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Zakk Wylde
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Zakk Wylde
performed the U.S. national anthem at Rockfest in Kansas City, Missouri.
- Wylde appeared onstage December 8, 2011 in Indianapolis, IN, to play a cover of AC/DC's "Whole Lotta Rosie" with Guns N' Roses while Black Label Society opened for Guns N' Roses during a leg of the US tour. Wylde also did this on subsequent shows before Black Label Society finished their run on the tour.
- In Fall 2014, Wylde appeared as one of the performers on the "Experience Hendrix 2014" tour along with Billy Cox, Eric Johnson, Jonny Lang, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Buddy Guy and others. Wylde performed "Manic Depression", "Little Wing", and "Purple Haze" as well as playing with many of the other performers.
## Acting.
-
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In 2001, Wylde appeared as the lead guitarist for a band called Steel Dragon in the movie "Rock Star", also starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston.
- Wylde appeared in "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" episode "Spirit Journey Formation Anniversary" as himself
- Wylde appeared in the "Californication" episode "Suicide Solution" in 2011, credited as "Guitar Guy".
- Wylde also appeared playing guitar alongside Lorne and other audience members in Angel's season 4 episode "The Magic Bullet" in 2003.
- Wylde appeared in the full-length movie "Bones" as Jed, Bones' uncle. reference: Bones (2010 film)
## Other media.
- Wylde appeared in the music video game "Guitar Hero World Tour" as a playable character.
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He becomes unlocked upon defeating him in a specially recorded guitar battle and completing Stillborn from the guitarist's catalog.
# Discography.
- with Black Label Society
- 1999: "Sonic Brew"
- 2000: "Stronger Than Death"
- 2001: "Alcohol Fueled Brewtality Live!! +5"
- 2002: "1919 Eternal"
- 2003: "The Blessed Hellride"
- 2004: "Hangover Music Vol. VI"
- 2005: "Mafia"
- 2006: "Shot to Hell"
- 2009: "Skullage"
- 2010: "Order of the Black"
- 2011: "The Song Remains Not The Same"
- 2013: "Unblackened"
- 2014: "Catacombs of the Black Vatican"
- 2018: "Grimmest Hits"
- with Ozzy Osbourne
- 1988: "No Rest for the Wicked"
- 1990: "Just Say Ozzy (live album)"
- 1991: "No More
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kened"
- 2014: "Catacombs of the Black Vatican"
- 2018: "Grimmest Hits"
- with Ozzy Osbourne
- 1988: "No Rest for the Wicked"
- 1990: "Just Say Ozzy (live album)"
- 1991: "No More Tears"
- 1993: "Live & Loud (live album)"
- 1995: "Ozzmosis"
- 2001: "Down to Earth"
- 2002: "Live at Budokan (live album)"
- 2007: "Black Rain"
- with Pride & Glory
- 1994: "Pride & Glory"
- with Zakk Sabbath
- 2016: "Live In Detroit (live EP)"
- Solo
- 1996: "Book of Shadows"
- 2016: "Book of Shadows II"
# External links.
- Black Label Society official website
- Zakk Wylde Video Workshop (Videos in engl.) Source: Bonedo.de
- Zakk Wylde Interview Source: Bonedo.de
- Source: Alternative Press
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Judeo-Persian
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Judeo-Persian
Judeo-Persian refers to both a group of Jewish dialects spoken by the Jews living in Iran and Judeo-Persian texts (written in Hebrew alphabet). As a collective term, Judeo-Persian refers to a number of Judeo-Iranian languages spoken by Jewish communities throughout the formerly extensive Persian Empire.
The speakers refer to their language as "Fārsi". Some non-Jews refer to it as "dzhidi" (also written as "zidi", "judi", or "jidi"), which means "Jewish" in a derogatory sense.
Judeo-Persian is basically the Persian language written in Hebrew Alphabet. However, it is often confused with other Judeo-Iranian languages and dialects spoken by the Iranian Jewish communities, such as
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Judeo-Shirazi, Judeo-Hamadani, and Judeo-Kashani.
# Persian words in Hebrew and Aramaic.
The earliest evidence of the entrance of Persian words into the language of the Israelites is found in the Bible. The post-exilic portions, Hebrew as well as Aramaic, contain besides many Persian proper names and titles, a number of nouns, such as "dat" (or "daad" in current Persian) = "law", "genez" (or "ganj" in current Persian) = "treasure", "pardes" (or "pardis" or "ferdos" in current Persian) = "park" (which is the main root of the English word "paradise"), which came into permanent use at the time of the Achaemenid Empire.
More than five hundred years after the end of that dynasty, the Jews of the
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Babylonian diaspora again came under the dominion of the Persians; and among such Jews the Persian language held a position similar to that held by the Greek language among the Jews of the West. Persian became to a great extent the language of everyday life among the Jews of Babylonia; and a hundred years after the conquest of that country by the Sassanids, an "amora" of Pumbedita, Rab Joseph (d. 323 CE), declared that the Babylonian Jews had no right to speak Aramaic, and should instead use either Hebrew or Persian. Aramaic, however, remained the language of the Jews in Israel as well as of those in Babylonia, although in the latter country a large number of Persian words found their way into
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the language of daily intercourse and into that of the schools, a fact which is attested by the numerous Persian derivatives in the Babylonian Talmud. But in the Aramaic Targum there are very few Persian words, because after the middle of the third century the Targumim on the Pentateuch and the Prophets were accepted as authoritative and received a fixed textual form in the Babylonian schools. In this way they were protected from the introduction of Persian elements.
# Literature.
There is an extensive Judeo-Persian poetic religious literature, closely modeled on classical Persian poetry. The most famous poet was Mowlānā Shāhin-i Shirāzi (14th century CE), who composed epic versifications
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of parts of the Bible, such as the "Musā-nāmah" (an epic poem recounting the story of Moses); later poets composed lyric poetry of a Sufi cast. Much of this literature was collected around the beginning of the twentieth century by the ּּBukharian rabbi Shimon Hakham, who founded a printing press in Israel.
## Biblical epics.
- Mowlānā Shāhin-i Shirāzi
- "Bereshit-nāmah" (The Book of Genesis)
- "Musā-nāmah" (The Book of Moses)
- "Ardashir-nāmah" (The Book of Ardashir): Describing the story of Esther
- "Ezra-nāmah" (The Book of Ezra)
- Emrāni
- "Fath-nāmah" (The Book of Conquest): Details Joshua's conquest of Jericho
- The Book of Ruth
- Aharon b. Mashiach
- "Shoftim-nāmah" (The Book
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of Judges)
- Khwājah Bukhārā'i
- "Dāniyāal-nāamah" (The Book of Daniel)
## Mishnah and midrash.
- Emrāni: "Ganj-nāmah" (The Book of Treasure): Poetic elaboration on the mishnaic tractate of Abot
## Biblical commentaries.
- Shimon Hakham: Commentary on Exodus 3-4
## Historical texts.
- "Bābāi b. Lutf: Kitab-i Anusi" (The Book of a Forced Convert)
- "Bābāi b. Farhād: Kitāb-i Sar guzasht-i Kāshān" (The Book of Events in Kashan)
## Religious poems.
- "Haft Baradam": A poem read on the fast of Tish'a BeAb based on the story of Hannah and her seven sons
- "Sheshom Dar" (ששום דר): A poem read on the festival of Shavuot detailing the commandments, based on the Azharot literature
- "Shira-ye
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Hatani", or "Shira", often beginning with the words ""Shodi hātān mobarak bād"" (שדִי חתן מבארך באד): Verses sung at weddings and festive occasions. Originally composed for the groom during the "Shabbat Hatan" (the shabbat following the wedding)
- Aminā:
- "In Praise of Moses"
- "A Ghazal on the Twelve Tribes"
# See also.
- Judeo-Tat language
- Persian Jews
# References.
- Judæo-Persian (from the 1906 Public Domain Jewish Encyclopedia)
- Vera Basch Moreen (tr. and ed.), "In Queen Esther's Garden: An Anthology of Judeo-Persian Literature" (Yale Judaica): Yale 2000,
- Moreen, Vera B. "The Legend of Adam in the Judeo-Persian Epic" Bereshit [Nāmah]"(14th Century)." Proceedings of the American
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rsian Literature" (Yale Judaica): Yale 2000,
- Moreen, Vera B. "The Legend of Adam in the Judeo-Persian Epic" Bereshit [Nāmah]"(14th Century)." Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. American Academy of Jewish Research, 1990.
