epanner/MNLP_M3_mcqa_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

question stringlengths 1 6.54k	choices listlengths 4 4	answer class label 4 classes
Sandra puts some pill bugs into an open box. She covers half the box with a piece of cardboard. She then places the box outside on a summer day, and all the pill bugs move under the cardboard. The pill bugs are most likely responding to which of the following?	[ "air pressure", "bright light", "wind", "fog" ]	1B
During science class, students combined 1 kg of iron filings with 1 kg of sand to create a mixture. Which of the following methods would be best for separating the iron filings from the sand?	[ "Stir the mixture into hot water to dissolve the sand.", "Strain the mixture through a paper filter to collect the sand.", "Drag a magnet through the mixture to attract the iron filings.", "Shake the mixture to cause the iron filings to settle to the bottom." ]	2C
Which is the thickest layer of Earth?	[ "crust", "inner core", "mantle", "outer core" ]	2C
Wind can cause erosion that changes the surface of the Earth. Wind erosion can have negative effects on the environment by removing soil and polluting the air during dust storms. Which of the following land forms are created by wind erosion?	[ "arches and faults", "sand dunes and arches", "meanders and moraines", "moraines and sand dunes" ]	1B
Deer eat different types of plants in an ecosystem. Which method would best show the percentages of the plant types in the deer diet?	[ "pie chart", "bar graph", "line graph", "scatterplot" ]	0A
How does a human body get energy?	[ "Sunlight on the skin produces energy.", "Water provides the majority of energy.", "Food and oxygen combine to deliver energy.", "Sleep provides energy stored at night for the next day." ]	2C
Some birds fly south before winter each year. This is an example of	[ "migration", "hibernation", "germination", "evaporation" ]	0A
Which system supports the body, protects internal organs, and makes blood cells?	[ "muscular system", "circulatory system", "nervous system", "skeletal system" ]	3D
The smallest particle of an element is	[ "an atom.", "a mixture.", "a molecule.", "a compound." ]	0A
A student is writing a report on volcanoes. What should the student include to best help explain how a volcano works?	[ "a photograph of an active volcano", "a map showing the location of a volcano", "a table of famous volcanoes and last known eruptions", "a diagram showing the structure of a volcano" ]	3D
Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of science. A baseball strikes the roof of a car and dents it. The paint on the roof begins to crack and chip, exposing the metal. The exposed metal on the roof rusts, eventually causing a small hole in the roof. Which event is a chemical change?	[ "The baseball strikes the roof.", "The roof of the car dents.", "The paint cracks and chips.", "The exposed metal rusts." ]	3D
Which energy resource is renewable?	[ "fuel oil", "natural gas", "wind", "coal" ]	2C
Which energy conversion process occurs whenever coal is burned?	[ "mechanical to electrical", "mechanical to thermal", "chemical to electrical", "chemical to thermal" ]	3D
Claudia's teacher places a photograph of an organism on the board. He asks Claudia to determine if the organism is a plant or an animal. The answer to which question will best help Claudia determine if the organism is a plant or an animal?	[ "Does the organism have cells?", "Does the organism reproduce?", "Does the organism live in the forest?", "Does the organism make its own food?" ]	3D
Based on analysis of deep ice cores from the Arctic, scientists theorize that early humans caused air pollution. These scientists can make sure their data is correct by	[ "analyzing only melted ice cores.", "analyzing more than one ice core.", "comparing their data to the expected results.", "comparing their data to modern pollution levels." ]	1B
When a volcano erupts, dust and ash are blown into the atmosphere. The eruption directly reduces the transfer of energy from	[ "the ground to bacteria.", "the Sun to plants.", "plants to animals.", "animals to air." ]	1B
Which change would most likely cause deer to die or leave a woodland?	[ "a forest fire", "a rainstorm", "a snow storm", "a sinkhole" ]	0A
A student observes a glowing band across the night sky. This glowing band is most likely	[ "orbiting planets in the solar system.", "a partial view of the Milky Way galaxy.", "an asteroid orbiting the Sun.", "light from stars in a distant galaxy." ]	1B
What is the smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element?	[ "an atom", "a compound", "an electron", "a molecule" ]	0A
The longitude of a location determines which time zone it is in. Different time zones are the result of	[ "Earth's rotation", "Earth's revolution", "the Moon's rotation", "the Moon's revolution" ]	0A
Which of these structures form when materials are deposited, buried, and cemented?	[ "intrusive structures", "metamorphic rocks", "volcanic mountains", "sedimentary rocks" ]	3D
Earth is made of different layers that have varying characteristics. Which is the thickest layer?	[ "the mantle", "the inner core", "the outer core", "the crust" ]	0A
Which are examples of inherited traits?	[ "specific beliefs", "fingerprints", "memories", "nose shape" ]	3D
An object has a weight of 10 kg on the surface of Earth. If the same object were transported to the surface of Mars, the object would have a weight of 3.8 kg. Which best explains why the weight of the object changed when transported from Earth to Mars?	[ "The density of the object is greater on Earth than it is on Mars.", "The volume of the object is greater on Earth than it is on Mars.", "Gravitational force is greater on Earth than it is on Mars.", "Atmospheric pressure is less on Earth than it is on Mars." ]	2C
