Article
Control of Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Altering the Geometry of Nanofibers
1Department of Fibre Amenity Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
2Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
Received 30 April 2012; Accepted 21 May 2012
Academic Editor: A. M. Rao
Copyright © 2012 Satoshi Fujita et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Effective differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is required for clinical applications. To control MSC differentiation, induction media containing different types of soluble factors have been used to date; however, it remains challenging to obtain a uniformly differentiated population of an appropriate quality for clinical application by this approach. We attempted to develop nanofiber scaffolds for effective MSC differentiation by mimicking anisotropy of the extracellular matrix structure, to assess whether differentiation of these cells can be controlled by using geometrically different scaffolds. We evaluated MSC differentiation on aligned and random nanofibers, fabricated by electrospinning. We found that induction of MSCs into adipocytes was markedly more inhibited on random nanofibers than on aligned nanofibers. In addition, adipoinduction on aligned nanofibers was also inhibited in the presence of mixed adipoinduction and osteoinduction medium, although osteoinduction was not affected by a change in scaffold geometry. Thus, we have achieved localized control over the direction of differentiation through changes in the alignment of the scaffold even in the presence of a mixed medium. These findings indicate that precise control of MSC differentiation can be attained by using scaffolds with different geometry, rather than by the conventional use of soluble factors in the medium.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Neuroscience Journal
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 906731, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/906731
Research Article
Teratogenic Effect of Crude Ethanolic Root Bark and Leaf Extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) on Nissl Substances of Albino Wistar Rat Fetuses
1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115 Calabar, Nigeria
2Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115 Calabar, Nigeria
3Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, PMB 1017 Uyo, Nigeria
4Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Anambra State University, Uli, Nigeria
Received 23 November 2012; Revised 27 February 2013; Accepted 27 February 2013
Academic Editor: Volney L. Sheen
Copyright © 2013 Mokutima A. Eluwa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a plant used for the treatment of insanity. The possible adverse effects of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of the plant on Nissl substances of albino Wistar rat fetuses were studied using 25 mature female Wistar rats. The animals were divided equally into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. The female rats were mated with the males overnight, and the sperm positive day was designated as day zero of pregnancy. Oral doses of 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, respectively, while groups D and E animals received 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract, respectively, from day 7 to 11 of gestation. On day 20 of gestation, the rats were sacrificed, the fetuses brains extracted, and the cerebral cortices excised and routinely processed for Nissl substances using Cresyl fast violet staining method. Results showed reduced staining intensity of Nissl substances in the treated groups, especially those that received the root extract. Thus, the herbs may have adverse effects on protein synthesis within the cerebral cortex.
1. Introduction
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of health care known to humanity and has been used in all cultures throughout history. Primitive people learned by trial and error to distinguish useful plants with beneficial effects from those that were toxic or nonactive. Even in cultures, tribal people methodically collected information on herbs and developed well-defined herbal pharmacopeias. Traditional medicine evolved over centuries depending on local flora, culture, and religion [13].
Rauwolfia vomitoria, the herb of study is mostly found in the rain forest of Southern Nigeria. The plant has many common names like serpent wood, serpent snake root, and swizzle stick. In Nigeria, it is known as asofeyeje in Yoruba, ira in Hausa, akata in Bini, and mmoneba and utoenyin in Efik languages, respectively [4]. Extensive studies carried out on its chemical properties showed that the plant contained more than 50 active indole alkaloids, each possessing remarkable pharmacological activities [5, 6].
Nigeria is one of the countries where traditional medicine practitioners prescribe and administer decoctions of the leaves and root bark to patients without regard to its possible adverse effects. This leads to the present investigation which was to assess the neurohistological effects of the crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria (Apocynaceae) on Nissl substances in the cerebral cortex of albino Wistar rat fetuses.
2. Materials and Methods
Twenty-five adult female Wistar rats were bred in the animal house of the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Calabar Nigeria. They were fed with normal rat chow, and water was provided ad libitum throughout the duration of the experiment. The rats were kept under standard room temperature of 25–27°C. The animals were divided into five groups designated as A, B, C, D, and E, each consisting of five rats. The group A animals were the control, and groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental animals.
2.1. Preparation of the Herb Extract
The roots and leaves of Rauwolfia vomitoria tree were collected from Ekpene Obo, Esit Eket Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and were identified and authenticated by the botanist in-charge of the botanical garden of the University of Calabar, Nigeria. The roots and the leaves were washed with water to remove the impurities. The roots bark were defoliated, dried in Carbolite moisture extraction drying oven (Grant Instruments, Cambridge, England) at 40°C–50°C as well as the leaf for 3 hours. The dried root bark and leaf were blended into powdered form using a Binatone kitchen blender and kept in glass containers with plastic cover. The extraction method involved cold ethanolic extraction, where a known weight of the blended sample was soaked in ethanol for 24 hours and then the extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness at room temperature to obtain the crude extract.
2.2. Experimental Protocol
The twenty-five virgin female Wistar rats were caged with sexually matured male rats of the same strain overnight after ascertaining the estrous phase of the estrous cycle. The presence of tailed structures in the vaginal smear the following morning confirmed coitus, and the sperm positive day was designated as day zero of pregnancy.
Oral doses of 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg per body weight of ethanolic root bark and 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg per body weight of leaf extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria were administered to pregnant rats in groups B, C, D, and E, respectively, on the 7th through the 11th day of gestation with the aid of an orogastric tube. The administration is shown in Table 1. The control, group A animals received corresponding volumes of distilled water on the corresponding days of gestation.
Table 1: Oral administrations of the control and the treatment groups.
The pregnancy was terminated on the 20th day of gestation by chloroform inhalation method and the fetuses were collected by uterectomy. The fetuses were blotted dry, examined for gross malformations, and weighed using Libror EB-330H sensitive balance. The brain was extracted by opening up the skull and preserved using 10% formaldehyde. Following complete fixation of the whole brain, the cerebral cortex was excised. Routine histological processing was carried out, and the brain sections were stained with Cresyl fast violet method for Nissl substance [7].
Images obtained from the slides were analysed to determine its staining intensity using “ImageJ” software. One-way analysis of variance was applied using “Primer” software, followed by a post hoc Students Newman-Keul test. Data were significant at .
3. Results
The Nissl substances of the control sections of the cerebral cortex were well stained (Figures 1 and 2(a)). Group B treated with 150 mg/kg of the root bark extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria showed reduced staining of Nissl substances (Figure 1(b)), while group D treated with 150 mg/kg of leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria showed slight reduction in the staining intensity of Nissl substances (Figure 2(b)). Group C treated with 250 mg/kg of the root extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria showed reduction in staining intensity of Nissl substances (Figure 1(c)), while group E that received 250 mg/kg of the root extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria showed slight reduction in the staining intensity of Nissl substances when compared with the control (Figure 2(c)).
Figure 1: Photomicrographs of the cerebral cortex of control and treated group whose mothers received 150 mg/kg root bark and leaf extracts (Cresyl fast violet ×400 for all plates). (a) Control cerebral cortex section showing normal staining of Nissl substance with many neurons in the intermediate zone (I) and few in cortical (C), subventricular (SV), and ventricular layers (V). (b) Fetal cerebral cortex—150 mg/kg of root bark extract showing fewer neurons with reduced staining of Nissl substance. (c) Fetal cerebral cortex—150 mg/kg of leaf extract showing slight reduction in the staining intensity of the Nissl substance especially in the cortical layer.
Figure 2: Photomicrographs of the cerebral cortex of control and treated group whose mothers received 250 mg/kg root bark and leaf extracts (Cresyl fast violet ×400 for all plates). (a) Control cerebral cortex section showing normal staining of Nissl substance with many neurons in the intermediate zone (I) and few in cortical (C), subventricular (SV), and ventricular layers (V). (b) Fetal cerebral cortex—250 mg/kg of root bark extract showing reduction in the staining intensity of Nissl substance. (c) Fetal cerebral cortex—250 mg/kg of leaf extract showing slight reduction in the staining intensity of the Nissl substance.
The staining intensity is shown in Table 2. The Nissl substance staining intensities in the cerebral cortex sections were not significantly () different from the control.
Table 2: Nissl substance staining intensities of the cerebral cortex sections in the control and the treatment group animals.
4. Discussion
The neurons are the functional units of the nervous tissue and can be identified using special stains such as the Cresyl fast violet which hitherto was used to stain Nissl substances [7]. In this study, there were reductions in the staining intensities of Nissl substances in sections of the experimental groups when compared to the control. The reduction intensity was greater in groups B and C that received 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg, respectively, of the root bark extract when compared with groups D and E that received 150 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of the leaf extract. The reduction in the staining intensities may be due to the adverse effects of the toxic constituent of Rauwolfia vomitoria root bark and leaf. It has been documented that chemicals and toxic substances affect the Nissl substance, thereby influencing their metabolic activity [8].
The decrease in Nissl substance staining may have been caused by chromatolysis. Chromatolysis is the migration of the Nissl substances towards the periphery of the soma due to either trauma or due to other exogenous agents [7, 9]. This usually results in the loss of function of the protein synthesizing ability of the neurons, and since protein is the working molecules of the cells, this may ultimately result in death of the cells. Our findings in this study are also in line with those of the work of Ajibade et al. [10], which showed that the Nissl substances in the cerebellar cortex in control rats stained more intensely compared with the less intense stain and degenerated Nissl substance in the treated rats following quinine administration.
Nissl substance is lost after cell injury. Neurons contain Nissl substance which is primarily composed of endoplasmic reticulum, with the amount, form, and distribution varying in different types of neurons [11].
This study suggests that the ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria is more teratogenic than the leaf extract and has potential to cause cerebral tissue damage, evidenced by the reduced staining intensity of Nissl substances.
References
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6. J. L. Pousset and J. Poisson, “Rauwolfia alkaloids: new alkaloids from the leaves of Rauwolfia vomitoria Afz,” Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 733–738, 1965. View at Scopus
7. J. Lowe and G. Cox, “Neuropathological techniques,” in A Theory and Practice of Histological Technique, J. D. Bancroft, Ed., pp. 343–378, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK, 3rd edition, 1992.
8. R. L. Davis and D. M. Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, Williams and Wilkins, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1991.
9. R. S. Snell, The Neurobiology of the Neuron and Neuroglia. Clinical Neuroanatomy for Medical Students, Lippincott Wiliams Wilkins, Baltimore, Md, USA, 5th edition, 2001.
10. A. J. Ajibade, O. A. Adeeyo, D. A. Ofusori et al., “Microstructural observations on Nissl substances in the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats following quinine administration,” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 105–109, 2009. View at Scopus
11. F. L. Carson, Histotechnology. A Self-Instructional Text, Ascp Press, Chicago, Ill, USA, 1990.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Stem Cells International
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 108340, 10 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/108340
Research Article
Feline Neural Progenitor Cells I: Long-Term Expansion under Defined Culture Conditions
1Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
2Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, China
Received 30 September 2011; Accepted 3 February 2012
Academic Editor: Heuy-Ching Hetty Wang
Copyright © 2012 Jing Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) of feline origin (cNPCs) have demonstrated utility in transplantation experiments, yet are difficult to grow in culture beyond the 1 month time frame. Here we use an enriched, serum-free base medium (Ultraculture) and report the successful long-term propagation of these cells. Primary cultures were derived from fetal brain tissue and passaged in DMEM/F12-based or Ultraculture-based proliferation media, both in the presence of EGF + bFGF. Cells in standard DMEM/F12-based medium ceased to proliferate by 1-month, whereas the cells in the Ultraculture-based medium continued to grow for at least 5 months (end of study) with no evidence of senescence. The Ultraculture-based cultures expressed lower levels of progenitor and lineage-associated markers under proliferation conditions but retained multipotency as evidenced by the ability to differentiate into neurons and glia following growth factor removal in the presence of FBS. Importantly, later passage cNPCs did not develop chromosomal aberrations.
1. Introduction
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) has a restricted capacity for self-repair and regeneration and, as a consequence, the extent of clinical recovery from CNS injury or disease is generally limited. Because of this unmet clinical need, much work has been devoted to exploring potential ways of enhancing clinical outcomes in the setting of debilitating neurological conditions. One particularly interesting approach is the transplantation of allogeneic neural progenitor cells (NPCs). These multipotent cells are derived from the developing nervous system and, under defined serum-free conditions, are capable of at least limited expansion in culture, followed by differentiation into mature neurons and glia, either following cessation of mitogenic stimulation in vitro or transplantation to the diseased CNS [1, 2].
There are a number of characteristics of NPCs that recommend them for application to neural repair strategies. From a practical standpoint, the proliferative capability of the cells mentioned above allows for the generation of cell banks [3], thereby decreasing the need for continued derivation from donor tissue. From a biological standpoint, the ability of NPCs to exhibit directed migration to areas of disease and integrate into the local cytoarchitecture represents a major breakthrough compared to previous work, for example, with fetal tissue transplantation [4, 5]. From a clinical standpoint, the immune tolerance-afforded allogeneic NPCs in animal studies [68] would appear to obviate the need for mandatory immune suppression in many cases, hopefully including allografts in humans. If this is the case, it would substantially decrease the therapeutic risk to patients. In addition, it would appear that progenitor cells of this type convey a substantially decreased risk of tumor formation, particularly when compared to analogous cells derived from pluripotent cell types [9].
In addition to their potential role in cell replacement, NPCs also represent an attractive method for gene delivery, particularly with respect to neuroprotective cytokines. These molecules are gene products that are rapidly degraded in vivo by endogenous proteases and notably include trophic factors such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). It has been demonstrated that NPCs can be genetically modified to express these types of factors ex vivo, expanded in number, and subsequently transplanted for study [10, 11]. Given that these cells are typically well tolerated immunologically, genetically modified NPCs could provide a method of sustained drug delivery to local sites within the brain, retina, and spinal cord. This option is of interest in species, where NPCs can be successfully isolated, and where models of CNS disease are available.
Progenitor or precursor cells have now been isolated and grown from viable brain tissue in a broad range of mammalian species, including mouse, rat, cat, pig, sheep, dog, monkey, and human [12]. The cat represents a model of interest for neural repair strategies because of the potential for detailed electrophysiological and behavioral studies. In previous work, we and another group have reported the isolation of feline neural progenitor-like cells, combined with successful transplantation to the dystrophic retina [13] and the normal brain [14] of allorecipients. Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to grow these cells for extended periods in culture using conventional protocols. This lack of in vitro expansion hampers further research by restricting the number of studies that can be performed from a given isolation. Here, we identify a modified culture method that allows for sustained, abundant growth of feline neural progenitor cells sufficient for banking. We provide additional characterization of these cells, including examination of karyotype and analysis of gene expression at multiple time points in culture.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Culture of NPCs from the Cat (cNPCs)
The isolation of cNPCs followed a protocol similar to that described previously [13], but in this case the donor was a 47-day timed-pregnant domestic cat (E47). Fetuses were removed under terminal anesthesia at an academic veterinary facility and shipped on ice to the site of cell isolation and culture. Upon arrival, brains were removed by dissection and the forebrain separated from the cerebellum and brainstem. Forebrain tissue was relocated to a petridish containing cold DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The tissue was minced using 2 scalpels and then enzymatically digested using 0.05% TrypLE Express (Invitrogen). The resulting cell suspension was washed repeatedly and dissociated by repeated, gentle aspiration using a flame-polished glass pipette. The resulting cells were then divided and seeded into 1 of 2 different complete culture media, namely, standard medium (SM) or Ultraculture-based medium (UM). SM consisted of Advanced DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen), 1% by volume N2 neural supplement (Invitrogen), 1% GlutaMax (Invitrogen), 50 U/mL penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen), 20 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (recombinant human EGF, Invitrogen) and 20 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (recombinant human bFGF; Invitrogen). To promote adherence, 5% FBS (Sigma) was also included at the time of initial plating. The following day all medium in cultures was completely replaced with serum-free SM. The remaining half of the primary cells were seeded in an alternate proliferation medium, henceforth designated UltraCulture-based medium (UM), containing Ultraculture (Lonza), 1% GlutaMax, 50 U/mL penicillin-streptomycin, 20 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, and 20 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor. The plating density was cells/mL for both conditions. Subsequently, cells were fed by medium exchange every 2 to 3 days and passaged at confluence using TrypLE Express and gentle trituration through a flame-polished glass pipette. At each passage, cell number was counted using a hemocytometer.
2.2. Cytogenetic Analysis (Chromosome Counting and Karyotyping)
Confluent cNPCs generated in UM were harvested at culture passages 8 and 14 and prepared for analysis, as follows. Cells were plated onto a T-25 flask, and the media were changed 24 hours before harvesting the culture to stimulate cell division and maximize the mitotic index. The cells were then mitotically arrested with colcemid (KaryoMax Colcemid solution, Invitrogen) at a final working concentration of 0.12 μg/mL at 37°C for 20 minutes. Isolated cNPCs were harvested for hypotonic treatment in 0.075 M KCl solution at room temperature for 25 minutes. The cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 8 minutes and fixed in ice-cold fixative (3 : 1 methanol: glacial acetic acid) for 10 min. After a second wash in fixative, the cells were resuspended in 2 mL fixative. Slides were prepared by dropping the cell suspension onto dry microscope slides prewashed with fixative. G-banded karyotyping was performed by Cell Line Genetics LLC (Madison, WI, USA).
2.3. RNA Isolation and cDNA Synthesis
Total RNA was extracted from passage 8 cNPCs using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. DNase I was used to digest and eliminate any contaminating genomic DNA. Two micrograms of total RNA in a 20 μL reaction were reverse-transcribed using an Omniscript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA).
2.4. Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
qPCR was performed on an Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA) following protocols previously described [15]. Briefly, 20 μL total reaction was made up of 10 μL 2x Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA), 100 ng cDNA, and gene specific primers (Table 1) at a concentration of 300 μM. Samples were initially denatured at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of PCR amplification (15 seconds at 95°C and 1 minute at 60°C). To normalize template input, β-actin (endogenous control) transcript level was measured for each sample. Melting curves were determined to confirm amplification of the expected fragment. Fold change and heat map were generated using JMP 4.1 and DataAssist 2.0 software.
Table 1: Cat-specific primers for real-time PCR.
2.5. Induction of cNPC Differentiation
The cNPCs were cultured in UM or UM-FBS that contained 10%FBS but no added growth factors with the same cell density, cells/mL. Culture media was exchanged every 2 days. The morphology of cells was monitored every day, and the cells were photographed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7.
2.6. Immunocytochemistry
After 4 months in culture, cNPCs were plated on four-well chamber slides in either UM or UM-FBS medium and fed every two days. On day 5, cells were fixed with freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde (Invitrogen) in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 20 minutes at room temperature. Fixed cells were washed with PBS, then they were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature in antibody blocking buffer containing the following: PBS containing 10% (v/v) normal donkey serum (Sigma), 0.3% Triton X-100, and 0.1% NaN3 (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Slides were then incubated in primary antibodies (Table 2) at 4°C overnight. After washing, slides were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature in fluorescent-conjugated secondary antibody, 1 : 400 Alexa Fluor546 goat anti-mouse, followed by washings. Cell nuclei were counterstained with 1.5 μg/mL 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Invitrogen, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) in Vectashield Hard Set Mounting Medium (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) for 15 min at room temperature. Negative controls for immunolabeling were performed in parallel using the same protocol but with omission of the primary antibody. Fluorescent labeling was judged as positive only with reference to the negative controls. Immunoreactive cells were visualized and images recorded using a Nikon fluorescent microscope (Eclipse E600; Nikon, Melville, NY, USA).
Table 2: Primary antibodies for immunocytochemistry.
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of cNPCs Grown in Different Proliferation Media
Proliferative cultures were obtained from forebrain-derived feline NPCs seeded and maintained in both types of media (SM and UM); however, only those seeded in UM continued to expand throughout the duration of the study (5 months). The cells in both types of media exhibited morphologic features consistent with primitive neuroectodermal cells throughout their growth period (Figure 1). In both cultures, the majority of cells were adherent to the surface of the flask and continued to proliferate, forming a pattern of random networks and nodal clusters as is typical of mammalian neural progenitors when not grown as suspended neurospheres.
Figure 1: Morphology of cNPCs in different proliferation media at serial time points. Upper panel shows cNPCs cultured in SM and the lower panel cells of the same age in UM. Cultures are shown on day 0, after 1, 2, and 4 weeks as well as 4 months (UM only). In both media the cells exhibited morphologic features consistent with primitive neural cells throughout the period examined. In both cases, the adherent cells extended processes and expanded greatly during the initial week. The cells in SM ceased expanding during the first month and were not evaluated beyond the 3-month time point, whereas those in UM continued to expand throughout the course of the study. Scale bar: 100 μm.
The morphology of cNPCs cultured in the two different growth media was also examined. In both conditions, the initially dissociated cells divided and formed small clusters over the first week in culture. During this period, cellular processes had started to form by day 3 and were greatly elaborated by the end of the first week. Cells cultured in SM showed little evidence of proliferation beyond week 3, but continued to survive up to 3 months. In contrast, cells cultured in UM established stably expanding populations. The cNPCs continued to expand vigorously, while maintaining progenitor morphology, although a tendency of the cells to enlarge and flatten was observed (Figure 1).
3.2. Long-Term Expansion of cNPC Cells Is Possible in UM
The growth characteristics of cNPCs are plotted in Figure 2. Initial growth of cells was observed in either medium, but sustained expansion was only achieved using UM. The number of cells in SM medium increased initially and peaked shortly after day 20. After that, the total cell count began to drop, and no further passaging or counting was performed although the cells continued to survive up to at least 3 months. In contrast, the cNPCs in UM continued to increase steadily, without indications of senescence, throughout the 5-month duration of this study.
Figure 2: Expansion capacity of cNPC cells in long-term culture. Cells were cultured in 1 of 2 proliferation media of differing composition and counted at each passage using a hemocytometer. The number of cells in SM medium (red) increased initially, then began to drop shortly after day 20, with no measurable proliferation beyond 1 month. In contrast, cultures grown in UM (blue) exhibited sustained growth throughout the course of the study (143 days), with no evidence of senescence. The rate of expansion did not diminish with passage number. Numbers on -axis represent days in culture at each passage, the -axis shows cell number as total estimated yield.
3.3. Cytogenetics of cNPCs during Extended Culture
Because increased rates of cellular proliferation can be the result of chromosomal abnormalities arising during extended periods of cell culture, the karyotypic stability of cNPCs cultures in UM was evaluated by chromosome counting and G-banded karyotyping. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on twenty G-banded metaphase cells from passage 8 (day 50) and from passage 14 (day 87) time points that roughly corresponded to possible upward inflections in the growth curve. The results showed that the cells from both time points possessed normal feline 38XX karyotypes (Figure 3), indicating that the increased proliferation rate seen was not the result of a culture-induced chromosomal abnormality.
Figure 3: G-banded karyotyping of cNPCs at early and later passage. Cytogenetic G-banded karyotyping results based on analysis of 20 metaphase cNPCs. (a) passage 8 (day 50); (b) passage 14 (day 87). The cells from both time points exhibited a normal 38XX feline karyotype.
3.4. Quantitative Evaluation of the Effect of Different Culture Media on cNPC Gene Expression
Having determined that UM effectively sustains the proliferation of NPCs of feline origin, whereas the conventional media formation did not, it was of interest to compare the phenotype of the cells grown using these methods. In order to look for differences related to the alternate proliferation conditions used, we compared gene expression profiles for cNPCs grown in SM versus UM at the 1 month time point using quantitative RT-PCR (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)).
Figure 4: Comparison by qPCR of gene expression profile for cNPCs in different culture media. The cNPCs were cultured in either SM or UM for 1 month prior to testing. (a) heat map display showing relative expression levels of 23 genes expressed by NPCs or related progeny of neural lineage. The scale to the right shows that moderate expression level (as determined by CT value) is shown as black, while lower expression appears increasingly green, and higher expression increasingly red. Viewed in this way, the general similarity of the 2 conditions is evident in that the color of a particular gene tends to be conserved across conditions, even if the intensity often varies. (b) fold change, with SM used as calibrator. Note that expression is represented on a log2 scale, such that 1.00 corresponds to a 2 fold change. Viewed in this way, differences in expression are highlighted. The majority of genes showed less than 2 fold change (between 1.00 to −1.00, on log2 scale), again confirming the general similarity between conditions; however, a number of individual genes fell outside this range. The error bars-show standard deviation.
Both sampled populations expressed the neural progenitor-associated genes nestin, sox-2, vimentin, and notch1 as well as the proliferation markers cyclinD2 and Ki-67 (Figure 4(a)). Expression of the markers CD81 and FABP7, which are also known to be expressed by NPCs [1618], was detected as well. Low expression of the early neuronal marker β-III tubulin was seen, as reported previously [13]. The mature neuronal and astroglial markers Map2 and GFAP were detectable, the latter more prominently than the former. Overall, these results were consistent with the maintenance of markers associated with neural progenitor populations by cNPCs when grown in UM, including the modest but detectable tendency for ongoing, spontaneous differentiation along the neuronal lineage, as previously reported in analogous cells from various mammalian species.
Looked at more closely, there were similarities and differences in the level of expression for particular markers (Figure 4(b)). Less than 2 fold variance between conditions was observed for expression of the majority of markers including AQP4, β3-tubulin, CD9, CD81, CyclinD2, EGFR, GFAP, Lhx2, NCAM, nestin, nogoA, notch1, Pax6, Sox2, and vimentin. Growth in UM was associated with greater than 2 fold increased expression in the neuroblast marker DCX, the neuronal marker Map2, the transcription factor Pbx1, and the migration-associated marker SDF1. Markers that were greater than 2 fold lower in UM were CXCR4, FABP7 and Ki-67. Of note, the most upregulated marker (SDF1) is a receptor for the migration factor CXCR4, which was downregulated.
3.5. Sequential Analysis of cNPC Gene Profile with Time in Culture
To examine the phenotypic stability of cRPCs during extended culture in UM, we employed qPCR, in this case to compare the expression profile obtained at 2 weeks to that present at 1, 2, 3, and 5 months (Figure 5). A preponderance of the markers examined showed a tendency to decrease with time in culture. This trend included progenitor-associated and neurodevelopmental markers as well as some markers associated with further lineage restriction. Both heat map and cluster analysis indicated an overall drop in marker expression between the 1- and 2-month time points (Figure 5(a)). Interestingly, this is the same time frame in which the cells in UM diverged in growth characteristics from those in SM, as seen above in Figure 2. Viewed as a histogram, the qPCR data showed a sequential downward trend, although expression levels appeared to be leveling off at the latter time points (Figure 5(b)). Again, this is concomitant to the robust proliferation seen beyond 1 month in the UM condition.
Figure 5: Comparison of gene expression from cNPCs at different time points in UM via qPCR. A 22-gene profile was assayed at each time point. The initial time point for comparison was 2 weeks (calibrator), followed by 1, 2, 3 and 5 months. (a) viewed as a heat map, there was an apparent overall drop in marker expression (shift from red towards green end of spectrum), and this was most evident between the 1- and 2-month time points, both visually and by cluster analysis (dendrogram at top). (b) data viewed as RQ (fold change) confirms the prevalent downward trend with time as well as highlighting the quantitative differences in fold change between markers. Error bars show standard deviation.
3.6. Differentiation
Having determined that cNPCs can be grown beyond the 1-month time point using UM, it was important to confirm whether cNPCS grown in this medium retain the potential to differentiate into both neuronal and glial cell types. As a first step, cNPCs (4 months, P26) were dissociated into single cells and induced to differentiate by culture in UM without growth factors, but containing 10% serum (UM-FBS), for 7 days. The cells cultured in UM-FBS appeared similar but exhibited a more flattened morphology than undifferentiated controls (Figure 6). Interestingly, the cultures in UM-FBS reached confluence more rapidly than those in UM. The next step was to examine the expression of relevant markers.
Figure 6: Morphology of cNPCs grown under proliferation versus differentiation conditions. Cultured cNPCs grown under proliferation conditions (UM), beginning at P26 (4 months), maintained the appearance of neural progenitors, while those grown under differentiation conditions (UM-FBS) appeared similar but exhibited a more flattened morphology. Dotted vertical lines represent passaging/reseeding, thereby accounting for the decreased cell density in images to the right of those points. Cells in the UM-FBS condition reached confluence more quickly.
3.7. Effect of UM-FBS on Marker Expression of cNPCs, Evaluated by Immunocytochemistry
Immunocytochemical analysis (Figure 7) at the same time point (4 months, P26) confirmed that feline cells cultured in UM expressed a numbers of markers associated with neural precursor cells. These included strong expression of the intermediate filaments nestin and vimentin as well as the proliferation marker Ki-67. There was also trace labeling for the lineage markers β3-tubulin and GFAP, both of which are cytoskeletal proteins. β3-tubulin is a marker of neurons, and GFAP is strongly expressed by astrocytes. These data are suggestive of a small but detectable level of spontaneous differentiation in the cultures under proliferation conditions, as is expected with cells of this type.
Figure 7: Effect of differentiation conditions on expression of markers by immunocytochemistry. To examine the lineage potential of cNPCs, P26 (4 month) cultures were grown in UM or UM-FBS for 5 days and immunolabeled with antibodies (red) against nestin, vimentin, β3-tubulin, Ki-67, and GFAP. Cell nuclei were labeled with DAPI (blue). Scale bars represent 50 μm.
At 5 days after induction of differentiation in UM-FBS, very few cells remained nestin positive, the signal for vimentin persisted at a diminished level, and expression of Ki-67 had decreased notably. In contrast, many more cells were positive for β3-tubulin and a subset of cells GFAP was strongly positive for GFAP, consistent with differentiation along neuronal as well as glial lineages (Table 3).
Table 3: Estimated percentage and intensity of labeling of cultured cNPCs for specific markers after 5-day exposure to differentiation conditions (UM-FBS). +: weak expression; ++: moderate expression; +++: strong expression.
4. Discussion
Since their initial isolation, neural progenitor cells have been viewed as a powerful research tool for experimental investigation of novel approaches to cell replacement throughout the central nervous system (CNS). The recognized potential of NPC transplantation-based regenerative therapy for CNS diseases has generated considerable enthusiasm among many investigators and resulted in rapid growth of the field. The scientific understanding of NPCs has increased accordingly, although transplantation of these cells has yet to achieve accepted clinical use. One challenge has been growing sufficient quantities of the cells, and this is, therefore, a fundamental area deserving of additional attention. Refinement and the optimization of culture conditions is an obvious initial approach to further sustaining the proliferation of NPCs in vitro. It is also important to consider that the culture requirements of progenitor cells may differ between species. Research has shown that extended culture of neural progenitors is often associated with loss of multipotency, particularly a reduced potential to generate neurons, together with loss of self-renewal, as reflected in a marked propensity towards early senescence [19, 20]. A pertinent issue is the extent to which changes in culture conditions might enhance the expansion of functionally multipotent NPCs.
Feline NPCs can be difficult to propagate using conventional serum-free conditions. Here, we directly compared two variations on serum-free proliferation media, SM and UM, which differed in base medium but contained the same growth factors. Both formulations were used to examine their ability to sustain the proliferation and development of cNPCs derived from E47 brain tissue. In the more conventional SM medium, cNPCs stopped dividing and began to senesce by 1-month in culture. In UM, the cells continued to exhibit vigorous growth for up to 5 months, the latest time point examined, thereby allowing the banking of considerable numbers of mitotically active cNPCs. Although cNPCs grown in SM and UM appear similar in terms of certain key genes expressed, quantitative analysis of expression level did reveal differences between the conditions at the 1 month point. Interestingly, the expression level of the majority of genes, including progenitor and lineage markers, was downregulated in UM versus SM. Furthermore, this tendency toward downregulation in UM was even more pronounced beyond the 1-month time point, although the possible trend toward a new, lower set point in expression was noted. The reason for this is not clear, but might relate to a state of continuous, rapid cell division. What is clear is that UM is strongly permissive of feline NPCs survival and proliferation in vitro, whereas use of conventional SM medium rapidly leads to a failure to propagate.
One possible explanation for the facile growth exhibited by cNPCs in UM could be spontaneous immortalization. The cells in UM displayed repeated upward inflections in growth rate with time in culture that might reflect dysregulation of the cell cycle. It is known that immortalization of NPCs can occur with extended time in culture, and that such events are frequently associated with abnormalities in karyotype. To examine this, we evaluated whether karyotypic alterations were present in our cells, and the results showed that despite 14 passages in UM, the karyotype remained stable. Therefore, the improved growth seen in UM cannot be attributed to changes in karyotype.
Because altered gene expression might be associated with a loss of multipotency, it was important to confirm whether NPCs grown in UM maintain their ability to differentiate into cells of neural lineage. Comparing various progenitor markers and differentiation markers in UM versus UM-FBS conditions, we found that expression levels of progenitor markers decreased while neuronal and glial markers increased. These data indicate that cNPCs cultured in UM retain multipotency and the capacity to differentiate.
The source of the improvement in growth of cBPCs seen in UM thus appears to reside in the beneficial effects of the media constituents rather than aberrations of cellular proliferation. There is no question that Ultraculture is a much richer base medium, containing approximately 6 fold greater total protein than SM. While it is tempting to speculate that certain serum proteins or peptides may be critical to the growth of feline progenitors, further work is needed to define which particular components are responsible for the dramatic improvements seen in the current study.
In summary, we have shown that the use of a highly enriched, serum-free medium allows the long-term propagation of feline neural progenitor cells, something that standard serum-free conditions does poorly, if at all. The resulting cells retain multipotency and the ability to differentiate, as well as a normal karyotype. This does not rule out the possibility that the cells may have taken a significant, but less obvious, step towards spontaneous immortalization, and that the growth-promoting influence of UM might be causative. Fortunately, the resulting ability to generate and bank large numbers of cNPCs should greatly facilitate additional examination of these cells, including both safety concerns and the potential for therapeutic benefits following transplantation.
Abbreviations
AQP4:Aquaporin 4
FABP7:Fatty acid binding protein 7
GFAP:Glial fibrillary acidic protein
NCAM:Neural cell adhesion molecule
SDF1:Stromal cell-derived factor 1
RT-PCR:Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Victor David for providing the cat-specific primer sequences used in this study and to Kristina Narfstrom for her longstanding involvement in cat models of retinal dystrophy as well as the provenance of fetal feline tissue used for our original derivation of feline neural progenitor cells. In addition, the authors thank the Lincy Foundation, the Discovery Eye Foundation, the Andrei Olenicoff Memorial Foundation, and the Polly and Michael Smith Foundation for their generous financial support of this paper.
References
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7. H. Klassen, K. Warfvinge, P. H. Schwartz et al., “Isolation of progenitor cells from gfp-transgenic pigs and transplantation to the retina of allorecipients,” Cloning and Stem Cells, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 391–402, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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17. P. H. Schwartz, P. J. Bryant, T. J. Fuja, H. Su, D. K. O'Dowd, and H. Klassen, “Isolation and characterization of neural progenitor cells from post-mortem human cortex,” Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 838–851, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. P. H. Schwartz, H. Nethercott, I. I. Kirov, B. Ziaeian, M. J. Young, and H. Klassen, “Expression of neurodevelopmental markers by cultured porcine neural precursor cells,” Stem Cells, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1286–1294, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. L. Anderson, R. M. Burnstein, X. He et al., “Gene expression changes in long term expanded human neural progenitor cells passaged by chopping lead to loss of neurogenic potential in vivo,” Experimental Neurology, vol. 204, no. 2, pp. 512–524, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. L. S. Wright, K. R. Prowse, K. Wallace, M. H. K. Linskens, and C. N. Svendsen, “Human progenitor cells isolated from the developing cortex undergo decreased neurogenesis and eventual senescence following expansion in vitro,” Experimental Cell Research, vol. 312, no. 11, pp. 2107–2120, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
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Proximity and affiliation to the local market appear to be two of the most relevant factors to explain farmer's choices to select a particular trading point. Physical barriers may limit the options, especially in developing countries. A network of villages linked by traders/farmer-traders sharing livestock markets was built with field data collected in 75 villages from 8 kebelles in the Wassona Werna wereda of the Ethiopian Highlands. Two exponential random graph models were fitted with various geographical and demographic attributes of the nodes (dyadic independent model) and three internal network structures (dyadic dependent model).