# External links.
- Judeo-Persian Literature, Encyclopædia Iranica
- Judeo-Persian Language, Encyclopædia Iranica
- Jewish dialect of Isfahan, Encyclopædia Iranica
- Judæo-Persian literature (from Jewish Encyclopedia)
- Article from Jewish Languages site
- A tantalising find from the Jews of medieval Afghanistan
- On Judeo-Persian Language and Literature | Part One: State of the Field
- Video Archive of Authentic Dialects 7dorim.com (Persian)
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Durham Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly known as Durham Cathedral and home of the Shrine of St Cuthbert, is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Durham, the fourth-ranked bishop in the Church of England hierarchy. The present cathedral was begun in 1093, replacing the Saxon 'White Church', and is regarded as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture in Europe. In 1986 the cathedral and Durham Castle were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Durham Cathedral holds the relics of Saint Cuthbert, transported to Durham by Lindisfarne monks in the ninth century, the head of Saint
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Oswald of Northumbria, and the remains of the Venerable Bede. In addition, its library contains one of the most complete sets of early printed books in England, the pre-Dissolution monastic accounts, and three copies of the Magna Carta.
From 1080 until 1836 the Bishop of Durham enjoyed the powers of an Earl palatine, being given military and civil as well as religious leadership in order to protect the Scottish Border. The cathedral walls formed part of Durham Castle, one of the residences of the Bishop of Durham.
There are daily Church of England services at the cathedral, with Durham Cathedral Choir singing daily except Mondays and when the choir is on holiday. It is a major tourist attraction
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and welcomed 694,429 visitors in 2018.
# History.
## Anglo-Saxon.
The see of Durham takes its origins from the Diocese of Lindisfarne, founded by Saint Aidan at the behest of Oswald of Northumbria around 635. The see lasted until 664, at which point it was translated to York. The see was then reinstated at Lindisfarne in 678 by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Among the many saints produced in the community at Lindisfarne Priory, Saint Cuthbert, who was Bishop of Lindisfarne from 685 until his death on Farne Island in 687, is central to the development of Durham Cathedral.
After repeated Viking raids, the monks fled Lindisfarne in 875, carrying Saint Cuthbert's relics with them. The diocese
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of Lindisfarne remained itinerant until 882, when a community was reestablished in Chester-le-Street. The see had its seat here until 995, when further incursions once again caused the monks to move with the relics. According to local legend, the monks followed two milk maids who were searching for a dun-coloured cow and were led into a peninsula formed by a loop in the River Wear. At this point Cuthbert's coffin became immovable. This trope of hagiography was offered for a sign that the new shrine should be built here. A more prosaic set of reasons for the selection of the peninsula is its highly defensible position, and that a community established here would enjoy the protection of the Earl
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of Northumbria, as the bishop at this time, Aldhun, had strong family links with the earls. Nevertheless, the street leading from The Bailey past the Cathedral's eastern towers up to Palace Green is named Dun Cow Lane due to the miniature (dun) cows that used to graze in the pastures nearby.
Initially, a very simple temporary structure was built from local timber to house the relics of Cuthbert. The shrine was then transferred to a sturdier, probably wooden, building known as the White Church. This church was itself replaced three years later in 998 by a stone building also known as the White Church, which was complete apart from its tower by 1018. Durham soon became a site of pilgrimage, encouraged
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by the growing cult of Saint Cuthbert. King Canute was one early pilgrim, granting many privileges and much land to the Durham community. The defendable position, flow of money from pilgrims and power embodied in the church at Durham ensured that a town formed around the cathedral, establishing the early core of the modern city.
## Norman.
The present cathedral was designed and built under William of St. Carilef (or William of Calais) who was appointed as the first prince-bishop by King William the Conqueror in 1080. Since that time, there have been major additions and reconstructions of some parts of the building, but the greater part of the structure remains true to the Norman design. Construction
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of the cathedral began in 1093 at the eastern end. The choir was completed by 1096 and work proceeded on the nave of which the walls were finished by 1128, and the high vault complete by 1135. The chapter house, partially demolished in the 18th century, was built between 1133 and 1140. William died in 1096 before the building's completion, passing responsibility to his successor, Ranulf Flambard, who also built Framwellgate Bridge, the first crossing of the River Wear in the town. Three bishops, William of St. Carilef, Ranulf Flambard and Hugh de Puiset, are all buried in the rebuilt chapter house.
In the 1170s, de Puiset, after a false start at the eastern end where the subsidence and cracking
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prevented work from continuing, added the Galilee Chapel at the west end of the cathedral. The five-aisled building occupies the position of a porch, it functioned as a Lady chapel and the great west door was blocked during the Medieval period by an altar to the Virgin Mary. The door is now blocked by the tomb of the bishop Thomas Langley. The Galilee Chapel also holds the remains of the Venerable Bede. The main entrance to the cathedral is on the northern side, facing towards the castle.
In 1228 Richard le Poore came from Salisbury where a new cathedral was being built in the Gothic style. At this time, the eastern end of the cathedral was in urgent need of repair and the proposed eastern
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extension had failed. Le Poore employed the architect Richard Farnham to design an eastern terminal for the building in which many monks could say the Daily Office simultaneously. The resulting building was the Chapel of the Nine Altars. The towers also date from the early 13th century, but the central tower was damaged by lightning and replaced in two stages in the 15th century, the master masons being Thomas Barton and John Bell.
The Shrine of Saint Cuthbert was located in the eastern apsidal end of the cathedral. The location of the inner wall of the apse is marked on the pavement and Cuthbert's tomb is covered by a simple slab. However, an unknown monk wrote in 1593:
## Dissolution.
Cuthbert's
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tomb was destroyed on the orders of King Henry VIII in 1538, and the monastery's wealth handed over to the king. The body of the saint was exhumed, and according to the "Rites of Durham", was discovered to be uncorrupted. It was reburied under a plain stone slab worn by the knees of pilgrims, but the ancient paving around it remains intact. Two years later, on 31 December 1540, the Benedictine monastery at Durham was dissolved, and the last prior of Durham – Hugh Whitehead – became the first dean of the cathedral's secular chapter.
## 17th century.
After the Battle of Dunbar on 3 September 1650, Durham Cathedral was used by Oliver Cromwell as a makeshift prison to hold Scottish prisoners of
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war. It is estimated that as many as 3,000 were imprisoned of whom 1,700 died in the cathedral itself, where they were kept in inhumane conditions, largely without food, water or heat. The prisoners destroyed much of the cathedral woodwork for firewood but Prior Castell's Clock, which featured the Scottish thistle, was spared. It is reputed that the prisoners' bodies were buried in unmarked graves (see further, '21st century' below). The survivors were shipped as slave labour to North America.
John Cosin, Bishop of Durham who had previously been a canon of the cathedral, set about restoring the damage and refurnishing the building with new stalls, the litany desk and the towering canopy over
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the font. An oak screen to carry the organ was added at this time to replace a stone screen pulled down in the 16th century. On the remains of the old refectory, the Dean, John Sudbury founded a library of early printed books.
