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French attack was carried out in a piecemeal fashion by the vanguard when it was realised that the Spanish were not in position. Although this attack was repelled it showed the weakness of the Spanish positions, especially the gap between Castaños and La Peña's force at Cascante.
The battle would ultimately be decided by La Peña and Grimarest. By noon on 23 November 1808 they had received orders to move: La Peña to close the gap at Tudela and Grimarest to Cascante. Both men failed to carry out these orders other than La Peña moving two battalions and a detachment of provincial Grenadiers to Urzante. La Peña's lack of initiative allowed the two French cavalry brigades of Colbert and General
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of Brigade Alexandre, vicomte Digeon to pin him in place.
The second French attack was made with much greater force. On the French left General of Division Antoine Morlot’s division attacked Roca's division on the heights above Tudela. On the French right General of Division Maurice Mathieu’s division made a frontal assault on the smaller O’Neylle division while also making outflanking moves. The attacks on both left and right were successful with both Spanish divisions being pushed off the ridges they occupied.
Then the French cavalry under General of Division Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes charged the gap between Roca and Saint-Marcq causing the collapse of the Spanish right.
La Peña and
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Grimarest finally united at Cascante late in the day giving them a total of 21,000 men against Lagrange's division which was 6,000 strong plus Colbert and Digeon. After the defeat of the rest of the Spanish army however La Peña and Grimarest withdrew after dark. Their poor performance was also reflected in the casualties of only 200 on the Spanish left compared to 3,000 on the right plus 1,000 prisoners.
## Aftermath.
The Spanish armies of the left and right escaped from Tudela in two directions. The Aragonese forces on the right made for Zaragoza where they would assist in the Second Siege of Zaragoza starting on 20 December 1808. The virtually intact Spanish left moved towards Madrid to
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defend that city.
Napoleon however moved more quickly, and after defeating a small Spanish army at the Battle of Somosierra on 30 November 1808, arrived in Madrid on 1 December 1808.
Napoleon's strategy ultimately ended in total success with Madrid in his hands. He was then able to prepare for the reconquest of Portugal.
# Other Reading.
- "History of the Peninsular War vol.1: 1807-1809 - From the Treaty of Fontainebleau to the Battle of Corunna", Sir Charles Oman, 704 pages, paperback, Greenhill Books, New Edition 2004, English,
The first volume of Oman's classic seven volume history of the Peninsular War, this is one of the classic works of military history and provides an invaluable
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detailed narrative of the fighting in Spain and Portugal. This first volume covers the initial French intervention, the start of the Spanish uprising, the early British involvement in Spain and Portugal and Napoleon's own brief visit to Spain.
- "The Spanish Ulcer, A History of the Peninsular War", David Gates, Pimlico Nw Edition 2002, 592 pages, Hardcover, English,
An excellent single volume history of the Peninsular War, which, when it was published, was the first really good English language history of the entire war since Oman. This is a well balanced work with detailed coverage of those campaigns conducted entirely by Spanish armies, as well as the better known British intervention in
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f the fighting in Spain and Portugal. This first volume covers the initial French intervention, the start of the Spanish uprising, the early British involvement in Spain and Portugal and Napoleon's own brief visit to Spain.
- "The Spanish Ulcer, A History of the Peninsular War", David Gates, Pimlico Nw Edition 2002, 592 pages, Hardcover, English,
An excellent single volume history of the Peninsular War, which, when it was published, was the first really good English language history of the entire war since Oman. This is a well balanced work with detailed coverage of those campaigns conducted entirely by Spanish armies, as well as the better known British intervention in Portugal and Spain.
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Theodore Roethke
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Theodore Roethke
Theodore Huebner Roethke ( ; May 25, 1908 – August 1, 1963) was an American poet. Roethke is regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential poets of his generation.
Roethke's work is characterized by its introspection, rhythm and natural imagery. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1954 for his book "The Waking", and he won the annual National Book Award for Poetry twice, in 1959 for "Words for the Wind" and posthumously in 1965 for "The Far Field".
In the November 1968 edition of "The Atlantic Monthly", former U.S. Poet Laureate and author James Dickey wrote Roethke was "in my opinion the greatest poet this country has yet produced."
Roethke was also
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a highly regarded poetry teacher. He taught at University of Washington for fifteen years. His students from that period won two Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry and two others were nominated for the award. "He was probably the best poetry-writing teacher ever," said poet Richard Hugo, who studied under Roethke.
# Biography.
Roethke was born in Saginaw, Michigan and grew up on the west side of the Saginaw River. His father, Otto, was a German immigrant, a market-gardener who owned a large local 25-acre greenhouse, along with his brother (Theodore's uncle). Much of Theodore's childhood was spent in this greenhouse, as reflected by the use of natural images in his poetry. In early 1923 when Roethke
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was 15 years old, his uncle committed suicide and his father died of cancer. Roethke noted that these events affected him deeply and influenced his work.
Roethke attended the University of Michigan, earning a B.A. "magna cum laude" and Phi Beta Kappa. He continued on at Michigan to receive a M.A. in English. He briefly attended the University of Michigan School of Law before entering graduate school at Harvard University, where he studied under the poet Robert Hillyer. Abandoning graduate study because of the Great Depression, he taught English at several universities, including Michigan State University, Lafayette College, Pennsylvania State University, and Bennington College.
In 1940, he
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was expelled from his position at Lafayette and he returned to Michigan. Prior to his return, he had an affair with established poet and critic Louise Bogan, one of his strongest early supporters. While teaching at Michigan State University in East Lansing, he began to suffer from manic depression, which fueled his poetic impetus. His last teaching position was at the University of Washington, leading to an association with the poets of the American Northwest.
Some of his best known students included James Wright, Carolyn Kizer, Tess Gallagher, Jack Gilbert, Richard Hugo, and David Wagoner. The highly introspective nature of Roethke's work greatly influenced the poet Sylvia Plath. So influential
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was Roethke's poetry on Plath's mature poetry that when she submitted "Poem for a Birthday" to "Poetry" magazine, it was turned down because it displayed "too imposing a debt to Roethke."
In 1952, Roethke received a Ford Foundation grant to "expand on his knowledge of philosophy and theology", and spent most of his time from June 1952 to September 1953 reading primarily existential works. Among the philosophers and theologians he read were Sören Kierkegaard, Evelyn Underhill, Meister Eckhart, Paul Tillich, Jacob Boehme, and Martin Buber.
In 1953, Roethke married Beatrice O'Connell, a former student. Like many other American poets of his generation, Roethke was a heavy drinker and susceptible
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to bouts of mental illness. He did not initially inform O'Connell of his repeated episodes of mania and depression, yet she remained dedicated to him and his work. She ensured the posthumous publication of his final volume of poetry, "The Far Field", as well as a book of his collected children's verse, "Dirty Dinky and Other Creatures," in 1973. From 1955 to 1956 he spent one year in Italy on a scholarship of the U.S.-Italy Fulbright Commission.
In 1961, "The Return" was featured on George Abbe's album "Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry" on Folkways Records. The following year, Roethke released his own album on the label entitled, "Words for the Wind: Poems of Theodore Roethke".
He
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suffered a heart attack in his friend S. Rasnics' swimming pool in 1963 and died on Bainbridge Island, Washington, aged 55. The pool was later filled in and is now a zen rock garden, which can be viewed by the public at the Bloedel Reserve, a 150-acre (60 hectare) former private estate. There is no sign to indicate that the rock garden was the site of Roethke's death.
There is a sign that commemorates his boyhood home and burial in Saginaw, Michigan. The historical marker notes in part:
Theodore Roethke (1908–1963) wrote of his poetry: The greenhouse "is my symbol for the whole of life, a womb, a heaven-on-earth." Roethke drew inspiration from his childhood experiences of working in his family's
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Saginaw floral company. Beginning in 1941 with "Open House", the distinguished poet and teacher published extensively, receiving a Pulitzer Prize for poetry and two National Book Awards among an array of honors. In 1959 Pennsylvania University awarded him the Bollingen Prize. Roethke taught at Michigan State College, (present-day Michigan State University) and at colleges in Pennsylvania and Vermont, before joining the faculty of the University of Washington at Seattle in 1947. Roethke died in Washington in 1963. His remains are interred in Saginaw's Oakwood Cemetery.