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Publication Listing
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Bibliography: Stand on Zanzibar
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Review of: Stand on Zanzibar
Author: John Brunner
Reviewer: Charles N. Brown
Year: 1977
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User:Pranav Rathi/Notebook/OT/2012/11/13/Optical Tweezers Calibration
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< User:Pranav Rathi | Notebook | OT | 2012 | 11 | 13
Revision as of 21:23, 14 November 2012 by Pranav Rathi (Talk | contribs)
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To perform accurate measurements with optical tweezers, it is necessary to calibrate some experimental parameters and even before that study the active components of the optical tweezers setup. The parameters I want to calibrate: Stiffness; which measures the force that is exerts on the trapped bead, and Sensitivity; which measures the relative position of bead within the trap. The components I want to study: Laser, AOM (acoustooptic module), objective, QPD (quadrant photo diode), z and x piezo. It is necessary to characterize these components first because not only they affect the experimental parameters but also reduce the chances to see something unexpected in data later on.
Characterization
I characterized most of the active components in the setup starting with the laser.
Laser
It is important to know some facts about the laser used in the setup. I did not do a rigorous study (because it was not necessary), just specified few parameters like power output, beam waist and its location, polarization, beam mode profile and beam propagation factor. I used this information to design the tweezers. The laser specification are given in the following link: User:Pranav_Rathi/Notebook/OT/2010/08/18/CrystaLaser_specifications
AOM
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
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Paul Carmouche
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This profile of a DEFEATED 2008 U.S. House candidate for Louisiana's district 4 is part of the "Wiki the Vote" project.
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See all the Louisiana members of Congress, candidates and blogs at the Louisiana portal.
Paul Carmouche is a Democratic candidate for the 4th Congressional District of Louisiana
Paul Carmouche is a Democratic candidate in the 2008 congressional elections for the 4th Congressional District (map) of Louisiana. He is seeking the Democratic nomination to challenge incumbent Rep. Jim McCrery (R-La.). The primary will take place on September 6, 2008.
Contents
Positions, record and controversies
Bio
Carmouche is the Caddo Parish District Attorney. He was sworn in on January 2, 1979. [1]
2008 elections
Carmouche is seeking the Democratic nomination to replace Rep. Jim McCrery (R-La.) in the 2008 congressional elections.[2][3] He lost the election to John Fleming Jr.(R).[4]
Money in politics
Information on this candidate's 2010 fundraising is not yet available.
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Committees
Carmouche will be assigned committees if and when he is elected to Congress.
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Campaign Contact Information
Carmouche For Congress
4847 Line Ave.
Shreveport, LA 71106
318.703.3711
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Media Contact: Kara Gavin 734-764-2220
One size doesn't fit all when treating blood pressure in people with diabetes, VA/U-M study suggests
Aiming for & incentivizing strict BP control for all patients means some are being over-treated -- but an individualized approach could help
ANN ARBOR, Mich. - Aggressive efforts to lower blood pressure in people with diabetes are paying off – perhaps too well, according to a new study.
The research shows that there have been dramatic improvements in blood pressure control among patients with diabetes in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, with as many as 82 percent of patients having blood pressure controlled and 94 percent getting appropriate BP treatment. However, given the dramatic rise in control, as many people now may be getting over-treated with blood pressure medications as are being under-treated.
That suggests it might be time to reconsider the current one-size-fits-all approach to blood pressure control, and turn to a new model that adjusts the blood pressure goal according to the individual, say a team of researchers from the VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System and the University of Michigan Health System. Modern healthcare electronic record systems should help make this possible, they say, because blood pressure, prescription and other health data on individual risks such as heart disease or balance problems can all be combined.
In a paper being published online in the Archives of Internal Medicine, the team finds that over 8 percent of the 977,000 VA patients nationwide with diabetes are possibly being over-treated. Meanwhile, 6 percent were not being treated as aggressively as they could be.
“Appropriately treating blood pressure in people with diabetes is extremely important, and good blood pressure control should still be the goal to reduce risk of heart attack, stroke and other conditions,” says first author Eve Kerr, M.D., director of the Center for Clinical Management Research at the VAAAHS and professor of internal medicine at the U-M Medical School.
“But just treating to a BP target in all patients may result in over-treating and harming some patients because their blood pressures actually fall too low,” she adds. “We need to find better ways to measure and incentivize appropriate BP management to make sure that patients who need aggressive treatment are getting it, and to decrease the rate of inappropriate overtreatment.”
The team looked back at electronic records from people with diabetes and high blood pressure who were treated at any of 879 VA hospitals and clinics in 2009 and 2010. Almost 714,000 of them were between the ages of 18 and 75.
Drawing on the expertise of dozens of VA clinical and measurement experts, they developed a “clinical action measure”, or way of assessing the appropriateness of a patient’s care by looking at treatment factors and contraindications, not just the target blood pressure. They also defined a monitor of potential overtreatment, to signal that some patients could be receiving overly aggressive treatment.
Appropriate BP management was defined by the clinical action measure having a BP either less than 140/90 or less than 150/65; or having appropriate management of elevated blood pressure (medication intensification or being on 3 or more BP medications). Potential overtreatment was defined as having blood pressure that was less than 130/65 while also receiving three or more BP medicines or having recent medication increases. They focused on the patients under the age of 75 when assessing under-treatment, and all patients when looking for overtreatment.
Recent research has found that patients with diabetes don’t have better cardiovascular outcomes, but experience more side effects, if they get aggressive treatment to lower their blood pressure under 130/80. At the same time, some people experience side effects caused by “polypharmacy”, or the impact of taking multiple drugs at the same time for the same condition.
In addition, diastolic blood pressure under 65 is associated with worse cardiovascular health, and low blood pressure could also cause dizziness that can lead to dangerous falls.
Interestingly, the rate of overtreatment varied considerably between VA facilities – ranging as high as 20 percent at some and as low as 3 percent at others. The hospitals and clinics with the highest overall rates of diabetes patients with blood pressure at or below the target of 140/90 also had the highest rates of overtreatment, they found.
This is likely a result of focusing on a target than on an individualized approach – a phenomenon that might be tied to performance incentives and public reporting practices currently in place, says Kerr, a member of the U-M Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation and the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center.
Such one-goal-for-all benchmarks were set years ago when blood pressure control for people with diabetes was poor across the board. But now, when 82 percent of VA patients with diabetes have their blood pressure under 140/90, a more sophisticated approach is likely needed, Kerr notes.
“We need to have performance measures that focus on appropriate treatment, and if patients are being treated aggressively but still don’t quite get to a target control value we need to allow that to count as appropriate care,” she says.
As a first step, the VA system will adopt the BP clinical action measure to motivate appropriate BP management for patients based on their risks and treatment characteristics. But the same could be done in non-VA settings, especially those that have reached as high levels of BP control as has the VA healthcare system.
In the meantime, people who have diabetes should talk with their doctors about their blood pressure treatment and the lifestyle steps and medicines they are taking to keep it under control, Kerr says.
”It is essential that we continue to monitor and focus on BP control among patients with diabetes, but we also have to realize that when BP starts to dip too low, it may be time to decrease treatment.”
The research was funded by VA grant QUERI RRP 09-111. In addition to Kerr, the study’s authors include Timothy Hofer, M.D., of both VA and U-M, and VA colleagues M. Lucatorto, R. Holleman, M. Hogan and M. Klamerus. Reference: Archives of Internal Medicine, online publication May 28, 2012 DOI:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2253
# # #
Written by Kara Gavin
NOTICE: Except where otherwise noted, all articles are published under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. You are free to copy, distribute, adapt, transmit, or make commercial use of this work as long as you attribute the University of Michigan Health System as the original creator and include a link to this article.
Media Inquiries: 734-764-2220 8 a.m.-5 p.m. ET
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Place:Monroe, Butler, Ohio, United States
Watchers
NameMonroe
Alt namesMonroe Stationsource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS39011967
TypeCity
Coordinates39.445°N 84.364°W
Located inButler, Ohio, United States
Contained Places
Cemetery
Monroe Cemetery
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Monroe is a city located in east central Butler and west central Warren counties in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 Census , the city population was 12,442, up from 4,008 in 1990.
Monroe is named for President James Monroe, who was elected U.S. President the year it was founded.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Monroe, Ohio. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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"url": "arthritis-research.com/content/11/3/R84/abstract",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:55:37.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:fdd74966-dc3d-48c6-bbcc-c3eadc6333a4>",
"warc_url": "http://arthritis-research.com/content/11/3/R84/abstract"
}
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Research article
Alterations in peripheral blood memory B cells in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis are dependent on the action of tumour necrosis factor
M Margarida Souto-Carneiro1, Vijayabhanu Mahadevan2, Kazuki Takada3, Ruth Fritsch-Stork4, Toshihiro Nanki3, Margaret Brown5, Thomas A Fleisher5, Mildred Wilson2, Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky2 and Peter E Lipsky2*
Author Affiliations
1 Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
2 National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
3 Department of Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
4 Department of Rheumatology, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
5 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Warren Magnuson Center, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009, 11:R84 doi:10.1186/ar2718
See related editorial by Leandro, http://arthritis-research.com/content/11/5/128
Published: 5 June 2009
Abstract
Introduction
Disturbances in peripheral blood memory B cell subpopulations have been observed in various autoimmune diseases, but have not been fully delineated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Additionally, the possible role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in regulating changes in specific peripheral blood memory B cell subsets in RA is still unclear.
Methods
The frequency and distribution of B cell subsets in the peripheral blood and synovial membrane of active RA patients with long-standing disease have been analysed. Additionally, the possible role of TNF in causing disturbances in memory B cell subsets in RA patients was assessed in a clinical trial with the specific TNF-neutralising antibody, infliximab.
Results
RA patients, independent of disease duration, have a significantly lower frequency of peripheral blood pre-switch IgD+CD27+ memory B cells than healthy individuals, whereas post-switch IgD-CD27+ accumulate with increased disease duration. Notably, both pre-switch IgD+CD27+ and post-switch IgD-CD27+ memory B cells accumulate in the synovial membrane of RA patients. Finally, anti-TNF therapy increased the frequency of pre-switch IgD+CD27 memory B cells in the peripheral blood.
Conclusions
The data suggest that decreases in peripheral blood IgD+CD27+ pre-switch memory B cells in RA reflect their accumulation in the synovial tissue. Moreover, the significant increase in the peripheral blood pre-switch memory B cells in patients who underwent specific TNF-blockade with infliximab indicates that trafficking of memory B cells into inflamed tissue in RA patients is regulated by TNF and can be corrected by neutralising TNF.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:7211",
"uncompressed_offset": 45428651,
"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/5929",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:55:37.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:fdd74966-dc3d-48c6-bbcc-c3eadc6333a4>",
"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/5929"
}
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Financial Stock Market and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: The Case of Douala Stock Exchange in Cameroon
Boubakari Ake, Rachelle Wouono Ognaligui
Abstract
In this article Sims’ causality test based on Granger definition of causality was used to examine causality
relationships between stock markets and economic growth in Cameroon based on the time series data from 2006
to 2010. Our findings suggest that the Douala Stock Exchange still doesn’t affect Cameroonian economic growth.
Research has been made in this topic and found positive relationship between financial stock market
development and economic growth, but in Cameroon the purpose of the government to develop economy, by
creating the Douala Stock Exchange is still not reached. After running variance decomposition test of Cholesky,
we found systematic evidence that the market capitalization affects positively the GDP. Our paper comes up with
the opportunity given to the Cameroonian government to understand that it is time to find financial policies, to
encourage companies and develop financial stock market culture, and enhance to push companies to initiate IPO
instead of bank loans when money is needed to increase their investment.
Full Text: Untitled () PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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35jvrci4moanvh2q4nwrbhzdmfqjno76
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:7212",
"uncompressed_offset": 45434282,
"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/view/12313/0",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:55:37.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:fdd74966-dc3d-48c6-bbcc-c3eadc6333a4>",
"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/view/12313/0"
}
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Banking Sector Liquidity and Financial Crisis in Nigeria
Samuel O. Fadare
Abstract
Employing a linear least square model and time series data from 1980 to 2009, this paper studies the determinants of Banking Sector liquidity in Nigeria and assesses the extent to which the recent financial crises affected liquidity in deposit money banks in the country. The paper makes some interesting findings. First, we find that only liquidity ratio, monetary policy rate and lagged loan-to-deposit ratio are significant for predicting Banking Sector liquidity. Secondly, we find that a decrease in monetary policy rates, liquidity ratios, volatility of output in relation to trend output, and the demand for cash, leads to an increase in current loan-to-deposit ratios; while a decrease in currency in circulation in proportion to Banking Sector deposits; and lagged loan-to-deposit ratios leads to a decline in current loan-to-deposit ratios.
Our result suggests that during periods of economic or financial crises, deposit money banks are significantly illiquid relative to benchmarks, and getting liquidity monetary policies right during these periods is crucial in ensuring the survival of the Banking Sector.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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2zv3goqozx34hyhechj7bxr5vwzismxr
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:7213",
"uncompressed_offset": 45439265,
"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/article/view/11644",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:55:37.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:fdd74966-dc3d-48c6-bbcc-c3eadc6333a4>",
"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/article/view/11644"
}
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The Chemical Modification of Protease Isolated from Locale Bacteria Isolate Bacillus subtilis ITBCCB148 with Nitrophenolcarbonate-Polyethylene Glycol (NPC-PEG)
Yandri Yandri, Tati Suhartati, Dian Herasari, Sutopo Hadi
Abstract
The research aims to study the effect of chemical modification on the stability of protease enzyme from a local bacteria isolate B. subtilis ITBCCB148 with NPC-PEG. The result showed that the native enzyme has optimum pH and temperature of 6.5 and 60°C, respectively. The stability test of the native protease at pH 6.5 and temperature 60°C for 360 minutes produce the following results: the residual activity of 5.75%, t½= 84.5 min., ki = 0.0082 min.-1, and ?Gi = 106.508 kJ mol-1. The modified enzyme with NPC-PEG (33%, 42%, and 75%), showed that the optimum pH did not changed, however, the optimum temperature shifted from 60°C to 65°C. The stability tests of the modified enzyme with NPC-PEG have increased of 2.06; 2.24; and 2.31 times, respectively, than that of the native one. The decrease of ki, the increase of t½ and ?Gi of the modified enzymes with NPC-PEG demonstrated that upon modification, the enzyme became more stable. This might due to rigidity increase of the modified enzyme, so the active structure of the enzyme is maintained and is protected from unfolding process.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 67160610,
"url": "darksouls.wikidot.com/dark-wood-grain-ring",
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}
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Dark Wood Grain Ring
In Game Description
This special ring crafted in an Eastern land is made
of gold, but with a wood grain crest on its surface.
Agents of subterfuge in this faraway land are particularly
fond of the dark gold wood grain, which greatly
alters its wearer's rolling action.
Use
• Changes the quick roll (0% to 25% Equip Burden) animation to a cartwheel that has several properties:
• More invulnerability frames (14 frames, compared to normal 12)
• Recovers faster (8 frames, compared to normal 12)
• While flipping across lava you take (roughly) half as much damage from lava as you would when you would run.
Availability
Dropped by Shiva of the East's ninja bodyguard.
Walkthrough
• If you talk to Shiva then leave the Darkroot Garden, Shiva will relocate to Blighttown, along with his bodyguard.
• Kill the ninja and he will drop this ring. Attacking the ninja will break the Forest Hunter covenant, making Shiva hostile too.
• Killing the ninja in Darkroot Garden: A few kicks (or a two handed strong attack from the Drake Sword) will send him over the edge, killing him. Reload the game to collect the ring.
• Killing the ninja in Blighttown: The bodyguard is hiding on the other side of the wall that Shiva is leaning against. You can aggro the nearby fire-breathing Cragspider and stand next to him, he can get hit by the fire and die without turning hostile. Then you can loot the ring. However, if he dies this way you will still break the Forest Hunter covenant, and Shiva will become hostile.
• If you want to obtain the ring without killing Shiva, thus keeping him as a merchant, use a Homeward Bone to quickly leave the area after looting the ring. Once you absolve your sins and rejoin the forest covenant he will being selling his wares to you as if nothing happened.
• It is possible to get this ring quite early in the game, without buying the Crest of Artorias from Andre. After defeating the Hydra in Darkroot Basin, use the ladder near the waterfall to enter Darkroot Garden through the back way. Either going through the Great Felines or making a mad dash through the main forest and reloading by Alvina, you can join the Forest Hunter covenant and spawn Shiva and his bodyguard. Note that upon reloading to collect the ring, if you want to keep your souls and humanities, you will probably need to avoid Shiva (and the rest of the forest), using a Homeward Bone to return to your last bonfire. By getting the ring earlier in the game, you minimize the amount of souls need to absolve your sins if you plan on re-joining the Forest Hunter covenant.
Page tags: ring
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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"warc_url": "http://developer.android.com/about/index.html"
}
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Android, the world's most popular mobile platform
Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world. It's the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fast—every day another million users power up their Android devices for the first time and start looking for apps, games, and other digital content.
Android gives you a world-class platform for creating apps and games for Android users everywhere, as well as an open marketplace for distributing to them instantly.
Android growth in device activations
Global partnerships and large installed base
Building on the contributions of the open-source Linux community and more than 300 hardware, software, and carrier partners, Android has rapidly become the fastest-growing mobile OS.
Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide.
Android’s openness has made it a favorite for consumers and developers alike, driving strong growth in app consumption. Android users download more than 1.5 billion apps and games from Google Play each month.
With its partners, Android is continuously pushing the boundaries of hardware and software forward to bring new capabilities to users and developers. For developers, Android innovation lets you build powerful, differentiated applications that use the latest mobile technologies.
Powerful development framework
Easily optimize a single binary for phones, tablets, and other devices.
Android gives you everything you need to build best-in-class app experiences. It gives you a single application model that lets you deploy your apps broadly to hundreds of millions of users across a wide range of devices—from phones to tablets and beyond.
Android also gives you tools for creating apps that look great and take advantage of the hardware capabilities available on each device. It automatically adapts your UI to look its best on each device, while giving you as much control as you want over your UI on different device types.
For example, you can create a single app binary that's optimized for both phone and tablet form factors. You declare your UI in lightweight sets of XML resources, one set for parts of the UI that are common to all form factors and other sets for optimzations specific to phones or tablets. At runtime, Android applies the correct resource sets based on its screen size, density, locale, and so on.
To help you develop efficiently, the Android Developer Tools offer a full Java IDE with advanced features for developing, debugging, and packaging Android apps. Using the IDE, you can develop on any available Android device or create virtual devices that emulate any hardware configuration.
1.5 billion downloads a month and growing. Get your apps in front of millions of users at Google's scale.
Open marketplace for distributing your apps
Google Play is the premier marketplace for selling and distributing Android apps. When you publish an app on Google Play, you reach the huge installed base of Android.
As an open marketplace, Google Play puts you in control of how you sell your products. You can publish whenever you want, as often as you want, and to the customers you want. You can distribute broadly to all markets and devices or focus on specific segments, devices, or ranges of hardware capabilities.
You can monetize in the way that works best for your business—priced or free, with in-app products or subscriptions—for highest engagement and revenues. You also have complete control of the pricing for your apps and in-app products and can set or change prices in any supported currency at any time.
Beyond growing your customer base, Google Play helps you build visibility and engagement across your apps and brand. As your apps rise in popularity, Google Play gives them higher placement in weekly "top" charts and rankings, and for the best apps promotional slots in curated collections.
Preinstalled on hundreds of millions of Android devices around the world, Google Play can be a growth engine for your business.
GET STARTED
Developer Story: Robot Invader
Robot Invader chose Android as the launch platform for their first game, Wind-up Knight.
Hear from the developers themselves how Android helped them reach more than 100 devices with a single app binary, then iterate rapidly to ensure a great experience for users.
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"url": "dotnetkicks.com/stories/27830/Displaying_Emails_from_Mailbox_on_Gmail_using_POP3_and_ASP_NET",
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}
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Error!
Success!
Displaying Emails from Mailbox on Gmail using POP3 and ASP.NET
0
kicks
Displaying Emails from Mailbox on Gmail using POP3 and ASP.NET (Unpublished)
In this tutorial, we will create an ASP.NET page, that takes an individual email's sort number on the POP3 server to retrieve and display it to the user after properly decoding content-transfer-encodings like base64 and quoted-printable. You will learn how to access individual message parts in MIME encoded emails including fetching and enlisting attachments.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:7240",
"uncompressed_offset": 84853928,
"url": "edri.org/edrigram/number10.5/acta-debates-europe",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:55:37.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:fdd74966-dc3d-48c6-bbcc-c3eadc6333a4>",
"warc_url": "http://edri.org/edrigram/number10.5/acta-debates-europe"
}
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If you wish to help EDRI promote digital rights, please consider making a private donation.
ACTA debates in Europe
14 March, 2012
»
This article is also available in:
Deutsch: Europa diskutiert ACTA
Several debates on ACTA are going around in several European countries these days. We would present in this article two events where EDRi participated in the past week in Brussles and Helsinki.
A Policy Forum on ACTA was organized in Brussels on 6 March 2012 by the Institute for European Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in cooperation with IBBT-SMIT. The debate was led by Mr Harri Kalimo, Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for European Studies.
Mr Benoît Lory, Policy Officer at the European Commission DG Trade opened the conference stating that ACTA is an enforcement law conceived as a means of defense of livelihood, it's not a substantive law: it will not really change EU legislation nor criminalize new infringements. Along the lines of De Gucht's speech of last week, he underlined the necessity of an informed and fact based debate. Then, in response to the waves of protest by citizens who see ACTA as promoting Internet censorship and monitoring and after many attacks on computer systems, Mr. Lory listed what ACTA, in his opinion, "does not": it doesn't contain any provision allowing to close Internet accounts, it doesn't provide inspections of files of end users' laptops, since it contains a de minimis provision; moreover it doesn't settle any penalty damages, rather it covers only the prejudices.
Mr Burak Özgen, Senior Legal Advisor at GESAC - European Grouping of Societies of Authors and Composers came in saying, first of all, that GESAC wasn't involved in preparing ACTA: it hadn't been consulted by the Commission nor had it suggested what to include in the agreement. Speaking for the interest groups that GESAC represents, he alleged that he prefers to see what the Court decides, in compliance with treaties; nevertheless GESAC supported the principles embodied in ACTA, since the agreement provides a better protection of copyright, without being in contrast with other fundamental rights as freedom of speech, privacy etc. Mr. Özgen reminded us that, on the other hand, without such an agreement we would assist to a reduction of the incentives to access the market, because authors, composers and artists in general need to be payed for their creations, whereas those large-scale infringements of IPRs threaten the competitiveness of our economy. The only way, since at the source, according to GESEC, is that ISPs have a role to play: this role depends on legal systems (i.e. blocking system in Denmark works fine).
Then the floor went to Joe McNamee (EDRi), who started by enumerating all the misleading statements from the European Commission on this issue wondering whether the Commission doesn't know or doesn't care to know about: transparence, criminalization of new infringements and the general assertion that there is nothing to worry about in the digital chapter of ACTA. Notably he focused on the "self-regulation" initiative organized by the European Commission involving European Internet Service Providers and the music and film industries, which substantially consisted in presenting to the ISP the choice either to voluntarily introduce filtering, blocking and end-user notification measures in order to police, monitor and punish end-users or there would be a review of the IPR Enforcement Directive of 2004. The Commission has spent two years pushing ISPs to take these voluntary punitive measures, with detrimental consequences for privacy and freedom of communication rights of end users (see the Scarlet/Sabam and Scarlet/Netlog case). He concluded stating that cooperative enforcement means unpredictable enforcement based on business priorities and not the rule of law: it means privatizing and exporting online law enforcement (see Wikileaks case). Substantive law will not change, but whose law? Who applies the law?
Last but not least, Mr Carl Schlyter, Member of the European Parliament, pointed out that the Parliament had not been transparently informed and was victim of an unbalanced approach to negotiations. Indeed it was aware only about a few meetings because most of them were secret. Basically ACTA has been introduced by the back door: it's the result of bilateral agreements between Countries and it's not at all the product of a democratic process. What's more the agreement is incompatible with EU law, maybe this can't be noticed prima facie but substantially it is. Mr. Schlyter remarked the contradiction into which the EU Commission's representative fell, as he said that "ACTA doesn't change anything, but we need it".... as a matter of fact why do we need it, if it doesn't change anything? The truth is that ACTA threatens Net Neutrality putting responsibility (and unwarranted power) upon internet providers, limits our choice as consumer and limits creativity. Furthermore it could give rise to troubles for data protection.
A Q&A time and a debate session followed the lectures, during which many concerns regarding ACTA came to light. There were several exchanges of opinions about the Commission project on voluntary measures and the fact that consumer/citizens' organisations refused to participate because ACTA was too biased.
In Helsinki, Finland, another open debate on ACTA was organized on 10 March 2012 by the Socialist and Democrat Group of the EU Parliament. The panel that debated the treaty included politicians, lobbyists and a civil servant who had been part of the team preparing and pushing ACTA forward in the Finnish parliament. The attendance took both the organizers and the panellists by surprise. It was obvious that hiding and obfuscating the treaty content had done little to dampen public interest in it.
In the panel, the secretary of the Social Democratic Party (which is currently in the government) and the former head of the national broadcasting company Mikael Jungner surprised everybody by coming out strongly against ACTA and various other unfair intellectual property and copyright measures. Also claims by the civil servant that there had been no hiding or restricting information on ACTA were strongly rebuked, first by a written statement from the former member of the Finnish Parliament Jyrki Kasvi and then from the audience by the vice chairman of EDRi-member Electronic Frontier Finland (EFFi) Ville Oksanen, who pointed out that when called to give an expert opinion on the treaty, none of the experts summoned to the hearings were actually allowed to see the treaty they were supposed to advise the parliament on.
It was all about as heated as debates in Finland can get and the pro-ACTA side could not really put up a fight. Although Finland is a signatory to the treaty, the Finnish government has decided to postpone the implementation of ACTA until the European Court of Justice has given its verdict on it. Maybe this is why the pro-ACTA side of the debate is now keeping such a low profile.
ACTA policy forum in Brussels (6.03.2012)
http://www.ies.be/policy-forum/anti-counterfeiting-trade-agreement-act...
Public word (radio program): Alea ACTA est with Tommi Karttaavi from ISOC Finland, Leena Romppainen from EFFi and Ilari Kuittinen from Housemarque game company (only in Finnish, 14.03.2012)
http://areena.yle.fi/audio/1331724175113
Morning TV: Debate on ACTA heating up with Ville Oksanen from EFFi and Mary-Ann Nojonen from Ministry of Foreign Affairs (only in Finnish, 13.03.2012)
http://areena.yle.fi/video/1331620773035
(Contribution by Elena Cantello - EDRi intern and Ville Vuorela - EDRi- member EFFi - Finland)
Syndicate:
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Thursday, 28 February 2013
How long does it take to become liable for third parties' defamatory comments?
Merpel has still to recover
from Valentine's Day chocolates
According to a recent ruling of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, five weeks might be enough for liability to arise.
A couple of weeks ago, when the world was busy celebrating Valentine's Day [Merpel remembers it quite well as that day she got far too many flowers and ate far too many heart-shaped chocolates], the Court of Appeal of England and Wales was busy deciding a case of libel, this being Payam Tamiz v Google
Although this case was not about something which can be considered strictly IP-related, Merpel thought that the IPKat should consider it, basically for two reasons. Firstly, because liability for defamation/libel is something which is of daily concern to Merpel. Secondly, because the case shed some further light on the not-so-romantic topic of intermediaries' secondary liability.
Lord Justice Richards (with whom Lord Justice Sullivan and the Master of the Rolls agreed) delivered the judgment, which concerned Google's liability for comments posted on the very blogging platform which hosts also the IPKat, ie Blogger. The comments concerned certain allegations that the appellant had resigned as a Conservative Party candidate for local elections in Thanet after it had been discovered that his Facebook site referred to women as "sl***s".
The blog at stake in this case was London Muslim. In 2011 this hosted eight comments which the appellant, Mr Taniz, deemed defamatory to him. In July that year he filed a complaint with Google, which forwarded the email to the blogger the following month. The blogger eventually removed all the comments about which the complaint had been made.
However, Mr Tamiz was not 100% satisfied, and thus decided to bring a claim in libel against Google in respect of the publication of the allegedly defamatory comments during the period prior to their removal.
Following dismissal of Mr Tamiz's claims by Mr Justice Eady (who held that that five of the comments could be characterised as "mere vulgar abuse" to which no sensible person would attach much weight, while three of them were found arguably defamatory) what was at stake before the Court of Appeal was whether:
The allegations against Tamiz
were published by the Evening Standard
(1) there was an arguable case that Google was a publisher of the comments,
(2) if it was a publisher, it would have an unassailable defence under section 1 of the Defamation Act 1996,
(3) any potential liability was so trivial as not to justify the maintenance of the proceedings, and
(4) Google would have a defence, if otherwise necessary, under regulation 19 of the Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations 2002.
After recalling that blogger.com operates a 'Report Abuse' feature, which includes "Defamation/Libel/Slander" and that, in compliance with what is the law in the US, defamatory material will only be taken down if it has been found to be libellous by a court, Lord Justice Richards noticed that in this case Google had gone slightly further than the stated policy, in that the email by which it passed on to the blogger the details of the appellant's complaint contained an actual request to "please remove the allegedly defamatory content in your blog within three (3) days of today's date".
Whether Google was a publisher of the comments
This said, the judge considered whether Google could be considered as a publisher of the comments. Contrary to the conclusion of the High Court, the Court of Appeal held that Google's role in respect of Blogger blogs could not be regarded as purely passive. This is because:
After this ruling intermediaries
might have less time to rest ...
"By the Blogger service Google Inc provides a platform for blogs, together with design tools and, if required, a URL; it also provides a related service to enable the display of remunerative advertisements on a blog. It makes the Blogger service available on terms of its own choice and it can readily remove or block access to any blog that does not comply with those terms ... As a matter of corporate policy and no doubt also for reasons of practicality, it does not seek to exercise prior control over the content of blogs or comments posted on them, but it defines the limits of permitted content and it has the power and capability to remove or block access to offending material to which its attention is drawn.
By the provision of that service Google Inc plainly facilitates publication of the blogs (including the comments posted on them). Its involvement is not such, however, as to make it a primary publisher of the blogs. It does not create the blogs or have any prior knowledge of, or effective control over, their content. It is not in a position comparable to that of the author or editor of a defamatory article. Nor is it in a position comparable to that of the corporate proprietor of a newspaper in which a defamatory article is printed."
The judge was also doubtful about the argument that Google's role is that of a secondary publisher, facilitating publication in a manner analogous to a distributor.
However, in relation to the position after notification of the complaint, the judge held that
"if Google Inc allows defamatory material to remain on a Blogger blog after it has been notified of the presence of that material, it might be inferred to have associated itself with, or to have made itself responsible for, the continued presence of that material on the blog and thereby to have become a publisher of the material ... The period during which Google Inc might fall to be treated on that basis as a publisher of the defamatory comments would be a very short one, but it means that the claim cannot ... be dismissed on the ground that Google Inc was clearly not a publisher of the comments at all."
The defence under section 1 of the 1996 Act
Turning to considering whether Google had a defence under section 1 of the 1996 Act, the Court found that the relevant question was whether Google had taken reasonable care in relation to the continued publication of the comments, and whether it could be said that in the period after notification of the complaint Google did not know, and had no reason to believe, that what it did caused or contributed to the publication of a defamatory statement. According to Lord Justice Richards,
... and be wide-awake 24/7 instead
"the very considerations that lead ... to conclude that Google Inc arguably became a publisher of the defamatory comments ... also tend towards the conclusion that following notification it knew or had reason to believe that what it did caused or contributed to the continued publication of the comments."
The judge was not satisfied that, if Google was found to be a publisher of the defamatory comments, section 1 of the 1996 Act would provide it with an unassailable defence. For that reason it was necessary to move to the issue whether any potential liability on the part of Google was sufficient to justify the maintenance of the proceedings against it.
"Real and substantial tort"
The Court of Appeal agreed with Mr Justice Eady that the application in the present case to set aside permission to serve out of the jurisdiction was to be allowed because any damage to the appellant's reputation arising out of continued publication of the comments during the period comprised between the notification of the complaint and the removal of the comments would have been trivial; and in those circumstances the High Court was right to consider that "the game would not be worth the candle".
Thus, despite the fact that the Court of Appeal reached certain conclusions favourable to the appellant, the appeal failed and it was deemed it unnecessary to consider whether Google would have a defence under regulation 19 of the 2002 Regulations.
The decision in Tamiz v Google provides some guidelines as to the temporal conditions which might give rise to liability of intermediaries for third parties' wrongdoings. As summarised by The Guardian, from now on "Google may have to act quicker to remove potentially libellous posts from its Blogger platform ... [as] a gap of five weeks between a complaint being made and the removal of allegedly defamatory comments on a blogpost could leave it open to a libel action".
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In which they don’t make authorship like they used to
I recently had the pleasure of helping to judge the Max Perutz Science Writing Prize competition, held by the Medical Research Council in collaboration with the London Metro newspaper. The brief for aspiring young writers was to explain why their research mattered – in a manner that could catch the eye of a harried, half-asleep commuter picking up a free paper on the Underground.
Such a task is not easy, but the short-listed authors did a great job of using eye-catching imagery to snare our attention. From gleeful descriptions of “desperate volunteers” helping to implicate norovirus as a disease agent, in true Koch’s Postulate fashion, by drinking diarrhea, to snippets from history or literature, their strategies were diverse and effective. The winner, Andrew Bastawrous, a postdoc at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, wowed the judges with a snappy account of an iPhone app to aid blindness research that he was trialling in Africa.
For me, the most interesting fact I gleaned from the experience came not from the official entries, but from a speech at the celebratory drinks reception afterwards. Robin Perutz, son of the eponymous Max and himself a professor of Chemistry at York University, talked passionately about his father’s dedication and talent in communicating science to the public. This much about the man I knew, but a little revelation near the end was entirely surprising.
According to Perutz junior, his father – who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1962 with John Kendrew for shedding light on the protein structure of haemoglobin – was apparently not a fan of lab heads claiming authorship for work going on under their auspices. Simply being the team leader and bringing in the money and resources should not justify this person being listed on the paper spearheaded by one of his apprentices – if the specific ideas and experiments stemmed from PhD students or postdocs, they ought to get full credit. And in Max’s lab they did: Robin said that many seminal papers from those times simply do not bear his sire’s name.
Nowadays, in my field, such a mindset is unthinkable. Not only is the lab head always on the paper, but it is very rare indeed for this person to relinquish senior authorship. In most cases, the first author is not even allowed to be co-corresponding author, let alone the sole corresponding one. This occurs despite the fact that the lab head might not know exactly how the experiments were performed, in precise detail, or be able to provide such details or data in further correspondence. Sure, there are many cases when the lab head provides crucial intellectual contributions – but they do not always justify an automatic placement in the most prominent position on the list. And of course we’ve all seen cases where the lab head did not even earn a minor authorship, and indeed had little idea of what the paper was about.
It’s not just about the paper itself. In a bibliometric-centric world, such unearned authorship means that the lab head’s reputation grows disproportionately faster than those of his or her trainees. In the worst case, possibly rare but by no means unheard of, such a situation can lead to rather mediocre people amassing vast intellectual empires, simply because the papers produced by their team can attract more great young researchers to contribute to the snowball effect of great data, great grants and great papers.
It’s interesting to think what might happen if authorship in the life sciences one day reverted to a more Perutzian philosophy: credit where credit is truly due.
About Jennifer Rohn
Scientist, novelist, rock chick
This entry was posted in Science journalism, Scientific papers, The profession of science, Writing. Bookmark the permalink.