## 18th and 19th centuries.
During the 18th century, the deans of Durham often held another position in the south of England, and after spending the statutory time in residence, would depart to manage their affairs. Consequently, after Cosin's refurbishment, there was little by way of restoration or rebuilding. When work commenced again on the building, it was not always of a sympathetic nature. In 1777 the architect George Nicholson, having completed Prebends' Bridge
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across the Wear, persuaded the dean and chapter to let him smooth off much of the outer stonework of the cathedral, thereby considerably altering its character. His successor William Morpeth demolished most of the Chapter House.
In 1794 the architect James Wyatt drew up extensive plans which would have drastically transformed the building, including the demolition of the Galilee Chapel, but the Chapter changed its mind just in time to prevent this happening. Wyatt also renewed the 15th-century tracery of the Rose Window, inserting plain glass to replace what had been blown out in a storm.
In 1847 Anthony Salvin removed Cosin's wooden organ screen, opening up the view of the east end from the
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nave, and in 1858 he restored the cloisters.
The restoration of the cathedral's tower in 1859-60 was by the architect George Gilbert Scott, working with Edward Robert Robson (who went on to serve as Clerk of Works at the cathedral for six years). In 1874 Scott was responsible for the marble quire screen and pulpit in the Crossing. In 1892 Scott's pupil Charles Hodgson Fowler rebuilt the Chapter House as a memorial to Joseph Barber Lightfoot (Bishop).
The great west window, depicting the "Tree of Jesse", was the gift of Dean George Waddington in 1867. It is the work of Clayton and Bell, who were also responsible for the "Te Deum" window in the South Transept (1869), the "Four Doctors" window
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in the North Transept (1875), and the Rose Window of "Christ in Majesty" ().
## 20th century.
In the 1930s, under the inspiration of Dean Cyril Alington, work began on restoring the Shrine of Saint Cuthbert behind the High Altar as an appropriate focus of worship and pilgrimage, and was resumed after the Second World War. The four candlesticks and overhanging tester () were designed by Ninian Comper. Two large batik banners representing Saints Cuthbert and Oswald, added in 2001, are the work of Thetis Blacker. Elsewhere in the building the 1930s and 1940s saw the addition of several new stained glass windows by Hugh Ray Easton. Mark Angus' "Daily Bread" window dates from 1984. In the Galilee
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Chapel a wooden statue of the "Annunciation" by the Polish artist Josef Pyrz was added in 1992, the same year as Leonard Evetts' "Stella Maris" window.
In 1986, the cathedral, together with the nearby Castle, became a World Heritage Site. The UNESCO committee classified the cathedral under criteria C (ii) (iv) (vi), reporting, ""Durham Cathedral is the largest and most perfect monument of 'Norman' style architecture in England"".
In 1996, the Great Western Doorway was the setting for Bill Viola's large-scale video installation "The Messenger," that was commissioned by Durham Cathedral.
## 21st century.
At the beginning of this century two of the altars in the Nine Altars Chapel at the east
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end of the Cathedral were re-dedicated to Saint Hild of Whitby and Saint Margaret of Scotland: a striking painting of Margaret (with her son, the future king David) by Paula Rego was dedicated in 2004. Nearby a plaque, first installed in 2011 and rededicated in 2017, commemorates the Scottish soldiers who died as prisoners in the Cathedral after the Battle of Dunbar in 1650. The remains of some of these prisoners have now been identified in a mass grave uncoverered during building works in 2013 just outside the Cathedral precinct near Palace Green.
In 2004 two wooden sculptures by Fenwick Lawson, "Pietà" and "Tomb of Christ", were placed in the Nine Altars Chapel, and in 2010 a new stained
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glass window of the "Transfiguration" by Tom Denny was dedicated in memory of Michael Ramsey, former Bishop of Durham and Archbishop of Canterbury.
In 2016 former monastic buildings around the cloister, including the Monks' Dormitory and Prior's Kitchen, were re-opened to the public as "Open Treasure", an extensive exhibition displaying the Cathedral's history and possessions.
In November 2009 the cathedral featured in the Lumiere festival whose highlight was the "Crown of Light" illumination of the North Front of the cathedral with a 15-minute presentation that told the story of Lindisfarne and the foundation of cathedral, using illustrations and text from the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Lumiere
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festival was repeated in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017.
In 2017 a new "Open Treasure" exhibition area opened featuring the 8th-century wooden coffin of Saint Cuthbert, his gold and garnet pectoral cross, a portable altar and an ivory comb.
# Architecture.
There is evidence that the aisle of the choir had the earliest ribbed vaults in the country, as was argued by John Bilson, English architect, at the end of the nineteenth century. Since then it has been argued that other buildings like Lessay Abbey provided the early experimental ribs that created the high technical level shown in Durham. Interestingly there is evidence in the clerestory walls of the choir that the high vault had ribs. There
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is controversy between John James and Malcolm Thurlby on whether these rib vaults were four-part or six-part, which remains unresolved. The building is notable for the ribbed vault of the nave roof, with some of the earliest pointed transverse arches supported on relatively slender composite piers alternated with massive drum columns, and lateral abutments concealed within the triforium over the aisles. These features appear to be precursors of the Gothic architecture of Northern France a few decades later, doubtless due to the Norman stonemasons responsible, although the building is considered Romanesque overall. The skilled use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault made it possible to cover
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far more elaborate and complicated ground plans than before. Buttressing made it possible to build taller buildings and open up the intervening wall spaces to create larger windows.
Saint Cuthbert's tomb lies at the east in the Feretory and was once an elaborate monument of cream marble and gold. It remains a place of pilgrimage.
# Other burials.
- Stephen Kemble, actor of the Kemble family
- William de St-Calais, in the chapter house
- Ranulf Flambard, also in the chapter house (where his tomb was opened in 1874)
- Geoffrey Rufus, also in the chapter house (where his grave was also excavated in the 19th century)
- William of St. Barbara, also in the chapter house (where his grave was
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also excavated in the 19th century)
- Nicholas Farnham
- Robert Neville – Bishop of Durham, in the South Aisle
- Walter of Kirkham, in the chapter house
- Robert Stitchill (his heart only)
- Robert of Holy Island, in the chapter house
- Antony Bek (Bishop of Durham)
- Thomas Sharp, in the chapel called the Galilee
- Thomas Mangey, in the east transept
- Richard Kellaw, in the chapter house
- Thomas Langley, his tomb blocking the Great West Door (necessitating the construction of the two later doors to north and south)
- James Pilkington, at the head of Beaumont's tomb in front of the high altar
- Alfred Robert Tucker, outside the cathedral
- Cyril Alington, Dean of Durham and author
-
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John Robson, canon of Durham
# Dean and chapter.
The cathedral is governed by the chapter which is chaired by the dean. Durham is a "New Foundation" cathedral in which there are not specific roles to which members of the chapter are appointed, with the exception of the Dean and the Van Mildert Professor of Divinity. The other roles, sub-dean, precentor, sacrist, librarian and treasurer, are elected by the members of the chapter annually.
As of 29 January 2019:
- Dean — Andrew Tremlett (since 17 July 2016 installation)
- Vice-Dean & Canon Precentor — Michael Hampel (since 17 November 2018 installation)
- Canon Chancellor — Charlie Allen (since 22 September 2018 installation)
- Archdeacon
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of Durham and Residentiary Canon — Ian Jagger (since 30 November 2006 collation & installation)
- Diocesan Director of Mission, Discipleship, and Ministry and Residentiary Canon — Sophie Jelley (since 3 May 2015 installation)
- Van Mildert Professor of Divinity (Durham University) and Residentiary Canon — Simon Oliver (since 20 September 2015 installation)
# Music.
## Organ.
In the 17th century Durham had an organ by Smith that was replaced in 1876 by Willis, with some pipes being reused in Durham Castle chapel. Harrison & Harrison worked on the organ from 1880, with several major additions to the stop list, and a refurbishment in 1996. The cases, designed by C. Hodgson Fowler and decorated
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by Clayton and Bell date from 1876 and are in the galleries of the choir.
