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March 12
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March 12
1996 – Karim Hafez, Egyptian footballer
- 1996 – Robert Murić, Croatian footballer
- 1997 – Dean Henderson, English footballer
- 1997 – Allan Saint-Maximin, French footballer
- 1997 – Felipe Vizeu, Brazilian footballer
- 1998 – Alina Müller, Swiss ice hockey player
- 1998 – Daniel Samohin, Israeli figure skater
- 1998 – Elizaveta Ukolova, Czech figure skater
- 1999 – Sakura Oda, Japanese pop singer
- 2003 – Malina Weissman, American child actress and model
# Deaths.
- 417 – Innocent I, pope of the Catholic Church
- 604 – Gregory I, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 540)
- 951 – Ælfheah the Bald, bishop of Winchester
- 969 – Mu Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (b. 931)
- 1022 –
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Symeon the New Theologian, Byzantine monk (b. 949)
- 1289 – Demetrius II, king of Georgia (b. 1259)
- 1316 – Stefan Dragutin, king of Serbia (b. 1253)
- 1374 – Go-Kōgon, Japanese emperor (b. 1338)
- 1496 – Johann Heynlin, German humanist scholar (b. c. 1425)
- 1507 – Cesare Borgia, Italian cardinal (b. 1475)
- 1539 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat and politician (b.1477)
- 1608 – Kōriki Kiyonaga, Japanese daimyō (b. 1530)
- 1628 – John Bull, English organist and composer (b. 1562)
- 1648 – Tirso de Molina, Spanish monk and poet (b. 1571)
- 1681 – Frans van Mieris the Elder, Dutch painter (b. 1635)
- 1699 – Peder Griffenfeld, Danish politician (b. 1635)
- 1703
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– Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford, English jurist and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Essex (b. 1627)
- 1731 – Ernest August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (b. 1660)
- 1790 – András Hadik, Hungarian field marshal (b. 1710)
- 1820 – Alexander Mackenzie, Scottish explorer and politician (b. 1764)
- 1832 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German-Danish pianist and composer (b. 1786)
- 1858 – William James Blacklock, English-Scottish painter (b. 1816)
- 1872 – Zeng Guofan, Chinese general and politician, Viceroy of Liangjiang (b. 1811)
- 1894 – Illarion Pryanishnikov, Russian painter (b. 1840)
- 1898 – Zachris Topelius, Finnish-Swedish journalist, historian, and author (b. 1818)
-
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1909 – Joseph Petrosino, American police officer (b. 1860)
- 1914 – George Westinghouse, American engineer and businessman (b. 1846)
- 1916 – Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Austrian author (b. 1830)
- 1925 – Sun Yat-sen, Chinese physician and politician, 1st President of the Republic of China (b. 1866)
- 1929 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician, 44th Mayor of Atlanta (b. 1851)
- 1929 – William Turner Dannat, American painter (b. 1853)
- 1930 – William George Barker, Canadian colonel and pilot, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1894)
- 1930 – Alois Jirásek, Czech author and playwright (b. 1851)
- 1935 – Mihajlo Pupin, Serbian-American physicist and chemist (b. 1858)
- 1937
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– Jenő Hubay, Hungarian violinist and composer (b. 1858)
- 1937 – Charles-Marie Widor, French organist and composer (b. 1844)
- 1942 – Robert Bosch, German engineer and businessman, founded Robert Bosch GmbH (b. 1861)
- 1942 – William Henry Bragg, English physicist, chemist, and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
- 1943 – Gustav Vigeland, Norwegian sculptor (b. 1869)
- 1945 – Friedrich Fromm, German general (b. 1888)
- 1946 – Ferenc Szálasi, Hungarian soldier and politician, Head of State of Hungary (b. 1897)
- 1947 – Winston Churchill, American author and playwright (b. 1871)
- 1949 – Wilhelm Steinkopf, German chemist (b. 1879)
- 1954 – Marianne Weber, German sociologist
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and suffragist (b. 1870)
- 1955 – Charlie Parker, American saxophonist and composer (b. 1920)
- 1955 – Theodor Plievier, German author best known for his anti-war novel (b. 1892)
- 1956 – Bolesław Bierut, Polish Communist leader (b. 1892)
- 1957 – Josephine Hull, American actress (b. 1877)
- 1960 – Kshitimohan Sen, Indian historian, author, and academic (b. 1880)
- 1963 – Arthur Grimsdell, English footballer and cricketer (b. 1894)
- 1964 – Abbās al-Aqqād, Egyptian journalist, poet and literary critic (b. 1889)
- 1971 – Eugene Lindsay Opie, American physician and pathologist (b. 1873)
- 1973 – Frankie Frisch, American baseball player and manager (b. 1898)
- 1974 – George D. Sax, American
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banker and businessman (b. 1904)
- 1979 – Nader Jahanbani, Iranian general and pilot (b. 1928)
- 1984 – Arnold Ridley, English actor and playwright (b. 1896)
- 1985 – Eugene Ormandy, Hungarian-American violinist and conductor (b. 1899)
- 1987 – Woody Hayes, American football player and coach (b. 1913)
- 1989 – Maurice Evans, English-American actor (b. 1901)
- 1989 – Jakob Gimpel, Polish concert pianist and educator (b. 1906)
- 1991 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish-Swedish neuroscientist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1900)
- 1991 – William Heinesen, Faroese author, poet, and author (b. 1900)
- 1992 – Hans G. Kresse, Dutch cartoonist (b. 1921)
- 1992 – Lucy M. Lewis, American potter
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(b. 1890)
- 1998 – Beatrice Wood, American painter and potter (b. 1893)
- 1999 – Yehudi Menuhin, American-Swiss violinist and conductor (b. 1916)
- 2000 – Aleksandar Nikolić, Yugoslav basketball coach (b. 1924)
- 2001 – Morton Downey Jr., American singer-songwriter, actor, and talk show host (b. 1933)
- 2001 – Robert Ludlum, American author (b. 1927)
- 2001 – Victor Westhoff, Dutch botanist and academic (b. 1916)
- 2002 – Spyros Kyprianou, Cypriot lawyer and politician, 2nd President of Cyprus (b. 1932)
- 2002 – Jean-Paul Riopelle, Canadian painter and sculptor (b. 1923)
- 2003 – Zoran Đinđić, Serbian philosopher and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1952)
- 2003 – Howard
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Fast, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1914)
- 2003 – Lynne Thigpen, American actress and singer (b. 1948)
- 2004 – Milton Resnick, Russian-American painter (b. 1917)
- 2005 – Bill Cameron, Canadian journalist and producer (b. 1943)
- 2005 – Stavros Kouyioumtzis, Greek composer (b. 1932)
- 2006 – Victor Sokolov, Russian-American priest and journalist (b. 1947)
- 2007 – Arnold Drake, American author and screenwriter (b. 1924)
- 2008 – Jorge Guinzburg, Argentinian journalist and producer (b. 1949)
- 2008 – Lazare Ponticelli, Italian-French soldier and supercentenarian (b. 1897)
- 2010 – Miguel Delibes, Spanish journalist and author (b. 1920)
- 2011 – Olive Dickason, Canadian historian
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and journalist (b. 1920)
- 2011 – Nilla Pizzi, Italian singer (b. 1919)
- 2012 – Samuel Glazer, American businessman, co-founded Mr. Coffee (b. 1923)
- 2012 – Dick Harter, American basketball player and coach (b. 1930)
- 2012 – Michael Hossack, American drummer (b. 1946)
- 2012 – Friedhelm Konietzka, German-Swiss footballer and manager (b. 1938)
- 2013 – George Burditt, American lawyer and politician (b. 1921)
- 2013 – Clive Burr, English drummer and songwriter (b. 1957)
- 2013 – Michael Grigsby, English director and producer (b. 1936)
- 2013 – Ganesh Pyne, Indian painter and illustrator (b. 1937)
- 2014 – Věra Chytilová, Czech actress, director, and screenwriter (b. 1929)
- 2014
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– George Donaldson, Scottish singer-songwriter (b. 1968)
- 2014 – Paul C. Donnelly, American scientist and engineer (b. 1923)
- 2014 – Ola L. Mize, American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1931)
- 2014 – José Policarpo, Portuguese cardinal (b. 1936)
- 2015 – Willie Barrow, American minister and activist (b. 1924)
- 2015 – Michael Graves, American architect and academic, designed the Portland Building and the Humana Building (b. 1934)
- 2015 – Ada Jafri, Pakistani poet and author (b. 1924)
- 2015 – Terry Pratchett, English journalist, author, and screenwriter (b. 1948)
- 2016 – Rafiq Azad, Bangladeshi poet and author (b. 1942)
- 2016 – Felix Ibru, Nigerian architect and politician,
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Governor of Delta State (b. 1935)
- 2016 – Lloyd Shapley, American mathematician and economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923)
