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List of caricaturists
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List of caricaturists
Henry Bateman (1887–1970)
- William Auerbach-Levy (1889–1964)
- Sir David Low (1891–1963)
- Don Barclay (1892–1975)
- Peggy Bacon (1895-1987)
- Alexander Saroukhan (1898–1977)
- Boris Yefimov (1899–2008)
- Alex Gard (1900–1948)
- Oscar Berger (1901–1997)
- Al Hirschfeld (1903–2003)
- Louis Hirshman (1905–1986)
- Sam Berman (1906–1995)
- Joe Grant (1908–2005)
- Aurelius Battaglia (1910–1984)
- Emilio Coia (1911–1997)
- George Wachsteter (1911–2004)
- Edmund S. Valtman (1914–2005)
- Sam Norkin (1917-2011)
- Donald Bevan (1920-2013)
- Ronald Searle (1920-2011)
- Marc Sleen (1922-2016)
- Jack Davis (1924-2016)
- Raoul Hunter (1926–2018)
- David Levine (1926–2009)
- Jeff Hook
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List of caricaturists
(1928–2018)
- Mort Drucker (born 1929)
- Ranan Lurie (born 1932)
- George Bahgoury (born 1932)
- Predrag Koraksić Corax (born 1933)
- Bruce Stark (born 1933)
- Patrick Oliphant (born 1935)
- Oğuz Aral (1936–2004)
- Gerald Scarfe (born 1936)
- Ralph Steadman (born 1936)
- Cabu (1938–2015)
- GAL (born 1940)
- Jovan Prokopljević (born 1940)
- Robert Grossman (born 1940)
- György Rózsahegyi (1940–2010)
- Abed Abdi (born 1942)
- Malky McCormick (born 1943)
- Vitaliy Peskov (1944–2002) (Russian: )
- Bill Plympton (born 1946)
- Dušan Petričić (born 1946)
- Murray Webb (born 1947)
- Kerry Waghorn (born 1947)
- Ken Fallin (born 1948)
- Steve Bell (born 1951)
- Gerhard Haderer
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List of caricaturists
(born 1951)
- Javad Alizadeh (born 1953)
- Sam Viviano (born 1953)
- Steve Brodner (born 1954)
- Massoud Mehrabi (born 1955)
- Robert Risko (born 1956)
- Philip Burke (born 1956)
- Tom Bachtell (born 1957)
- Bob Staake (born 1957)
- Dan Dunn (born 1957)
- Shawn McManus (born 1958)
- Jim McDermott (born 1960)
- Prakash Shetty (born 1960)
- Wyncie King (1884–1961)
- Karl Meersman (born 1961)
- Zach Trenholm (born 1961)
- Glynis Sweeny (born 1962)
- Sebastian Krüger (born 1963)
- Shekhar Gurera, India (born 1965)
- Marshall Jay Kaplan (born 1965)
- Seyran Caferli (born 1966)
- Kerry G. Johnson (born 1966)
- Emad Hajjaj (born 1967)
- Raed Khalil (born 1973)
- Hermann Mejia
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List of caricaturists
961)
- Zach Trenholm (born 1961)
- Glynis Sweeny (born 1962)
- Sebastian Krüger (born 1963)
- Shekhar Gurera, India (born 1965)
- Marshall Jay Kaplan (born 1965)
- Seyran Caferli (born 1966)
- Kerry G. Johnson (born 1966)
- Emad Hajjaj (born 1967)
- Raed Khalil (born 1973)
- Hermann Mejia (born 1973)
- Amnon David Ar (born 1973)
- Osama Hajjaj (born 1973)
- S. Jithesh (born 1974)
- Cem Kiziltug (born 1974)
- Jaume Capdevila, "Kap" (born 1974)
- Vix Caricatures - Vicky Hunt (born 1982)
- Ash Lieb (born 1982)
- Drew Friedman
- Glen Hanson
- Daniel Stieglitz (born 1980)
# See also.
- List of science fiction visual artists
- List of cartoonists
- List of graphic designers
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USS Shangri-La
USS "Shangri-La" (CV/CVA/CVS-38) was one of 24 s completed during or shortly after World War II for the United States Navy.
Commissioned in 1944, "Shangri-La" participated in several campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations in World War II, earning two battle stars. Like many of her sister ships, she was decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, but was modernized and recommissioned in the early 1950s, and redesignated as an attack carrier (CVA). She operated in both the Pacific and Atlantic/Mediterranean for several years, and late in her career was redesignated as an anti-submarine carrier (CVS). She earned three battle stars for service in the Vietnam War.
"Shangri-La"
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was decommissioned in 1971 and sold for scrap in 1988.
# Nomenclature.
The naming of the ship was a radical departure from the general practice of the time, which was to name aircraft carriers after battles or previous US Navy ships. After the Doolittle Raid, launched from the aircraft carrier , President Roosevelt answered a reporter's question by saying that the raid had been launched from "Shangri-La", the fictional faraway land of the James Hilton novel "Lost Horizon".
# Construction and commissioning.
"Shangri-La" was one of the "long-hull" "Essex"-class ships. She was laid down by the Norfolk Navy Yard, at Portsmouth, Virginia, on 15 January 1943, and was launched on 24 February 1944,
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sponsored by Josephine Doolittle (wife of Jimmy Doolittle). "Shangri-La" was commissioned on 15 September 1944, with Captain James D. Barner in command.
# Service history.
## World War II.
"Shangri-La" completed fitting out at Norfolk and took her shakedown cruise to Trinidad, between 15 September and 21 December 1944, at which time she returned to Norfolk. On 17 January 1945, she stood out of Hampton Roads, formed up with large cruiser and destroyer , and sailed for Panama. The three ships arrived at Cristobal, Panama Canal Zone on 23 January and transited the canal the next day. "Shangri-La" departed from Balboa on 25 January and arrived at San Diego, California on 4 February. There she
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loaded passengers, stores, and extra planes for transit to Hawaii and got underway on 7 February. Upon her arrival at Pearl Harbor on 15 February, she commenced two months of duty, qualifying land-based Navy pilots in carrier landings.
On 10 April, she weighed anchor for Ulithi Atoll where she arrived 10 days later. After an overnight stay in the lagoon, "Shangri-La" departed Ulithi in company with destroyers and to report for duty with Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher's Task Force 58 (TF 58). On 24 April, she joined Task Group 58.4 (TG 58.4) while it was conducting a fueling rendezvous with TG 50.8. The next day, "Shangri-La" and her air group, CVG-85, launched their first strike against the
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Japanese. The target was Okino Daito Jima, a group of islands several hundred miles to the southeast of Okinawa. Her planes successfully destroyed radar and radio installations there and, upon their recovery, the task group sailed for Okinawa. "Shangri-La" supplied combat air patrols for the task group and close air support for the 10th Army on Okinawa before returning to Ulithi on 14 May.
While at Ulithi, "Shangri-La" became the flagship of Carrier Task Force 2. Vice Admiral John S. McCain, Sr. hoisted his flag on "Shangri-La" on 18 May. Six days later, TG 58.4, with "Shangri-La" in company, sortied from the lagoon. On 28 May, TG 58.4 became TG 38.4 and McCain relieved Mitscher as Commander,
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TF 38, retaining "Shangri-La" as his flagship. On 2–3 June, the task force launched air strikes on the Japanese home islands – aimed particularly at Kyūshū, the southernmost of the major islands. Facing the stiffest airborne resistance to date, "Shangri-La"s airmen suffered their heaviest casualties.