Which characteristic can a puppy inherit from its parents?	[ "muddy paws", "spotted fur", "broken foot", "scar on face" ]	1B
According to Darwin's theory of evolution, the variations among finches that he observed in the Galapagos Islands resulted from	[ "transmission of acquired characteristics.", "use or disuse of their beaks.", "natural mutagens.", "natural selection." ]	3D
Jennifer has collected rocks while hiking. As she attempts to classify her rocks, which will she put in the pile of sedimentary rocks?	[ "Black-and-gray crystalline rocks", "Shiny rocks with smooth textures", "Rocks with visible pieces of shells in them", "Rocks with small interlocking crystals in them" ]	2C
Which form of energy is found in food?	[ "chemical", "electrical", "sound", "mechanical" ]	0A
The Sun is a medium-sized star and is expected to continue to perform nuclear fusion for five billion years. What is most likely to be the final stage of the Sun?	[ "supernova", "supergiant", "neutron star", "white dwarf" ]	3D
Which statement is the best description of the Milky Way galaxy?	[ "a collection of gases held together by inertia", "a group of planets revolving around a single star", "a collection of stars and gases with the Sun as its center", "a group of stars, dust, and planets held together by gravity" ]	3D
When specific hormones are present in the blood of a hen, an egg is released from an ovary. Which two systems are involved with the release of an egg?	[ "immune and digestive systems", "digestive and endocrine systems", "reproductive and immune systems", "endocrine and reproductive systems" ]	3D
Fossil records indicate that Earth was first inhabited by bacteria-like organisms. These organisms	[ "were single-celled.", "had organ systems.", "were multi-cellular.", "had small appendages." ]	0A
Onions can reproduce from bulbs. One parent bulb generates daughter bulbs with duplicate genetic information. Which is the most likely advantage of this kind of reproduction?	[ "Population size remains constant.", "Beneficial mutations are inevitable.", "Genetic variation is maximized.", "Large quantities of individuals can be produced rapidly." ]	3D
Which action involving a pulley system requires the least amount of force?	[ "using several pulleys together instead of a single pulley", "using a fixed pulley instead of a moveable pulley", "pulling a long rope instead of a short rope", "pulling a rope up instead of down" ]	0A
In which environment would a white rabbit be best protected from predators?	[ "a shady forest", "a snowy field", "a grassy lawn", "a muddy riverbank" ]	1B
Which form of energy is needed to change water from a liquid to a gas?	[ "heat", "mechanical", "chemical", "sound" ]	0A
Which of these is a function of a leaf?	[ "Carrying nutrients throughout the plant", "Converting solar energy into sugar", "Creating shade for the plant", "Absorbing water from the ground" ]	1B
Which of these is most likely to be spread when two people drink from the same water bottle?	[ "asthma", "malaria", "strep throat", "hay fever" ]	2C
The sum of all chemical reactions in the human body is known as	[ "feedback", "metabolism", "dynamic equilibrium", "biological adaptation" ]	1B
The water contained in a geyser system gains energy from the underground material surrounding it. The water molecules gain kinetic energy and this results in an increase in the pressure of the water. Eventually the geyser erupts and expels water into the air above ground. Which of the following types of energy is the source for the initial energy gain of the water?	[ "electrical", "magnetic", "mechanical", "thermal" ]	3D
In a laboratory activity, four different types of rock were placed in identical acid solutions for one week. Each sample was then measured to see if any of the rock mass was dissolved by the acid solution. Which is the dependent (responding) variable in this activity?	[ "the mass of each rock", "the type of rock tested", "the length of time of the test", "the amount of dissolved rock" ]	3D
Which cell structure carries out a function for a cell that is similar to the function that bark carries out for a tree?	[ "cell wall", "nucleus", "chloroplast", "mitochondrion" ]	0A
The number of squirrels in a certain ecosystem changes over time. These changes can be represented as a number of connected data points. Which method would a student most likely use to show this information?	[ "pie chart", "line graph", "pictogram", "data table" ]	1B
Pedro shook a can of soda. When the soda was opened, foam and soda burst from the can. Which statement best explains what happened?	[ "A new substance was formed.", "The gas pressure was released from the can.", "The sugar in the soda turned into a gas.", "The can absorbed heat from the air." ]	1B
Where is most of Earth's water located?	[ "glaciers", "lakes", "oceans", "rivers" ]	2C
Investigations were performed to test several methods of keeping petals from falling off flowers that had been cut. Which is the most likely reason for this investigation?	[ "to test a hypothesis", "to form a theory", "to produce a scientific paper", "to change previous results" ]	0A
Two seismographs are placed 500 km from an active fault line, one on each side of the active fault line. During an earthquake, what most likely accounts for the different readings on the seismographs?	[ "the pull of gravity on the waves", "the interaction of light with waves", "the differences in the strength of the waves' origins", "the different media through which the waves travel" ]	3D
Scientists dig in a dry area at the bottom of a mountain range. Fossilized shells of freshwater mussels are found in the area. Which is a likely conclusion that scientists will draw based on this evidence?	[ "Rivers once flowed through the area.", "Volcanoes were once active in the area.", "The ocean shoreline once reached this area.", "Floods were a common occurrence in this area." ]	0A