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20.109(S08): Spring 2008 schedule
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:02, 23 May 2008 by AgiStachowiak (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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20.109(S08): Laboratory Fundamentals of Biological Engineering
Home People Schedule Spring 2008 Assignments Lab Basics OWW Basics
DNA Engineering Protein Engineering Biomaterials Engineering
MODULE DAY DATE LECTURER TA LAB note
Tue Feb 5 ANS VL, BE Orientation Slides are here (warning: .ppt download)
1 1 Thur Feb 7 BE DW Day 1: DNA engineering using PCR PDF of slides is here
1 2 Tue Feb 12 BE DW Day 2: Clean and cut DNA PDF of slides is here
1 3 Thur Feb 14 BE DW Day 3: Agarose gel electrophoresis PDF of slides is here
President's Day Feb 18 No lab Feb 19 or Feb 20
1 4 Thur Feb 21 BE DW Day 4: DNA ligation and bacterial transformation PDF of slides is here
1 5 Tue Feb 26 BE DW Day 5: Examine candidate clones PDF of slides is here
1 6 Thur Feb 28 BE DW Day 6: Restriction map and tissue culture PDF of slides is here
1 7 Tue Mar 4 BE DW Day 7: Lipofection PDF of slides is here
1 8 Thur Mar 6 BE DW Day 8: FACS analysis PDF of slides is here
2 1 Tue Mar 11 AJ VL Day 1: Start-up protein engineering 'Introduction to the module' handout hardcopies are available, in class. (Ditto other Mod2 lectures.)
2 2 Thur Mar 13 AJ VL Day 2: Site-directed mutagenesis For some reason, the 'Rational protein design' handout is not available, despite past claims to the contrary.
2 3 Tue Mar 18 AJ VL Day 3: Prepare expression system For some reason, the 'Protein expression and purification' handout is not available, despite past claims to the contrary.
2 4 Thur Mar 20 AJ VL Day 4: Induce protein expression For some reason, the 'Binding and affinity measurements' handout is not available, despite past claims to the contrary.
Spring Break Mar 24-28 No lab all week
2 5 Tue Apr 1 AJ VL Day 5: Characterize protein expression For some reason, the 'Calcium sensors and sensing' handout is not available, despite past claims to the contrary.
2 6 Thur Apr 3 AJ VL Day 6: Assay protein behavior Please see Attisa's user page
2 7 Tue Apr 8 AJ VL Day 7: Data analysis 'High throughput screening' handout is available in class.
2 8 Thur Apr 10 AJ VL Day 8: Student presentations
'"Real-world" protein engineering' handout is available in class.
3 1 Tues Apr 15 ANS BE Day 1: Start-up biomaterials engineering PDF of slides is here
3 2 Thur Apr 17 ANS BE Day 2: Initiate cell culture PDF of slides is here
Patriot's Day April 21-22 No lab Apr 22 or Apr 23
3 3 Thur Apr 24 ANS/NL BE Module 3 Day 3: Testing cell viability PDF of slides is here
3 4 Tue Apr 29 ANS BE Module 3 Day 4: Preparing cells for analysis PDF of slides is here
3 5 Thur May 1 ANS BE Module 3 Day 5: Transcript-level analysis PDF of slides is here
3 6 Tue May 6 ANS BE Module 3 Day 6: Protein-level analysis PDF of slides is here
3 7 Thur May 8 ANS BE Module 3 Day 7: Wrap-up analysis PDF of slides is here
3 8 Tue May 13 ANS BE Module 3 Day 8: Student presentations (Chalkboard lecture)
Thur May 15 No lab session. Evaluations during lecture, then celebratory lunch, place TBD.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Punishment
From RationalWiki
Revision as of 07:04, 20 August 2011 by Iscariot (Talk | contribs)
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Punishment is a negative consequence imposed on alleged wrongdoers. It is probably the oldest concept in law, and quite possibly one of the oldest in human interactions. The concept of punishment is so well accepted that we rarely consider the rationales behind it.
Contents
[edit] Aspects of punishment
[edit] Retribution
Retributive justice is based on principles of revenge: making the transgressor suffer for the suffering or damage they have caused. This is almost certainly the oldest form of justice, and most ancient legal systems were based on principles of retribution. A good example is the Torah, which is explicitly vengeful in many places, even stipulating that the relatives of murder victims have the right to kill the perpetrator without blame. The retributive principle is most famously summed up in the tit-for-tat adage "an eye for an eye" (Exodus 21:24, repeated various other places in the Bible).
Capital punishment originated as retributive justice, with authorities taking lethal revenge on criminals on behalf of their victims or society as a whole. Corporal punishment (non-lethal physical punishment) is also retributive, and has been used throughout history by governments, armies, navies, employers, schools and parents. Retributive punishments are sometimes also symbolic. For example, Sharia law, at least in its strictest interpretations, stipulates that thieves should be punished with the amputation of a hand, the appendage which committed the crime.
The problem with retributive justice is that, as everybody knows, two wrongs don't make a right. Taking "an eye for an eye" just results in two mutilated people instead of one. Its only purpose is cathartic, and that is retributive justice's other major flaw: it appeals to the worst side of human nature, our sadistic capacity for taking satisfaction in another's suffering. Hence it becomes questionable whether the punishers are really morally superior to the perpetrator.
Opposition to retributive justice has often been expressed, and reform of retributive laws has been growing in Western civilisation since the Enlightenment, also spreading to other cultures. Death penalties are still used in many countries, but public executions are now a thing of the past in all but the most extreme regimes. However, the retributive principle is still very popular, as expressed in public anger and demands for punishment whenever severe crimes are reported in the press. Prison sentences can also be regarded as at least partly retributive, on the understanding that incarceration is what wrongdoers deserve.
[edit] Deterrence
A common facet of punishment is to make an example of the wrongdoer by giving them a punishment which will deter them from committing the same offence, and deter others from following the same path. Arguably, deterrence is the most fundamental principle behind law itself, and even morality: knowing that our negative actions will have negative consequences for us is usually enough to prevent us from taking those actions.
Deterrence is one of the arguments most commonly made in favour of capital punishment, regarded as the ultimate deterrent. Prison sentences are also regarded as having some deterrent element, although this is often weakened for repeat offenders, since criminals usually acclimatise to life behind bars.
Deterrence is also problematic in that criminals don't expect to get caught. If they did, they would not commit crimes in the first place. The decision to commit criminal acts, or other transgressions which could result in punishment, is always a gamble, and the severity of the punishment may be enough to deter some, but there will always be those who believe that they will escape punishment.
[edit] Incapacitation
Some forms of punishment aim to prevent the offender from repeating the same kind of offence, and hence protect society from them. In many premodern societies, this included permanent mutilations such as castrating rapists, and blinding or crippling thieves or other criminals. Incapacitation is also another common justification for the death penalty, since dead criminals can no longer commit crimes.
Prisons also involve incapacitation, in that, for the duration of the sentence, they remove the criminal from wider society and hence bar them from most opportunities for crime. Historically, exile or transportation were also used as punishments for the same purposes, among other reasons.
[edit] Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation of offenders is probably the issue of greatest concern in modern sentencing, although the concept is a much older one, with early prisons often being known as "houses of correction" to emphasise their intent of "correcting" wrongdoers. Modern prisons endeavour to help convicts rectify their criminal tendencies, teach them new career and life skills, and prepare them for a law-abiding lifestyle after release. Parole hearings assess whether prisoners are adequately rehabilitated to be released back into the wider society.
Critics point out that prisons sometimes have the opposite effect: surrounding convicts with others criminals, in an atmosphere which is often brutal and factitional, may transform petty offenders into hardened criminals. However, this is a criticism of the conditions in prison rather than the principle of rehabilitation.
Capital punishment is the antithesis of rehabilitation, and is used either for those criminals who are judged to be beyond reasonable expectation of rehabilitation, or for those crimes which a society regards as unforgiveable.
Rehabilatative principles are common to many lesser forms of punishment, such as workplace discipline proceedings, or the way parents punish their children ("go to your room and think about what you've done!"). Although these are rarely described as "rehabilitation", the principle is similar: to discourage negative tendencies and work towards better behaviour.
[edit] Restitution
Punishments may involve the offender making amends to the victim, financially or otherwise. Legally, this is far more prevalent in civil law than in criminal law, and the compensation or damages won in lawsuits are not generally considered "punishments" in the same sense as sentences given in criminal court hearings. However, convicts serving prison sentences are often said to be repaying a "debt to society", and some other forms of sentencing, such as community service, specifically involve work for the community that the criminal is thought to have harmed.
[edit] Divine punishment
See the main article on this topic: divine retribution
Punishment by God or gods, either in this world or the the afterlife is a major theme in many religions. Such concepts as Hell serve as a powerful deterrent to believers, while non-believers may regard this as the concepts' only purpose.
If Hell genuinely existed, then its only value as a punishment, beyond deterrence, would be retribution. This raises troubling questions, touching on the problem of evil, as to why an omnipotent entity would choose to exact vengeance on those who displeased it.
Karmic punishments which appear in some belief systems, such as some reincarnation mythologies, could be regarded as a more rehabilitative approach towards divine justice.
[edit] See also
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Simien National Park
From Wikitravel
Africa : East Africa : Ethiopia : Simien National Park
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The Simien Mountains
Simien Mountains National Park is in Ethiopia. It was one of the first sites added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1978.
[edit] Get in
Buses travelling between Shire/Aksum and Gonder pass through Debark, the National Park's main town. Ask to be let off here. From Shire, Debark is 5-7 hours; from Gonder about 3 hours.
[edit] Get around
Within the National Park, there is a road which can access some of the campsites and villages. 4WDs and lorries go through Sankaber, Geech and Chenek, although most visitors use mountain hiking paths to get around.
[edit][add listing] See
The Simien National Park contains Ethiopia's biggest and most spectacular mountain range, the Simien Mountains. Ras Dashen at 4553m is the country's highest peak, although the views from the Northern Escarpment are arguably a bigger draw, with rock faces falling away thousands of feet from summits like Inatye (4070m) and Imet Gogo (3960m). Wildlife is also an attraction of the Park. The Simien Wolf is the world's rarest canid and can be found in the mountains. The Gelada Baboon is indigenous and is a common sight on hikes. The rare Walia Ibex can be found in higher parts of the range.
[edit][add listing] Do
Nearly all visitors to the Simien National Park come to hike through the spectacular mountain scenery. Hikes can be arranged at the park headquarters in Debark. On top of a basic park entry fee, guides, scouts, mules, equipment and food can be arranged (though for greater culinary variety, most people stock up in Gonder/Aksum).
[edit][add listing] Buy
It is the essentials that are usually bought in Debark, the National Park's main town. A woven gabi (a kind of thick shawl) is useful for the cold mountain nights, and can be purchased at the local market. A few stores sell tinned food and bread; once on the mountain, (live) chickens and eggs can be bought from villagers. Maps are available at the park headquarters. Check out the following site it will give you all the details you need. Also if you would like some one who can arrange a very good trekking to the simien mountains. [1]
[edit][add listing] Eat
In Debark, The Simien Park Hotel, situated on the main road, offers reliable Ethiopian food. Once on the mountain, the only alternative to one's own supplies is the Simien Lodge, located at Buyit Ras, a few hours hike from Debark.
[edit][add listing] Drink
Both hotels mentioned will happily serve you a St. George beer or a delicious cup of Ethiopian coffee, even if you are not staying.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
Visitors usually spend the first and last nights of their stay in Debark. The main hotel is the Simien Park Hotel, situated on the main road. As of 2008, single rooms started at 35 birr, while doubles cost around 80 birr. On the mountain, the Simien Lodge - the self-proclaimed 'Highest Hotel in Africa' - offers upmarket accomodation in tukels, or huts. A dorm bunk costs $31,a two-person tukel $135, and a four-person tukel $183.
[edit] Get out
As with entering, bus services between Gonder and Shire provide the only public means of getting out of the National Park.
Be sure to arrange transport out of the park before entering. There are no working phone lines in the park, so you can't call headquarters for a 4WD once you're in. Buses and trucks aren't allowed to pick up hikers. They'll ask for upwards of $200 to overlook this rule.
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Difference between revisions of "Bozcaada"
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(See)
(Do: some about swimming and ayazma beach)
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==Do==
==Do==
+
* '''Swimming'''. Due to freshwater discharge from seabottom, the seawater in '''Ayazma''' beach is shockingly cold, even in hottest months, which is pretty good for those prefering a (very) refreshing seabath.
==Buy==
==Buy==
Revision as of 09:45, 7 July 2010
Bozcaada ferry harbor
Bozcaada (pronounced boz-DJA-ah-dah) is an island on the Aegean Sea, near the western exit of Dardanelles in Turkey. Its ancient name is Tenedos.
Contents
Understand
Bozcaada is located 12 miles from the Çanakkale Strait and extends over an area of around 40 square kilometers. The islanders make their living from viticulture, fishing and tourism.
The sole town of the island—home to about 2,000 people—lies on its northeastern edge, facing the mainland. The rest of the island is covered by vineyards, scattered pine woods, and Mediterranean shrubland (maquis), dotted by the occasional vineyard manor and, close to the coastline, housing estates used by mainland Turks as vacation homes.
Get in
By plane
Canakkale Airport is located 56 km away from the Geyikli Yukyeri Harbour. There is a 3 connections in a week between Istanbul and Canakkale. THY Turkish Airlines are flying to Canakkale. Source: www.bozcaada.info/how
By bus
Regular buses run from most major cities to Canakkale. From Çanakkale there are frequent Bus connection to Geyikli Yukyeri Port where the ferryboats connect Bozcaada with the mainland. There are also some buses from Istanbul directly to Geyikli Yukyeri Port ("Truva" and "Metro" bus companies).
By car
From Istanbul - Get to Canakkale first by following the route west from the city via Tekirdağ, Keşan, Gallipoli, and Eceabat. Take the ferry at Eceabat to cross the Strait to Asia. After passing the Strait into Canakkale in Asia, take the road (D550/E87) south to Izmir. About 30 km away from Canakkale (and only a few km after you left the junction for the road to Troy behind), you’ll arrive at the junction which the access road to Geyikli harbour forks (there are also ‘Bozcaada’ signs on that junction). This route is about 400 km in total. Those who’d like to drive less may take fast ferries from Istanbul to Bandirma on the southern shore of Marmara. Bandirma to Geyikli is abut 210 km in total.
From Izmir - Take the route north (D550/E87) to Canakkale, and turn left (to direction signposted as ‘Geyikli’/’Bozcaada’ there) in Ezine, about 50 km south of Canakkale.
By boat
In summer of 2009, passenger-only fast ferry (deniz otobüsü) service to Bozcaada direct from Çanakkale started. However, the only mainland location with a ferry connection which can accommodate cars to Bozcaada is still Geyikli, located on the western (Aegean) shore of Troad (Biga) Peninsula, south of Çanakkale.
Ferryboat Schedule from Geyikli to Bozcaada (there are often changes on the schedule, so it advisable to check): [1]
A return ticket (they don’t sell any one-way) for the ferry between Geyikli and Bozcaada costs 4 YTL per person without a car (no student discounts). There is a ticket check only once when boarding the ferry in the mainland, after this, the ticket is practically worthless, since it is not checked again (for example when boarding to return to the mainland in Bozcaada).
Get around
There are frequent minibuses heading for Ayazma and Habbele beaches. Their departure is in the square right next to the entrance of the castle. A one-way ride costs 2 YTL per person (no student discounts available) and takes about 15 minutes. There is also a minibus service once every day (at sunset time) to Cape Polente, the westernmost point of the island and where the electricity-generating wind turbines are located.
Although they are well-paved in most sections, most of the roads on the island are narrow. Nevertheless, there is little traffic anyway, so it is no problem that they are narrow.
The town itself is really small – you can walk from one edge of it to another in approximately ten minutes.
See
Bozcaada Castle from the beach
• Castle. The castle served for Byzantines, Venetians and Genoans, although there is no evidence indicating who exactly built the castle. Still maintaining its glory, this is one of the castles that are in best condition in Turkey. Entrance fee: 2 YTL (1.50 YTL for students).
• Streets. The old cobbled streets and districts in the center of the town maintain their traditional architecture.
• Beaches. Although you can swim even in the small harbor, the beaches are located on the southern part of the island, namely Ayazma and Habbele where you can find some beach cafes around. Renting two deckchairs and a beach umbrella for half a day in Ayazma beach costs 5 YTL. The fee is collected twice a day, once in the morning and once in the afternoon by employees walking around the deckchairs one by one (not at the entrance). You can of course swim and sunbathe free of charge in nearby areas which are out of the beach club property.
Do
• Swimming. Due to freshwater discharge from seabottom, the seawater in Ayazma beach is shockingly cold, even in hottest months, which is pretty good for those prefering a (very) refreshing seabath.
Buy
There are two ATM's in town and they do accept foreign VISA cards. One is located at the main square and other on the exterior wall of Ziraat Bankası in the town square.
As of summer 2006, there was only one supermarket in the island (located at one of the cobblestone streets, past one of the wine shops, leading to the town square). There you can find anything you may need as a casual traveller. Despite its monopolic situation, the prices were at about the same level as the mainland.
• locally produced wine and natural Red Poppy Syrup[2]
• Tomato jam – This delicious jam can be only found on the island in Turkey. It can be obtained from the shop with a big “Salto” sign on the town square, or from the only supermarket of the town (it did cost 7 YTL in summer 2006, there are also other locally produced jams being sold at both stores), or from villager stalls (same price).
Books
Locally available books that are worth a look are:
• Kalaafiyet The book of Bozcaada recipes. A 100 recipes and Aegean food, island food and also island life
• Anayurt (Mother Land) by Dimitri Kakmioglu. This is a memoir about an island childhood set in the late 1960s. Available in Turkish and English.
Eat
Definitely fish restaurants. A fish, some green salad, and a glass of raki did cost about 20 YTL per person in summer 2006. You can see the prices for different kinds of fish on the boards in front of many restaurants. Keep in mind that almost all restaurants in the town gets really crowded between 8PM and 10PM and it is almost impossible to find a seat between these hours unless you either, be seated before 8PM or after 10PM, or better yet, reserve a seat during the day.
There is also a cheaper (did cost about 15 YTL for a filling meal for two persons in summer 2006) outdoor restaurant in the first street to the left (when walking from the harbour) which serves traditional Turkish cuisine. You can recognise it by its checked tableclothes.
Drink
Local drinks
• Wine - this is a wine-land where they imprinted a bunch of grapes on their coins thousands of years ago! The local wine producers are Corvus [4], Yunatçılar Camlibag [5], Talay, Ataol and Gülerada. There are various local grapes such as vasilaki (white), karalahna (red), kuntra (red), karasakiz (red).
• Red Poppy Syrup - a local specialty of Ada Cafe.
Bars
• Salhane Bar, (in the yellow building on the far edge of the cove enclosed by the citadel, town, and mountains), +90 286 697 01 27. Probably the most famous drinking establishment of the island. Also has some open air deckchair-like seats just on the edge of the sea, facing some scary looking rocks ascending suddenly from the sea. Quite lukewarm waiters. There are reports that Salhane is closed, though it is worth a check if it will re-open for 2010 summer.
• Fuska bar behind the castle has a lovely terrace by the sea. There are also other nice bars behind the castle.
• There are also some other bars located on the sides of the street leading to Salhane, too.
Sleep
Average price in the hotels and pensions of the island is about 50 YTL (and upwards) per person per night. This price generally includes breakfast too. There is also a campsite near Habbele beach which should be much cheaper.
If you are given a chance to choose between a cheaper/non-air conditioned room and a more expensive/AC room, go for non-A/C one, as it is always windy in Bozcaada and you won’t need to use the air-conditioner. Why pay more for a useless A/C? It’s unlikely but even if you feel hot, you can simply wide open the window (except if you are staying in the street-level floor for obvious reasons) even if there is no mosquito screen installed, as mosquitoes cannot survive in this windy climate and theft from the hotel rooms (by entering through the window) is virtually unknown.
Be aware, it is almost impossible to find a room without booking beforehand in summer.
• Gümüş Hotel (on the first street to left when walking out of harbour), tel +90 286 697-82-52. Very clean rooms with air-con and en suite bathroom. Rooms offer a nice view of harbour, fish restaurants, and the castle. Booking is highly advised in summer. Double rooms: 50 YTL per person/night (Summer 2006). Breakfast included.
• Baghane Pension and Traditional Town Houses, [[6]]. You can either rent traditional houses located in the Greek quarter of the island or just share a room in the farm house with large breakfast. Double rooms 110 YTL (summer 2008).
• Yelkenli Bed&Breakfast (Yelkenli Holiday House), Papazbahce Mevkii, Bozcaada (on the way left to Ayazma beach), +90-541-962-88-00, [7]. A cute and cozy vineyard house with 3 separate rooms, located at the (geographical) center of the island, a fair distance from town center. 150 TL per room.
Work
It is sometimes possible to find a job as a waiter or waitress in one of the not-so-many cafés in the town. You may also try to work as a picker during grape-harvest time (August to October). But don’t rely on either of these before going to Bozcaada anyway.
Stay healthy
Don’t swim in the stony beach between the castle and Salhane bar (that yellow building located between the mountain and the shoreline) in the town centre. As you’ll soon find out by the smell, there is a raw sewage discharge into the sea from two different points in that beach. The aforementioned beaches are perfectly pure, though.
Contact
Telephone
The area code for Bozcaada (and the rest of Çanakkale province) is 286. All phone numbers in the island are further prefixed with 697 (which should be dialed even when calling within the island), making up 7 digits in the total without the area code (10 with the area code): 286-697-xx-xx. To call a number in the island from out of Turkey, dial +90 286 first.
Get out
There is a bus company office located in one of the small shops at the town square. You can buy your ticket for Istanbul (or somewhere else on the way) for a bus departing from Geyikli in the mainland. Your bus will be waiting for you just outside the harbour in Geyikli. Don’t forget to catch the corresponding ferry back to the mainland (bus hours are usually in accordance with the ferry hours, they depart usually about 30 minutes after the departure of the ferry from island quay), they may wait for the next ferry or not! (more likely, not)
• Gokceada, the other/northern significant Turkish island of the Aegean Sea, has a considerably different ambience than Bozcaada.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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The Wire Tour
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 20:22, 17 April 2010 by Peterfitzgerald (Talk | contribs)
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This article is an itinerary.
Overview map
The Wire Tour is a grand tour of Baltimore, taking you past various important filming locations for the highly acclaimed HBO TV series, The Wire. It is a driving tour 54 miles long (87 km) past 54 filming locations, and should take about three and a half hours without any major stops.
Prepare
First, watch The Wire. The whole thing. Otherwise do not read beyond this section, as major spoilers follow! If you haven't watched it yet, many major news organizations and arts and entertainment journals have called it the greatest TV series of all time, on par with great literature. Entire classes devoted to studying the TV series are becoming common at top U.S. universities. You won't likely regret watching the full five seasons.
There's really only one thing you need to bring along (aside from a printout of the itinerary): a car with a full tank of gas. There is a surprising dearth of gas stations in the city, so fill up first! The only other thing you might find useful to bring is a camera to capture some of the more interesting surprises you'll find along the way.
Get in
The tour begins on Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, heading north from I-395 off I-95. To get there from Downtown or the Inner Harbor, take any major road and head west, then turn right (north) onto the boulevard.
If you want something to eat before you start, Lexington Market is just east of MLK Jr Blvd on the western edge of Downtown. On the Paca St Entrance you'll find Faidley's (M-Sa 11AM-5PM), which serves magnificent crabcakes—the virtues of which are extolled by every food review, everyone in Baltimore, and of course McNulty, who brings some for a couple cops on a stakeout. They liked them too—"Faidley's? You all right, McNulty." They run about $18 each, so for a cheaper Bawlmer option, you could try a coddie, a $2 codcake sandwiched between saltines with mustard.
Get around
Bring your car. This is a driving itinerary, as there simply is no other realistic way to tour the various filming locations—Baltimore's system of public transport is lacking, and furthermore there are parts of this trip where it is safer and more comfortable to avoid traveling on foot, particularly in West and East Baltimore, as well as the eastern portion of the North Central section. Granted, chances are fairly slim that anything bad would happen to you, but if you are unfamiliar with the city and walking around snapping photos in areas that wouldn't dream of being a tourist destination, prepare to feel extremely visible, stared at, and uncomfortably out of place!
Portions of this tour are easily visited on foot, particularly those Downtown and by the Inner Harbor, but this will leave you picking and choosing among a select few of the filming locations, and you will not be able to complete the grand tour.
This is a meandering and complicated itinerary through many of the city's lesser known streets. You'll have a much easier time if you bring a friend along, who can be your navigator and read the itinerary as you go!
Eat
There are lots of great places to eat filmed in The Wire, all of them dripping with local character and a real sense of place. Look for them in the following sections of the tour, and plan to finish on a full stomach!
The tour
WARNING Major spoilers for the TV series The Wire follow.
West
West Baltimore is where it all begins, right on Lexington and Fulton Ave where Snot Boogie, the man of unfortunate name and unfortunate life lay dead in the street. While nearly the whole of the drug gang plotlines theoretically take place in West Baltimore, only the first season was extensively shot here. The directors found East Baltimore's relatively treeless streets much easier to film in, as they could film throughout at least three of the seasons without losing seasonal continuity. To reach the series opening scene, head up MLK Jr Ave, turn left onto W Fayette St, then after going a ways, right on Fulton Ave and up two blocks to Lexington. The scene was filmed on Lexington on the block just to the left. As you drive through West Baltimore, keep a lookout for the famous horse cart fruit vendor in good weather—he's very much real, and quite the living legend.
Turn right on Lexington and turn right onto Mount St. Go about four blocks and look for the Viva House (44 S Mount St) soon after crossing Hollins St, where Bubbles cooked and served at the soup kitchen. Turn left on Lombard and left again onto Gilmor St to get back to Lexington St.
Turn right on Lexington to go back east towards MLK Jr Blvd. Once you reach Amity St, look left—the second building on the right is the famous Poe House. In the show, a lost tourist asks a local kid where the Poe House is. The local accent pronounces Poe and poor the same way, so the perplexed boy responds, "uh, take your pick!" Fortunately, you brought your Wikitravel map, so you won't have to reenact this silly scene. While closed for winter, the house of Edgar Allen is open for a small fee and tour April–early December Th-Sa noon-3:30PM daily—just go up to the front door and knock. Street parking right on Lexington couldn't be easier.
Continue east on Lexington and turn left onto Fremont. You are now in the thick of The Terraces, a mixed use public housing complex that replaced the once blighted and now demolished Lexington Terrace high rise public housing projects, which served as inspiration for Franklin Terrace, the high rises controlled by the Barksdale Organization.
Make a left on Saratoga St and then a right onto Arlington Ave. When you reach Lafayette Ave, turn right and look immediately on your left for the church where Bubbles attended AA Meetings. You can't miss the brightly painted red doors. Continue east on Lafayette to Pennsylvania Ave and turn right. While not a filming location, it's worth a short drive down the street to get a sense of history. Pennsylvania Ave was once the heart of African-American culture and commerce in the city, but still has not quite recovered from the devastation of the 1968 riots following the assassination of Dr Martin Luther King Jr. In recent years, though, things are slowly but surely improving.
Turn left on Preston St to enter the McCulloh Homes, the low rise housing projects that served as location for much of the drug trade in Season One. It's hard to see from the street, but The Pit, where D'Angelo plied his product is just behind the fourth building on the right.
Turn left on McCulloh St to continue your tour through the McCulloh Homes and look left in the middle of the first block for the harmonica and dance statues of a boy and girl, featured several times throughout the series.
Continue up McCulloh to Lanvale St and turn left. On the third block look right for Bethel Church, which was home to one of the prominent and politically powerful church groups throughout the series. Go another block and turn right onto Division St, then turn right back onto Lafayette, then left back onto McCulloh. Right on the corner with Wilson St is Carlton C Douglas Funeral Services, which served as the West Baltimore headquarters for the Barksdale organization throughout the first three seasons.
Time to turn around to get back to Lafayette—make a left on Wilson, a left on Druid Hill Ave, and then a left back onto Lafayette Ave. This will take you into the relatively small neighborhood of Bolton Hill, which while not featured on TV, is undoubtedly Baltimore's most beautiful old neighborhood, former home to the Sage of Baltimore, HL Mencken, and a great place for a little aimless drive.
North Central
At the north end of Bolton Hill is Mt Royal Ave. Turn right and head back east into Midtown until you reach Maryland Ave. Turn right, then left on Chase St, and then left again onto N Charles St. This section of Charles St has as good a claim as any to being the hippest stretch of Baltimore, largely unknown to anyone but locals. Immediately on the left is the Brewer's Art, quite possibly the best spot for dinner and drinks in the city, and the swanky place where Marlo was seduced by Devonne. Mark this place down for a later point in your trip—it's a true local favorite and for good reason.
Head north on Charles past Penn Station, where Herc had is abortive arrest of Marlo, and its giant Male/Female Statue. Once you reach North Ave, look right for Pearson's Florist, where Bodie headed into "the back room" to get his gangsta flower arrangement for D's funeral. Look left for an oft-filmed location of New York Fried Chicken. NYFC begs a bit of background. It started in New York, run by Afghan immigrants, under the name Kennedy Fried Chicken, looking to impersonate both the initials and the look of the giant Kentucky Fried Chicken chain. KFC objected to this, and has tried, rather unsuccessfully, to stamp out all instances of that name. Owing to the Afghan connection, the franchise found itself in recent years investigated for terrorist connections, but fear not the chicken—the investigation was baseless and yielded nothing.
Turn left on North Ave and then right into the parking lot of the distinctive North Avenue Motel, where Omar shot Brother Mouzone. Incidentally, you're near another fine food establishment that, while not a filming location, was referred to several times in the first season as a favorite place among the gangsters for their delicious coddies, Sterling's Seafood (401 W 29th St). To get there, just head north on Charles St to 29th, turn left, and drive eight blocks. (To get back to North Ave, just turn left, then left again onto 28th, then right on Maryland.)
Turn around and head east on North Ave until you reach Guilford Ave and turn right. Look right down the alley for Bubbles' garage in the later seasons. Keep going and once you pass Lanvale, the Tilghman Middle School from Season Four will be on your right, now a Montessori school.
Turn left on Oliver St to get to the entrance of Greenmount Cemetery. This was the setting for many scenes in The Wire, some of the more memorable of which include D's funeral, the first meeting between Omar and McNulty, and the fateful meeting between Stringer and Colvin, where the former betrays Avon by giving up the safehouse location. It's certain to be open for cars M-Sa 8AM-4PM (other times are unreliable).
Coming out of the cemetery, turn right up Greenmount, and then left onto Lafayette. The northeast corner with Barclay should be instantly recognizable as Bodie's Corner, where he ultimately met his end. Turn right up Barclay back up to North Ave, turn right, and that's it for the North Central!
East
Head east on North Ave until you reach Caroline St turn right. This area of East Baltimore, especially Bond St two blocks east, was the actual filming location for much of the whole show, including locations supposedly in West Baltimore. After about ten blocks, turn left on Chase St, then left on Bond St. Look immediately on the right for the very hard-to-find hangout spot for the Marlo gang. Hop out of the car and into the square (Faith Ln) to take some pictures if you like, but bear in mind that this is a legitimately rough neighborhood.
Continue way back up Bond to Lafayette Ave, and admire the familiar scenery along the way. Turn right at Lafayette and look left just before Bethel St for Hamsterdam, where Maj. Colvin legalized drugs! Turn right on Bethel, and once past Federal St, look left into the alley at the end of the block. This was the location of the infamous Bodymore Murdaland graffiti. The city decided this was bad press and, alas, removed the graffiti. We'll see how long it takes for someone to put it back!
A left on Oliver St takes you to Broadway, turn right. In about ten blocks, you'll be in the thick of Johns Hopkins Hospital and its Medical School. Why is this relevant? Because this is where you get patched up if you catch a bullet! Turn right when you get to Orleans St, left on Washington St, then right onto Monument Ave. On the right just after Chester St is Northeastern Market, where McNulty had his kids shadow Stringer, then lose track of them... The market is less of a market and more of a Johns Hopkins Hospital crowd food court. There is far superior food coming up, though, at Chaps Pit Beef, so better to wait until you get there.
Make a left onto Patterson Park Ave to reach Collington Square Park, where the big East-West Basketball Game went down. Continue north on Patterson Park Ave for two blocks. The Saveland Food Mart on the left was used in a particularly disturbing scene, where Marlo stole a lollipop in plain view of the security guard, just to show that he can. The guard went to talk to him outside, asking him why he had to do that, to put his job in jeopardy for no reason. And for that act of bold honesty, Marlo later had him killed.
Turn left here onto Federal St, and you will see a very distinctive and beautiful building just behind the Saveland—the recently renovated American Brewery Building. Just behind the building was an abandoned area where the school kids hung out and played throughout Season Four. Turn right onto Gay St to head northeast. Turn left back onto North Ave and look left for The Rim Source, Marlo's store. At the end of the block, turn left onto Patterson Park Ave.
Far East
Head way down Patterson Park Ave all the way past Patterson Park and turn left onto Eastern Ave. Look left for that crazy pagoda. At the end of the park, turn left onto Ellwood Ave. Just past Gough St, on the left a little ways into the park is the spot where Vondas would meet up with Prop Joe and later Marlo to discuss business. It's a nice time to hop out of the car and stretch your legs. Afterwards, keep heading up Ellwood all the way to the Pulaski Hwy (US-40) and turn right to head to the far east of the city.
Just past Conkling St on Pulaski is the Executive Inn, where the Co-op would meet up under Prop Joe's aegis to organize their now peaceful drug trade. You have got to be hungry by now, so it's time for some Chaps Pit Beef, which will be on Pulaski on the right shortly after the second overpass. If the interior looks familiar, it should, as there was a great little Baltimore scene here at the main picnic table, where Wee-Bey piled the potent horseradish on his pit beef sandwich. His friends told him he was in for a world of hurt, but the ever tough Bey responded, "the trick is not to give a shit." Bad move—he cried from the pain! Chaps is generally considered to have Baltimore's best pit beef, a sort of local "barbecue" producing a soft roast beef sandwich, which begs for onions and horseradish. It is properly ordered rare. There's plenty of other good dishes, though, so make sure to eat here!
Head back down Pulaski to Conkling St and turn left. Just past Eastern Ave, look on the right for the old Carcetti Campaign Headquarters, which proudly displayed the campaign signs long after David Simon's film crew had moved on. There's a Vaccaro's on the right, a famous local Italian pastry chainlet, which should make for a decadent dessert if you so choose.
Southeast
Turn left on Eastern Ave, then right on Haven St to head south into Southeast Baltimore. Once you get to O Donnell St, you'll see an overpass. Yes, this is the location where McNulty, drunk driving, to the tune of the Pogues' Transmetropolitan, somehow managed to crash his car twice in the same place. Do not reenact this scene.
Turn around and then turn left on Dillon St (since you can't turn onto O Donnell here). Turn left on Conkling and go down to O Donnell. Look just right and up for one of Baltimore's most famous icons, the neon Brewer's Hill Natty Boh guy! If you wait a little at night, he'll wink at you. Anyway, turn left and keep going west through the split around Canton Square, a gentrifying area full of crowded bars. Near the end of the split, St Casimir's Church is on the left, where the police and the stevedores' über-Polish feud over the stained glass window began at the outset of Season Two.
At the end of O Donnell St, turn left to go south and then left again onto Boston St. Turn right on Clinton St to head south along the harbor, into the territory of The Greek. Past Holabird Ave, start looking on the left for The Greek's Diner (Johnny's Restaurant). Just past it, you'll come to the so-called Port of Philadelphia (remember that all scenes were in fact filmed in Baltimore), a.k.a. the Bethlehem-Fairfield Shipyard, where Sergey removed a Turkish head and feet. This place has a great spooky, abandoned atmosphere at night. The big Liberty Ship, the SS John W. Brown, is today actually a museum ship [1], offering several living-history cruises throughout the year.
Just before the end of the road, turn left onto a little side street to find the ramshackle Major Crimes Unit HQ, used starting at the beginning of Season Two. Get back onto Clinton St and turn left, then bear left onto Haven St, which will turn into Keith Ave. To the right is Seagirt Marine Terminal, a giant terminal where the Sobotkas and the rest of the stevedores union worked throughout Season Two. Good luck getting into the complex, though!