# Holidays and observances.
- Arbor Day (China)
- Arbor Day (Taiwan)
- Tree Day (Republic of North Macedonia)
- Aztec New Year
- Christian feast day:
- Alphege
- Bernard of Carinola (or of Capua)
- Gorgonius, Peter Cubicularius and Dorotheus of Nicomedia
- Mura (McFeredach)
- Nicodemus of Mammola
- Fina
- Luigi Orione
- Maximilian of Tebessa
- Nicodemus of Mammola
- Paul Aurelian
- Pope Gregory I (Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Church, and Anglican Communion)
- Symeon the New Theologian
- Theophanes the Confessor
- March 12 (Eastern Orthodox
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Alphege
- Bernard of Carinola (or of Capua)
- Gorgonius, Peter Cubicularius and Dorotheus of Nicomedia
- Mura (McFeredach)
- Nicodemus of Mammola
- Fina
- Luigi Orione
- Maximilian of Tebessa
- Nicodemus of Mammola
- Paul Aurelian
- Pope Gregory I (Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Church, and Anglican Communion)
- Symeon the New Theologian
- Theophanes the Confessor
- March 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Girl Scout Birthday (United States)
- National Day (Mauritius)
- World Day Against Cyber Censorship (requested by Reporters Without Borders and Amnesty International in 2009)
- Youth Day (Zambia)
# External links.
- BBC: On This Day
- Today in Canadian History
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March 10
# Events.
- 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
- 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa against the Berbers, and makes a triumphal entry into Carthage.
- 947 – The Later Han is founded by Liu Zhiyuan. He declares himself emperor and establishes the capital in Bian, present-day Kaifeng.
- 1607 – Susenyos I defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, making him Emperor of Ethiopia.
- 1629 – Charles I dissolves the Parliament of England, beginning the eleven-year period known as the Personal Rule.
- 1735 – An agreement
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between Nader Shah and Russia is signed near Ganja, Azerbaijan and Russian troops are withdrawn from Baku.
- 1762 – French Huguenot Jean Calas, who had been wrongly convicted of killing his son, dies after being tortured by authorities; the event inspired Voltaire to begin a campaign for religious tolerance and legal reform.
- 1804 – Louisiana Purchase: In St. Louis, Missouri, a formal ceremony is conducted to transfer ownership of the Louisiana Territory from France to the United States.
- 1814 – Emperor Napoleon I is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.
- 1816 – Crossing of the Andes: A group of royalist scouts are captured during the Action of Juncalito.
- 1830 – The Royal Netherlands
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East Indies Army is created.
- 1848 – The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican–American War.
- 1861 – El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of Ségou, destroying the Bamana Empire of Mali.
- 1865 – Amy Spain, American slave, is executed for stealing from her owner; believed to have been the last legal execution of a female slave in America.
- 1873 – The first Azerbaijani play "The Adventures of the Vizier of the Khan of Lenkaran" prepared by Akhundov was performed by Hassan-bey Zardabi and dramatist and Najaf-bey Vezirov.
- 1876 – The first successful test of a telephone is made by Alexander Graham Bell.
- 1891 – Almon Strowger, an undertaker
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in Topeka, Kansas, patents the Strowger switch, a device which led to the automation of telephone circuit switching.
- 1906 – The Courrières mine disaster, Europe's worst ever, kills 1099 miners in northern France.
- 1909 – By signing the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, Thailand relinquishes its sovereignty over the Malay states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu, which become British protectorates.
- 1915 – World War I: The Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins. This is the first large-scale operation by the British Army in the war.
- 1916 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Henry McMahon concerning the Arab revolt against
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the Ottoman Empire ends.
- 1917 – Some provinces and cities in the Philippines are incorporated due to the ratification of Act No. 2711 or the Administrative Code of the Philippines.
- 1922 – Mahatma Gandhi is arrested in India, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years in prison, only to be released after nearly two years for an appendicitis operation.
- 1933 – The 6.4 Long Beach earthquake affects the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ("Severe"), leaving 115–120 people dead, and causing an estimated $40 million in damage.
- 1944 – Greek Civil War: The Political Committee of National Liberation is established in Greece by the National Liberation Front.
-
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1945 – World War II: The U.S. Army Air Force firebombs Tokyo, and the resulting conflagration kills more than 100,000 people, mostly civilians.
- 1949 – Mildred Gillars ("Axis Sally") is convicted of treason.
- 1952 – Fulgencio Batista leads a successful coup in Cuba and appoints himself as the "provisional president".
- 1959 – Tibetan uprising: Fearing an abduction attempt by China, thousands of Tibetans surround the Dalai Lama's palace to prevent his removal.
- 1966 – Military Prime Minister of South Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ sacked rival General Nguyễn Chánh Thi, precipitating large-scale civil and military dissension in parts of the nation.
- 1968 – Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85,
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concluding the 11th with largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members (12) during that war.
- 1969 – In Memphis, Tennessee, James Earl Ray pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King, Jr. He later unsuccessfully attempts to recant.
- 1970 – Vietnam War: Captain Ernest Medina is charged by the U.S. military with My Lai war crimes.
- 1975 – Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh Campaign: North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Mê Thuột in the South on their way to capturing Saigon in the final push for victory over South Vietnam.
- 1977 – Astronomers discover the rings of Uranus.
- 1990 – In Haiti, Prosper Avril is ousted 18 months after seizing power in a coup.
- 2000 – The
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Nasdaq Composite stock market index peaks at 5132.52, signaling the beginning of the end of the dot-com boom.
- 2006 – The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter arrives at Mars.
- 2017 – The impeachment of President Park Geun-hye of South Korea in response to a major political scandal is unanimously upheld by the country's Constitutional Court, ending her presidency.
# Births.
- 852 – Qian Liu, Chinese warlord and king (d. 932)
- 1415 – Vasily II, Grand Prince of Moscow (d. 1462)
- 1430 – Oliviero Carafa, Catholic cardinal (d. 1511)
- 1452 – Ferdinand II, king of Castile and León (d. 1516)
- 1503 – Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1564)
- 1536 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, English
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politician, Earl Marshal of the United Kingdom (d. 1572)
- 1549 – Francis Solanus, Spanish missionary and saint (d. 1610)
- 1590 – Dietrich Reinkingk, German lawyer and politician (d. 1664)
- 1604 – Johann Rudolf Glauber, German-Dutch alchemist and chemist (d. 1670)
- 1607 – Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, English statesman (d. 1667)
- 1628 – François Girardon, French sculptor (d. 1715)
- 1628 – Marcello Malpighi, Italian physician and biologist (d. 1694)
- 1652 – Giacomo Serpotta, Italian Rococo sculptor (d. 1732)
- 1653 – John Benbow, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1702)
- 1709 – Georg Wilhelm Steller, German botanist, zoologist, physician, and explorer (d. 1746)
- 1745 – John
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Gunby, American general (d. 1807)
- 1749 – Lorenzo Da Ponte, Italian-American priest and poet (d. 1838)
- 1769 – Joseph Williamson, English businessman and philanthropist (d. 1840)
- 1772 – Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, German poet and critic (d. 1829)
- 1777 – Louis Hersent, French painter (d. 1860)
- 1787 – Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo, Spanish playwright and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1862)
- 1787 – William Etty, English painter and academic (d. 1849)
- 1788 – Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, German author, poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1857)
- 1788 – Edward Hodges Baily, English sculptor (d. 1867)
- 1789 – Manuel de la Peña y Peña, Mexican
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lawyer and 20th President (1847) (d. 1850)
- 1795 – Joseph Légaré, Canadian painter and glazier, artist, seigneur and political figure (d. 1855)
- 1810 – Samuel Ferguson, Irish poet and lawyer (d. 1886)
- 1844 – Pablo de Sarasate, Spanish violinist and composer (d. 1908)
- 1844 – Marie Euphrosyne Spartali, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1927)
- 1845 – Alexander III of Russia (d. 1894)
- 1846 – Edward Baker Lincoln, American son of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1850)
- 1849 – Hallie Quinn Brown, African-American educator, writer and activist (d. 1949)
- 1850 – Spencer Gore, English tennis player and cricketer (d. 1906)
- 1853 – Thomas Mackenzie, Scottish-New Zealand cartographer and politician,
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18th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1930)