An apple appears red when struck by white light. This appearance is because the red light is reflected and the other colors are absorbed. What color will this apple appear to be when struck by blue light?	[ "black", "blue", "red", "white" ]	0A
In New York State, an observer will usually see the Sun rise in the	[ "north", "south", "east", "west" ]	2C
Burning coal and natural gas are ways to produce electricity. Both coal and natural gas are nonrenewable resources. Which is an example of producing electricity using a renewable source of energy?	[ "using food pieces to make compost", "gliding a boat through the water using sails", "putting an energy-saving lightbulb in a lamp", "heating a home with energy collected by solar panels" ]	3D
When liquid water freezes, it forms ice. What is the physical state of an ice cube?	[ "gas", "solid", "liquid", "plasma" ]	1B
A student uses a hand lens to observe which of these objects?	[ "a mountain", "the Moon", "an insect", "bacteria" ]	2C
Which type of rock would most likely contain a fossil?	[ "metamorphic rock", "sedimentary rock", "igneous rock", "molten rock" ]	1B
Some events on Earth happen instantly while others take thousands of years to occur. Which process takes the longest time to complete?	[ "rivers rising due to storms and floods", "evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant", "weathering of a rock to form small rocks and sand", "movement of small pieces of rock by flowing water" ]	2C
Where do many of the basic life functions take place in organisms?	[ "brain", "cells", "heart", "nerves" ]	1B
Which physical structure would best help a bear to survive a winter in New York State?	[ "big ears", "black nose", "thick fur", "brown eyes" ]	2C
What is made when sugar is dissolved in water?	[ "a colloid", "a solution", "a suspension", "an evaporation" ]	1B
Gasoline for cars is produced from fossil fuels. Using gasoline can most likely lead to which environmental problem?	[ "soil erosion", "water pollution", "wildlife extinction", "global warming" ]	3D
Which of the following is a cause of the ocean levels periodically rising and then falling?	[ "the slight tilt of the Moon", "the force of gravity from the Moon", "the convection within Earth's mantle", "the revolution of Earth around the Sun" ]	1B
A scientist is searching for areas where new solar systems might form. What feature is the scientist looking for?	[ "a star similar to our Sun", "a cloud of dust and gas", "an oxygen-rich atmosphere", "a gravitational acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2" ]	1B
About how often is a full moon observed from Earth's surface?	[ "each week", "once a month", "every two weeks", "once each leap year" ]	1B
When animals use energy, they produce	[ "nitrogen", "iron sulfide", "oxygen", "carbon dioxide" ]	3D
Which would provide evidence of seafloor spreading?	[ "higher levels of salinity in the ocean water", "stronger currents at the surface of the ocean", "cooled magma found on the edge of the plates", "greater reproduction levels for organisms at the bottom of the ocean" ]	2C
Mitosis occurs in living things when a cell divides to produce two cells. Compared to the original cell, how many chromosomes are in each of the resulting cells?	[ "half as many", "the same number", "twice as many", "an unpredictable number" ]	1B
Which organ directly works to protect the human body from disease?	[ "heart", "kidney", "pancreas", "skin" ]	3D
Steven went to a farm and picked a bright red tomato from a broken branch on the plant. The tomato had a rotten spot with a worm inside of it. Instead of eating the tomato, Steven decided to plant the seeds and grow new tomato plants. Which characteristic of the tomato plant is inherited and could change over several generations?	[ "color of the skin", "size of rotten spots", "length of worms inside", "number of broken branches" ]	0A
Many leaves appear green because the leaves	[ "resist green light.", "bend all colors except green.", "reflect green light.", "reflect all colors except green." ]	2C
Which of these is the best definition of heredity?	[ "the transfer of learning from one generation to the next", "the transfer of visible features from one generation to the next", "the passage of dominant genes from one generation to the next", "the passage of genetic information from one generation to the next" ]	3D
Which of the following describes how a microwave oven heats food?	[ "The oven's interior reflects heat onto the food.", "The oven's interior, like a lens, focuses heat onto the food.", "Water molecules in the food reflect energy from microwave radiation.", "Water molecules in the food absorb the energy of microwave radiation." ]	3D
Which three systems of the human body function together to move and control body parts?	[ "nervous, skeletal, and muscular", "muscular, endocrine, and excretory", "digestive, excretory, and reproductive", "circulatory, endocrine, and respiratory" ]	0A
Astronomers have found evidence for the existence of a super-massive black hole in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. What is thought to cause black holes to form?	[ "the death of a low-mass star", "the gravity of a large nebula", "the collapse of a high-mass star", "the combining of material from planets" ]	2C
A research team wanted to produce a smaller variety of German shepherd dogs. They mated the smallest dogs from different litters for several generations. This is an example of which concept?	[ "extinction", "mutation", "selective breeding", "natural selection" ]	2C