South
Time for a good 20 minute drive to South Baltimore. Backtrack back up Clinton St to Boston St and turn right towards I-95, and get on southbound towards the Fort McHenry Tunnel. This guide apologizes in advance for the toll and any potential tunnel traffic. Get off at I-395 and stay in the right lane. Turn right onto Conway St and then right again onto Light St. Look right for the Intercontinental Hotel, where the Greek narrowly evaded capture at the end of Season Two.
Turn left on Warren Ave to go to Federal Hill Park, a green space full of history both real and fictional from The Wire. If you can find a parking space, and that's a big if, this is another great place to get out of the car. The views from the top of the hill are probably the best in the city. Carcetti loved to take strolls around the place to get away from politics and clear his head. McNulty's strolls were less successful, as he fell down the hill drunk while trying to stop some kids from vandalizing public property.
Turn right down Riverside Ave, left on Cross St, and then right back onto the Key Hwy. Follow the Key Hwy to Lawrence St and turn right, then left onto Fort Ave. Just before going over the Key Hwy again, turn right onto Ludlow St to reach the Wine Market. Part restaurant and part wine store, this is a great place for an upscale, but reasonably priced dinner. Senator "sheeeeiiiit" Clay Davis and Stringer Bell agree with this assessment, and met up for some lunch to discuss real estate.
Go back up to Fort Ave and turn right to get into Locust Point, home to the Sobotkas. Turn left on the side street just past Andre St to catch a glimpse of Nick Sobotka's house. Please do not disturb the residents. At the end of the street turn left on Clement and then immediately right on Andre St. Coming up on the right is the gigantic Grainery, which Nick remarked would soon be turned into upscale harbor-side condos to mark the end of blue collar Locust Point. And indeed, today it is condos.
Now take a left on Beason St, a right on Hull St, and then a right on Nicholson St to get over to Fort McHenry. You can't quite get to the filming location, but the very southeast of the fort area is where Vondas wised up to the fact that his texts were being monitored by the police, and then flung his cell phone into the harbor.
Central
You're nearing the end of this long, grandiose tour of the city. Go back to Fort Ave and turn left, heading all the way to Light St, and turn right. Past the Intercontinental, as you are getting into the Inner Harbor look left for the Hyatt Regency, where Beadie stalked Vondas to room 520 on her reconnaissance mission. Light St will turn into Calvert St and take you into Downtown.
Look left down Redwood it's a one way street so you won't be able to turn right, but note that at the end of the block is Werner's Diner, a famous old Downtown diner, and a recurring filming location to show the politicians meeting up to talk shop.
Now turn right onto Baltimore St. At the end of the first block on the right is The American, the interior of which was used as Kavanagh's Irish Pub, where the police would have wakes for slain officers. Keep going straight, and between Commerce St and Gay St (really, those are the names of the streets by accident, not irony) is The Block, the infamously seedy one-block stretch of Baltimore St filled with nothing but strip clubs. Despite the look and the business, it's actually quite safe because, as you will see on the corner of the next block, the city put the real Police Headquarters right next to it. It's not clear that any scenes were shot right here, but rest assured that the spirit of The Block made its way into the series.
Turn right onto the small one-way Frederick St and go one block to Water St. Just left is the Ruth's Chris Steakhouse that former Maj. Colvin takes Namond, Zenobia, and Darnell to as a prize for doing well in class. It doesn't go so well, as the students feel uncomfortable and have no idea how to act in this new environment.
Turn right on Water St, and then right onto Gay St up to a left on Saratoga. On the right is the exceptionally famous Hollywood Diner, known to The Wire fans as the diner where drunken McNulty could, um, "get anything he wants." But it is even more famous as the principal location for Barry Levinson's (a co-director for The Wire, no less) classic 1982 Baltimore movie, Diner.
Take a left on Commerce St to find City Hall, used extensively on the show. Turn right on Fayette and go down all the way past Charles St to find the fictional location of the Police Headquarters on the right, which is in actuality an office building.
One last stop! Turn right on Park Ave, go up to Saratoga St, turn right, and follow it back to Calvert St and turn left again. After going under the US-40 overpass, you will see the Baltimore Sun Building, of Season Five fame, on the right.
End
Your grand tour is over! If you still haven't eaten dinner, remember the Brewer's Art from the North Central Portion of the tour? It would be hard to do better, although if you are in the mood for something else, there are a lot of good options right on Charles St nearby. Head north on Calvert past the Baltimore Sun building, then turn left on Madison St. You will turn right on Charles St, but first look left down Charles to see the beautiful Washington Monument square (this one predates the big monolith in D.C.). Anyway, turn right onto Charles and head north back to the Brewer's Art.
Drink
This tour purposefully ends in Central Baltimore. You've completed a tour around much of the city, including some of its more interesting and decidedly less visited neighborhoods. Pat yourself on the back and reward yourself with a drink by the Harbor, at the Brewer's Art, or in historic Fells Point! A couple rounds at a Fells Point faux-Irish pub would be a classic McNulty-esque end to the day. Just don't take a page from his drinking and driving handbook—not only is it immoral, but also rest assured that the police look hard for this type of thing in this bar-heavy neighborhood. If you do choose Fells Point, be sure to look for The Ritz, which was the filming location for Orlando's strip club, on Broadway just south of Eastern Ave.
Respect
This part is crucial. The hand-wringing associated with the terribly distasteful and offensive term "ghetto tourism" is a bit overwrought and contrived, but there are pitfalls to be aware of. This tour will take you through some good examples of some of the more impoverished and alienated communities in the United States, and if your purpose is to "gawk at the poverty," you are here for the wrong reasons. These are real neighborhoods with a vibrant culture that the locals are proud of in spite of the obvious social problems, and as a sophisticated traveler you should accept them on their own terms. You should be here to reconnect with your favorite scenes from the TV series and to better appreciate that which is Baltimore.
Note that it would especially be highly inappropriate to photograph people without their express permission.
Stay safe
Don't worry. Yes, you are touring some high crime areas (although the vast majority of the areas on the tour are actually quite safe), but no one is going to bother you in your car. Period. As noted above, walking on foot around the East and West Baltimore sections of the tour could be more risky, but even then the dangers commonly warned about in the U.S. are grossly exaggerated. Yes, they are high violent crime areas, and a nighttime stroll would be ill-advised, but no one is likely to bother you beyond asking you what you're doing there, or possibly giving you a warning that it's not safe for you to visit. People here are used to minding their own business.
This is a guide itinerary. It has good, detailed information covering the entire route. Plunge forward and help us make it a star!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7121.0 - Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2003-04
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/06/2005
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ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
This publication contains final estimates for the main commodities collected in the 2003-04 Agricultural Survey. It contains detailed statistics on crops, livestock and livestock products, land use and industry and size characteristics of farms.
CHANGES IN THIS ISSUE
No changes in this issue.
MORE INFORMATION ON ABS AGRICULTURE STATISTICS
Information about ABS activities in the field of agriculture statistics is available from the Agriculture Statistics theme page on the ABS web site. To access the theme page, select 'Themes' from the menu on the home page.
ABBREVIATIONS
'000
ABS
thousand
Australian Bureau of Statistics
ACTAustralian Capital Territory
ANZSICAustralian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification
Aust.Australia
EVAOestimated value of agricultural operations
hahectare
kgkilogram
MLmegalitre
n.e.c.not elsewhere classified
NSWNew South Wales
NTNorthern Territory
QldQueensland
RSErelative standard error
SASouth Australia
SE
SLA
standard error
statistical local area
ttonne
Tas.Tasmania
Vic.Victoria
WAWestern Australia
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
Number of farms
The 2003-04 Agricultural Survey found that the number of farms in Australia fell by 2% in the 12 months ending 30 June 2004, down from 133,000 to 131,000 farms, continuing the decline in farm numbers seen in previous years.
The beef cattle farming industry remained the largest in terms of farm numbers, with around 27% of all farms. The mixed farming sector (grain-sheep/beef cattle) was the next largest with around 12% of all farms, followed by the grain sector with 11%.
Size of operations
EVAO of operations
The median estimated value of agricultural operations (EVAO) of all farms was approximately $123,000 in 2003-04. Around 15% of all farms (20,200 farms) had an EVAO below $22,500, while at the other end of the scale, 14% (18,000 farms) had an EVAO above $500,000.
The majority of farms with EVAO below $22,500 were involved in beef cattle farming (11,700 farms) and sheep farming (2,000 farms) while the majority of farms with EVAO above $500,000 were involved in grain growing (5,500 farms), mixed grain-sheep/beef cattle farming (2,800 farms), dairy cattle farming (1,700 farms) and beef cattle farming (1,700 farms).
On an industry basis, the cotton, poultry for meat, grain, pig, and poultry for eggs farming industries were dominated by farms with large EVAOs, with around 76%, 54%, 38%, 34% and 32% respectively, having an EVAO greater than $500,000.
Area of operations
Most farms in 2003-04 were between 100 and 499 hectares in size, and accounted for 42,400 farms (or 32%). These farms were mainly engaged in beef cattle grazing, dairying, sheep grazing or mixed grain-sheep/beef cattle growing.
Small farms under 50 hectares were the second main size group and accounted for 25,100 farms (or 19%). These small farms were mainly engaged in grape growing, beef cattle grazing, fruit growing, vegetable growing and plant nursery operations.
Large farms of over 2,500 hectares accounted for 11% (14,700) of all farms and were mainly engaged in grazing or cropping operations.
CROPS
Overview
The easing of widespread drought saw significant increases in production, with record or near record harvests reported for most of the major crops.
Crops for grain
Wheat
Improved conditions in 2003-04 saw records for both area planted to wheat and wheat production. The total area planted increased by 17% to 13.1 million hectares. All states reported increases, with the largest reported in New South Wales (up 33% to 4.0 million hectares) and Western Australia (up 10% to 4.9 million hectares). Wheat production increased by 158% to 26.1 million tonnes, with nearly all states reporting significant increases. The largest were reported in Western Australia (up 174% to 11.1 million tonnes), and New South Wales (up 192% to 7.3 million tonnes).
Barley
The total area of barley planted increased by 16% to 4.5 million hectares. The largest areas planted were in Western Australia (1.3 million hectares) and South Australia (1.2 million hectares). Improved yields, combined with the increase in area planted, saw total production reach a record level of 10.4 million tonnes. The largest producers were Western Australia (up 135% to 3.2 million tonnes), South Australia (up 87% to 2. 7 million tonnes) and Victoria (up 375% to 2.3 million tonnes).
Oats
The total area of oats planted increased by 20% to 1.1 million hectares. This was the fourth year of increased planting. Production increased by 111% to 2.0 million tonnes, the highest level reported since 1984. The largest producers were Western Australia (up 58% to 752,000 tonnes), New South Wales (up 309% to 610,000 tonnes) and Victoria (up 103% to 507,000 tonnes).
Grain sorghum
The total area of grain sorghum planted increased by 10% to 734,000 hectares. Production increased by 37% to 2.0 million tonnes, with significant increases in Queensland and New South Wales, the main growing states.
Lupins for grain
The total area planted to lupins for grain fell by 17% to 851,000 hectares due mainly to a 16% fall in the main growing state of Western Australia. This was the sixth annual decrease in lupins plantings and reflects a longer term trend towards oats and barley. Increased yields after drought saw total production increase by 63% to 1.2 million tonnes.
Other crops
Canola
Canola plantings fell by 7% to 1.2 million hectares, with falls in New South Wales and Victoria partly offset by increases in South Australia and Western Australia. Improved conditions in many areas saw production increase to pre-drought levels. Production rose by 96% to 1.7 million tonnes, with increases reported in all the main growing states.
Cotton lint
Continuing lack of water for irrigation saw plantings of cotton fall by 7% to 227,000 hectares. Total cotton lint production was down by 13% to 317,000 tonnes. Increases in plantings and production in Queensland were more than offset by decreases in New South Wales.
Rice
Some reductions in water restrictions in 2003-04 saw the area planted to rice increase by 45% to 66,400 hectares. Rice production increased by 26% to 553,000 tonnes, but this was still less than half the harvest from 'normal' years. The production of rice is entirely dependent on access to water, and the lingering effects of the drought continued to affect the major growing regions of New South Wales.
HORTICULTURE
Fruit
Grapes
In 2003-04 grape production rose by 35% to a record harvest of 2.0 million tonnes. The largest increases were reported in South Australia (up 44% to 886,000 tonnes), Victoria (up 31% to 532,000 tonnes) and New South Wales (up 25% to 483,000 tonnes). The total area of bearing vines increased by 5% to a record 151,000 hectares, with the main growing state of South Australia reporting an increase of 8% to a record 65,000 hectares.
Oranges
Orange production decreased by 34% to 395,000 tonnes after near record production in the previous year. Decreases were reported in the three main growing states of New South Wales (down 35% to 181,000 tonnes), South Australia (down 36% to 122,000 tonnes) and Victoria (down 39% to 69,400 tonnes). The total number of bearing orange trees fell by 4% to 6.8 million trees, due mainly to an 8% fall in tree numbers in New South Wales.
Bananas
Banana production fell by 3% to 257,000 tonnes, with falls in production reported in Queensland and New South Wales. The total bearing area of bananas rose by 2% to 10,900 hectares.
Apples
Apple production fell by 22% to 255,000 tonnes, with falls reported for every state except Queensland. The largest decreases in production were reported for Victoria (down 29% to 84,100 tonnes), New South Wales (down 23% to 47,700 tonnes) and Tasmania (down 29% to 37,300 tonnes. The total number of bearing apple trees rose by 6% to 8.9 million, with increases reported in all states except Tasmania.
Pears
Pear production rose by 2% to 139,000 tonnes. Victoria's production of 121,000 tonnes accounted for 87% of total Australian production. The total number of bearing pear trees rose by 6% to 1.4 million.
Vegetables
Potatoes
Production of potatoes in 2003-04 rose by 5% to 1.3 million tonnes, due mainly to a 25% increase in production in Victoria (up to 338,000 tonnes). The only state to report a fall in production was New South Wales (down 11% to 119,000 tonnes). The total area planted to potatoes remained steady at 36,100 hectares, with increases in plantings in Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia and Queensland, offset by decreases in South Australia and New South Wales.
Tomatoes
Production of tomatoes rose by 30% to 474,000 tonnes, with significant increases reported in the three main growing states of Victoria (up 28% to 270,000 tonnes), Queensland (up 33% to 125,000 tonnes) and New South Wales (up 40% to 67,100 tonnes). The area planted to tomatoes rose by 16% to 8,500 hectares, with increases reported in all states except Western Australia.
Carrots
Production of carrots fell marginally to 303,000 tonnes, with falls in all states except South Australia and Tasmania. The area planted to carrots fell by 2% to 7,200 hectares, with falls in Victoria, Western Australia and Queensland partly offset by increases in South Australia and Tasmania. New South Wales remained steady.
Onions
Production of onions rose slightly to 233,000 tonnes. Increases in production in Tasmania, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia were partly offset by decreases in South Australia, the main producing state, and Queensland. The area planted to onions rose by 6% to 5,600 hectares, with increases reported in all states except Queensland.
Lettuces
Production of lettuces rose by 5% to 127,000 tonnes. Increases in Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia were partly offset by falls in Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania. The area planted to lettuces remained steady at 6,100 hectares.
LIVESTOCK
Overview
Cattle numbers recovered slightly in 2003-04, but were limited in their recovery by ongoing effects of drought in some areas and also by lower cow numbers available for breeding from the previous year. Sheep and lamb numbers also showed signs of recovery with better conditions contributing to improved lambing percentages. Pig numbers fell and chicken numbers were steady.
Milk cattle
The number of milk cattle remained steady at 3.1 million head at 30 June 2004. A small decrease in milking cow numbers was offset by an increase in other milk cattle. The most significant movements were reported in Queensland (up 10% to 255,000), and Tasmania (down 6% to 189,000). Victoria had the majority of milk cattle, with its herd steady at 1.9 million.
Meat cattle
Meat cattle numbers increased by 3% to 24.4 million after the badly drought-affected season in the previous year. Increases in meat cattle numbers were reported in Queensland (up 7% to 11.2 million head), Western Australia (up 8% to 2.0 million), Northern Territory (up 3% to 1.7 million) and Tasmania (up 3% to 496,000). These were partly offset by falls in Victoria (down 4% to 2.4 million) and South Australia (down 4% to 1.2 million). New South Wales remained steady at 5.4 million.
Sheep and lambs
Sheep and lamb numbers increased by 2% to 101 million, with lamb numbers up by 12%, but sheep numbers down slightly. This was due mainly to increases in the largest producing states of New South Wales (up 5% to 35.2 million) and Western Australia (up 5% to 25.1 million). However these were partly offset by falls in Victoria (down 2% to 20.0 million), South Australia (down slightly to 12.9 million) and Tasmania (down 4% to 3.2 million).
Lamb markings rose by 7% to 36.3 million, with increases reported in New South Wales (up 13% to 12.8 million), Western Australia (up 6% to 9.2 million) and Queensland (up 61% to 1.2 million). The number of ewes mated to produce these lambs was little changed from the previous year, with improved lambing percentages (up from 77.6% in 2002-03 to 83.0% in 2003-04) responsible for the increased numbers of lambs.
Pigs
Australian pig numbers fell by 4% to 2.5 million, with falls reported in all states except Queensland, which rose by 4%. Trends of recent years have shown an industry move away from New South Wales as the main pig-producing state, to Queensland, which has for the first time reported a bigger herd than New South Wales.
Chickens
The number of chickens for meat production remained steady at 70.7 million birds. Decreases in New South Wales and Western Australia were offset by increases in Victoria and Queensland. The number of chickens for egg production fell slightly to 12.7 million birds. Egg production remained steady at 193 million dozen.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
5209.0.55.001 - Australian National Accounts: Input-Output Tables, 2008-09 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/09/2012
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INTRODUCTION
Input–Output (I–O) tables are part of the Australian national accounts, complementing the quarterly and annual series of national income, expenditure and product aggregates. They provide detailed information about the supply and use of products in the Australian economy, and the structure of and inter–relationships between Australian industries.
This publication contains the Input–output tables for 2008–09 and includes input by industry and output by product group; use of domestic production and imports by industry and final demand categories, taxes and margins on supply by product, and product and industry concordances (Tables 1–10, 17, 19–21, 23–40).
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
MAIN FEATURES
This publication contains the Input–output tables for 2008–09. The tables presented here are the basic transaction tables, coefficients, industry flow, margins tables, and product and industry concordances.
With the release of tables for 2008–09 the ABS has completed 24 input–output tables for Australia. Previous tables were for 1958–59, 1962–63, 1968–69, 1974–75, 1977–78 to 1983–84, 1986–87, 1989–90, 1992–93 to 1994–95, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2001–02, and 2004–05 to 2007–08.
TABLES
A list of the 2008–09 input–output tables available in this release can be accessed by clicking the downloads tab. They include tables that record input by industry, output by product group, margin matrices, and product and industry concordances.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1297.0 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC), 2008
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/03/2008
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Contents >> Fields of Research >> DIVISION 10 TECHNOLOGY >> GROUP 1099 OTHER TECHNOLOGY
This group covers technology not elsewhere classified.
This group has one field:
109999 Technology not elsewhere classified
Exclusions:
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1220.0 - Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO) Second Edition, 1997
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/07/1997
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4929-13
Furniture Finisher
Furniture Polisher
Finishes, polishes or refinishes furniture.
Skill Level:
The entry requirement for this occupation is an AQF Certificate III or higher qualification.
Tasks Include:
• sands and smooths furniture surfaces
• mixes stains by stirring in base colours to match colour or shade and applies to furniture
• applies varnish, shellac, lacquer or paint to surfaces
• polishes and waxes finished surfaces
• dismantles furniture, masks areas not being finished and removes accessories such as knobs and hinges to prepare articles for refinishing
• removes old finishes by stripping with steel wool or glasspaper, or by applying solvents or paint strippers and removing softened finishes by scraping
• removes excess solvent and indentations
• may restore wood surfaces to natural colour using acid and neutralisers
• may hand polish and restore antique furniture
Specialisations:
French Polisher
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > News & Media > Media Releases by Release Date
Australia and Singapore in E-commerce statistics initiative, Feb 1999
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MEDIA RELEASE
February 23, 1999
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
19/1999
Australia and Singapore in E-commerce statistics initiative
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and the Singapore Department of Statistics have established a Working Group to cooperate on the development of electronic commerce statistics.
The Working Group will build on the ongoing exchange of information about statistical collections in electronic commerce. It aims to improve the range and quality of data produced by each organisation and help produce internationally comparable data to meet new demands for statistics in this rapidly changing field.
Activities already being planned by the Working Group include a workshop of experts from the two statistical agencies early next year and an international "cutting edge" conference on "The Measurement of Electronic Commerce" in Singapore on 6-8 December 1999.
The conference, to be held under the auspices of the International Statistical Institute (ISI), will be organised by the Singapore Department of Statistics and the Centre for Management of Innovation and Technopreneurship, National University of Singapore in collaboration with the ABS, the Singapore National Computer Board and the Berkeley Roundtable on the Information Economy, University of California/Berkeley.
The initiative to set up the Working Group is part of a growing relationship between Singapore and Australian governments on information technology (IT) matters. It reflects the challenges facing both statistical organisations in providing meaningful statistics on electronic commerce and other IT issues to their governments, the IT industry and the business community.
Establishment of the Working Group follows the signing of the Australia-Singapore Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on cooperation in IT yesterday, 22 February 1999, by the Australian Deputy Prime Minister, the Hon Tim Fischer MP, and the Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, BG(NS) Lee Hsien Loong. The MOU, signed at the 2nd Singapore-Australia Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting, encourages policy exchanges between government agencies on IT matters.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4100.0 - Technical Manual: Multipurpose Household Survey, Expanded CURF, Australia, 2008-09 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/12/2010
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Hybridising State and Ethnicity in an Indonesian Region
Rochman Achwan
Abstract
This study traces long processes of ethnic politics in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. It argues that ethnicity has always been a component in the hybrid state throughout the contemporary political history of the region. By employing the concept of hybridisation, the study reveals that the weak degree of the hybridised state during the Soeharto era has become a necessary condition for the rise of ethnic violence. Only recently, the reconstruction of the benevolent hybrid state may gradually prevail. The existence of power sharing among ethnic elite, the democratic and peaceful gubernatorial direct elections that have taken place, and the inter-ethnic economic co-operation among ordinary citizens could make ethnicity develop in a constructive way as one of basic components within the hybrid state. Qualitative method has been used to collect data from various actors who have direct and indirect knowledge both during and after the Suharto eras.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ass.v8n6p94
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Faculty Research Productivity in Hong Kong across Academic Discipline
Jisun Jung
Abstract
This study examines the research productivity of Hong Kong academics. Specifically, it explores the individual and institutional factors that contribute to their productivity while also comparing determinants across academic disciplines. We have conducted OLS regression analysis using the international survey data from “The Changing Academics Profession.” We found that Hong Kong academics are highly internationalized in terms of research activities. Moreover, research productivity is influenced by a number of factors, including personal characteristics, workload, differences in research styles, and institutional characteristics. In addition, considerable variation exists regarding the determinants of research productivity across disciplinary categories.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/hes.v2n4p1
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Higher Education Studies ISSN 1925-4741 (Print) ISSN 1925-475X (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Indonesia
Indonesia
The Mount Bromo volcano on the island Java of Indonesia. Photo by Jan-Pieter Nap (2004)
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Peter Saundry
Indonesia is a nation of 248 million people in southeast Asia composed of 17,508 islands (of which 6,000 are inhabited) which straddle the equator between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
The largest islands are Sumatra, Java, Borneo (called Kalimantan in Indonesia, which has sovereignty over about two-thirds of the island), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (eastern half). Other notable islands include Timor (eastern half), the Maluku Islands, and the Lesser Sunda Islands which include Bali.
Indonesia is the 4th most populous nation in the world (after China, India, and the United States).
Its major environmental issues include:
• deforestation;
• water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
• air pollution in urban areas; and,
• smoke and haze from forest fires.
It is susceptible to occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; and, forest fires.
Natural disasters have devastated many parts of Indonesia over the past few years. On December 26, 2004, a 9.1 to 9.3 magnitude earthquake took place in the Indian Ocean, and the resulting tsunami killed over 130,000 people in Aceh and left more than 500,000 homeless. On March 26, 2005, an 8.7 magnitude earthquake struck between Aceh and northern Sumatra, killing 905 people and displacing tens of thousands. After much media attention on the seismic activity on Mt. Merapi in April and May 2006, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake occurred 30 miles to the southwest. It killed more than 5,000 people and left an estimated 200,000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region. An earthquake of 7.4 struck Tasikmalaya, West Java, on September 2, 2009, killing approximately 100 people. On September 30, 2009, a 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck Western Sumatra. No official statistics were released on deaths and injuries; however, press reports indicated more than 1,100 fatalities.
The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945.
Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949.
Free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 after decades of repressive rule. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population.
Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance.
In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance by the separatist Free Papua Movement.
Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The archipelago includes 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; and is strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
Geographic Coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E
Area: 1,904,569 km2(1,811,569 km2 land and 93,000 km2 water)
arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04%
other: 81.93% (2005)
Land Boundaries: Total: 2,830 km. Border countries: Timor-Leste (East Timor) 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, and Papua New Guinea 820 km
Note: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussi exclave and maritime boundaries with Timor-Leste remain unresolved; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches
Coastline: 54,716 km
Maritime Claims (measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines): territorial sea: 12 nautical miles. Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles.
Natural Hazards: Occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
Volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m, 9,737 ft), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora
Terrain: Mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains. The highest point is Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
Climate: Tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Ecology and Biodiversity
See Biological diversity in Sundaland and Biological diversity in Wallacea as well as the following ecoregions:
1. Sunda Shelf mangroves
2. Sumatran tropical pine forests
3. Sumatran montane rain forests
4. Sumatran lowland rain forests
5. Sumatran peat swamp forests
6. Sumatran freshwater swamp forests
7. Peninsular Malaysian rain forests
8. Sundaland heath forests
9. Mentawai Islands rain forests
10. Western Java rain forests
11. Western Java montane rain forests
12. Eastern Java-Bali rain forests
13. Eastern Java-Bali montane rain forests
14. Lesser Sundas deciduous forests
15. Sumba deciduous forests
16. Timor and Wetar deciduous forests
17. Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests
18. Borneo peat swamp forests
19. Borneo montane rain forests
20. Borneo lowland rain forests
21. Sulawesi lowland rain forests
22. Sulawesi montane rain forests
23. Buru rain forests
24. Halmahera rain forests
25. Seram rain forests
26. Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests
27. Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests
28. Vogelkop montane rain forests
29. New Guinea mangroves
30. Biak-Numfoor rain forests
31. Yapen rain forests
32. Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests
33. Northern New Guinea montane rain forests
34. Central Range montane rain forests
35. Central Range sub-alpine grasslands
36. Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests
37. Trans Fly savanna and grasslands
See also: Indonesian Sea large marine ecosystem
Protected areas: See Komodo National Park, Lorentz National Park, Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra and Ujung Kulon National Park and Krakatau Nature Reserve
People and Society
Indonesia's approximately 248 million people make it the world's fourth-most populous nation. The island of Java, roughly the size of New York State, is the most populous island in the world (136.6 million, 2010 est.) and one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Indonesia includes numerous related but distinct cultural and linguistic groups, many of which are ethnically Malay. Since independence, Bahasa Indonesia (the national language, a form of Malay) has spread throughout the archipelago and has become the language of most written communication, education, government, business, and media. Local languages are still important in many areas, however. English is the most widely spoken foreign language. Education is compulsory for children through grade 9. In primary school, more than 94% of eligible children are enrolled whereas 57% of eligible children are enrolled in secondary school.
Constitutional guarantees of religious freedom apply to the six religions recognized by the state, namely Islam (86.1%), Protestantism (5.7%), Catholicism (3%), Hinduism (1.8%), Buddhism (about 1%), and Confucianism (less than 1%). On the resort island of Bali, over 90% of the population practices Hinduism. In some remote areas, animism is still practiced.
The thick brown plume of ash, steam, and volcanic gas rising from Anak Krakatau in this true-color image is a common sight at the volcano. Responsible for one of the largest and most destructive eruptions in Indonesia's history (1883), Krakatau still erupts frequently. For this reason, the volcano is one of 100 that NASA automatically monitors by satellite. Photo courtesy of NASA.
Southeast of the island of Timor (center), a phytoplankton bloom is coloring the waters of the Timor Sea, which separates Timor from northwestern Australia. To the north of Timor is Flores, which is home to numerous active volcanoes. (The red dots are due to fire, not volcanic activity.) The eastern half of Timor, as well as an exclave to the west and a few offshore islands, constitute the country of Timor-Leste. The western portion of Timor and the remaining islands (including Flores) belong to Indonesia. Image courtesy of NASA.
Kuta Beach, Bali.
View from the cliffs at Pura Luhur Uluwatu, Bali.
The Sea Temple of Pura Luhur at Uluwatu in south Bali dates back to the 11th century.
The monkeys at Pura Luhur Uluwatu on Bali are notorious pickpockets.
Jakarta. Source: Kevin Aurell/Wikimedia Commons
Population: 248,216,193 (July 2012 est.) (4th largest after China, India, and the United States)
Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)
Age Structure:
0-14 years: 27.3% (male 34,165,213/female 32,978,841)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 82,104,636/female 81,263,055)
65 years and over: 6.1% (male 6,654,695/female 8,446,603) (2011 est.)
Population Growth Rate: 1.04% (2012 est.)
Birthrate: 17.76 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Death Rate: 6.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
Net Migration Rate: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Urbanization: 44% of total population (2010) growing at 1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth: 71.62 years
male: 69.07 years
female: 74.29 years (2012 est.)
Total Fertility Rate: 2.23 children born/woman (2012 est.)
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)
Literacy: 90.4% (male: 94%; female: 86.8%) (2004 est.)
History
By the time of the Renaissance, the islands of Java and Sumatra had already enjoyed a 1,000-year heritage of advanced civilization spanning two major empires. During the 7th-14th centuries, the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya flourished on Sumatra. At its peak, the Srivijaya Empire reached as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. Also by the 14th century, the Hindu Kingdom of Majapahit had risen in eastern Java. Gadjah Mada, the empire's chief minister from 1331 to 1364, succeeded in gaining allegiance from most of what is now modern Indonesia and much of the Malay archipelago as well. Legacies from Gadjah Mada's time include a codification of law and an epic poem. Islam arrived in Indonesia sometime during the 12th century and supplanted Hinduism by the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Bali, however, remains overwhelmingly Hindu. In the eastern archipelago, both Christian and Islamic proselytizing took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on these islands.
Beginning in 1602, the Dutch slowly established themselves as rulers of Indonesia, exploiting the weakness of the small kingdoms that had replaced that of Majapahit. The only exception was East Timor, which remained under Portugal's control until 1975. During 300 years of rule, the Dutch developed the Netherlands East Indies into one of the world's richest colonial possessions, extracting natural resources through co-opted local elites but doing little to modernize Indonesia.
During the first decade of the 20th century, an Indonesian independence movement began and expanded rapidly, particularly between the two World Wars. Its leaders came from a small group of young professionals and students, some of whom had been educated in the Netherlands. Many, including Indonesia's first president, Soekarno (1945-67), were imprisoned for political activities.
During World War II, Japan invaded Indonesia (in early 1942), outclassing a combined American, British, Dutch, and Australian military command. Sizeable U.S. naval forces and smaller air and ground forces sent to defend Indonesia were defeated, with heavy losses in ships and large numbers of Americans killed or captured. The Japanese treated captured Allied troops and interned Western civilians with extreme cruelty. Because of local animosity toward Dutch colonial rule, there was no anti-Japanese guerilla movement as in the Philippines and Malaysia, and most Indonesians initially welcomed the Japanese as liberators. But increasingly harsh Japanese rule strengthened the prewar independence movement, and on August 17, 1945, 3 days after Japan’s surrender to the Allies, a small group of Indonesians, led by Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta, proclaimed independence and established the Republic of Indonesia. They set up a provisional government and adopted a constitution to govern the republic until elections could be held and a new constitution written. Fighting soon broke out between Indonesian independence groups and Allied forces--mainly British, Indian, and Australian forces--sent to accept the Japanese surrender. Dutch efforts later to reestablish complete control met resistance. Following the Philippines' independence in 1946, the U.S. was unwilling to see the Netherlands use post-war Marshall Plan support to indirectly fund the suppression of Indonesia’s independence. Negotiations and on-and-off fighting in Indonesia continued until 1949. The stalemate, combined with reduced international support and a devastated economy in the Netherlands, led to the Dutch decision to withdraw from Indonesia. Colonial rule and its violent end left a legacy in Indonesia of mistrusting foreign motives, especially those of large powers. In 1950, Indonesia became the 60th member of the United Nations.
Shortly after hostilities with the Dutch ended in 1949, Indonesia adopted a new constitution, providing for a parliamentary system of government in which the executive was chosen by and accountable to parliament. Parliament was divided among many political parties before and after the country's first nationwide election in 1955, and stable governmental coalitions were difficult to achieve. The role of Islam in Indonesia was debated. Soekarno defended a secular state based on Pancasila, five principles of the state philosophy--monotheism, humanitarianism, national unity, representative democracy by consensus, and social justice--codified in the 1945 constitution, while some Muslim groups preferred either an Islamic state or a constitution that included a preambular provision requiring adherents of Islam to be subject to Islamic law. At the time of independence, the Dutch retained control over the western half of New Guinea (known as Irian Jaya in the Soekarno and Suharto eras and as Papua since 2000) and permitted steps toward self-government and independence.
Negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of Irian Jaya into Indonesia failed, and armed clashes broke out between Indonesian and Dutch troops in 1961. In August 1962, the two sides reached an agreement, and Indonesia assumed administrative responsibility for Irian Jaya on May 1, 1963. The Indonesian Government conducted an "Act of Free Choice" in Irian Jaya under UN supervision in 1969 in which 1,025 Papuan representatives of local councils agreed by consensus to remain a part of Indonesia. A subsequent UN General Assembly resolution confirmed the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia. Opposition to Indonesian administration of Papua gave rise to small-scale guerrilla activity in the years following Jakarta's assumption of control. In the more open atmosphere since 1998, there have been more explicit expressions within Papua calling for independence from Indonesia.
Unsuccessful rebellions on Sumatra, Sulawesi, West Java, and other islands beginning in 1958, plus a failure by the constituent assembly to develop a new constitution, weakened the parliamentary system. Consequently, in 1959, when President Soekarno unilaterally revived the provisional 1945 constitution that provided for broad presidential powers, he met little resistance. From 1959 to 1965, President Soekarno imposed an authoritarian regime under the label of "Guided Democracy."
Soekarno favored a foreign policy of nonalignment, a stance supported by other prominent leaders of former colonies who rejected formal alliances with either the West or Soviet bloc. Under Soekarno's auspices, these leaders gathered in Bandung, West Java, in 1955 to lay the groundwork for what became known as the Non-Aligned Movement. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, President Soekarno moved closer to Asian communist states and toward the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in domestic affairs. The PKI represented the largest communist party outside the Soviet Union and China.
By 1965, the PKI controlled many of the mass civic and cultural organizations that Soekarno had established to mobilize support for his regime and, with Soekarno's acquiescence, embarked on a campaign to establish a "Fifth Column" by arming its supporters. Army leaders resisted this campaign. Under circumstances that have never been fully explained, on October 1, 1965, PKI sympathizers within the military, including elements from Soekarno's palace guard, occupied key locations in Jakarta and kidnapped and murdered six senior generals. Major General Suharto, the commander of the Army Strategic Reserve, rallied army troops opposed to the PKI to reestablish control over the city. Violence swept throughout Indonesia in the aftermath of the October 1 events, and unsettled conditions persisted through 1966. Right-wing groups killed tens of thousands of alleged communists in rural areas. Estimates of the number of deaths range between 160,000 and 500,000. The violence was especially brutal in Java and Bali. During this period, PKI members by the tens of thousands turned in their membership cards. The emotions and fears of instability created by this crisis persisted for many years as the communist party remains banned from Indonesia.
