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interview, <mask> admitted that he regretted the collaboration he had with politician Bernard Tapie, saying «Je vous le répète, parfois je me goure» ("I'm telling again, sometimes I slip up") .In the spring of 2001, <mask>'s third album Quality Street was released. Guest stars on the album included the Wu-Tang Clan and Gregory Isaac. The album's first single, "Caramel", met little success, although it was also included on Putamayo Grooves, a compilation album. <mask>ynéco's fourth album Solitaire was released in August 2002. It proved to be popular. <mask> received the "Victoires de la Musique" award for Best Hip-hop/Rap Album of the Year. Singles included "Funky Maxime", "Frotti Frotta", and "Flash".'Menu Best-of', a collection of his hit singles since the beginning of his career was released in 2004. During 2006 the album Homme Nature was released. After a musical break, he made a comeback in 2016 with a re-release of his first album, Première consultation, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album's release. In 2018, he released his seventh solo album, 1.000%. Style
After the release of his first album, his sexual and provocative lyrics provoked discussion and criticism. However, the album sold 800,000 copies and <mask>co became part of the popularising rap movement of the 1990s. His music, a mix of ragga and rap, addresses controversial subjects like drugs,
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claiming in 2001 to be close to the Socialist Party, in 2006 he joined the Union for a Popular Movement and announced his support for Sarkozy in a party meeting in Marseille. Other rappers have denounced <mask> as a traitor, not least since his current politics contrast against an earlier stage in his career when he was critical of the French state: “Je kiffe quand les keufs cannent (I get a kick when cops croak it);” “France is a country of cops. There are a hundred on every street corner.To keep order, they get away with murder.” His support of Sarkozy has been controversial: Stomy Bugsy no longer considers Beausir a friend partly because of it, and Beausir was booed off a stage in Geneva in August 2007. Discography
Solo albums
Première Consultation (1996)
Liaisons Dangereuses (1998)
Quality Street (2001)
Solitaire (2002)
Un Homme Nature / Doc Gynéco Enregistre Au Quartier (2006)
Peace Maker (2008)
1.000% (2018)
Compilations
Menu Best Of (2003)
Le Doc au pays (2006)
Première consultation (20th anniversary edition) (2016)
Common albums
Secteur Ä Live À L'Olympia (1998) - With Secteur Ä
Double Pénétration (2001, Cancelled) - With Stomy Bugsy
News, featurings and appearances on compilations
1994
Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco - Autopsie, on the album "95200" of Ministère A.M.E.R. du film Le Boulet
Doc Gyneco Feat Stomy Bugsy - BugsDoc 18 sur la
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mixtape "Explicit Dix-Huit"
Doc Gyneco - C'est Non ! (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Doc Gynéco entre les deux tours des élections présidentielles)
Lord Kossity Feat <mask>yneco - Gunshot sur l'album de Lord Kossity, "Koss City"
2003
Doc Gyneco Feat Jeff Joseph - Du Spy Dans L'air sur la B.O. du film Taxi 3
Laurent Voulzy Feat Doc Gynéco - Radio Pfff sur l'album Sol En Cirque
Doc Gyneco - Taxi enregistré pour la B.O. du film Taxi 3, mais disponible sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of.Doc Gynéco - Trop Belle au naturel. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of
Doc Gynéco Feat Stomy Bugsy & MC Janik - Big Up. Morceau inédit paru sur la compilation de Doc Gynéco Menu Best Of
2004
Doc Gynéco Feat Dimidonkya & Mamido - La Vérité sur la compilation "Dis L'Heure 2 Ragga"
Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Le Colis (diffusé gratuitement sur le site internet officiel de Hamed Daye)
Ministère A.M.E.R. Feat Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Plan B sur la mixtape de DJ Noise, "Los Angeles Most Wanted Vol.1"
2006
Johnny Hallyday Feat Ministère A.M.E.R. & Doc Gynéco - Le Temps Passe sur l'album de Johnny Hallyday, "Ma vérité"
2007
Doc Gynéco Feat Matinda - La Vie est un Rêve sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les grands esprits se rencontrent"
Doc Gynéco - A Chaque Guerre sa Paix sur le CD accompagnant le livre "Les
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Sue-Ellen Cassiana "<mask>" <mask> (; born 3 April 1980) is a British politician. She was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland in February 2020 and has been the member of parliament (MP) for Fareham since 2015. A member of the Conservative Party, she chaired the European Research Group (ERG) from 19 June 2017 to 9 January 2018. She formerly practised as a barrister. Early and personal life
<mask> was born to Christie and Uma Fernandes of Indian origin, who had emigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Kenya and Mauritius. Her mother was a nurse and a councillor in Brent and her father, of Goan-ancestry in South India, worked for a housing association. She was born in Harrow, Greater London, and grew up in Wembley.Braverman attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship, after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was chair of the Cambridge University Conservative Association. Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she completed a master's degree in European and French law at Pantheon-Sorbonne University. She married Rael <mask> in February 2018 at the House of Commons. Their first child, George, was born on 10 July 2019 and their second child, Gabriella, was born on 7 March 2021. <mask> is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly known as the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) and attends the London Buddhist Centre monthly. She took her oath of office on the Dhammapada.Her mother, Uma Fernandes, was the Conservative candidate in Tottenham in the 2001 general election and in the 2003 Brent East by-election. Legal career
<mask> was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 2005.