## Organists.
The first organist recorded at Durham was John Brimley in 1557. Notable organists have included the composer Richard Hey Lloyd and choral conductor David Hill.
The current Master of the Choristers and Organist is Daniel Cook, having succeeded James Lancelot in 2017. The Sub-Organist is Francesca Massey.
## Choir.
There is a regular choir of adult lay clerks, choral scholars and child choristers. The latter are educated at the Chorister School. Traditionally child choristers were all boys, but in November 2009 the cathedral admitted female choristers for the first time. The girls and the boys serve alternately,
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not as a mixed choir, except at major festivals such as Easter, Advent and Christmas when the two "top lines" come together.
# Meridian line.
In 1829 the Dean and Chapter authorised the engraving of a meridian line upon the floor and wall of the north cloister. A circular aperture about in the tracery of the adjoining window about above the level of the floor directs a beam of sunlight to fall upon the line at the precise time when the sun passes the meridian. It was constructed by William Lloyd Wharton, of Dryburn in the city, and Mr Carr, then Head Master of Durham School.
# Film and Television.
Durham Cathedral has been used as a filming location in a number of cinema and television productions.
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Because of its distinct Romanesque architecture, the Cathedral has doubled as a number of fantasy locations in larger budget film productions, but has been seen as itself in a number of television programmes.
## Film.
The first major appearance of the Cathedral was in the 1996 adaptation of a Thomas Hardy novel, "Jude" . The film featured scenes of leading actor Christopher Eccleston working as a mason on the exterior of the Cathedral. "Jude" also featured scenes with co-star Kate Winslet inside the Cathedral, and on the adjoining Prebends Bridge.
"Elizabeth", 1998, starring Cate Blanchett features the Cathedral doubling as The Palace of Westminster , or Whitehall.
Durham Cathedral featured
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in the first two "Harry Potter" films ("Philosopher's Stone" and "Chamber of Secrets" ) as Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The Cloisters appeared in a number of scenes as one of Hogwarts’ courtyards , the Chapter House as Professor McGonagall’s classroom , and the Triforium upper-levels as the Forbidden Corridor.
The exterior architecture of the Cathedral also heavily inspired the design of the Hogwarts model used in the films. A section of the model is noticeably styled off the Cathedral (albeit with the addition of fantastical spires) .
The palace set design in "Snow White and The Huntsman", 2012, was largely based Durham Cathedral’s architecture . The production team spent
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four days at the Cathedral conducting 3D photography of the interior, and used the data collected to build the sets both physical and digital. Most noticeably, the movie’s throne room features columns patterned identically to those within the Cathedral .
Most recently, the interior views of the Cathedral were featured in the 2019 Marvel superhero film "" as the indoor location of Asgard. The "Avengers" production team were present between April and May of 2017 filming at the Cathedral. The film directors, the Russo brothers, posted on Twitter from the site and garnered plenty of attention from fans of the film to the site. .
The filming was initially believed to be for scenes in the preceding
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"" , but due to the dual production of these films, the scenes did later appear in "Endgame" after some fan speculation .
## Television.
Durham Cathedral features in a number of TV programs. Some of its many appearances include the gameshow "Treasurehunt" , and BBC staples like "Songs of Praise" and "The Antiques Roadshow" .
Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the Cathedral as one of his four choices for the 2002 BBC television documentary "Britain's Best Buildings" .
It also hosted a special Christmas concert from Sting as part of a BBC2 "Imagine" special, also featured on PBS..
In 2010 the Cathedral featured in "Climbing Great Buildings," which saw presenter Jonathan Foyle
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exploring the Cathedral via climbing ropes .
For an episode first broadcast in 2011, the BBC railway travelogue "Great British Railway Journeys" with Michael Portillo visited Durham and The Cathedral. Following a Bradshaw’s guide, he discusses local Victorian politics highlighted in the guide, and meets with the Cathedral Choristers .
"Richard Wilson: On the Road", saw actor Richard Wilson visit the Cathedral on this travelogue show following the Shell Guides from the 1930s . The Grayson Perry documentary, "", culminated in the unveiling of his artwork in the Cathedral .
The fourth episode of Britian’s Great Cathedrals with Tony Robinson, broadcast on Channel Five, featured Durham Cathedral
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as its subject. In it, Robinson explored the architecture, the history of the Prince Bishops, and the history of pilgrimage at the Cathedral .
Following the completion of restoration on the Cathedral’s tower in May 2019, "BBC Breakfast" broadcast from the tower in as part of its reopening to the public .
The Cathedral features noticeable in two Catherine Cookson TV Dramas, "The Tide of Life" and "The Wingless Bird" . In the later of these, the Cathedral and the surrounding riverbanks also feature prominently in its promotional material .
It also featured on TV in a number of episodes of "Inspector George Gently" with both interior and exterior scenes.
# In Literature.
Letitia Landon's atmospheric
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poem, "Durham Cathedral", appeared in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835.
# Quotations.
"Durham is one of the great experiences of Europe to the eyes of those who appreciate architecture, and to the minds of those who understand architecture. The group of Cathedral, Castle, and Monastery on the rock can only be compared to Avignon and Prague." — Nikolaus Pevsner, "The Buildings of England"
"A dream, I'm bowled over...Imagine a river valley cut into the landscape with wooded sides. The river bends, and in the bend, on the hillside, lies the old town - first the residential town, then separate from it, and higher up, the castle - and then, out on its own, in the midst of tall trees, the
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enormous cathedral with its twin end towers. From the bridge it is a Romantic dream, a fantasy by Schinkel. This morning in the mist it was wonderful...the first thing that has made my heart pound...the cathedral in itself, just like the Matterhorn in itself - gigantic, grey, on its own." — Pevsner in a letter to his wife, Lola, on his first English tour in 1930.
"I paused upon the bridge, and admired and wondered at the beauty and glory of this scene...it was grand, venerable, and sweet, all at once; I never saw so lovely and magnificent a scene, nor, being content with this, do I care to see a better." — Nathaniel Hawthorne on Durham Cathedral, "The English Notebooks"
'With the cathedral
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at Durham we reach the incomparable masterpiece of Romanesque architecture not only in England but anywhere. The moment of entering provides for an architectural experience never to be forgotten, one of the greatest England has to offer.' — Alec Clifton-Taylor, 'English Towns' series on BBC television.
"I unhesitatingly gave Durham my vote for best cathedral on planet Earth." — Bill Bryson, "Notes from a Small Island".
— Walter Scott, "Harold the Dauntless", a poem of Saxons and Vikings set in County Durham.
# Durham Cathedral in Lego.
Durham Cathedral contains a scale replica of itself made entirely out of Lego. It was created as part of an award winning fundraising campaign to support
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the creation of Open Treasure, and started in July 2013. It was completed just over three years later in July 2016, and is currently on display in the Cathedral’s Undercroft foyer between the Undercroft Restaurant and the Cathedral Shop.
The replica Cathedral is made up of 300,000 Lego bricks, standing 5 ft 6in (1.7) tall and 12ft 6in (3.84m) long. It also features a modelled interior, with the nave, quire, the organ, and stained glass windows all recreated in Lego.
Its creation was funded by donation, with a donation of £1 per Lego brick. It raised £300,000 as part of the public fundraising campaign in support of the creation of Open Treasure, the Cathedral’s new museum in its Claustral
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buildings. Visitors who donated came from 182 countries across the world. The Cathedral worked with a company called Bright Bricks on the design and recruited a team of Lego volunteers who co-ordinated the build of the model and visitor donations.
The surrounding media coverage and marketing campaign garnered further support to the Lego project, especially from local businesses and organisations, and featured celebrity support such as that of Janina Ramirez, George Clarke, and Jeremy Vine. Historian and television presenter Johnathon Foyle had the honour of laying the first brick.