Throughout the 1965-66 period, President Soekarno vainly attempted to restore his political stature and shift the country back to its pre-October 1965 position. Although he remained President, in March 1966, Soekarno transferred key political and military powers to General Suharto, who by that time had become head of the armed forces. In March 1967, the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) named General Suharto acting President. Soekarno ceased to be a political force and lived under virtual house arrest until his death in 1970.
President Suharto proclaimed a "New Order" in Indonesian politics and dramatically shifted foreign and domestic policies away from the course set in Soekarno's final years. The New Order established economic rehabilitation and development as its primary goals and pursued its policies through an administrative structure dominated by the military but with advice from Western-educated economic experts. In 1968, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) formally selected Suharto to a full 5-year term as President, and he was reelected to successive 5-year terms in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998. In mid-1997, Indonesia suffered from the Asian financial and economic crisis, accompanied by the worst drought in 50 years and falling prices for commodity exports. As the exchange rate changed from a fixed to a managed float to fully floating, the rupiah (IDR or Rp) depreciated in value, inflation increased significantly, and capital flight accelerated. Demonstrators, initially led by students, called for Suharto's resignation. Amid widespread civil unrest, Suharto resigned on May 21, 1998, 3 months after the MPR had selected him for a seventh term. Suharto's hand-picked Vice President, B.J. Habibie, became Indonesia's third President. President Habibie reestablished International Monetary Fund (IMF) and donor community support for an economic stabilization program. He released several prominent political and labor prisoners, initiated investigations into the unrest, and lifted controls on the press, political parties, and labor unions.
In January 1999, Habibie and the Indonesian Government agreed to a process, with UN involvement, under which the people of East Timor would be allowed to choose between autonomy and independence through a direct ballot held on August 30, 1999. Some 98% of registered voters cast their ballots, and 78.5% of the voters chose independence over continued integration with Indonesia. Many people were killed by Indonesian military forces and military-backed militias in a wave of violence and destruction after the announcement of the pro-independence vote.
Indonesia's first elections in the post-Suharto period were held for the national, provincial, and sub-provincial parliaments on June 7, 1999. Forty-eight political parties participated in the elections. For the national parliament, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI-P, Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, led by Megawati Sukarnoputri) won 34% of the vote; Golkar ("Functional Groups" party) 22%; Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB, National Awakening Party, linked to the moderate Islamic organization Nadhlatul Ulama headed by former President Abdurrahman Wahid) 13%; and the conservative Islamic Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP, United Development Party, led by Hamzah Haz) 11%. The MPR selected Abdurrahman Wahid as Indonesia's fourth President in November 1999 and replaced him with Megawati Sukarnoputri in July 2001.
The constitution, as amended in the post-Suharto era, now provides for the direct election by popular vote of the president and vice president. Under the 2004 amendment, only parties or coalitions of parties that gained at least 3% of the House of Representatives (DPR) seats or 5% of the vote in national legislative elections were eligible to nominate a presidential and vice presidential ticket.
The 2004 legislative elections took place on April 5 and were considered to be generally free and fair. Twenty-four parties took part in the elections. Big parties lost ground, while small parties gained larger shares of the vote. However, the two Suharto-era nationalist parties, PDI-P and Golkar, remained in the lead. PDI-P (opposition party during the Suharto era) lost its plurality in the House of Representatives, dropping from 33% to 18.5% of the total vote (and from 33% to 20% of the seats). The Golkar Party (Suharto’s political party) declined slightly from 1999 levels, going from 22% to 21% of the national vote (from 26% to 23% of DPR seats). The third- and fourth-largest parties (by vote share) were two Islamic-oriented parties, the United Development Party (PPP) (8% of the votes, 10.5% of the seats) and National Awakening Party (PKB) (10.5% of the vote, 9.45% of the seats). Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s nationalist Democratic Party (PD) won 7.45% of the national vote and 10% of the DPR seats, making it the fourth-largest party in the DPR. Seven of the 24 parties won no DPR seats; six won 1-2 seats, and the other six won between 2%-6% of the national vote (between 5-52 DPR seats).
The first direct presidential election was held on July 5, 2004, contested by five tickets. As no candidate won at least 50% of the vote, a runoff election was held on September 20, 2004, between the top two candidates, President Megawati Sukarnoputri and retired General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. In this final round, Yudhoyono won 60.6% of the vote. Approximately 76.6% of the eligible voters participated, a total of roughly 117 million people, making Indonesia's presidential election the largest single-day election in the world. The Carter Center, which sent a delegation of election observers, issued a statement congratulating "the people and leaders of Indonesia for the successful conduct of the presidential election and the peaceful atmosphere that has prevailed throughout the ongoing democratic transition."
In 2009, national legislative elections were held on April 9 and presidential elections were held in July. They were peaceful and considered free and fair. New electoral rules required that a party win 2.5% of the national vote in order to enter parliament. A total of thirty-eight national and six local (Aceh only) parties contested the 2009 legislative elections. At least 171 million voters registered to vote in these elections. Voter turnout was estimated to be 71% of the electorate. Nine parties won parliamentary seats in the House of Representatives (DPR). The top three winners were secular nationalist parties: President Yudhoyono’s Partai Demokrat, with 20.85% of the vote; Vice President Jusuf Kalla’s Golkar Party, 14.45%; and former president Megawati’s opposition PDI-P party, with 14.03%. The next four largest parties were all Islamic-oriented parties: PKS, PAN (6%), PPP (5.3%), and PKB (4.9%). Only PKS maintained its 2004 vote share (7.88%); the other three declined in popularity. The smallest two parties in Parliament, Gerindra and Hanura, with 4.46 and 3.77% of the vote respectively, were headed by retired Suharto-era army generals Prabowo Subianto and Wiranto (one name only). The 2009 DPR members took their seats October 1.
Also in 2009, the threshold was revised so that only parties or coalitions of parties that gained at least 20% of the House of Representatives (DPR) seats or 25% of the vote in the 2009 national legislative elections would be eligible to nominate a presidential and vice presidential ticket. Partai Demokrat, Golkar, and PDI-P parties, the top winners in the legislative elections, nominated presidential candidates. To win in one round, a presidential candidate was required to receive more than 50% of the vote and more than 20% of the vote in 17 of Indonesia’s 33 provinces. If no candidate did so, the top two candidates would have competed in a second round in September 2009.
Three tickets competed in the presidential elections. Incumbent President Yudhoyono and his running mate, non-partisan former Central Bank Chair and Economics Minister Boediono, won the election with such a significant plurality--60.6%--that it obviated the need for a second round of elections. Main challenger and former president and opposition leader Megawati Sukarnoputri and running mate Prabowo Subianto trailed with 28%. Meanwhile, Vice President Jusuf Kalla and running mate Wiranto came in last at 12.7%. Indonesia’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) inaugurated President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono for his second term as president on October 20, 2009.
Government
Government Type: Republic
Indonesia is a republic based on the 1945 constitution providing for a separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power. Substantial restructuring has occurred since President Suharto's resignation in 1998 and the short, transitional Habibie administration in 1998 and 1999. The Habibie government established political reform legislation that formally set up new rules for the electoral system, the House of Representatives (DPR), the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), and political parties without changing the 1945 Indonesian constitution. After these reforms, the constitution now limits the president to two terms in office.
Indonesia adopted a bicameral legislative system following the establishment of the DPD (Regional Representatives Council), which was first elected in 2004. The DPD is composed of four representatives from each of Indonesia’s 33 provinces. Although it can make proposals and submit opinions on legislative matters concerning the regions, it does not have the power to create legislation. The MPR consists of both the DPD and the DPR. The MPR has the power to inaugurate and to impeach the president (upon the recommendation of the DPR). The current Speaker of the MPR is Taufik Kiemas (from the opposition PDI-P Party) and the Speaker of the DPR is Marzuki Alie (from the ruling Democrat Party). These speakers and four deputy speakers for the DPR and MPR took up their positions on October 5, 2009. The largest party in the DPR, now President Yudhoyono’s Partai Demokrat, filled the influential DPR speaker position.
The president, elected for a 5-year term, is the top government and political figure. The president and the vice president were elected by popular vote for the first time on September 20, 2004. Previously, the MPR selected Indonesia's president. In 1999, the MPR selected Abdurrahman Wahid, also known as Gus Dur, as the fourth President. The MPR removed Gus Dur in July 2001, immediately appointing then-Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri as the fifth President. In 2004, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was directly elected to succeed Megawati. He was re-elected in 2009.
The president, assisted by an appointed cabinet, has the authority to conduct the administration of the government.
Capital: Jakarta - 9.121 million (2009)
Other major cities: Surabaya 2.509 million; Bandung 2.412 million; Medan 2.131 million; Semarang 1.296 million (2009)
Administration: Indonesia has 30 provinces, 2 special regions (Aceh and Yogyakarta), and 1 special capital city district (Jakarta Raya). The provinces are: Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, [Jawa Timur], Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Papua Barat, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, and Sumatera Utara.
Following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 465 regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services.
Independence Date: 17 August 1945 (declared); 27 December 1949 (recognized by the Netherlands)
Legal System: Based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction
International Environmental Agreements
Indonesia is party to international agreements on: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands. It has signed, but not ratified an international agreement on Marine Life Conservation.
Environment
President Yudhoyono's administration has significantly increased Indonesia's global profile on environmental issues, and U.S.-Indonesia cooperation on the environment has grown substantially. Indonesia is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which include rising sea levels and erosion of coastal areas, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, species extinction, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. At the same time, Indonesia faces challenges in addressing the causes of climate change. Indonesia has the world's second-largest tropical forest and the fastest deforestation rate, making it the third-largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, behind China and the U.S. President Yudhoyono pledged at the 2009 G-20 in Pittsburgh to reduce Indonesia’s greenhouse gas emissions by up to 41% below business as usual by 2020, in addition to eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. Indonesia continues expanding its constructive engagement in Southeast Asia, within the G-20 and Major Economies Forum, and in other international bodies to encourage other developing countries to adopt and implement ambitious steps to reduce the impacts of global climate change. In June 2010, President Barack Obama pledged to support U.S.-Indonesia shared goals on climate change through a Science, Oceans, Land Use, Society and Innovation (SOLUSI) partnership and through the establishment of a climate change center. The United States is providing $6.9 million in support – with matching funds from Norway – for the new Indonesia Climate Change Center (ICCC), which will focus on mapping and monitoring of carbon-rich peat lands and tropical forests with expertise from the U.S. Forest Service, bringing the best available science and analysis to policy leaders on key strategies and decisions to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
In 2004, President Yudhoyono initiated a multi-agency drive against illegal logging that has significantly decreased illegal logging through stronger enforcement activities. The Department of Justice-sponsored Environmental Crimes Task Force supports this enforcement effort. The State Department and the U.S. Trade Representative negotiated with the Indonesian Ministries of Trade and Forestry the U.S. Government's first Memorandum of Understanding on Combating Illegal Logging and Associated Trade. Presidents George W. Bush and Yudhoyono announced the MOU during President Bush's November 2006 visit to Indonesia. Implementation of the MOU includes collaboration on sustainable forest management, improved law enforcement, and improved markets for legally harvested timber products. This effort will strengthen the enabling conditions for avoiding deforestation, specifically addressing the trade issues that are involved. The U.S. Government also contributed to the start of the Heart of Borneo conservation initiative to conserve a high-biodiversity, transboundary area that includes parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. The three countries launched the Heart of Borneo initiative in February 2007. In 2009, the Governments of Indonesia and the U.S. concluded a Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFCA1) agreement, and in 2012 are expected to finalize a new TFCA2 agreement. The agreements reduce Indonesia's debt payments to the U.S. over the next 10 years; these funds will be redirected toward tropical forest conservation in Indonesia.
Through the recently signed Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact for Indonesia, the Government of Indonesia will implement a Green Prosperity Project totaling $332.5 million to support environmentally sustainable economic growth through enhancing management of forests, peat lands, and other natural resources and deployment of renewable energy.
In June 2011, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Indonesia’s Ministry of Environment signed an MOU, expanding environmental cooperation and formalizing cooperation on the “Breathe Easy, Jakarta” initiative to improve air quality and protect public health.
Indonesia has the world’s greatest repository of marine biological resources and is one of the most important fisheries. It lies at the epicenter of the Coral Triangle, covering just 3 percent of the globe but containing more than half the world’s reefs and three-quarters of all known coral species. Fisheries generate some 20 percent of Indonesia’s GDP, and over 60 percent of the nation’s protein comes from the sea. The number of coastal fishers in Indonesia has increased by over 40 percent in the last 10 years.
President Yudhoyono called for a Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) in August 2007. The Coral Triangle Initiative is a regional plan of action to enhance coral conservation, promote sustainable fisheries, and ensure food security in the face of climate change. In December 2007, the U.S. Government announced its support for the six CTI nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands), and to date the United States is the largest bilateral donor to the CTI. Indonesia hosted the first-ever World Oceans Conference in Manado, North Sulawesi, May 11-15, 2009. The World Oceans Conference was also the venue for the Coral Triangle Initiative Summit, at which leaders from the six CTI nations launched the CTI Regional Plan of Action.
U.S. support to Indonesia’s globally important marine resources includes USAID’s five year $35 million Marine Resources Program, partnerships on ocean research and exploration, and maritime law enforcement capacity-building.
From June to August 2010, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research vessel Okeanos Explorer and the Indonesian Baruna Jaya research fleet made a pioneering joint mission to the "Coral Triangle" in the Indo-Pacific region. NOAA works actively with Indonesian marine scientists on research and capacity-building efforts, including developing tsunami early detection systems, deploying ocean instruments that allow scientists to predict long-term climate change, exploring uncharted deepwater habitats, and anticipating and monitoring outbreaks of harmful toxins affecting our food sources. The United States and Indonesia are also working with private sector partners to develop sustainable alternative business models to improve food security and increase incomes in economically disadvantaged coastal communities.
Water
See Water profile of Indonesia
Total Renewable Water Resources: 2,838 cu km (1999)
Freshwater Withdrawal: Total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8% domestic, 1% industrial, 91% agricultural).
Per capita Freshwater Withdrawal:: 372 cu m/yr (2000)
Access to improved sources of drinking water: 80% of population
Access to improved sanitation facilities: 52% of population
Agriculture
Agriculture accounts for 43% of total employment and 15% of the GDP.
Agricultural products: Rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs.
Irrigated Land: 45,000 sq km (2003)
Resources
Indonesia has a wide range of mineral deposits and production, including bauxite, silver, and tin, copper, nickel, gold, and coal. Although the coal sector was open to foreign investment in the 1990s through coal contracts of work, new investment was closed again after 2000. A new mining law, passed in December 2008, opened coal to foreign investment again, although it eliminated the difference between foreign and domestic ownership structures. Total coal production reached 255 million metric tons in 2010, including exports of 198 million tons. Two U.S. firms operate two copper/gold mines in Indonesia, with a Canadian and a U.K. firm holding significant investments in nickel and gold, respectively. Although coal production has increased dramatically over the past 10 years, the number of new metals mines has declined. This decline does not reflect Indonesia's mineral prospects, which are high; rather, the decline reflects earlier uncertainty over mining laws and regulations, low competitiveness in the tax and royalty system, and investor concerns over divestment policies and the sanctity of contracts.
In early 2010, the Government of Indonesia also formally decided to become a candidate country of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), which will increase accountability and transparency in energy revenue transactions between the government and oil, gas, and mining firms.
Natural Resources: Petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Energy
Indonesia left the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 2008, as it had been a net petroleum importer since 2004. Crude and condensate output averaged 944,000 barrels per day (bpd) in 2010, down slightly from 948,000 in 2009. In 2010, the oil and gas sector is estimated to have contributed $23.3 billion to government revenues, or 20.9% of the total. U.S. companies have invested heavily in the petroleum sector. Indonesia ranked third in world liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports production in 2010. Indonesia's oil, oil products, and gasturned positive in 2009 with a $29.4 million surplus, but have been negative since with a 2010 oil and gas trade deficit of $627 million and a deficit of$602 million deficit Jan-Nov 2011.
See Energy profile of Indonesia
Production Consumption Exports Imports Reserves
Electricity 129 billion kWh
(2008 est.)
119.3 billion kWh
(2007 est.)
0 kWh
(2009 est.)
0 kWh
(2009 est.)
Oil 1.023 million bbl/day
(2009 est.)
1.115 million bbl/day
(2009 est.)
322,000 bbl/day
(2009 est.)
456,700 bbl/day
(2009 est.)
4.05 billion bbl
(1 January 2010 est.)
Natural Gas 85.7 billion cu m
(2009 est.)
45.2 billion cu m
(2008)
33.5 billion cu m
(2008 est.)
0 cu m
(2008 est.)
3.001 trillion cu m
(1 January 2010 est.)
Economy
Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has weathered the global financial crisis relatively smoothly because of its heavy reliance on domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth.
Increasing investment by both local and foreign investors is also supporting solid growth.
Indonesia has a market-based economy in which the government plays a significant role. There are 141 state-owned enterprises, and the government administers prices on several basic goods, including fuel, rice, and electricity.
In the mid-1980s, the government began eliminating regulatory obstacles to economic activity. The steps were aimed primarily at the external and financial sectors and were designed to stimulate employment and growth in the non-oil export sector. Annual real gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged nearly 7% from 1987-97 and most analysts recognized Indonesia as a newly industrializing economy and emerging major market.
The Asian financial crisis of 1997 altered the region's economic landscape. With the depreciation of the Thai currency, the foreign investment community quickly reevaluated its investments in Asia. Foreign investors dumped assets and investments in Asia, leaving Indonesia the most affected in the region. In 1998, Indonesia experienced a negative GDP growth of 13.1% and unemployment rose to 15%-20%.
In the aftermath of the 1997-98 financial crisis, the government took custody of a significant portion of private sector assets via debt restructuring, but subsequently sold most of these assets, averaging a 29% return.
Indonesia has since recovered, albeit more slowly than some of its neighbors, by recapitalizing its banking sector, improving oversight of capital markets, and taking steps to stimulate growth and investment, particularly in infrastructure. GDP growth steadily rose in the following decade, achieving real growth of 6.3% in 2007 and 6.1% growth in 2008. Although the economy slowed to 4.6% growth in 2009 from the 6%-plus growth rate recorded in 2007 and 2008, by 2010 growth returned to a 6% rate and remained there in 2011.
During the recession, Indonesia outperformed most of its regional neighbors. The country experienced high inflation in early 2010, mainly due to food shortages, but agencies across the government acted quickly to ensure sufficiant food stocks.
The government made economic advances under the first administration of President Yudhoyono, introducing significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the use of Treasury bills, and capital market development and supervision, and in December 2011, Fitch Ratings Agency upgraded the country's credit rating to investment grade for the first time since 1997.
Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions.
In 2011 the government faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia's insufficient infrastructure to remove impediments to economic growth, while addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation needs, particularly with regard to conserving Indonesia's forests and peatlands.
Indonesia’s improving growth prospects and sound macroeconomic policy have many analysts suggesting that it will become the newest member of the “BRIC” grouping of leading emerging markets. In December 2011, Fitch Ratings upgraded Indonesia’s sovereign debt rating to investment grade. A similar upgrade to investment grade is expected from Standard and Poor’s and Moody’s.
GDP: (Purchasing Power Parity): $1.121 trillion (2011 est.)
GDP: (Official Exchange Rate): $834.3 billion (2011 est.)
GDP- per capita (PPP): $4,700 (2011 est.)
GDP- composition by sector:
agriculture: 14.9%
industry: 46%
services: 39.1% (2011 est.)
Industries: Petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, and tourism.
Currency: Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Economic Policy: After he took office on October 20, 2004, President Yudhoyono moved quickly to implement a "pro-growth, pro-poor, pro-employment" economic program, which he has continued in his second term. The State Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) released a Medium-Term Development Plan for 2010-2014 focused on development of a “prosperous, democratic and just” Indonesia. The Medium-Term Development Plan targets average economic growth of 6.3%-6.8% for the period, reaching 7% or above by 2014, unemployment of 5%-6% by the end of 2014, and a poverty rate of 8%-10% by the end of 2014.
President Yudhoyono’s economic team in his second administration is led by Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Hatta Rajasa. Sri Mulyani Indrawati continued as Finance Minister until May 2010, when she resigned to take a senior position at the World Bank. She was succeeded by Agus Martowardojo, a well-respected banker who had led Indonesia’s largest state-owned bank. In July 2010, Indonesia’s DPR Commission XI approved the appointment of Darmin Nasution as Governor of Bank Indonesia, following a 14-month vacancy of the position after former Governor Boediono stepped down to become Yudhoyono’s running mate. In May 2010, President Yudhoyono established a National Economic Committee to provide strategic recommendations to accelerate national economic development and a National Innovation Committee to provide input and recommendations to increase national productivity, create a culture of innovation, and speed up economic growth.
In May 2011, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono launched the Master Plan for the Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia’s Economic Development (MP3EI), to increase infrastructure and investment spending and to provide a roadmap for Indonesia to move up the value-chain and increase the level of innovation. The plan outlines Rp 4,000 trillion ($ 468.5 billion) in potential infrastructure projects in multiple sectors including hydroelectric and solar power, palm oil, new roads including toll motorways, mining , expansion of broadband internet, and nickel, cobalt and aluminum factories.
Indonesia's overall macroeconomic picture is stable. By 2004, real GDP per capita returned to pre-financial crisis levels and income levels are rising. In 2010, domestic consumption continued to account for the largest portion of GDP, at 56.7%, followed by investment at 32.2%, government consumption at 9.1%, and net exports at 1.6%. Domestic consumption has been the main growth driver from the expenditure side during the last half century while government consumption has hovered between 5-10% of GDP for most of that time.
In 2010, Indonesia has seen an increase in manufacturing output and exports, with relatively cheap labor and a complementary large and growing domestic market. Exports of natural resources, such as oil and gas, coal and crude palm oil (CPO) have made up around 50% of Indonesia’s exports and have been key drivers of growth. With the share of total exports to fast-growing emerging markets increasing and demand for commodities likely sustainable, export growth is likely to remain buoyant. In contrast, imports may grow even faster with infrastructure development andstrong domestic demand growth. ,. Net exports will likely continue to diminish and, with higher net income outflows (the counterpart to large portfolio inflows), it is expected the current account will eventually shift into deficit in the medium term.
Following a significant run-up in global energy prices in 2007-2008, the Indonesian Government raised fuel prices by an average of 29% on May 24, 2008 in an effort to reduce its fuel subsidy burden. Energy subsidies had been allocated Rp 223 trillion ($23 billion) in 2008, or 5.6% of GDP. The fuel price hikes, along with rising food prices, led consumer price inflation to a peak of 12.1% in September 2008. To help its citizens cope with higher fuel and food prices, the Indonesian Government implemented a direct cash compensation package for low-income families through February 2009 and an extra range of benefits including an expanded subsidized rice program and additional subsidies aimed at increasing food production. Citing high opportunity costs and poor targeting, the government has continued to signal its intent to reform subsidies. They plan to prohibit private cars from consuming subsidized fuels in Java and Bali beginning April 1, 2012. By 2015, the policy is expected to be implemented nationwide.
Banking Sector: Indonesia has 120 commercial banks (October 2011), of which 10 are majority foreign-owned and 28 are foreign joint venture banks while the number of bank branches has continuously increased from 6,397 in 2000 to 14,510 in 2011. The top 10 banks control about 62.4% of assets in the sector. Four state-owned banks (Bank Mandiri, BNI, BRI, BTN) control about 34.8% of assets (September 2011). The Indonesian central bank, Bank Indonesia (BI), announced plans in January 2005 to strengthen the banking sector by encouraging consolidation and improving prudential banking and supervision. BI hoped to encourage small banks with less than Rp 100 billion (about U.S. $11 million) in capital to either raise more capital or merge with healthier "anchor banks" before end-2010, announcing the criteria for anchor banks in July 2005. In October 2006, BI announced a single presence policy to further prompt consolidation. The policy stipulated that a single party could own a controlling interest in only one banking organization; exceptions would be granted in controlling two banks that do business under different principles, such as commercial and sharia, or one of which is a joint venture bank. Controlling interest is defined as 25% or more of total outstanding shares or having direct or indirect control of the institution.
BI has started to move toward Basel II standards in 2011, which focus on advancing other aspects of the Indonesian Banking Architecture (IBA) and has improved operations of its credit bureau to centralize data on borrowers. The IBA is a joint effort between BI, the Capital Market and Financial Institution Supervisory Board (BAPEPAM-LK), and the Ministry of Finance that was launched in 2004. A cornerstone program of the IBA is the structural reinforcement of the national banking system, aimed at building stronger capitalization for commercial banks to underpin its expansion and accelerate the required consolidation process among Indonesia’s 120+ banks. Another important banking sector reform was the decision to eliminate the blanket guarantee on bank third-party liabilities. BI and the Indonesian Government completed the process of replacing the blanket guarantee with a deposit insurance scheme run by the independent Indonesian Deposit Insurance Agency (also known by its Indonesian acronym, LPS) in March 2007. The removal of the blanket guarantee did not produce significant deposit outflows from or among Indonesian banks. Sharia banking has grown in Indonesia in recent years, but represented only 3.7% of the banking sector, about $14.4 billion in assets as of October 2011.
In October 2011, Indonesia has a new regulator to oversee a growing financial industry. The new regulator, Financial Services Supervisory Authority (OJK), will take over the supervision of banks, brokerages and insurance firms from the central bank (BI) and the capital market watchdog BAPEPAM-LK. By early 2013, OJK will have the power to supervise capital markets and non-banking institutions, while the oversight of commercial banks will start from 2014.
Exports and Trade: Indonesia's exports were $158 billion in 2010, a rise of 35% from $116.5 billion in 2009. The largest export commodities for 2010 were oil and gas (17.8%), minerals (14.9%), textile and footwear (8.9%), crude palm oil (8.54%), electrical appliances (8.2%), and rubber products (4.7%). The top destinations for exports for 2010 were Japan (16.3%), China (11.6%), the U.S. (11.1%), Singapore (8.5%), and Korea (8.3%). Meanwhile, total imports in 2010 were $136 billion, up from $96.83 billion in 2009. Indonesia is currently our 28th-largest goods trading partner with $23.4 billion in total (two-way) goods trade during 2010. The U.S. trade deficit with Indonesia totaled $9.5 billion in 2010 ($6.9 billion in exports versus $16.5 billion in imports).
Investment: President Yudhoyono and his economic ministers have stated repeatedly their intention to improve the climate for private sector investment to raise the level of GDP growth and reduce unemployment. However, in addition to general corruption and legal uncertainty, businesses have cited a number of specific factors that have reduced the competitiveness of Indonesia's investment climate, including: corrupt and inefficient customs services; non-transparent and arbitrary tax administration; inflexible labor markets that have reduced Indonesia's advantage in labor-intensive manufacturing; increasing infrastructure bottlenecks; and uncompetitive investment laws and regulations. In each of the past three years, the Government of Indonesia has announced a series of economic policy packages aimed at stimulating investment and infrastructure improvements and implementing regulatory reform. A new investment law was enacted in 2007, which contains provisions to restrict the share of foreign ownership in a range of industries. The 2010 iteration of the negative investment list includes long-awaited legal clarifications alongside limited liberalization. The clarifications include a continuous review of closed sectors for increased market access. The decree confirms that investment restrictions do not apply retroactively unless the new provisions are more beneficial to the investor. The changes also clarify that capital investments in publicly listed companies through the stock exchange are not subject to Indonesia's negative list unless an investor is buying a controlling interest.
In 2010, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) updated its 1967 investment support agreement between the United States and Indonesia by adding OPIC products such as direct loans, coinsurance, and reinsurance to the means of OPIC support which U.S. companies may use to invest in Indonesia. Over its 39-year history OPIC had committed more than $2.1 billion in financing and political risk insurance to 111 projects in Indonesia. Currently, OPIC is providing more than $75 million in support to seven projects in Indonesia in the energy, manufacturing, and services sectors and is also now supporting several new renewable resources/clean tech investment funds that are privately-managed and can look to invest in commercially-attractive projects in Indonesia.
On September 2, 2008, the DPR passed long-awaited tax reform legislation. The legislation reduced corporate and personal income tax rates as of January 1, 2009. Corporate income tax rates fell from 30% to 28% in 2009 and to 25% in 2010, with additional reductions for small and medium enterprises and publicly listed companies. The legislation raises the taxable income threshold for individuals, cuts the maximum personal income tax from 35% to 30%, and provides lower marginal personal income tax rates across four income categories. Taxes on dividends also fell from a maximum of 20% to a maximum of 10%. Long-planned labor reforms have been delayed.
The passage of a new copyright law in July 2002 and accompanying optical disc regulations in 2004 greatly strengthened Indonesia's intellectual property rights (IPR) regime. Despite the government's significantly expanded efforts to improve enforcement, IPR piracy remains a major concern to U.S. intellectual property holders and foreign investors, particularly in the high-technology sector. In March 2006, President Yudhoyono issued a decree establishing a National Task Force for IPR Violation Prevention. The IPR Task Force was intended to formulate national policy to prevent IPR violations and determine additional resources needed for prevention, as well as to help educate the public through various activities and improve bilateral, regional, and multilateral cooperation to prevent IPR violations. It has yet to fully realize these aims. In 2007, Indonesia was removed from the U.S. Trade Representative's "Priority Watch" list and placed on the "Watch" list. However, Indonesia was raised back to the Priority Watch List in 2009 due to an overall deterioration of the climate for IPR protection and enforcement and some concerns over market access barriers for IP products. There have not been signs of improvement in recent years. Amendments to the copyright and patent laws are scheduled to be discussed by Parliament in 2012.
Citation
Central Intelligence Agency, US State Department (Lead Author);World Wildlife Fund (Contributing Author);CIA World Factbook (Content Source);Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) "Indonesia". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth October 13, 2009; Last revised Date May 22, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/articles/view/153814/India/Japan/>
The Authors
The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 with the signing of the National Security Act by President Harry S. Truman. The act also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community; act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security; and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Securit ... (Full Bio)
Department Mission Statement Shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just, and democratic world and foster conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere. --From the FY 2011 Agency Financial Report, released November 2011 Alphabetical List of Bureaus and Offices Links in the f ... (Full Bio)
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First Nations of AlbertaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 08:00, 17 December 2009 by Jbparker (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Contents
Tribes and Bands (First Nations) of British Columbia
Important Web Sites
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Difference between revisions of "Cell Phone Forensics"
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(External Links)
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Training
Training
*[http://www.mobilefornesicstraining.com Mobile Forensics Training (Mobile Forensics Inc. Training Class site)]
+
*[http://www.mobileforensicstraining.com Mobile Forensics Training (Mobile Forensics Inc. Training Class site)]
*[http://www.SmartPhoneForensics.com SmartPhoneForensics.com (Mobile Device Forensics Training and Investigative Support)]
*[http://www.SmartPhoneForensics.com SmartPhoneForensics.com (Mobile Device Forensics Training and Investigative Support)]
*[http://www.paraben-training.com/training.html Paraben-Forensics.com (Paraben's Handheld Forensic Training Classes)]
*[http://www.paraben-training.com/training.html Paraben-Forensics.com (Paraben's Handheld Forensic Training Classes)]
Revision as of 15:29, 29 October 2007
Guidelines
1. If on, switch it off. If off, leave off.
• Note only under exceptional circumstances should the handset be left switched on and in any case every precaution to prevent the handset connecting with the Communication Service Provider should be made. Consider use of one of many wireless preservation or RF isolation techniques. Note that the slightest signal leakage will allow an overwriting text message through even if a phone call can't get through.
• Instead of switching off, it may be better to remove the battery. Phones run a different part of their program when they are turned off. You may wish to avoid having this part of the program run.
• Note that removing the battery or powering off a mobile phone may introduce a handset unlock code upon powering the device on.
1. Collect and preserve other surrounding and related devices. Be especially careful to collect the power charger. The phone's battery will only last a certain amount of time. When it dies, much of the data on the device may go too!
1. Plug the phone in, preferably in the evidence room, as soon as possible.
2. Retain search warrant (if necessary - LE).
3. Return device to forensic lab if able.
4. Use forensically sound tools for processing. However, also remember ACPO Principle 2 says: In exceptional circumstances, where a person finds it necessary to access original data held on a computer or on storage media, that person must be competent to do so and be able to give evidence explaining the relevance and the implications of their actions.
Notes
Expand on as to what to collect:
Process:
1. Photograph the Cell Phone screen during power up.
2. Research the Cell Phone for technical specifications.
3. Research the Cell Phone for forensic information.
4. Based on phone type GSM, CDMA, iDEN, or Pay As You Go determine acquisition tools
GSM:
1. Phone and SIM Card
2. SIM Card
CDMA:
1. Phone
iDEN:
1. Three major tools exist for iDEN Phones:
• iDEN Companion Pro
• iDEN Media Downloader
• iDEN Phonebook Manager
Pay As You Go:
1. Phone
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November 14 2011
What the High Line Means for America’s Urban Parks
As mentioned earlier on this blog, the success of New York’s High Line and recent extension has brought in more attention, investment, and tourists to Manhattan’s Chelsea and Meatpacking neighborhoods. And while New York enjoys the fruits of its labor, other cities across North America are looking to achieve similar results through comparable projects. Using the High Line’s model as precedent, cities are taking stock of their abandoned or neglected infrastructure and incorporating it into the design of their newest parks and existing urban landscape.
In Atlanta, work is underway to convert most of a 22-mile ring of abandoned rail lines circling the city into a multi-use trail, park, and transit corridor. Appropriately named the BeltLine, the corridor hopes to bring new life into Atlanta’s suburbs by providing important public transit connections between edge cities and surrounding suburban communities, as well as provide area residents better access to recreation and public art. Moreover, the BeltLine’s development model closely resembles that of the High Line’s, with a grassroots-based public private partnership built upon both community engagement and implementing high design for the masses. And while the project won’t be fully realized for at least another decade, sections of the ambitious project are now beginning to open to the public.
Image courtesy of massito, Flickr
Chicago’s Bloomingdale Trail, which is planned to be even longer than the High Line, hopes to become a nearly 3-mile long park that will give residents just north of the Chicago Loop access to urban parks while re-using an abandoned freight rail corridor. Much of the planning process behind the park has been in the form of charettes and public meetings, making sure that residents will be able to voice their opinion and that the park adequately serves their needs. And while the idea has lingered in Chicago since the 1990s, residents can thank the High Line for being the catalyst that has helped give this project much of the recent support to move forward.
Other cities such as Philadelphia and Vancouver have casually floated High Line-type ideas but have yet to develop formal, solid plans. In Philadelphia, there is talk of converting the Reading Viaduct in the city’s Loft District into a “linear version of Rittenhouse Square,” while in Vancouver, local activists near the city’s Dunsmuir and Georgia Viaducts have been considering converting the auto-centric overpasses into parks. Even in New York there is now talk of creating a competing “Low Line,” using the city’s unused subway infrastructure in the Lower East Side to create a unique park experience.
With all of these new ideas for parks and urban reuse, it’s clear that the High Line has challenged the way planners design, create, and think about public parks and recreational spaces. As Eric Jaffe of The Atlantic writes, part of what makes the High Line successful is “New York’s density [which] adds an element of adventure,” and without density, many of these proposed parks may not find as much long-term success. Still, each city is unique, and there are other challenges that planners must face other than density and scale.
Do you think that other cities can build their own High Line-style parks? What are some other great new urban parks that cities are planning?
Barrett Lane
Barrett Lane is a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania where he is pursuing a Master of City Planning with a concentration in Urban Design. He also holds a Bachelor of Science in Urban and Regional Studies from Cornell University. Prior to joining The Grid, Barrett was the Director of Creative Content at Yipit, and most recently interned with the New York City Department of City Planning. He currently lives in Philadelphia, PA.