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She completed her pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers) and then was based at No5 Chambers in London specialising in commercial litigation, judicial review, immigration and planning law. She was appointed to the Attorney General's C Panel of Counsel in 2010. Political career
Conservative candidate
At the 2005 general election, <mask> contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz. She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate in Fareham. <mask> also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections, being placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list.She missed out, however, as only the first three Conservative candidates were elected. Parliamentary activity
<mask> was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015. She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome. From 2015 to 2017, <mask> was a member of the Education Select Committee and the Education, Skills and the Economy Sub-Committee. Between November 2015 and February 2016, she was a member of the Joint Committee on the Draft Investigatory Powers Bill. <mask> chaired the all-party parliamentary group (APPG) on Financial Education for Young People from September 2016 to May 2017.Working with the charity Young Enterprise and the money-saving expert Martin Lewis, she led the APPG's inquiry into the provision of financial education in schools and launched its report, Financial Education in Schools: Two Years On – Job Done?, which called for better financial
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education in schools. <mask> was also a commissioner on the Social Market Foundation commission on inequality in education, a cross-party initiative which is examining the causes and effects of inequality in education at primary and secondary levels in England and Wales. <mask> joined the Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme in 2016, graduating from the scheme in 2017. <mask> opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and has chaired meetings with the Trust's executives along with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated. <mask> was a member of the panel of an inquiry, led by the think-tank British Future, to examine how the government can protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK. <mask> campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving. She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg.Following the 2017 general election, <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the ministers of the Treasury. During the January 2018 reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On 15 November 2018, <mask> resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit Secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which was released the day before. In March 2019, <mask> stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalists present at the event included Dawn Foster who challenged
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<mask>'s use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and its connection to the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik. <mask> responded, "Yes, I do believe that we are in a fight against cultural Marxism. We have a culture evolving from the far left which is about snuffing out freedom of speech."Her use of the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, an antisemitic conspiracy theory often employed by neo-Nazis and alt-right activists as a means of attacking Jewish people involved in politics, was condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope Not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. [...] I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn." After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress". Attorney General
In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, <mask> was appointed as Attorney General for England and Wales and Advocate General for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government. She is the second female Attorney General and the first Conservative female Attorney General. <mask> was designated as a Minister on Leave on 2 March 2021, shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement.Michael Ellis became Attorney General in
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an acting capacity. She resumed office on 11 September 2021. Political and legal positions
Free schools
<mask> is the chair of governors at the Michaela Community School, and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham. She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector. Rights versus responsibilities
In a December 2015 op-ed, <mask> wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quotes Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above their rights of those who are tortured."She closes,
Parliamentary sovereignty and international treaties
In 2020, as Attorney General, she stated the UK Government's legal position about the possible impact of the UK Internal Market Bill on the Northern Ireland Protocol:
See also
Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021
Notes
References
External links
Official website
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1980 births
21st-century British women politicians
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Alumni of the Erasmus Programme
British people of Goan descent
British politicians of Indian descent
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English Buddhists
English Queen's Counsel
English people of Indian descent
English people of Kenyan descent
English people of Mauritian descent
Female justice ministers
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
Living people
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
21st-century English women
21st-century English people
Women government ministers in the United
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Sir <mask>, (born 22 July 1944) is a former lawyer, judge and ombudsman who served as the 19th Governor-General of New Zealand from 2006 to 2011. Satyanand was chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then chaired the Commonwealth Observation Group of the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea in 2017. In 2018, the New Zealand Government appointed him to lead the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in State care and in the care of Faith-based Institutions, which is scheduled to continue until 2023. In November 2019, at the conclusion of its build-up phase, he is to step down as chair. In August 2019 he was elected to be Chancellor of the University of Waikato for a 4-year term. Early life and family
<mask> was born on 22 July 1944 and raised in Auckland to an Indo-Fijian family.His grandparents arrived in Fiji from India in 1911, and his grandfather worked as a government interpreter. His father, Mutyala <mask>, was born in Sigatoka in 1913 and arrived in New Zealand in 1927 to attend high school and later university. His mother Tara Tillak was from Suva, and trained as a Karitane nurse in New Zealand. She married Mutyala <mask> in 1940, after moving to New Zealand. Satyanand attended Sacred Heart College in Auckland, and then undertook the medical intermediate course at the University of Otago in Dunedin. He was not successful in gaining entry to the medical school and later said "in reality I did not do well enough ... (but) ... Looking back over that year, I remembered that one of the things I had really enjoyed was the debating and forum meetings involving students."So instead he turned to law studies, working
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part-time as a law clerk in Auckland. He worked at Westfield Freezing Works to help fund his studies and developed a friendship with David Lange who also worked there at the same time. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Auckland in 1970. He worked as a lawyer for the next 12 years, some of that with the Crown Solicitor's firm and then as a Partner with the legal firm Shieff Angland. His legal work centred on criminal law and revenue law. He served on the Council of the Auckland District Law Society from 1979 until his appointment as a Judge of the District Court of New Zealand in 1982. During the 1966 general election, Satyanand helped Clive Edwards (later Tongan Deputy Prime Minister) when he stood in Auckland Central for National.Later, in the 1975 general election, <mask> and his wife helped David Lange in his first, unsuccessful attempt at election (for Labour, in the seat of Hobson). In 1995 <mask> was appointed an Ombudsman, and he served two 5-year terms. Between 2005 and his appointment as governor-general he chaired the Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals, reviewed the Banking Ombudsman scheme, and installed the Pecuniary Interests Register and Scheme for Members of Parliament. <mask> has been married to Susan Sharpe since 1970. She was born in Sydney, Australia, in 1947 and moved to New Zealand with her family in 1955. Susan and <mask> have three adult children. <mask>'s daughter Anya is an advocate of gay marriage, being in a civil union with her partner Ange.In 2002, <mask> and his wife were involved in a serious car accident in Dome Valley north of Warkworth, Northland, where an oncoming car crossed the centre line and crashed head-on into
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their car. Both were injured, and Satyanand suffered serious spinal injury; he broke his C2 and C3 vertebrae, and had to wear a halo traction to keep his head straight. As well as English, Satyanand also speaks some Fijian, Hindi, and Māori. Governor-General of New Zealand