A class learns about weather. The students in the class measure the outside air temperature at the same time each day. Which way of measuring the temperature would provide the most accurate data?	[ "taking the measurement in the shade", "placing the thermometer on the ground", "taking a measurement using a different tool each day", "recording the measurements from three thermometers" ]	3D
Earth's magnetosphere is not uniformly shaped. It is compressed on the side facing the Sun and has a long tail extending away from the Sun. Which phenomenon is responsible for this shape?	[ "centripetal force of Earth's rotation", "gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun", "solar winds bringing high-energy particles toward Earth", "differences in the distance between Earth and the Sun during Earth's orbit" ]	2C
Which living organism makes its own food using sunlight?	[ "lizard", "tree", "deer", "hawk" ]	1B
Who was the first person to base a system of classification on organisms having similar structures?	[ "Aristotle", "Darwin", "Einstein", "Linnaeus" ]	3D
Which is a process that converts sunlight energy into a compound that stores chemical energy?	[ "phototropism", "photosynthesis", "respiration", "pollination" ]	1B
Which most likely contributed to the extinction of many species and endangered the survival of others?	[ "pollution", "habitat destruction", "an asteroid hitting Earth", "tectonic plate movement" ]	1B
Which is the most basic unit of living things?	[ "Cells", "Bones", "Tissues", "Organs" ]	0A
What are the two main jobs of the skeletal system?	[ "support and protect the body", "digest food and carry messages for the body", "get rid of wastes and defend the body from disease", "sense changes in the environment and carry food through the body" ]	0A
Which is an example of a chemical change?	[ "sand separated from water by filtering", "water evaporating from a puddle", "a rock being eroded by wind", "a nail rusting in water" ]	3D
Which of these is a renewable resource found in Nevada?	[ "zinc metal", "gravel deposits", "petroleum products", "geothermal energy" ]	3D
Which two body systems are involved in inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide?	[ "endocrine and skeletal", "excretory and nervous", "circulatory and respiratory", "digestive and reproductive" ]	2C
Materials such as carbon and nitrogen go through cycles. The cycling of nitrogen waste materials is mostly dependent upon the role of which factor?	[ "atmosphere", "bacteria", "sunlight", "trees" ]	1B
Which of these is unique to the process of scientific investigation?	[ "observing an event as it occurs", "discussing results with other experts", "publishing the results on a webpage", "collecting data in an experiment" ]	3D
Which did Thomas Edison invent?	[ "microscope", "compass", "light bulb", "steam engine" ]	2C
If soil is permeable	[ "water cannot flow through it.", "water easily flows through it.", "it contains many minerals.", "it contains few minerals." ]	1B
Sally is making candy on the stove. She places a thermometer in the candy. What is she measuring?	[ "length", "speed", "temperature", "weight" ]	2C
Anthony and Zach want to know how the temperature of the air affects the temperature of lake water. Which type of tool should they use to measure the temperatures?	[ "balance", "ruler", "scale", "thermometer" ]	3D
Which serve as evidence for a scientific theory?	[ "guesses", "opinions", "arguments", "observations" ]	3D
Which of the following identifies the primary function of a radio station tower in a communication system?	[ "decoder", "encoder", "receiver", "transmitter" ]	3D
Down feathers are used by many sleeping bag manufacturers because down feathers are	[ "fire resistant.", "comfortable padding.", "good insulators.", "water resistant." ]	2C
A farmer sprayed his orange trees with a pesticide to eliminate the insects damaging the trees. Some of the insects survived and produced offspring that were also resistant to the insecticide. Which process is illustrated by the pesticide resistance of the offspring?	[ "natural selection", "selective breeding", "aerobic respiration", "sexual reproduction" ]	0A
An elephant is a multicellular organism that weighs about 200 pounds at birth and can grow to weigh as much as 15,000 pounds. What increases as the elephant grows into an adult?	[ "the size of each body cell", "the number of cells in its body", "the amount of energy in its cells", "the collection of water in each cell" ]	1B
The human body is made up of organ systems that work together as one unit. Which systems work together to prepare and distribute food for cells?	[ "digestive and circulatory", "digestive and endocrine", "nervous and respiratory", "nervous and excretory" ]	0A
The human body is composed of different systems made of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. Each of these structures has a specific function that aids in the survival of the human species. Which organs are used in reproduction?	[ "brain, spinal cord, and eyes", "lungs, esophagus, and heart", "mouth, stomach, and gallbladder", "ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes" ]	3D
Which type of organism is at the lowest level of the food chain?	[ "autotroph", "heterotroph", "carnivore", "omnivore" ]	0A
Jake's cats eat food from a can. The cats come running into the kitchen when they hear the electric can opener. Now, each time Jake's mother opens a can of corn, the cats come running. This is an example of	[ "learned behavior", "correct behavior", "instinct", "migration" ]	0A
A team of surveyors takes measurements of ground altitude at horizontal intervals of 1 meter over a 400 square meter area. These measurements can best be used to produce which representation of the area?	[ "a topographical map", "a map of wind currents", "a plate tectonic diagram", "a chart of sedimentary layers" ]	0A

