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William Halsey Jr.
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William Halsey Jr.
of hostilities, Halsey, still aggressively cautious of Japanese kamikaze attacks, ordered Third Fleet to maintain a protective air cover with the following communiqué:
He was present when Japan formally surrendered on the deck of his flagship, , on September 2, 1945.
# Postwar years.
Immediately after the surrender of Japan, 54 ships of the Third Fleet returned to the United States, with Halsey's four-star flag flying from USS "South Dakota", for the annual Navy Day Celebrations in San Francisco on October 27, 1945. He hauled down his flag on 22 November 1945, and was assigned special duty in the office of the Secretary of the Navy. On December 11, 1945, he took the oath as Fleet Admiral,
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William Halsey Jr.
becoming the fourth and still the most recent naval officer awarded that rank. Fleet Admiral Halsey made a goodwill flying trip, passing by Central and South America, covering nearly 28,000 miles and 11 nations. He retired from active service in March 1947 but, as a Fleet Admiral, he was not taken off active duty status.
Halsey was asked about the weapons used to win the war and he answered:
Halsey joined the New Jersey Society of the Sons of the American Revolution in 1946. Upon retirement, he joined the board of two subsidiaries of the International Telephone and Telegraph Company, including the American Cable and Radio Corporation, and served until 1957. He maintained an office near the
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William Halsey Jr.
top of the ITT Building at 67 Broad Street, New York City in the late 1950s. He was involved in a number of efforts to preserve his former flagship as a memorial in New York Harbor. They proved fruitless, as it was not possible to secure sufficient funding to preserve the ship.
# Death.
Halsey died on August 16, 1959, while on holiday on Fishers Island, New York. After lying in state in the Washington National Cathedral, he was interred on August 20, 1959, near his parents in Arlington National Cemetery. His wife, Frances Grandy Halsey, is buried with him.
Asked about his contribution in the Pacific and the role he played in defending the United States, Halsey said merely:
# Personal life.
While
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William Halsey Jr.
at the University of Virginia he met Frances Cooke Grandy (1887–1968) of Norfolk, Virginia, who Halsey called "Fan." After his return from the Great White Fleet's circumnavigation of the globe and upon his promotion to the rank of full lieutenant he was able to persuade her to marry him. They married on December 1, 1909, at Christ Church in Norfolk. Among the ushers were Halsey's friends Thomas C. Hart and Husband E. Kimmel. Fan developed manic depression in the late 1930s and eventually had to live apart from Halsey. The couple had two children, Margaret Bradford (October 10, 1910, to December 1979) and William Fredrick Halsey III (September 8, 1915, to September 23, 2003). Admiral Halsey is
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William Halsey Jr.
also the great-uncle of actor Charles Oliver Hand, known professionally as Brett Halsey, who chose his stage name as a reference to him.
# Dates of rank.
Halsey never held the rank of lieutenant (junior grade), as he was appointed a full lieutenant after three years of service as an ensign. For administrative reasons, Halsey's naval record states he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) and lieutenant on the same day.
At the time of Halsey's promotion to rear admiral, both rear admirals lower half (O-7) and rear admirals upper half (O-8) wore two stars. This was the case until 1982. During World War II and up until 1950, the Navy used the one star commodore rank for certain
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William Halsey Jr.
staff specialties.
# Awards and decorations.
## Foreign awards.
# In popular culture.
- Halsey was portrayed by James Cagney in the 1959 bio-pic, "The Gallant Hours"; by James Whitmore in the 1970 film, "Tora! Tora! Tora!"; and by Robert Mitchum in the 1976 film, "Midway".
- Halsey makes a brief appearance in Herman Wouk's novel "The Winds of War", and has a more substantial supporting role in the sequel "War and Remembrance". Wouk was extremely critical of Halsey's handling of the battle at Leyte Gulf, but also said he was too great a builder of naval morale to be retired in disgrace. (Chapter 92) Halsey was portrayed in the 1983 television miniseries adaptation of "The Winds of War" by
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Richard X. Slattery, and in the 1988 miniseries adaptation of "War and Remembrance" by Pat Hingle.
- Halsey has been portrayed in a number of other films and TV miniseries, played by Glenn Morshower ("Pearl Harbor", 2001), Kenneth Tobey ("MacArthur", 1977), Jack Diamond ("Battle Stations", 1956), John Maxwell, ("The Eternal Sea", 1955) and Morris Ankrum ("Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo", 1944).
- An "Admiral Halsey" is mentioned in the Paul and Linda McCartney song "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey". The chorus of "hands across the water, heads across the sky" was a reference to the American aid programs of World War II. McCartney later specified that the second half of the song was indeed in honor
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of William Halsey.
- On March 4, 1951, Halsey appeared as a mystery guest on episode No. 40 of the game show, "What's My Line", where the panel correctly deduced his identity.
- In the television series, "McHale's Navy", one of Captain Binghampton's catchphrases whenever he would get frustrated with one of McHale's schemes was, "What in the name of Halsey is going on here?"
- Halsey is mentioned in the 1990 film "The Hunt for Red October". Soviet submarine commander Marko Ramius, while engaged in battle with the Soviet attack submarine "Konovalov", asks Jack Ryan what books he wrote for the CIA. Ryan mentions one about Admiral Halsey, entitled "The Fighting Sailor" (not to be confused with
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William Halsey Jr.
a real book of the same title); Ramius reveals his awareness of the book and expresses disdain for Ryan's assessment of Halsey, saying, "Your conclusions were all wrong, Ryan. Halsey acted stupidly."
- The fictional aircraft carrier USS "William Halsey" in Darren Sapp's novel, "Fire on the Flight Deck", is named for Halsey.
- On May 30, 2018, he was added as an unlockable unique commander for the United States Navy in the videogame World of Warships.
- A character in Seth MacFarlane's "The Orville" is named Admiral Halsey, presumably after Admiral Halsey.
- Halsey appears as a purchasable general in the Easytech mobile game "World Conqueror 4".
# See also.
- List of Fleet and Grand Admirals
-
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fter Admiral Halsey.
- Halsey appears as a purchasable general in the Easytech mobile game "World Conqueror 4".
# See also.
- List of Fleet and Grand Admirals
- List of United States military leaders by rank
- List of military figures by nickname
- Gene Markey
# Bibliography.
- (The book is online)
- Hughes, Thomas, "Learning to Fight: Bill Halsey and the Early American Destroyer Force," "Journal of Military History," 77 (Jan. 2013), 71–90.
- (History of United States Naval Operations in World War II)
- Taylor, Theodore. "The Magnificent Mitscher". New York: Norton, 1954; reprinted Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991. .
- Willmott, H.P. (1984) "June, 1944" Blandford Press
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UNIVAC 1105
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UNIVAC 1105
UNIVAC 1105
The UNIVAC 1105 was a follow-on computer to the UNIVAC 1103A introduced by Sperry Rand in September 1958. The UNIVAC 1105 used 21 types of vacuum tubes, 11 types of diodes, 10 types of transistors, and three core types.
The UNIVAC 1105 had either 8,192 or 12,288 words of 36-bit magnetic core memory, in two or three banks of 4,096 words each. Magnetic drum memory provided either 16,384 or 32,768 words, in one or two drums with 16,384 words each. Sixteen to twenty-four UNISERVO II tape drives were connected, with a maximum capacity (not counting block overhead) of 1,200,000 words per tape.
Fixed-point numbers had a one-bit sign and a 35-bit value, with negative values represented
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UNIVAC 1105
in ones' complement format. Floating-point numbers had a one-bit sign, an eight-bit characteristic, and a 27-bit mantissa. Instructions had a six-bit operation code and two 15-bit operand addresses.
A complete UNIVAC 1105 computer system required 160 kW of power (175 KVA, 0.9 power factor) and an air conditioning unit with a power of at least 35 tons (123 kW) for cooling input water. The computer system weighed about with a floor loading of 47 lb/ft² (230 kg/m²) and required a room 49 x 64 x 10 ft (15 x 20 x 3 m). The floor space for the computer was approximately 3,752 ft² (350 m²). The power, refrigeration and equipment room was approximately 2,450 ft² (230 m²).