In 2006, Satyanand was appointed Governor-General by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the New Zealand government under Prime Minister Helen Clark. He succeeded Dame Silvia Cartwright as governor-general on 23 August 2006. His appointment was welcomed by every parliamentary party leader. He was the first governor-general of Indian descent and the first Roman Catholic governor-general.Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Grand Prior of the Order of St John, received <mask> as governor-general designate on 7 July 2006 and invested him as a Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem. In May 2007 changes were made to the Queen's Service Order. Under the previous Royal Warrant, the governor-general was ex-officio Principal Companion of the Order but was not a member of the Order. The Royal Warrant now provides for the appointment of the governor-general as a Companion of the Order in their own right. The first bill to which Satyanand granted Royal Assent was the Coroners Bill. Starting on New Year's Day 2009, <mask> issued a "New Year's Message" intended to highlight "issues New Zealanders might consider as they looked to the future". <mask> was the first governor-general not to hold a knighthood before entering office (Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, Governor of New Zealand 1855–1861, was knighted in office).However, following the changes to the New Zealand honours system announced by Prime Minister
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John Key on 8 March 2009, the Queen approved <mask>'s redesignation from a Principal Companion in the New Zealand Order of Merit (PCNZM) to a Knight Grand Companion of that Order (GNZM) on 27 March 2009. On assuming the role of governor-general, Satyanand received the style The Honourable for life; in 2010, he was advanced to the style of The Right Honourable. This style was accorded for life to all future governors-general, prime ministers, chief justices, and Speakers of Parliament. Satyanand completed his term of office as governor-general on 23 August 2011. Finances
The New Zealand Government pays for the costs associated with the Queen's representative, the governor-general, in their exercising of the powers of the Crown on behalf of the Queen, including travel, security, residences, offices, ceremonial occasions. In the 2010 Budget, the total cost of supporting the governor-general was $3,591,000 for Support Services and Maintenance of the residences, $1,710,000 for Depreciation Expenses on Government Houses, $1,279,000 Remuneration and Travel and an estimated $1,680,000 for Policy Advice and Co-ordination; a total of $7,610,000 and $11 million on capital investment in Government House, Wellington, principally used for its conservation, a total of over $18 million. Fijian coup talks
On 30 November 2006, <mask> hosted a meeting between the Prime Minister of Fiji, Laisenia Qarase, and Fiji's military commander, Commodore Frank Bainimarama, at Government House in Wellington in an attempt to resolve the escalating crisis in Fiji.Although he hosted the meeting, he did not take part in the discussions, which were chaired by New Zealand's then Foreign Minister, Winston Peters. This was the last serious
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effort by the international community to avert a military coup, which followed on 5 December. Public transport in Auckland
At the opening of the new New Lynn Train Station on 25 September 2010, <mask> stated heavy investment in motorways and the decline of public transport after trams were taken off the roads in the 1950s had led to severe congestion to the detriment of both individuals and the economy. Paul Henry controversy
On 5 October 2010, TVNZ Breakfast show host Paul Henry questioned whether Satyanand was "even a New Zealander". He then repeated the question, saying of Satyanand's replacement, "Are you going to choose a New Zealander who looks and sounds like a New Zealander this time ... are we going to go for someone who is more like a New Zealander this time?" Henry attracted criticism from both sides of politics and New Zealand's race relations commissioner Joris de Bres. Henry later apologised, was suspended, and then resigned from TVNZ.Subsequent roles
Since returning to private life, <mask> and his wife have remained in Wellington. He was Chair of the Commonwealth Foundation for two 2-year terms, ending in December 2016. He then led the Commonwealth team in observing the National Elections of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. He maintains active interests in several organisations, including as President of the NZ Institute of International Affairs and as a member of Transparency International's Anti-Corruption Council. He is a Distinguished Fellow at the University of Auckland Law School, visiting on a monthly basis. Susan and <mask> are both active members of the Rotary Club of Wellington; both have been made Paul Harris Fellows, and <mask> received the Rotary International Award of
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<mask> (1900–1994) was a Danish nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to Denmark and helping to establish educational and training initiatives in Denmark. She helped draft minimum curriculum requirements for nursing students, as well as continuing education guidelines. She was active in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and sought to find ways to bring nursing education to developing areas most in need of trained nursing staff. She received the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961 for her contributions to nursing excellence. Early life
<mask> was born on 11 February 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna (née Raahauge) and Peter Johannes Broe. She was the youngest child in the family, which had three daughters. Her father was a pastor at the local prison.She completed her secondary education at Horsens State School in 1916. Then, because she wanted to travel and she saw nursing as a way to do that, Broe enrolled in a student nursing program at Bispebjerg Hospital in 1919, but was rejected by Charlotte Munck, the head of the program, because she was too young. Broe moved to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse and remained until 1921, when she was accepted into the program at Bispebjerg now that she was almost 22, the minimum age for admission. She competed her training in 1924. Career
Broe began her career at Otto Møller's Birth Clinic but, encouraged by Munck, she shortly afterwards took a job as a private nurse with an English family who lived in Morocco. She then worked as a private nurse in Paris and later in the Netherlands. In 1930, she studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital, but had to return to Denmark to care for her father who was ailing.She became head of the briefly and then began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center in Copenhagen. In 1933, Broe became the head nurse at Sundby Hospotal, which had just opened in the Copenhagen district of Sundby, serving there until 1938. During her tenure she helped establish a
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continuing education curriculum for nurses to help reduce infant mortality. The work was influential and allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City during the 1936-1937 term, along with Elisabeth Larsen and <mask> Schrøder. The curriculum also spurred the adoption of legislation in 1937, titled the Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality to establish standards. The National Board of Health created guidelines for teaching nurses at Aarhus University, the leading trainer of nurses until the Danish Nursing School opened in 1938. Simultaneously, Broe became involved with the Danish Nurses Organisation ().Between 1934 and 1935, she served on the Committee for Additional Training and from 1934 to 1950, worked among others on the Building Committee. From 1938, Broe served on DSR's Teaching Committee and was its chair between 1943 and 1946. The committee task was to propose minimum curriculum for nursing students along with basic educational prerequisites. When Broe returned from study in New York in 1938, she was hired as training manager for the new program offered at Aarhus University to train nurses and senior nurses. It was a twelve-year appointment, marked with three sabbaticals. Broe joined the Danish Florence Nightingale Committee and the Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries () in 1940 and increasingly sought international cooperation in developing nursing standards. Between April and May 1945, Broe worked at the Padborg Quarantine Station set up by the Danish Red Cross.The rescue mission was an evacuation of sick prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden to Denmark. After arriving at one of three quarantine stations, the prisoners were bathed, fed, hydrated and given basic medical aid. After a night of stabilization, all evacuees proceed to Sweden where their care continued until Germany‘s unconditional surrender. In 1947, Broe joined the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College
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<mask> (14 October 1742 – 10 August 1814) was an Irish Tory politician. Life