Sandra puts some pill bugs into an open box. She covers half the box with a piece of cardboard. She then places the box outside on a summer day, and all the pill bugs move under the cardboard. The pill bugs are most likely responding to which of the following?

[ "air pressure", "bright light", "wind", "fog" ]

1B

During science class, students combined 1 kg of iron filings with 1 kg of sand to create a mixture. Which of the following methods would be best for separating the iron filings from the sand?

[ "Stir the mixture into hot water to dissolve the sand.", "Strain the mixture through a paper filter to collect the sand.", "Drag a magnet through the mixture to attract the iron filings.", "Shake the mixture to cause the iron filings to settle to the bottom." ]

2C

Which is the thickest layer of Earth?

[ "crust", "inner core", "mantle", "outer core" ]

2C

Wind can cause erosion that changes the surface of the Earth. Wind erosion can have negative effects on the environment by removing soil and polluting the air during dust storms. Which of the following land forms are created by wind erosion?

[ "arches and faults", "sand dunes and arches", "meanders and moraines", "moraines and sand dunes" ]

1B

Deer eat different types of plants in an ecosystem. Which method would best show the percentages of the plant types in the deer diet?

[ "pie chart", "bar graph", "line graph", "scatterplot" ]

0A

How does a human body get energy?

[ "Sunlight on the skin produces energy.", "Water provides the majority of energy.", "Food and oxygen combine to deliver energy.", "Sleep provides energy stored at night for the next day." ]

2C

Some birds fly south before winter each year. This is an example of

[ "migration", "hibernation", "germination", "evaporation" ]

0A

Which system supports the body, protects internal organs, and makes blood cells?

[ "muscular system", "circulatory system", "nervous system", "skeletal system" ]

3D

The smallest particle of an element is

[ "an atom.", "a mixture.", "a molecule.", "a compound." ]

0A

A student is writing a report on volcanoes. What should the student include to best help explain how a volcano works?

[ "a photograph of an active volcano", "a map showing the location of a volcano", "a table of famous volcanoes and last known eruptions", "a diagram showing the structure of a volcano" ]

3D

Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of science. A baseball strikes the roof of a car and dents it. The paint on the roof begins to crack and chip, exposing the metal. The exposed metal on the roof rusts, eventually causing a small hole in the roof. Which event is a chemical change?

[ "The baseball strikes the roof.", "The roof of the car dents.", "The paint cracks and chips.", "The exposed metal rusts." ]

3D

Which energy resource is renewable?

[ "fuel oil", "natural gas", "wind", "coal" ]

2C

Which energy conversion process occurs whenever coal is burned?

[ "mechanical to electrical", "mechanical to thermal", "chemical to electrical", "chemical to thermal" ]

3D

Claudia's teacher places a photograph of an organism on the board. He asks Claudia to determine if the organism is a plant or an animal. The answer to which question will best help Claudia determine if the organism is a plant or an animal?

[ "Does the organism have cells?", "Does the organism reproduce?", "Does the organism live in the forest?", "Does the organism make its own food?" ]

3D

Based on analysis of deep ice cores from the Arctic, scientists theorize that early humans caused air pollution. These scientists can make sure their data is correct by

[ "analyzing only melted ice cores.", "analyzing more than one ice core.", "comparing their data to the expected results.", "comparing their data to modern pollution levels." ]

1B

When a volcano erupts, dust and ash are blown into the atmosphere. The eruption directly reduces the transfer of energy from

[ "the ground to bacteria.", "the Sun to plants.", "plants to animals.", "animals to air." ]

1B

Which change would most likely cause deer to die or leave a woodland?

[ "a forest fire", "a rainstorm", "a snow storm", "a sinkhole" ]

0A

A student observes a glowing band across the night sky. This glowing band is most likely

[ "orbiting planets in the solar system.", "a partial view of the Milky Way galaxy.", "an asteroid orbiting the Sun.", "light from stars in a distant galaxy." ]

1B

What is the smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element?

[ "an atom", "a compound", "an electron", "a molecule" ]

0A

The longitude of a location determines which time zone it is in. Different time zones are the result of

[ "Earth's rotation", "Earth's revolution", "the Moon's rotation", "the Moon's revolution" ]

0A

Which of these structures form when materials are deposited, buried, and cemented?

[ "intrusive structures", "metamorphic rocks", "volcanic mountains", "sedimentary rocks" ]

3D

Earth is made of different layers that have varying characteristics. Which is the thickest layer?

[ "the mantle", "the inner core", "the outer core", "the crust" ]

0A

Which are examples of inherited traits?

[ "specific beliefs", "fingerprints", "memories", "nose shape" ]

3D

An object has a weight of 10 kg on the surface of Earth. If the same object were transported to the surface of Mars, the object would have a weight of 3.8 kg. Which best explains why the weight of the object changed when transported from Earth to Mars?

[ "The density of the object is greater on Earth than it is on Mars.", "The volume of the object is greater on Earth than it is on Mars.", "Gravitational force is greater on Earth than it is on Mars.", "Atmospheric pressure is less on Earth than it is on Mars." ]

2C

Which characteristic can a puppy inherit from its parents?