The Friends of Theodore Roethke Foundation maintains his birthplace at 1805 Gratiot in Saginaw as a museum.
Roethke Auditorium
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(Kane Hall 130) at the University of Washington is named in his honor.
In 1995, the Seattle alley between Seventh and Eighth Avenues N.E. running from N.E. 45th Street to N.E. 47th Street was named Roethke Mews in his honor. It adjoins the Blue Moon Tavern, one of Roethke's haunts.
In 2016, the Theodore Roethke Home museum announce their "quest to find as many as possible of the 1,000 hand-numbered copies of [...] Roethke's debut collection, "Open House," to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the work's publication."
# Critical responses.
Two-time US Poet Laureate Stanley Kunitz said of Roethke, "The poet of my generation who meant most to me, in his person and in his art, was Theodore Roethke."
In
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a Spring 1976 interview in the "Paris Review" (No. 65), James Dickey defended his choice of Roethke as the greatest of all American poets. Dickey states: "I don't see anyone else that has the kind of deep, gut vitality that Roethke's got. Whitman was a great poet, but he's no competition for Roethke."
In his book "The Western Canon; The Books and School of the Age," (1994) Yale literary critic Harold Bloom cites two Roethke books, "Collected Poems" and "Straw for The Fire," on his list of essential writers and books. Bloom also groups Roethke with Elizabeth Bishop and Robert Penn Warren as the most accomplished among the "middle generation" of American poets.
In her 2006 book, "Break, Blow,
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Burn: Forty-three of the World's Best Poems," critic Camille Paglia includes three Roethke poems, more than any other 20th-century writer cited in the book.
The Poetry Foundation entry on Roethke notes early reviews of his work and Roethke's response to that early criticism: W. H. Auden called [Roethke's first book] "Open House" "completely successful." In another review of the book, Elizabeth Drew felt "his poems have a controlled grace of movement and his images the utmost precision; while in the expression of a kind of gnomic wisdom which is peculiar to him as he attains an austerity of contemplation and a pared, spare strictness of language very unusual in poets of today." Roethke kept
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both Auden's and Drew's reviews, along with other favorable reactions to his work. As he remained sensitive to how peers and others he respected should view his poetry, so too did he remain sensitive to his introspective drives as the source of his creativity. Understandably, critics picked up on the self as the predominant preoccupation in Roethke's poems.
Roethke's breakthrough book, "The Lost Son and Other Poems", also won him considerable praise. For instance, Michael Harrington felt Roethke "found his own voice and central themes in The Lost Son" and Stanley Kunitz saw a "confirmation that he was in full possession of his art and of his vision." In "Against Oblivion", an examination of
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forty-five twentieth century poets, the critic Ian Hamilton also praised this book, writing, "In Roethke's second book, "The Lost Son", there are several of these greenhouse poems and they are among the best things he wrote; convincing and exact, and rich in loamy detail." Michael O'Sullivan points to the phrase "uncertain congress of stinks", from the greenhouse poem "Root Cellar", as Roethke's insistence on the ambiguous processes of the animal and vegetable world, processes that cannot be reduced to growth and decay alone.
In addition to the well-known greenhouse poems, the Poetry Foundation notes that Roethke also won praise "for his love poems which first appeared in "The Waking" and earned
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their own section in the new book and 'were a distinct departure from the painful excavations of the monologues and in some respects a return to the strict stanzaic forms of the earliest work,' [according to the poet] Stanley Kunitz. [The critic] Ralph Mills described 'the amatory verse' as a blend of 'consideration of self with qualities of eroticism and sensuality; but more important, the poems introduce and maintain a fascination with something beyond the self, that is, with the figure of the other, or the beloved woman.'"
In reviewing his posthumously published "Collected Poems" in 1966, Karl Malkoff of "The Sewanee Review" wrote: Though not definitive, "Roethke: Collected Poems" is a major
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book of poetry. It reveals the full extent of Roethke's achievement: his ability to perceive reality in terms of the tensions between inner and outer worlds, and to find a meaningful system of metaphor with which to communicate this perception... It also points up his weaknesses: the derivative quality of his less successful verse, the limited areas of concern in even his best poems. The balance, it seems to me, is in Roethke's favor... He is one of our finest poets, a human poet in a world that threatens to turn man into an object.
In 1967 Roethke's "Collected Poems" topped the lists of two of the three Pulitzer Prize poetry voters; Phyllis McGinley and Louis Simpson. However the group's chairman,
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Richard Eberhart, lobbied against Roethke on the grounds that the award should go to a living poet. It would have been Roethke's second Pulitzer Prize.
# Bibliography.
- "Open House" (1941)
- "The Lost Son and Other Poems" (1948)
- "Praise to the End!" (1951)
- "The Waking" (1953)
- "Words For The Wind" (1958)
- "I Am! Says The Lamb" (1961)
- "Party at the Zoo" (1963) (A Modern Masters Book for Children, illustrated by Al Swiller)
- "The Far Field" (1964)
- "Dirty Dinky and Other Creatures: Poems for Children" (1973)
- "On Poetry and Craft: Selected Prose and Craft of Theodore Roethke" (Copper Canyon Press, 2001)
- "Straw for the Fire: From the Notebooks of Theodore Roethke, 1943-63"
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(1972; Copper Canyon Press, 2006) (selected and arranged by David Wagoner)
# Film and theatre.
Film
- "In a Dark Time: A Film About Theodore Roethke" (1964). Directed by Dan Myers for McGraw-Hill Films. 25:38 min.
- "I Remember Theodore Roethke" (2005). Produced and edited by Jean Walkinshaw. SCCtv (Seattle Community Colleges Television). 30 min.
Theatre
- "First Class": A Play About Theodore Roethke (2007). Written by David Wagoner.
# References.
- Southworth, James G., "The Poetry of Theodore Roethke", "College English" (Vol. 21, No. 6) March 1960, pp. 326–330, 335-338.
# External links.
- Friends of Roethke page
- Brief biography at Washington State History
- "Theodore Roethke
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21, No. 6) March 1960, pp. 326–330, 335-338.
# External links.
- Friends of Roethke page
- Brief biography at Washington State History
- "Theodore Roethke Remembered"
- "Theodore Roethke Michigan's Poet" by Linda Robinson Walker at "Michigan Today" (Summer 2001)
- Roethke at the Modern American Poetry Site
- "Salvaged Poems of Theodore Roethke: recollected by an old friend" ArtsEditor.com
- Brief profile at PBS
- Roethke Memorial Poetry Readings at University of Washington
- "Roethke's Revisions And The Tone Of 'My Papa's Waltz'"
- Stanley Kunitz on his friend Theodore Roethke
- Theodore Roethke Family Photograph Collection, University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections
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Battle of Vitoria
At the Battle of Vitoria (21 June 1813) a British, Portuguese and Spanish army under General the Marquess of Wellington broke the French army under King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan near Vitoria in Spain, eventually leading to victory in the Peninsular War.
# Background.
In July 1812, after the Battle of Salamanca, the French had evacuated Madrid, which Wellington's army entered on 12 August 1812. Deploying three divisions to guard its southern approaches, Wellington marched north with the rest of his army to lay siege to the fortress of Burgos, away, but he had miscalculated the enemy's strength, and on 21 October he had to abandon the Siege of Burgos
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and retreat. By 31 October he had abandoned Madrid too, and retreated first to Salamanca then to Ciudad Rodrigo, near the Portuguese frontier, to avoid encirclement by French armies from the north-east and south-east.
Wellington spent the winter reorganizing and reinforcing his forces. By contrast, Napoleon retreated numerous soldiers to reconstruct his main army after his disastrous invasion of Russia. By 20 May 1813 Wellington marched 121,000 troops (53,749 British, 39,608 Spanish and 27,569 Portuguese) from northern Portugal across the mountains of northern Spain and the Esla River to outflank Marshal Jourdan's army of 68,000, strung out between the Douro and the Tagus. The French retreated
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to Burgos, with Wellington's forces marching hard to cut them off from the road to France. Wellington himself commanded the small central force in a strategic feint, while Sir Thomas Graham conducted the bulk of the army around the French right flank over landscape considered impassable.