He was born 14 October 1742, the only child of <mask> (1704–1746). He was brought up at Rossminoge, near Camolin, County Wexford, under the care of one Miller, vicar of the parish, and was imbued through life with strong Protestant feeling. <mask> received his early education at Kilkenny College. He had literary tastes and composing, while at Rossminoge, two songs which are still popular. The earlier, called "Banna's Banks" beginning "Shepherds, I have lost my love", was said to be inspired by Miss Stepney, of Durrow House, Queen's County, afterwards Mrs. Burton Doyne of Wells. The second, "Moll Ashore", was written to celebrate the charms of Mary Moore, whose sister Elizabeth, daughter of William Moore of Tinrahan, County Wexford, subsequently became his wife.Burns, writing to Thomson 7 April 1793, described <mask>'s "Baana`s Banks" as "heavenly" and "certainly Irish"; but it was included in "Songs of Scotland", 1851. A gentleman of wealth and fashion, <mask> appears to have been affluent visitor at Laly Miller's assemblies at Bath, and he contributed to the volume, Poetical Amusements at a Villa near Bath, published by that lady's admirers in 1775. Some songs by him appear in Crofton Croker's Popular Songs of Ireland and in Samuel Lover's Poems and Ballads, where the fine lyric is assigned to him known as Banish Sorrow. He declined to publish any of his poems himself. In 1768, <mask> was elected to the Irish House of Commons as a
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member for Wexford County, and he sat for that constituency till 1796. A brilliant speaker, he delighted in 'splendid superlatives and figurative diction, whilst the spirit and energy of his manner corresponded to the glowing warmth of his expressions'. He joined the whig party, and, although in favour of extending to Ireland popular rights and legislative independence, he was opposed to catholic emancipation, and was a staunch upholder of the established church.Before 1778, he was challenged to a duel by Barney Coyle, a whisky distiller and member of the catholic board, on the ground that he had publicly said that "a papist could swallow a false oath as easily as a poached egg". Eight shots were exchanged, but the combatants remained unhurt. <mask> declared that the remark which led to the encounter had been misreported, and he had referred not to "papists", but to "rebels". Shortly afterward he publicly stated that
In 1779, he attacked Fox and the opposition in England for not resisting with greater vivacity Lord North's coercive policy in Ireland. Fox wrote to the Duke of Leinster explaining the difficulties of the parliamentary situation at Westminster, and expressed especial regret at <mask>'s dissatisfaction "because I have always heard that he is a very honest man and a good whig". In 1779, <mask> joined the association called the Monks of St. Patrick. In 1782, he became a colonel in the Irish Volunteers, actively supported that movement, and strongly asserted the claim of Ireland to legislative
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independence.But when the national convention assembled at Dublin under Lord Charlemont's presidency, in November 1783, <mask> is said to have delivered a message purporting to come from Lord Kenmare to the effect that the Catholics of Ireland were satisfied with the privileges they had already obtained and desired no more. Kenmare at once denied that he had authorised the delivery of such a message. According to later accounts, Sir Boyle Roche was responsible for the incident, but the contemporary reports saddle <mask> alone with the responsibility for the ruse. In 1783, <mask> was admitted to the Irish privy council, and in the following year obtained the patent place of registrar of deeds at Dublin, at a salary of £1,300 a year. The step was taken "from some disarrangement of his family affairs, as it is supposed", but his constituents were content, and no difference appeared in his political action. His zeal for wise reform was not diminished, and in April 1786, when the relations of landlords and Protestant clergy to the tenants were under discussion, he described the landlords as "great extortioners". In 1789, he opposed the English government's proposals for a regency.In February 1793, he denounced Hobart's Catholic Relief Bill, and prophesied that the admission of Catholics to political power must lead either to separation or to a legislative union. In 1796, when he became governor of Wexford, he retired from the House of Commons and lived mainly on his estate, Bellevue, in County Wexford. But in the
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<mask> (March 31, 1915 – September 23, 2013) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians. His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966, is still considered the definitive reference of its kind, owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text. A professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, for over 30 years, he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, a 1949 Guggenheim fellow, and author of over 70 scientific articles. His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation, and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles. He produced nature films, supported science education in primary grades, and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act. After retirement he continued to paint, collect field notes, and write books. Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species: Batrachoseps stebbinsi, the Tehachapi slender salamander; Anniella stebbinsi, a legless lizard; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi, the endangered Sonora tiger salamander.Early life
<mask> was born on March 31, 1915, in Chico, California, to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Beck). His father, born in Wisconsin of English descent, was an instructor at Chico State Normal School who had also published on birds and agriculture, stressing the importance of gardening in education. The oldest of seven children, young <mask> grew up learning about local birds and exploring the wildlife of Northern California. His mother, born in Switzerland and educated at the Normal School, instilled a sense of artistry in <mask>, painting pictures for <mask> and his siblings in her spare time. When Stebbins was seven, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father
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worked on agricultural curriculum for children and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. Around the age of nine, his family moved to Southern California, living first in Pomona, then in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. Stebbins spent time hiking in the nearby Santa Monica Mountains, exploring the wildlife and amassing a collection of bird and mammal specimens which he prepared and mounted himself.Stebbins attended North Hollywood High School, where his father taught hygiene and agriculture. <mask> graduated in 1933. He discovered his artistic talents around sixteen years old. His early work consisted of cartoons: he drew illustrations on classmates' clothing and contributed cartoons to youth magazines, winning several awards. University and early career (1933–1945)
Shortly after graduating high school, Stebbins enrolled in the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He initially majored in civil engineering, thinking it a better career option than biology, but became unhappy with the program. Struggling with poor performance and health issues related to congenital heart problems, he took a leave for year and a half.During his time in recuperation, he turned his attention back to natural history, and was persuaded to return to UCLA by <mask>, a biology professor there. Stebbins returned with enthusiasm despite the perceived lack of job security, remarking in 1985: "I was cautious because of the Great Depression, but I was determined to pursue biology even if it meant standing on a corner with a tin cup." He switched his major to zoology and graduated in 1940 with highest honors. After graduating, Stebbins split his time between a summer job as a naturalist at Lassen Volcanic National Park and pursuing graduate school at UCLA. Over the next few years he also obtained teaching credentials in junior college, high school, and elementary education. Stebbins initially planned to study birds, with an eye towards roadrunners, but felt the field of ornithology was too crowded,
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while herpetology, the study of reptiles and amphibians, offered more opportunities for new research. <mask> became his graduate advisor.The main focus of Stebbins' graduate research was the biology of fringe-toed lizards, a group of sand-dwelling lizards of the American Southwest. For his master's degree (completed in 1942) he studied the anatomical structure of the nasal passages of the lizards, documenting in detail the looped, horseshoe-shaped structure of the nasal passages that functions as a u-trap, preventing sand grains from being inhaled while the lizards lay buried at the sand's surface. His Ph.D dissertation (completed in 1943) further explored the anatomical, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of the lizards. During this time he also published on the behavior of the sidewinder rattlesnake, and, with his father, produced two field guides to birds, providing illustrations to his father's text. Their first book, What Bird is That?, was pressed in the family garage. Stebbins considered his father "a pioneer of sorts in the extensive use of drawings in teaching natural history," a tradition he later strove to continue in his own works. On June 8, 1941, Stebbins married Anna-rose <mask>, who would eventually type the text of all of Stebbins' field guides.Part of their honeymoon was spent camping in the Owens Valley of southeastern California. Career (1945–1978)