As part of the project, a series of five Lego animated shorts were produced showcasing the history of the Cathedral.
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North East based film maker Matt James Smith worked with the Cathedral to create the shorts.
# See also.
- Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England
- List of church restorations and alterations by Anthony Salvin
# Bibliography.
- Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967) "The Cathedrals of England". London: Thames and Hudson
- Dodds, Glen Lyndon (1996) "Historic Sites of County Durham" Albion Press
- Harvey, John (1963) "English Cathedrals". London: Batsford
- Moorhouse, Geoffrey (2008) "The Last Office: 1539 and the dissolution of a monastery". London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson
- Stranks, C. J. "The Pictorial History of Durham Cathedral". London: Pitkin Pictorials
- Tatton-Brown, Tim (2002)
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"The English Cathedral"; text by Timothy Tatton-Brown; photography by John Crook. London: New Holland
# External links.
- Durham Cathedral website
- The Friends of Durham Cathedral
- Gallery of photos
- A Tour of Durham Cathedral & Castle
- Webcam views: zoomed, wide angle
- Voted "Britain's Favourite Building" in BBC Radio 4 poll, 2001
- A history of Durham Cathedral
- A history of Durham Cathedral choristers and choir school
- Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace — Durham Cathedral Pages — Photos
- Place Evocation: The Galilee Chapel
- Local History Publications from County Durham Books
- Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Durham — from Project Gutenberg
- Durham Cathedral
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mothy Tatton-Brown; photography by John Crook. London: New Holland
# External links.
- Durham Cathedral website
- The Friends of Durham Cathedral
- Gallery of photos
- A Tour of Durham Cathedral & Castle
- Webcam views: zoomed, wide angle
- Voted "Britain's Favourite Building" in BBC Radio 4 poll, 2001
- A history of Durham Cathedral
- A history of Durham Cathedral choristers and choir school
- Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace — Durham Cathedral Pages — Photos
- Place Evocation: The Galilee Chapel
- Local History Publications from County Durham Books
- Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Durham — from Project Gutenberg
- Durham Cathedral — Tourist Guide to Durham Cathedral
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Confederacy
Confederacy
Confederacy may refer to:
A confederation, an association of sovereign states or communities. Examples include:
- Confederate tribes
- Confederate States of America, a confederation of secessionist American states that existed between 1861 and 1865, consisting of eleven southern U.S. states. "Confederacy" may also reference the military armed forces of the CSA, such as:
- Confederate States Army
- Confederate States Marine Corps
- Confederate States Navy
- Confederate Ireland
- Canadian Confederation
- Confederation of the Rhine
- Crown of Aragon
- Gaya confederacy, an ancient grouping of territorial polities in southern Korea
- German Confederation
- Iroquois Confederacy,
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Confederacy
group of united Native American nations in both Canada and the United States of America
- Maratha Confederacy
- North German Confederation
- Peru–Bolivian Confederation of 1836–1839
- Powhatan Confederacy
- Sikh Confederacy
- Swiss Confederation
- Old Swiss Confederacy
- Three Confederate States of Gojoseon of the Korean Bronze Age
- Western Confederacy
# Fictional confederacies.
- Breen Confederacy, a political entity in the "Star Trek" universe
- Capellan Confederation, a political entity in the "Battletech" universe
- Galactic Confederacy, part of the Scientology mythos
- Terran Confederacy, a political entity in the "StarCraft" universe
- Terran Confederation (Wing Commander),
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a political entity in the "Wing Commander" universe
- Confederation of Planet Omega, from the animated series "Once Upon a Time... Space"
- Confederacy of Independent Systems, a secessionist political entity in the "Star Wars" universe
# Psychology.
In psychology, confederates are actors who participate in a psychological experiment pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the researcher.
# See also.
- "A Confederacy of Dunces", a novel written by John Kennedy Toole, published in 1980
- Confederacy (British political group)
- "Confederates" (novel), a novel by Thomas Keneally
- "Confederate" (TV series), an upcoming HBO television program
- Confederate Motors, an American
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eriment pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the researcher.
# See also.
- "A Confederacy of Dunces", a novel written by John Kennedy Toole, published in 1980
- Confederacy (British political group)
- "Confederates" (novel), a novel by Thomas Keneally
- "Confederate" (TV series), an upcoming HBO television program
- Confederate Motors, an American manufacturer of motorcycles
- Chevrolet Series BA Confederate, an automobile manufactured in 1932
- Federacy, where one or several states or regions enjoy considerably more independence than the majority
- Federation, a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central government
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Judah (son of Jacob)
Judah (, "Yəhuda" "Yehuḏā") was, according to the Book of Genesis, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Judah. By extension, he is indirectly eponymous of the Kingdom of Judah, the land of Judea and the word "Jew".
According to the narrative in Genesis, Judah with Tamar is the patrilinear ancestor of the Davidic line.
The Tribe of Judah figures prominently in the Deuteronomistic history, which most scholars agree was reduced to written form, although subject to exilic and post-exilic alterations and emendations, during the reign of the Judahist reformer Josiah from 641-609 BC.
# Etymology.
The Hebrew name for Judah, "Yehudah" (יהודה),
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literally "thanksgiving" or "praise," is the noun form of the root Y-D-H (ידה), "to thank" or "to praise." His birth is recorded at "Gen." 29:35; upon his birth, Leah exclaims, "This time I will praise the /Yah," with the Hebrew word for "I will praise," "odeh" (אודה) sharing the same root as "Yehudah".
# Biblical references.
Judah is the fourth son of the patriarch Jacob and his first wife, Leah: his full brothers are Reuben, Simeon and Levi (all older), and Issachar and Zebulun (younger) and one full sister Dinah. He has six half-brothers.
Following his birth, Judah's next appearance is in "Gen" 37, when he and his brothers cast Joseph into a pit out of jealousy after Joseph approaches
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them, flaunting a coat of many colors, while they are working in the field. It is Judah who spots a caravan of Ishmaelites coming towards them, on its way to Egypt and suggests that Joseph be sold to the Ishmaelites rather than killed. ("Gen." 37:26-28, "What profit is it if we slay our brother and conceal his blood? ... Let not our hand be upon him, for he is our brother, our flesh.")
Judah marries the daughter of Shua, a Canaanite. Judah and his wife have three children, Er, Onan, and Shelah. Er marries Tamar, but God kills him because he "was wicked in the sight of the Lord" ("Gen." 38:7). Tamar becomes Onan's wife in accordance with custom, but he too is killed after he refuses to father
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children for his older brother's childless widow, and spills his seed instead. Although Tamar should have married Shelah, the remaining brother, Judah did not consent, and in response Tamar deceives Judah into having intercourse with her by pretending to be a prostitute. When Judah discovers that Tamar is pregnant he prepares to have her killed, but recants and confesses when he finds out that he is the father ("Gen." 38:24-26). Tamar is the mother of twins, Perez (Peretz) and Zerah (Gen. 38:27-30). The former is the patrilinear ancestor of the messiah, according to the Book of Ruth (4:18-22).
Meanwhile, Joseph rises to a position of power in Egypt. Twenty years after being betrayed, he meets
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his brothers again without them recognizing him. The youngest brother, Benjamin, had remained in Canaan with Jacob, so Joseph takes Simeon hostage and insists that the brothers return with Benjamin. Judah offers himself to Jacob as surety for Benjamin's safety, and manages to persuade Jacob to let them take Benjamin to Egypt. When the brothers return, Joseph tests them by demanding the enslavement of Benjamin. Judah pleads for Benjamin's life, and Joseph reveals his true identity.
# Textual criticism.
## Relationship between the Joseph and Judah narratives.
Literary critics have focused on the relationship between the Judah story in chapter 38, and the Joseph story in chapters 37 and 39.