# Chapel Hill.
In 1959,
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UNIVAC 1105
a Univac 1105 located in the basement of Phillips Hall of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was one of three computers of its type. It was intended primarily for the United States Census Bureau, which had one of its own; Armour Institute of Technology had the other. The Chapel Hill unit cost $2.4 million, with the improvements to the basement, including 16-inch concrete walls to protect it from nuclear attack, added $1.2 million. Its memory was less than 50 kilobytes, or one 8 1/2 x 11 document, with the capability of adding 30,000 numbers per second. The Univac was 60 feet long, weighed 19 tons, and used 7200 vacuum tubes. Its printer had a speed of 600 lines per minute.
# See
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ed States Census Bureau, which had one of its own; Armour Institute of Technology had the other. The Chapel Hill unit cost $2.4 million, with the improvements to the basement, including 16-inch concrete walls to protect it from nuclear attack, added $1.2 million. Its memory was less than 50 kilobytes, or one 8 1/2 x 11 document, with the capability of adding 30,000 numbers per second. The Univac was 60 feet long, weighed 19 tons, and used 7200 vacuum tubes. Its printer had a speed of 600 lines per minute.
# See also.
- List of UNIVAC products
- History of computing hardware
- List of vacuum tube computers
# External links.
- BRL REPORT NO. 1115 March 1961: UNIVAC 1105 by Martin H. Weik
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Lunar geologic timescale
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Lunar geologic timescale
Lunar geologic timescale
The lunar geological timescale (or selenological timescale) divides the history of Earth's Moon into five generally recognized periods: the Copernican, Eratosthenian, Imbrian (Late and Early epochs), Nectarian, and Pre-Nectarian. The boundaries of this time scale are related to large impact events that have modified the lunar surface, changes in crater formation through time, and the size-frequency distribution of craters superposed on geological units. The absolute ages for these periods have been constrained by radiometric dating of samples obtained from the lunar surface. However, there is still much debate concerning the ages of certain key events, because correlating
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lunar regolith samples with geological units on the Moon is difficult, and most lunar radiometric ages have been highly affected by an intense history of bombardment.
# Lunar stratigraphy.
The primary geological processes that have modified the lunar surface are impact cratering and volcanism, and by using standard stratigraphic principles (such as the law of superposition) it is possible to order these geological events in time. At one time, it was thought that the mare basalts might represent a single stratigraphic unit with a unique age, but it is now recognized that mare volcanism was an ongoing process, beginning as early as 4.2 Ga (1 Ga = 1 billion years ago) and continuing to perhaps
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as late as 1.2 Ga. Impact events are by far the most useful for defining a lunar stratigraphy as they are numerous and form in a geological instant. The continued effects of impact cratering over long periods of time modify the morphology of lunar landforms in a quantitative way, and the state of erosion of a landform can also be used to assign a relative age.
The lunar geological time scale has been divided into five periods (Pre-Nectarian, Nectarian, Imbrian, Eratosthenian, and Copernican) with one of these (the Imbrian) being subdivided into two epochs. These divisions of geological time are based on the recognition of convenient geomorphological markers, and as such, they should not be
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Lunar geologic timescale
taken to imply that any fundamental changes in geological processes have occurred at these boundaries. The Moon is unique in the solar system in that it is the only body (other than the Earth) for which we possess rock samples with a known geological context. By correlating the ages of samples obtained from the Apollo missions to known geological units, it has been possible to assign absolute ages to some of these geological periods. The timeline below represents one such attempt, but it is important to note (as is discussed below) that some of the ages are either uncertain, or disputed. In many lunar highland regions, it is not possible to distinguish between Nectarian and Pre-Nectarian materials,
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and these deposits are sometimes labeled as just Pre-Imbrian.
## Pre-Nectarian.
The Pre-Nectarian period is defined from the point at which the lunar crust formed, to the time of the Nectaris impact event. Nectaris is a multi-ring impact basin that formed on the near side of the Moon, and its ejecta blanket serves as a useful stratigraphic marker. 30 impact basins from this period are recognized, the oldest of which is the South Pole–Aitken basin. This geological period has been informally subdivided into the Cryptic and Basin Groups 1-9, but these divisions are not used on any geological maps.
## Nectarian.
The Nectarian period encompasses all events that occurred between the formation
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of the Nectaris and Imbrium impact basins. 12 multi-ring impact basins are recognized in the Nectarian period, including the Serenitatis and Crisium basins. One of the scientific objectives of the Apollo 16 mission was to date material excavated by the Nectaris impact basin. Nevertheless, the age of the Nectaris basin is somewhat contentious, with the most frequently cited numbers being 3.92 Ga, and less frequently 3.85 Ga. Recently, it has been suggested that the Nectaris basin could be, in fact, much older at ~4.1 Ga.
## Imbrian.
The Imbrian period has been subdivided into Late and Early epochs. The Early Imbrian is defined as the time between the formation of the Imbrium and Orientale impact
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basins. The Imbrium basin is believed to have formed at 3.85 Ga, though a minority opinion places this event at 3.77 Ga. The Schrödinger basin is the only other multi-ring basin that is Lower Imbrian in age, and no large multi-ring basins formed after this epoch.
The Late Imbrian is defined as the time between the formation of the Orientale basin, and the time at which craters of a certain size (D) have been obliterated by erosional processes. The age of the Orientale basin has not been directly determined, though it must be older than 3.72 Ga (based on Upper Imbrian ages of mare basalts) and could be as old as 3.84 Ga based on the size-frequency distributions of craters superposed on Orientale
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ejecta. About two-thirds of the Moon's mare basalts erupted within the Upper Imbrian Series, with many of these lavas filling the depressions associated with older impact basins.
## Eratosthenian.
The base of the Eratosthenian period is defined by the time at which craters on a geological unit of a certain size D have been almost completely obliterated by erosional processes. The principal erosional agent on the Moon is impact cratering itself, though seismic modification could play a minor role as well. The absolute age of this boundary is not well defined, but is commonly quoted as being near 3.2 Ga. The younger boundary of this period is defined based on the recognition that freshly excavated
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materials on the lunar surface are generally bright and that they become darker over time as a result of space weathering processes. Operationally, this period was originally defined as the time at which impact craters lost their bright ray systems. This definition, however, has recently been subjected to some criticism as some crater rays are bright for compositional reasons that are unrelated to the amount of space weathering they have incurred. In particular, if the ejecta from a crater formed in the highlands (which is composed of bright anorthositic materials) is deposited on the low albedo mare, it will remain bright even after being space weathered.
## Copernican.
The Copernican period
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is the youngest geological period of the Moon. Originally, the presence of a bright ray system surrounding an impact crater was used to define Copernican units, but as mentioned above, this is complicated by the presence of compositional ray systems. The base of the Copernican period does not correspond to the formation of the impact crater Copernicus. The age of the base of the Copernican is not well constrained, but a commonly quoted number is 1.1 Ga. The Copernican extends until the present day.
# Relationship to Earth's geologic time scale.
The divisions of the lunar geologic time scale are based on the recognition of a few convenient geomorphological markers. While these divisions are
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extremely useful for ordering geological events in a relative manner, it is important to realize that the boundaries do not imply any fundamental change of geological processes. Furthermore, as the oldest geological periods of the Moon are based exclusively on the times of individual impact events (in particular, Nectaris, Imbrium, and Orientale), these punctual events will most likely not correspond to any specific geological event on the other terrestrial planets, such as Mercury, Venus, Earth, or Mars.
Nevertheless, at least one notable scientific work has advocated using the lunar geological time scale to subdivide the Hadean eon of Earth's geologic time scale. In particular, it is sometimes
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ss, at least one notable scientific work has advocated using the lunar geological time scale to subdivide the Hadean eon of Earth's geologic time scale. In particular, it is sometimes found that the Hadean is subdivided into the Cryptic, Basin Groups 1-9, Nectarian, and Early Imbrian. This notation is not entirely consistent with the above lunar geologic time scale in that the Cryptic and Basin Groups 1-9 (both of which are only informal terms that are not used in geologic maps) comprise the Pre-Nectarian period.