In 1945 Stebbins was hired an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, and became the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, where he would remain throughout his career. The first faculty member to teach herpetology at Berkeley, he wrote new lab manuals, created the herpetology teaching collection, and co-taught a popular course on vertebrate natural history. Ring species in salamanders
Stebbins soon became interested in Ensatina salamanders, which occur from British Columbia to Baja California and are present in both the Sierra Nevada and Coast
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effects on lizard reproductive behavior, and parietal skull openings in fossil "mammal-like reptiles" such as Lystrosaurus. His work had implications beyond reptile biology: Nobel laureate Julius Axelrod, after reading the work of Stebbins and others, began investigating the pineal gland in mammals, with emphasis on the effect of melatonin on activity cycles.Melatonin has since been found to influence human health. Stebbins was proud of his parietal and pineal work, calling it "possibly the single piece of research which gives me the most satisfaction." Other research, conservation, and field guides
In 1949 Stebbins received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to extend his studies throughout the western United States and to collect enough material to begin preparing his first amphibian field manuals. The first of these to appear was Amphibians of Western North America (1951, University of California Press), covering the U.S. and Canada roughly west of the 102nd meridian. Praised for its thoroughness as well as its illustrations, the book "unquestionably provides more information concerning the 51 species ... covered than any preceding it," wrote <mask>. Bogert: "The maps provided for each species and subspecies are on the whole the most detailed and accurate of any thus far published." Stebbins' second herpetological field guide, Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America (1954, McGraw-Hill), was similarly praised. In 1964 Stebbins visited the Galápagos Islands on a research expedition and studied the ecology and behavior of marine iguanas and lava lizards.Also on the expedition was Roger Tory Peterson, who recalled "While the rest of were enjoying high adventure on the more remote islands and sea-girt rocks, he patiently snared 200 frisky lizards with a noose of thread suspended from a rod. He took their cloacal temperatures, marked them with dye, and then dosed them with radioactive iodine, which enabled him to locate the elusive reptiles later with a Geiger
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counter." In 1966, Stebbins produced what became his best-known book, A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Peterson Field Guides), which Peterson called "a classic ... one of the most beautiful as well as scholarly works in the series". Stebbins was also committed to education and conservation. He made appearances on the TV series Science in Action, traveled to Asia to promote science education, and chaired a U.C. elementary school science project which recommended that science be taught to children as early as six. In conjunction with the Sierra Club he produced two educational films: Nature Next Door (1962) and No Room for Wilderness?(1967). Stebbins co-authored revisions of the widely used textbooks General Zoology (5th ed.,1972; 6th ed., 1979) and Elements of Zoology (4th ed., 1974), books originally written by Tracy Storer and <mask>er. In the late 1960s Stebbins became concerned about the impacts that increasingly popular off-road vehicle (ORV) driving was having on desert ecosystems of southern California—witnessing environmental degradation in some of the same places he had studied during graduate school—and became actively involved in over a decade of conservation efforts. Stebbins and colleagues studied the diversity of organisms in and around ORV areas, communicated research to Bureau of Land Management officials, and petitioned President <mask> to limit all-terrain vehicle use in deserts. Stebbins faced opposition from ORV riders and their lobbyists: American Motorcyclist magazine called him a "staunch abolitionist in the war against motorized vehicles in the desert." Stebbins' efforts eventually helped secure the passing of the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 which established the Mojave National Preserve and elevated Joshua Tree and Death Valley from national monuments to more protected national parks. In 1998 Stebbins was recognized in the U.S. Congress by Representative George Miller and the Contra Costa Times as one of 10 environmental
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leaders deemed "national treasures" for their activism.Other research included field work in Colombia, South Africa, and Australia, and the description of several species: the Jemez Mountains salamander, southern torrent salamander, yellow-eyed ensatina, and the panamint alligator lizard. Two salamanders were named in his honor during his time at Berkeley: the Tehachapi slender salamander (Batrachoseps stebbinsi) and the Sonora tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi). Over his 32 years at Berkeley, Stebbins was the advisor to 29 graduate students, including Wade Fox, Richard G. Zweifel, and R. Bruce Bury. Upon his retirement from UC Berkeley in 1978, Stebbins was awarded the highest faculty honor, the Berkeley Citation. Retirement years (1978–2013)
After retiring, Stebbins remained active in painting, conservation, and education, and continued to make natural history observations. He revised his well-known and widely used Field Guide in 1985 and again in 2003. He co-wrote the non-specialist book A Natural History of Amphibians with former student <mask> in 1997, and revised his Field Guide to California Amphibians and Reptiles in 2012, with new contributions by Samuel McGinnis, another former student.In 2009 he produced Connecting With Nature: A Naturalist's Perspective, a book intended to help connect children with nature. He took additional art lessons, broadened his subject matter to include landscapes, African wildlife, portraits, and still lifes, and took up the violin, which he had studied decades earlier. His paintings have been shown and sold in galleries and museums in Berkeley, Palm Springs, and Oregon. Stebbins was a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences, which awarded him its highest honor, the Fellows Medal, in 1991. Stebbins died at age 98 at his home in Eugene, Oregon on September 23, 2013, having been in declining health over the previous year. He was survived by his wife and three children. Only one week before his death, he was honored in the
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scientific name of a newly described species of legless lizard, Anniella stebbinsi.His collected field notes, comprising over 35 bound volumes, are archived in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. The "Stebbins"
Stebbins' book A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, first published in 1966 and revised in 1985, 2003, and 2018, has widely been considered "the bible of the field" for American herpetologists. Often referred to simply as "Stebbins", the book has educated and inspired generations of naturalists and herpetologists. On the impact of the guide, professor Samuel Sweet of UC Santa Barbara stated "Before that book, if people went out to look for snakes, it was so they could gather them up to sell to pet shops or just show off to their buddies. What [Stebbins] did was help make a transition to a similar situation as bird watching, where it became OK to just look at the animals and leave them alone." In 2017 the book was ranked #7 in BookFinder.com's "out-of-print and in demand", a list of the most searched for out-of-print titles. In 1966, the Houghton-Mifflin Company first published A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians as part of its Peterson Field Guide series.While including some illustrations from Stebbins' previous books, the high quality of the artwork was immediately recognized, as was the quality and thoroughness of the writing. Biologist David Wake, then of the University of Chicago but later to work with Stebbins at Berkeley, considered the only "serious defect" to be absence of any coverage of snake-bite first aid. Wake also noted that the geographic area covered left a gap ranging from 75 miles to over 400 miles wide when paired with the earlier Peterson Guide to eastern reptiles and amphibians by <mask>t. The second edition, published in 1985, included several changes such as 37 new species, 12 new plates of illustrations, the inclusion of endemic species of the Baja California Peninsula, and new common names chosen to enhance clarity. In his
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1986 review, Sweet remarked on the frankness of imperfect knowledge: "For the first time we have a field guide that indicates clearly which taxonomic interpretations are tentative and where distributions and life history features remain poorly known." Concerned about the impact of over-collecting, Stebbins reduced coverage of collecting and keeping animals, and also removed a section on handling venomous snakes. The third edition, published in 2003, included 36 new species and several new paintings.Stebbins considered keeping up-to-date with current scientific literature the most daunting task due to the volume of recent publications. The fourth edition was published posthumously in 2018, with Samuel McGinnis as co-author. It covers 332 species compared to the third edition's 281, a result of taxonomic changes in the preceding 15 years, although only two of the newly included species are illustrated. Books