On 4–5 June, she moved off to the northwest to avoid a typhoon; then, on 6 June, her planes returned to close air support duty over Okinawa. On 8 June, her air group hit Kyūshū again, and, on the following day, they came back to Okinawa. On 10 June, the task force cleared Okinawa for Leyte, conducting drills en route. "Shangri-La" entered Leyte Gulf and anchored in San Pedro Bay on 13 June. She
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remained at anchor there for the rest of June, engaged in upkeep and recreation.
On 1 July, "Shangri-La" got underway from Leyte to return to the combat zone. On the 2nd, the oath of office of Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air was administered to John L. Sullivan on board "Shangri-La", the first ceremony of its type ever undertaken in a combat zone. Eight days later, her air group commenced a series of air strikes against Japan which lasted until the capitulation on 15 August.
"Shangri-La"s planes ranged the length of the island chain during these raids. On the 10th, they attacked Tokyo, the first raid there since the strikes of the previous February. On 14–15 July, they pounded Honshū
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and Hokkaidō and, on 18 July, returned to Tokyo, also bombing battleship , moored close to shore at Yokosuka. From 20–22 July, "Shangri-La" joined the logistics group for fuel, replacement aircraft, and mail. By 24 July, her pilots were attacking shipping in the vicinity of Kure. They returned the next day for a repeat performance, before departing for a two-day replenishment period on 26-27 July. On the following day, "Shangri-La"s aircraft damaged light cruiser and battleship , the latter so badly that she beached and flooded. She later had to be abandoned. They pummeled Tokyo again on 30 July, then cleared the area to replenish on 31 July and 1 August.
"Shangri-La" spent the next four days
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in the retirement area waiting for a typhoon to pass. On 9 August, after heavy fog had caused the cancellation of the previous day's missions, the carrier sent her planes aloft to bomb Honshū and Hokkaido once again. The next day, they raided Tokyo and central Honshū, then retired from the area for logistics. She evaded another typhoon on 11–12 August, then hit Tokyo again on 13 August. After replenishing on 14 August, she sent planes to strike the airfields around Tokyo on the morning of 15 August 1945. Soon thereafter, Japan's capitulation was announced; and the fleet was ordered to cease hostilities. "Shangri-La" steamed around in the strike area from 15–23 August, patrolling the Honshū area
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on the latter date. From 23 August – 16 September, her planes sortied on missions of mercy, air-dropping supplies to Allied prisoners of war in Japan.
"Shangri-La" entered Tokyo Bay on 16 September, almost two weeks after the surrender ceremony onboard battleship , and remained there until 1 October. Departing Japan, she arrived at Okinawa on 4 October staying until 6 October, and then headed for the United States in company with Task Unit 38.1.1. She sailed into San Pedro Bay, on 21 October and stayed at Long Beach for three weeks. On 5 November, she shifted to San Diego, departing that port a month later for Bremerton, Washington. She entered Puget Sound on 9 December, underwent availability
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until 30 December, and then returned to San Diego.
## Post-war.
Upon her return, "Shangri-La" began normal operations out of San Diego, primarily engaged in pilot carrier landing qualifications. In May 1946, she sailed for the Central Pacific to participate in Operation Crossroads, the atomic bomb tests conducted at Bikini Atoll. Following this, she made a brief training cruise to Pearl Harbor, then wintered at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. In March 1947, she deployed again, calling at Pearl Harbor and Sydney, Australia. When she returned to the United States, "Shangri-La" was decommissioned and placed in the Reserve Fleet at San Francisco on 7 November 1947.
"Shangri-La" recommissioned on
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10 May 1951, Captain Francis L. Busey in command. For the next year, she conducted training and readiness operations out of Boston, Massachusetts. Reclassified as an attack carrier ("CVA-38") in 1952, she returned to Puget Sound that fall and decommissioned again on 14 November, this time for modernization at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. During the next two years, she received an angled flight deck, twin steam catapults, and her aircraft elevators and arresting gear were overhauled. At a cost of approximately $7 million, she was virtually a new ship when she commissioned for the third time on 10 January 1955, Captain Roscoe L. Newman commanding; she was the second (after CV-A 36 Antietam) operational
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U.S. carrier with an angled flight deck. She conducted intensive fleet training for the remainder of 1955, then deployed to the Far East on 5 January 1956. Until 1960, she alternated western Pacific cruises with operations out of San Diego. On 16 March 1960, she put to sea from San Diego en route to her new home port, Mayport, Florida. She entered Mayport after visits to Callao, Peru; Valparaíso, Chile; Port of Spain, Trinidad; Bayonne, New Jersey; and Norfolk, Virginia.
After six weeks of underway training in the local operating area around Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, she embarked upon her first Atlantic deployment, a NATO exercise followed by liberty in Southampton, England. Almost immediately
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after her return to Mayport, "Shangri-La" was ordered back to sea—this time to the Caribbean in response to trouble in Guatemala and Nicaragua. She returned to Mayport on 25 November and remained in port for more than two months.
Between 1961 and 1970, "Shangri-La" alternated between deployments to the Mediterranean and operations in the western Atlantic, out of Mayport. She sailed east for her first tour of duty with the 6th Fleet on 2 February 1961. She returned to the United States that fall and entered the New York Naval Shipyard. Back in Mayport by the beginning of 1962, "Shangri-La" stood out again for the Mediterranean on 7 February. After about six months of cruising with the 6th Fleet,
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she departed the Mediterranean in mid-August and arrived in Mayport on 28 August.
Following a month's stay at her home port, the aircraft carrier headed for New York and a major overhaul. "Shangri-La" was modified extensively during her stay in the yard. Four of her 5 in (127 mm) mounts were removed, but she received a new air search and height finding radar and a new arrester system. In addition, much of her electrical and engineering equipment was renovated. After sea trials and visits to Bayonne and Norfolk, "Shangri-La" returned to Mayport for a week in late March 1963; then put to sea for operations in the Caribbean. Eight months of similar duty followed before "Shangri-La" weighed anchor
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for another deployment. On 1 October 1963, she headed back to the 6th Fleet for a seven-month tour.
## Vietnam.
"Shangri-La" continued her United States Second Fleet and Sixth Fleet assignments for the next six years. From 15 February 1965 to 20 September 1965, she made a Mediterranean deployment with Carrier Air Wing 10 embarked.
In the fall of 1965, "Shangri-La" was accidentally rammed by the destroyer during war games. "Shangri-La" was struck below the waterline, breaching the hull. On the destroyer, one man was killed and another injured. The ship itself suffered a bent hull. There were no casualties on the carrier and the hole was quickly patched. As a result of this incident, she underwent
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an extensive overhaul during the winter of 1965 and the spring of 1966, this time at Philadelphia, then resumed operations as before. On 30 June 1969, she was redesignated an antisubmarine warfare carrier ("CVS-38").
In 1970, "Shangri-La" returned to the western Pacific after an absence of 10 years. She got underway from Mayport on 5 March, stopped at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 13–16 March, and headed east through the Atlantic and Indian oceans. She arrived in Subic Bay, Philippines on 4 April, and during the next seven months launched combat sorties from Yankee Station. Her tours of duty on Yankee Station were punctuated by frequent logistics trips to Subic Bay, by visits to Manila and Hong
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Kong, in October, and by 12 days in drydock at Yokosuka, Japan, in July.