[ "muddy paws", "spotted fur", "broken foot", "scar on face" ]

1B

According to Darwin's theory of evolution, the variations among finches that he observed in the Galapagos Islands resulted from

[ "transmission of acquired characteristics.", "use or disuse of their beaks.", "natural mutagens.", "natural selection." ]

3D

Jennifer has collected rocks while hiking. As she attempts to classify her rocks, which will she put in the pile of sedimentary rocks?

[ "Black-and-gray crystalline rocks", "Shiny rocks with smooth textures", "Rocks with visible pieces of shells in them", "Rocks with small interlocking crystals in them" ]

2C

Which form of energy is found in food?

[ "chemical", "electrical", "sound", "mechanical" ]

0A

The Sun is a medium-sized star and is expected to continue to perform nuclear fusion for five billion years. What is most likely to be the final stage of the Sun?

[ "supernova", "supergiant", "neutron star", "white dwarf" ]

3D

Which statement is the best description of the Milky Way galaxy?

[ "a collection of gases held together by inertia", "a group of planets revolving around a single star", "a collection of stars and gases with the Sun as its center", "a group of stars, dust, and planets held together by gravity" ]

3D

When specific hormones are present in the blood of a hen, an egg is released from an ovary. Which two systems are involved with the release of an egg?

[ "immune and digestive systems", "digestive and endocrine systems", "reproductive and immune systems", "endocrine and reproductive systems" ]

3D

Fossil records indicate that Earth was first inhabited by bacteria-like organisms. These organisms

[ "were single-celled.", "had organ systems.", "were multi-cellular.", "had small appendages." ]

0A

Onions can reproduce from bulbs. One parent bulb generates daughter bulbs with duplicate genetic information. Which is the most likely advantage of this kind of reproduction?

[ "Population size remains constant.", "Beneficial mutations are inevitable.", "Genetic variation is maximized.", "Large quantities of individuals can be produced rapidly." ]

3D

Which action involving a pulley system requires the least amount of force?

[ "using several pulleys together instead of a single pulley", "using a fixed pulley instead of a moveable pulley", "pulling a long rope instead of a short rope", "pulling a rope up instead of down" ]

0A

In which environment would a white rabbit be best protected from predators?

[ "a shady forest", "a snowy field", "a grassy lawn", "a muddy riverbank" ]

1B

Which form of energy is needed to change water from a liquid to a gas?

[ "heat", "mechanical", "chemical", "sound" ]

0A

Which of these is a function of a leaf?

[ "Carrying nutrients throughout the plant", "Converting solar energy into sugar", "Creating shade for the plant", "Absorbing water from the ground" ]

1B

Which of these is most likely to be spread when two people drink from the same water bottle?

[ "asthma", "malaria", "strep throat", "hay fever" ]

2C

The sum of all chemical reactions in the human body is known as

[ "feedback", "metabolism", "dynamic equilibrium", "biological adaptation" ]

1B

The water contained in a geyser system gains energy from the underground material surrounding it. The water molecules gain kinetic energy and this results in an increase in the pressure of the water. Eventually the geyser erupts and expels water into the air above ground. Which of the following types of energy is the source for the initial energy gain of the water?

[ "electrical", "magnetic", "mechanical", "thermal" ]

3D

In a laboratory activity, four different types of rock were placed in identical acid solutions for one week. Each sample was then measured to see if any of the rock mass was dissolved by the acid solution. Which is the dependent (responding) variable in this activity?

[ "the mass of each rock", "the type of rock tested", "the length of time of the test", "the amount of dissolved rock" ]

3D

Which cell structure carries out a function for a cell that is similar to the function that bark carries out for a tree?

[ "cell wall", "nucleus", "chloroplast", "mitochondrion" ]

0A

The number of squirrels in a certain ecosystem changes over time. These changes can be represented as a number of connected data points. Which method would a student most likely use to show this information?

[ "pie chart", "line graph", "pictogram", "data table" ]

1B

Pedro shook a can of soda. When the soda was opened, foam and soda burst from the can. Which statement best explains what happened?

[ "A new substance was formed.", "The gas pressure was released from the can.", "The sugar in the soda turned into a gas.", "The can absorbed heat from the air." ]

1B

Where is most of Earth's water located?

[ "glaciers", "lakes", "oceans", "rivers" ]

2C

Investigations were performed to test several methods of keeping petals from falling off flowers that had been cut. Which is the most likely reason for this investigation?

[ "to test a hypothesis", "to form a theory", "to produce a scientific paper", "to change previous results" ]

0A

Two seismographs are placed 500 km from an active fault line, one on each side of the active fault line. During an earthquake, what most likely accounts for the different readings on the seismographs?

[ "the pull of gravity on the waves", "the interaction of light with waves", "the differences in the strength of the waves' origins", "the different media through which the waves travel" ]

3D

Scientists dig in a dry area at the bottom of a mountain range. Fossilized shells of freshwater mussels are found in the area. Which is a likely conclusion that scientists will draw based on this evidence?