Wellington launched his attack with 57,000 British, 16,000 Portuguese and 8,000 Spanish at Vitoria on 21 June, from four directions.
## Terrain.
The battlefield centres on the Zadorra River, which runs from east to west. As the Zadorra runs west, it loops into a hairpin bend, finally swinging generally to the southwest. On the south of the battlefield are the Heights of La Puebla. To the northwest is the
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mass of Monte Arrato. Vitoria stands to the east, two miles (3 km) south of the Zadorra. Five roads radiate from Vitoria, north to Bilbao, northeast to Salinas and Bayonne, east to Salvatierra, south to Logroño and west to Burgos on the south side of the Zadorra.
## Plans.
Jourdan was ill with a fever all day on 20 June. Because of this, few orders were issued and the French forces stood idle. An enormous wagon train of booty clogged the streets of Vitoria. A convoy left during the night, but it had to leave siege artillery behind because there were not enough draft animals to pull the cannons.
Gazan's divisions guarded the narrow western end of the Zadorra valley, deployed south of the river.
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Maransin's brigade was posted in advance, at the village of Subijana. The divisions were disposed with Leval on the right, Daricau in the centre, Conroux on the left and Villatte in reserve. Only a picket guarded the western extremity of the Heights of La Puebla.
Further back, d'Erlon's force stood in a second line, also south of the river. Darmagnac's division deployed on the right and Cassagne's on the left. D'Erlon failed to destroy three bridges near the river's hairpin bend and posted Avy's weak cavalry division to guard them. Reille's men originally formed a third line, but Sarrut's division was sent north of the river to guard the Bilbao road while Lamartinière's division and the Spanish
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Royal Guard units held the river bank.
Wellington directed Hill's 20,000-man Right Column to drive the French from the Zadorra defile on the south side of the river. While the French were preoccupied with Hill, Wellington's Right Centre column moved along the north bank of the river and crossed it near the hairpin bend behind the French right flank.
Graham's 20,000-man Left Column was sent around the north side of Monte Arrato. It drove down the Bilbao road, cutting off the bulk of the French army. Dalhousie's Left Centre column cut across Monte Arrato and struck the river east of the hairpin, providing a link between Graham and Wellington.
# Battle.
Wellington's plan split his army into
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four attacking "columns", attacking the French defensive position from south, west and north while the last column cut down across the French rear. Coming up the Burgos road, Hill sent Pablo Morillo's Division to the right on a climb up the Heights of La Puebla. Stewart's 2nd Division began deploying to the left in the narrow plain just south of the river. Seeing these moves, Gazan sent Maransin forward to drive Morillo off the heights. Hill moved Col. Henry Cadogan's brigade of the 2nd Division to assist Morillo. Gazan responded by committing Villatte's reserve division to the battle on the heights.
About this time, Gazan first spotted Wellington's column moving north of the Zadorra to turn
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his right flank. He asked Jourdan, now recovered from his fever, for reinforcements. Having become obsessed with the safety of his left flank, the marshal refused to help Gazan, instead ordering some of D'Erlon's troops to guard the Logroño road.
Wellington thrust James Kempt's brigade of the Light Division across the Zadorra at the hairpin. At the same time, Stewart took Subijana and was counterattacked by two of Gazan's divisions. On the heights, Cadogan was killed, but the Anglo-Spanish force managed to hang on to its foothold. Wellington suspended his attacks to allow Graham's column time to make an impression and a lull descended on the battlefield.
At noon, Graham's column appeared on
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the Bilbao road. Jourdan immediately realised he was in danger of envelopment and ordered Gazan to pull back toward Vitoria. Graham drove Sarrut's division back across the river, but could not force his way across the Zadorra despite bitter fighting. Further east, Longa's Spanish troops defeated the Spanish Royal Guards and cut the road to Bayonne.
With some help from Kempt's brigade, Picton's 3rd Division from Dalhousie's column crossed to the south side of the river. According to Picton, the enemy responded by pummelling the 3rd with 40 to 50 cannon and a counter-attack on their right flank, still open because they had captured the bridge so quickly, causing the 3rd to lose 1,800 men (over
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one third of all Allied losses at the battle) as they held their ground. Cole's 4th Division crossed further west. With Gazan on the left and d'Erlon on the right, the French attempted a stand at the village of Arinez. Formed in a menacing line, the 4th, Light, 3rd and 7th Divisions soon captured this position. The French fell back to the Zuazo ridge, covered by their well-handled and numerous field artillery. This position fell to Wellington's attack when Gazan refused to cooperate with his colleague d'Erlon.
French morale collapsed and the soldiers of Gazan and d'Erlon fled from the field. Artillerists left their guns behind as they fled on the trace horses. Soon the road was jammed with
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a mass of wagons and carriages. The efforts of Reille's two divisions, holding off Graham, allowed tens of thousands of French troops to escape by the Salvatierra road.
# Aftermath.
The Allied army lost about 5,000 men, with 3,675 British, 921 Portuguese and 562 Spanish casualties. French losses totalled at least 5,200 killed and wounded, plus 2,800 men and 151 cannon captured. By army, the losses were South 4,300, Centre 2,100 and Portugal 1,600. There were no casualty returns from the Royal Guard or the artillery.
French losses were not higher for several reasons. First, the Allied army had already marched that morning and was in no condition to pursue. Second, Reille's men valiantly held
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off Graham's column. Third, the valley by which the French retreated was narrow and well-covered by the 3rd Hussar and the 15th Dragoon Regiments acting as rearguard. Last, the French left their booty behind.
Many British soldiers turned aside to plunder the abandoned French wagons, containing "the loot of a kingdom". It is estimated that more than £1 million of booty (perhaps £100 million in modern equivalent) was seized, but the gross abandonment of discipline caused an enraged Wellington to write in a dispatch to Earl Bathurst, "We have in the service the scum of the earth as common soldiers". The British general also vented his fury on a new cavalry regiment, writing, "The 18th Hussars
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are a disgrace to the name of soldier, in action as well as elsewhere; and I propose to draft their horses from them and send the men to England if I cannot get the better of them in any other manner." (On 8April 1814, the 18th redeemed their reputation in a gallant charge led by Lieutenant-colonel Sir Henry Murray at Croix d'Orade, shortly before the Battle of Toulouse.)
Order was soon restored, and by December, after detachments had seized San Sebastián and Pamplona, Wellington's army was encamped in France.
## Legacy.
The battle was the inspiration for Beethoven's Opus 91, often called the "Battle Symphony" or "Wellington's Victory", which portrays the battle as musical drama.
The climax
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The battle was the inspiration for Beethoven's Opus 91, often called the "Battle Symphony" or "Wellington's Victory", which portrays the battle as musical drama.
The climax of the movie "The Firefly", starring Jeanette MacDonald, occurs with Wellington's attack on the French centre. (The film used music from an opera of the same name by Rudolf Friml, but with a totally different plot.)
The battle and French rout also forms the climax to Bernard Cornwell's book "Sharpe's Honour".
## Reenactment.
Reenactment of the Battle of Vitoria, staged on Armentia fields, Vitoria-Gasteiz,22 June 2013, Bicentenary of the Battle
# External links.
- The Cruel War in Spain - Armies, Battles, Skirmishes
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Richard Briers
Richard David Briers, (14 January 1934 – 17 February 2013) was an English actor. His fifty-year career encompassed television, stage, film and radio.
Briers first came to prominence as George Starling in "Marriage Lines" (1961–66), but it was a decade later, when he narrated "Roobarb" and "Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk" (1974–76) and when he played Tom Good in the BBC sitcom "The Good Life" (1975–78), that he became a household name. Later, he starred as Martin in "Ever Decreasing Circles" (1984–89), and he had a leading role as Hector in "Monarch of the Glen" (2000–05). From the late 1980s, with Kenneth Branagh as director, he performed Shakespearean roles in "Henry V" (1989),
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"Much Ado About Nothing" (1993), "Hamlet" (1996), and "As You Like It" (2006).