# See also.
- Crater counting
- Geology of the Moon
- Geologic time scale (Earth)
- Impact crater
- Late Heavy Bombardment
# References.
Cited references
General references
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Sabrina (actress)
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Sabrina (actress)
Sabrina (actress)
Norma Ann Sykes (19 May 1936 – 24 November 2016), better known as Sabrina or Sabby, was a 1950s English glamour model who progressed to a minor film career. She was best known for her hourglass figure of breasts coupled with a tiny waist and hips.
Sabrina was one of "a host of exotic, glamorous (British) starlets ... modelled on the likes of Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield and Lana Turner"; others included Diana Dors, Belinda Lee, Shirley Eaton and Sandra Dorne.
# Early life and career.
Sabrina was born on 19 May 1936 at Stepping Hill Hospital in Stockport, Cheshire, to Walter and Annie Sykes. She lived in Buckingham Street, Heaviley, for about 13 years and attended St George's
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School there, before moving with her mother to Blackpool. She spent some time in hospital with rheumatic fever. At the age of 16 she moved to London, where she worked as a waitress and did some nude modelling, posing for Russell Gay in a photoshoot that led to her appearance on the five of spades in a deck of nude playing cards.
In 1955 she was chosen to play a dumb blonde sidekick in Arthur Askey's new television series "Before Your Very Eyes" (BBC 1952–56, ITV 1956–58). The show ran from 18 February 1955 to 20 April 1956, and made Sabrina a household name. She was promoted by the BBC as "the bosomy blonde who didn't talk", but surviving kinescope episodes show quite clearly that she did.
James
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Sabrina (actress)
Beney, of Walton Films, released a 100-foot 9.5 mm short glamour film "At Home With Sabrina" around July 1955.
"Goodnight with Sabrina" (c.1958, 3:49 mins) is included with "Beat Girl", in 2016, newly remastered by "BFI Flipside"
She made her film debut in "Stock Car" in 1955. She then appeared in a small role in the 1956 film "Ramsbottom Rides Again". In her third film, "Blue Murder at St Trinian's" (1957), she had a non-speaking role in which, despite sharing equal billing with the star Alastair Sim on posters and appearing in many publicity stills in school uniform, she was required only to sit up in bed wearing a nightdress, reading a book, while the action took place around her.
Sabrina's
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penultimate film role was in the western "The Phantom Gunslinger" (1970), in which she starred alongside Troy Donahue. Her final film was the horror movie "The Ice House" (1969), in which she replaced Jayne Mansfield, who had died in a car crash two years earlier.
On 27 November 1967 Sabrina married Dr. Harold Melsheimer (born 11 June 1927 in Germany), a Hollywood gynaecologist/obstetrician. They divorced ten years later.
In 2002 an article in the "Daily Mail" claimed that Sabrina was living "a lonely and sad existence" in Los Angeles. The paper later issued an apology, stating that "allegations in the article were untrue and that she lives in a desirable residence in West Toluca Lake". However,
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in 2007 there were further newspaper reports that Sabrina had become a hermit, "living in squalor" in a Spanish-style house on a street known as 'Smog Central', under the flightpath of Burbank Airport. Sabrina admitted that she was confined to the house due to back problems, but denied living in squalor.
Having suffered ill health for many years, partly owing to botched back surgery, she died of blood poisoning in 2016, at the age of 80.
# Cultural depictions.
The scripts of "The Goon Show" are littered with references to Sabrina's bosom, such as "By the measurements of Sabrina!" and "By the sweaters of Sabrina!"
In "The Scandal Magazine", an episode of the radio programme "Hancock's Half
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Hour", Sid James plays the editor of a sleazy gossip magazine that has carried an embarrassing story about Tony Hancock. James tells Hancock that his readers "will believe anything. ... If I told them that Sabrina was Arthur Askey's mother, they'd believe me." Hancock replies, "Well, I don't", pauses and asks, "She's not, is she?" James says emphatically "No", but Hancock reflects, "Mind you, there is a resemblance ..."
Hunchfront of Lime Grove – "A somewhat unappealing nickname given to the generously endowed starlet known as Sabrina ..."
In the 1950s members of the Royal Air Force dubbed parts of the Hawker Hunter jet fighter plane "Sabrinas" owing to two large humps on the underside of
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Sabrina (actress)
the aircraft. Similarly, in the late 1950s, when ERF, a British firm that made lorries (trucks), produced a semi-forward control heavy goods vehicle (HGV) with a short protruding bonnet, these vehicles were nicknamed "Sabrinas" because they had "a little more in front".
The 1959 Triumph TR3S 1985 cc iron-block alloy-headed engine was called "Sabrina" because of its dome-shaped cam drivers.
In 1974 the British motoring press gave the name "Sabrinas" to the oversized pairs of protruding rubber bumper blocks added to the MG MGB, Midget and Triumph TR6 sports cars, when U.S. safety regulations mandated sturdier impact protection. The name stuck and is used around the world. See Dagmar bumpers.
#
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Television appearances.
- "Before Your Very Eyes" (1955–1956, ten episodes)
- "Double Your Money" (1955)
- "Tarzan" (one episode, 1967)
- "This Is Your Life" (Arthur Askey, 1974)
# Acting credits.
- "Stock Car" (1955)
- "Ramsbottom Rides Again" (1956)
- "Blue Murder at St Trinian's" (1957)
- "Goodnight with Sabrina" (1958)
- "Make Mine a Million" (1959)
- "Satan in High Heels" (1962)
- "House of the Black Death" (1965)
- "The Ice House" (1969)
- "The Phantom Gunslinger" (1970)
# References.
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
# External links.
- The Complete Sabrina (Norma Sykes) Encyclopaedia
- At Home – (Sabrina Encyclopaedia)
- http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp101768/norma-ann-sykes-sabrina
-
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Sabrina (actress)
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Sabrina (actress)
Your Money" (1955)
- "Tarzan" (one episode, 1967)
- "This Is Your Life" (Arthur Askey, 1974)
# Acting credits.
- "Stock Car" (1955)
- "Ramsbottom Rides Again" (1956)
- "Blue Murder at St Trinian's" (1957)
- "Goodnight with Sabrina" (1958)
- "Make Mine a Million" (1959)
- "Satan in High Heels" (1962)
- "House of the Black Death" (1965)
- "The Ice House" (1969)
- "The Phantom Gunslinger" (1970)
# References.
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
# External links.
- The Complete Sabrina (Norma Sykes) Encyclopaedia
- At Home – (Sabrina Encyclopaedia)
- http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp101768/norma-ann-sykes-sabrina
- Sabrina at aenigma
- 1959 award of D.Litt. (Hon)
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Partisan
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Partisan
Partisan
Partisan may refer to:
# Politics.
- Partisan (politics), a committed member of a political party
# Military.
- Partisan (weapon), a pole weapon
- Partisan (military), paramilitary forces engaged behind the front line
- Albanian Resistance of World War II, the Partisans of Albania during World War II
- Armenian irregular units, referring to Armenian guerrillas from World War I
- Belarusian partisans, in World War II and after
- Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II, a Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II
- Czech partisans, a Czech resistance movement during World War II
- Forest Brothers, after World War II against the Soviet Union
- French Resistance,
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Partisan
during World War II
- Werwolf, Germany's World War II movement
- Germany's planned World War II Alpine National redoubt
- Greek Resistance, in World War II and after
- Italian resistance movement, in World War II
- Jewish partisans, among the Jewish resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe
- Bielski partisans, a Jewish resistance group during World War II
- Latvian partisans, in World War II and after
- Leśni (Polish resistance movement), in World War II
- Lithuanian partisans, in World War II and after
- Slovak partisans, in Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection during World War II