[ "Rivers once flowed through the area.", "Volcanoes were once active in the area.", "The ocean shoreline once reached this area.", "Floods were a common occurrence in this area." ]

0A

An apple appears red when struck by white light. This appearance is because the red light is reflected and the other colors are absorbed. What color will this apple appear to be when struck by blue light?

[ "black", "blue", "red", "white" ]

0A

In New York State, an observer will usually see the Sun rise in the

[ "north", "south", "east", "west" ]

2C

Burning coal and natural gas are ways to produce electricity. Both coal and natural gas are nonrenewable resources. Which is an example of producing electricity using a renewable source of energy?

[ "using food pieces to make compost", "gliding a boat through the water using sails", "putting an energy-saving lightbulb in a lamp", "heating a home with energy collected by solar panels" ]

3D

When liquid water freezes, it forms ice. What is the physical state of an ice cube?

[ "gas", "solid", "liquid", "plasma" ]

1B

A student uses a hand lens to observe which of these objects?

[ "a mountain", "the Moon", "an insect", "bacteria" ]

2C

Which type of rock would most likely contain a fossil?

[ "metamorphic rock", "sedimentary rock", "igneous rock", "molten rock" ]

1B

Some events on Earth happen instantly while others take thousands of years to occur. Which process takes the longest time to complete?

[ "rivers rising due to storms and floods", "evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant", "weathering of a rock to form small rocks and sand", "movement of small pieces of rock by flowing water" ]

2C

Where do many of the basic life functions take place in organisms?

[ "brain", "cells", "heart", "nerves" ]

1B

Which physical structure would best help a bear to survive a winter in New York State?

[ "big ears", "black nose", "thick fur", "brown eyes" ]

2C

What is made when sugar is dissolved in water?

[ "a colloid", "a solution", "a suspension", "an evaporation" ]

1B

Gasoline for cars is produced from fossil fuels. Using gasoline can most likely lead to which environmental problem?

[ "soil erosion", "water pollution", "wildlife extinction", "global warming" ]

3D

Which of the following is a cause of the ocean levels periodically rising and then falling?

[ "the slight tilt of the Moon", "the force of gravity from the Moon", "the convection within Earth's mantle", "the revolution of Earth around the Sun" ]

1B

A scientist is searching for areas where new solar systems might form. What feature is the scientist looking for?

[ "a star similar to our Sun", "a cloud of dust and gas", "an oxygen-rich atmosphere", "a gravitational acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2" ]

1B

About how often is a full moon observed from Earth's surface?

[ "each week", "once a month", "every two weeks", "once each leap year" ]

1B

When animals use energy, they produce

[ "nitrogen", "iron sulfide", "oxygen", "carbon dioxide" ]

3D

Which would provide evidence of seafloor spreading?

[ "higher levels of salinity in the ocean water", "stronger currents at the surface of the ocean", "cooled magma found on the edge of the plates", "greater reproduction levels for organisms at the bottom of the ocean" ]

2C

Mitosis occurs in living things when a cell divides to produce two cells. Compared to the original cell, how many chromosomes are in each of the resulting cells?

[ "half as many", "the same number", "twice as many", "an unpredictable number" ]

1B

Which organ directly works to protect the human body from disease?

[ "heart", "kidney", "pancreas", "skin" ]

3D

Steven went to a farm and picked a bright red tomato from a broken branch on the plant. The tomato had a rotten spot with a worm inside of it. Instead of eating the tomato, Steven decided to plant the seeds and grow new tomato plants. Which characteristic of the tomato plant is inherited and could change over several generations?

[ "color of the skin", "size of rotten spots", "length of worms inside", "number of broken branches" ]

0A

Many leaves appear green because the leaves

[ "resist green light.", "bend all colors except green.", "reflect green light.", "reflect all colors except green." ]

2C

Which of these is the best definition of heredity?

[ "the transfer of learning from one generation to the next", "the transfer of visible features from one generation to the next", "the passage of dominant genes from one generation to the next", "the passage of genetic information from one generation to the next" ]

3D

Which of the following describes how a microwave oven heats food?

[ "The oven's interior reflects heat onto the food.", "The oven's interior, like a lens, focuses heat onto the food.", "Water molecules in the food reflect energy from microwave radiation.", "Water molecules in the food absorb the energy of microwave radiation." ]

3D

Which three systems of the human body function together to move and control body parts?

[ "nervous, skeletal, and muscular", "muscular, endocrine, and excretory", "digestive, excretory, and reproductive", "circulatory, endocrine, and respiratory" ]

0A

Astronomers have found evidence for the existence of a super-massive black hole in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. What is thought to cause black holes to form?

[ "the death of a low-mass star", "the gravity of a large nebula", "the collapse of a high-mass star", "the combining of material from planets" ]

2C

A research team wanted to produce a smaller variety of German shepherd dogs. They mated the smallest dogs from different litters for several generations. This is an example of which concept?

[ "extinction", "mutation", "selective breeding", "natural selection" ]

2C

A class learns about weather. The students in the class measure the outside air temperature at the same time each day. Which way of measuring the temperature would provide the most accurate data?