# Early life.
Briers was born in Raynes Park, Surrey, the son of Joseph Benjamin Briers and his second wife Morna Phyllis, daughter of Frederick Richardson, of the Indian Civil Service. He was the first cousin once removed of actor Terry-Thomas (Terry-Thomas was his father's cousin). He spent his childhood at Raynes Park in a flat, Number 2 Pepys Court, behind the now demolished Rialto cinema, and later at Guildford. Joseph Briers was the son of a stockbroker, of a family of Middlesex tenant farmers; a gregarious and popular man, he contended with a nervous disposition, and drifted between jobs, spending most of
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his life as a bookmaker but also working as, amongst other things, an estate agent's clerk and a factory worker for an air filter manufacturer, as well as a gifted amateur singer who attended classes at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Morna Briers was a concert pianist and a drama and music teacher, and a member of Equity, who wished for a showbusiness career, having acted in her youth. The couple had met when Joseph Briers asked Morna to stand in for his regular pianist for a performance; by this time his first marriage had collapsed and six months later they had entered a relationship. The family occasionally received money from a wealthy relation, and Briers's maternal grandparents
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paid for his education, despite not being particularly well-off, and having lived in slightly reduced circumstances in India before returning to England and coming to live at Wimbledon.
Briers attended Rokeby School in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, and, having failed the examination for King's College School, the Ridgeway School in Wimbledon, which he left at the age of 16 without any formal qualifications.
# Early career.
Briers' first job was a clerical post with a London cable manufacturer, and for a short time he went to evening classes to qualify in electrical engineering, but soon left and became a filing clerk.
At the age of 18, he was called up for two years national service in the
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RAF, during which he was a filing clerk at RAF Northwood, where he met future "George and Mildred" actor Brian Murphy. Murphy introduced Briers, who had been interested in acting since the age of 14, to the Dramatic Society at the Borough Polytechnic Institute, now London South Bank University, where he performed in several productions.
When he left the RAF he studied at RADA, which he attended from 1954 to 1956. Placed in a class with both Peter O'Toole and Albert Finney, Briers later credited academy director John Fernald with nurturing his talent. Graduating from RADA with a Silver Medal, he won a scholarship with the Liverpool Repertory Company, and after 15 months moved to the Belgrade
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Theatre in Coventry for 6 months. He made his West End debut in the Duke of York's Theatre 1959 production of "Gilt And Gingerbread" by Lionel Hale.
# Television career.
In 1961, Briers was cast in the leading role in "Marriage Lines" (1961–66) with Prunella Scales playing his wife. In between the pilot and the series itself, Briers appeared in "Brothers in Law" (from the book by Henry Cecil) as callow barrister Roger Thursby in 1962. He was cast in this role by adaptors Frank Muir and Denis Norden, who had seen him in the West End.
His other early appearances included "The Seven Faces of Jim" (1961) with Jimmy Edwards, "Dixon of Dock Green" (1962), a production of Noël Coward's "Hay Fever"
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(1968) and the storyteller in several episodes of "Jackanory" (1969). In 1970, he starred in the Ben Travers Farce "Rookery Nook", shown on the BBC. In the 1980s he played several Shakespearean roles, including "Twelfth Night". Briers was featured twice on the Thames Television show "This Is Your Life" in May 1972 and March 1994.
In a role specifically written for him by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey, Briers was cast in the lead role in "The Good Life" (1975–78), playing Tom Good, a draughtsman who decides, on his 40th birthday, to give up his job and try his hand at self-sufficiency, with the support of his wife Barbara, played by Felicity Kendal. Briers persuaded the producers to cast his friend
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Paul Eddington, a fellow council member of Equity, in the role of Jerry. An enormously successful series, the last episode in 1978 was performed in front of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1977, he starred with his "The Good Life" co-star Penelope Keith in the televised version of Alan Ayckbourn's trilogy "The Norman Conquests". He also starred as Ralph in 13 episodes of "The Other One" (1977–79) with Michael Gambon.
During the 1980s and 1990s, Briers had leading roles in several television shows. including "Goodbye, Mr Kent" (1982), a rare failure also featuring Hannah Gordon, the lead role of Martin Bryce in "Ever Decreasing Circles" (1984–89), and as Godfrey Spry in the BBC comedy drama "If You See
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God, Tell Him" (1993). He also starred in "All in Good Faith" (1985), "Tales of the Unexpected" (1988), and "Mr. Bean" (1990). In 1987, he appeared as the principal villain in the "Doctor Who" serial "Paradise Towers", a performance which was described by "Radio Times" writer Patrick Mulkern as Briers' "career-low". In 1995 he played the character Tony Fairfax in the BBC comedy "Down to Earth". In the Inspector Morse episode 'Death is Now My Neighbour', he played the evil master of Lonsdale College, Sir Clixby Bream.
In the 2000s Briers was the curmudgeonly and extravagant father Hector MacDonald in the BBC television programme "Monarch of the Glen" (2000–05), appearing in series 1, 2, 3 and
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7.
# Stage work.
Briers spent much of his career in the theatre, including appearances in plays by Shakespeare and George Bernard Shaw. In 1967, one of his earliest successes was playing alongside Michael Hordern and Celia Johnson in the London production of Alan Ayckbourn's "Relatively Speaking".
After a long career in television sitcom, and looking to expand his career, his daughter Lucy took him to Stratford-upon-Avon to watch Kenneth Branagh in "Henry V". After meeting Branagh backstage after the performance, Branagh offered Briers the role of Malvolio in the Renaissance Theatre Company production of "Twelfth Night". Briers joined the company, and went on to play title parts in "King
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Lear" and "Uncle Vanya". Briers also appeared in many of Branagh's films, including "Henry V" (1989, as Bardolph), "Much Ado About Nothing" (1993, as Signor Leonato) and "Hamlet" (1996, as Polonius). The theatre production of "Twelfth Night" (1988) was adapted for television, with Briers reprising his role as Malvolio.
In 2010, Briers played in the Royal National Theatre revival of Dion Boucicault's "London Assurance", alongside Simon Russell Beale and Fiona Shaw. A performance of this was broadcast live to cinemas round the world as part of the "NT Live!" programme. He also played the character of Captain Bluntschli, in Bernard Shaw's play 'Arms and the Man'
# Film.
Briers made his film
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debut in the British feature film "Bottoms Up" (1960). He then took parts in "Murder She Said" (1961), "The Girl on the Boat" (1962), "A Matter of WHO" (1962), "The V.I.P.s" (1963); and Raquel Welch's spy spoof "Fathom" (1967).
He latterly appeared in Michael Winner's "A Chorus of Disapproval" (1988) and the film "Unconditional Love" (2002) as well as the Kenneth Branagh adaptation of "Much Ado About Nothing" (1998) in which he played the role of Leonato. His last film was "Cockneys vs Zombies" (2012).
# Radio and voice work.
He was a familiar voice actor. Briers narrated the animated children's TV programme "Roobarb" (1974). Originally shown on BBC1 just before the evening news, each five-minute
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cartoon was written by Grange Calveley and produced by Bob Godfrey. He was the original narrator and voice actor for all the characters in the "Noddy" (1975) TV series based on the Enid Blyton character, and then another series with Godfrey, "Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk" (1976). He also provided the voice of Fiver in the animated film adaptation of "Watership Down" (1978). In 1990 Briers provided the narration and voiced all the characters in the five minute animated series "Coconuts" about a monkey, a king lion and a parrot who lived on a tropical island. The series ran for thirteen episodes and first aired on ITV on 23 April 1990. In the 1990s, he voiced the part of Mouse, opposite Alan Bennett's
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Mole in the TV series "Mouse and Mole", based on books by Joyce Dunbar and James Mayhew. He latterly starred alongside Neil Morrissey in "Bob the Builder" (2005) as Bob's Dad, Robert to his credit. He also recorded the four seasonal "Percy The Park Keeper" stories for a home audio release based on the books by Nick Butterworth, creating memorable voices for all of the animal characters as well as Percy the Park Keeper himself. Briers also featured in the television series adaptation of "Watership Down" (1999–2001), this time voicing a series exclusive character called Captain Broom, and was one of the very few actors who stayed for all three series.