On 9 November, "Shangri-La" stood out of Subic Bay to return home. En route to Mayport, she visited Sydney, Australia; Wellington, New Zealand; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She arrived in Mayport on 16 December and began preparations for inactivation. After inactivation overhaul at the Boston Naval Shipyard, South Annex, "Shangri-La" decommissioned on 30 July 1971. She was placed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet and berthed at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.
# Fate.
"Shangri-La" remained in the reserve fleet for the next 11 years, and was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 July 1982. She was retained by MARAD
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for several years to provide spare parts for the training carrier . On 9 August 1988, she was sold for scrap and later towed to Taiwan for demolition.
An anchor from "Shangri-La" is in Litchfield, Minnesota. One of "Shangri-La"s four propellers is on display outside Meding's Seafood in Milford, Delaware.
# Awards.
"Shangri-La" earned two battle stars for World War II service and three battle stars for service in the Vietnam War.
- Meritorious Unit Commendation
- Navy Expeditionary Medal
- American Campaign Medal
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
- World War II Victory Medal
- Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
- China Service Medal
- National Defense Service
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ttle stars for World War II service and three battle stars for service in the Vietnam War.
- Meritorious Unit Commendation
- Navy Expeditionary Medal
- American Campaign Medal
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
- World War II Victory Medal
- Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
- China Service Medal
- National Defense Service Medal with star
- Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
- Vietnam Service Medal with three battle stars
- Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
# See also.
- List of aircraft carriers
- List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
# External links.
- USS "Shangri-La" Reunion Association homepage
- Naval History and Heritage Command
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Rosa Albach-Retty
Rosa Albach-Retty
Rosa Albach-Retty (26 December 1874 – 26 August 1980) was a German-born Austrian movie and stage actress. She is mainly remembered today as actress Romy Schneider's paternal grandmother.
# Life.
Born into a well-known family of Austrian actors, she was the daughter of actor and director Rudolf Retty. Trained by her father, she began her stage career in 1890 at the Deutsches Theater and the Lessing Theater in Berlin, where she successfully performed in the title role of "Minna von Barnhelm". In 1895, she went to the Volkstheater in Vienna and in 1903 joined the Burgtheater ensemble.
Albach-Retty was married to the Austro-Hungarian Army officer Karl Albach; she was the mother
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Rosa Albach-Retty
of Wolf Albach-Retty (1906–1967), an Austrian movie actor who married German movie actress Magda Schneider in 1937. She thereby was the grandmother of Romy Schneider and great-grandmother of Sarah Biasini.
Albach-Retty made her first film appearance in 1930, in Georg Jacoby's "Money on the Street", and made her last appearance in the 1955 remake "The Congress Dances" directed by Franz Antel. She died in 1980 at the age of 105.
# Selected filmography.
- "Money on the Street" (1930)
- "Episode" (1935)
- "Maria Ilona" (1939)
- "Hotel Sacher" (1939)
- "Whom the Gods Love" (1942)
- "Vienna 1910" (1943)
- "Maria Theresa" (1951)
- "The Spendthrift" (1953)
- "The Congress Dances" (1955)
#
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isode" (1935)
- "Maria Ilona" (1939)
- "Hotel Sacher" (1939)
- "Whom the Gods Love" (1942)
- "Vienna 1910" (1943)
- "Maria Theresa" (1951)
- "The Spendthrift" (1953)
- "The Congress Dances" (1955)
# Decorations and awards.
- 1955: Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
- 1958: Kainz Medal
- 1963: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
- 1977: Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria
# See also.
- List of centenarians (actors, filmmakers and entertainers)
# External links.
- Recordings with Rosa Albach-Retty in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek (in German). Retrieved 29 July 2019
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Caricature
Caricature
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or through other artistic drawings.
In literature, a caricature is a description of a person using exaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplification of others.
Caricatures can be insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in editorial cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines.
# Etymology.
The term is derived from the Italian "caricare"—to charge or load. An early definition occurs in the
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English doctor Thomas Browne's "Christian Morals", published posthumously in 1716.
with the footnote:
Thus, the word "caricature" essentially means a "loaded portrait". Until the mid 19th century, it was commonly and mistakenly believed that the term shared the same root as the French 'charcuterie', likely owing to Parisian street artists using cured meats in their satirical portrayal of public figures.
# History.
Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, who actively sought people with deformities to use as models. The point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait.
Caricature took a road to its first successes
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in the closed aristocratic circles of France and Italy, where such portraits could be passed about for mutual enjoyment.
While the first book on caricature drawing to be published in England was Mary Darly's "A Book of Caricaturas" (c. 1762), the first known North American caricatures were drawn in 1759 during the battle for Quebec. These caricatures were the work of Brig.-Gen. George Townshend whose caricatures of British General James Wolfe, depicted as "Deformed and crass and hideous" (Snell), were drawn to amuse fellow officers. Elsewhere, two great practitioners of the art of caricature in 18th-century Britain were Thomas Rowlandson (1756–1827) and James Gillray (1757–1815). Rowlandson
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was more of an artist and his work took its inspiration mostly from the public at large. Gillray was more concerned with the vicious visual satirisation of political life. They were, however, great friends and caroused together in the pubs of London.
In a lecture titled "The History and Art of Caricature", the British caricaturist Ted Harrison said that the caricaturist can choose to either mock or wound the subject with an effective caricature. Drawing caricatures can simply be a form of entertainment and amusement – in which case gentle mockery is in order – or the art can be employed to make a serious social or political point. A caricaturist draws on (1) the natural characteristics of the
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subject (the big ears, long nose, etc.); (2) the acquired characteristics (stoop, scars, facial lines etc.); and (3) the vanities (choice of hair style, spectacles, clothes, expressions, and mannerisms).
# Notable caricaturists.
- Sir Max Beerbohm (1872–1956, British), created and published caricatures of the famous men of his own time and earlier. His style of single-figure caricatures in formalized groupings was established by 1896 and flourished until about 1930. His published works include "Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen" (1896), "The Poets' Corner" (1904), and "Rossetti and His Circle" (1922). He published widely in fashionable magazines of the time, and his works were exhibited
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regularly in London at the Carfax Gallery (1901–18) and Leicester Galleries (1911–57).
- George Cruikshank (1792–1878, British) created political prints that attacked the royal family and leading politicians. He went on to create social caricatures of British life for popular publications such as "The Comic Almanack" (1835–1853) and "Omnibus" (1842). Cruikshanks' "New Union Club" of 1819 is notable in the context of slavery. He also earned fame as a book illustrator for Charles Dickens and many other authors.
- Honoré Daumier (1808–1879, French) created over 4,000 lithographs, most of them caricatures on political, social, and everyday themes. They were published in the daily French newspapers
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("Le Charivari", "La Caricature" etc.)
- Mort Drucker (1929-, American) joined "Mad" in 1957 and became well known for his parodies of movie satires. He combined a comic strip style with caricature likenesses of film actors for "Mad", and he also contributed covers to "Time". He has been recognized for his work with the National Cartoonists Society Special Features Award for 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, and their Reuben Award for 1987.