- 1864 – Ādams Alksnis, Latvian painter (d. 1897)
- 1867 – Hector Guimard, French-American architect, designed the La Bluette (d. 1942)
- 1867 – Lillian Wald, American nurse, humanitarian, and author, founded the Henry Street Settlement (d. 1940)
- 1870 – David Riazanov, Russian theorist and politician (d. 1938)
- 1873 – Jakob Wassermann, German-Austrian soldier and author (d. 1934)
- 1876 – Edvard Eriksen, Danish-Icelandic sculptor and woodcarver (d. 1959)
- 1876 – Anna Hyatt Huntington, American sculptor (d. 1973)
- 1881 – Jessie Boswell, English painter (d. 1956)
- 1885 – Tamara Karsavina, Russian-English ballerina and educator (d. 1978)
-
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1888 – Barry Fitzgerald, Irish actor (d. 1961)
- 1889 – Toshitsugu Takamatsu, Japanese martial artist and educator (d. 1972)
- 1890 – Gakuryō Nakamura, Japanese painter and designer (d. 1969)
- 1890 – Albert Ogilvie, Australian politician, 28th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1939)
- 1891 – Sam Jaffe, American actor and engineer (d. 1984)
- 1892 – Arthur Honegger, French-Swiss composer and educator (d. 1955)
- 1892 – Gregory La Cava, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1952)
- 1896 – Frederick Coulton Waugh, British cartoonist, painter, teacher and author (d. 1973)
- 1900 – Violet Brown, Jamaican supercentenarian, oldest Jamaican ever (d. 2017)
- 1900 – Pandelis Pouliopoulos,
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Greek lawyer and politician (d. 1943)
- 1901 – Michel Seuphor, Belgian painter (d. 1999)
- 1903 – Bix Beiderbecke, American cornet player, pianist, and composer (d. 1931)
- 1903 – Clare Boothe Luce, American playwright, journalist, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Italy (d. 1987)
- 1903 – Edward Bawden, British artist and illustrator (d. 1989)
- 1914 – Chandler Harper, American golfer (d. 2004)
- 1914 – K. P. Ratnam, Sri Lankan academic and politician (d. 2010)
- 1915 – Harry Bertoia, Italian-American sculptor and furniture designer (d. 1978)
- 1915 – Joža Horvat, Croatian writer (d. 2012)
- 1916 – Davie Fulton, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 2000)
- 1917 – David
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Hare, American Surrealist artist, sculptor, photographer and painter (d. 1992)
- 1918 – Günther Rall, German general and pilot (d. 2009)
- 1919 – Marion Hutton, American singer and actress (d. 1987)
- 1920 – Alfred Peet, Dutch-American businessman, founded Peet's Coffee & Tea (d. 2007)
- 1920 – Boris Vian, French author and playwright (d. 1959)
- 1922 – Kiyoshi Yamashita, Japanese painter (d. 1971)
- 1923 – Val Logsdon Fitch, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
- 1924 – Judith Jones, literary and cookbook editor (d. 2017)
- 1925 – Bob Lanier, American lawyer, banker, and politician, 58th Mayor of Houston (d. 2014)
- 1926 – Marques Haynes, American basketball
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player (d. 2015)
- 1927 – Claude Laydu, Belgian-French actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2011)
- 1927 – Paul Wunderlich, German painter, sculptor and graphic artist (d. 2010)
- 1928 – Sara Montiel, Spanish actress (d. 2013)
- 1928 – James Earl Ray, American criminal; assassin of Martin Luther King Jr. (d. 1998)
- 1929 – Sam Steiger, American journalist and politician (d. 2012)
- 1930 – Sándor Iharos, Hungarian runner (d. 1996)
- 1931 – Georges Dor, Canadian author, playwright, and composer (d. 2001)
- 1932 – Marcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender, English politician (d. 2019)
- 1932 – Udupi Ramachandra Rao, Indian physicist and engineer (d. 2017)
- 1933 – Perunchithiranar, Tamil
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poet (d. 1995)
- 1933 – Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell, Argentinian poet and translator (d. 2004)
- 1934 – Gergely Kulcsár, Hungarian javelin thrower and coach
- 1935 – Graham Farmer, Australian footballer and coach
- 1936 – Sepp Blatter, Swiss businessman
- 1936 – Alfredo Zitarrosa, Uruguayan singer-songwriter and journalist (d. 1989)
- 1938 – Norman Blake, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1938 – Ieronymos II of Athens, Greek archbishop
- 1939 – Asghar Ali Engineer, Indian activist and author (d. 2013)
- 1939 – Hugh Johnson, English author and critic
- 1939 – Irina Press, Ukrainian-Russian hurdler and pentathlete (d. 2004)
- 1940 – Chuck Norris, American actor, producer, and
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martial artist
- 1940 – David Rabe, American playwright and screenwriter
- 1943 – Peter Berresford Ellis, English historian and author
- 1944 – Gail North-Saunders, Bahamian historian, archivist, and author who established the Bahamian National Archives
- 1945 – Katharine Houghton, American actress and playwright
- 1945 – Madhavrao Scindia, Indian politician, Indian Minister of Railways (d. 2001)
- 1946 – Gérard Garouste, French contemporary artist
- 1946 – Mike Hollands, Australian animator and director, founded Act3animation
- 1946 – Jim Valvano, American basketball player and coach (d. 1993)
- 1947 – Kim Campbell, Canadian lawyer and politician, 19th Prime Minister of Canada
- 1947
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– Tom Scholz, American rock musician (Boston), songwriter, inventor, and engineer
- 1948 – Austin Carr, American basketball player and sportscaster
- 1949 – Bill Buxton, Canadian computer scientist and academic
- 1949 – Barbara Corcoran, American businesswoman and television personality
- 1952 – Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabwean politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Zimbabwe (d. 2018)
- 1953 – Paul Haggis, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1954 – Didier Barbelivien, French singer-songwriter
- 1955 – Toshio Suzuki, Japanese race car driver
- 1956 – Robert Llewellyn, English actor, producer, and screenwriter
- 1956 – Larry Myricks, American long jumper and sprinter
- 1957 – Osama
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bin Laden, Saudi Arabian terrorist, founded al-Qaeda (d. 2011)
- 1958 – Garth Crooks, English footballer and sportscaster
- 1958 – Steve Howe, American baseball player (d. 2006)
- 1958 – Sharon Stone, American actress and producer
- 1961 – Laurel Clark, American captain, physician, and astronaut (d. 2003)
- 1961 – Bobby Petrino, American football player and coach
- 1962 – Jasmine Guy, American actress, singer, and director
- 1962 – Seiko Matsuda, Japanese singer-songwriter and actress
- 1963 – Jeff Ament, American bass player and songwriter
- 1963 – Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Mexican diplomat and president (1930-1932) (b. 1877)
- 1963 – Felipe Ramos, Mexican footballer and referee
- 1963
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– Rick Rubin, American record producer, founded Def Jam Recordings
- 1964 – Neneh Cherry, Swedish singer-songwriter
- 1964 – Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
- 1964 – Jojo Lastimosa, Filipino basketball player and coach
- 1964 – Nikola Mladenov, Macedonian journalist (d. 2013)
- 1964 – Toni Polster, Austrian footballer and manager
- 1965 – Jillian Richardson, Canadian sprinter
- 1965 – Rod Woodson, American football player, coach, and sportscaster
- 1966 – Edie Brickell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1966 – Mike Timlin, American baseball player
- 1967 – Omer Tarin, Pakistani-English poet and scholar
- 1968 – Thio Li-ann, Singaporean lawyer and academic
- 1968 – Pavel Srníček,
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Czech footballer and coach (d. 2015)
- 1970 – Matt Barlow, American singer-songwriter
- 1971 – Jon Hamm, American actor and director
- 1972 – Matt Kenseth, American race car driver
- 1972 – Timbaland, American rapper and producer
- 1973 – Jason Croker, Australian rugby league player and coach
- 1973 – Chris Sutton, English footballer and manager
- 1973 – Mauricio Taricco, Argentinian footballer and manager
- 1974 – Cristián de la Fuente, Chilean-American model, actor, and producer
- 1975 – Jamie Arnold, American-Israeli basketball player and coach
- 1976 – Barbara Schett, Austrian tennis player and sportscaster
- 1977 – Robin Thicke, American singer
- 1978 – Camille, French singer-songwriter
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and actress
- 1978 – Neil Alexander, Scottish footballer
- 1978 – Benjamin Burnley, American musician Breaking Benjamin
- 1980 – Lars Horntveth, Norwegian saxophonist and composer
- 1981 – Samuel Eto'o, Cameroonian footballer and manager
- 1981 – Ángel López, Spanish footballer
- 1981 – Steven Reid, English-Irish footballer and manager
- 1982 – Kwame Brown, American basketball player
- 1982 – Keke Wyatt, American singer-songwriter and actress
- 1983 – Étienne Boulay, Canadian football player
- 1983 – Rafe Spall, English actor
- 1983 – Janet Mock, American journalist, author, and activist
- 1983 – Carrie Underwood, American singer-songwriter and actress
- 1984 – Ben May, English
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footballer
- 1984 – Olivia Wilde, American actress and producer
- 1985 – Lassana Diarra, French footballer
- 1985 – Casey Dienel, American singer-songwriter and pianist
- 1987 – Martellus Bennett, American football player
- 1987 – Greg Eastwood, New Zealand rugby league player
- 1987 – Ebba Jungmark, Swedish high jumper
- 1987 – Tuukka Rask, Finnish ice hockey player
- 1987 – Liu Shishi, Chinese actress and ballerina
- 1988 – Josh Hoffman, Australian-New Zealand rugby league player
- 1988 – Kang In-soo, South Korean singer
- 1988 – Ivan Rakitić, Croatian football player, plays for FC Barcelona
- 1992 – Emily Osment, American actress, singer, and songwriter
- 1992 – Neeskens Kebano,
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French-born Congolese football player