His work in radio included playing Dr. Simon
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Sparrow in BBC Radio 4's adaptions of Richard Gordon's "Doctor in the House" and "Doctor at Large" (1968), and a retired thespian in a series of six plays with Stanley Baxter "" (2008), and later the play "Not Talking", commissioned for BBC Radio 3 by Mike Bartlett. In 1986 he narrated Radio 4's "Oh, yes it is!", a history of pantomime written by Gerald Frow. Between 1973 and 1981, Briers played Bertie Wooster in several adaptations of the P. G. Wodehouse novels with Michael Hordern as Jeeves.
Briers narrated numerous commercials. including adverts for the Midland Bank in which he was the voice of the company's Griffin symbol. Between 1984 and 1986 he made a series of commercials for the Ford
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Sierra done in a sitcom style portraying the Sierra as "one of the family". Briers narrated the public information film "Frances the Firefly", about the dangers of playing with matches, firstly in the mid 1990s when first made, and then in the early 2000s when re-made by the Government fire safety campaign Fire Kills. He also recorded the voice of a Sat nav specifically designed for senior citizens in the BBC 2’s TV Show "Top Gear", Series 19, episode 5, which aired only a week after his death. Presenter Jeremy Clarkson paid a brief tribute to his memory at the end of the episode.
# Later career.
After 1990, he appeared in "Lovejoy", "Inspector Morse", "Midsomer Murders" (the episode "Death's
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Shadow"), "Doctors", "New Tricks", "Kingdom", and "If You See God, Tell Him". Richard Briers starred as Hector in the first three series of "Monarch of the Glen" from 2000 to 2002 (and as a guest in series 7 in 2005), a role which saw him return to the limelight. He contributed "Sonnet 55" to the 2002 compilation album, "When Love Speaks", which features famous actors and musicians interpreting Shakespeare's sonnets and play excerpts. In 2005, he appeared alongside Kevin Whately in "Dad", a TV Film made by BBC Wales exploring issues of elder abuse. In 2006, he made an appearance in an episode of "Extras", and portrayed the servant Adam in Kenneth Branagh's 2006 Shakespeare adaptation, "As You
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Like It". He made a cameo appearance as a dying recluse in the 2008 "Torchwood" episode "A Day in the Death".
On 17 December 2000, Briers was the guest on BBC Radio 4’s "Desert Island Discs". Among his musical choices were "Di quella pira" from "Il Trovatore" by Giuseppe Verdi, "I Feel A Song Coming On" by Al Jolson and "On The Sunny Side Of The Street" by Louis Armstrong. His favourite piece was the Organ Concerto in F major "The Cuckoo and the Nightingale" by George Frideric Handel.
# Personal life.
Briers met Ann Davies while both were at Liverpool Rep. Davies was employed as a stage manager, and had acted on television and in films from the mid-1950s. Soon after meeting, he borrowed £5
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from his mother, bought an engagement ring and they were married within six months. They had two daughters, one of whom, Lucy, is also an actress; Kate (or Katie) has worked in stage management, and is a primary school teacher.
Briers and his friend Paul Eddington shared a similar sense of humour, and knew each other before being cast in "The Good Life". After Eddington was diagnosed with skin cancer, Briers accepted a role opposite him in David Storey's play "Home" in 1994, agreeing to take on all of the publicity interviews to allow Eddington time for his treatment. At Eddington's memorial service, Briers read both from "Cymbeline" and Wodehouse; he later read chapters from Eddington's autobiography
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on BBC Radio 4.
In 2014, BBC Radio 4 broadcast "Memories of a Cad", an affectionate comedy drama by Roy Smiles about the relationship between Terry-Thomas and Briers, played by Martin Jarvis and Alistair McGowan respectively. Set in 1984 when he had suffered from Parkinson's Disease for many years, Terry-Thomas is delighted by the visit to his home in Ibiza of the much younger Briers, who he recognises from television, and who proves to be his first cousin once removed. Briers cheers him up by recalling the career the film-star has long forgotten. It was re-broadcast in 2016.
As a result of Terry-Thomas's Parkinson's, Briers became President of Parkinson's UK. He also helped to launch a Sense-National
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Deafblind and Rubella Association campaign. Briers was also a non-medical patron of the TOFS (Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula Support) charity, which supports children and the families of children born unable to swallow.
Interviewed by "The Daily Telegraph" in 2008, Briers admitted that, while on holiday, he enjoyed being recognised, saying, "I’m gregarious by nature, so I love chatting to people. It really cheers me up."
Briers was a keen visitor of Britain's historic churches and visited over one hundred for his book "English Country Churches" which was published in 1988. From his national service in the RAF, he was a supporter for a national memorial for RAF Bomber Command.
Briers was appointed
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OBE in 1989, and CBE in 2003.
# Death.
In an interview with the "Daily Mail" on 31 January 2013, Briers stated that he had smoked about half a million cigarettes before he quit. According to Lucy Briers, his daughter, he quit in 2001 immediately after a routine chest X-ray suggested he would otherwise soon be in a wheelchair.
He was diagnosed with emphysema in 2007. He died at his home in Bedford Park, London on 17 February 2013 from the effects of a cardiac arrest. His funeral was held at the local church of St Michael and All Angels on 6 March 2013.
# Tributes.
The BBC referred to him as "one of Britain's best-loved actors". Sir Kenneth Branagh paid tribute to him, saying, "He was a national
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treasure, a great actor and a wonderful man. He was greatly loved and he will be deeply missed."
Briers's agent, Christopher Farrar, said: "Richard was a wonderful man, a consummate professional and an absolute joy to work alongside. Following his recent discussion of his battle with emphysema, I know he was incredibly touched by the strength of support expressed by friends and the public."
Fellow television star Penelope Keith said, "He was always courteous, always generous and always self-deprecating" adding, "He was also such a clever actor that he made you feel secure. You believed he was who he was portraying on the screen or on the stage... I just think of Richard and smile."
Writing
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in "The Guardian", critic Michael Coveney described Briers as "always the most modest and self-deprecating of actors, and the sweetest of men," and noted: "Although he excelled in the plays of Alan Ayckbourn, and became a national figure in his television sitcoms of the 1970s and 80s, notably "The Good Life", he could mine hidden depths on stage, giving notable performances in Ibsen, Chekhov and, for Kenneth Branagh's Renaissance company, Shakespeare."
On 30 March 2013, BBC Two broadcast an hour long review of Briers' life and career, with tributes from many friends and colleagues.
## Ever Increasing Wonder.
On Christmas Day 2013, BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcast a day of tribute to Briers titled
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"Ever Increasing Wonder", with a variety of his BBC Radio recordings, many of them introduced by those who knew him and worked with him.
Guest speakers included:
- Prunella Scales
- Stephen Fry
- Michael Chaplin
- Alan Bennett
- Michael Ball
- Kenneth Branagh
- Ed Harris
- Briers's widow Ann Davies and their daughters
Programmes included:
- "Brothers in Law" (radio adaptation of the TV series)
- "Doctor in the House" (radio adaptation of the TV series)
- "Marriage Lines" (radio adaptation of the TV series)
- "Largo desolato" (by Vaclav Havel)
- "What Ho! Jeeves: Joy in the Morning" (radio adaptation of the novel by P. G. Wodehouse)
- "The Wind in the Willows" (by Kenneth Grahame,
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dramatized by Alan Bennett)