[ "taking the measurement in the shade", "placing the thermometer on the ground", "taking a measurement using a different tool each day", "recording the measurements from three thermometers" ]

3D

Earth's magnetosphere is not uniformly shaped. It is compressed on the side facing the Sun and has a long tail extending away from the Sun. Which phenomenon is responsible for this shape?

[ "centripetal force of Earth's rotation", "gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun", "solar winds bringing high-energy particles toward Earth", "differences in the distance between Earth and the Sun during Earth's orbit" ]

2C

Which living organism makes its own food using sunlight?

[ "lizard", "tree", "deer", "hawk" ]

1B

Who was the first person to base a system of classification on organisms having similar structures?

[ "Aristotle", "Darwin", "Einstein", "Linnaeus" ]

3D

Which is a process that converts sunlight energy into a compound that stores chemical energy?

[ "phototropism", "photosynthesis", "respiration", "pollination" ]

1B

Which most likely contributed to the extinction of many species and endangered the survival of others?

[ "pollution", "habitat destruction", "an asteroid hitting Earth", "tectonic plate movement" ]

1B

Which is the most basic unit of living things?

[ "Cells", "Bones", "Tissues", "Organs" ]

0A

What are the two main jobs of the skeletal system?

[ "support and protect the body", "digest food and carry messages for the body", "get rid of wastes and defend the body from disease", "sense changes in the environment and carry food through the body" ]

0A

Which is an example of a chemical change?

[ "sand separated from water by filtering", "water evaporating from a puddle", "a rock being eroded by wind", "a nail rusting in water" ]

3D

Which of these is a renewable resource found in Nevada?

[ "zinc metal", "gravel deposits", "petroleum products", "geothermal energy" ]

3D

Which two body systems are involved in inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide?

[ "endocrine and skeletal", "excretory and nervous", "circulatory and respiratory", "digestive and reproductive" ]

2C

Materials such as carbon and nitrogen go through cycles. The cycling of nitrogen waste materials is mostly dependent upon the role of which factor?

[ "atmosphere", "bacteria", "sunlight", "trees" ]

1B

Which of these is unique to the process of scientific investigation?

[ "observing an event as it occurs", "discussing results with other experts", "publishing the results on a webpage", "collecting data in an experiment" ]

3D

Which did Thomas Edison invent?

[ "microscope", "compass", "light bulb", "steam engine" ]

2C

If soil is permeable

[ "water cannot flow through it.", "water easily flows through it.", "it contains many minerals.", "it contains few minerals." ]

1B

Sally is making candy on the stove. She places a thermometer in the candy. What is she measuring?

[ "length", "speed", "temperature", "weight" ]

2C

Anthony and Zach want to know how the temperature of the air affects the temperature of lake water. Which type of tool should they use to measure the temperatures?

[ "balance", "ruler", "scale", "thermometer" ]

3D

Which serve as evidence for a scientific theory?

[ "guesses", "opinions", "arguments", "observations" ]

3D

Which of the following identifies the primary function of a radio station tower in a communication system?

[ "decoder", "encoder", "receiver", "transmitter" ]

3D

Down feathers are used by many sleeping bag manufacturers because down feathers are

[ "fire resistant.", "comfortable padding.", "good insulators.", "water resistant." ]

2C

A farmer sprayed his orange trees with a pesticide to eliminate the insects damaging the trees. Some of the insects survived and produced offspring that were also resistant to the insecticide. Which process is illustrated by the pesticide resistance of the offspring?

[ "natural selection", "selective breeding", "aerobic respiration", "sexual reproduction" ]

0A

An elephant is a multicellular organism that weighs about 200 pounds at birth and can grow to weigh as much as 15,000 pounds. What increases as the elephant grows into an adult?

[ "the size of each body cell", "the number of cells in its body", "the amount of energy in its cells", "the collection of water in each cell" ]

1B

The human body is made up of organ systems that work together as one unit. Which systems work together to prepare and distribute food for cells?

[ "digestive and circulatory", "digestive and endocrine", "nervous and respiratory", "nervous and excretory" ]

0A

The human body is composed of different systems made of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. Each of these structures has a specific function that aids in the survival of the human species. Which organs are used in reproduction?

[ "brain, spinal cord, and eyes", "lungs, esophagus, and heart", "mouth, stomach, and gallbladder", "ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes" ]

3D

Which type of organism is at the lowest level of the food chain?

[ "autotroph", "heterotroph", "carnivore", "omnivore" ]

0A

Jake's cats eat food from a can. The cats come running into the kitchen when they hear the electric can opener. Now, each time Jake's mother opens a can of corn, the cats come running. This is an example of

[ "learned behavior", "correct behavior", "instinct", "migration" ]

0A

A team of surveyors takes measurements of ground altitude at horizontal intervals of 1 meter over a 400 square meter area. These measurements can best be used to produce which representation of the area?

[ "a topographical map", "a map of wind currents", "a plate tectonic diagram", "a chart of sedimentary layers" ]

0A