2nd ed., 1985; 3rd ed., 2003; 4th ed., 2018
Films
Nature Next Door. Sierra Club, National Press. Palo Alto, California. (1962)
No Room for Wilderness?Lawrence Dawson Productions, San Francisco. (1967)
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
"Discovering a ring species", Understanding Evolution, University of California
Video: Stebbins on Life (2005), at YouTube
Photographs by <mask>. Stebbins at CalPhotos, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection
Finding Aid to the <mask> C. Stebbins papers at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
Collection guide to <mask>. Stebbins illustrations of western reptiles, amphibians and birds, Bancroft Library, U.C. Berkeley
1915 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American zoologists
American conservationists
American herpetologists
American people of English descent
American people of Swiss descent
Animal artists
People from Chico, California
Artists from Eugene, Oregon
Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Activists from Los Angeles
North
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<mask> (March 2, 1816 – January 17, 1882) was an American lawyer, politician, and businessman from Massachusetts. First a Whig and then a Republican, he served three terms (1866–69) as the 26th Governor of Massachusetts. He was actively opposed to the expansion of slavery before the American Civil War, playing a major role in the New England Emigrant Aid Society, founded in 1855 to settle the Kansas Territory with abolitionists. He was for many years involved in the insurance industry in Worcester, where he also served one term as mayor. <mask> was educated as a lawyer, and married into the wealthy Hazard family of arms manufacturers, becoming one of the state's wealthiest men. He served in the state legislature during the war, and was active in recruiting for the war effort. He was an advocate of temperance, and of the expansion of railroads in the state.Early years
<mask> <mask> was born on March 2, 1816, in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of Sarah (Davis) and <mask>. His father was a merchant and farmer who also owned a small mill and was active in local politics. He attended the local schools before going to Leicester Academy. <mask> graduated from Amherst College in 1836 and from Harvard Law School in 1840. He was then admitted to the Massachusetts Bar and joined the law practice of Emory Washburn in Worcester. However, he drifted away from the law, becoming involved in the insurance business as an agent. He eventually joined the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, which had John Davis as its first president.In 1842 <mask> became active in political and public service. He served as a military assistant to John Davis, who was Governor of Massachusetts that year, after which he was frequently referred to as "<mask>". In that year he also became editor of the National Aegis, a Whig newspaper with which he would remain associated for many years. In 1844 <mask> married Elvira Hazard, daughter of
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Augustus George Hazard of Enfield, Connecticut; they had three children, including explorer <mask> Workman. Elvira's father was owner of a major munitions factory, and upon his death in 1868 the Bullocks inherited a significant fortune, becoming one of the wealthiest families in the state. Massachusetts legislature
<mask> was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a Whig in 1844, serving until 1848; for two years he was chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1849 he served in the Massachusetts Senate.In 1854, <mask> became a principal in the New England Emigrant Aid Company, established by Eli Thayer to send anti-slavery settlers to the Kansas Territory after the Kansas-Nebraska Act specified that slavery in the territory was to be determined by popular sovereignty. Worcester politics
When Worcester was chartered as a city in 1848, <mask> was elected to serve on its inaugural Common Council. He first ran for mayor of Worcester in 1853, but lost the election. In 1859, he was elected mayor of Worcester, narrowly defeating Republican William W. Rice. During his one-year term he donated his $1,000 salary to the awarding of medals to recognized students in the city's schools. The city authorized the establishment of a public library, and acquired the land for its construction. He did not stand for reelection in 1860.<mask> was elected a member of the Worcester-based American Antiquarian Society in 1855. He served as president of the Worcester County Horticultural Society from 1860 to 1863. Civil War
In 1861 <mask> was again elected to the state legislature, serving until 1866. <mask> was elected Speaker of the House in January 1862, serving in that role until 1865 with near-unanimous support. He was energetic in recruitment of troops for the Union Army, and was diligent in the oversight of the state's finances during the conflict. He supported labor reforms, in particular
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legislation limiting the length of the workday, although such legislation would not be enacted in the state until 1874, when a ten-hour workday was mandated (albeit with significant loopholes). Governor of Massachusetts
<mask> received the Republican Party nomination for governor in 1865 after John A. Andrew decided not to stand for reelection.<mask> defeated Civil War General Darius Couch in the general election, and served three consecutive one-year terms. <mask> was a member of an informal group of Republicans known as the "Bird Club" (for its organizer, paper magnate Francis W. Bird), which effectively controlled the state Republican Party organization and dominated the state's elected offices into the 1870s. During his tenure he improved the state's finances, reducing war-related debts. <mask> was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage, although the more conservative legislature never enacted enabling legislation. He also favored state support for railroads, signing bills providing loans totalling $6 million to the Troy and Greenfield Railroad for the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in each of his terms. He was also responsible for hiring Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. to oversee the work on that troubled project. One of the more contentious issues during <mask>'s tenure was the state's alcohol prohibition law, which had been enacted in the 1850s, and which politically divided the otherwise dominant Republicans.Easing of either the law's strict rules or their enforcement was regularly debated in the legislature. <mask>, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach of Andrew before him, enforced the prohibition law more strictly than any other governor of the period. This policy was probably responsible for the declining margins of victory in his three elections. In 1868, legislative proponents of relaxed rules secured passage of a law abolishing the state police, who were tasked with the law's
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enforcement. <mask> vetoed this bill, pointing out that the state police performed other vital functions. At the same time, a law replacing abolition with a licensing scheme was passed; <mask> allowed this bill to become law without his signature. In 1869, a more conservative legislature restored the previous prohibition statute.<mask> declined to run for reelection in 1868, promoting Henry L. Dawes as his successor. Opposing Dawes for the Republican nomination was George F. Loring, a protégé of Benjamin Franklin Butler. <mask>'s mentor Francis Bird worked behind the scenes to secure the nomination instead for William Claflin, who went on to win the election. Later years
After leaving office, <mask> returned to the insurance business, in which he remained until the end of his life. He refused repeated offers to stand for the United States Congress, and in 1879 turned down an offer by President Rutherford B. Hayes of the ambassadorship to the United Kingdom. In early January 1882, he was elected president of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, but died quite suddenly in Worcester on January 17, 1882. He was buried in Worcester's Rural Cemetery.See also
83rd Massachusetts General Court (1862)
84th Massachusetts General Court (1863)
85th Massachusetts General Court (1864)
86th Massachusetts General Court (1865)
Notes
References
External links
Governors of Massachusetts
Amherst College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Massachusetts Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Massachusetts lawyers
Massachusetts Republicans
Mayors of Worcester, Massachusetts
Massachusetts state senators
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
1816 births
1882 deaths
People from Royalston, Massachusetts
Burials at Rural Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Members of the American Antiquarian