- Slovene partisans
- Soviet partisans, for the USSR in World War II
- Soviet partisans
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Partisan
in Estonia, during World War II against Nazi-Germany
- Yugoslav Partisans, in World War II and after
# Films.
- Partisan film, a subgenre of war films in Yugoslavia
- "Partisan" (film), a 2015 Australian film
- "Partisans", a 1974 Yugoslavian partisan film
# Music.
- Po šumama i gorama, a Yugoslav Partisan version of the traditional song of Red Partisans in Serbia during 1918–1920 Russian Civil War
- "Chant des Partisans", a 1943 French patriotic song from World War II
- "The Partisan", a song written by Anna Marly and later covered by both Leonard Cohen and 16 Horsepower
- The Partisans (band), a 1980s punk and Oi! band
- Partisan Records, an American independent record label based
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Partisan
rench patriotic song from World War II
- "The Partisan", a song written by Anna Marly and later covered by both Leonard Cohen and 16 Horsepower
- The Partisans (band), a 1980s punk and Oi! band
- Partisan Records, an American independent record label based in Brooklyn, New York
- The Partisan Seed, music moniker for Filipe Miranda, a Portuguese singer/songwriter
# Other uses.
- "Partisans" (novel), a 1982 novel by Alistair MacLean about the Yugoslav partisans
- Partisan game, in combinatorial game theory
- "The Partisans" (sculpture) in Boston
# See also.
- "Partisan Review", a United States political and literary quarterly
- Partizan (disambiguation)
- Partizani (disambiguation)
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Criccieth Castle
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Criccieth Castle
Criccieth Castle
Criccieth Castle () is a native Welsh castle situated on the headland between two beaches in Criccieth, Gwynedd, in North Wales, on a rocky peninsula overlooking Tremadog Bay. It was built by Llywelyn the Great of the kingdom of Gwynedd, but was heavily modified following its capture by English forces of Edward I in the late 13th century.
# Construction.
Although the stone castle was begun in the 1230s, there were three main building phases plus several periods of remodelling. The earliest part of the masonry castle is the inner ward which was started by Llywelyn the Great. Unlike most other Welsh native strongholds, the inner ward at Criccieth was protected by a gatehouse
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Criccieth Castle
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Criccieth Castle
with twin D-shaped towers that was protected by a gate and portcullis, with murder holes in the passage, and outward facing arrowslits in each tower. This design might have been copied from English designs on the Marches at Beeston Castle, Cheshire or Montgomery Castle, Powys. The two towers of the gatehouse provided accommodation and their height was later increased in the Edwardian period. The castle's well was also in the gatehouse passage which was supplied by a spring fed cistern.
In the 1260s or 1270s, an outer ward was added during the second building phase under Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. A new gateway was added in the outer curtain with a large two-storey rectangular tower. The castle,
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Criccieth Castle
although not a proper concentric design, now had two circuits of circular defences.
Criccieth was taken by English forces in 1283. Under James of Saint George, another two storey rectangular tower connected to the rest of the castle by a curtain wall, the "Engine Tower" (now in ruins) might have been the foundation for a siege engine. The gatehouse had another storey added and several Welsh mural towers were strengthened. An outer barbican was added to the outer curtain wall.
Under Welsh stewardship, the principal residence was in the SW tower but when the castle was taken over by the English, accommodation was situated in the towers of the D-shaped gatehouse. Timber buildings, which included
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Criccieth Castle
a great hall, were erected within the inner ward.
# History.
A Motte and bailey stood at a different site in Criccieth before the masonry castle was built. In 1283 the castle was captured by English under the command of Edward I. It was then remodelled by James of St George.
In 1294, Madoc ap Llywelyn, a distant relation of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, began an uprising against English rule that spread quickly through Wales. Several English-held towns were razed and Criccieth (along with Harlech Castle and Aberystwyth Castle) were besieged that winter. Its residents survived until spring when the castle was resupplied.
In the 14th century the castle had a notable Welsh constable called Hywel ap
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Criccieth Castle
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Criccieth Castle
Gruffydd, known as Howell the Axe, who fought for Edward III at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356.
The castle was used as a prison until 1404 when Welsh forces captured the castle during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr. The Welsh then tore down its walls and set the castle alight. Some stonework still show the scorch marks.
Criccieth was also one of several locations Romantic artist Joseph Mallord William Turner used for his famous series of paintings depicting shipwrecked mariners.
# Present day.
The castle is maintained by Cadw. It includes exhibits and information on Welsh castles as well as the 12th century Anglo-Norman writer Gerald of Wales.
# Constable.
The constable of the castle was
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Criccieth Castle
iccieth was also one of several locations Romantic artist Joseph Mallord William Turner used for his famous series of paintings depicting shipwrecked mariners.
# Present day.
The castle is maintained by Cadw. It includes exhibits and information on Welsh castles as well as the 12th century Anglo-Norman writer Gerald of Wales.
# Constable.
The constable of the castle was "ex officio" also the Mayor of Criccieth.
## List of Constables.
Source The Castle Community: The Personnel of English and Welsh Castles, 1272-1422
# See also.
- Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
- List of castles in Wales
# External links.
- Cadw visitor's page
- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Criccieth castle
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Caprifoliaceae
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Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of about 860 species in 42 genera, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa.
# Description.
The flowering plants in this clade are mostly shrubs and vines : rarely herbs. They include some ornamental garden plants grown in temperate regions. The leaves are mostly opposite with no stipules (appendages at the base of a leafstalk or petiole), and may be either evergreen or deciduous. The flowers are tubular funnel-shaped or bell-like, usually with five outward
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Caprifoliaceae
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Caprifoliaceae
spreading lobes or points, and are often fragrant. They usually form a small calyx with small bracts. The fruit is in most cases a berry or a drupe. The genera "Diervilla" and "Weigela" have capsular fruit, while "Heptacodium" has an achene.
# Taxonomy.
Views of the family-level classification of the traditionally accepted Caprifoliaceae and other plants in the botanical order Dipsacales have been considerably revised in recent decades. Most botanists now accept the placement of two of the most familiar members of this group, the elderberries ("Sambucus") and the viburnums ("Viburnum"), in the family Adoxaceae instead; these were formerly classified here.
Several other families of the more
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Caprifoliaceae
broadly treated Caprifoliaceae "s.l." are separated by some but not all authors; these are treated as subfamilies in the listing of selected genera below, along with estimated numbers of species.
Diervilloideae
- "Diervilla" (Bush honeysuckle): 3 species
- "Weigela": 10 species.
Caprifolioideae "s.s."
- "Heptacodium" (Seven-son flower): 1 species
- "Leycesteria": 6 species
- "Lonicera" (Honeysuckle): 180 species
- "Symphoricarpos" (Snowberry): 17 species
- "Triosteum" (Horsegentian): 6 species
Linnaeoideae
- "Abelia": 30 species
- "Dipelta": 4 species
- "Kolkwitzia" (Beautybush): 1 species
- "Linnaea" (Twinflower): 1 species
Morinoideae
- "Acanthocalyx": 3 species
- "Cryptothladia
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"
- "Morina"
- "Zabelia"
Dipsacoideae
- "Cephalaria"
- "Dipsacus " (Teasel): 15 species
- "Knautia"
- "Pterocephalus": 25 species
- "Scabiosa" (Scabious, pincushion flower): 30 species
- "Succisa"
- "Succisella"
- "Triplostegia"
Valerianoideae
- "Centranthus": 12 species
- "Fedia"
- "Nardostachys ": 3 species
- "Patrinia": 17 species
- "Plectritis" (Seablushes): 5 species
- "Valeriana" (Valerians): 125 species
- "Valerianella "(Cornsalads): 20 species
# Uses.
The plants belonging to this family are mainly hardy shrubs or vines of ornamental value, many of which are popular garden shrubs, notably species belonging to the genera "Abelia", "Lonicera", and "Weigela".
A few,
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" (Seablushes): 5 species
- "Valeriana" (Valerians): 125 species
- "Valerianella "(Cornsalads): 20 species
# Uses.
The plants belonging to this family are mainly hardy shrubs or vines of ornamental value, many of which are popular garden shrubs, notably species belonging to the genera "Abelia", "Lonicera", and "Weigela".
A few, however, have become invasive weeds outside their native ranges (such as "Lonicera japonica").