- 1993 – Jack Butland, English footballer
- 1995 – Zach LaVine, American basketball player
- 1995 – Sergey Mozgov, Russian ice dancer
- 1997 – Julia Barretto, Filipino actress and singer
- 1997 – Belinda Bencic, Swiss tennis player
- 1999 – Max Bryant, Australian cricketer
# Deaths.
- 483 – Pope Simplicius
- 933 – Li Renfu, Chinese warlord and governor
- 948 – Liu Zhiyuan, Shatuo founder of the Later Han dynasty (b. 895)
- 1039 – Eudes, Duke of Gascony
- 1222 – Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)
- 1289 – Maud de Lacy, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester, English noble (b. 1223)
- 1291 – Arghun, Mongol ruler in Persia
-
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1315 – Agnes Blannbekin, Austrian mystic (b. c.1244)
- 1391 – Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
- 1476 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr (b. 1430)
- 1510 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss priest and theologian (b. 1445)
- 1513 – John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, English commander and politician, Lord High Constable of England (b. 1443)
- 1527 – Nam Gon, Korean writer and prime minister (b. 1471)
- 1528 – Balthasar Hübmaier, influential German/Moravian Anabaptist leader (b. 1480)
- 1572 – William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester (b. c. 1483)
- 1585 – Rembert Dodoens, Flemish physician and botanist (b. 1517)
- 1588 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss physician and scholar (b. 1533)
- 1670
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– Johann Rudolf Glauber, German-Dutch chemist and engineer (b. 1604)
- 1682 – Jacob van Ruisdael, Dutch painter and etcher (b. 1628)
- 1724 – Urban Hjärne, Swedish chemist, geologist, and physician (b. 1641)
- 1776 – Élie Catherine Fréron, French author and critic (b. 1719)
- 1792 – John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Scottish politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1713)
- 1823 – George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith, Scottish admiral and politician (b. 1746)
- 1826 – John Pinkerton, Scottish antiquarian, cartographer, author, numismatist and historian (b. 1758)
- 1832 – Muzio Clementi, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1752)
- 1861 – Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian
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poet, playwright, and ethnographer (b. 1814)
- 1872 – Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian journalist and politician (b. 1805)
- 1898 – Marie-Eugénie de Jésus, French nun and saint, founded the Religious of the Assumption (b. 1817)
- 1895 – Charles Frederick Worth, English-French fashion designer, founded the House of Worth (b. 1826)
- 1897 – Savitribai Phule, Indian poet and activist (b. 1831)
- 1910 – Karl Lueger, Austrian lawyer and politician Mayor of Vienna (b. 1844)
- 1910 – Carl Reinecke, German pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1824)
- 1913 – Harriet Tubman, American nurse and activist (b. 1820)
- 1925 – Myer Prinstein, Polish-American jumper and lawyer (b. 1878)
- 1930 – Misuzu Kaneko,
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Japanese poet and songwriter (b. 1903)
- 1937 – Yevgeny Zamyatin, Russian journalist and author (b. 1884)
- 1940 – Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian novelist and playwright (b. 1891)
- 1942 – Wilbur Scoville, American pharmacist and chemist (b. 1865)
- 1948 – Zelda Fitzgerald, American author, poet, and dancer (b. 1900)
- 1948 – Jan Masaryk, Czech soldier and politician (b. 1886)
- 1951 – Kijūrō Shidehara, Japanese lawyer and politician, 44th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1872)
- 1965 – Archibald Frazer-Nash, English engineer, founded Frazer Nash (b. 1889)
- 1966 – Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- 1966 – Frank O'Connor, Irish short story writer, novelist,
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and poet (b. 1903)
- 1977 – E. Power Biggs, English-American organist and composer (b. 1906)
- 1982 – Minoru Shirota, Japanese physician and microbiologist, invented Yakult (b. 1899)
- 1985 – Konstantin Chernenko, Russian soldier and politician, 8th Head of State of The Soviet Union (b. 1911)
- 1985 – Bob Nieman, American baseball player and scout (b. 1927)
- 1986 – Ray Milland, Welsh-American actor and director (b. 1905)
- 1988 – Andy Gibb, Manx-Australian singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1958)
- 1989 – Kermit Beahan, American colonel and pilot (b. 1918)
- 1990 – Pat McDonald, Australian actress (b. 1921)
- 1992 – Giorgos Zampetas, Greek bouzouki player and composer (b. 1925)
- 1995
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– Agepê, Brazilian singer/composer (b. 1942)
- 1996 – Ross Hunter, American film producer (b. 1926)
- 1997 – LaVern Baker, American singer and actress (b. 1929)
- 1998 – Lloyd Bridges, American actor and director (b. 1913)
- 1999 – Oswaldo Guayasamín, Ecuadorian painter and sculptor (b. 1919)
- 2001 – Massimo Morsello, Italian singer-songwriter (b. 1958)
- 2004 – Renos Apostolidis, Greek philologist, author, and critic (b. 1924)
- 2005 – Dave Allen, Irish-English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1936)
- 2006 – Anna Moffo, American soprano (b. 1932)
- 2007 – Ernie Ladd, American football player and wrestler (b. 1938)
- 2010 – Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Egyptian scholar and academic
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(b. 1928)
- 2010 – Corey Haim, Canadian actor (b. 1971)
- 2011 – Bill Blackbeard, American author and illustrator (b. 1926)
- 2012 – Bert R. Bulkin, American engineer (b. 1929)
- 2012 – Jean Giraud, French author and illustrator (b. 1938)
- 2012 – Mykola Plaviuk, Ukrainian politician, President Ukrainian People's Republic in Exile (b. 1925)
- 2012 – Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1927)
- 2012 – Tan Boon Teik, Malaysian-Singaporean lawyer and politician, Attorney-General of Singapore (b. 1929)
- 2015 – Richard Glatzer, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1952)
- 2016 – Ken Adam, German-English production designer and art
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director (b. 1921)
- 2016 – Keith Emerson, English keyboard player and songwriter (b. 1944)
- 2016 – Roberto Perfumo, Argentinian footballer and sportscaster (b. 1942)
- 2016 – Jovito Salonga, Filipino lawyer and politician, 14th President of the Senate of the Philippines (b. 1920)
- 2016 – Anita Brookner, English novelist and art historian (b. 1928)
# Holidays and observances.
- Christian feast day:
- Anastasia the Patrician
- Attala
- Harriet Tubman (Lutheran)
- Himelin
- John Ogilvie
- Macarius of Jerusalem
- Marie-Eugénie de Jésus
- Pope Simplicius
- Sojourner Truth (Lutheran)
- March 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Harriet Tubman Day (United States of America)
- Holocaust
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r, English novelist and art historian (b. 1928)
# Holidays and observances.
- Christian feast day:
- Anastasia the Patrician
- Attala
- Harriet Tubman (Lutheran)
- Himelin
- John Ogilvie
- Macarius of Jerusalem
- Marie-Eugénie de Jésus
- Pope Simplicius
- Sojourner Truth (Lutheran)
- March 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Harriet Tubman Day (United States of America)
- Holocaust Remembrance Day (Bulgaria)
- Hote Matsuri (Shiogama, Japan)
- Mario Day (Globally)
- National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (United States)
- Tibetan Uprising Day (Tibetan independence movement)
- Theatre Day (Azerbaijan)
# External links.
- BBC: On This Day
- Today in Canadian History
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March 14
# Events.
- 44 BC – Casca and Cassius decide, on the night before the Assassination of Julius Caesar, that Mark Antony should live.
- 313 – Emperor Jin Huaidi is executed by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Han Zhao).
- 1381 – Chioggia concludes an alliance with Zadar and Trogir against Venice, which becomes changed in 1412 in Šibenik.
- 1489 – The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots defeat the forces of the Catholic League under Charles, Duke of Mayenne during the French Wars of Religion.
- 1647 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
- 1663 –
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Otto von Guericke completes his book on Vacuum.
- 1757 – Admiral Sir John Byng is executed by firing squad aboard for breach of the Articles of War.
- 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Spanish forces capture Fort Charlotte in Mobile, Alabama, the last British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans in Spanish Louisiana.
- 1782 – Battle of Wuchale: Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I pacifies a group of Oromo near Wuchale.
- 1794 – Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin.
- 1885 – "The Mikado", a light opera by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, receives its first public performance in London.
- 1900 – The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing United States currency on the gold
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standard.
- 1903 – The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Senate of Colombia would later reject the treaty.
- 1903 – Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is established by US President Theodore Roosevelt.