- Alex Gard (1900–1948, Russian) created more than 700 caricatures of show business celebrities and other notables for the walls of Sardi's Restaurant in the theater district of New York City: the first artist to do so. Today the images are part of the Billy
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Rose Theatre Collection of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
- Al Hirschfeld (1903–2003, American) was best known for his simple black and white renditions of celebrities and Broadway stars which used flowing contour lines over heavy rendering. He was also known for depicting a variety of other famous people, from politicians, musicians, singers and even television stars like the cast of "". He was even commissioned by the United States Postal Service to provide art for U.S. stamps. Permanent collections of Hirschfeld's work appear at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and he boasts a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.
- S. Jithesh
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is known for his speedy style of Celebrity Caricaturing Stage Shows. He performs a 'Caricature Stage Show' which is a blend of poetry, anecdotes and socio-political satire and caricature.
- Sebastian Krüger (1963, German) is known for his grotesque, yet hyper-realistic distortions of the facial features of celebrities, which he renders primarily in acrylic paint, and for which he has won praise from "The Times". He is well known for his lifelike depictions of The Rolling Stones, in particular, Keith Richards. Krüger has published three collections of his works, and has a yearly art calendar from Morpheus International. Krüger's art can be seen frequently in "Playboy" magazine and has also been
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featured in the likes of "Stern", "L’Espresso", "Penthouse", and "Der Spiegel" and "USA Today". He has recently been working on select motion picture projects.
- David Levine (1926–2009, American) is noted for his caricatures in "The New York Review of Books" and "Playboy" magazine. His first cartoons appeared in 1963. Since then he has drawn hundreds of pen-and-ink caricatures of famous writers and politicians for the newspaper.
- Hermann Mejia (Venezuelan) is known for his frequent work for "MAD Magazine". Mejia uses multiple techniques in his work, sometimes rendering his illustrations in black and white ink and copious amounts of cross-hatching, sometimes using watercolor, and sometimes
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combinations of both.
- Thomas Nast (1840–1902, American) was a famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered by some as written in 1908 by "The New York Times" to be the father of American political cartooning. He is often credited with creating the definitive caricature of Santa Claus, and often mistakenly credited with creating the definitive caricatures of the Democratic Donkey and the Republican Elephant.
- Sam Viviano (1953, American) has done much work for corporations and in advertising, having contributed to "Rolling Stone", "Family Weekly", "Reader's Digest", "Consumer Reports", and "Mad", of which he is currently the art director. Viviano’s caricatures
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are known for their wide jaws, which Viviano has explained is a result of his incorporation of side views as well as front views into his distortions of the human face. He has also developed a reputation for his ability to do crowd scenes. Explaining his twice-yearly covers for "Institutional Investor" magazine, Viviano has said that his upper limit is sixty caricatures in nine days.
# Computerization.
There have been some efforts to produce caricatures automatically or semi-automatically using computer graphics techniques. For example, a system proposed by Akleman et al. provides warping tools specifically designed toward rapidly producing caricatures. There are very few software programs
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designed specifically for automatically creating caricatures.
Computer graphic system requires quite different skill sets to design a caricature as compared to the caricatures created on paper. Thus using a computer in the digital production of caricatures requires advanced knowledge of the program's functionality. Rather than being a simpler method of caricature creation, it can be a more complex method of creating images that feature finer coloring textures than can be created using more traditional methods.
A milestone in formally defining caricature was Susan Brennan's master's thesis in 1982. In her system, caricature was formalized as the process of exaggerating differences from an average
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face. For example, if Prince Charles has more prominent ears than the average person, in his caricature the ears will be much larger than normal. Brennan's system implemented this idea in a partially automated fashion as follows: the operator was required to input a frontal drawing of the desired person having a standardized topology (the number and ordering of lines for every face). She obtained a corresponding drawing of an average male face. Then, the particular face was caricatured simply by subtracting from the particular face the corresponding point on the mean face (the origin being placed in the middle of the face), scaling this difference by a factor larger than one, and adding the
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scaled difference back onto the mean face.
Though Brennan's formalization was introduced in the 1980s, it remains relevant in recent work. Mo et al. refined the idea by noting that the population variance of the feature should be taken into account. For example, the distance between the eyes varies less than other features such as the size of the nose. Thus even a small variation in the eye spacing is unusual and should be exaggerated, whereas a correspondingly small change in the nose size relative to the mean would not be unusual enough to be worthy of exaggeration.
On the other hand, Liang et al. argue that caricature varies depending on the artist and cannot be captured in a single definition.
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Their system uses machine learning techniques to automatically learn and mimic the style of a particular caricature artist, given training data in the form of a number of face photographs and the corresponding caricatures by that artist. The results produced by computer graphic systems are arguably not yet of the same quality as those produced by human artists. For example, most systems are restricted to exactly frontal poses, whereas many or even most manually produced caricatures (and face portraits in general) choose an off-center "three-quarters" view. Brennan's caricature drawings were frontal-pose line drawings. More recent systems can produce caricatures in a variety of styles, including
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direct geometric distortion of photographs.
# Caricature advantage.
Brennan's caricature generator was used to test recognition of caricatures. Rhodes, Brennan and Carey demonstrated that caricatures were recognised more accurately than the original images. They used line drawn images but Benson and Perrett showed similar effects with photographic quality images. Explanations for this advantage have been based on both norm-based theories of face recognition and exemplar-based theories of face recognition.
# Modern use.
Beside the political and public-figure satire, most contemporary caricatures are used as gifts or souvenirs, often drawn by street vendors. For a small fee, a caricature can
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be drawn specifically (and quickly) for a patron. These are popular at street fairs, carnivals, and even weddings, often with humorous results.
Caricature artists are also popular attractions at many places frequented by tourists, especially oceanfront boardwalks, where vacationers can have a humorous caricature sketched in a few minutes for a small fee. Caricature artists can sometimes be hired for parties, where they will draw caricatures of the guests for their entertainment.
## Museums.
There are numerous museums dedicated to caricature throughout the world, including the "Museo de la Caricatura" of Mexico City, the "Muzeum Karykatury" in Warsaw, the Caricatura Museum Frankfurt, the Wilhelm
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Busch Museum in Hanover and the "Cartoonmuseum" in Basel. The first museum of caricature in the Arab world was opened in March, 2009, at Fayoum, Egypt.
# See also.
- List of caricaturists
- Cartoon
- Controversial newspaper caricatures
- Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
- Persona
- Physiognomy
- Satire
- Zoomorphism
- Arab Cartoon Award
- Meme
# External links.
- International Society of Caricature Artists (ISCA) Official site of the International Society of Caricature Artists – a non-profit association devoted to the art of caricature (Formerly the National Caricaturist Network (NCN))
- "Daumier Drawings", an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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ts
- Cartoon
- Controversial newspaper caricatures
- Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
- Persona
- Physiognomy
- Satire
- Zoomorphism
- Arab Cartoon Award
- Meme
# External links.
- International Society of Caricature Artists (ISCA) Official site of the International Society of Caricature Artists – a non-profit association devoted to the art of caricature (Formerly the National Caricaturist Network (NCN))
- "Daumier Drawings", an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which focuses on this great caricaturist
- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld Al Hirschfeld, An american caricaturist
- Refer Caricature gifts
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Lager Beer Riot
The Lager Beer Riot occurred on April 21, 1855 in Chicago, Illinois. Mayor Levi Boone, a Nativist politician and great-nephew of Daniel Boone, renewed enforcement of an old local ordinance mandating that taverns be closed on Sundays and led the city council to raise the cost of a liquor license from $50 per year to $300 per year, renewable quarterly. The move was seen as targeting German immigrants in particular, and subsequently caused a greater sense of community between the group.