- Aled Jones's interview of Briers
# Selected filmography.
- "Girls at Sea" (1958) - 'Popeye' Lewis
- "Bottoms Up" (1960) - Colbourne
- "Murder, She Said" (1961) - 'Mrs. Binster'
- "A Matter of WHO" (1961) - Jamieson
- "Marriage Lines" (1961–1966, TV sitcom) - George Starling
- "The Girl on the Boat" (1962) - Eustace Hignett
- "The V.I.P.s" (1963) - Met. Official (uncredited)
- "Doctor in Distress" (1963) - Medical Student (uncredited)
- "The Bargee" (1964) - Tomkins
- "A Home of Your Own" (1965) - The Husband
- "Fathom" (1967) - Timothy
- "Rookery Nook" (1970, TV drama) - Gerald Popkiss
- "All the Way Up" (1970) - Nigel Hadfield
- "Rentadick" (1972)
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- Miles Gannet
- "The Three Musketeers" (1973) - King Louis XIII (voice, uncredited)
- "Roobarb" (1974) - Louis XIII (voice, uncredited)
- "The Good Life" (1975–1978, TV sitcom) - Tom Good
- "Watership Down" (1978) - Fiver (voice)
- "The Other One" (1977–1979, TV sitcom) - Ralph Tanner
- "Goodbye, Mr Kent" (1982, TV sitcom) - Travis Kent
- "Ever Decreasing Circles" (1984–1989, TV sitcom) - Martin Bryce
- "All in Good Faith" (1985–1988, TV sitcom) - Reverend Philip Lambe
- "A Chorus of Disapproval" (1989) - Ted Washbrook
- "Henry V" (1989) - Lieutenant Bardolph
- "Peter's Friends" (1992) - Lord Morton
- "Much Ado About Nothing" (1993) - Leonato
- "If You See God, Tell Him" (1993,
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TV sitcom) - Godfrey Spry
- "Frankenstein" (1994) - Grandfather
- "A Midwinter's Tale" (1995) - Henry Wakefield (Claudius, the Ghost, and the Player King)
- "Hamlet" (1996) - Polonius
- "Spice World" (1997) - Bishop
- "Love's Labour's Lost" (2000) - Sir Nathaniel
- "Monarch of the Glen" (2000–2005) - Hector MacDonald
- "Unconditional Love" (2002) - Barry Moore
- "Peter Pan" (2003) - Smee
- "As You Like It" (2006) - Adam
- "National Theatre Live: London Assurance" (2010) - Mr. Adolphus Spanker
- "The Only One Who Knows You're Afraid" (2011) - Narrator
- "Run for Your Wife" (2012) - Newspaper Seller
- "Cockneys vs Zombies" (2012) - Hamish
- "Top Gear" (2013, TV series) - Sat Nav
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laudius, the Ghost, and the Player King)
- "Hamlet" (1996) - Polonius
- "Spice World" (1997) - Bishop
- "Love's Labour's Lost" (2000) - Sir Nathaniel
- "Monarch of the Glen" (2000–2005) - Hector MacDonald
- "Unconditional Love" (2002) - Barry Moore
- "Peter Pan" (2003) - Smee
- "As You Like It" (2006) - Adam
- "National Theatre Live: London Assurance" (2010) - Mr. Adolphus Spanker
- "The Only One Who Knows You're Afraid" (2011) - Narrator
- "Run for Your Wife" (2012) - Newspaper Seller
- "Cockneys vs Zombies" (2012) - Hamish
- "Top Gear" (2013, TV series) - Sat Nav (Voice)
# External links.
- Richard Briers at BFI ScreenOnline
- Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson
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Mary
Mary may refer to:
- Mary (name), a female given name
# People.
- Mary (slave) (died 1838), an American teenage slave executed for murder
- Mary (conjoined twin) (2000-2000), pseudonym of Rosie Attard, subject of a 2001 legal case
## Religious contexts.
- New Testament people named Mary is an overview article linking to many of those below
- Mary, mother of Jesus, also called the Blessed Virgin Mary, among other titles, styles, and honorifics
- Mary Magdalene, devoted follower of Jesus
- Mary of Bethany, follower of Jesus, considered by Western medieval tradition to be the same person as Mary Magdalene
- Mary (mother of James the Less)
- Mary of Clopas, follower of Jesus
- Mary,
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mother of John Mark
- Mary of Egypt, patron saint of penitents
- Mary of Rome, a New Testament woman
- Mary, mother of Zechariah and sister of Moses and Aaron; mostly known by the Hebrew name: Miriam
- Mary the Jewess one of the reputed founders of alchemy, referred to by Zosimus.
- Mary 2.0, movement of roman-catholic women
- Maryam (sura) "Mary", 19th sura (chapter) of the Qur'an
## Royalty.
- Mary I of England (1516–1558), aka "Bloody Mary", Queen of England and Ireland
- Mary II of England (1662–1694), Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland
- Mary of Modena (1658–1718), Queen Consort of King James II of England and VII of Scotland
- Mary of Teck (1867–1953), Queen Consort of
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George V of the United Kingdom
- Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), mother of James I of England
- Mary of Guise (1515–1560), Queen Consort of James V of Scotland and mother of Mary, Queen of Scots
- Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark (born 1972), wife of Crown Prince Frederik
- Mary I of Portugal, daughter of King Joseph I of Portugal
- Mary II of Portugal, daughter of the future King Pedro IV
- Mary, Countess of Blois (1200–1241), daughter of Walter of Avesnes and Margaret of Blois
- Mary of Guelders (c. 1434–1463), daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders
- Mary of Hungary, daughter of Louis I the Great of Hungary
- Mary of Burgundy (1457–1482), daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy
-
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Mary of Woodstock (1278–1332), daughter of Edward I of England
# Geography.
- Mary Province, in southeast Turkmenistan
- Mary District, in Mary Province
- Mary, Turkmenistan, capital city of the province, located in Mary District
- Islas Marías (Mary Islands), Mexico
- Mary, Saône-et-Loire, France
- Mary River (disambiguation)
- Mary's Point, New Brunswick, Canada
# Books.
- "Mary" (Nabokov novel), by Vladimir Nabokov
- "", a 1788 novel by Mary Wollstonecraft
# Film and television.
- "Mary" (1931 film), a 1931 Alfred Hitchcock film
- "Mary" (1978 TV series), a variety follow-up to " The Mary Tyler Moore Show"
- "Mary" (1985 TV series), a sitcom follow-up to " The Mary Tyler Moore
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Show"
- "Mary" (1994 film), an Australian documentary
- "Mary" (2005 film), a film directed by Abel Ferrara about an actress playing Mary Magdalene
# Music.
- Mary Mary, contemporary gospel musical duo
## Albums.
- "Mary" (Mary J. Blige album), 1999
- "Mary" (Mary Travers album), 1971
- "Mary" (Sarkodie album), 2015
## Songs.
- "Mary", Russian-language art song by Alexander Egorovich Varlamov
- "Mary" (Monique Brumby song), a 1996 song from "Thylacine"
- "Mary" (Sarah Slean song), a track on the 2004 album "Day One" by Sarah Slean
- "Mary" (Scissor Sisters song), a 2004 song by American rock band Scissor Sisters
- "Mary" (Supergrass song), a 1999 song by British band Supergrass
-
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"Proud Mary", a 1969 song by John Fogerty, later covered by Ike and Tina Turner
- "Mary", a song by Kings of Leon on the album "Come Around Sundown"
- "Mary", a song by The 4 of Us on the album "Songs for the Tempted"
- "Mary", a song by Tori Amos on the album "Tales of a Librarian"
- "Mary", a song by John Cale from the album "Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood"
- "Mary", a song by Oingo Boingo on "Boingo"
- "Mary", a song by Robert Fripp on "Exposure"
- "Mary", a song by Sarah McLachlan on the album "Fumbling Towards Ecstasy"
- "Mary", a song by Buffy Sainte-Marie on "Illuminations"
- "Mary", a song by Sublime on the album "Robbin' the Hood"
- "Mary", a song by The Subways on the album
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"Young for Eternity"
- "Mary", a song by Pete Townshend written for the concept album "Lifehouse"
- "Mary", a song by Dune Rats on "The Kids Will Know It's Bullshit]"
- "Mary Is a Grand Old Name", a song by George M. Cohan from "Forty-five Minutes from Broadway"
- "Mary (I'm in Love with You)", a song written by J. Fred Coots and Ozzie Nelson
# Ships and boats.
- HMS "Queen Mary", a Royal Navy battlecruiser
- RMS "Queen Mary", an ocean liner in service from 1936 to 1967
- RMS "Queen Mary 2", an ocean liner that began sailing in 2004
- TS "Queen Mary", a steamboat in service from 1933 to 1977
- "Mary Rose", a Tudor warship that sank in 1545
- , the proposed naval name and designation
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for a motorboat the United States Navy planned to take over in 1918 but never actually acquired