- 1910 – Lakeview Gusher, the largest U.S. oil well gusher near Bakersfield, California, vents to atmosphere.
- 1926 – El Virilla train accident, Costa Rica: A train falls off a bridge over the Río Virilla between Heredia and Tibás. Two hundred forty-eight are killed and 93 wounded.
- 1931 – "Alam Ara", India's first talking film, is released.
- 1936 – The first all-sound film version of "Show
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Boat" opens at Radio City Music Hall.
- 1939 – Slovakia declares independence under German pressure.
- 1942 – Orvan Hess and John Bumstead became the first in the United States successfully to treat a patient, Anne Miller, using penicillin.
- 1943 – World War II: The Kraków Ghetto is "liquidated".
- 1945 – World War II: The R.A.F.'s first operational use of the Grand Slam bomb, Bielefeld, Germany.
- 1951 – Korean War: For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul.
- 1961 – USAF "Broken Arrow" nuclear weapon mishap in B-52 crash near Yuba City, Ca.
- 1964 – A jury in Dallas finds Jack Ruby guilty of killing Lee Harvey Oswald, the assumed assassin of John F. Kennedy.
- 1967
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– The body of U.S. President John F. Kennedy is moved to a permanent burial place at Arlington National Cemetery.
- 1978 – The Israel Defense Forces invade and occupies southern Lebanon in Operation Litani.
- 1979 – In China, a Hawker Siddeley Trident crashes into a factory near Beijing, killing 44 and injuring at least 200.
- 1980 – In Poland, LOT Flight 7 crashes during final approach near Warsaw, killing 87 people, including a 14-man American boxing team.
- 1982 – The South African government bombs the headquarters of the African National Congress in London.
- 1988 – Johnson South Reef Skirmish: Chinese forces defeat Vietnamese forces in Johnson South Reef, disputed Spratly Islands.
-
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1994 – Timeline of Linux development: Linux kernel version 1.0.0 is released.
- 1995 – Space exploration: Astronaut Norman Thagard becomes the first American astronaut to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle.
- 2006 – Members of the Chadian military fail in an attempted coup d'état.
- 2007 – The Left Front government of West Bengal sends at least 3,000 police to Nandigram in an attempt to break Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee resistance there; the resulting clash leaves 14 dead.
- 2008 – A series of riots, protests, and demonstrations erupt in Lhasa and elsewhere in Tibet.
- 2019 – Cyclone Idai has swept through Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe over the past few days, destroying
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almost everything in its path, causing devastating floods, killing and injuring thousands of people and ruining crops. More than 2.6 million people could be affected across the three countries, and the port city of Beira, which was hit on March 8 and is home to 500,000 people, is now an “island in the ocean”, almost completely cut off.
# Births.
- 1415 – Wilhelm II, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (d. 1444)
- 1418 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1492)
- 1473 – Reinhard IV, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1512)
- 1576 – Eric of Lorraine, Bishop of Verdun (d. 1623)
- 1638 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic (d. 1710)
- 1665 – Giuseppe Crespi, Italian painter (d. 1747)
- 1681
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– Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer and theorist (d. 1767)
- 1790 – Ludwig Emil Grimm, German painter and engraver (d. 1863)
- 1800 – James Bogardus, American inventor and architect (d. 1874)
- 1801 – Kristjan Jaak Peterson, Estonian poet (d. 1822)
- 1804 – Johann Strauss I, Austrian composer and conductor (d. 1849)
- 1813 – Joseph P. Bradley, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1892)
- 1820 – Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (d. 1878)
- 1822 – Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies (d. 1889)
- 1823 – Théodore de Banville, French poet and critic (d. 1891)
- 1833 – Frederic Shields, English painter and illustrator (d. 1911)
- 1833 – Lucy Hobbs Taylor, American dentist and educator (d. 1910)
-
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1835 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer and historian (d. 1910)
- 1836 – Isabella Beeton, English author of "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management" (d. 1865)
- 1837 – Charles Ammi Cutter, American librarian (d. 1903)
- 1844 – Umberto I of Italy (d. 1900)
- 1844 – Arthur O'Shaughnessy, English poet and herpetologist (d. 1881)
- 1847 – Castro Alves, Brazilian poet and playwright (d. 1871)
- 1853 – Ferdinand Hodler, Swiss painter (d. 1918)
- 1854 – Paul Ehrlich, German physician and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1915)
- 1854 – John Lane, English publisher, co-founded The Bodley Head (d. 1925)
- 1854 – Alexandru Macedonski, Romanian author and poet (d. 1920)
- 1854 –
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Thomas R. Marshall, American lawyer and politician, 28th Vice President of the United States of America (d. 1925)
- 1862 – Vilhelm Bjerknes, Norwegian physicist and meteorologist (d. 1951)
- 1863 – Casey Jones, American engineer (d. 1900)
- 1866 – Alexey Troitsky, Russian composer and author (d. 1942)
- 1868 – Emily Murphy, Canadian jurist, author, and activist (d. 1933)
- 1869 – Algernon Blackwood, English author and playwright (d. 1951)
- 1874 – Anton Philips, Dutch businessman, co-founded Philips Electronics (d. 1951)
- 1879 – Albert Einstein, German-American physicist, engineer, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
- 1880 – Princess Thyra of Denmark (d. 1945)
- 1882 – Wacław
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Sierpiński, Polish mathematician and academic (d. 1969)
- 1885 – Gervais Raoul Lufbery, French-American soldier and pilot (d. 1918)
- 1886 – Firmin Lambot, Belgian cyclist (d. 1964)
- 1887 – Sylvia Beach, American-French publisher, founded Shakespeare and Company (d. 1962)
- 1894 – Osa Johnson, American director and explorer (d. 1953)
- 1898 – Arnold Chikobava, Georgian linguist and philologist (d. 1985)
- 1898 – Reginald Marsh, French-American painter and illustrator (d. 1954)
- 1899 – K. C. Irving, Canadian businessman, founded Irving Oil (d. 1992)
- 1901 – Sid Atkinson, South African hurdler and long jumper (d. 1977)
- 1903 – Adolph Gottlieb, American painter and sculptor (d. 1974)
-
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1904 – Doris Eaton Travis, American actress and dancer (d. 2010)
- 1905 – Raymond Aron, French journalist, sociologist, and philosopher (d. 1983)
- 1906 – Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Turkish composer and educator (d. 1972)
- 1906 – Fazıl Küçük, Cypriot journalist and politician (d. 1984)
- 1908 – Ed Heinemann, American engineer (d. 1991)
- 1908 – Maurice Merleau-Ponty, French philosopher and academic (d. 1961)
- 1908 – Philip Conrad Vincent, English engineer and businessman, founded Vincent Motorcycles (d. 1979)
- 1911 – Akira Yoshizawa, Japanese origamist (d. 2005)
- 1912 – Cliff Bastin, English footballer (d. 1991)
- 1912 – Les Brown, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (d. 2001)
-
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1912 – W. Graham Claytor, Jr. American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 15th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1994)
- 1912 – W. Willard Wirtz, American lawyer and politician, 10th United States Secretary of Labor (d. 2010)
- 1914 – Lee Hays, American singer-songwriter (d. 1981)
- 1914 – Bill Owen, English actor and songwriter (d. 1999)
- 1914 – Lee Petty, American race car driver and businessman, founded Petty Enterprises (d. 2000)
- 1915 – Alexander Brott, Canadian violinist, composer, and conductor (d. 2005)
- 1916 – Horton Foote, American author, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 2009)
- 1917 – Alan Smith, English lieutenant and pilot (d. 2013)
- 1918 – Zoia Horn, American
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librarian (d. 2014)
- 1918 – Dennis Patrick, American actor and director (d. 2002)