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Victor Hamilton notes some “intentional literary parallels” between the chapters, such as the exhortation to “identify” (38:25-26 and 37:32-33). J. A. Emerton, Regius Professor of Hebrew at the University of Cambridge, regards the connections as evidence for including chapter 38 in the J corpus, and suggests that the J writer dovetailed the Joseph and Judah traditions. Derek Kidner points out that the insertion of chapter 38 “creates suspense for the reader ,” but Robert Alter goes further and suggests it is a result of the “brilliant splicing of sources by a literary artist.” He notes that the same verb “identify” will play “a crucial thematic role in the dénouement of the Joseph story when
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he confronts his brothers in Egypt, he recognizing them, they failing to recognize him." Similarly, J. P. Fokkelman notes that the "extra attention" for Judah in chapter 38, "sets him up for his major role as the brothers' spokesman in Genesis 44."
## Foreshadowing the hegemony of Judah.
Other than Joseph (and perhaps Benjamin), Judah receives the most favorable treatment in Genesis among Jacob's sons, which according to biblical historians is a reflection on the historical primacy that the tribe of Judah possessed throughout much of Israel's history, including as the source of the Davidic line. Although Judah is only the fourth son of Leah, he is expressly depicted in Genesis as assuming
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a leadership role among the 10 eldest brothers, including speaking up against killing Joseph, negotiating with his father regarding Joseph's demand that Benjamin be brought down to Egypt, and pleading with Joseph after the latter secrets the silver cup into Benjamin's bag.
Judah's position is further enhanced through the downfall of his older brothers: Reuben, the eldest, cedes his birthright through sexual misconduct with Jacob's concubine Bilhah ("Gen." 35:22), and the bloody revenge taken by Simeon and Levi following the rape of Dinah ("Gen." chap. 34). disqualifies them as leaders. The eternal legacy of these events are foreshadowed in the deathbed blessing of Jacob ("Gen." 49:1-33), which
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has been attributed according to the documentary hypothesis to the pro-Judah Yahwist source. In Jacob's blessing, Reuben has "not the excellency" to lead "because thou went up to thy father's bed, then defiled [it]"; meanwhile, Simeon and Levi are condemned as "cruel" and "weapons of violence [are] their kinship." ("Gen." 49.:3-7.) On the other hand, Judah is praised as "a lion's whelp" whose brothers "shall bow down before thee," and "the sceptre shall not depart from Judah" (Genesis 49:10), the latter a clear reference to the aspirations of the united monarchy.
Archaeologist and scholar Israel Finkelstein argues that these and other pro-Judah narrative strands likely originated after the
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demise of the Kingdom of Israel in the 8th Century BCE: "[I]t was only after the fall of Israel that Judah grew into a fully developed state with the necessary complement of professional priests and trained scribes able to undertake such a task. When Judah suddenly faced the non-Israelite world on its own, it needed a defining and motivating text. That text was the historical core of the Bible, composed in Jerusalem in the course of the seventh century BCE. And because Judah was the birthplace of ancient Israel's central scripture, it is hardly surprising that the biblical text repeatedly stresses Judah's special status from the very beginnings of Israel's history... [In Genesis], it was Judah,
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among all of Jacob's sons, whose destiny was to rule over all the other tribes in Israel."
## The story of Judah and Tamar in the historical context.
Emerton notes that it is “widely agreed” that the story of Judah and Tamar “reflects a period after the settlement of the Israelites in Canaan.” He also suggests the possibility that it contains “aetiological motifs concerned with the eponymous ancestors of the clans of Judah.” Emerton notes that Dillman and Noth considered the account of the deaths of Er and Onan to “reflect the dying out of two clans of Judah bearing their names, or at least of their failure to maintain a separate existence.” However, this view was “trenchantly criticized”
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by Thomas L. Thompson.
# Jewish tradition.
## Rabbinic commentaries.
The text of the Torah argues that the name of "Judah", meaning "to thank" or "admit", refers to Leah's intent to thank Hashem, on account of having achieved four children, and derived from "odeh", meaning "I will give thanks". In classical rabbinical literature, the name is interpreted as a combination of "Yahweh" and a dalet (the letter "d"); in Gematria, the dalet has the numerical value "4", which these rabbinical sources argue refers to Judah being Jacob's fourth son. Since Leah was matriarch, Jewish scholars think the text's authors believed the tribe was part of the original Israelite confederation; however, it is
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worthy of note that the tribe of Judah was not purely Israelite, but contained a large admixture of non-Israelites, with a number of Kenizzite groups, the Jerahmeelites, and the Kenites, merging into the tribe at various points.
Classical rabbinical sources refer to the passage "... a ruler came from Judah", from , to imply that Judah was the leader of his brothers, terming him "the king". This passage also describes Judah as the "strongest of his brothers" in which rabbinical literature portray him as having had extraordinary physical strength, able to shout for over 400 parasangs, able to crush iron into dust by his mouth, and with hair that stiffened so much, when he became angry, that it
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pierced his clothes.
Classical rabbinical sources also allude to a war between the Canaanites and Judah's family (not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible), as a result of their destruction of Shechem in revenge for the rape of Dinah; Judah features heavily as a protagonist in accounts of this war. In these accounts Judah kills Jashub, king of Tappuah, in hand-to-hand combat, after first having deposed Jashub from his horse by throwing an extremely heavy stone (60 shekels in weight) at him from a large distance away (the Midrash Wayissau states 177⅓ cubits, while other sources have only 30 cubits); the accounts say that Judah was able to achieve this even though he was himself under attack, from arrows
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which Jashub was shooting at him with both hands. The accounts go on to state that while Judah was trying to remove Jashub's armour from his corpse, nine assistants of Jashub fell upon him in combat, but after Judah killed one, he scared away the others; nevertheless, Judah killed several members of Jashub's army (42 men according to the midrashic "Book of Jasher", but 1000 men according to the "Testament of Judah").
According to some classical rabbinical sources, Jacob suspected that Judah had killed Joseph, especially, according to the Midrash Tanhuma, when Judah was the one who had brought the blood stained coat to Jacob.
Since rabbinical sources held Judah to have been the leader of his
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brothers, these sources also hold that the other nine brothers blamed him to be responsible for this deception, even if it was not Judah himself who brought the coat to Jacob. Even if Judah had been trying to save Joseph, the classical rabbinical sources still regard him negatively for it; these sources argue that, as the leader of the brothers, Judah should have made more effort, and carried Joseph home to Jacob on his (Judah's) own shoulders. These sources argue that Judah's brothers, after witnessing Jacob's grief at the loss of Joseph, deposed and excommunicated Judah, as the brothers held Judah entirely responsible, since they would have brought Joseph home if Judah had asked them to do
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so. Divine punishment, according to such classical sources, was also inflicted on Judah in punishment; the death of Er and Onan, and of his wife, are portrayed in by such classical rabbis as being acts of divine retribution.
When Benjamin was held in bondage following the accusation of stealing Joseph's cup, Judah offered himself among his brethren as a bondman in replace of him, but Joseph was strict that the punishment is only applied to the one who was guilty, not to the innocent ones.
According to classical rabbinical literature, because Judah had proposed that he should bear any blame "forever", this ultimately led to his bones being rolled around his coffin without cease, while it was
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being carried during the Exodus, until Moses interceded with God, by arguing that Judah's confession (in regard to cohabiting with Tamar) had led to Reuben confessing his own incest. Apparently, Judah learned a lesson from his experience with Tamar that he must be responsible for those around him and this eventually prepares him for his future reconciliatory encounter with Joseph.
"Genesis Rabbah", and particularly the midrashic "book of Jasher", expand on this by describing Judah's plea as much more extensive than given in the Torah, and more vehement.