# Other uses.
- Mary (crater), a lunar impact crater
- Mary (elephant), an elephant from the "Sparks World Famous Shows" circus
- Mary Melody, a character from "Tiny Toon Adventures"
- Mary (programming language)
- Mary's room, a philosophical thought experiment
- Mary, a character from "The Ridonculous Race"
# See also.
- "The "Mary Gloster"", an 1890s poem by Rudyard Kipling
- Virgin Mary (cocktail)
- Miss Mary (disambiguation)
- Saint Mary (disambiguation)
- Bloody Mary (disambiguation)
- Marius (disambiguation)
- Mari (disambiguation)
- Marie (disambiguation)
- Maria (disambiguation)
-
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lanned to take over in 1918 but never actually acquired
# Other uses.
- Mary (crater), a lunar impact crater
- Mary (elephant), an elephant from the "Sparks World Famous Shows" circus
- Mary Melody, a character from "Tiny Toon Adventures"
- Mary (programming language)
- Mary's room, a philosophical thought experiment
- Mary, a character from "The Ridonculous Race"
# See also.
- "The "Mary Gloster"", an 1890s poem by Rudyard Kipling
- Virgin Mary (cocktail)
- Miss Mary (disambiguation)
- Saint Mary (disambiguation)
- Bloody Mary (disambiguation)
- Marius (disambiguation)
- Mari (disambiguation)
- Marie (disambiguation)
- Maria (disambiguation)
- Marie Louise (disambiguation)
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Battle of Vauchamps
The Battle of Vauchamps (14 February 1814) was the final major engagement of the Six Days Campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition. It resulted in a part of the Grande Armée under Napoleon I defeating a superior Prussian and Russian force of the Army of Silesia under Field-marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.
At the beginning of 1814, the armies of the French Empire, under the direct command of Emperor Napoleon I, were scrambling to defend Eastern France against the invading Coalition Armies. Despite fighting against vastly superior forces, Napoleon managed to score a few significant victories and, between 10 and 13 February repeatedly beat Blücher's Army of Silesia.
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On 13 February, reeling from his successive defeats, Blücher looked to disengage from Napoleon and instead manoeuvre with a part of his forces to fall upon the isolated VI Corps of Marshal Auguste de Marmont, who was defending Napoleon's rear. The Prussian commander attacked and pushed back Marmont late on 13 February. Nevertheless, the Emperor had read into his enemy's intentions and directed powerful forces to support Marmont.
On the morning of 14 February, Blücher, commanding a Prussian Corps and elements of two Russian Corps, resumed his attack against Marmont. The latter continued to fall back until he was reinforced. Napoleon arrived on the battlefield with strong combined-arms forces,
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which allowed the French to launch a determined counterattack and drive back the leading elements of the Army of Silesia. Blücher realized that he was facing the Emperor in person and decided to pull back and avoid another battle against Napoleon. In practice, Blücher's attempt to disengage proved extremely difficult to execute, as the Coalition force was by now in an advanced position, had virtually no cavalry present to cover its retreat and was facing an enemy who was ready to commit its numerous cavalry.
While the actual pitched battle was short, the French infantry, under Marshal Marmont, and most of all the cavalry, under General Emmanuel de Grouchy, launched a relentless pursuit that
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rode down the enemy. Retreating in slow-moving square formations in broad daylight and along some excellent cavalry terrain, the Coalition forces suffered very heavy losses, with several squares broken by the French cavalry. At nightfall, combat ceased and Blücher opted for an exhausting night march in order to take his remaining forces to safety.
# Context.
On 13 February, having fought three successful actions in three days against the Prussian and Russian army at Champaubert, Montmirail and Château-Thierry, Napoleon was pursuing the defeated enemy. After his consecutive defeats, Field-marshal Blücher decided to disengage from Napoleon and move a significant force against the isolated French
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Army Corps of Marshal Marmont, at Étoges. Blücher knew that Marmont's Corps was weak and his plan was to destroy it and thus fall upon the rear of Napoleon's main force.
Still in pursuit of the debris of the enemy force, late on 13 February, Napoleon received reports that Marmont's Corps had been attacked and pushed out of his position at Étoges. The Emperor deduced that the enemy force before him would have to be a much reduced one and promptly decided to go to Marmont's aid. The Emperor left Château-Thierry on 14 February, towards 3 o'clock in the morning, leaving a small portion of his forces with Marshal Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise, with orders to continue the pursuit of the enemy.
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Taking with him the cavalry of the Guard and Grouchy's Cavalry Reserve, Napoleon headed for the village of Vauchamps.
Meanwhile, late on 13 February, having successfully regrouped what forces he could muster at Bergères-lès-Vertus, Blücher had launched an attack against Marmont's single division, pushing him out of Étoges and advancing as planned towards Champaubert and Fromentières, in the rear of Napoleon's force. However, having read Blücher's intentions, Napoleon had given orders for a concentration of French forces in that very sector.
# Opposing forces.
## Army of Silesia.
During the battle of Vauchamps on 14 February, Prussian Field-Marshal Blücher, commander of combined Prussian-Russian
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Army of Silesia could count on 20,000 to 21,500 men, from three Army Corps:
- IInd (Prussian) Corps, commanded by General Friedrich Graf Kleist von Nollendorf:
- 10th brigade under George Dubislaw Ludwig von Pirch
- 11th brigade under Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten
- 12th brigade under Prince Augustus of Prussia
- Cavalry brigade under von Hacke
- Cavalry brigade under von Röder
- Reserve artillery under Braun.
- IXth (Russian) Corps:
- 9th division under Udom II.
- Xth (Russian) Corps under General Peter Mikhailovich Kaptzevich:
- 8th division under Prince Urusov (or Orosov),
- 22nd division under Turchaninov.
Kleist's II Corps numbered 13,500 men while Kaptzevich's X Corps counted
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6,500 soldiers. There were also the 1,500 troops from IX Corps who survived the Battle of Champaubert. These were grouped into three or four temporary battalions and an artillery battery. The rump of IX Corps lost 600 men and all of its guns on the evening of 14 February. The II Corps had eight 6-pound batteries and two 12-pound batteries. Each battery had eight guns or a total of 80 cannons. There was also a howitzer battery of unknown strength. The X Corps had three batteries attached.
## Grande Armée.
Napoleon had sent orders for a major concentration of forces, which resulted in a force of some 25,000 men being assembled in this sector. However, of these men, only 19,000 soldiers got to
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the battlefield in time, with no more than 10,000 men engaged in the actual fighting:
- VI Corps, commanded by Marshal of the Empire Auguste de Marmont:
- 3rd Division under Joseph Lagrange
- 8th Division under Étienne Pierre Sylvestre Ricard
- Reinforcements temporarily attached: 7th division under Jean François Leval
- Cavalry, commanded by General Emmanuel de Grouchy:
- Division Antoine Louis Decrest de Saint-Germain
- Division Jean-Pierre Doumerc
- Division Étienne Tardif de Pommeroux de Bordesoulle
- Guard cavalry, commanded by General Étienne de Nansouty:
- 2nd Division under Charles, comte Lefebvre-Desnouettes,
- 3rd Division under Louis Marie Levesque de Laferrière.
- Guard
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artillery under Antoine Drouot.
- Guard infantry, under Marshal, Prince of the Moskowa Michel Ney (Reinforcements not engaged):
- 1st (Old Guard) division under Louis Friant,
- 2nd (Young Guard) division under Philibert Jean-Baptiste Curial.
Grouchy's I Cavalry Corps and II Cavalry Corps, each of two divisions, numbered a combined 3,600 horsemen. The two Guard cavalry divisions together counted 3,300 troopers. The 1st Old Guard Division had 4,000 men and the 2nd Old Guard Division had 3,000. The 1st Young Guard Division was made up of 4,000 soldiers while the 2nd Young Guard Division had 2,500 troops. Marmont's two divisions could muster only 3,000 men. Jean François Leval's 7th Division
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comprised 4,500 soldiers. Of these forces, only the cavalry, Marmont's infantry and one battalion of the Old Guard were actually engaged in the fighting. The others were marching along behind.