# References.
- Flowering Plants of the World, 1987, Vernon H. Heywood, Andromeda Oxford Ltd.,
- Botanica, Gordon Cheers, Random House Australia,
# External links.
- Caprifoliaceae in Topwalks
- Species account : Caprifoliaceae
- Comparison Table for the Cornidae
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Comparative
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Comparative
Comparative
In general linguistics, the comparative is a syntactic construction that serves to express a comparison between two (or more) entities or groups of entities in quality or degree - see also comparison (grammar) for an overview of comparison, as well as positive and superlative degrees of comparison. For example "This sofa is more comfortable than that one" and "James is smaller than Chris". The syntax of comparative constructions is poorly understood due to the complexity of the data. In particular, the comparative frequently occurs with independent mechanisms of syntax such as coordination and forms of ellipsis (gapping, pseudogapping, null complement anaphora, stripping, verb phrase
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ellipsis). The interaction of the various mechanisms complicates the analysis.
# Absolute and null forms.
A number of fixed expressions use a comparative form where no comparison is being asserted, such as "higher education" or "younger generation". These comparatives can be called "absolute".
Similarly, a null comparative is one in which the starting point for comparison is not stated. These comparisons are frequently found in advertising, for example, in typical assertions such as "Our burgers have more flavor", "Our picture is sharper" or "50% more". These uses of the comparative do not mention what it is they are being compared to. In some cases it is easy to infer what the missing element
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in a null comparative is. In other cases, the speaker or writer has been deliberately vague, for example "Glasgow's miles better".
Scientific classification, taxonomy, and geographical categorization conventionally include the adjectives "greater" and "lesser", when a "large" or "small" variety of an item is meant, as in the greater celandine as opposed to the lesser celandine. These adjectives may at first sight appear as a kind of "null comparative", when as is usual, they are cited without their opposite counterpart. It should be apparent, however, that an entirely different variety of animal, scientific, or geographical object is intended. Thus it may be found, for example, that the lesser
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panda entails a giant panda variety, and a gazetteer would establish that there are the Lesser Antilles as well as the Greater Antilles. It is in the nature of grammatical conventions evolving over time that it is difficult to establish when they first became widely accepted, but both "greater" and "lesser" in these instances have over time become mere adjectives (or adverbial constructs), so losing their "comparative" connotation. Further, "Greater" indicates the inclusion adjacent areas when referring to metropolitan areas, such as when suburbs are intended. Although it implies a comparison with a narrower definition that refers to a central city only, such as Greater London versus the City
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of London, or Greater New York versus New York City, it is not part of the "comparative" in the grammatical sense of this article. A comparative always compares something directly with something else.
# Comparative coordination vs. comparative subordination.
At times the syntax of comparatives matches the syntax of coordination, and at other times, it must be characterized in terms of subordination.
## Comparative coordination.
The syntax of comparatives can closely mirror the syntax of coordination. The similarity in structure across the following a- and b-sentences illustrates this point. The conjuncts of the coordinate structures are enclosed in square brackets:
The structure of the
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b-sentences involving comparatives is closely similar to the structure of the a-sentences involving coordination. Based on this similarity, many have argued that the syntax of comparatives overlaps with the syntax of coordination at least some of the time. In this regard, the "than" in the b-sentences should be viewed as a coordinator (coordinate conjunction), not as a subordinator (subordinate conjunction).
## Comparative subordination.
Examples of the comparative that do not allow an analysis in terms of coordination (because the necessary parallel structures are not present) are instances of comparative subordination. In such cases, "than" has the status of a preposition or a subordinator
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(subordinate conjunction), e.g.
Since the parallel structures associated with coordinate structures, i.e., the conjuncts, cannot be acknowledged in these sentences, the only analysis available is one in terms of subordination, whereby "than" has the status of a subordinator (as in sentences a-d) or of a preposition (as in sentence e). What this means is that the syntax of comparatives is complex because at times an analysis in terms of coordination is warranted, whereas at other times, the analysis must assume subordination.
# Comparative deletion and subdeletion.
There are two types of ellipsis that are unique to the "than"-clauses of comparatives: "comparative deletion" and "comparative
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subdeletion". The existence of comparative deletion as an ellipsis mechanism is widely acknowledged, whereas the status of comparative subdeletion as an ellipsis mechanism is more controversial.
## Comparative deletion.
Comparative deletion is an obligatory ellipsis mechanism that occurs in the "than"-clause of a comparative construction. The elided material of comparative deletion is indicated using a blank, and the unacceptable b-sentences show what is construed as having been elided in the a-sentences:
## Comparative subdeletion.
Comparative subdeletion is a second type of ellipsis in comparatives that some accounts acknowledge. It occurs when the focused constituent in the "than"-clause
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is not deleted because it is distinct from its counterpart in the main clause. In other words, comparative subdeletion occurs when comparative deletion does not because the constituents being compared are distinct, e.g.
Accounts that acknowledge comparative subdeletion posit a null measure expression in the position marked by the blank (x-many, x-much). This element serves to focus the expression in the same way that "-er" or "more" focuses its counterpart in the main clause. Various arguments are put forth that motivate the existence of this null element. These arguments will not be reproduced here, though. Suffice it to say that the sentences in which subdeletion is supposedly occurring are
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qualitatively different from sentences in which comparative deletion occurs, e.g., "He has more cats than you have ___ ."
# Independent ellipsis mechanisms in "than"-clauses.
There are a number of independent ellipsis mechanisms that occur in the "than-"clauses of comparative constructions: gapping, pseudogapping, null complement anaphora, stripping, and verb phrase ellipsis. These mechanisms are independent of comparative clauses because they also occur when the comparative is not involved. The presence of these ellipsis mechanisms in "than"-clauses complicates the analysis considerably, since they render it difficult to discern which aspects of the syntax of comparatives are unique to comparatives.
The
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fact that the five independent ellipsis mechanisms (and possibly others) can occur in the "than"-clauses of comparatives has rendered the study of the syntax of comparatives particularly difficult. One is often not sure which ellipsis mechanisms are involved in a given "than"-clause. One thing is clear, however: the five ellipsis mechanisms illustrated here are distinct from the two ellipsis mechanisms that are unique to comparatives mentioned above (comparative deletion and comparative subdeletion).
# Double comparatives.
If an adjective has two comparative markers, it is known as a double comparative (e.g. "more louder"). The use of double comparatives is generally associated with Appalachian
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English and African American Vernacular English, though they were common in Early Modern English and were used by Shakespeare.
# Universals of comparative constructions.
Russell Ultan (1972) surveyed 20 languages and observed that the comparative and superlative are inflected forms of (near-)identical bases with respective to the positive and equative. Jonathan D. Bobaljik (2012) contends that Ultan’s generalization is a strong contender for a linguistic universal. Bobaljik formulates the Comparative-Superlative Generalization: With respect to the positive, if any adjective’s comparative degree were suppletive, so would its superlative; vice versa, if any adjective’s superlative degree were
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suppletive, then its so would its comparative.
Bobaljik proposes the Containment Hypothesis: "The representation of the superlative properly contains that of the comparative (in all languages that have a morphological superlative)". Indeed:
- in many languages (Persian, Ubykh, Cherokee, Chukchi, etc.) the superlative transparently contains the comparative;
- in Celtic languages, Arabic, Klon, Totnac, etc. the comparatives and the superlatives are formally similar;
- in Romance languages, Greek, Maltese, etc. the superlatives are derived from the comparatives by means of the addition of definite articles.
Additionally, Bobaljik asserts that Universal Grammar lacks the superlative morpheme.
#
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See also.
- Coordination
- Ellipsis
- Gapping
- Pseudogapping
- Stripping
- Subordination
- Verb phrase ellipsis
# References.
- Bobaljik, J. D. 2012. Universals in Comparative Morphology. MIT Press.
- Bresnan, J. 1973. Syntax of the comparative clause construction in English. Linguistic Inquiry 35, 275-343.
- Bresnan, J. 1976. On the form and functioning of transformations. Linguistic Inquiry 7, 3-40.