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This entry was posted on Monday, November 14th, 2011 at 8:46 pm and is filed under Community/Economic Development, Environment, Environmental Design, Environmental Non-Profit, History/Preservation, Land Use, Landscape Architecture, Urban Development/Real Estate, Urban Planning and Design. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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Bibliography: Introduction (Dark Dreams II: Voices from the Other Side)
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Title: Introduction (Dark Dreams II: Voices from the Other Side)
Author: Brandon Massey
Year: 2006
Type: ESSAY
ISFDB Record Number: 1163322
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(2), 1347-1379; doi:10.3390/ijms13021347
Article
MetastamiRs: Non-Coding MicroRNAs Driving Cancer Invasion and Metastasis
1 Genomics Sciences Program, Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, Autonomous University of Mexico City, Avenue San Lorenzo 290, 03100, Mexico 2 Biotechnology Program, Institutional Program of Molecular Biomedicine, National School of Medicine and Homeopathy of the National Polytechnic Institute, Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, 07320, Mexico 3 Carcinogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Cancerology, Avenue San Fernando 22, 14080, Mexico 4 Massive Sequencing Unit, National Institute of Cancerology, Avenue San Fernando 22, 14080, Mexico 5 Genomics Laboratory, FES-I, UBIMED, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenue de los Barrios 1, 54090, Mexico 6 Academic Unit of Biological Chemistry Sciences, Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Lazaro Cárdenas S/N Col, Haciendita, Chilpancingo Guerrero, 39090, Mexico 7 Institute of Breast Diseases-FUCAM, Avenue Bordo 100, 04980, Mexico
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 28 November 2011; in revised form: 9 January 2012 / Accepted: 9 January 2012 / Published: 27 January 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Coding RNAs)
Download PDF Full-Text [1073 KB, Updated Version, uploaded 3 February 2012 16:02 CET]
The original version is still available [1688 KB, uploaded 27 January 2012 16:59 CET]
Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of ~22 nucleotides that function as negative regulators of gene expression by either inhibiting translation or inducing deadenylation-dependent degradation of target transcripts. Notably, deregulation of miRNAs expression is associated with the initiation and progression of human cancers where they act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors contributing to tumorigenesis. Abnormal miRNA expression may provide potential diagnostic and prognostic tumor biomarkers and new therapeutic targets in cancer. Recently, several miRNAs have been shown to initiate invasion and metastasis by targeting multiple proteins that are major players in these cellular events, thus they have been denominated as metastamiRs. Here, we present a review of the current knowledge of miRNAs in cancer with a special focus on metastamiRs. In addition we discuss their potential use as novel specific markers for cancer progression.
Keywords: microRNA; cancer; epithelial-mesenchymal transition; invasion; metastasis; metastamiRs
Article Statistics
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MDPI and ACS Style
Lopez-Camarillo, C.; Marchat, L.A.; Arechaga-Ocampo, E.; Perez-Plasencia, C.; Moral-Hernandez, O.; Castaneda-Ortiz, E.J.; Rodriguez-Cuevas, S. MetastamiRs: Non-Coding MicroRNAs Driving Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 1347-1379.
AMA Style
Lopez-Camarillo C, Marchat LA, Arechaga-Ocampo E, Perez-Plasencia C, Moral-Hernandez O, Castaneda-Ortiz EJ, Rodriguez-Cuevas S. MetastamiRs: Non-Coding MicroRNAs Driving Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(2):1347-1379.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lopez-Camarillo, Cesar; Marchat, Laurence A.; Arechaga-Ocampo, Elena; Perez-Plasencia, Carlos; Moral-Hernandez, Oscar del; Castaneda-Ortiz, Elizabeth J.; Rodriguez-Cuevas, Sergio. 2012. "MetastamiRs: Non-Coding MicroRNAs Driving Cancer Invasion and Metastasis." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, no. 2: 1347-1379.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Buildings 2013, 3(1), 79-99; doi:10.3390/buildings3010079
Article
Experimental Study on the Hygrothermal Behavior of a Coated Sprayed Hemp Concrete Wall
Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des MATériaux de Bretagne (LIMATB), Université de Bretagne-Sud, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rue de Saint Maudé, BP 92116, 56321 Lorient Cedex, France
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 29 November 2012; in revised form: 4 January 2013 / Accepted: 11 January 2013 / Published: 18 January 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Design and Construction)
Download PDF Full-Text [1010 KB, uploaded 18 January 2013 10:03 CET]
Abstract: Hemp concrete is a sustainable lightweight concrete that became popular in the field of building construction because of its thermal and environmental properties. However; available experimental data on its hygrothermal behavior are rather scarce in the literature. This paper describes the design of a large-scale experiment developed to investigate the hygrothermal behavior of hemp concrete cast around a timber frame through a spraying process; and then coated with lime-based plaster. The equipment is composed of two climatic chambers surrounding the tested wall. The experiment consists of maintaining the indoor climate at constant values and applying incremental steps of temperature; relative humidity or vapor pressure in the outdoor chamber. Temperature and relative humidity of the room air and on various depths inside the wall are continuously registered during the experiments and evaporation phenomena are observed. The influence of the plaster on the hygrothermal behavior of hemp concrete is investigated. Moreover; a comparison of experimental temperatures with numerical results obtained from a purely conductive thermal model is proposed. Comparing the model with the measured data gave satisfactory agreement.
Keywords: bio-based material; lime plaster; multilayer wall; large-scale experiment; temperature and relative humidity measurement; coupled heat and moisture transfer; evaporation; moisture accumulation; 1D thermal simulation
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Colinart, T.; Glouannec, P.; Pierre, T.; Chauvelon, P.; Magueresse, A. Experimental Study on the Hygrothermal Behavior of a Coated Sprayed Hemp Concrete Wall. Buildings 2013, 3, 79-99.
AMA Style
Colinart T, Glouannec P, Pierre T, Chauvelon P, Magueresse A. Experimental Study on the Hygrothermal Behavior of a Coated Sprayed Hemp Concrete Wall. Buildings. 2013; 3(1):79-99.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Colinart, Thibaut; Glouannec, Patrick; Pierre, Thomas; Chauvelon, Philippe; Magueresse, Anthony. 2013. "Experimental Study on the Hygrothermal Behavior of a Coated Sprayed Hemp Concrete Wall." Buildings 3, no. 1: 79-99.
Buildings EISSN 2075-5309 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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China’s Ju Wenjun leading Fide Women’s Grand Prix after 3 rounds
PanARMENIAN.Net - China’s Ju Wenjun is leading Fide Women’s Grand Prix with 2,5 points, followed by Ruan Lufei (China) and Kateryna Lahno (Ukraine) with 2,5 and 2 points respectively.
In the 3rd round of Jermuk-hosted tournament, Armenian grandmaster Elina Danielian beat Humpy Koneru (India) to gain 1,5 points; Lilit Mkrtcyan is 11th with 0,5 points.
July 20’s round 4 pairings are as follows: Zhao Xue (China)- Kateryna Lahno (Ukraine); Munguntuul Batkhuyag (Mongolia) - Nadezhda Kosintseva (Russia); Lilit Mkrtchian (Armenia)- Ekaterina Kovalevskaya (Russia); Ju Wenjun (China)- Ruan Lufei (China); Humpy Koneru (India)- Hou Yifan (China); Nino Khurtsidze (Georgia) - Elina Danielian (Armenia).
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Armenian grandmaster Levon Aronian is currently 3rd with 4 points, Bulgaria’s Veselin Topalov is 7th with 3 points.
European Individual Chess Championship ended in Polish town of Legnica, with 24 chess players winning World Cup qualifications.
Gor Minasyan won silver medal, Andranik Karapetyan and Izabella Yalyan both won bronze at Junior World Championships in Lima.
The chief coach noted that the Greco-Roman wrestlers will participate in Mariupol-hosted tournament in June.
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Yahoo! Hires Database Expert for Social Search Development
Jul 25, 2006 • 8:17 am | (0) by | Filed Under Yahoo Search Engine & Yahoo SEO
Moderator, engine, posted a new thread at WebmasterWorld noting the news that Database guru to lead Yahoo social search.
Yahoo!, if you did not know, invests heavily in social search. From MyWeb, to desktop search to Flickr and Yahoo! Video - social, tagging and all that fun Web 2.0 stuff is something Yahoo! takes seriously.
Yahoo! hired "Dr. Raghu Ramakrishnan, 45, as vice president and Yahoo research fellow in charge of defining the strategy behind Yahoo's "social search" system, based on his expertise in databases, data mining and privacy-preserving technologies."
Hopefully this will make things more interesting over at Yahoo!
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: Coverage Remainder Of Week Sporadic
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MacIver Institute
From SourceWatch
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Learn more about how the State Policy Network aids ALEC and spins disinformation in the states.
Learn more about corporations VOTING to rewrite our laws.
The John K. MacIver Institute for Public Policy is a Wisconsin-based think tank and a member of the State Policy Network (SPN). According to its website, the MacIver Institute promotes free markets, individual freedom, personal responsibility, and limited government.[1][2] According to One Wisconsin Now, the MacIver Institute is "a pro-corporate organization founded in 2009 to advance conservative ideas and values. . . Its top staff [are] long-time Republican campaign strategists and its board of directors includes leading Republicans, most notably Mark Block, the head of Americans for Prosperity-WI[;] Fred Lubar, deep-pocketed Republican donor[;] and Jim Troupis, lawyer to leading Republicans such as Assembly Speaker Scott Jensen and ethically-challenged Supreme Court Justices Mike Gableman and Annette Ziegler.[3]
MacIver operates the web site WisconsinOpenGov.org, which it says “provides you with one location for data on Wisconsin public employee salaries, benefits and labor contracts. We have worked hard to not just allow 'access' the way many government information sites do, but to give you all of the data in a format that allows you to select and sort the information as you see fit.”[4]
MacIver: An ALEC Ally in Wisconsin
In 2011-2012, the MacIver Institute teamed up with American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) member Americans for Prosperity to produce a multi-million dollar TV "issue ad" campaign called "It's Working!" in support of Governor Scott Walker.
The MacIver/AFP ads told Wisconsinites that Walker brought thousands of jobs to Wisconsin, but omitted the facts that Wisconsin is ranked 50 out of 50 in the nation in job creation and that the state lost at least 23,900 jobs between March 2011 and March 2012.
In April 2013, MacIver again published misleading information regarding Wisconsin job growth under Walker, claiming greater job growth than even Walker himself had reported. The piece, titled "Gov. Scott Walker More than Halfway to 250,000 Jobs Goal", claims that 137,372 jobs have been created since Walker took office.[5] The non-partisan fact-checking organization PolitiFact gives this claim "Pants on Fire" status, showing that their conclusions are severely flawed on several levels.[6] First, the MacIver report uses partial years in their calculation, a method which is known to be an extremely poor measure of trends because of seasonal job market fluctuation. Secondly, the MacIver report does not account for the existing jobs at the start of Walker's term, which consequently inflatedly the number by 65,401 jobs that should not have been included. Reports from the Capital Times and Milwaukee Journal Sentinel estimate that the true number of jobs created from January 2011 to February 2013 was closer to 64,500.[7]
On November 24, 2010, just weeks after Walker was elected governor, the MacIver Institute published an editorial by Brian Fraley calling for the newly-elected governor and legislature to repeal public sector collective bargaining and make Wisconsin a “Right to Work” state. Walker never mentioned attacking collective bargaining rights during the campaign. The editorial was published two weeks before Walker first raised the subject publicly at a Milwaukee Press Club luncheon.
Fraley was MacIver’s Director of Communications and the former private sector co-chair of ALEC’s Health and Human Services Task Force.
The MacIver Institute is a member of the State Policy Network (SPN), which is actively involved in ALEC.[8] Please see SPN Ties to ALEC for more.
About ALEC
ALEC is a corporate bill mill. It is not just a lobby or a front group; it is much more powerful than that. Through ALEC, corporations hand state legislators their wishlists to benefit their bottom line. Corporations fund almost all of ALEC's operations. They pay for a seat on ALEC task forces where corporate lobbyists and special interest reps vote with elected officials to approve “model” bills. Learn more at the Center for Media and Democracy's ALECexposed.org, and check out breaking news on our PRWatch.org site.
Ties to the Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity
The MacIver Institute hosts writers from the ALEC-connected Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity, which screens potential reporters on their “free market” views as part of the job application process.[9] The Franklin Center funds reporters in over 40 states.[10] Despite their non-partisan description, many of the websites funded by the Franklin Center have received criticism for their conservative bias.[11][12] On its website, the Franklin Center claims it "provides 10 percent of all daily reporting from state capitals nationwide."[13]
Franklin Center Funding
Franklin Center Director of Communications Michael Moroney told the Center for Public Integrity (CPI) in 2013 that the source of the Franklin Center's funding "is 100 percent anonymous." But 95 percent of its 2011 funding came from DonorsTrust, a spin-off of the Philanthropy Roundtable that functions as a large "donor-advised fund," cloaking the identity of donors to right-wing causes across the country (CPI did a review of Franklin's Internal Revenue Service records).[14] Mother Jones called DonorsTrust "the dark-money ATM of the conservative movement" in a February 2013 article.[15] Franklin received DonorTrust's second-largest donation in 2011.[14]
The Franklin Center also receives funding from the Wisconsin-based Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation,[16] a conservative grant-making organization.[17]
The Franklin Center was launched by the Chicago-based Sam Adams Alliance (SAM),[18] a 501(c)(3) devoted to pushing free-market ideals. SAM gets funding from the State Policy Network,[19] which is partially funded by The Claude R. Lambe Foundation.[20] Charles Koch, one of the billionaire brothers who co-own Koch Industries, sits on the board of this foundation.[21] SAM also receives funding from the Rodney Fund.
MacIver Reporter Fails to Reveal his Identity to Interviewees
Former television reporter Bill Osmulski works for the MacIver Institute. In 2009, he was charged with obtaining interviews with two elected Wisconsin officials under false pretenses by failing to disclose his affiliation with MacIver. Osmulski led the two officials he spoke with to believe he was conducting the interview for a local television station. When asked about the incident, Osmulski claimed he did not reveal his affiliation because the officials did not ask him for it, but Stephen Ward, director of the University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for Journalism Ethics, said reporters have a duty to disclose their affiliation and the purpose of their interview prior to conducting the interview. "You should be open about all your affiliations in advance," Ward said.[22]
Method of Operation and Reporting Irregularities
The MacIver Institute claims to be a news service, but it actually gathers -- and in some cases seems to create -- "news" footage designed to advance a conservative, anti-worker agenda.[23]
Irregularities in the MacIver Institute "Doctor's Note" Video
The MacIver Institute created a video in which the organization claimed to have caught doctors in white coats in February, 2011 directing Madison, Wisconsin protesters to places where they could obtain absentee excuses for the time they were out of work marching in protest of Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's "budget repair" bill.[24] However, irregularities were found in the report. The absentee letters listed the doctor as "Kathy Orton," but no Kathy Orton was found to be listed as a Wisconsin doctor. Also, the contact listed on the doctors notes was "Badgerdoctors@gmail.com," but there was no listing for "Badgerdoctors," which one would presume would be the name of the medical group or association that the "doctors" were from. Usually in protest situations, the final negotiation with employers forgives the days missed for protests, but this information was not mentioned in MacIver's "report." It was also revealed that the videographer who shot the "doctor's note" footage was Christian Hartstock, a friend of the late Andrew Breitbart, who is known for putting misleading videos on his web site, BigGovernment.com.[25][26]
Brett Healy reported on Andrew Breitbart's BigGovernment.com web site on May 4, 2011 that the video "won an award for their reporting of the labor unrest at the State Capitol. MacIver beat out international competition to win the Grand Prize in the ‘Lights Camera, Liberty’ contest, which was presented at The Atlas Experience conference in Dallas, Texas last week. 'We congratulate the leadership and staff of the MacIver Institute for their tremendous achievements in reaching large audiences through video communications and for the critical role they continue to play educating citizens of Wisconsin and the nation,' said Brad Lips, Chief Executive Officer of the Atlas Economic Research Foundation. The award winning video. . . was narrated and produced for the MacIver News Service by investigative reporter Bill Osmulski."[27]
Despite Wisconsin Job Loss, MacIver Institute Insist the Governor’s plan “Is Working”
In February 2012, the MacIver Institute released an advertisement that makes a variety of claims about how Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker’s programs are “working.” The ad asked Wisconsinites not to believe what they see going on around them and instead to fall for the spin developed by Walker’s messaging team. This ad came at a time when the state of Wisconsin had lost jobs for six months running. Madison’s Capital Times reported that “It” may be working, but if Walker keeps at it, Wisconsinites won’t be working.[28]
The MacIver Institute Suggests Invalid Signatures Will Be Included by the GAB
‘The Capital Times’ reported that the MacIver Institute suggested that the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board (GAB) would deem recall signatures from “Mickey Mouse” or “Hitler” to be valid when counting signatures signed to recall Wis. Gov Scott Walker. The GAB made it clear that it would review petitions with an eye toward disqualifying false or inappropriate signatures. Additionally, a judge defined parameters for the review process.[28]
Critics Claim that John MacIver Would Not Approve of the Distortions Being Made in His Name
'The Capitol Times' reported that the institute that is named for John MacIver "appears to be taking its lead from hyper-partisan out-of-state interests that have little interest in Wisconsin’s civic -- and civil -- traditions. That’s not the way John MacIver, an old-school Wisconsin Republican whose memory we well regard, operated." MacIver was a Milwaukee lawyer and political campaigner who played an important role in electing moderate leaders such as former Governor Warren Knowles. He was a classic mainstream Republican, with close ties to Tommy Thompson and George H.W. Bush. MacIver was a UW-Madison graduate who was always active in civic and state affairs; he frequently served on boards and commissions. And he is well recalled for his work with Democrats and Republicans, liberals and conservatives, to create Wisconsin’s Commission on Judicial Elections and Ethics. "[MacIver] would be shocked by what is being done in his name," said the Capitol Times.[28]
Ties to the Kochs
ThinkProgress reported that the MacIver Institute has numerous ties to the billionaire Koch Brothers, billionaire co-owners of Koch Industries, which has numerous business interests in Wisconsin. ThinkProgress writes that "Mark Block, the Americans for Prosperity Wisconsin state director and a key figure in the alleged voter suppression plot, sits on MacIver’s board of directors. MacIver and AFP Wisconsin also share two other board members, David Fettig and Fred Luber. MacIver also works closely with AFP Wisconsin as part of the Wisconsin Prosperity Network, along with another group with ties to Koch funding, American Majority. The think tank also participates in the Koch-funded Institute for Humane Studies’ Koch Summer Fellows Program and is a member of the Koch-funded State Policy Network."[29]
The MacIver institute teamed up with Americans for Prosperity to purchase $700,000 worth of television ads in Wisconsin.. The ad claimed that by eliminating collective bargaining, Walker had "put taxpayers back in control" and praised his record.[30] Groups registered as 501(c)(3)s can do some lobbying for or against legislation (but not candidates), so long as this is “an insubstantial part” of their overall activities, a threshold the IRS has not clearly defined. Most groups that engage in issue advocacy opt for a different tax status, 501(c)(4), according to Wisconsin journalist Bill Lueders. Lueders characterized the ad campaign's legality as "close to the line."[31]
Staff
The MacIver Institute has a quick staff turnover, and the staff listing on its contact page sometimes doesn't quite keep up with its press releases about staff replacements.[32][33] A selection of current and former staff is below:
Cory Liebmann of the Eye on Wisconsin website discovered that former Republican Assembly Speaker Scott Jensen had written press releases for the MacIver Institute, even though his name is not on the releases and the Institute has denied that Jensen is formally involved with the organization. Jensen's authorship of the releases, Liebmann writes, can be discovered by accessing one of the organization's press releases, right-clicking on it and observing the document properties (e.g. "Author:Scott Jensen"). Jensen also authored a PowerPoint presentation on the Institute's web site.
Jensen is controversial because he was the subject of an eight-year criminal case for misconduct while he was in office in Wisconsin. The case concluded in December, 2010 after Jensen agreed to pay a $5,000 civil forfeiture fine and reimburse the state of Wisconsin $67,174 in legal fees initially borne by taxpayers, according to a plea deal. Waukesha County Circuit Judge Patrick L. Snyder found Jensen guilty of an ethics code violation related to his using his government position for illegal gain. Felony charges against Jensen were dropped under the deal. Jensen also has a 2006 misdemeanor conviction in Dane County for violating the public trust. In 2002, Jensen (along with other GOP leaders in the State Assembly) was charged with using taxpayer dollars to run a secret, illegal campaign machine out of the Capitol.[34][35]
The president of the MacIver Institute is Brett Healy, who worked for Scott Jensen for 12 years and was Jensen's Chief of Staff during the time Jensen was brought up on criminal charges.[36][37] During Jensen's trial, Healy contradicted testimony offered by two staffers he supervised, Leigh (Himebauch) Searl and Carrie (Hoeper) Richard -- that Jensen was fully aware of the campaign work they and others did on behalf of Taxpayers for Jensen while at the office. In testimony given prior Healy's in the trial, Leigh (Himebauch) Searl said that for four months in 2000, she worked on Jensen's campaign while drawing a state salary and occupying an office at the Republican Party of Wisconsin. Healy testified that he was unaware of that arrangement. Healy went on to become a lobbyist for School Choice Wisconsin in Milwaukee. [38]
MacIver's Director of Communications, as of February 2013, is Nick Novak, previously a regional field manager for the Republican National Committee, director of operations for Eric Hovde's 2012 U.S. Senate campaign, external relations coordinator for Governor Scott Walker.[39] Former Directors of Communications have included Sean Lansing, Press Secretary for Governor Bobby Jindal (R-Louisiana) as of February 2012, and Brian Fraley, who served as the Senior Vice President for State Affairs at America's Health Insurance Plans in Washington, D.C. Fraley was also the national Health and Human Services Task Force Private Sector Chairman for the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).[40]
The Institute's former treasurer, Mark Block, was State Director of the Wisconsin chapter of Americans for Prosperity. Block was banned from politics and fined $15,000 for participating in an illegal scheme in the campaign of Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice Jon Wilcox. Block served as Wilcox's campaign manager. Block illegally coordinated $200,000 worth of campaign activity with a group that pretended to be operating independently. The person who ran that "independent" group was fined $35,000 and was also banned from Wisconsin state politics for five years. Justice Wilcox also paid a $10,000 fine. The fines were the largest ever assessed against a campaign in Wisconsin's history[41][42][43]
The Institute's Educational Policy Analyist, Christian D'Andrea, was formerly a Policy Analyst and State Program Director with the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, which was named after free market economist Milton Friedman. That organization, which has since changed its name to the Foundation for Educational Choice, advocates the use of voucher systems for education, a system that allows taxpayer funds to flow to private schools.[44][45]
MacIver's "investigative reporter" is Bill Osmulski.[46]
Board member James Troupis is a Republican lawyer-for-hire who has been tied up with the gerrymandering scandal. He has worked for Wisconsin State Supreme Court’s David Prosser, Michael Gableman, and Anette Ziegler. Troupis was also the legal mastermind behind Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker’s decision to issue arrest warrants to the 14 Democrat senators who left the state of Wisconsin to in opposition to Walker’s "Collective Bargaining Bill."[47]
Other prominent Wisconsin Republican operatives connected to the organization include Bill Klauser, a top administrator for Governor Tommy Thompson, and Michael Grebe, head of the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation.[48]
Background
According to the Eye on Wisconsin blog, the domain name maciverinstitute.com was privately registered in December, 2008, "with no one willing to lay public claim to the new org[anization]."[49]
Board
• Fred Luber, Board Chair
• Steve Fettig of Delavan, WIBoard Vice Chair,
• Jim Troupis of Madison
• Laurie McCallum, former First Lady of Wisconsin
• Gerardo (Jerry) H. Gonzalez of Milwaukee (partner with Gonzalez, Saggio and Harlan LLP)[50]
Former Board Members
• Carl Kuehne of Green Bay (Secretary of the Green Bay Packers and a member of its Executive Committee)[51]
Funding
The MacIver Institute receives funding from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation and has reportedly received $300,000 from them from 2008-2010 to support general operations.[52][53]
Core Financials
2011[54]
• Total Revenue: $632,359
• Total Expenses: $504,410
• Net Assets: $406,404
2010[55]:
• Total Revenue: $404,334.00
• Total Expenses: $496,830.00
• Net Assets: $278,455.00
2009[56]:
• Total Revenue: $584,944.00
• Total Expenses: $384,756.00
• Net Assets: $370,951.00
Contact
Brett Healy, President
44 East Mifflin Street, Suite 201
Madison, WI 53703
Phone: (608) 588-6477
Articles and Resources
Related Sourcewatch Resources
Related PRWatch Articles
External Resources
References
1. MacIver Institute About, organizational web page, accessed March 11, 2011.
2. MacIver Institute, State Budget, organizational "news service" web site, accessed March 10, 2011.
3. Scot Ross, One Wisconsin Now, Progressive Alert: MacIver Institute's Phony 'Reporting', organizational blog, January 8, 2010.
4. Beverly Betula, Bev Betula: Wisconsin Open Government, Wisconsin Law Journal (blog), March 8, 2011.
5. Gov. Scott Walker More than Halfway to 250,000 Jobs Goal, Brett Healy, MacIver Institute, April 9, 2013.
6. MacIver Institute Says Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker is More Than Halfway to Goal of Creating 250,000 Private Sector Jobs, James B. Nelson, Politifact, April 17, 2013.
7. MacIver Institute Ideologues Manage to Turn Lemonade Into Lemons, Mary Bottari, PRWatch, April 18, 2013.
8. Center for Media and Democracy, ALEC Exposed in Wisconsin: The Hijacking of a State, organizational report, May 2012.
9. Franklin Center, Franklin Affiliates in Your State, organizational website, accessed October 2012.
10. The Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity, Think tank Journalism: The Future of Investigative Journalism, organizational website, accessed August 19, 2011.
11. Rebekah Metzler, "Watchdog" website puts a new spin on politics, The Portland Press Herald, October 2, 2010.
12. Allison Kilkenny, The Koch Spider Web, Truthout, accessed August 19, 2011.
13. Sara Jerving, Franklin Center: Right-Wing Funds State News Source, PRWatch.org, October 27, 2011.
14. 14.0 14.1 Paul Abowd, Center for Public Integrity, Donors use charity to push free-market policies in states, organizational report, February 14, 2013.
15. Andy Kroll, Exposed: The Dark-Money ATM of the Conservative Movement, Mother Jones, February 5, 2013.
16. Daniel Bice, Franklin Center boss wants apology from Democratic staffer, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, August 8, 2011.
17. The Bradley Foundation. The Bradley Foundation. Organizational website. Accessed August 19, 2011.
18. Sam Adams Alliance. Sam Adams Alliance Media Kit. Organizational PDF. Accessed August 19, 2011.
19. Media Matters Action Network. Sam Adams Alliance. Conservative Transparency. Accessed August 19, 2011.
20. Media Matters Action Network. State Policy Network. Conservative Transparency. Accessed August 19, 2011.
21. Media Matters Action Network. Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation. Conservative Transparency. Accessed August 19, 2011.
22. Jason Stein Claims of misrepresentation in reporter's first MacIver story, Wisconsin State Journal, September 5, 2009.
23. Scot Ross, One Wisconsin Now, Progressive Alert: MacIver Institute's Phony 'Reporting', organizational blog, January 8, 2010.
24. Tom Held, Doctor's excuses for protesting teachers in Madison draws scrutiny, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, February 21, 2011.
25. Karoli Wisconsin Protesters Breitbarted Over Bogus Teachers' Excuses, Crooks and Liars, February 19, 2011
26. Priscilla Fox News Gets Punked By Breitbart Pal?, NewsHounds, February 20, 2011
27. Brett Healy, MacIver’s Fake Doctors’ Notes Video Report Garners Atlas Award, Andrew Breitbart presents Big Government (blog), May 4, 2011.
28. 28.0 28.1 28.2 John Maciver Would not Approve of the Distortions being Made in His Name, Capital Times editorial, January 21, 2012.
29. Josh Dorner Koch-Backed Groups Helped Kill Law Designed To Prevent Voter Suppression Plot Hatched By Koch-Backed Groups ThinkProgress.org, September 22, 2010
30. Eric Kleefeld, "Koch-Backed Americans For Prosperity Puts $700,000 Into Wisconsin," Talking Points Memo, February 22, 2012.
31. Bill Lueders, "Ad Campaign comes close to the line", Inside Milwaukee blog, December 2011.
32. MacIver Institute, Contact, organizational website, accessed March 2013.
33. MacIver Institute, MacIver Institute Adds New Communications Director, organizational press release, February 20, 2013.
34. Mike Johnson and Jason Stein, Jensen settles misconduct case; felonies dropped; He is likely barred from running for office, must pay fine, court costs, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, December 20, 2010.
35. Democratic Party of Wisconsin, EXPOSED: Indicted Felon Scott Jensen Crafting Message for MacIver Institute: MacIver Institute Caught Lying to Public About Jensen’s Role, Documents Show, political party website, March 16, 2009.
36. Cary Liebmann What MacIver Forgot to Mention Today, Eye on Wisconsin (blog) March 13, 2009
37. Greg Bump Healy Next on the Stand, WisPolitics.com, WisCourtWatch (blog), March 6, 2006
38. Dee J. Hall Jensen Didn't Know, 3 suggest Aides Testify as Defense Starts its Presentation, Madison.com, March 7, 2006
39. Nick Novak, Nick Novak, LinkedIn.com career profile, accessed March 2013.
40. Brian Fraley, MacIver Institute Hires Fraley to Lead Communications Efforts, Press release, April 22, 2009
41. xoff, Block, Nixon are not convicted crooks, Uppity Wisconsin (blog), June 14, 2010.
42. The XOff Files, Being a married heterosexual means never having to say your partner's guilty, blog, July 12, 2006.
43. Xoff, New anti-tax group features familiar face, blog, February 17, 2006.
44. Greg Forster, Christian D'Andrea, Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, Empirical Issues in the State: An Empirical Evaluation of the Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program, organizational report, August 2009.
45. The Foundation for Educational Choice, Milton Friedman bio, organizational website, accessed March 15, 2011.
46. MacIver Institute, Contact, organizational website, accessed March 2013.
47. MacIver Institute, Anything but a News Service, Cognidissidence blog, accessed February 27, 2012.
48. Cory Liebmann Introducing the Scott Jensen Chain Gang, Eye on Wisconsin blog, February 28, 2012.
49. Cory Liebmann, Introducing the Scott Jensen Chain Gang, Eye on Wisconsin (blog), March 4, 2009.
50. MacIver Institute, About, organizational website, accessed March 2013.
51. MacIver Institute About Board Members, organizational web page, accessed March 15, 2011
52. Lee Fang, How John Birch Society Extremism Never Dies: The Fortune Behind Scott Walker’s Union-Busting Campaign, ThinkProgress, February 21, 2011.
53. Media Matters Action Network, Conservative Foundations/Funders/The_Lynde_and_Harry_Bradley_Foundation List of Fund Recipients, accessed March 15, 2011.
54. MacIver Institute, IRS Form 990, organizational tax filing, January 7, 2013.
55. MacIver Institute, IRS form 990, 2010. GuideStar.
56. MacIver Institute, IRS form 990, 2009. GuideStar.
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/10347/how-that-nasty-gold-caused-the-depression/
How That Nasty Gold Caused the Depression
July 25, 2009 by
One of the many myths today receiving retrospective support from today’s servants of power is that adherence to the gold standard caused the economy in countries that did so in the 1930s to recover more slowly from the Depression.
Probably the leading proponent of this apology is Barry Eichengreen, author of the very-successful “Golden Fetters.” As this article in the Economist reports, he has now produced a paper showing that, with one enormous exception, countries “clinging” to the gold standard too long adopted protectionist policies more than did countries that did not. Duh…
So, we’re tacitly invited to consider the proposition that countries that enacted protectionist trade policies recovered more-slowly from the Depression than did those that kept their borders more open to trade.
I buy that!
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Center for a Stateless Society
A Left Market Anarchist Think Tank & Media Center
Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace “Anti-Capitalism”
[C4SS Advisory Panel member Gary Chartier will be giving the following presentation to the Association of Private Enterprise Education at the Free Market Anti-Capitalism session during their Annual Conference in April. A PDF version of this presentation is available for download as well as a ready for print PDF zine.]
I. Introduction
Defenders of freed markets have good reason to identify their position as a species of “anti-capitalism.”[1] To explain why, I distinguish three potential meanings of “capitalism” before suggesting that people committed to freed markets should oppose capitalism in my second and third senses. Then, I offer some reasons for using “capitalism” as a label for some of the social arrangements to which freed-market advocates should object.
II. Three Senses of “Capitalism”
There are at least three distinguishable senses of “capitalism”:[2]
capitalism-1
an economic system that features property rights and voluntary exchanges of goods and services.
capitalism-2
an economic system that features a symbiotic relationship between big business and government.
capitalism-3
rule — of workplaces, society, and (if there is one) the state — by capitalists (that is, by a relatively small number of people who control investable wealth and the means of production).[3]
Capitalism-1 just is a freed market; so if “anti-capitalism” meant opposition to capitalism-1, “free-market anti-capitalism” would be oxymoronic. But proponents of free-market anti-capitalism aren’t opposed to capitalism-1; instead, they object either to capitalism-2 or to both capitalism-2 and capitalism-3.[4]
Many people seem to operate with definitions that combine elements from these distinct senses of “capitalism.” Both enthusiasts for and critics of capitalism seem too often to mean by it something like “an economic system that features personal property rights and voluntary exchanges of goods and services — and therefore, predictably, also rule by capitalists.” I think there is good reason to challenge the assumption that dominance by a small number of wealthy people is in any sense a likely feature of a freed market. Such dominance, I suggest, is probable only when force and fraud impede economic freedom.
III. Why Capitalism-2 and Capitalism-3 Are Inconsistent with Freed-Market Principles
A. Introduction
Capitalism-2 and capitalism-3 are both inconsistent with freed-market principles: capitalism-2 because it involves direct interference with market freedom, capitalism-3 because it depends on such interference — both past and ongoing — and because it flies in the face of the general commitment to freedom that underlies support for market freedom in particular.
B. Capitalism-2 Involves Direct Interference with Market Freedom
Capitalism-2 is clearly inconsistent with capitalism-1, and so with a freed market. Under capitalism-2, politicians interfere with personal property rights and voluntary exchanges of goods and services to enrich themselves and their constituents, and big businesses influence politicians in order to foster interference with personal property rights and voluntary exchanges in order to enrich themselves and their allies.
C. Capitalism-3 Depends on Past and Ongoing Interference with Market Freedom
There are three ways in which capitalism-3 might be understood to be inconsistent with capitalism-1, and so with a freed market. The first depends on a plausible, even if contestable, view of the operation of markets. Call this view Markets Undermine Privilege (MUP). According to MUP, in a freed market, absent the kinds of privileges afforded the (usually well-connected) beneficiaries of state power under capitalism-2, wealth would be widely distributed and large, hierarchical businesses would prove inefficient and wouldn’t survive.
Both because most people don’t like working in hierarchical work environments and because flatter, more nimble organizations would be much more viable than large, clunky ones without government support for big businesses, most people in a freed market would work as independent contractors or in partnerships or cooperatives. There would be far fewer large businesses, those that still existed likely wouldn’t be as large as today’s corporate behemoths, and societal wealth would be widely dispersed among a vast number of small firms.
Other kinds of privileges for the politically well connected that tend to make and keep people poor — think occupational licensure and zoning laws, for instance — would be absent from a freed market.[5] So ordinary people, even ones at the bottom of the economic ladder, would be more likely to enjoy a level of economic security that would make it possible for them to opt out of employment in unpleasant working environments, including big businesses. And because a free society wouldn’t feature a government with the supposed right, much less the capacity, to interfere with personal property rights and voluntary exchanges, those who occupy the top of the social ladder in capitalism-3 wouldn’t be able to manipulate politicians to gain and maintain wealth and power in a freed market, so the ownership of the means of production would not be concentrated in a few hands.
In addition to ongoing interference with market freedom, MUP suggests that capitalism-3 would not be possible without past acts of injustice on a grand scale. And there is extensive evidence of massive interference with property rights and market freedom, interference that has led to the impoverishment of huge numbers of people, in England, the United States, and elsewhere.[6] Freed-market advocates should thus object to capitalism-3 because capitalists are able to rule only in virtue of large-scale, state-sanctioned violations of legitimate property rights.