- 1919 – Max Shulman, American author and screenwriter (d. 1988)
- 1920 – Hank Ketcham, American author and cartoonist, created "Dennis the Menace" (d. 2001)
- 1920 – Dorothy Tyler-Odam, English high jumper (d. 2014)
- 1921 – S. Truett Cathy, American businessman, founded Chick-fil-A (d. 2014)
- 1921 – Ada Louise Huxtable, American author and critic (d. 2013)
- 1922 – Les Baxter, American pianist and composer (d. 1996)
- 1922 – China Zorrilla, Uruguayan actress, director, and producer (d. 2014)
- 1923 – Diane Arbus, American photographer (d. 1971)
- 1925 – William Clay Ford, Sr., American businessman
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(d. 2014)
- 1925 – Joseph A. Unanue, American sergeant and businessman (d. 2013)
- 1926 – François Morel, Canadian pianist, composer, conductor, and educator (d. 2018)
- 1928 – Frank Borman, American colonel, pilot, and astronaut
- 1928 – Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, Spanish environmentalist (d. 1980)
- 1929 – Bob Goalby, American golfer
- 1932 – Mark Murphy, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2015)
- 1932 – Naina Yeltsina, Russian wife of Boris Yeltsin, First Lady of Russia
- 1933 – Michael Caine, English actor and author
- 1933 – Quincy Jones, American singer-songwriter, trumpet player, and producer
- 1934 – Eugene Cernan, American captain, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2017)
-
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1934 – Paul Rader, American 15th General of The Salvation Army
- 1936 – Bob Charles, New Zealand golfer
- 1937 – Peter van der Merwe, South African cricketer and referee (d. 2013)
- 1938 – Eleanor Bron, English actress and screenwriter
- 1938 – John Gleeson, Australian cricketer (d. 2016)
- 1939 – Pilar Bardem, Spanish actress
- 1939 – Raymond J. Barry, American actor
- 1939 – Bertrand Blier, French director and screenwriter
- 1939 – Yves Boisset, French director and screenwriter
- 1939 – Jan Crouch, American televangelist, co-founder of the Trinity Broadcasting Network (d. 2016)
- 1941 – Wolfgang Petersen, German-American director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1942 – Rita Tushingham,
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English actress
- 1943 – Anita Morris, American actress and singer (d. 1994)
- 1944 – Boris Brott, Canadian composer and conductor
- 1944 – Václav Nedomanský, Czech ice hockey player and manager
- 1944 – Bobby Smith, English footballer and manager
- 1944 – Tom Stannage, Australian historian and academic (d. 2012)
- 1945 – Jasper Carrott, English comedian, actor, and game show host
- 1945 – Michael Martin Murphey, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1945 – Walter Parazaider, American saxophonist
- 1946 – William Lerach, American securities, class action attorney
- 1946 – Wes Unseld, American basketball player, coach, and manager
- 1947 – Roy Budd, English pianist and composer
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(d. 1993)
- 1947 – William J. Jefferson, American lawyer and politician
- 1947 – Jona Lewie, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player
- 1948 – Tom Coburn, American physician and politician
- 1948 – Billy Crystal, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1948 – Theo Jansen, Dutch sculptor
- 1950 – Rick Dees, American actor and radio host
- 1951 – Jerry Greenfield, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Ben & Jerry's
- 1953 – Nick Keir, Scottish singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
- 1954 – Brian Smith, Australian rugby league player and coach
- 1955 – Jonathan Kaufer, American director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
- 1956 – Sean Mathias, Welsh actor, director, and
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screenwriter
- 1956 – Alexey Pajitnov, Russian video game designer and computer engineer, creator of Tetris
- 1956 – Butch Wynegar, American baseball player and coach
- 1957 – Jean van de Velde, Dutch director and screenwriter
- 1957 – Tad Williams, American author
- 1958 – Albert II, Prince of Monaco
- 1958 – Francine Stock, English journalist and author
- 1959 – Steve Byrnes, American sportscaster and producer (d. 2015)
- 1959 – Laila Robins, American actress
- 1959 – Tamara Tunie, American actress
- 1960 – Heidi Hammel, American astronomer and academic
- 1961 – Garry Jack, Australian rugby league player and coach
- 1961 – Penny Johnson Jerald, American actress
- 1961 – Mike Lazaridis,
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Turkish–Canadian businessman and philanthropist, founded BlackBerry Limited
- 1961 – Hiro Matsushita, Japanese race car driver
- 1963 – Andrew Fleming, American director and screenwriter
- 1963 – Bruce Reid, Australian cricketer and coach
- 1964 – Dario Bisso Sabàdin, Italian conductor and composer
- 1965 – Kevin Brown, American baseball player and coach
- 1965 – Aamir Khan, Indian film actor, producer, and director
- 1965 – Billy Sherwood, American guitarist, songwriter, and producer
- 1965 – Kevin Williamson, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1966 – Jonas Elmer, Danish actor, director, and screenwriter
- 1966 – Elise Neal, American actress and producer
- 1966
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– Gary Anthony Williams, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
- 1967 – Jeremy Baumberg FRS Professor of Nanoscience at the University of Cambridge
- 1968 – Megan Follows, Canadian-American actress
- 1968 – James Frain, English actor
- 1968 – Serena Rees, English businesswoman, co-founded Agent Provocateur
- 1969 – Michael Bland, American drummer and producer
- 1969 – Larry Johnson, American basketball player and actor
- 1970 – Kristian Bush, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1971 – Charlie Elphicke, English lawyer and politician
- 1972 – Irom Chanu Sharmila, Indian poet and activist
- 1973 – Rohit Shetty, Indian film director and producer
- 1974 – Ben Kennedy,
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Australian rugby player
- 1974 – Santino Marella, Canadian-American wrestler and actor
- 1974 – Patrick Traverse, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1975 – Rushanara Ali, Bangladeshi-English politician
- 1975 – Steve Harper, English footballer and referee
- 1975 – Dmitri Markov, Belarusian-Australian pole vaulter
- 1976 – Daniel Gillies, Canadian-New Zealand actor, director, and screenwriter
- 1976 – Phil Vickery, English rugby player and sportscaster
- 1977 – Vadims Fjodorovs, Latvian footballer and coach
- 1977 – Aki Hoshino, Japanese model and author
- 1977 – Naoki Matsuda, Japanese footballer (d. 2011)
- 1977 – Jeremy Paul, New Zealand-Australian rugby player
- 1978 – Pieter van den
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Hoogenband, Dutch swimmer
- 1979 – Nicolas Anelka, French footballer and manager
- 1979 – Chris Klein, American actor
- 1979 – Sead Ramović, German-Bosnian footballer
- 1979 – Dan Sexbang, lead singer of NSP, American Internet Celebrity (2013-present)
- 1980 – Aaron Brown, English footballer and coach
- 1980 – Ben Herring, New Zealand rugby player
- 1981 – Bobby Jenks, American baseball player
- 1981 – George Wilson, American football player
- 1982 – Carlos Marinelli, Argentinian footballer
- 1982 – François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (d. 2008)
- 1983 – Bakhtiyar Artayev, Kazakh boxer
- 1983 – Taylor Hanson, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player
- 1983 – Anas Sarwar,
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Scottish dentist and politician
- 1983 – Jin Sha, Chinese singer and actress
- 1984 – Aric Almirola, American race car driver
- 1984 – Liesel Pritzker Simmons, American actress and philanthropist
- 1986 – Jamie Bell, English actor and dancer
- 1986 – Elton Chigumbura, Zimbabwean cricketer
- 1986 – Jessica Gallagher, Australian skier and cyclist
- 1986 – Andy Taylor, English footballer
- 1987 – Robert Clark, American actor
- 1988 – Stephen Curry, American basketball player
- 1988 – Rico Freimuth, German decathlete
- 1989 – Kevin Lacroix, Canadian race car driver
- 1989 – Colby O'Donis, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
- 1990 – Joe Allen, Welsh footballer
- 1990
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– Tamás Kádár, Hungarian footballer