- Corver, N. 2006. Comparative deletion and subdeletion. Volume 1, The Blackwell companion to syntax, eds. M. Everaert and H. van Riemsdijk, 582-637. Malden: Blackwell.
- Grimshaw, J. 1987. Subdeletion. Linguistic Inquiry, 659-669.
- Huddleston, R. and G. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge
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Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge gammar of the English Language.
- Lechner, W. 2004. Ellipsis in comparatives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Napoli D.J. 1983. Comparative ellisis: A phrase structure analysis. Linguistic Inquiry 14, 675-694.
- Osborne, T. 2009. Comparative coordination vs. comparative subordination. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 27, 427-454.
- Pinkham, J. 1982. The formation of comparative clauses in French and English. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
- Ryan, K. 1983. "Than" as a coordination. Papers from the nineteenth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society. 353-361.
- Stassen, Leon. 1985. Comparison and universal grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
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Dolwyddelan Castle
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Dolwyddelan Castle
Dolwyddelan Castle
Dolwyddelan Castle () is a Welsh castle located near Dolwyddelan in Conwy County Borough in North Wales. It is thought to have been built in the early 13th century by Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd and Wales. Though the castle was then only one tower with two floors, a second tower was built in the late 13th century and a third floor was added to the first during the late 15th century repairs.
# Construction.
The castle was built, using mostly local grit and slate rubble, as one of the Snowdonian strongholds of the princes of Gwynedd. Though there are no records of the exact construction date, it is thought that a single rectangular tower, with two floors, was built
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Dolwyddelan Castle
in the early 13th century. The first floor would have consisted of a main chamber with a fireplace, with a trapdoor for entrance to the basement, and the main keep's doorway would have been covered by a porch or forebuilding.
The second two-storey tower was added by Edward I during the repairs in 1283–84 and linked by an irregular curtain wall with a courtyard in the centre, with further work undertaken in 1290–92. This second tower contained a fireplace on the top floor reached by internal stairs. A third storey was added to the main keep in the late 15th century, resulting in it then reaching a height of . The castle was heavily restored between 1848 and 1850 by Baron Willoughby de Eresby
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during which time the battlements were added.
# History.
The Welsh castle, built in the early 13th century, functioned as a guard post along a main route through North Wales. It was reputed to be the birthplace of Llywelyn the Great, though it is now thought that he was born at Tomen Castell, a small tower that previously stood on a nearby hill, and that he built Dolwyddelan Castle. On 18 January 1283 it was captured by Edward I of England's forces during the final stages of his conquest of Wales. Some historians have suggested that there may have been a deal between the defenders of the castle and Edward I in which its surrender was negotiated. The castle was then modified and strengthened
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Dolwyddelan Castle
until at least 1286 for occupation by an English garrison with recorded repairs including carpentry, the bridge, and the water mill.
Edwardian troops maintained a military presence here until 1290. As the long-term strategy of control in Wales began to rely on military and administrative centres accessible by sea, the inland castles became obsolete.
In the 15th century, the upper storey and drainage system were added to the keep by local lord Maredudd ap Ieuan who acquired the lease in 1488. It was restored and partly re-modelled in the 19th century by Lord Willoughby de Eresby, who added the distinctive battlements. It was reported that in around 1810 one of the towers may have collapsed.
In
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Dolwyddelan Castle
8. It was restored and partly re-modelled in the 19th century by Lord Willoughby de Eresby, who added the distinctive battlements. It was reported that in around 1810 one of the towers may have collapsed.
In 1930 the building was placed under the guardianship of the Ministry of Works. The castle is now under the protection of Cadw, which is part of the Welsh Assembly's historic environment division.
# Media appearances.
In 1980 the location was used for all the outdoor shots of Ulrich's castle during the making of the film "Dragonslayer".
# See also.
- Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
- List of castles in Wales
# External links.
- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Dolwyddelan Castle
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Scillus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scillus
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Scillus
Scillus
Scillus or Skillous () was a town of Triphylia, a district of ancient Elis, situated 20 stadia south of Olympia. In 572 BCE the Scilluntians assisted Pyrrhus, king of Pisa, in making war upon the Eleians; but they were completely conquered by the latter, and both Pisa and Scillus were razed to the ground. Scillus remained desolate till about 392 BCE, when the Lacedaemonians, who had a few years previously compelled the Eleians to renounce their supremacy over their dependent cities, colonised Scillus and gave it to Xenophon, then an exile from Athens. Xenophon resided here more than twenty years, and probably composed the "Anabasis" here, but was expelled from it by the Eleians soon
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Scillus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scillus
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Scillus
after the Battle of Leuctra, in 371 BCE. He has left us a description of the place, which he says was situated 20 stadia from the Sacred Grove of Zeus, on the road to Olympia from Sparta, It stood upon the river Selinus, which was also the name of the river flowing by the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and like the latter it abounded in fish and shell-fish. Here Xenophon, from a tenth of the spoils acquired in the Asiatic campaign, dedicated a temple to Artemis, in imitation of the celebrated temple at Ephesus, and instituted a festival to the goddess. Scillus stood amidst woods and meadows, and afforded abundant pasture for cattle; while the neighbouring mountains supplied wild hogs, roebucks,
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Scillus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scillus
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Scillus
inus, which was also the name of the river flowing by the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and like the latter it abounded in fish and shell-fish. Here Xenophon, from a tenth of the spoils acquired in the Asiatic campaign, dedicated a temple to Artemis, in imitation of the celebrated temple at Ephesus, and instituted a festival to the goddess. Scillus stood amidst woods and meadows, and afforded abundant pasture for cattle; while the neighbouring mountains supplied wild hogs, roebucks, and stags. When Pausanias visited Scillus five centuries afterwards the temple of Artemis still remained, and a statue of Xenophon, made of Pentelic marble.
Scillus's site is near the modern village of Makrisia.
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206612
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Arthur L. Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20L.%20Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
Arthur L. Bristol
Arthur LeRoy Bristol, Jr. (July 15, 1886 – April 27, 1942), was a Vice Admiral in the United States Navy, who held important commands during World War I and World War II, and was an early aircraft carrier commander.
# Early life and career.
Born in Charleston, South Carolina, he entered the United States Naval Academy on September 23, 1902 and graduated with the Class of 1906. After the prescribed two years of sea duty, which he served in the pre-dreadnought USS "Illinois" (Battleship No. 7), he received his commission as ensign in 1908. Transferred to "Mayflower" in 1909, he remained in that Presidential yacht until ordered to Berlin, Germany, in January 1912 for a year
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Arthur L. Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20L.%20Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
and one-half as a naval attaché. In June 1913, he returned home to command the new destroyer "Cummings" (Destroyer No. 44) upon her completion at Bath Iron Works. A year later, he received the concurrent command of "Terry" (Destroyer No. 25) and the 2nd Division, Reserve Torpedo Flotilla, U.S. Atlantic Fleet. He then briefly commanded "Jarvis" (Destroyer No. 38).
# World War I.
Late in 1915, Bristol was assigned the duties of aide and torpedo officer on the staff of Commander, Torpedo Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet and, in the winter of 1916, he became aide and flag secretary to the Commander, Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet. In the summer of 1917, soon after the United States entered World War
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Arthur L. Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20L.%20Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
I, he became aide and flag secretary for Commander, Cruiser Force, Atlantic Fleet. After serving in that capacity into the following winter, Bristol was awarded the Navy Cross for his service as flag secretary and acting chief of staff to Commander, Cruiser and Transport Force. While holding that post, he worked closely with Army authorities in the handling of troopship movements.
Later, as flag secretary for the Commander, Cruiser and Transport Force, he earned the Distinguished Service Medal. Going ashore in February 1918, he labored in Washington through the end of World War I and into the spring of 1919 on duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
# Russian Civil War.
Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20L.%20Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
then commanded "Breckinridge" (DD-148) and "Overton" (DD-239) in succession, serving in the latter during that ship's operations in the Black Sea during the capitulation of White Russian forces to the Bolsheviks in November 1920. For his services rendered during the evacuation of the Crimea, a grateful Russian government-in-exile presented him with the Order of St. Stanislav, III Class.