# Background.
Chicago's rapid growth in the 1840s and 1850s was due in large part to German and Irish Catholic immigrants. During this time, Chicago was developing into an attractive opportunity
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for many immigrants. Although the jobs that awaited these immigrant were often poor-paying wage based positions, these opportunities were often more promising than that of their home country. These immigrants settled in their own neighborhoods, German immigrants congregating mainly on the North Side, across the Chicago River from City Hall and the older Protestant part of the city. The German settlers worked a six-day week, leaving Sunday as their primary day to socialize; much of this socialization took place in the small taverns that dotted the North Side of Chicago. German-language newspapers, such as the Turners, and German craft unions gave the German population of Chicago a high degree
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of social and political cohesiveness. Additionally, the Forty-Eighters among them had previously used demonstrations as a political tool during the European revolutions of 1848.
As in much of the rest of the country, nativist distrust of Catholic influence produced a backlash in the form of the "Know-Nothing" movement. In the election of 1854, the Temperance Party candidate, Amos Throop, lost by nearly 20% points to Isaac Lawrence Milliken. Nevertheless, after winning the election, Milliken declared himself in favor of temperance as well. Milliken lost the following year to Levi Boone, the American Party candidate. Levi Boone ran on an anti-immigrant and anti-catholic platform of the Know-Nothing
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Party which garnered him enough support to win the election. The Know-Nothing Party nationally had been feeding off the swell of nationalist sentiments brewing in the nation in the 1840s and 1850s. In his inauguration speech, Mayor Boone stated, "I cannot be blind to the existence in our midst of a powerful politico-religious organization, all its members owing, and its chief officers bound under an oath of allegiance to the temporal, as well as the spiritual supremacy of a foreign despot." Associated with his fear of foreigners, Boone, a Baptist and temperance advocate, believed that the Sabbath was profaned by having drinking establishments open on Sunday. However, the temperance movement
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was seen as a means of control, utilized by the elites to further control the working class, in the eyes of immigrants. Although Boone's actions were in anticipation of Illinois enacting by referendum a Maine law that would prohibit the sale of alcohol for recreational purposes, the referendum failed in June 1855, by a statewide vote of 54% to 46%. The following year, after Boone was turned out of office, the prohibition was repealed.
Before 1853, Chicago had only "a small force of armed municipal officers." The Cook County sheriff's office was largely responsible for policing the city, whose constable system "was modeled on the colonial and English systems." Lacking any distinction of their
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own, elected town constables and night watchmen contributed to the protection of the city. In response to the inadequacy of the constable system, a police department separate and distinct from municipal courts was established in 1853. All eighty men who comprised the newly formed Chicago Police department were native born.
# Events.
Despite the renewed enforcement of Chicago's liquor ordinance, tavern owners continued to sell beer on Sundays. This resulted in over 200 Germans being arrested in violation of both the License and Sunday ordinances. The numerous arrests lead to the scheduling of a test case for the 21st of April. Saloon keepers "decided to unite for defense and resistance, [and]
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contributed toward a common fund and counsel to represent all."
Robin Einhorn argues that the scheduling of such an event, "in effect, scheduled the riot." Protesters clashed with police near the Cook County Court House. Waves of angry immigrants stormed the downtown area. "As the marchers, coming from the north with fife and drum, approached the Chicago River at Clark Street," the mayor ordered the swing bridges opened to stop further waves of protestors from crossing the river. This left some trapped on the bridges, police then fired shots at protesters stuck on the Clark Street Bridge over the Chicago River. A policeman named George W. Hunt was shot in the arm by a rioter named Peter Martin.
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Martin was then killed by police, and Hunt's arm had to be amputated. Rumors flew throughout the city that more protesters were killed, although there is no evidence to support this. Loaded cannons set on the public square contributed to these rumors.
# Outcomes.
The Lager Beer Riot lead to a compromise in which the city council lowered the liquor licence fee from $300 to $100. The council decided not to release those already imprisoned for not paying the $300 fee, but most of those arrested during the riot were released and not charged.
The Lager Beer Riot illustrates the risk German immigrants were willing to bear in order to protect German saloon owners who they perceived as leaders of
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their community. Mayor Levi Boone's temperance policy thus united German property owners—who could have been a natural ally of the mayor because of their strong interest in order—with working class German immigrants.
In addition to the economic implications of the riot, there were compelling socio-cultural reasons for German immigrants to protest the newly instated ordinance. Mitrani posits that, "To the German and Irish immigrants, drinking beer on Sundays was an orderly and habitual way to spend their one day off...Yet on a deeper level, this clash over drinking marked the opening salvo in a struggle over how the new class of wage workers would spend their time." The riot over beer represents
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a larger issue of a nativist approach to control the immigrant working class. Drinking, particularly on Sundays, was considered unacceptable. Closing taverns on Sundays and raising the cost of liquor licenses was a way to enforce what was considered acceptable behavior. While the new policies were an attempt to control the immigrant class, the events of the riot proved to be a call for a new type of order. Within a week of the riot, a committee was formed and worked with the city government to pass a series of reforms that ultimately resulted in the founding of the Chicago Police Department.
The lasting effects of such a traumatic event would influence Chicago for decades to come. Tensions
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that ultimately resulted in the founding of the Chicago Police Department.
The lasting effects of such a traumatic event would influence Chicago for decades to come. Tensions only increased between those who advocated temperance and those who enjoyed the pastime. According to Sam Mitrani, "the bulk of those arrested [had] working-class occupations...[and] the only arrestees who were not part of or tied to [Chicago's] growing working class were four ministers, eight doctors, and four lawyers."
# See also.
- List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
- Germans in Chicago
# External links.
- "The Chicago Lager Beer Riots" (Archive). Goethe Institute. (German version, Archive)
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Begging the question
In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question is an informal fallacy that occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it. It is a type of circular reasoning: an argument that requires that the desired conclusion be true. This often occurs in an indirect way such that the fallacy's presence is hidden, or at least not easily apparent.
In modern vernacular usage, however, begging the question is often used to mean "raising the question" or "suggesting the question". Sometimes it is confused with "dodging the question", an attempt to avoid it.
The phrase "begging the question" originated in the 16th century as a mistranslation
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of the Latin "," which actually translates to "assuming the initial point".
# History.
The original phrase used by Aristotle from which "begging the question" descends is: τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς (or sometimes ἐν ἀρχῇ) αἰτεῖν, "asking for the initial thing." Aristotle's intended meaning is closely tied to the type of dialectical argument he discusses in his "Topics", book VIII: a formalized debate in which the defending party asserts a thesis that the attacking party must attempt to refute by asking yes-or-no questions and deducing some inconsistency between the responses and the original thesis.
In this stylized form of debate, the proposition that the answerer undertakes to defend is called "the initial
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thing" (τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς, τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ) and one of the rules of the debate is that the questioner cannot simply ask for it (that would be trivial and uninteresting). Aristotle discusses this in "Sophistical Refutations" and in "Prior Analytics" book II, (64b, 34–65a 9, for circular reasoning see 57b, 18–59b, 1).