- 1990 – Haru Kuroki, Japanese actress
- 1990 – Kolbeinn Sigþórsson, Icelandic footballer
- 1991 – Emir Bekrić, Serbian hurdler
- 1991 – Pat O'Hanlon, Australian rugby league player
- 1991 – László Szűcs, Hungarian footballer
- 1991 – Steven Zellner, German footballer
- 1993 – Philipp Ziereis, German footballer
- 1994 – Ansel Elgort, American actor and DJ
- 1996 – Batuhan Altıntaş, Turkish footballer
- 1997 – Simone Biles, American gymnast
# Deaths.
- 313 – Emperor Huai of Jin (b. 284)
- 557 – Leobinus, bishop of Chartres
- 757 – Li Lin, prince of the Tang dynasty
- 840 – Einhard, Frankish scholar
- 968 – Matilda of Ringelheim, Frankish queen
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and saint (b. 895)
- 1397 – Henry VIII the Sparrow, Duke of Żagań–Głogów (b.c. 1357)
- 1457 – The Jingtai Emperor, ruler of Ming China (b. 1428)
- 1471 – Thomas Malory, English author and politician (b. 1405)
- 1555 – John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (b. 1485)
- 1571 – John Sigismund Zápolya, Hungarian king (b. 1540)
- 1632 – Tokugawa Hidetada, Japanese shōgun (b. 1579)
- 1647 – Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange (b. 1584)
- 1648 – Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English general and politician (b. 1584)
- 1696 – Jean Domat, French lawyer and jurist (b. 1625)
- 1748 – George Wade, Irish field marshal and politician (b. 1673)
- 1757 – John Byng, British admiral and
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politician, 11th Commodore Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1704)
- 1765 – Ayagawa Gorōji, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 2nd Yokozuna (b. 1703)
- 1791 – Johann Salomo Semler, German historian and critic (b. 1725)
- 1803 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet (b. 1724)
- 1805 – Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, Polish-Lithuanian general (b. 1753)
- 1811 – Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, English academic and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1735)
- 1823 – Charles François Dumouriez, French general and politician, French Minister of War (b. 1739)
- 1860 – Carl Ritter von Ghega, Italian engineer, designed the Semmering railway (b. 1802)
- 1877 – Juan Manuel de Rosas,
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Argentinian general and politician, 17th Governor of Buenos Aires Province (b. 1793)
- 1883 – Karl Marx, German philosopher and theorist (b. 1818)
- 1884 – Quintino Sella, Italian economist and politician, Italian Minister of Finances (b. 1827)
- 1921 – Larry McLean, Canadian-American baseball player (b. 1881)
- 1932 – George Eastman, American inventor and businessman, founded Eastman Kodak (b. 1854)
- 1942 – René Bull, Irish lieutenant and illustrator (b. 1872)
- 1946 – Werner von Blomberg, German field marshal (b. 1878)
- 1949 – John Callan O'Laughlin, American journalist and politician, 17th United States Assistant Secretary of State (b. 1873)
- 1953 – Klement Gottwald, Czechoslovak
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Communist politician (b. 1896)
- 1957 – Evagoras Pallikarides, Cypriot activist (b. 1938)
- 1965 – Marion Jones Farquhar, American tennis player (b. 1879)
- 1968 – Erwin Panofsky, German historian and academic (b. 1892)
- 1969 – Ben Shahn, Lithuanian-American painter, illustrator, and educator (b. 1898)
- 1973 – Howard H. Aiken, American computer scientist and engineer (b. 1900)
- 1973 – Chic Young, American cartoonist (b. 1901)
- 1975 – Susan Hayward, American actress (b. 1917)
- 1976 – Busby Berkeley, American director and choreographer (b. 1895)
- 1977 – Fannie Lou Hamer, American activist and philanthropist (b. 1917)
- 1980 – Mohammad Hatta, Indonesian politician, 3rd Prime Minister
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of Indonesia (b. 1902)
- 1980 – Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, Spanish environmentalist (b. 1928)
- 1983 – Maurice Ronet, French actor and director (b. 1927)
- 1984 – Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet (b. 1915)
- 1989 – Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary (b. 1892)
- 1991 – Howard Ashman, American playwright and composer (b. 1950)
- 1991 – Margery Sharp, English author (b. 1905)
- 1992 – Jean Poiret, French actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1926)
- 1995 – William Alfred Fowler, American physicist and astronomer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- 1997 – Fred Zinnemann, Austrian-American director and producer (b. 1907)
- 1999 – Kirk Alyn, American actor (b.
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1910)
- 1999 – John Broome, American author (b. 1913)
- 2002 – Cherry Wilder, New Zealand author and poet (b. 1930)
- 2003 – Jack Goldstein, Canadian-American painter (b. 1945)
- 2003 – Jean-Luc Lagardère, French engineer and businessman (b. 1928)
- 2006 – Lennart Meri, Estonian director and politician, 2nd President of Estonia (b. 1929)
- 2007 – Lucie Aubrac, French educator and activist (b. 1912)
- 2008 – Chiara Lubich, Italian activist, co-founded the Focolare Movement (b. 1920)
- 2010 – Peter Graves, American actor (b. 1926)
- 2012 – Pierre Schoendoerffer, French director and screenwriter (b. 1928)
- 2012 – Ċensu Tabone, Maltese general and politician, 4th President of Malta (b.
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1913)
- 2013 – Jack Greene, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1930)
- 2013 – Aramais Sahakyan, Armenian poet and author (b. 1936)
- 2013 – Ieng Sary, Vietnamese-Cambodian politician, Cambodian Minister for Foreign Affairs (b. 1925)
- 2014 – Tony Benn, English pilot and politician, Postmaster General of the United Kingdom (b. 1925)
- 2014 – Meir Har-Zion, Israeli commander (b. 1934)
- 2016 – John W. Cahn, German-American metallurgist and academic (b. 1928)
- 2016 – Peter Maxwell Davies, English composer and conductor (b. 1934)
- 2016 – Suranimala Rajapaksha, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (b. 1949)
- 2018 – Jim Bowen, English stand-up comedian and TV personality (b. 1937)
-
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2018 – Marielle Franco, Brazilian politician and human rights activist (b. 1979)
- 2018 – Stephen Hawking, English physicist and author (b. 1942)
- 2018 – Emily Nasrallah, Lebanese writer and women's rights activist. (b. 1931)
- 2018 – Liam O'Flynn, Irish uileann piper (b. 1945)
# Holidays and observances.
- Christian feast day:
- Curetán (or Boniface)
- Leobinus
- Matilda of Ringelheim
- March 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Constitution Day (Andorra)
- Earliest day on which Lazarus Saturday can fall, while April 17 is the latest; observed on the day before Palm Sunday. (Eastern Orthodox Church)
- Heroes' Day (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
- Mother Tongue Day (Estonia)
-
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eann piper (b. 1945)
# Holidays and observances.
- Christian feast day:
- Curetán (or Boniface)
- Leobinus
- Matilda of Ringelheim
- March 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Constitution Day (Andorra)
- Earliest day on which Lazarus Saturday can fall, while April 17 is the latest; observed on the day before Palm Sunday. (Eastern Orthodox Church)
- Heroes' Day (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
- Mother Tongue Day (Estonia)
- Nanakshahi New Year, first day of the month of Chet (Sikhism)
- Pi Day
- Summer Day (Albania)
- White Day, complementary day of Valentine's Day when men give gifts to women (Japan and Korea)
# External links.
- BBC: On This Day
- Today in Canadian History
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Marina Tsvetaeva
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Marina Tsvetaeva
Marina Tsvetaeva
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (; 31 August 1941) was a Russian and Soviet poet. Her work is considered among some of the greatest in twentieth century Russian literature. She lived through and wrote of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine that followed it. In an attempt to save her daughter Irina from starvation, she placed her in a state orphanage in 1919, where she died of hunger. Tsvetaeva left Russia in 1922 and lived with her family in increasing poverty in Paris, Berlin and Prague before returning to Moscow in 1939. Her husband Sergei Efron and her daughter Ariadna Efron (Alya) were arrested on espionage charges in 1941; her husband was executed. Tsvetaeva
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Marina Tsvetaeva
committed suicide in 1941. As a lyrical poet, her passion and daring linguistic experimentation mark her as a striking chronicler of her times and the depths of the human condition.
# Early years.
Marina Tsvetaeva was born in Moscow, the daughter of Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, a professor of Fine Art at the University of Moscow, who later founded the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts (known from 1937 as the Pushkin Museum). (The Tsvetayev family name evokes association with flowers – the Russian word цвет ("tsvet") means "color" or "flower".) Tsvetaeva's mother, , Ivan's second wife, was a concert pianist, highly literate, with German and Polish ancestry. Growing up in considerable material
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Marina Tsvetaeva
comfort, Tsvetaeva would later come to identify herself with the Polish aristocracy.
Tsvetaeva's two half-siblings, Valeria and Andrei, were the children of Ivan's deceased first wife, Varvara Dmitrievna Ilovaiskaya, daughter of the historian Dmitry Ilovaisky. Tsvetaeva's only full sister, Anastasia, was born in 1894. The children quarrelled frequently and occasionally violently. There was considerable tension between Tsvetaeva's mother and Varvara's children, and Tsvetaeva's father maintained close contact with Varvara's family. Tsvetaeva's father was kind, but deeply wrapped up in his studies and distant from his family. He was also still deeply in love with his first wife; he would never
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Marina Tsvetaeva
get over her. Maria Tsvetaeva had had a love affair before her marriage, from which she never recovered. Maria Tsvetaeva disapproved of Marina's poetic inclination; she wanted her daughter to become a pianist, holding the opinion that her poetry was poor.
In 1902 Tsvetaeva's mother contracted tuberculosis. A change in climate was believed to help cure the disease, and so the family travelled abroad until shortly before her death in 1906, when Tsvetaeva was 14. They lived for a while by the sea at Nervi, near Genoa. There, away from the rigid constraints of a bourgeois Muscovite life, Tsvetaeva was able for the first time to run free, climb cliffs, and vent her imagination in childhood games.
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Marina Tsvetaeva
There were many Russian "émigré" revolutionaries residing at that time in Nervi, who may have had some influence on the young Tsvetaeva.
In June 1904 Tsvetaeva was sent to school in Lausanne. Changes in the Tsvetaev residence led to several changes in school, and during the course of her travels she acquired the Italian, French, and German languages. She gave up the strict musical studies that her mother had imposed and turned to poetry. She wrote "With a mother like her, I had only one choice: to become a poet".
In 1908, aged 16, Tsvetaeva studied literary history at the Sorbonne. During this time, a major revolutionary change was occurring within Russian poetry: the flowering of the Russian
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Marina Tsvetaeva
symbolist movement, and this movement was to colour most of her later work. It was not the theory which was to attract her, but the poetry and the gravity which writers such as Andrei Bely and Alexander Blok were capable of generating. Her own first collection of poems, "Vecherny Albom" ("Evening Album"), self-published in 1910, promoted her considerable reputation as a poet. It was well received, although her early poetry was held to be insipid compared to her later work. It attracted the attention of the poet and critic Maximilian Voloshin, whom Tsvetaeva described after his death in "A Living Word About a Living Man". Voloshin came to see Tsvetaeva and soon became her friend and mentor.