# Assignments during the interwar years.
Detached from "Overton" in August 1921, Bristol again served in Washington attached to the Navy General Board and then went to Philadelphia to assist in the decommissioning of destroyers. A course of instruction at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island occupied
| 5,176 |
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Arthur L. Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20L.%20Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
him from July 1922 to May 1923, and he next served as an instructor on the staff of that institution from May 1923 to May 1924. Following a brief tour as aide for Commander, Scouting Fleet, he sailed to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to join the American naval mission there.
Reporting to the battleship "Arizona" (BB-39) in February 1927, Bristol served as executive officer of that dreadnought until April of the following year, and then moved to the Naval Air Station (NAS), San Diego, California for aviation instruction. Following further flight training at NAS, Pensacola, Florida, he was designated a naval aviator and was sent to the Asiatic Fleet, where he served as commanding officer of the seaplane
| 5,177 |
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Arthur L. Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20L.%20Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
tender "Jason" (AV-2) and later, as Commander, Aircraft Squadrons, Asiatic Fleet.
Detached in the spring of 1931, he checked in briefly at the Office of Naval Intelligence in Washington before proceeding on to the United Kingdom to become naval attaché in London on October 1, 1931. A brief stop in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations upon his return from England in the spring of 1934 preceded his traveling to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Virginia, as prospective commanding officer of the new aircraft carrier "Ranger" (CV-4).
# Carrier commander.
The first commanding officer of the Navy's first aircraft carrier to be built as such from the keel up, Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20L.%20Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
took "Ranger" to South American waters on shakedown and commanded her thereafter until June 1936, when he became Commanding Officer NAS, San Diego. During the latter tour, he served on the Hepburn Board, participating in the investigations into suitable base sites in the United States and its possessions.
Becoming Commander, Patrol Wing 2, at Pearl Harbor, on July 27, 1939, Bristol was given flag rank on August 1, and, the following summer, became Commander Carrier Division 1. He then served as Commander, Aircraft, Scouting Force (September 18, to October 12, 1940), and as Commander, Patrol Wings, United States Fleet (October 12, 1940 to January 23, 1941) before reporting to the Office of the
| 5,179 |
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Arthur L. Bristol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur%20L.%20Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
Chief of Naval Operations on January 25, 1941.
# World War II.
With increasing American alarm over the course of the Battle of the Atlantic, the Roosevelt administration took steps to aid the British. To help escort convoys across the Atlantic, the Navy established the Support Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, and based it at Newport. On March 1, 1941, Rear Admiral Bristol became the Force's first commander. He held this important position throughout the tense, undeclared war with Germany in the summer and autumn of 1941 and through America's entry into the global conflict on December 7, of that year. Designated vice admiral on February 27, 1942, Bristol remained in that important command until
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Arthur L. Bristol
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Arthur L. Bristol
h America's entry into the global conflict on December 7, of that year. Designated vice admiral on February 27, 1942, Bristol remained in that important command until he suffered a fatal heart attack at NS Argentia, Newfoundland, on April 27, 1942.
# Namesake.
The destroyer escort USS "Arthur L Bristol" (DE-281) was named in honor of Vice Admiral Bristol. She was converted during construction into the high-speed transport USS "Arthur L. Bristol" (APD-97), and was in commission as such from 1945 to 1946.
The Arthur L. Bristol School, which educated the children of U.S. Navy personnel between 1957 and 1995 at Naval Air Station Argentia, Newfoundland, also was named for Vice Admiral Bristol.
| 5,181 |
206614
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NGC 2264
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGC%202264
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NGC 2264
NGC 2264
NGC 2264 is the designation number of the New General Catalogue that identifies two astronomical objects as a single object: the Cone Nebula, and the Christmas Tree Cluster. Two other objects are within this designation but not officially included, the Snowflake Cluster, and the Fox Fur Nebula.
All of the objects are located in the Monoceros constellation and are located about 800 parsecs or 2600 light-years from Earth.
NGC 2264 is sometimes referred to as the Christmas Tree Cluster and the Cone Nebula. However, the designation of NGC 2264 in the New General Catalogue refers to both objects and not the cluster alone.
NGC2264 is the location where the Cone Nebula, The Stellar Snowflake
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NGC 2264
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGC%202264
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NGC 2264
Cluster and the Christmas Tree Cluster have formed in this emission nebula. For reference, the Stellar Snowflake Cluster is located 2,700 light years away in the constellation Monoceros. The Monoceros constellation is not typically visible by the naked eye due to its lack of colossal stars.
The Snowflake Cluster was granted its name due to its unmistakable pinwheel-like shape and its assortment of bright colors. The Christmas Tree star formation consists of young stars obscured by heavy layers of dust clouds. These dust clouds, along with hydrogen and helium are producing luminous new stars. The combination of dense clouds and an array of colors creates a color map filled with varying wavelengths.
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NGC 2264
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGC%202264
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NGC 2264
As seen in the photographs taken by the Spitzer Space telescope, we are able to differentiate between young, red stars and older blue stars.
With varying youthful stars, comes vast changes to the overall structure of the clusters and nebula. For a cluster to be considered a Snowflake, it must remain in the original location the star was formed.
When referring to this emission nebula overall, there are several aspects that contribute to the prominent configuration of a snowflake and/or Christmas tree cluster. There is a diverse arrangement of brilliant colors, and an evolving process of structure that follow star formation in a nebula.
# External links.
- NGC 2264 @ SEDS NGC objects pages
-
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NGC 2264
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGC%202264
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NGC 2264
ucture of the clusters and nebula. For a cluster to be considered a Snowflake, it must remain in the original location the star was formed.
When referring to this emission nebula overall, there are several aspects that contribute to the prominent configuration of a snowflake and/or Christmas tree cluster. There is a diverse arrangement of brilliant colors, and an evolving process of structure that follow star formation in a nebula.
# External links.
- NGC 2264 @ SEDS NGC objects pages
- Coordinates: 06 41 00, +09° 53′ 00″
- O Tannenbaum, O Tannenbaum! - Astronomy Sketch of the Day, 12-25-2008
- Stellar Snowflake Cluster
- Spitzer Spots Stellar Snowflake on the 'Christmas Tree Cluster'
| 5,185 |
206618
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NGC 7742
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGC%207742
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NGC 7742
NGC 7742
NGC 7742 also known as Fried Egg Galaxy is a face-on unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Pegasus.
The galaxy is unusual in that it contains a ring but no bar. Typically, bars are needed to produce a ring structure. The bars' gravitational forces move gas to the ends of the bars, where it forms into the rings seen in many barred spiral galaxies. In this galaxy, however, no bar is present, so this mechanism cannot be used to explain the formation of the ring. O. K. Sil'chenko and A. V. Moiseev proposed that the ring was formed partly as the result of a merger event in which a smaller gas-rich dwarf galaxy collided with NGC 7742. As evidence for this, they point to the unusually
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NGC 7742
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGC%207742
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NGC 7742
formation of the ring. O. K. Sil'chenko and A. V. Moiseev proposed that the ring was formed partly as the result of a merger event in which a smaller gas-rich dwarf galaxy collided with NGC 7742. As evidence for this, they point to the unusually bright central region, the presence of highly inclined central gas disk, and the presence of gas that is counterrotating (or rotating in the opposite direction) with respect to the stars.
Two Type II supernovae, SN 1993R and SN 2014cy, have been detected in NGC 7742.
# See also.
- NGC 7217 - "a face-on spiral galaxy with identical characteristics"
- Sombrero Galaxy - "a similar galaxy with a dust ring"
# External links.
- NGC 7742 at ESA/Hubble
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206634
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Helix Nebula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helix%20Nebula
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Helix Nebula
Helix Nebula
The Helix Nebula, also known as NGC 7293, is a planetary nebula (PN) located in the constellation Aquarius. Discovered by Karl Ludwig Harding, probably before 1824, this object is one of the closest to the Earth of all the bright planetary nebulae. The distance, measured by the "Gaia" mission, is 655±13 light-years. It is similar in appearance to the Cat's Eye Nebula and the Ring Nebula, whose size, age, and physical characteristics are similar to the Dumbbell Nebula, varying only in its relative proximity and the appearance from the equatorial viewing angle. The Helix Nebula has sometimes been referred to as the "Eye of God" in pop culture, as well as the "Eye of Sauron".