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<mask> (; born January 25, 1991) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is the recipient of multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and nominations for an Academy Award, a Tony Award, two BAFTA Awards, and two Critics Choice Movie Awards. <mask> made her television debut competing on So You Think You Can Dance. She then made her Broadway debut in the musical Bring It On: The Musical in 2011 and appeared in further Broadway roles in Motown: The Musical in 2013 and Pippin in 2014. She also appeared in the original cast of Hamilton from 2015 to 2016 and as Jane in A Bronx Tale from 2016 to 2017. In 2018, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Donna Summer in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical. <mask> also appeared in the filmed stage recording of Hamilton, which was released in 2020 on Disney+.She played Alyssa Greene in Netflix's The Prom (2020) and Emma in the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon! (2021). In 2021, her role as Anita in Steven Spielberg's musical film West Side Story (2021), an adaptation of the 1961 film of the same name and inspired by the 1957 play of the same name, earned her worldwide recognition and several accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for two British Academy Film Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and an Academy Award. Early life
<mask> was born on January 25, 1991, in Raleigh, North Carolina. Her mother, <mask>, is an 8th grade teacher. <mask> trained in dance at CC & Co. Dance Complex in Raleigh. <mask> has stated that her father is Puerto Rican and her mother is white, and that she also has African-American and Italian ancestry.Career
2009–2017: Early work
<mask> made her television debut in 2009, when she competed on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance, making it into the Top 20. She later appeared on the soap opera One Life to Live and played Inez in the
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North Carolina Theatre's production of Hairspray before appearing in the role of Nautica in the 2011 Alliance Theatre production of Bring It On. She also appeared in the ensemble of the New York Philharmonic production of Company, which was filmed for television. At the end of 2011, Bring It On embarked on a national tour across the United States. <mask> continued her role into the 2012 Broadway production and understudied the character Danielle. In 2013, <mask> played Mary Wilson in Motown on Broadway, understudying the role of Diana Ross. She later joined the cast of Pippin on Broadway, playing a noble and a player and understudying the role of the Leading Player, which she ended up taking over for a short period in 2014.She can be heard playing director/choreographer Zoey Taylor in As the Curtain Rises, an original Broadway soap opera podcast from the Broadway Podcast Network. In 2015, <mask> left Pippin to join the ensemble of the off-Broadway musical Hamilton. The show moved to Broadway later that year. She left Hamilton in July 2016 and made a guest appearance on the TV series Blue Bloods as Sophia Ortiz. She also starred as Daphne in the thriller film Seaside. From November 2016 to August 2017, <mask> portrayed Jane on Broadway in A Bronx Tale. 2017–present: Breakthrough and further recognition
In late 2017, <mask> received her breakthrough role, playing Disco Donna in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical at San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse.She reprised this role in the Broadway production, which opened in April 2018. She was nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. <mask> played Alyssa Greene in the film adaptation of The Prom, directed by Ryan Murphy. In March 2021, <mask> released a dance-pop recording and video of Rodgers & Hammerstein's "Shall We Dance" for the album R&H Goes Pop, produced by Justin Goldner and arranged by Benjamin Rauhala. In 2021, <mask> played Emma Tate in the parody musical comedy series Schmigadoon! on Apple TV+. She will also star in the spy film Argylle for the service.Despite initially
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not seeing herself playing the role and refusing to audition for it, <mask> played Anita in the 2021 film adaptation of the musical West Side Story, directed by Steven Spielberg. The film was released in December 2021 to critical acclaim. <mask> herself received critical attention for her performance of Anita, with Caryn James of BBC praising her performance, declaring, "Anita, in a layered, dynamic performance by <mask> <mask>, is the centre of attention, swirling her skirt and dancing to the Latin rhythms that infuse the film." David Fear of Rolling Stone magazine wrote, "DeBose...strong contender for Most Valuable Player here, whose energy—in her singing, her dancing, her line-reading, her side-eyeing—could power a metropolitan block." She also received multiple accolades, including a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, making her the first Afro-Latina and openly queer woman of color to win the latter award, and nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award. In February 2021, it was announced that she would play Kira Foster in the upcoming film I.S.S. On January 6, 2022, <mask> was announced as the host of Saturday Night Live on January 15, 2022.Personal life
<mask> identifies as queer and came out to her grandparents in 2015. In December 2020, <mask> and Jo Ellen Pellman launched the Unruly Hearts Initiative. The initiative was created to help young people connect with organizations and charities that advocate for the LGBTQ+ community. Acting credits
Theatre
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Official website
Living people
1991 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from North Carolina
African-American actresses
21st-century African-American women singers
American actresses of Puerto Rican descent
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Italian descent
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
LGBT people from North Carolina
Queer actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century LGBT
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<mask><mask> and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Outpatient Psychiatry and a Professor of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology at the University of Louisville. <mask> has four daughters: Cristina, Sabrina, Belinda, and Melina. <mask> is the Founder and President of the NGLY1 Foundation. He is married to <mask>, a research assistant professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville who studies autism genetics. He has a personal blog titled "Cortical Chauvinism". His son-in-law is Matt Might, director of the Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute at the University of Alabama Birmingham.Education and early career
<mask> earned his medical degree from the University of Puerto Rico. He then completed clinical and research fellowships at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, including three years in neuropathology, where he was in-charge of pediatric neuropathology, which was when his interest in developmental disorders of the brain arose. He subsequently helped establish two brain banks, the Johns Hopkins Brain Resource Center and the Brain Bank Unit of the Clinical Brains Disorders Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). <mask> spent several years as a deputy medical examiner for Washington, D.C., where he gained experience with the postmortem examination of sudden infant death syndrome and child abuse, which was when he began publishing extensively on postmortem techniques, including neuronal morphometry immunocytochemistry, neurochemistry, and autoradiography. He also worked as a consultant and was staff neuropathologist at Sinai Hospital in Maryland, the North Charles Hospital, and the D.C. General Hospital. He is also a former lieutenant commander in the US Public Health Service. After serving as a professor of psychiatry and neurology at the Medical College of
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Georgia, he subsequently joined the University of Louisville faculty.In June 2014, he moved to the University of South Carolina and the Greenville Health System. Research
<mask>'s recent research projects have examined brain abnormalities in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and dyslexia. His interest has gradually come to focus on abnormalities of cortical neurocircuitry, in particular on the cell minicolumn, a vertical conglomerate of eighty to one hundred neurons that have in common a latency of response to stimulation. Using computerized imaging analysis, he has established the anatomical validity of the cell minicolumn. <mask> has reported interhemispheric differences in the morphometry of minicolumns that could provide explanations for the speciation of hominids. Localized in Brodmann area 22—part of Wernicke’s language region—the morphometric difference may play a role both in the development of language and in related disorders. His neuromorphology research, conducted in collaboration with other researchers from around the globe, has found there are drastic differences in the brains of autistic individuals.The studies that he conducted show that minicolumns (or 'brain strands') of autism spectrum individuals have more cells, but they are narrower and more densely packed, which he says can limit the brain's ability to send messages. <mask> claimed this helps explain symptoms since "there's not enough juice to actually power very long connections in the brain". <mask> has also been studying the autonomic nervous system in autistic individuals. He found that the sympathetic branch of the ANS is overactive in autistic children, which leads to higher levels of anxiety. Additionally, he believes that TMS and neurofeedback can reduce autonomic dysfunction that is