#
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Marina Tsvetaeva
Family and career.
She began spending time at Voloshin's home in the Black Sea resort of Koktebel ("Blue Height"), which was a well-known haven for writers, poets and artists. She became enamoured of the work of Alexander Blok and Anna Akhmatova, although she never met Blok and did not meet Akhmatova until the 1940s. Describing the Koktebel community, the "émigré" Viktoria Schweitzer wrote: "Here inspiration was born." At Koktebel, Tsvetaeva met Sergei Yakovlevich Efron, a 17-year-old cadet in the Officers' Academy. She was 19, he 18: they fell in love and were married in 1912, the same year as her father's project, the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts, was ceremonially opened, an event attended
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Marina Tsvetaeva
by Tsar Nicholas II. Tsvetaeva's love for Efron was intense; however, this did not preclude her from having affairs, including one with Osip Mandelstam, which she celebrated in a collection of poems called "Mileposts". At around the same time, she became involved in an affair with the poet Sophia Parnok, who was 7 years older than Tsvetaeva, an affair that caused her husband great grief. The two women fell deeply in love, and the relationship profoundly affected both women's writings. She deals with the ambiguous and tempestuous nature of this relationship in a cycle of poems which at times she called "The Girlfriend", and at other times "The Mistake". Tsvetaeva and her husband spent summers
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Marina Tsvetaeva
in the Crimea until the revolution, and had two daughters: Ariadna, or Alya (born 1912) and Irina (born 1917).
In 1914, Efron volunteered for the front and by 1917 he was an officer stationed in Moscow with the 56th Reserve. Tsvetaeva was a close witness of the Russian Revolution, which she rejected. On trains, she came into contact with ordinary Russian people and was shocked by the mood of anger and violence. She wrote in her journal: "In the air of the compartment hung only three axe-like words: bourgeois, Junkers, leeches." After the 1917 Revolution, Efron joined the White Army, and Marina returned to Moscow hoping to be reunited with her husband. She was trapped in Moscow for five years,
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Marina Tsvetaeva
where there was a terrible famine.
She wrote six plays in verse and narrative poems. Between 1917 and 1922 she wrote the epic verse cycle "Lebedinyi stan" ('‘The Encampment of the Swans’') about the civil war, glorifying those who fought against the communists. The cycle of poems in the style of a diary or journal begins on the day of Tsar Nicholas II's abdication in March 1917, and ends late in 1920, when the anti-communist White Army was finally defeated. The 'swans' of the title refers to the volunteers in the White Army, in which her husband was fighting as an officer. In 1922 she published a long pro-imperial verse fairy tale, "Tsar-devitsa" ("Tsar-Maiden").
The Moscow famine was to exact
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Marina Tsvetaeva
a toll on Tsvetaeva. With no immediate family to turn to, she had no way to support herself or her daughters. In 1919, she placed both her daughters in a state orphanage, mistakenly believing that they would be better fed there. Alya became ill, and Tsvetaeva removed her, but Irina died there of starvation in 1920. The child's death caused Tsvetaeva great grief and regret. In one letter, she wrote, "God punished me." During these years, Tsvetaeva maintained a close and intense friendship with the actress Sofia Evgenievna Holliday, for whom she wrote a number of plays. Many years later, she would write the novella "Povest o Sonechke" about her relationship with Holliday.
# Exile.
## Berlin
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Marina Tsvetaeva
and Prague.
In May 1922, Tsvetaeva and Ariadna left Soviet Russia and were reunited with Efron in Berlin, whom she had thought had been killed by the Bolsheviks. There she published the collections "Separation", "Poems to Blok", and the poem "The Tsar Maiden", much of her poetry appeared in Moscow and Berlin, consolidating her reputation. In August 1922, the family moved to Prague. Living in unremitting poverty, unable to afford living accommodation in Prague itself, with Efron studying politics and sociology at the Charles University and living in hostels, Tsvetaeva and Ariadna found rooms in a village outside the city. She writes "we are devoured by coal, gas, the milkman, the baker...the
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Marina Tsvetaeva
only meat we eat is horsemeat". When offered an opportunity to earn money by reading her poetry, she describes having to beg a simple dress from a friend to replace the one she had been living in.
Tsvetaeva began a passionate affair with , a former military officer, a liaison which became widely known throughout émigré circles. Efron was devastated. Her break-up with Rodziewicz in 1923 was almost certainly the inspiration for her "The Poem of the End" and "The Poem of the Mountain". At about the same time, Tsvetaeva began correspondence with poet Rainer Maria Rilke and novelist Boris Pasternak. Tsvetaeva and Pasternak were not to meet for nearly twenty years, but maintained friendship until
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Marina Tsvetaeva
Tsvetaeva's return to Russia.
In summer 1924, Efron and Tsvetaeva left Prague for the suburbs, living for a while in Jíloviště, before moving on to Všenory, where Tsvetaeva completed "The Poem of the End", and was to conceive their son, Georgy, whom she was to later nickname 'Mur'. Tsvetaeva wanted to name him Boris (after Pasternak); Efron insisted on Georgy. He was to be a most difficult child but Tsvetaeva loved him obsessively. With Efron now rarely free from tuberculosis, their daughter Ariadna was relegated to the role of mother's helper and confidante, and consequently felt robbed of much of her childhood. In Berlin before settling in Paris, Tsvetaeva wrote some of her greatest verse,
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including "Remeslo" ("Craft", 1923) and "Posle Rossii" ("After Russia", 1928). Reflecting a life in poverty and exiled, the work holds great nostalgia for Russia and its folk history, while experimenting with verse forms.
## Paris.
In 1925, the family settled in Paris, where they would live for the next 14 years. At about this time Tsvetaeva contracted tuberculosis. Tsvetaeva received a small stipend from the Czechoslovak government, which gave financial support to artists and writers who had lived in Czechoslovakia. In addition, she tried to make whatever she could from readings and sales of her work. She turned more and more to writing prose because she found it made more money than poetry.
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Marina Tsvetaeva
Tsvetaeva did not feel at all at home in Paris's predominantly ex-bourgeois circle of Russian émigré writers. Although she had written passionately pro-'White' poems during the Revolution, her fellow émigrés thought that she was insufficiently anti-Soviet, and that her criticism of the Soviet régime was altogether too nebulous. She was particularly criticised for writing an admiring letter to the Soviet poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. In the wake of this letter, the émigré paper "Posledniye Novosti", to which Tsvetaeva had been a frequent contributor, refused point-blank to publish any more of her work. She found solace in her correspondence with other writers, including Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria
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20187
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Marina Tsvetaeva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina%20Tsvetaeva
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Marina Tsvetaeva
Rilke, the Czech poet Anna Tesková, the critics D. S. Mirsky and Aleksandr Bakhrakh, and the Georgian émigré princess Salomea Andronikova, who became her main source of financial support. Her poetry and critical prose of the time, including her autobiographical prose works of 1934–7, is of lasting literary importance. "Consumed by the daily round", resenting the domesticity that left her no time for solitude or writing, her émigré milieu regarded Tsvetaeva as a crude sort who ignored social graces. Describing her misery, she wrote to Tesková "In Paris, with rare personal exceptions, everyone hates me, they write all sorts of nasty things, leave me out in all sorts of nasty ways, and so on".
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20187
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Marina Tsvetaeva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina%20Tsvetaeva
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Marina Tsvetaeva
To Pasternak she complained "They don't like poetry and what am I apart from that, not poetry but that from which it is made. [I am] an inhospitable hostess. An young woman in an old dress." She began to look back at even the Prague times with nostalgia and resent her exiled state more deeply.
Meanwhile, Tsvetaeva's husband was developing Soviet sympathies and was homesick for Russia. Eventually, he began working for the NKVD, the forerunner of the KGB. Alya shared his views, and increasingly turned against her mother. In 1937, she returned to the Soviet Union. Later that year, Efron too had to return to the USSR. The French police had implicated him in the murder of the former Soviet defector
| 3,498 |
20187
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Marina Tsvetaeva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina%20Tsvetaeva
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Marina Tsvetaeva
Ignace Reiss in September 1937, on a country lane near Lausanne, Switzerland. After Efron's escape, the police interrogated Tsvetaeva, but she seemed confused by their questions and ended up reading them some French translations of her poetry. The police concluded that she was deranged and knew nothing of the murder. Later it was learned that Efron possibly had also taken part in the assassination of Trotsky's son in 1936. Tsvetaeva does not seem to have known that her husband was a spy, nor the extent to which he was compromised. However, she was held responsible for his actions and was ostracised in Paris because of the implication that he was involved with the NKVD. World War II had made
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