D. Support for Capitalism-3 is Inconsistent with Support for the Underlying Logic of Support for Freedom
Capitalism-3 might be understood to be inconsistent with capitalism-1 in light of the underlying logic of support for freed markets. No doubt some people favor personal property rights and voluntary exchanges — capitalism-1 — for their own sake, without trying to integrate support for capitalism-1 into a broader understanding of human life and social interaction. For others, however, support for capitalism-1 reflects an underlying principle of respect for personal autonomy and dignity. Those who take this view — advocates of what I’ll call Comprehensive Liberty (CL) — want to see people free to develop and flourish as they choose, in accordance with their own preferences (provided they don’t aggress against others). Proponents of CL value not just freedom from aggression, but also freedom from the kind of social pressure people can exert because they or others have engaged in or benefited from aggression, as well as freedom from non-aggressive but unreasonable — perhaps petty, arbitrary — social pressure that constrains people’s options and their capacities to shape their lives as they like.
Valuing different kinds of freedom emphatically isn’t the same as approving the same kinds of remedies for assaults on these different kinds of freedom. While most advocates of CL aren’t pacifists, they don’t want to see arguments settled at gunpoint; they unequivocally oppose aggressive violence. So they don’t suppose that petty indignities warrant violent responses. At the same time, though, they recognize that it makes no sense to favor freedom as a general value while treating non-violent assaults on people’s freedom as trivial. (Thus, they favor a range of non-violent responses to such assaults, including public shaming, blacklisting, striking, protesting, withholding voluntary certifications, and boycotting.)[7]
CL provides, then, a further reason to oppose capitalism-3. Most people committed to CL find MUP very plausible, and thus will be inclined to think of capitalism-3 as a product of capitalism-2. But the understanding of freedom as a multi-dimensional value that can be subject to assaults both violent and non-violent provides good reason to oppose capitalism-3 even if — as is most unlikely — it were to occur in complete isolation from capitalism-2.
IV. Why Freed-Market Advocates Should Call the System They Oppose “Capitalism”
Proponents of freed markets, and so of capitalism-1, could obviously refer to capitalism-2, at least, as “state capitalism” or “corporate capitalism” or “corporatism.” But “words are known by the company they keep”;[8] so there are good reasons for advocates of freed markets, especially those committed to CL, to identify what they oppose just as “capitalism.”
1. To Emphasize the Specific Undesirability of Capitalism-3.
Labels like “state capitalism” and “corporatism” capture what is wrong with capitalism-2, but they don’t quite get at the problem with capitalism-3. Even if, as seems plausible, rule by capitalists requires a political explanation — an explanation in terms of the independent misbehavior of politicians and of the manipulation of politicians by business leaders[9] — it is worth objecting to rule by big business in addition to challenging business-government symbiosis. To the extent that those who own and lead big businesses are often labeled “capitalists,” identifying what proponents of freedom oppose as “capitalism” helps appropriately to highlight their critique of capitalism-3.
2. To Differentiate Proponents of Freed Markets from Vulgar Market Enthusiasts.
The “capitalist” banner is often waved enthusiastically by people who seem inclined to confuse support for freed markets with support for capitalism-2 and capitalism-3 — perhaps ignoring the reality or the problematic nature of both, perhaps even celebrating capitalism-3 as appropriate in light of the purportedly admirable character of business titans. Opposing “capitalism” helps to ensure that advocates of freed markets are not confused with these vulgar proponents of freedom-for-the-power-elite.
3. To Reclaim “Socialism” for Freed-Market Radicals.
“Capitalism” and “socialism” are characteristically seen as forming an oppositional pair. But it was precisely the “socialist” label that a radical proponent of freed markets, Benjamin Tucker, owned at the time when these terms were being passionately debated and defined.[10] Tucker clearly saw no conflict between his intense commitment to freed markets and his membership of the First International. That’s because he understood socialism as a matter of liberating workers from oppression by aristocrats and business executives, and he — plausibly — believed that ending the privileges conferred on economic elites by the state would be the most effective — and safest — way of achieving socialism’s liberating goal. Opposing capitalism helps to underscore the important place of radicals like Tucker in the contemporary freedom movement’s lineage and to provide today’s advocates of freedom with a persuasive rationale for capturing the socialist label from state socialists. (This is especially appropriate because advocates of freedom believe that society—connected people cooperating freely and voluntarily—rather than the state should be seen as the source of solutions to human problems. Thus, they can reasonably be said to favor socialism not as a kind of, but as an alternative to, statism.)[11] Embracing anti-capitalism underscores the fact that freed markets offer a way of achieving socialist goals — fostering the empowerment of workers and the wide dispersion of ownership of and control over the means of production — using market means.
4. To Express Solidarity with Workers.
If MUP is correct, the ability of big business — “capital” — to maximize the satisfaction of its preferences more fully than workers are able to maximize the satisfaction of theirs is a function of business-state symbiosis that is inconsistent with freed-market principles. And, as a matter of support for CL, there is often further reason to side with workers when they are being pushed around, even non-aggressively. To the extent that the bosses workers oppose are often called “capitalists,” so that “anti-capitalism” seems like a natural tag for their opposition to these bosses, and to the extent that freed markets — by contrast with capitalism-2 and capitalism-3 — would dramatically increase the opportunities for workers simultaneously to shape the contours of their own lives and to experience significantly greater prosperity and economic security, embracing “anti-capitalism” is a way of clearly signaling solidarity with workers.[12]
5. To Identify with the Legitimate Concerns of the Global Anti-Capitalist Movement.
Owning “anti-capitalism” is also a way, more broadly, of identifying with ordinary people around the world who express their opposition to imperialism, the increasing power in their lives of multinational corporations, and their own growing economic vulnerability by naming their enemy as “capitalism.” Perhaps some of them endorse inaccurate theoretical accounts of their circumstances in accordance with which it really is a freed-market system — capitalism-1 — that should be understood as lying behind what they oppose. But for many of them, objecting to “capitalism” doesn’t really mean opposing freed markets; it means using a convenient label provided by social critics who are prepared — as advocates of freedom too often have regrettably refused to do — to stand with them in challenging the forces that seem bent on misshaping their lives and those of others. Advocates of freedom have a golden opportunity to build common ground with these people, agreeing with them about the wrongness of many of the situations they confront while providing a freedom-based explanation of those situations and a freedom-based remedy for the problems they involve.
V. Conclusion
Thirty-five years ago, the great libertarian hero Karl Hess wrote: “I have lost my faith in capitalism” and “I resist this capitalist nation-state,” observing that he had “turn[ed] from the religion of capitalism.”[13] Distinguishing three senses of “capitalism” — market order, business-government partnership, and rule by capitalists — helps to make clear why someone, like Hess, might be consistently committed to freedom while voicing passionate opposition to something called “capitalism.” It makes sense for freed-market advocates to oppose both interference with market freedom by politicians and business leaders and the social dominance (aggressive and otherwise) of business leaders. And it makes sense for them to name what they oppose “capitalism.” Doing so calls attention to the freedom movement’s radical roots, emphasizes the value of understanding society as an alternative to the state, underscores the fact that proponents of freedom object to non-aggressive as well as aggressive restraints on liberty, ensures that advocates of freedom aren’t confused with people who use market rhetoric to prop up an unjust status quo, and expresses solidarity between defenders of freed markets and workers — as well as ordinary people around the world who use “capitalism” as a short-hand label for the world-system that constrains their freedom and stunts their lives. Freed-market advocates should embrace “anti-capitalism” in order to encapsulate and highlight their full-blown commitment to freedom and their rejection of phony alternatives that use talk of freedom to conceal acquiescence in exclusion, subordination, and deprivation.
________________
[1]For “freed markets,” see William Gillis, “(The Freed Market),” Human Iterations (n.p., July 31, 2007) «http://williamgillis.blogspot.com/2007/07/freed-market-one-of-tactics-ive-taken.html» (Jan. 2, 2010); for “free market anti-capitalism,” see Kevin A. Carson, Mutualist Blog: Free Market Anti-Capitalism (n.p.) «http://mutualist .blogspot.com» (Dec. 31, 2009).
[2]Cp. Charles Johnson, “Anarquistas por La Causa,” Rad Geek People’s Daily (n.p., March 31, 2005) «http:// radgeek.com/gt/2005/03/31/anarquistas_por/» (Dec. 31, 2009); Roderick T. Long, “POOTMOP Redux,” Austro-Athenian Empire (n.p., June 22, 2009) «http://aaeblog.com/2009/06/22/pootmop-redux/» (Dec. 31, 2009); Fred Foldvary, “When Will Michael Moore Nail Land Speculators?,” The Progress Report (n.p., Oct. 19, 2009) «http:// www.progress.org/2009/fold635.htm» (Jan. 18, 2010). “Capitalism” in Johnson’s third sense refers to “boss-directed labor,” while Long’s parallel expression, “capitalism-2,” denotes “control of the means of production by someone other than the workers — i.e., by capitalist owners.” Foldvary’s final proposal is “exploitation of labor by the big owners of capital.” I am inclined to think that many of those who employ the pejorative sense of “capitalism” intend it to encompass the dominance by bosses of all social institutions, and not just workplaces, though they doubtless see societal dominance and workplace dominance as connected. At any rate, supposing that they do may provide a slender justification for distinguishing my typology from the ones offered by Johnson, Long, and Foldvary.
[3]While capitalism-2 obtains whenever business and the state are in bed together, under capitalism-3 business is clearly on top.
[4]It is unclear when “capitalism” was first employed (the Oxford English Dictionary identifies William Makepeace Thackeray as the earliest user of the term: see The Newcomes: Memoirs of a Most Respectable Family, 2 vols. [London: Bradbury 1854–5] 2:75). By contrast, “capitalist” as a pejorative has an older history, appearing at least as early as 1792, and figuring repeatedly in the work of the free-market socialist Thomas Hodgskin: see, e.g., Popular Political Economy: Four Lectures Delivered at the London Mechanics Institution (London: Tait 1827) 5, 51-2, 120, 121, 126, 138, 171 (“greedy capitalists”!), 238-40, 243, 245-9, 253-7, 265; The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted: A Series of Letters, Addressed without Permission to H. Brougham, Esq. M.P. F.R.S. (London: Steil 1832) 15, 44, 53, 54, 67, 87, 97-101, 134-5, 150, 155, 180. The pejorative use occurs nearly eighty times throughout the thirty-odd pages of Hodgskin’s Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital, or, The Unproductiveness of Capital Proved (London: Knight 1825).
[5]For a devastating critique of rules — often supported by politicians beholden to wealthy and well connected people who expect to benefit from them — that systematically make and keep people poor, see Charles Johnson, “Scratching By: How Government Creates Poverty As We Know It,” The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty 57.10 (Dec. 2007): 33-8 (Foundation for Economic Education) «http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/scratching-by-how-government-creates-poverty-as-we-know-it/» (Jan. 2, 2010).
[6]Cp. Albert Jay Nock, Our Enemy the State (New York: Morrow 1935); Kevin A. Carson, “The Subsidy of History,” The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty 58.5 (June 2008): 33-8 (Foundation for Economic Education) «http:// www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-subsidy-of-history/» (Dec. 31, 2009); Joseph Stromberg, “The American Land Question,” The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty 59.6 (July-Aug. 2009): 33-8 (Foundation for Economic Education) «http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-american-land-question/» (Dec. 31, 2009).
[7]Cp. Charles Johnson, “Libertarianism through Thick and Thin,” Rad Geek People’s Daily (n.p., Oct. 3, 2008) «http://radgeek.com/gt/2008/10/03/libertarianism_through/» (Dec. 31, 2009); Kerry Howley, “We’re All Cultural Libertarians,” Reason (Reason Foundation, Nov. 2009) «http://reason.com/archives/2009/10/20/are-property-rights-enough» (Dec. 31, 2009).
[8]I became acquainted with this phrase thanks to Nicholas Lash, Believing Three Ways in One God: A Reading of the Apostles’ Creed (Notre Dame, IN: U of Notre Dame P 1992); see, e.g., 12. But it appears, I have subsequently discovered, to have a legal provenance and to be a rough translation of the Latin phrase noscitur a sociis.
[9]See, e.g., Kevin A. Carson, “Another Free-for-All: Libertarian Class Analysis, Organized Labor, Etc.,” Mutualist Blog: Free-Market Anti-Capitalism (n.p., Jan 26, 2006) «http://mutualist.blogspot.com/2006/01/another-free-for-all-libertarian-class.html» (Jan. 18, 2010); Sheldon Richman, “Class Struggle Rightly Conceived,” The Goal Is Freedom (Foundation for Economic Education, July 13, 2007) «http://fee.org/articles/in-brief/the-goal-is-freedom-class-struggle-rightly-conceived/» (Jan. 18, 2010); Roderick T. Long, “Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class,” Social Philosophy and Policy 15.2 (Sum. 1998): 303-49; Wally Conger, Agorist Class Theory: A Left Libertarian Approach to Class Conflict Analysis (n.p., n.d.) (Agorism.info, n.d.) «www.agorism.info/AgoristClassTheory.pdf» (Jan. 18, 2010).
[10]See Benjamin R. Tucker, “State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree and Wherein They Differ,” Instead of a Book: By a Man Too Busy to Write One (New York: Tucker 1897) (Fair-Use.Org, n.d.) «http:// fair-use.org/benjamin-tucker/instead-of-a-book/» (Dec. 31, 2009). Cp. Kevin A. Carson, “Socialist Definitional Free-for-All: Part II,” Mutualist Blog: Free Market Anti-Capitalism (n.p., Dec. 8, 2005) «http://mutualist.blogspot .com/2005/12/socialist-definitional-free-for-all_08.html» (Dec. 31, 2009); Brad Spangler, “Re-Stating the Point: Rothbardian Socialism,” BradSpangler.Com (n.p., Oct. 10, 2009) «http://bradspangler.com/blog/archives/1458» (Dec. 31, 2009); Gary Chartier, Socialist Ends, Market Means: 5 Essays (Tulsa, OK: Tulsa Alliance of the Libertarian Left 2009) (Center for a Stateless Society, Aug. 31, 2009) «http://c4ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ Garychartier_forprint_binding .pdf» (Dec. 31, 2009).
[11]Thanks to Sheldon Richman for helping me to see this point.
[12]Cp. Sheldon Richman, “Workers of the World Unite for a Free Market,” The Freeman: Ideas on Liberty (Foundation for Economic Education, Dec. 18, 2009) «http://www.thefreemanonline.org/tgif/workers-of-the-world-unite/» (Dec. 31, 2009).
[13]Karl Hess, Dear America (New York: Morrow 1975) 3, 5. Even more bluntly, Hess writes: “What I have learned about corporate capitalism, roughly, is that it is an act of theft, by and large, through which a very few live very high off the work, invention, and creativity of very many others. It is the Grand Larceny of our particular time in history, the Grand Larceny in which a future of freedom which could have followed the collapse of feudalism was stolen from under our noses by a new bunch of bosses doing the same old things” (1).
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ELC Europe 2008 Presentations
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 03:48, 5 May 2010 by Wmat (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Presentations
Sessions
Person Session Description Presentation
Mike Anderson Using a JTAG in Linux Driver Debug JTAG_In_Linux_Driver_Debug_Anderson.pdf
Mike Anderson Understanding and Using SMP/Multicore Processors Understanding_And_Using_SMP_Multicore_Processors_Anderson.pdf
Gustavo Sverzut Barbieri Rich GUI without pain Rich_GUI_without_pain.pdf
Tim Bird Tools and Techniques for Reducing Bootup Time Tools-and-techniques-for-reducing-bootup-time.pdf Tools-and-techniques-for-reducing-bootup-time.ppt
Vitaly Bordug Device tree and Embedded Linux vitb-ELCE-2008-presentation.pdf
Andrew Christian Handhelds Mojo - Building and Running Ubuntu Distributions on ARM not available
Shane Coughlan Strategic Implementation of Free Software in Business shane-coughlan-presentation-ELCE-07-11-2008.odp
Jake Edge Avoiding Web Application Flaws In Embedded Devices elce-2008.pdf elce-2008.odp LWN page
Bas Engel Digital TV with Linux Digital_Television_With_Linux.pdf
George France, Brian Avery, & Andrew Christian Handhelds Mojo: Building and running Ubuntu distributions on ARM Mojo_CELF_Nov2008.pdf
Klaas van Gend & Ned Miljevic Building Embedded Userlands ELCE2008-Building_embedded_user_lands.vGend.Miljevic.pdf
Klaas van Gend The ELC Europe 2008 end game: Linux Fortunes Opentux page
Peter Griffin Porting uClinux to a new architecture Porting_uClinux_CELF2008_Griffin.pdf
Armijn Hemel Abusing Universal Plug and Play elce-presentatie.pdf
Marcel Holtmann BlueZ 4.0 not available
Perry Ismangil & Benny Prijono PJSIP: Open Source Compact SIP and Media Stack pjsip_at_Embedded_Linux_Conference_Europe_2008.pdf
Mischa Jonker Power management on an ARM11 platform MischaJonker_ARM11_power_management_CELF_ELC_2008.pdf
Denis Oliver Kropp Open Integration Layer - DirectFB 2.0 not available
Jaya Kumar Deferred IO and E-Paper Display E_paper_Displays.pdf
Vasileios Laganakos Portability and Optimizations of GNU Applications for ARM Embedded Linux ARM_EmbeddedLinux_Apps_Port.pdf
Philip Lougher Overview of SquashFS filesystem squashfs-elce.pdf
Eugeny S. Mints Taking Linux Power Management to Production Quality not available
Denis Mishin A Corner-to-Corner Approach for Cost-Effective Implementation of Consumer Electronics Human Machine Interfaces not available
Michael Opdenacker Update on filesystems for flash storage flash-filesystems.pdf flash-filesystems.odp
Thomas Petazzoni Choosing embedded graphical libraries choosing-embedded-graphical-libraries.pdf choosing-embedded-graphical-libraries.odp
Gregers Petersen Embedded Magic, or How People Suddenly Find Out That They Are Collaborating (Some Thoughts Parsed Through the Brain of an Anthropologist) not available
Matt Porter Managing NAND Flash to Optimize Product Longevity managing_nand_flash_elce.pdf
Bill Roman Using Appropriate Wear-leveling to Extend Product Lifespan Datalight_ELC_Presentation_6_Nov_2008.pdf
Frank Rowand Adventures in real-time performance tuning, part 1 adventures_in_real_time_performance_tuning_part_1-no_hidden.pdf
Frank Rowand Adventures in real-time performance tuning, part 2 adventures_in_real_time_performance_tuning_part_2-no_hidden.pdf
Frank Scholz Building bridges - coherence, a DLNA/UPnP framework not available
David Woodhouse Community and Embedded Linux dwmw2-community_and_embedded_linux.pdf
Wookey Solar hot water geekery: making infinitely versatile home heating controllers with free software and open hardware hotwaterballoon-CELF2008.pdf src.tgz
Vitaly Wool Using "Dot Clock" Displays In Embedded Linux Devices dotclock.pdf dotclock.odp
Vitaly Wool NAND Chip Driver Optimizaton and Tuning nand_opt.pdf, nand_opt.odp
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RPi Hub
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 03:26, 23 September 2012 by Jeff (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Attention The wiki will be going through a major formatting and grammar cleanup. Right now, please help us if the formatting looks horrible. This section of the wiki will be controlled by the all new Raspberry Pi Council, who will govern the RPi area of eLinux wiki.
Contents
Raspberry Pi Wiki Hub eng | fra | pt-br
Notice: The Raspberry Pi Wiki pages on this site is collaborative work - the Raspberry Pi Foundation is not responsible for content on these pages
I need help with...
Buying a new Raspberry Pi
Please visit the Model Wizard to select your Raspberry Pi.
Booting an OS onto my Raspberry Pi
Please visit the OS Distributions page to select an OS to boot onto your Raspberry Pi.
Now shipping to customers
Now, it's September. We've come a far way! The average shipping time is now 2 days. Woo hoo!
Don't have an idea on which to buy? Use the Model Wizard to select your Raspberry Pi!
See the Buying Guide on how to order one, or visit the Raspberry Pi Foundation Home Page
About
The Rpi production board (model B Rev 2.0)
The Raspberry Pi (short: RPi or RasPi) is an ultra-low-cost ($25-$35) credit-card sized Linux computer which was conceived with the primary goal of teaching computer programming to children. It was developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, which is a UK registered charity (Registration Number 1129409). The foundation exists to promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing. The device is expected to have many other applications both in the developed and the developing world (Read more).
Raspberry Pi is manufactured and sold in partnership with the worldwide industrial distributors Premier Farnell/Element 14 and RS Components.
• Products are RoHS, CE, FCC, CTick, CSA and WEEE compliant[1]. In common with all Electronic and Electrical products the Raspberry Pi should not be disposed of in household waste. Please contact the distributor from whom you purchased your Raspberry Pi device for details regarding WEEE in your country.
• Price: 25USD Model A, 35USD for Model B, excluding taxes, postage and packaging. For information about availability and shipping see the Buying Guide.
History
• Russell Davis (aka forum admin ukscone) has a series of blog articles recording his perspective of the Raspberry Pi story in several parts from the beginning.
• You will often hear mention of the BBC Micro Computer when people talk about the purpose of the Raspberry Pi Foundation. See this article on the history of the BBC Micro Computer.
Getting Started
Buying Guide
The Model Wizard will help you select your model to buy.
Where can I get one and for how much?
• The Raspberry Pi can no longer only be purchased via their official distribution partners - detailed information can be found on the RPi Buying Guide page.
Basic Setup
First little Raspberry Pi Steps...
• Ensure you have all the equipment you need to go with your Raspberry Pi.
• Become familiar with the board layout and connect it ready for power up.
• If you have not been provided with a pre-setup SD card you will need to prepare one with your chosen Operating System distribution
• Note: On the Debian OS after you log in you need to type startx at the prompt to get a graphic desktop.
Beginners Guide
You've just got your new Raspberry Pi device - what now?
• Get started with some basic projects and tutorials:
Raspberry Pi YouTube Tutorials
Another set of video tutorials
Easy GPIO Hardware & Software - in-progress at the moment
Example projects/tuts which can be linked from here
(or from within a beginners guide page perhaps):
Setup XBMC media centre
Programming tutorials (Liams YouTube etc)
Easy GPIO (when complete or similar thing).
Also links to some basic linux user guides.
• Take a look through the Community section, which contains a range of beginner and advanced tutorials and guides, as well as groups to help you find like-minded developers.
Resources
Hardware & Peripherals
Software & OS Distributions
The Raspberry Pi will run a range of OS Distributions and run a variety of software.
Documentation
Documentation relating to the Raspberry Pi can be found here.
Frambozenier.org Documentation Project Datasheets
Example documents which can be linked from here (or sub page):
Official Datasheets
White Papers
User Manuals
Recommended books (perhaps)
RPi Troubleshooting
Head over to the troubleshooting page for help fixing common problems.
RPi Bugs
Head over to the bugs page for a list of known bugs.
RPi Model B 3D CAD files
Theses are various 3D CAD Versions in both RAR and ZIP.
Community
Projects, Guides & Tutorials
• An important source of information and guides is the Official Forum.
• Knowledgeable users may want to review and help out with the Tasks page.
• Get started by following some of the many Tutorials.
• Common tasks and useful tips are available through the Guides page.
• Projects can be found, and added to, on the Projects page.
Schools, Universities, Clubs & Groups
• The Raspberry Pi Foundation's aims include encouraging education. Several groups including Computing At School aim to bring Computing Science back into schools.
• Go to the Education Page to add your project and find helpful links.
Supporting Communities
The Raspberry Pi Community is steadily growing:
About the RPi Wiki
Do not be afraid to add your bit, content is vital for the wiki to function.
A 3D rendering of the Raspberry Pi logo
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
United States: Weaving Poetry on the Streets of New York
This post also available in:
Français · États-Unis : La poésie "tissée" de New York
বাংলা · যুক্তরাষ্টঃ নিউইয়র্কের রাস্তায় কবিতার জাল বোনা
Malagasy · Etazonia: Tononkalo Notenomina Tao New York
Ελληνικά · ΗΠΑ: Το Υφαντό της Ποίησης στους δρόμους της Νέας Υόρκης
Español · Estados Unidos: Poesía tejida en la ciudad de Nueva York
“El Tejedor en Nueva York” (The Weaver in New York) [es] is a traveling multimedia anthology produced by the photographer and cultural promoter Juan J. Sanz Morera, and his independent publishing house La única Puerta a la Izquierda (The only door on the left).
Sanz, who started the “Weaver in New York” collection with David Gonzalez in Madrid, collaborated with McNally Jackson bookseller Javier Molea, and the Spanish writer Isabel Cadenas Cañon to interweave the writings of 17 poets who come and go from New York. The anthology features poets from Latin America and the Caribbean.
Below is a fragment of the anti-rules that guided the analogies:
Quizás los criterios de selección que seguimos determinaron ese espíritu. Cansados de antologías cronológicas, correctas, apolilladas, decidimos aprovechar la ocasión y hacer un libro para textos que no tienen lugar: una antología de textos no antologables. Los autores que figuran aquí recibieron una única consigna: debían enviarnos textos que creyeran que un antólogo nunca seleccionaría. Así que esta antología es, para comenzar, un acto de desobediencia contra las antologías. Primera resistencia.
Perhaps the selection criteria we followed determined that spirit. Tired of chronological, correct, and moth-eaten anthologies, we decided to take advantage of the opportunity to create a book for texts that don't fit anywhere: an anthology of non-anthological texts. The authors who figure here were given only one rule: they had to send a text that they thought would never be chosen for an anthology. So this anthology, to begin with, is an act of disobedience against anthologies. The first stand.
To create this project, Sanz toured the city with the poets, interviewed them in different scenarios, had open air poetry readings, and then put all the material out on his website [es]. The objective: “for us to find out through them what's cooking in the cities where we travel. This way we won't get to just read and enjoy these writings, but also get to know the city, its hidden pockets, its feelings, its people.”
Here are three of the interviews available on the website. In the first, the Colombian writer Carlos Aguasaco, speaks about–among other things–the resurgence of literary works of Caribbean and Latin Americans in New York.
Aguasaco also directs Artepoética.com, [es] from which he runs a radio and television broadcasting station, as well as publishing news, essays and information about literary competitions.
We continue with the interview of the “Puerto Rican poet, performance artist, teacher and polemicist” Urayoan Noel Martínez, who recently received a postdoctoral grant from the Ford Foundation to finish a book about Nuyoricans [Puerto Ricans living in New York] from the sixties to the present.
We close with the interview of Soledad Marambio, Chilean journalist and writer:
World regions
Countries
Languages
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Monday, 28 January 2013
Monday miscellany
"The Strange World of IP Consents", launched on Friday afternoon as the fourth item down in the IPKat's Friday Fantasies feature, already has over 50 people registered. In case you missed the earlier notice,
" ... on Tuesday 19 February, 5pm to 7pm (inclusive of registration and refreshments: it's really 5.15pm to 6.30pm) in the lovely premises of Olswang LLP's London office at 90 High Holborn, IPKat blogger, practitioner, scholar and IP transaction guru Neil J. Wilkof will be sharing a double bill with heavy-hitting katfriend, IP Draughts blogger, scholar and IP transaction guru Mark Anderson in which they will be discussing exciting topics like trade mark consents and coexistence, and the difference between licences and covenants not to sue. IPKat blogmeister Jeremy will be in the chair, CPD points will be available and admission is, in true IPKat tradition, free. To register, email here with the subject line "IP Consents", giving your name and affiliation (if any). There are no other formalities. See you there?"
**************************************
BILETA, the British and Irish Law Education and Technology Association, is calling for papers for its 2013 conference, which will be held from 10 to 12 April in the Liverpool Law School, University of Liverpool. According to the IPKat's best information, the deadline for the Second Call for Submissions of abstracts and panel proposals is now extended to 25 February 2013. Submission of an abstract for presentation, works in progress or concept paper (not exceeding 700 words), which includes Title, Theoretical/Empirical framework and argument via the EasyChair Conference Management System at the earliest possible opportunity. for further details, inspiration and indeed anything else, contact katfriend Joseph Savirimuthu who will be pleased to hear from you.
Malta and IP is another forthcoming event -- being held on 7 February in London. It's a breakfast briefing at the Malta High Commission, at which event the topic of Malta as an Intellectual Property jurisdiction of choice is on the menu. The event speakers are lawyers from PWC (Malta) and Fenech & Fenech Advocates. Attendance, on a first-come-first-served basis, is free of charge and, comfortingly for those who make it their habit to attend breakfast briefings, will include breakfast. The event opens at 8.30am (registration starts at 8 am) at Malta House, 36-38 Piccadilly, London W1J 0LE. To attend, email events.london@gov.mt by 6 February 2013.
Brüstle in the BGHThe full decision from the German Supreme Court Bundesgerichtshof, BGH) in the Brüstle patent matter (patentability of inventions relating to human embryonic stem cells) has now been posted on the BGH website, following its decision of 27 November 2012. The BGH had to issue a final decision in the matter following the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruling in Case C-34/10 Oliver Brüstle v Greenpeace ( noted here and here by the IPKat) on the questions it referred to the CJEU. The reasons can be found here, in German. A big katpat to Nick Bassil (Kilburn & Strode LLP) for letting the Kats know.
Lolcat -- and a reminder. A katpat goes to our good friend Estelle Derclaye for this link to news of an exhibition of lolcat art which is currently gracing the catwalks of London. The display, Lolcat -- Teh Exhibishun, ends on Friday 13 February. The IPKat and Merpel should like to draw the attention of (i) new readers and (ii) old readers who should know better that their interest is in images of cats as they relate to intellectual property -- for example where a cat-based image is a parody of another's work -- and in the strategic use of cat images in order to enhance the text of materials posted on this weblog, but not in cats and news of cats as such. In short, this is a weblog about intellectual property law which is written by cats, not a weblog about cats that is written by intellectual property lawyers. So, please, no more emails about cats stuck in trees, cats on fences, cats becoming mayors of various parishes, cats rolling around and (this is by far the largest class of unsolicited art) readers' cats fast asleep. They're all very cute but we really can't use them all. Thanks!
Around the weblogs. It's second time round to Madagascar for Afo-IP's Kingsley Egbuonu on his tour of African official IP websites -- and all is well, he says. Closer to Europe, Fidel Porcuna makes his debut post for the MARQUES Class 46 weblog with a tale of money laundering and allusions to unspeakable torture -- something to do with a Body Shop franchise, it seems. There are three more books for prospective reviewers, offered on the jiplp weblog here. Finally, IP Finance has something for anyone who wonders about IP and the taxation of Dutch sandwiches ...
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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Park Taman Connaught is on Sarjana 3, J; is near Sarjana 5, J; is near Sarjana 4, J; is near Sarjana, J; is near Ew East-west Link Hwy (e); is near Waras 3, J; is near Ew East-west Link Hwy (w); is near Exit To J Cheras (n); Park Taman Connaught is geographically located at latitude(3.0832 degrees) 3° 4' 59" North of the Equator and longitude (101.7401 degrees) 101° 44' 24" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to Park Taman Connaught are represented by the shortest path a radio wave would travel and may not be nearest by road. For example, Park Taman Connaught is located 105 metres from Shops Taman Connaught. Park Taman Connaught is located 181 metres from Police Post Taman Connaught. Park Taman Connaught is located 347 metres from Shops Taman Taynton. Park Taman Connaught is located 363 metres from Caltex Jalan Cheras (s). Park Taman Connaught is located 363 metres from Federal Inst Of Tech (FIT).
Hotel Cheras 2km, Maluri Hotel 5.1km, Palace of the Golden Horses 5.3km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Park Taman Connaught.
Shops Taman Connaught 0.1km, Shops Taman Taynton 0.3km, Shops Jalan Dtk Haji Harun 0.6km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Park Taman Connaught.
Desa Water Park 5.5km, Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi 5.6km, Mines Wonderland 6.7km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Park Taman Connaught.
Federal Inst Of Tech (FIT) 0.4km, SJK (c) Taman Connaught 0.6km, SMK Taman Connaught 0.6km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Park Taman Connaught.
Park Taynton View 0.4km, Park L Petah 1 0.6km, Park Mutiara 3 0.9km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Park Taman Connaught.
Park Taman Connaught
Shops Taman Connaught
Police Post Taman Connaught
Shops Taman Taynton
Caltex Jalan Cheras (s)
Federal Inst Of Tech (FIT)
Park Taynton View
BHP Taman Connaught
Mobil Jalan Cheras (s)
SJK (c) Taman Connaught
Park L Petah 1
SMK Taman Connaught
Shops Jalan Dtk Haji Harun
Phoenix Plaza
Taman Segar, Cheras
Esso Connaught
Cheras Hartamas
Shops Jalan Mutiara Raya
Projet Connaught
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Park Taman Connaught
Leisure Mall is about 0.9 km away.
Park Mutiara 3 is about 0.9 km away.
Mcdonalds Connaught is about 0.9 km away.
SJK Taman Segar is about 1 km away.
Giant Taman Connaught is about 1.1 km away.
Petronas Jalan Cheras (s) is about 1.2 km away.
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Griffin:Immunohistochemistry Paraffin
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:22, 6 July 2009 by Korey Griffin (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Immunohistochemistry Protocol 1
granular CD68 localization within macrophages of arterial athersclerotic plaque
The procedure below has been proven to be effective for labeling of PECAM-1, ICAM and VCAM using validated antibodies.
Deparaffinize and rehydrate
5 min tray
2 x xylene
2 x absolute ETOH
2 x 95 % ETOH
2 x 70 % ETOH
2 x milliQ H2O
Quench endogenous peroxidase activity
200 ml methanol + 3 ml (30% H2O2) in slide tub
• make just before use, Incubate 30 minutes, RT
• wash H2O 5 min room temp.
Antigen Retrieval
Solution (Vector Labs; 4oC) OR other antigen retrieval techniques
• Shake well before measuring
• 320 milliQ H2O + 3 ml unmasking solution
• Mix by inversion
1. Rinse in milliQ H2O in tub
2. In slide tub with “fill” mark, fill all 24 slots in slide holder with “blank slides” if necessary, add unmasking solution to fill line, COVER and microwave for 20 minutes Replenish with dH20 at:
• 15 minutes remaining
• 11
• 7
• 3
• 1
Blocking
1. Cool slides in tub, covered, at room temp for 1 hour
2. During 1 hour, make up 0.5% FSGO (fish skin gelatin oil) in PBS (1 500 ml bottle PBS + 2.5 ml FSGO; allow 15 min for FSGO to come out of pipet)
3. Transfer to tub with plain room temperature PBS, 5 min
4. Make up avidin blocking solution:
For 1 ml:
• 1 ml PBS/FSGO
• 100 ul normal serum of same species as secondary antibody
4 drops avidin blocking solution (Vector Labs)
• Invert tube to mix
5. Circle vessels with ‘pap pen’ ALWAYS KEEP SLIDES MOIST
6. Add blocking solution within circles; 1 hour in humidified chamber at room temperature
7. Aspirate off blocking solution
Primary Antibody
8. Add primary antibody to vessels on slides.
For 4 slides: antibody
• PBS/FSGO 1 ml
• normal serum 100 ul
• biotin blocking solution (Vector Labs) 4 drops
9. Incubate 4 oC overnight in humidified chamber.
Secondary Antibody
Day 2:
1. Aspirate primary antibody solution and wash in FSGO/PBS in tub for 5 min at room temperature; agitate 2. Make up secondary antibody:
per ml:
• 5 ul secondary antibody
• 100 ul normal serum
• 1 ml FSGO/PBS
3. Blot slides with kimwipe and apply secondary antibody; incubate in humidified chamber 1 hour, room temperature
4. During incubation, make up ABC solution from kit: per ml:
• 1 ml plain PBS
• 20 ul A solution
• 20 ul B solution
Allow to rock at room temperature for at least 30 min in order to form complex
5. Aspirate secondary antibody solution and wash in FSGO/PBS in tub for 5 min at room temperature; agitate
6. Blot slides and apply ABC; incubate 30 min at room temperature
Substrate
7. Make up DAB solution:
Approximately 30 min before using; add H2 O2 just before use
• 10 ml plain PBS
• 1 DAB tablet
• 7.5 ul H2O2 (30%)
Test DAB and ABC by adding small amount of DAB to a small amount of left over ABC, should turn dark brown immediately.