The stylized dialectical exchanges Aristotle discusses in the "Topics" included rules for scoring the debate, and one important issue was precisely the matter of "asking for the initial thing"—which included not just making the actual thesis adopted by the answerer into a question, but also making a question out of a sentence that was too close to that thesis (for example, "PA" II 16).
The
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term was translated into English from Latin in the 16th century. The Latin version, ', "asking for the starting point", can be interpreted in different ways. ' (from '), in the post-classical context in which the phrase arose, means "assuming" or "postulating", but in the older classical sense means "petition", "request" or "beseeching". ', genitive of ', means "beginning", "basis" or "premise" (of an argument). Literally ' means "assuming the premise" or "assuming the original point".
The Latin phrase comes from the Greek ("", "asking the original point") in Aristotle's "Prior Analytics" II xvi 64b28–65a26:
Aristotle's distinction between apodictic science and other forms of non-demonstrative
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knowledge rests on an epistemology and metaphysics wherein appropriate first principles become apparent to the trained dialectician:
Thomas Fowler believed that ' would be more properly called ', which is literally "begging the question".
# Definition.
To "beg the question" is to put forward an argument whose validity requires that its own conclusion be true.
Also called "", the fallacy is an attempt to support a claim with a premise that itself presupposes the claim. It is an attempt to prove a proposition while simultaneously taking the proposition for granted.
Given the single variable C (claim), "begging the question" is an attempt to assert that . In two variables, and , it attempts
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to pass as the valid claim . This is a form of circular reasoning, and may involve any number of variables.
When the fallacy involves only a single variable, it is sometimes called a "hysteron proteron" (Greek for "later earlier"), a rhetorical device, as in the statement:
- "Opium induces sleep because it has a "soporific" quality."
This form of the fallacy may not be immediately obvious. Linguistic variations in syntax, sentence structure and literary device may conceal it, as may other factors involved in an argument's delivery. It may take the form of an unstated premise which is essential but not identical to the conclusion, or is "controversial or questionable for the same reasons that
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typically might lead someone to question the conclusion":
For example, one can obscure the fallacy by first making a statement in concrete terms, then attempting to pass off an identical statement, delivered in abstract terms, as evidence for the original. One could also "bring forth a proposition expressed in words of Saxon origin, and give as a reason for it the very same proposition stated in words of Norman origin", as here:
- "To allow every man an unbounded freedom of speech must always be, on the whole, advantageous to the State, for it is highly conducive to the interests of the community that each individual should enjoy a liberty perfectly unlimited of expressing his sentiments."
When
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the fallacy of begging the question is committed in more than one step, some authors dub it "" ("reasoning in a circle") or, more commonly, "circular reasoning".
Begging the question is not considered a formal fallacy (an argument that is defective because it uses an incorrect deductive step). Rather, it is a type of informal fallacy that is logically valid but unpersuasive, in that it fails to prove anything other than what is already assumed.
# Related fallacies.
Closely connected with begging the question is the fallacy of circular reasoning ("), a fallacy in which the reasoner begins with the conclusion. The individual components of a circular argument can be logically valid because if
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the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, and does not lack relevance. However, circular reasoning is not persuasive because a listener who doubts the conclusion also doubts the premise that leads to it.
Begging the question is similar to the "complex question" (also known as "trick question" or "fallacy of many questions"): a question that, to be valid, requires the truth of another question that has not been established. For example, "Which color dress is Mary wearing?" may be fallacious because it presupposes that Mary is wearing a dress. Unless it has previously been established that her outfit is a dress, the question is fallacious because she could be wearing pants instead.
Another
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related fallacy is "ignoratio elenchi" or "irrelevant conclusion": an argument that fails to address the issue in question, but appears to do so. An example might be a situation where A and B are debating whether the law permits A to do something. If A attempts to support his position with an argument that the law "ought" to allow him to do the thing in question, then he is guilty of '.
# Contemporary usage.
Many contemporary English speakers use "begs the question" (or equivalent rephrasings thereof) to mean "raises the question", "invites the question", "suggests the question", etc.. Such preface is then followed with the question, as in:
- [...] "personal letter delivery is at an all-time
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low... Which begs the question: are open letters the only kind the future will know?"
- "Hopewell's success begs the question: why aren't more companies doing the same?".
- [Universal access to all-female schools is] "an appeal bound to elicit sympathy, especially from guilty liberals, but it begs the question of whether the daughters of the rich benefit from single-sex education.
- "Spending the summer travelling around India is a great idea, but it does beg the question of how we can afford it."
- "Still, the question begs to be asked: How could a team with one road win possibly be overconfident?"
- "The other key question that begs to be answered is: what is valuable in Yahoo to buy?"
Some
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prescriptivist grammarians and people versed in philosophy, logic, and law object to such usage as "incorrect", or at best unclear, claiming that the classical sense of Aristotelian logic is the only "correct" one.
The phrase is sometimes used in the opposite sense, of "evades the question" or "ignores the question".
# See also.
- Ambiguity
- Catch-22 (logic)
- Circular definition
- "Consequentia mirabilis"
- Euphemism treadmill
- Fallacies of definition
- Open-question argument
- Polysyllogism
- Presuppositional apologetics
- Regress argument ("")
- Spin (propaganda)
# References.
- Cohen, Morris Raphael, Ernest Nagel, and John Corcoran. "An Introduction to Logic". Hackett Publishing,
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1993. .
- Davies, Arthur Ernest. "A Text-book of Logic". R.G. Adams and Company, 1915.
- Follett, Wilson. "Modern American Usage: A Guide". Macmillan, 1966. .
- Gibson, William Ralph Boyce, and Augusta Klein. "The Problem of Logic". A. and C. Black, 1908.
- Herrick, Paul. "The Many Worlds of Logic". Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Kahane, Howard, and Nancy Cavender. "Logic and contemporary rhetoric : the use of reason in everyday life". Cengage Learning, 2005. .
- Kilpatrick, James. "Begging Question Assumes Proof of an Unproved Proposition." "Rocky Mountain News (CO)" 6 April 1997. Accessed through Access World News on 3 June 2009.
- Martin, Robert M. "There Are Two Errors in the Title
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of This Book: A sourcebook of philosophical puzzles, paradoxes and problems". Broadview Press, 2002. .
- Mercier, Charles Arthur. "A New Logic". Open Court Publishing Company, 1912.
- Mill, John Stuart. "A system of logic, ratiocinative and inductive: being a connected view of the principles of evidence, and the methods of scientific investigation". J.W. Parker, 1851.
- Safire, William. "On Language: Take my question please!." "The New York Times" 26 July 1998. Accessed 3 June 2009.
- Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott. "Formal logic, a scientific and social problem". London: Macmillan, 1912.
- Welton, James. "Fallacies incident to method." "A Manual of Logic", Vol. 2. London: W.B. Clive
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losophical puzzles, paradoxes and problems". Broadview Press, 2002. .
- Mercier, Charles Arthur. "A New Logic". Open Court Publishing Company, 1912.
- Mill, John Stuart. "A system of logic, ratiocinative and inductive: being a connected view of the principles of evidence, and the methods of scientific investigation". J.W. Parker, 1851.
- Safire, William. "On Language: Take my question please!." "The New York Times" 26 July 1998. Accessed 3 June 2009.
- Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott. "Formal logic, a scientific and social problem". London: Macmillan, 1912.
- Welton, James. "Fallacies incident to method." "A Manual of Logic", Vol. 2. London: W.B. Clive University Tutorial Press, 1905.
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John Manley
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John Manley
John Paul Manley (born January 5, 1950) is a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician. He served as Liberal Member of Parliament for Ottawa South from 1988 to 2004, and was deputy prime minister between 2002 and 2003. From January 2010 until October 2018 he was President and CEO of the Business Council of Canada. He currently serves on the advisory board of the and on the Leaders' Debates Commission.
# Background.
Manley was born in Ottawa, Ontario, and attended Bell High School. He received a BA from Carleton University in 1971 and an LL.B. from the University of Ottawa in 1976. He also studied at the University of Lausanne.
After law school Manley clerked under Bora Laskin,
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John Manley
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John Manley
the Chief Justice of Canada. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1978.
Manley's early career was in tax law at the firm Perley-Robertson Hill & McDougall LLP.
He is married to Judith Manley with whom he has three children: Rebecca, David and Sarah.
Manley is also an accomplished marathoner.
# Cabinet career.
He was first elected as an MP in the 1988 election. When the Liberals came to power under Jean Chrétien following the 1993 election he became Minister of Industry. During his time in Industry, Manley was a staunch supporter of Canada-based research and development, and also of increased technology use in public schools. In particular, he felt that the so-called "wired classroom" would
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John Manley
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John Manley
help to equalize the gap between urban and smaller, rural schools. These initiatives were partially aimed at combating the "brain drain", and Manley himself stated that "Canada needs to pursue policies that will make it a magnet for brains, attracting them from elsewhere and retaining the ones we have."
Manley also unveiled a multimillion-dollar rescue package for the cash-strapped Ottawa Senators, being a friend of owner Rod Bryden, but later withdrew the aid after critics argued that there were better uses for public funds.
Manley supported Dalton McGuinty's successful bid to lead the Ontario Liberal Party in 1996.
He was shuffled to Minister of Foreign Affairs on the eve of the 2000 election.
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He was widely applauded for his work in foreign affairs, particularly for helping to ease strained Canada-U.S. relations. He was seen as able to communicate with the U.S. administration, and had a good working relationship with both Colin Powell and Tom Ridge. David Rudd, then director of Toronto's Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies said: "Under Manley, the government of Canada talks to Washington, not at it." In January 2002 he was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and given special responsibility for security in response to 9/11. For his performance in these roles, he was named "Time" Magazine's "Canadian newsmaker of the year" in 2001.
In May 2002, Chrétien appointed Manley as Minister
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John Manley
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John Manley
of Finance, following the departure of Paul Martin. His 2003 federal budget laid out billions of dollars in new spending, primarily in health-care, child-care, and for First Nations. It also introduced new accountability features to help limit federal waste.
# 2003 Liberal leadership election.
When Jean Chrétien announced his decision to retire, Manley announced his intention to run for the Liberal leadership. His primary competition was Martin, although Industry Minister Allan Rock and Heritage Minister and former Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps also ran, while Brian Tobin briefly contemplated running. Manley's polling numbers and fundraising were slightly behind that of Rock's, while
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well ahead of Copps but far behind Martin.
From the beginning, it was apparent that Martin had a significant head start on his rivals. Martin's record as Minister of Finance was impressive and he also controlled much of the party machinery by 2002. Manley attacked Martin's refusal to disclose his campaign contributors, but failed to make a significant dent in Martin's support. Manley generally polled around 25% during his time in the contest, and he had the support of ministers Jane Stewart and Susan Whelan and backbench MP John H. Bryden. The rest of cabinet and most of caucus said that they would back Martin (with Martin's large lead, even most Chrétien supporters grudgingly voted for Martin),
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John Manley
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including Rock who dropped out of the race early on. Seeing his inevitable defeat, Manley withdrew from the race on July 22, 2003, and endorsed Martin.
Upon Martin's landslide victory at the leadership convention on November 14, 2003, political commentators wondered whether someone so closely linked to Chrétien would avoid a potentially embarrassing demotion in Martin's new cabinet. That year, Manley had several times expressed his interest in returning to the Foreign Affairs ministry, as it was likely that Martin would appoint his own lieutenant to the Finance portfolio. Though both were ideologically on the right wing of the Liberal party, Manley's attacks on Martin's campaign donations had
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likely poisoned the relationship between the two men, hurting Manley's chances of remaining a Minister. Indeed, Manley, Stewart, and Whelan were dropped from cabinet, while Bryden's constituency was abolished after Martin was sworn in as Prime Minister.
Martin, who would release the list of his new cabinet in a few days, decided to offer Manley a role as Ambassador to the United States, a patronage posting Manley said he would seriously consider. In the end, Manley declined the ambassadorial appointment, apparently because it would take him out of the country and "out of the loop" for fundraising and other political activities with a long-term view towards his own eventual bid for the Liberal
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John Manley
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John Manley
leadership someday. Frank McKenna, who had also been considered a federal leadership contender, was appointed instead. On November 28, Manley announced his retirement from politics, remaining as a backbencher until the 2004 federal election.
# Post-political career.
Shortly after Manley announced his retirement from federal politics, Dalton McGuinty, Premier of Ontario and close friend of Manley, appointed him to chair a Royal Commission on the energy system of Ontario in the wake of the eastern North American blackout of 2003.
On May 18, 2004, he joined the law firm McCarthy Tétrault as counsel, working in their Toronto and Ottawa offices. On May 26, 2004, Manley was named to the Board of
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Directors of telecommunications firm Nortel Networks. On January 27, 2005, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. He was also co-chair of the Independent Task Force on North America, a project of the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations. In March 2005, the Task Force released a report that advocated a North American union, an economic union between Canada, Mexico and the United States which would resemble the European Union.
In an interview with "La Presse" published on January 24, 2005, he openly declared his ongoing interest in the Liberal leadership. In what was seen by political followers as an unusually frank admission, Manley said he would be
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John Manley
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John Manley
a candidate to replace Paul Martin if he were to step down in the next three to four years and was maintaining a cross-country organizational network for this purpose. Although he denied the existence of a formal pact with former cabinet-mate Martin Cauchon, he indicated that in a later leadership race he would probably throw his support to the younger man. On January 25, 2006, Manley sent a letter to supporters indicating that he was not going to contest the Liberal leadership after the resignation of Paul Martin.
On October 12, 2007, Manley was appointed by Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper to head an independent, non-partisan panel reviewing Canada's mission and future role in Afghanistan,
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a position he had discussed with Liberal leader Stéphane Dion beforehand. Both Dion and Liberal Foreign Affairs critic Bob Rae had encouraging words for the panel.
Manley's panel reported on Canada's Afghanistan mission to Prime Minister Harper on January 28, 2008. Harper accepted the findings, which argued for an indefinite extension of the mission beyond February 2009, but also pointed to logistical and equipment shortfalls, communications challenges with telling the mission's story to Canadians, and a coming manpower strength shortage. The report's recommendations were accepted by the house when the Liberals backed them along with the Conservatives.
Manley had been mentioned as a possible
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contender for the leadership of the Liberal Party after Stéphane Dion's resignation following the 2008 election, but on November 4, 2008, he announced that he would not be a candidate.