# Battle.
Having begun to push back the feeble French forces from Marmont's VI's Corps the day before, Blücher occupied Champaubert early on 14 February, sending his vanguard forward, as far as the village of Fromentières and then Vauchamps. Marmont, commanding only the Lagrange division and 800 men from the Ricard division, had cautiously pulled his men back towards Montmirail, where he began to receive reinforcements. Towards 9 o'clock in the morning, Blücher set Zieten's brigade and some cavalry in
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motion from Vauchamps towards Montmirail. To their surprise, Marmont's men didn't give ground this time and vigorously counterattacked, pushing Zieten's advance guard back into the village of Vauchamps. The accompanying Prussian cavalry was dispersed by a violent French cannonade. With now both brigades of Ricard's division available, Marmont launched these men against the Prussian position at Vauchamps, with the 1st brigade on his right, advancing under the cover of the Beaumont forest, south of the Montmirail-Vauchamps road and the 2nd brigade on his left, north of the road, advancing frontally towards the position. Marmont also had with him his own escort cavalry squadron and four "élite"
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Imperial Guard duty squadrons from the Emperor's own escort, under general Lion. Marmont's leftmost brigade entered Vauchamps, but, with the village heavily invested with Zieten's Prussian defenders, the Frenchmen were soon repulsed, with the Prussians in pursuit. Marshal Marmont then launched his five squadrons to the rescue and the cavalry promptly forced the Prussians back to the village, with one of their battalions taken prisoner, after taking refuge in an isolated farm.
Zieten then decided to pull back his forces towards the village of Fromentières. There, Zieten was joined by Generals Kleist and Kapsevitch, who, having heard the sound of the guns, had begun to move their respective Army
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Corps in that direction, coming from Champaubert. The French also moved forward, with Marmont's two divisions (Lagrange and Ricard) in pursuit of Zieten, along the road to Fromentières. Marmont was now supported on his left by General Grouchy, who had just arrived on the field of battle with the divisions of Saint-Germain and Doumerc, moving past the village of Janvilliers, in order to cut off Zieten's retreat. Further French reinforcements were now available, this time on Marmont's right: the division of Leval, who had been steadily moving up the valley of the Petit Morin river, in a bid to outflank the Prussians. With the French Imperial Guard artillery now also deployed and firing at them,
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Zieten's Prussians drew back in good order, and formed in squares to fend off Grouchy's cavalry. Towards 2 o'clock in the afternoon, after assessing the situation, Blücher realised that he was facing Napoleon himself and thus decided to immediately withdraw. He ordered all of his forces to retreat through Champaubert and directed a part of his artillery to safety, towards Étoges.
# Pursuit.
With the Coalition forces now in full retreat, Marmont received orders to aggressively pursue the enemy, knowing that he could count on his two infantry divisions, plus that of Leval, as well as on the support of General Drouot's Guard artillery, on Nansouty's Guard cavalry on his right and on Grouchy's
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two cavalry divisions on his left. Following Marmont at a short distance were further reinforcements, two Guard infantry divisions (Friant and Curial) under the command of Marshal Ney and with them was Napoleon himself. Napoleon was followed by an additional "Young Guard" division, under General Meunier, which the Emperor had taken with him when he left Château-Thierry early that morning.
The French cavalry had been hindered in its movements by the broken terrain and thus far unable to really bother Zieten's infantry squares. Consequently, Blücher was able to lead an exemplary retreat up to Fromentières and Janvilliers. However, once past these villages, the terrain became flat and even, proper
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for cavalry action, and now, with the increasingly aggressive action of the enemy cavalry against his flank and rear, Zieten and his brigade became increasingly isolated. Grouchy, with the divisions of Doumerc and Saint-Germain was now boldly menacing Zieten's right, while on his left, the Prussian general saw Nansouty's Guard cavalry (Laferrière-Levesque's division, plus the four service squadrons, under Lefebvre-Desnouettes). Zieten's brigade was finally cut off from the rest of the army and charged violently by Grouchy's cuirassiers, who broke the infantry squares and took no less than 2,000 prisoners, with the rest of the brigade routed.
Abandoning his position at Fromentières, where Marmont's
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infantry had just begun to irrupt, Blücher ordered the continuation of the retreat towards Champaubert and Étoges, with Kleist's Corps on the left, south of the road and Kaptzevitch's Corps on the right, north of the road. Again taking advantage from the flat terrain, Grouchy was able to advance rapidly and fall onto the rear of the Coalition infantry squares, which were now slowly withdrawing in echelon and efficiently using the terrain to take shelter from the artillery bombardment. With night approaching and their retreat towards Étoges now barred by enemy cavalry, the Prussian squares began to lose cohesion. Spotting this weakness, Grouchy, who had been reinforced by Bordesoulle's division,
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energetically launched his three divisions against the Coalition squares, dispersing a number of them, with these men fleeing in disorder to take refuge in the Étoges forest. The old Blücher, who had been bravely exposing himself to great danger in order to boost the morale his men, was almost taken prisoner, together with his Chief of Staff, Gneisenau, Generals Kleist, Kapsevitch and Prince Augustus of Prussia.
Only just escaping capture, Blücher crossed the forest of Vertus and took up positions at Étoges with Prince Urusov's division, which had been left there in reserve. Russian General Udom, with 1,800 men and 15 cannon, was instructed to cover the position, by occupying the park at Étoges.
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Udom's men were exhausted after the long retreat and fighting and, seeing that night had fallen, thought themselves in safety. However, Doumerc's cuirassiers, formed unseen in the night, surprised these men and a single charge was enough to send the panicked men fleeing. Prince Urusov, 600 men and eight artillery pieces were captured during this action, with the French sailors' regiment from Lagrange's division subsequently entering the village of Étoges. Blücher abandoned this position too and made a hasty retreat towards Vertus and Bergères. He then opted for a speedy night march and the next day he managed to bring his remaining men to Châlons, where he was joined by Yorck's and Sacken's
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corps.
# Result.
The battle was actually no more than a very long cavalry pursuit and was a very costly defeat for Blücher's "Army of Silesia", which lost as much as 10,000 men, during this day. French author Jean-Pierre Mir states that the Prussian Corps of Kleist had 3,500 men out of action (killed, wounded and missing), as well as 2,000 prisoners. According to this author, the Russian Corps had around 3,500 men, killed, wounded or missing and also lost 15 cannons and 10 flags. Historian Alain Pigeard places overall losses of the Army of Silesia throughout this day between 9,000 and 10,000 men but the detail of these losses seems to suggest lighter casualties. Pigeard speaks of only 1,250
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men killed, wounded or missing and 2,000 prisoners for the Prussians, and of 2,000 men lost for the Russians. Since Pigeard asserts that these casualties occurred during the pursuit, it is possible that these figures do not take into account the casualties incurred during the initial actions of this battle (one battalion of Zieten's brigade captured, plus the 2,000 prisoners taken during Grouchy's and Nansouty's joint action against Zieten). According to Pigeard, the French registered very light casualties of around 600 men.
Military Historian Jacques Garnier, analysing the battle in Jean Tulard's "Dictionnaire Napoléon", notes that only the muddy, sodden ground, hampering an efficient deployment
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account the casualties incurred during the initial actions of this battle (one battalion of Zieten's brigade captured, plus the 2,000 prisoners taken during Grouchy's and Nansouty's joint action against Zieten). According to Pigeard, the French registered very light casualties of around 600 men.
Military Historian Jacques Garnier, analysing the battle in Jean Tulard's "Dictionnaire Napoléon", notes that only the muddy, sodden ground, hampering an efficient deployment of the French artillery and infantry, prevented a much more emphatic victory. He also notes that after Vauchamps, Napoleon was able to safely turn south and fall upon the "Army of Bohemia", commanded by Prince of Schwarzenberg.
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Hybrid vehicle
A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor, e.g. in diesel-electric trains using diesel engines to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor, and submarines that use diesels when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.
The basic principle with hybrid vehicles is that the different motors work better at different speeds; the electric motor is more efficient at producing torque, or turning power, and the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed (better than typical
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