8. Wash with agitation in plain PBS, 5 min room temperature
9. Blot slides and apply DAB solution, incubate 5 min room temperature
10. Wash in dH20, 5 min room temperature
Counterstain
In filtered (#1 Whatman filter paper) Hematoxylin I (not Mayer’s); 4-5 min
12. Rinse in running tap water until clear, 4-5 min. Return hematoxylin to bottle for reuse.
Blueing
If needed for 1 min; wash in tap water
• Acid alcohol: 1% HCl in 50% EtOH
• Bluing reagent: commercially available (Fisher, VWR, Sigma, etc)
Blueing Reagents
Procedure: Dip slides quickly in acid alcohol and immediately wash with tap water (or squirt water on the slides) Dip slides briefly in Bluing Reagent. Wash slides with tap water and continue with the IHC staining procedure(i.e., dehydrate stained tissues and mount the slides).
0.1% Sodium Bicarbonate
• Sodium bicarbonate --------------------------- 1 g
• Distilled water --------------------------------- 1000 ml
Mix to dissolve. The pH will be around 8.0 Store this solution at room temperature.
Note: this solution worked better than ammonia water solution according to testing result. Bluing for 30 seconds to 1 minute after hematoxylin staining and clearing/differentiation.
0.2% Ammonia Water Solution (Bluing)
• Ammonium hydroxide (concentrated) ------ 2 ml
• Distilled water -------------------------------- 1000 ml
Mix well. The pH will be around 10.0 Store this solution at room temperature.
Note: this solution is not as good as sodium bicarbonate according to testing result. Bluing for 30 seconds to 1 minute after hematoxylin staining and clearing/differentiation.
Lithium Carbonate Solution (Saturated)
• Lithium carbonate ---------------------------- 1.54 g
• Distilled water -------------------------------- 100 ml
Mix to dissolve and store at room temperature. Bluing for 30 seconds to 1 minute after hematoxylin staining and clearing/differentiation.
Dehydrate
5 minutes each:
• 3 x absolute ETOH
• 2 x xylene
Coverslip
Mount
Abbreviated Immunohistochemistry Protocol
1. Deparaffinize and rehydrate 5 min tray
2 x xylene
2 x absolute ETOH
2 x 95 % ETOH
2 x 70 % ETOH
2 x milliQ H2O
2. Antigen Retrieval
3. Rinse sections in 2 changes of PBS washing buffer in separate beakers, 2 minutes each.
4. Serum Blocking: incubate sections with 10% normal serum blocking solution for 30 minutes to block non-specific binding of immunoglobulin.
5. Primary Antibody: incubate sections with Primary antisera diluted 1:50 in 3% serum PBS, for 1 hour at room temperature to overnight 4C.
6. Rinse in PBS washing buffer for 2 x 2 min.
7. Secondary Antibody: incubate sections with conjugated secondary antibody 1:100-500 in 3% serum PBS, for 1 hour at room temperature.
8. Rinse in PBS washing buffer for 3 x 2 min.
9. Counter-stain in Gill´s formulation #2 hematoxylin for 5–10 seconds. Immediately wash with several changes of deionized H2O.
10. Dehydrate: Soak in 95% ethanol 2x10 seconds, then 100% ethanol 2x10 seconds, then xylenes 3x10 seconds. Pipet 1–2 (5ul) drops of permanent mounting medium, cover with a glass coverslip and observe by light microscopy.
Controls
• Chromogen only; no primary or secondary antibody
• Conjugate and chromogen control; no primary
• Biotinylated antibody, conjugate, chromogen control
• Isotype control ( for monoclonal antibodies only)
• Species control (ie. incubation with normal goat IgG)
• Absorption control
Preventing tissues from peeling off the slide
• Insufficient fixation or unfixed tissues tend to come off slides more easily. Fix tissues longer to get completely fixation of tissues.
• Formaldehyde fixed frozen sections are more prone to falling off slides. Try to dry slides for much longer time or use alternative fixation such as acetone or alcohol.
• Tissue sections tend to come off slides more often on regular slides (uncharged or uncoated). Always use positively charged or coated slides for immunostaining.
• You may just have had a bad batch of slides. Replace with a new batch of slides.
• The disposable blades have oil on them. Clean disposable blades with xylene.
• Wrinkles presented in the sections during the initial mounting. Try to spread the sections out and mount the sections on slides with wrinkle free.
• Paraffin sections may not be dried completely before placing in the oven. Allow paraffin sections to air dry at least 30 minutes before placing in the oven at 56 C overnight.
• Frozen sections may not be dried completely before fixation and immunostaining procedure. Allow frozen sections to air dry for at least 30 minutes before fixation and then air dry for another 30 minutes before immunostaining.
• Antigen retrieval procedure can cause sections to come off slides, especially when EDTA (pH8.0) or Tris-EDTA (pH9.0) such high pH antigen retrieval solution is used. Use low pH solution such as citrate buffer (pH6.0) antigen retrieval Solution to replace EDTA (pH8.0) or Tris-EDTA (pH9.0) retrieval solution if it is possible.
• Distilled water alone may make sections come off slides easy. Always use buffer solution to wash or rinse slides.
• Bone (especially the cartilage) tends to fall off slides after heat treatment. Try other alternative retrieval methods such as enzyme digestion.
• Antigen retrieval devices may be trouble. Try to use waterbath or steamer in stead of microwave or pressure cooker.
• Plain water in waterbath for mounting paraffin sections. Add some gelatin in waterbath for mounting paraffin sections.
• If you have tried everything above and the problem persists. Try gelatin coated slides and it has been working fairly well.
Avidin versus Streptavidin
Both Avidin and Streptavidin are suitable for binding to secondary biotin-conjugated antibodies.
• Avidin is a tetrameric protein originally isolated from chicken egg white with a MW of about 67K and an isoelectric point of about 10.
• Streptavidin is a biotin binding protein isolated from cultures of Streptomyces avidinii. It has Avidin-like binding characteristics; however, it has a MW of about 16K and an isoelectric point of 5-6.
One mole Avidin will bind four mole biotin. The high pI of Avidin can cause binding to acidic structures such as DNA. Biotin is a naturally occurring vitamin with a MW of 244.31 and an isoelectric point of 3.5. The Avidin-Biotin interaction is the strongest known non covalent, biological interaction (Ka=1015 M-1). The bond formation is rapid and is unaffected over wide range of pH.
Personal tools
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IGEM:Harvard/2007/Brainstorming/
From OpenWetWare
< IGEM:Harvard | 2007 | Brainstorming(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Current revision (22:56, 25 June 2007) (view source)
Line 1: Line 1:
== Quorum Sensing ==
== Quorum Sensing ==
-
Basically all of the parts that are available come from the [http://www.che.caltech.edu/groups/fha/quorum.html LuxI/LuxR system] found in ''V. fishcheri''. The Voigt paper that we read a long time ago used this system to demonstrate cell-density dependent expression of invasin ([[Media:Voigt.pdf]]).
+
Basically all of the parts that are available are derived from the [http://www.che.caltech.edu/groups/fha/quorum.html LuxI/LuxR system] found in ''V. fishcheri''. The Voigt paper that we read a long time ago used this system to demonstrate a cell-density dependent expression of invasin in E. Coli ([[Media:Voigt.pdf]]).
The basic idea that Perry and I discussed requires two basic parts which Perry transformed into three separate tubes of Top10 cells this afternoon:
The basic idea that Perry and I discussed requires two basic parts which Perry transformed into three separate tubes of Top10 cells this afternoon:
Current revision
Contents
Quorum Sensing
Basically all of the parts that are available are derived from the LuxI/LuxR system found in V. fishcheri. The Voigt paper that we read a long time ago used this system to demonstrate a cell-density dependent expression of invasin in E. Coli (Media:Voigt.pdf).
The basic idea that Perry and I discussed requires two basic parts which Perry transformed into three separate tubes of Top10 cells this afternoon:
1. An HSL signal sender (BBa_F1610)
2. An HSL signal receiver attached to a report
(BBa_I13263 or BBa_I13272) The only difference between the two signal receivers is a different YFP reporter protein.
A quick rundown of how it will work: we will stick some sort of promoter in front of the BBa_F1610 in order to produce constitutive expression of HSL. We can play around with which promoter we want to use in order to tweak the sensitivity of the system. This HSL will normally diffuse quickly. Meanwhile, there is constitutive expression of the protein produced after transcription and translation of luxR (called R from now on) is continually going on in the bacteria with the receiver. The HSL will bind to the R and these bound complexes will dimerize and activate transcription of the YFP reporter. However, normally the concentration of HSL is too low and the equilibrium highly favors unbound HSL and R. In areas of high cell concentration, the concentration of HSL will be great enough to shift the equilibrium toward the bound complex. This bound complex will then activate the transcription of the reporter gene. An interesting note is that the bound complex supposedly also represses the luxR gene according to the Biobricks parts list. However, I haven't found any confirmation of this. If it is true, then it means that along with the activation of transcription of the reporter gene the amount of luxR will decrease and transcription of the YFP reporter would probably decrease.
There are a few ways we could approach this:
1. Have both the signaller and receiver+reporter parts in the same plasmid
2. Have the signaller part in one plasmid and the receiver+reporter part in another plasmid, both in the same bacterium
3. Have two different bacteria: one with the signaller part and one with the receiver+reporter part
Perry asked Mike about the first two possibilities and confirmed that both should be doable. The last possibility was demonstrated in the Voigt paper.
I'm not completely sure what the advantages/disadvantages of each system is, but I think we should try all three possibilities.
Also, if we can get this to work, we could potentially build more complex systems that involve logical gates. One example paper (Media:Pulse.pdf) used two bacteria and five separate parts controlled by inducible/repressible promoters two create a pulse of fluorescence.
Signal Transduction
• Nick and I were talking over a paper on OmpR/PhoB and we thought of a possible method of making bacteria transduce a signal in response to binding our target. The OmpR/PhoB family of membrane proteins dimerize and activate in response to binding a ligand. Perhaps we can induce dimerization and activation of the proteins by holding them close together.
• We could do this by adding a library to the extramembrane portion of OmpR/PhoB and selecting for adhesion to a ligand. Then we could co-express two different genes for OmpR+library in a single E. coli. Hopefully the two different target-binding portions will bind separate portions of the target, and will bring the two monomers of OmpR close enough together to activate them.
• Nick refined this idea by suggesting that we use a protein with clearly defined C-terminal and N-terminal domains as a target. We could use a protease to snip the C-terminal and N-terminal domains apart, then separately select for libraries that bind to each. Once we have sequences that bind to the C-terminal and N-terminal domains separately, we can combine those two sequences in the same plasmid. This would ensure that the two OmpR genes target different portions of the bacteria, and hopefully that they'll be brought close enough to dimerize.
-Alex
• Papers of Interest
• [OmpR/PhoB Overview See Figure 1
• A common dimerization interface in bacterial response regulators KdpE and TorR (OmpR family members) PMID: 16322582 Protein Sci. 2005 Dec;14(12):3077-88.
Adhesion Targets
Brainstorming of Possible Adhesion Targets (feel free to add/reorganize/whatever--I just thought I'd get this started):
• Keratins -- was thinking of new lines of "hair conditioners" --> these tend to add body to the hair shaft by using bonding polymers; bacteria could be the new line of "bonding polyproteinecious entities" etc etc
textiles
• silk
• wool
• polyester
• nylon fibres
• Could clone E coli that secrete pleasant smells and similarly bind to these fibers -- a living deodorant!
eukaryotic cells
• Mosquito gut epithelial cells as targets
other mammalian
• Laminins
• fibronectin
Mammalian cell surface proteins
Protozoan membrane proteins
• By the way, I was thinking about expressing plasmodium falciparum proteins on the surface of E coli and maybe showing somehow that an immune rxn can be elicited in mice or something like that e.g. in humans, "High levels of plasma chitotriosidase are a marker of macrophage activation..."
• Speaking on targets, heregoes:
• MSP-1 --> well characterized
• CSP
• EBA-175, a 175 kDa 'erythrocyte binding antigen' from P. falciparum
• DBP, Duffy-binding protein from P. vivax and P. knowlesi
• SSP2, Plasmodium sporozoite surface protein-2. Also known as TRAP (thrombospondin-related adhesive protein).
• Proteins with homology to SSP2/TRAP from Toxoplasma (MIC2), Eimeria (Etp100), and Cryptosporidium
• CTRP, circumsporozoite- and TRAP-related protein of Plasmodium found in the ookinete stage
• (see http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/malaria/cmb.html#junction)
• MSP-1 polypeptide fragments
Viral Membrane Proteins
Cancer-Related Membrane Proteins
Assorted
• Presenilin
2 Component Systems
• We should start researching these as well as the tagets.
• Perhaps The TF's (myself included, of course) can help point out some papers with which to start.
- Nick
• How about arsenic sensor using an ars regulator, ars promoter and GFP gene -- we can have it just warn one if the arsenical concentration is greater than 5 ppb.
• Maybe look over the light sensitive bacteria paper again, they use a 2 component system there.
1. Levskaya A, Chevalier AA, Tabor JJ, Simpson ZB, Lavery LA, Levy M, Davidson EA, Scouras A, Ellington AD, Marcotte EM, and Voigt CA. . pmid:16306980. PubMed HubMed [sb1]
• Controlled spider-silk production in the presence of calcium ions or vitamin K
• Could have the bacteria attach to skin (keratin, using LppOmpA+appropriate peptide sequence) and then , since Ca2+ ions increase when one bleeds, could have the bacteria respond to this by spritzing out spider silk protein (antimicrobial). It will matter less that monocytes will attack these bacteria since we just want them to play a role early on during the wound-healing process (they may very well contribute to debris used to create a wound plug upon their death.
In case we still want to tackle the macrophage activity headon, then I suggest we immunoisolate the bacteria using alginate beads.
• A second application would be to select bacteria that have peptides with binding affinity to silks and then have them attach to individual silk yarns --> Thus, when the yarns are soaked in culture media, the bacterial secretions (silk) increase the thickness of the yarns --> conversely, when dried out, the bacteria are inactivated and subsequent washing reduces yarn thickness through shrinkage and wear. In effect, you'd have clothes that replenish themselves. Additionally, we could use the research by MIT's group last time on sweetsmelling E.coli to make yarns innately sweet-smelling.
Cascade Network Structure
• Some loose brainstorming on a possible reporter network that can be activated from the membrane protein as we discussed would be beneficial as well, if we plan to do something like that.
• May be good to start with something similar to what has been done previously and hook it up to GFP.
• Some TF direction would be warranted here as well.
- Nick
Previous Brainstorming Ideas
Btw, can we reorganize the brainstorming page to put the older brainstorming into folders or something and only have the stuff relevant to our project still on the front page? I have no idea how to do this...thanks. -Shaunak
Hope you like the formatting.
--Stephanie (5/12)
Brainstorming, 4/23 to 5/9
Misc Brainstorming, pre-5/9
Brainstorming from Second Meeting, 4/05
Brainstorming from First Meeting, 3/19
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"Anybody can win unless there happens to be a second entry."
Ade, George on winners and winning
"Champions aren't made in the gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them -- a desire, a dream, a vision."
Ali, Muhammad on winners and winning
11 fans of this quote
"Every time you win, you're reborn; when you lose, you die a little."
Allen, George E. on winners and winning
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"You've got to get to the stage in life where going for it is more important than winning or losing."
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"Ever notice that people never say It's only a game when they're winning?"
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"Guts are a combination of confidence, courage, conviction, strength of character, stick-to-itiveness, pugnaciousness, backbone, and intestinal fortitude. They are mandatory for anyone who wants to get to and stay at the top."
Benton, D A on winners and winning
"A winner is someone who recognizes his God-given talents, works his tail off to develop them into skills, and uses these skills to accomplish his goals."
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9 fans of this quote
"The world is full of people who never quite get into the first team and who just miss the prizes at the flower show."
Bronowski, Jacob on winners and winning
"I don't believe in this business of being behind, better to be in front."
Brooks, Mel on winners and winning
"There are winners, there are losers and there are people who have not yet learned how to win."
Brown, Les on winners and winning
"A winner never whines."
Brown, Paul on winners and winning
"It's not the will to win, but the will to prepare to win that makes the difference."
Bryant, Bear on winners and winning
16 fans of this quote
"It is better to be defeated on principle than to win on lies."
Calwell, Arthur on winners and winning
"The first man gets the oyster, the second man gets the shell."
Carnegie, Andrew on winners and winning
"Any time you try to win everything, you must be willing to lose everything."
Csonka, Larry on winners and winning
5 fans of this quote
"I can tell you one thing. I've done this my way. I don't have anybody to blame for this win but me, and I love it."
Daly, John on winners and winning
"Life is strange. Every so often a good man wins."
Dane, Frank on winners and winning
"If you're a champion, you have to have it in your heart."
Evert, Chris on winners and winning
3 fans of this quote
"They always win who side with God."
Faber, Frederick W. on winners and winning
5 fans of this quote
"When you're a winner you're always happy, but if you're happy as a loser you'll always be a loser."
Fidrych, Mark on winners and winning
"I'm a winner each and every time I go into the ring."
Foreman, George on winners and winning
"We will get everything out of her that you can squeeze out of a lemon and a bit more. I will squeeze her until you can hear the pips squeak."
Geddes, Sir Eric on winners and winning
"There are no winners, only survivors."
Gifford, Frank on winners and winning
3 fans of this quote
"Winners have simply formed the habit of doing things losers don't like to do."
Gray, Albert on winners and winning
3 fans of this quote
"There is nothing to winning, really. That is, if you happen to be blessed with a keen eye, an agile mind, and no scruples whatsoever."
Hitchcock, Alfred on winners and winning
"If you're going to dedicate every second to winning the decathlon, what are you doing wasting your time in bed?"
Jenner, Bruce on winners and winning
"Part of being a champ is acting like a champ. You have to learn how to win and not run away when you lose. Everyone has bad stretches and real successes. Either way, you have to be careful not to lose your confidence or get too confident."
Kerrigan, Nancy on winners and winning
3 fans of this quote
"Winning tastes good."
Killy, Jean Claude on winners and winning
"The most distinguishing feature of winners is their intensity of purpose."
Letterman, Alymer on winners and winning
"If you can accept losing you can't win. If you can walk you can run. No one is ever hurt. Hurt is in your mind."
Lombardi, Vince on winners and winning
"Winners never quit, and quitters never win."
Lombardi, Vince on winners and winning
5 fans of this quote
"Winning is a habit. Unfortunately, so is losing."
Lombardi, Vince on winners and winning
"Winning is not a sometime thing; It's an all the time thing. You don't win once in a while; you don't do things right once in a while; you do them right all the time."
Lombardi, Vince on winners and winning
3 fans of this quote
"All right Mister, let me tell you what winning means... you're willing to go longer, work harder, give more than anyone else."
Lombardi, Vince on winners and winning
3 fans of this quote
"There is no room for second place. There is only one place in my game and that is first place. I have finished second twice in my time at Green Bay and I never want to finish second again."
Lombardi, Vince on winners and winning
"If you don't quit, and don't cheat, and don't run home when trouble arrives, you can only win."
Long, Shelley on winners and winning
"The only yardstick for success our society has is being a champion. No one remembers anything else."
Madden, John on winners and winning
"Another club can be beating you for six innings but for some reason the good ball clubs get tough and win them in the last three."
Martin, Billy on winners and winning
"If you cannot win, make the one ahead of you break the record."
Mckeithen, Jan on winners and winning
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Having said all of that, I wonder if Ande's idea isn't the best (regardless of what format you choose to go with for the blog). If it was still public with no comments, but you cross-posted entries in a private forum, you could allow people to respond and discuss in a controlled/private environment, but still keep the blog itself public. I'm not sure how much extra work that would be for you, but if it was negligible I would say that's the best option for running your site the way you have and seem to love, but keeping the riffraff at bay., http://winnudec2anaked.mywapblog.com FAMKE JANSSEN NUDE, =-], http://alnnudetxq.posterous.com STACY KEIBLER SEX TAPE, %(((, http://www.flickr.com/people/79835953@N04/ SHAKIRA SEX SCENE, =PP, http://kl3nudeemonaked.mywapblog.com KENDRA WILKINSON HOT PICS, hsfu, http://cgonudej3unaked.mywapblog.com KEIRA KNIGHTLEY BOOBS, 8)), http://www.flickr.com/people/79606660@N03/ SCARLETT JOHANSSON ASS, 39157, http://zrbnude42u.posterous.com VANESSA MARCIL SEX, >:-(((, http://3mgnudep9m.posterous.com ELLEN POMPEO TITS, qvzcej, http://lhqnudee27naked.mywapblog.com NEVE CAMPBELL SEX, %-D, http://o15nude9rsnaked.mywapblog.com TAYLOR COLE NUDE PICS, =), http://www.flickr.com/people/79591780@N05/ KARINA SMIRNOFF NIPPLE SLIP, 16246, http://www.flickr.com/people/79888120@N03/ KATE JACKSON BUSH, =))), http://www.flickr.com/people/79857627@N04/ JULIANNA GUILL NAKED, hgls, http://mtilatequilanudeb.tumblr.com TILA TEQUILA ASS, xwws,
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5206.0 - Quarterly Estimates of National Income and Expenditure, Mar 1975
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/06/1975
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Publications
5206.0 - Quarterly Estimates of National Income and Expenditure, Australia
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1300.1.55.001 - Statistics News NSW, Dec 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/12/2007
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
SELECTED RELEASES
ABS publications are available to download free from the ABS Website.
To enquire about release dates, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
Selected releases October to December 2007
ABS Catalogue No.
1001.0Australian Bureau of Statistics – Annual Report
1368.1New South Wales Regional Statistics
3101.0Australian Demographic Statistics
3201.0Population by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories
4228.0Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey, Summary Results, Australia, (New South Wales Data Cube)*
4232.0Information Paper: Measuring Learning in Australia: Concepts and Directions in Early Childhood Learning*
4509.1Crime and Safety, New South Wales
4602.0Environmental Issues: People's Views and Practices
4613.0 Australia's Environment: Issues and Trends
4620.0Natural Resource Management on Australian Farms
6554.0Household Wealth and Wealth Distribution, Australia
8146.0.55.001Patterns of Internet Access in Australia*
Selected releases January to March 2008
ABS Catalogue No.
1301.0Year Book Australia
1380.0.55.004Perspectives on Regional Australia: Wealth Throughout Australia*
2030.1Sydney... A Social Atlas
2039.0Information Paper: Census of Population and Housing – Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, Australia
2069.0.30.006Census of Population and Housing: Working Population Profile Datapack
4105.0.55.001Information Paper: Data Gaps in Early Childhood: Identifying and Bringing Together Available Information*
4153.0How Australians Use Their Time
4234.0.55.001Information Paper: Measuring Learning in Australia: A Profile of Participation and Outcomes*
4618.0 Water Use on Australian Farms
4647.0.55.001Research Paper: An Alternative Industry View of Energy Supply in Australia*
4713.1.55.001Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, New South Wales
4719.0Overweight and Obesity in Adults, Australia
8167.0 Selected Characteristics of Australian Business*
8635.1.55.001Tourist Accommodation: Small Area Data, New South Wales
* This is a FIRST ISSUE
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Invariant Feeding Kinematics of Two Trophically Distinct Nonnative Florida Fishes, Belonesox belizanus and Cichlasoma urophthalmus across Environmental Temperature Regimes
Tyler J. Sloan, Ralph G. Turingan
Abstract
Nonnative fishes have the ability to adapt to environmental conditions in the invaded ecosystem and utilize resources that may have been absent in their native ecosystem. Belonesox belizanus and Cichlasoma urophthalmus are both nonnative fishes in Florida. Ecomorphological studies conclude that C. urophthalmus is a trophic generalist while B. belizanus is a trophic specialist. The current Florida distribution of these species indicates that C. urophthalmus spreads northerly into the colder regions of Florida at a faster rate than B. belizanus. Is it conceivable that this variation in rate of spread is due to differences in temperature response between these ecomorphologically distinct nonnative fishes? This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the prey-capture kinematics and behavior differ between C. urophthalmus and B. belizanus at a given temperature and across temperatures. Two-Way Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVAR) revealed that (1) at a given temperature, excursion and timing variables differed between species and (2) the kinematics of prey-capture did not vary across temperatures in both species. This interspecific comparison suggests that both species have the same temperature tolerance and that any difference in their rate of spread across Florida may be driven by factors other than species-specific physiological tolerance to temperature.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijb.v4n4p117
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Biology ISSN 1916-9671(Print) ISSN 1916-968X (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Embedded linux status
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:50, 3 December 2012 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Here is an outline for a presentation on the status of embedded Linux:
This is essentially Tim Bird's private collection of interesting notes about the status of embedded Linux. It tends to get updated right before a Linux conference.
NEWS: Tim Bird's Status of Embedded Linux (PDF) (February 2012) presentation from ELC 2012 is now available.
Contents
Process for adding information
Anyone can add information to this page. I used to maintain the information at the Technology Watch List, but the table format there is a bit constrictive. (It would be nice if MediaWiki had a table editor!!)
Since I have to form this stuff into a "State of Embedded Linux" presentation several times a year, keeping the information in wiki outline format is convenient for me. It's easier to put directly into a presentation.
Please place information in bullet form, with a link to a supporting article, in the appropriate sub-section below.
Page History
I'll let MediaWiki store historical versions of this page. If you want to see what the hot issues were from a last year or a few years ago, please see look at the page history. (Although, updates of this page have historically been a bit spotty).
Presentation History
Here's my presentation history:
Uncategorized info
This is where I put stuff I haven't had time to analyze or sort into the appropriate category:
February 2012
• lttng 2.0 was in mainline for about 2 weeks
• CTF exists, as well as babeltrace
• babeltrace (library for trace conversion) exists, but has no serious converters yet
• TMF (eclipse viewer) support for CTF coming real soon (if not already) (was predicted to be January 2012)
• TMF support for LTTng 2.0 planned for q2 2012
May 2011
Quote:
LinuxFR : What is your opinion about Android ? Are you mostly happy they made cellphones very usable or sad because it's really a kernel fork ?
Linus Torvalds : I think forks are good things, they don't make me sad. A lot of Linux development has come out of forks, and it's the only way to keep developers honest - the threat that somebody else can do a better job and satisfy the market better by being different. The whole point of open source to me is really the very real ability to fork (but also the ability for all sides to then merge the forked content back, if it turns out that the fork was doing the right things!)
So I think the android fork forced the mainline developers to seriously look at some of the issues that android had. I think we've solved them in mainline, and I hope (and do think) that android will eventually end up merging to mainline. But it will probably take time and further effort.
I think the more serious long-term issue we have in the kernel is the wild and crazy embedded platform code (and mostly ARM - not because ARM is in any way fundamentally crazier, but because ARM is clearly the most successful embedded platform by far). The embedded world has always tended to eschew standardized platforms: they've been resource constrained etc, so they've done very tailored chip and board solutions, and felt that they couldn't afford a lot of platform abstraction.
That causes a big maintenance headache, because then all those crazy platforms look slightly different to the kernel, and we have all that silly code just to support all those variations of what is really just the same thing deep down, just differently hooked up and with often arbitrary small differences.
But that's something that happens both within and outside of Android, it's in no way android-specific.
LinuxFR : What about the technical differences between Android and mainline ? Do you think the "wakelock" controversy is solvable ?
Linus Torvalds : I think it is technically largely solved (ie "details to be fixed, but nothing fundamentally scary"), but practically once you have an interface and existing code, it just is a fair amount of work to change. And there perhaps isn't quite enough motivation to make those changes very quickly. So it will take time, and probably several releases (both mainline and adroid) to actually happen.
LinuxFR : Can you explain why you're not happy with the ARM patches sent to you during merge windows ? Is there an obvious solution for this fragmentation problem ?
Linus Torvalds : Obvious solution? No. The problem is the wild variety of hardware, and then in many cases the Linux ARM platform code (not the ARM CPU support, but the support for certain chips with all the glue issues around the CPU core) has been mostly ugly "copy-and-paste" from some previous ARM platform support file, with some minimal editing to make it match the new one.
And it just results in this unmaintainable mess. It becomes painful when somebody then fixes some core infrastructure, and you end up with a hundred different ARM files all using that infrastructure. That happened with the IRQ chip driver cleanups Thomas did recently (well, has been doing over along time, the recent part is really just the final removal of some nasty old interfaces).
It results in other maintainability issues too - patches being big just means that people won't look at them as carefully etc etc. So it's just a bad situation. Many of the cases should be solvable by having better generic solutions and then plugging in just some per-platform numbers for those solutions.
April 2011
Other
• CONFIG_PM being eliminated - improved PM configuration
• ftrace using -mfentry (feb 9, 2011 lkml, steven rostedt)
April 2010
Previous to April 2010
• SystemTap 1.0 now includes support for cross-compilation.
• Patches for dynamic printks
• writing to /dev/kmsg to generate a printk (not new, but I just discovered it)
• LZO kernel compression is in 2.6.33
• Arjan van de Ven's timer-slack code - http://lwn.net/Articles/369361/
Kernel
Kernel Versions
Bootup Time
• U-boot bootgraph.pl support (see e-mail from Andrew Murray)
• Android has problems
• many people are addressing it with Snapshot boot
• readahead is getting lots of attention
• See Tim's presentation on Android boot time with readahead
• snapshot boot (see above)
• See ELC 2010? and ABS 2011 presentation on snapshot booting
• embedded bootchart
• busybox bootchart
• bootchart in Android init
• bootchart2 project
• C collector, python visualizer
• filesystem speedups
• CELF funding UBI logging
• CELF funding read-only block filesystems on flash (MTD)
• XIP
• Almost removed from kernel
• versions in kernel were broken, use of XIP on out-of-tree platforms doesn't help keep XIP in the tree
Bootloader
Memory Management
• anything new happening?
Power Management
• suspend blockers? (aka wakelocks)
• device PM
then and now
2003 - wanted:
• operating points
• frequency scaling
• tickless idle
• device pm
2011 - have:
• tickless idle
• device pm
• ???
System Size
• CELF reviving Linux-tiny project
• bloatwatch is still running, but who looks at it?
• Xi Wang's talk at ELC about optimizing memory usage throughout system (kernel, libs, application)
• OOM killer - dealing with memory pressure:
• [RESEARCH: OOM killer news]
• Android has its own thing
• cgroup memory notifications
then and now
2003 - wanted (shrink kernel to ???k) 2011 - current size = ?
• see bloatwatch
• growth is in user space
• compare with platform size growth over same period
Security
• virtualization for Android
• Samsung using vmware for Android (to separate personal and business use of phone)
• Android and attacks
• Android has different security
• has there been a root exploit from a java app?
then and now
2003 - wanted trusted root (TPM), guard against exploits 2011 - have??
File Systems
• YAFFS2
• Mainline effort by Charles Manning
• LogFS
• Joern disappeared again
• Squashfs
• Now supports LZMA2 in mainline
• CELF funding SquashFS on MTD work
• Arnd Bergmann's work on optimizing Linux FS for cheap flash media
• See ELC presentation and Linaro page
• Tim Bird's treadahead work
• See ABS presentation
Legal Issues (licensing and patents)
• mobile patent wars
• Google buys Motorola for patent portfolio
• Apple blocks Samsung tablet introduction in Europe
Graphics
• OpenGL ES
• whither fbdev?
• 2D - Android doesn't have a native 2D API (or it's changing?)
• [RESEARCH - did Android drop it's native 2D API? (skia?)]
• GoogleTV 1.0 (logitech and Sony) use Sodaville, which is an Atom with a SGX535 core
• Intel work on graphics in kernel:
• See Kieth Packard's video from September 2010: [Meego Graphics under the hood: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRYTCQqrFcA] OSCON 2010
• Working on grphics KMS and DRI in the kernel
• good for faster booting
• good for less flicker on transitions
• higher performance 3d graphics
• better memory management
• kernel can pull memory back from graphics processor on low-memory conditions
• [RESEARCH - status of memory allocation discussions at ELC?]
• per CRTC pixmaps
• allows for zero-copy rotations
• support for larger screens
• support for multiple screens
• wayland (non-X-windows)
• moving away from X on Meego
• support for multiple APIs
• EGL
• OpenGL 2.1 supported now, OpenGL 3.0 support coming soon
• geometry shaders, tesselation
• architecture:
user space: Open GL (compiler for shaders)
mesa
i915 driver
-------------------------------
graphics interface (is not opengl, but a device-specific abstraction)
-------------------------------
kernel space: DRI
i915 driver
kernel space driver is a small driver Combination of DRI and GPU-specific driver is called the Graphics Execution Manager (GEM)
• ABS Khronos standards talk? (no slides available)
Audio
Multimedia
• GStreamer - held first ever GStreamer conference in October (co-located with ELC Europe)
• Khronos is working on their stuff
Embedded-specific features
infrared remote control support
Middleware
• ???
Tools
Debuggers
build systems
• OpenEmbedded (Yocto is umbrella project)
• Lots of content at ELC this year
Tracing
• Common Trace format
• 2011 - lttng is shipped by most major distros (including yocto)
• 2011 - would be nice to get in Android?
Toolchains
• Linaro publishing toolchains - one directly for Android use
• [todo: should link to Linaro release]
eclipse stuff
• Yocto uses CDT remote launch, org.eclipse.cdt.launch.remote and TCF file/shells to transfer binaries and launch applications
• CDT = (C Development Toolkit)
• See: http://www.yoctoproject.org/projects/eclipse-ide-plug
• support communication with emulator or real device, via Yocto Eclipse TCF
• emulated devices use NFS rootfs so host and target access same filesystem
• debugging is via cross-gdb (gdbserver and gdb client on host)
emulators
Distributions
• Poky or Angstrom (OpenEmbedded/Yocto Project)
• Meego
• rumors from Taiwan about MeeGo death
• Android
• subdroid?
Distribution tools
Meego
• Meego - what's up now that Nokia bailed?
Android
• Android 3.0 (Honeycomb)
• Android 3.1 SDK released (May 2011)
• Announced that Ice Cream Sandwich (due Q4, 2011) will unify support for all Android platforms (mobile, tablet, TV)
• Tablets
• Some nice tablets based on 3.0 are coming out (will move to Android 3.1 over summer)
• phone activations? (350,000 per day, as of April 8, 2011)
• GoogleTV
• Every device will have 3.1 and adb, which means every device can be used for development
• will have market
• good talks at Google I/O about app and web development for TVs
Unbuntu TV
CPU support
Chip vendor news
• Texas Instruments leaves mobile and tablet market
• November 2012, announces layoffs of 1700, drops future OMAP lines
Miscellaneous
• unlockable bootloaders
• Announced by Motorola and Sony/Ericsson
• can unlock bootloader to install custom firmward
• wipes the phone to remove DRM-protected content
• Motorola says you can re-lock by going back to a vendor-supplied image
• version update support
• Announced at Google I/O
• multiple partners agree to provide version updates at regular intervals
Industry organizations or projects
• LiMo - anything happening?
• CELF => CEWG under Linux Foundation
• CELF projects
• Linux Foundation
• Lots of stuff going on in embedded:
• Yocto
• Meego
• CE Working Group
• Linaro - 1 year in
• see David Rusling's presentation from ELC
Trends
• movement to eclipse (both Yocto and Android support eclipse plugins for tools)
• movement to emulators
• application portability
• Android apps will be able to run just about anywhere
• Will an IOS emulator appear, or will apple strangle any attempts
• application stores
• multiple app stores will create competition (good)
• more open platforms
• Google TV
• lots of stuff that no one expects will appear
• development trends:
• new tools??
Resources
• lwn.net
• elinux.org
• stackoverflow.com
• kernelnewbies
• linuxfordevices.com
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