The classical rabbinical literature argues that Judah reacted violently to the threat against Benjamin, shouting so loudly that Hushim, who
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was then in Canaan, was able to hear Judah ask him to travel to Egypt, to help Judah destroy it; some sources have Judah angrily picking up an extremely heavy stone (400 shekels in weight), throwing it into the air, then grinding it to dust with his feet once it had landed. These rabbinical sources argue that Judah had Naphtali enumerate the districts of Egypt, and after finding out that there were 12 (historically, there were actually 20 in Lower Egypt and 22 in Upper Egypt), he decided to destroy three himself, and have his brothers destroy one of the remaining districts each; the threat of destroying Egypt was, according to these sources, what really motivated Joseph to reveal himself to
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his brothers.
## Testament of Judah.
Before his death, Judah told his children about his bravery and heroism in the wars against the kings of Canaan and the family of Esau, also confessed his shortcomings caused by wine that led him astray in his relationship with Bathshua and Tamar. Judah admonished his sons not to love gold, and not to look upon the beauty of women, for through these things, the sons of Judah will fall into misery. In his last words, he reminded them to observe the whole law of the Lord.
## Dating the lifetime of Judah.
According to Classical rabbinical literature, Judah was born on 15 Sivan (early June); classical sources differ on the date of death, with the Book of
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Jubilees advocating a death at age 119, 18 years before Levi, but the midrashic Book of Jasher advocating a death at the age of 129. The marriage of Judah and births of his children are described in a passage widely regarded as an abrupt change to the surrounding narrative. The passage is often regarded as presenting a significant chronological issue, as the surrounding context appears to constrain the events of the passage to happening within 22 years, and the context together with the passage itself requires the birth of the grandson of Judah and of his son's wife, and the birth of that son, to have happened within this time (to be consistent, this requires an average of less than 8 years
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of Judah and of his son's wife, and the birth of that son, to have happened within this time (to be consistent, this requires an average of less than 8 years gap per generation).
According to textual scholars, the reason for the abrupt interruption this passage causes to the surrounding narrative, and the chronological anomaly it seems to present, is that it derives from the Jahwist source, while the immediately surrounding narrative is from the Elohist.
# See also.
- Lion of Judah
# Bibliography.
- Winckler, Hugo; "Geschichte Israels" (Berlin, 1895)
- Meyer, Eduard; "Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme" (Halle, 1906)
- Haupt, Paul; "Studien ... Welthausen gewidmet" (Giessen, 1914)
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65 Cybele
65 Cybele
Cybele ( minor planet designation: 65 Cybele) is one of the largest asteroids in the Solar System and is located in the outer asteroid belt. It gives its name to the Cybele group of asteroids that orbit outward from the Sun from the 2:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. The X-type asteroid has a relatively short rotation period of 6.0814 hours. It was discovered by Wilhelm Tempel in 1861, and named after Cybele, the earth goddess.
# Discovery and naming.
"Cybele" was discovered on 8 March 1861, by German astronomer Wilhelm Tempel from the Marseilles Observatory in southeastern France. A minor controversy arose from its naming process. Tempel had awarded the honour of naming the asteroid
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65 Cybele
to Carl August von Steinheil in recognition of his achievements in telescope production. Von Steinheil elected to name it "Maximiliana" after the reigning monarch Maximilian II of Bavaria. At the time, asteroids were conventionally given classical names, and a number of astronomers protested this contemporary appellation. The name Cybele was chosen instead, referring to the Phrygian goddess of the earth. (The previously discovered 45 Eugenia, 54 Alexandra, and 64 Angelina had nevertheless also been given non-classical names; 64 Angelina had also been discovered by Tempel, but its name stood despite similar protests.)
# Physical characteristics.
The first Cybelian stellar occultation was observed
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65 Cybele
on 17 October 1979, in the Soviet Union. The asteroid appeared to have an irregular shape, with the longest chord being measured as 245 km, closely matching results determined by the IRAS satellite in 1983 "(see below)". During the same 1979 occultation, a hint of a possible 11 km wide minor-planet moon at 917 km distance was detected, but has since never been corroborated. As of 2017, neither the "Asteroid Lightcurve Data Base" nor "Johnstons archive" consider "Cybele" to be a binary asteroid.
## Diameter estimates.
Mean-diameter estimates for "Cybele" range between 218.56 and 300.54 kilometers. According to observations by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS in 1983, the asteroid has
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a diameter of 237.26 km. The NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer gave a diameter of 218.56 and 276.58 km. The largest estimates of 300.54 km is from the Japanese Akari satellite. In 2004, Müller estimated "Cybele" using thermophysical modelling (TPM) to have dimensions of 302 × 290 × 232 km, which corresponds to a mean-diameter of 273.0 km.
# Spectrum.
Examination of the asteroid's infrared spectrum shows an absorption feature that is similar to the one present in the spectrum of 24 Themis. This can be explained by the presence of water ice. The asteroid may be covered in a layer of fine silicate dust mixed with small amounts of water-ice and organic solids.
# Recent
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er ice. The asteroid may be covered in a layer of fine silicate dust mixed with small amounts of water-ice and organic solids.
# Recent occultations.
On August 24, 2008, "Cybele" occulted 2UCAC 24389317, a 12.7-magnitude star in the constellation Ophiuchus which showed a long axis of at least 294 km. On 11 October 2009, "Cybele" occulted a 13.4-magnitude star in the constellation Aquarius.
# External links.
- Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info)
- Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
- Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (17) Thetis at Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
- Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
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UNIVAC 1103
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UNIVAC 1103
UNIVAC 1103
The UNIVAC 1103 or ERA 1103, a successor to the UNIVAC 1101, was a computer system designed by Engineering Research Associates and built by the Remington Rand corporation in October 1953. It was the first computer for which Seymour Cray was credited with design work.
# History.
Even before the completion of the "Atlas" (UNIVAC 1101), the Navy asked Engineering Research Associates to design a more powerful machine. This project became Task 29, and the computer was designated "Atlas II".
In 1952, Engineering Research Associates asked the Armed Forces Security Agency (the predecessor of the NSA) for approval to sell the "Atlas II" commercially. Permission was given, on the condition
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UNIVAC 1103
that several specialized instructions would be removed. The commercial version then became the UNIVAC 1103. Because of security classification, Remington Rand management was unaware of this machine before this. The first commercially sold UNIVAC 1103 was sold to the aircraft manufacturer Convair, where Marvin Stein worked with it.
Remington Rand announced the UNIVAC 1103 in February 1953. The machine competed with the IBM 701 in the scientific computation market. In early 1954, a committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff requested that the two machines be compared for the purpose of using them for a Joint Numerical Weather Prediction project. Based on the trials, the two machines had comparable
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computational speed, with a slight advantage for IBM's machine, but the latter was favored unanimously for its significantly faster input-output equipment.
The successor machine was the UNIVAC 1103A or "Univac Scientific", which improved upon the design by replacing the unreliable Williams tube memory with magnetic-core memory, adding hardware floating-point instructions, and perhaps the earliest occurrence of a hardware interrupt feature.
# Technical details.
The system used electrostatic storage, consisting of 36 Williams tubes with a capacity of 1024 bits each, giving a total random access memory of 1024 words of 36 bits each. Each of the 36 Williams tubes was five inches in diameter.
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A magnetic drum memory provided 16,384 words. Both the electrostatic and drum memories were directly addressable: addresses 0 through 01777 (Octal) were in electrostatic memory and 040000 through 077777 (Octal) were on the drum.
Fixed-point numbers had a 1-bit sign and a 35-bit value, with negative values represented in ones' complement format.
Instructions had a 6-bit operation code and two 15-bit operand addresses.
Programming systems for the machine included the RECO regional coding assembler by Remington-Rand, the RAWOOP one-pass assembler and SNAP floating point interpretive system authored by the Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation of Los Angeles, the FLIP floating point interpretive system
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by Consolidated Vultee Aircraft of San Diego, and the CHIP floating point interpretive system by Wright Field in Ohio.
UNIVAC 1103/A weighed about .
# 1103A.
The UNIVAC 1103A or Univac Scientific was an upgraded version introduced in March 1956.