# General
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Helix Nebula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helix%20Nebula
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Helix Nebula
information.
The Helix Nebula is an example of a planetary nebula, formed by an intermediate to low-mass star, which sheds its outer layers near the end of its evolution. Gases from the star in the surrounding space appear, from our vantage point, as if we are looking down a helix structure. The remnant central stellar core, known as a planetary nebula nucleus or PNN, is destined to become a white dwarf star. The observed glow of the central star is so energetic that it causes the previously expelled gases to brightly fluoresce.
The nebula is in the constellation of Aquarius, and lies about 650 light-years away, spanning about 0.8 parsecs (2.5 light-years). Its age is estimated to be years,
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Helix Nebula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helix%20Nebula
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Helix Nebula
based on its measured expansion rate of 31 km·s.
# Structure.
The Helix Nebula is thought to be shaped like a prolate spheroid with strong density concentrations toward the filled disk along the equatorial plane, whose major axis is inclined about 21° to 37° from our vantage point. The size of the inner disk is 8×19 arcmin in diameter (0.52 pc); the outer torus is 12×22 arcmin in diameter (0.77 pc); and the outer-most ring is about 25 arcmin in diameter (1.76 pc). We see the outer-most ring as flattened on one side due to its colliding with the ambient interstellar medium.
Expansion of the whole planetary nebula structure is estimated to have occurred in the last 6,560 years, and 12,100 years
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Helix Nebula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helix%20Nebula
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Helix Nebula
for the inner disk. Spectroscopically, the outer ring's expansion rate is 40 km/s, and about 32 km/s for the inner disk.
## Knots.
The Helix Nebula was the first planetary nebula discovered to contain cometary knots. Its main ring contains knots of nebulosity, which have now been detected in many nearby planetaries. These knots are highly radially symmetric (from the PNN) and are described as "cometary", each centered on a core of neutral molecular gas and containing bright cusps (local photoionization fronts) towards the central star and tails away from it. All tails extend away from the PNN in a radial direction. Excluding the tails, each knot is approximately the size of the Solar system,
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Helix Nebula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helix%20Nebula
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Helix Nebula
while each of the cusp knots are optically thick due to Lyc photons from the PNN. There are more than 20,000 cometary knots estimated to be in the Helix Nebula.
The excitation temperature varies across the Helix nebula. The rotational-vibrational temperature ranges from 1800 K in a cometary knot located in the inner region of the nebula are about 2.5′ (arcmin) from the central PNN, calculated at about 900 K in the outer region at the distance of 5.6′.
# See also.
- New General Catalogue (NGC)
# External links.
- NASA/JPL-Caltech - The Helix Nebula (NGC 7293)
- SEDS - The Helix Nebula (NGC 7293)
- NightSkyInfo – The Helix Nebula (NGC 7293)
- Snopes - Helix Eye of God - Urban Legend
-
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Helix Nebula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helix%20Nebula
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Helix Nebula
k due to Lyc photons from the PNN. There are more than 20,000 cometary knots estimated to be in the Helix Nebula.
The excitation temperature varies across the Helix nebula. The rotational-vibrational temperature ranges from 1800 K in a cometary knot located in the inner region of the nebula are about 2.5′ (arcmin) from the central PNN, calculated at about 900 K in the outer region at the distance of 5.6′.
# See also.
- New General Catalogue (NGC)
# External links.
- NASA/JPL-Caltech - The Helix Nebula (NGC 7293)
- SEDS - The Helix Nebula (NGC 7293)
- NightSkyInfo – The Helix Nebula (NGC 7293)
- Snopes - Helix Eye of God - Urban Legend
- Helix Nebula (NGC 7293) at Constellation Guide
| 5,193 |
206620
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Johann Gottfried Galle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Gottfried%20Galle
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Johann Gottfried Galle
Johann Gottfried Galle
Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 – 10 July 1910) was a German astronomer from Radis, Germany, at the Berlin Observatory who, on 23 September 1846, with the assistance of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune and know what he was looking at. Urbain Le Verrier had predicted the existence and position of Neptune, and sent the coordinates to Galle, asking him to verify. Galle found Neptune in the same night he received Le Verrier's letter, within 1° of the predicted position. The discovery of Neptune is widely regarded as a dramatic validation of celestial mechanics, and is one of the most remarkable moments of 19th-century science.
#
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Johann Gottfried Galle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Gottfried%20Galle
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Johann Gottfried Galle
Early life.
Galle was born in the Papsthaus (a house in the Pabst wood) 2 km west of Radis in the vicinity of the town of Gräfenhainichen, as the first son of Marie Henriette "née Pannier" (1790–1839) and Johann Gottfried Galle (1790–1853), an operator of a tar oven. He attended the Gymnasium in Wittenberg and studied at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin from 1830 to 1833. He became a teacher at the Gymnasium in Guben, teaching mathematics and physics. Later on, he transferred to the Gymnasium in Berlin.
# Berlin Observatory.
He had started to work as an assistant to Johann Franz Encke in 1835 immediately following the completion of the new Berlin Observatory. Galle worked there for the
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Johann Gottfried Galle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Gottfried%20Galle
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Johann Gottfried Galle
next 16 years, making use especially of a Fraunhofer-refractor with 9 Zoll (~22.5 cm) aperture. In 1838 he discovered an inner, dark ring of Saturn. From 2 December 1839 to 6 March 1840 he discovered three new comets.
In 1845 Galle was awarded a Dr. phil.. His doctoral thesis was a reduction and critical discussion of Ole Rømer's observation of meridian transits of stars and planets on the days from 20 October to 23 October 1706.
## Discovery of Neptune.
Around the same time in 1845 he sent a copy of his thesis to Urbain Le Verrier, but only received an answer a year later. Sent on 18 September 1846, it reached Galle on the morning of 23 September.
Le Verrier had been investigating the perturbations
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Johann Gottfried Galle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Gottfried%20Galle
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Johann Gottfried Galle
of the orbit of the planet Uranus and from this he derived the position of a still undiscovered planet, and requested Galle to search in the corresponding section of sky. The very same night (after Encke gave permission to search, against his own judgement), in collaboration with his assistant Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, Galle discovered a star of 8th. magnitude, only 1° away from the calculated position, which was not recorded in the "Berliner Akademischen Sternkarte". Over the next two evenings, a proper motion of the celestial object of 4 seconds of arc was measured, which determined it absolutely as a planet, for which Le Verrier proposed the name Neptune. Galle always refused to be acknowledged
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Johann Gottfried Galle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann%20Gottfried%20Galle
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Johann Gottfried Galle
as the discoverer of Neptune; he attributed the discovery to Le Verrier.
In 1847 Galle was designated as the successor to Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel as Director of Königsberg Observatory. Before the enacted nomination from Friedrich Wilhelm IV effected "de facto", Galle withdrew his application at the beginning of 1848 due to an intrigue against him led by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.
# Breslau Observatory.
In 1851 he moved to Breslau (today Wrocław) to become the director of the local observatory, and in 1856 he became Professor of Astronomy at the Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Breslau. He worked in Breslau for over 45 years. For the academic year 1875/76 he was elected Rector.
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Johann Gottfried Galle
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Johann Gottfried Galle
At Breslau he dealt with the exact determination of planetary orbits and developed methods for calculating the height of the aurorae and the path of meteors, and consolidated the data for all 414 comets discovered up to 1894 into one work (with the help of his son). Otherwise he concerned himself with the Earth's magnetic field and climatology. Altogether he published over 200 works.
# Later years.
In 1897 Galle returned to Potsdam, where he died in 1910 at the age of 98. He was survived by his wife and two sons, Andreas Galle and Georg Galle (1860–1946).
The town of Gräfenhainichen, which is close to his birthplace, erected a memorial to him in 1977.
Two craters, one on the Moon and the
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