In the December 6, 2008 edition of "The Globe and Mail", Manley demanded Liberal leader Stéphane Dion step down so the party can find another leader before Christmas and to "rebuild the Liberal Party, rather than leading a coalition with the NDP. He added, "the notion that the public would accept Stéphane Dion as prime minister, after having resoundingly rejected that possibility a few weeks earlier, was delusional at best ... Mr. Dion had seemed to accept responsibility for the defeat (although somewhat reluctantly),
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and should have left his post immediately." Dion did, in fact, step down as party leader shortly after Manley's letter was published, however this was a result of internal party pressure and the significance of Manley's letter to this end is debatable.
In June 2009, Manley was named the new President and CEO of the Business Council of Canada (BCC), then known as the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, effective January 2010. He stepped down from that position effective October 15, 2018, and was succeeded by Goldy Hyder.
On July 1, 2009, Manley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada for his contributions to Canadian politics, notably as a cabinet minister, and as a business and community
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John Manley
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leader who had played an important role in the promotion of international aid and co-operation.
He is a member of the Trilateral Commission and sits on the Advisory Council of the Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute. In 2014, he was appointed as Chairman of the Board of CIBC.
# Political ideology.
Manley is regarded by some as being from the centre-right of the Liberal party, favouring fiscal conservatism, free trade, and friendly relations with the United States, although his budget included substantial program spending.
Manley seems committed to many of the policies implemented under Chrétien, particularly to expanding foreign aid and improving Canada's "knowledge economy".
Manley
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John Manley
d by some as being from the centre-right of the Liberal party, favouring fiscal conservatism, free trade, and friendly relations with the United States, although his budget included substantial program spending.
Manley seems committed to many of the policies implemented under Chrétien, particularly to expanding foreign aid and improving Canada's "knowledge economy".
Manley is known as a republican and an advocate of the abolition of the Canadian monarchy. This point of view created quite a controversy when, in response to a reporter's question, he publicly stated that the monarchy was unnecessary during a 12-day tour of Canada by the Queen. Manley served as the Queen's escort for the trip.
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
President of Poland
The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: "Prezydent RP") is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition the president has a right to dissolve parliament in certain cases, veto legislation and represents Poland in the international arena.
# History.
The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was sworn in as president of the Second Polish Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate) under the terms of the 1921 March Constitution. Narutowicz was assassinated on 16 December 1922. Previously
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
Józef Piłsudski had been "Chief of State" ("Naczelnik Państwa") under the provisional Small Constitution of 1919. In 1926 Piłsudski staged the "May Coup", deposed President Stanisław Wojciechowski and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, thus establishing the "Sanation regime". Before Piłsudski's death, parliament passed a more authoritarian 1935 April Constitution of Poland (not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 March Constitution). Mościcki continued as president until he resigned in 1939 in the aftermath of the German Invasion of Poland. Mościcki and his government went into exile into Romania, where Mościcki was interned. In Angers, France Władysław
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
Raczkiewicz, at the time the speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency after Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939. Following the fall of France, the president and the Polish government-in-exile were evacuated to London, United Kingdom. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution. Raczkiewicz was followed by a succession of presidents in exile, of whom the last one was Ryszard Kaczorowski.
In 1944–45 Poland became a part of Soviet-controlled central-eastern Europe. Bolesław Bierut assumed the reins of government and in July 1945 was internationally recognized as the head of state. The Senate was abolished in 1946 by the
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
Polish people's referendum. When the Sejm passed the Small Constitution of 1947, based in part on the 1921 March Constitution, Bierut was elected president by that body. He served until the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic of 1952 eliminated the office of the president.
Following the 1989 amendments to the constitution which restored the presidency, Wojciech Jaruzelski, the existing head of state, took office. In Poland's first direct presidential election, Lech Wałęsa won and was sworn in on 22 December 1990. The office of the president was preserved in the Constitution of Poland passed in 1997; the constitution now provides the requirements for, the duties of and the authority
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
of the office.
# Election.
The President of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the President is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a second round of voting is held with the participation of the two candidates with the largest and second largest number of votes respectively.
In order to be registered as a candidate in the presidential election, one must be a Polish citizen, be at least 35 years old on the day of the first round of the election and collect at least 100,000 signatures of registered voters.
# Powers.
The President has
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
a free choice in selecting the Prime Minister, yet in practice he usually gives the task of forming a new government to a politician supported by the political party with the majority of seats in the Sejm (usually, though not always, it is the leader of that political party).
The President has the right to initiate the legislative process. He also has the opportunity to directly influence it by using his veto to stop a bill; however, his veto can be overruled by a three-fifths majority vote in the presence of at least half of the statutory number of members of the Sejm (230). Before signing a bill into law, the President can also ask the Constitutional Tribunal to verify its compliance with
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
the Constitution, which in practice bears a decisive influence on the legislative process.
In his role as supreme representative of the Polish state, the President has power to ratify and revoke international agreements, nominates and recalls ambassadors, and formally accepts the accreditations of representatives of other states. The President also makes decisions on award of highest academic titles, as well as state distinctions and orders. In addition, he has the right of clemency, viz. he can dismiss final court verdicts (in practice, the President consults such decisions with the Minister of Justice).
The President is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces; he appoints the Chief
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
of the General Staff and the commanders of all of the service branches; in wartime he nominates the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and can order a general mobilization. The President performs his duties with the help of the following offices: the Chancellery of the President, the Office of National Security, and the Body of Advisors to the President.
# Presidential residencies and properties.
Several properties are owned by the Office of the President and are used by the Head of State as his or her official residence, private residence, residence for visiting foreign officials etc.
- The Presidential Palace in Warsaw is largest palace in Warsaw and the official seat of the President
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
of the Republic of Poland since 1993. The first presidential tenant was Lech Wałęsa when he moved to the Palace from Belweder in 1994.
- Belweder, in Warsaw, was the official seat of the President until 1993, and is currently owned by the Office of the President as the "official residence of the President" and is used by the President and the Government for ceremonial purposes. The palace also serves as an official residence for heads of state on official visits to Poland and other important guests.
- Presidential Castle in Wisła in a château built for the Habsburgs as their hunting cottage, which was rebuilt between 1929-1931 and used as recreational residence by President Ignacy Mościcki.
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President of Poland
Since 2002 it is again a property of the President, restored and opened in 2005 by the President Aleksander Kwaśniewski. It is today a recreational and conference centre for the President and a hotel.
- Residence of the President of the Republic of Poland in Łucień.
- Manor House of the President of the Republic of Poland in Ciechocinek.
- Presidential Residence 'Jurata-Hel' in Hel. The president's Baltic coastal retreat.
# Acting President of Poland.
The constitution states that the President is an elected office, there is no directly elected presidential line of succession. If the President is unable to execute his/her powers and duties, the Marshal of the Sejm will have the powers of
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President of Poland
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President of Poland
a President for a maximum of 60 days until elections are called.
On 10 April 2010, a plane carrying Polish President Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk-North Airport in Russia. There were no survivors. Bronisław Komorowski took over acting presidential powers following the incident. On 8 July Bronislaw Komorowski resigned from the office of Marshal of the Sejm after winning the presidential election. According to the constitution, the acting president then became the Marshal of the Senate, Bogdan Borusewicz. In the afternoon Grzegorz Schetyna was elected as a new Marshal of the Sejm and he became acting president. Schetyna served as
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