Significant new features on the 1103A were its magnetic-core memory and the addition of interrupts to the processor. The UNIVAC 1103A had up to 12,288 words of 36-bit magnetic core memory, in one to three banks of 4,096 words each.
Fixed-point numbers had a one-bit sign and a 35-bit value, with negative values represented in ones' complement format. Floating-point numbers had a one-bit sign, an eight-bit characteristic, and a 27-bit mantissa. Instructions
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had a six-bit operation code and two 15-bit operand addresses.
The 1103A was contemporary with, and a competitor to, the IBM 704, which also employed vacuum-tube logic, magnetic-core memory, and floating-point hardware.
# 1104.
The 1104 system was a 30-bit version of the 1103 built for Westinghouse Electric in 1957, for use on the BOMARC Missile Program. However, by the time the BOMARC was deployed in the 1960s, a more modern computer (a version of the AN/USQ-20, designated the G-40) had replaced the UNIVAC 1104.
# See also.
- List of UNIVAC products
- History of computing hardware
- List of vacuum tube computers
# Further reading.
- Oral history interviews on ERA 1103, Charles Babbage
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etic-core memory, and floating-point hardware.
# 1104.
The 1104 system was a 30-bit version of the 1103 built for Westinghouse Electric in 1957, for use on the BOMARC Missile Program. However, by the time the BOMARC was deployed in the 1960s, a more modern computer (a version of the AN/USQ-20, designated the G-40) had replaced the UNIVAC 1104.
# See also.
- List of UNIVAC products
- History of computing hardware
- List of vacuum tube computers
# Further reading.
- Oral history interviews on ERA 1103, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Interviewees include William W. Butler; Arnold A. Cohen; William C. Norris; Frank C. Mullaney; Marvin L. Stein; and James E. Thornton.
| 5,389 |
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Minstrelsy
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Minstrelsy
Minstrelsy
Minstrelsy may refer to:
- The art of the medieval minstrel
- The art of the 19th-century American minstrel show
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Polemarch
Polemarch
A polemarch (, from , "polemarchos") was a senior military title in various ancient Greek city states ("poleis"). The title is derived from the words "polemos" (war) and "archon" (ruler, leader) and translates as "warleader" or "warlord". The name indicates that the polemarch's original function was to command the army; presumably the office was created to take over this function from the king. Eventually military command was transferred to the "strategoi" ("στρατηγοί"), but the date and stages of the transfer are not clear.
# Ancient Greece.
## Athens.
In Athens, the "polemarchos" was one of nine annually appointed "archontes" ("ἄρχοντες") and functioned as the commander of the
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military, though to what extent is debated among historians.
At the Battle of Marathon Herodotus described the vote of the "polemarchos", Callimachus, as the deciding factor during debate over engagement in battle; it is disputed whether this vote implies that the position of "polemarchos" was an equal to the "strategoi" or that of a commander-in-chief. The "polemarchos'" military responsibilities continued until 487 BC, when a new procedure was adopted and magistrates were then appointed by lot. Following this reform, the military duties were handled by the "strategoi." By the mid-5th Century BC, the "polemarchos"' role was reduced to ceremonial and judicial functions, and primarily presided
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over preliminary trials involving metics' family, inheritance, and status cases. After the preliminary stage the cases would either continue under the judgement of the "polemarchos", or be remitted to tribal or municipal judges. It is likely that at an earlier period, his responsibilities for cases involving aliens were more extensive. The "polemarchos" also conducted certain religious sacrificial offerings and arranged the funeral ceremonies for men killed in war.
## Sparta.
In the new structure of the Spartan Army, introduced sometime during the Peloponnesian War, a "polemarchos" was the commander of a "mora" of 576 men, one of six in the Spartan army on campaign. On occasion however they
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were appointed to head armies. The six Spartan "polemarchoi" seem to have been on equal power to kings at expeditions outside Laconia and were usually descendants of the royal houses. They were part of the royal army council and the royal escort (δαμοσία) and were supported or represented by officers (συμφορεῖς). The "polemarchoi" were also responsible for public meals, since, by the laws of Lycurgus, the Lacedaemonians would eat and fight in the same group. Next to their military and connected responsibilities, the "polemarchoi" were responsible for some civil and juridical tasks (not unlike the "archōn polemarchos" in Athens).
## Boeotia.
In the early 4th century BC several Boeotian "poleis"
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instituted the position of "polemarchos", though there was no unified policy. Of the surviving accounts, Plutarch and Xenophon describe three "polemarchoi" as executive officials of Thebes during this period.
# Other uses.
In modern use, the Greek Letter fraternity Kappa Alpha Psi titles their fraternity leaders as Polemarchs.
# Fictional use.
This position was featured in Orson Scott Card's novel "Ender's Game". In the novel, the position of polemarch was charged with the supreme command of humanity's space fleets, the International Fleet. The Polemarch, along with the positions of Strategos and Hegemon, was one of the three most powerful people alive.
This title was also given to the
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Polemarch
ith the positions of Strategos and Hegemon, was one of the three most powerful people alive.
This title was also given to the DC Comics character Artemis of Bana-Mighdall, an Amazon in the "Wonder Woman" comic books. For a period Artemis served as Paradise Island's co-ruler alongside fellow Amazon Philippus. Whereas Philippus oversaw the day-to-day rule of the island, Artemis oversaw its military aspects.
The title was used to signify soldiers who commanded fortifications and other camps in the 2018 Ubisoft video game "Assassin’s Creed Odyssey". They were the strongest regular enemies in the game and killing them would lower the ‘nation power’ of a particular state in Greece substantially.
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Stephano
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Stephano
Stephano
Stephano may refer to:
- Fictional characters
- Stephano (The Tempest), a drunkard in Shakespeare's "The Tempest"
- An alias of Count Olaf in Lemony Snicket's "A Series of Unfortunate Events"
- Other
- Stephano (moon), a natural satellite of the planet Uranus
# See also.
- Stefano, a name
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List of caricaturists
List of caricaturists
A caricaturist is an artist who specializes in drawing caricatures.
# List of caricaturists.
- Jacques Callot (1592–1635)
- Pier Leone Ghezzi (1674–1755)
- William Hogarth (1697–1764)
- George Bickham the Younger (c. 1706–1771)
- Henry Wigstead (died 1800)
- William Austin (1721–1820)
- John Kay (1742–1826)
- James Sayers (1748–1825)
- Henry Bunbury (1750–1811)
- James Gillray (1756–1815)
- Thomas Rowlandson (1756–1827)
- George Moutard Woodward (c. 1760–1809)
- Richard Newton (1777–1798)
- Isaac Cruikshank (1786–1856)
- Kenny Meadows (1790–1874)
- George Cruikshank (1792–1880)
- William Heath (1794–1840)
- John Doyle (1797–1868)
- Charles Williams (1798–1830)
-
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List of caricaturists
Jean-Pierre Dantan (1800–1869)
- J.J. Grandville (1803–1847)
- Paul Gavarni (1804–1866)
- Nikolai Stepanov (1807–1877)
- Honoré Daumier (1808–1879)
- John Leech (1817–1864)
- Amédée de Noé, also known as "Cham" (1818–1879)
- John Tenniel (1820–1914)
- Melchiorre Delfico (1825–1895)
- Alfred Grévin (1827–1892)
- Luigi Borgomainerio (1836–1876)
- Carlo Pellegrini (1839–1889)
- Andre Gill (1840–1885)
- Thomas Nast (1840–1902)
- Arthur Good (1853–1928)
- Émile Cohl (1857–1938)
- Alfred Schmidt (1858–1938)
- Georges Goursat (1863–1934)
- Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901)
- Kate Carew (1869–1961)
- Max Beerbohm (1872–1956)
- Lluís Bagaria (1882–1940)
- Marjorie Organ (1886–1930)
-
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