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linked to certain foods. <mask> notes that one of the problems with brain banks is that preserved brain tissue can deteriorate over time, but claims that brain banks promote far more research insight than MRI scans. Recognition
His expertise in the field of postmortem techniques was recognized by honorary appointments as a Scientific Expert for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and as a Professorial Lecturer for the Department of Forensic Science at George Washington University.Awards
Presidential Award of the American Medical Association, Puerto Rico Chapter (1981)
Physician's Recognition Award by the American Medical Association (1982-5)
National Research Service Award (1984-6)
Stanley Scholar (1994)
Distinguished Faculty, The Medical College of Georgia (1995)
Scientific Advisory Board, National Alliance for Autism Research (1996)
Tissue Advisory Board, Autism Tissue Board (1999-2000)
Senior Scientist Award, 11th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (2002)
Distinguished Clinical Research Award, Medical College of Georgia (2003)
Gottfried and Gisela Kolb Endowed Chair in Psychiatry (2003)
Chairperson, NIH-CSR Developmental Brain Disorders Study Section (2007-9)
Magisterial Presentation. Third World Congress of Autism (2010)
Contributing Piece Award presented by Families for Effective Autism Treatment (FEAT) (2011)
Opening Speaker for the International Symposium 2012 of the FRA/CIBERER on Advances in the Biomedical Research of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012)
Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee for Generation Rescue (2013)
Magisterial presentation. XV Simposio de investigaciones en salud: discapacidad y ciclo vital (2013)
Honorary Professor the International Autism Institute (2013)
Scientific Advisory Board, Clearly Present Foundation (2013)
Scientific Advisory Board, Center
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for Advanced Diagnostics, Evaluation, and Therapeutics, LLC (2013)
Miembro equipo fundador: Autismo Colombia (2014)
Scientific Advisory Board, Autism Research Institute, San Diego CA (2015)
Honorary Doctor of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (2015)
Visiting Professor of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University (2015)
President elect, International Consortium of Autism Institutes (2016)
Special Recognition, Distinguished Seminar Series, University of Louisville (2016)
Advisory Board, Our Sunny World, Russia (2017)
Member of the Irlen International Professional Advisory Board (2017)
The Outstanding Scholar Award (2017)
Frontiers Spotlight Award (2017)
Views on neurodiversity
Casanova has stated that most of the neurodiversity movement is based on the good intention to destigmatize autism, but some of their scientific arguments are questionable. He sees many other positives in the movement, such as the desire for acceptance and accommodations. Casanova states that the concepts behind neurodiversity originated in ancient Greek times, when Socrates attempted to determine which behaviors were a disorder and which ones were simply differences. According to him, those ideas were also seen in the Renaissance, the Romantic era, and the antipsychiatry movement. He further claims that Leo Kanner originated the modern version of the neurodiversity movement through studying autistic individuals.However, he says that the loudest voices in the neurodiversity camp are disruptive. <mask> said on their views that “They see the world in black and white, and either you are with them or against them” and “it might end up hurting research, and hurting the delivery of services to those people who most need them.” Additionally, he said “It’s not a blessing to have head-banging, eye-gouging or self-biting; those have
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serious side effects, including retinal detachment, cauliflower ears, they can get brain trauma, contusions. Those people need to be treated.”
In response to neurodiversity's claim that autistic individuals do not need medical treatment, <mask> points out that parents that support therapy or treatment for autistic children say that it will reduce their suffering and give them the best chance to succeed in adulthood. <mask> additionally claimed that until recently, the neurodiversity movement wilfully neglected the roles of Leo Kanner and Bernard Rimland in advocating for accommodations, claiming that they were ignored because those individuals also wanted medical treatments for autism. <mask> has also claimed that Neurotribes by Steve Silberman was unfairly weighted against Leo Kanner. <mask> has also written against Silberman's perspective that Hans Asperger, one of the first autism researchers, should be forgiven for his involvement in the Nazi regime. "Contrary to Mr. Silberman," <mask> wrote in response, "I do not defend or condone [Asperger’s] murderous actions."<mask> claims that some media sources have misrepresented his views on autism and neurodiversity. One article from WAVE 3 claimed that <mask> wanted to wipe out autism entirely when he said that was not true. Additionally, a Newsweek article claimed that <mask> received death threats from writing about autism, but this actually happened because some autistic individuals falsely thought he wanted to wipe out autism based on the WAVE 3 article. References
External links
<mask> - Professor of Psychiatry, University of Louisville Google Scholar Profile
WAVE3.com - 'UofL Neuroscientist So Close To Autism Breakthrough He's Helping Fund Research', Lori Lyle, (July 14, 2006)
American neurologists
Autism researchers
Living people
Year of birth missing
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<mask> is an American playwright, television writer, and teacher. <mask> has written for multiple television shows including, USA’s series, Graceland (TV series), AMC’s Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon’s I Love Dick (TV series), Hulu’s The First, and AMC’s The Preacher. She has also written many of her own full length and one act plays: Nomad Motel, The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up, Fast Company, The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness, Dirty and Big Blind/Little Blind and eight one act plays. <mask> has taught numerous workshops at New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women’s Project, American Palace Theatre, TDF, Young Playwrights, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts from Vassar College and a Masters in Fine Arts from The New School of Drama. <mask> taught play writing at Pace University in New York City and is a member of the Kilroys and New Dramatists. Childhood and education
<mask> grew up in Encino, Los Angeles, California with her parents and sister.She claims that growing up, she never imagined she would be involved in the theatre or screenwriting industry. She was extremely shy throughout middle school and had trouble speaking up in class. <mask> forced herself to audition for a show at her high school to push herself to be more outspoken. <mask> claims that she thought it would be easier to start speaking in a voice that wasn't her own while she learned how to be more assertive. She soon discovered that being in the theatre community made her part of a team that included people from all different friend groups, backgrounds, and ethnicities coming together with one common goal: to understand one another. This is where her idea of theatre as " the great equalizer" stems from. <mask> took a break from her life in the theatre for her college career.She attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York where she studied film and received a minor in education. <mask> believed she would be a poet and would support herself as a teacher and decided to stay in the New York
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area, specifically New York City after graduation to begin her career as a middle school English teacher. Life in New York
<mask> worked at multiple different educational institutions during her time as an English Teacher. The first school she taught at was a junior high school in East Harlem in which most of her students were economically disadvantaged. She found many of her students there faced difficulty focusing during her class due to outside stresses. Later, she taught at Hunter College High School, a school for gifted students who, based on test scores, represent the top one-quarter 1% of students in New York City. <mask> claims her teaching job at Hunter College High School was the best job she has ever had but she was expected to teach at a college level, which left her no time to write.<mask> began to search for a community in New York where she came across Peeling, a pan-Asian performance collective at the Asian American Writer's Workshop. <mask> was initially attracted to Peeling because she thought she would find a deeper sense of community amongst people with similar backgrounds/ethnicity as herself and felt she could workshop her poetry there. <mask> worked with Peeling for three years, contributing to their autobiographical performance art, beginning with her poems and expanding to larger works she began writing inspired by the small cruelties she faced (or witnessed) on the streets of New York City. The pieces she workshopped to at Peeling became increasingly more performative and steadily began to include more people until she realized she was creating theatre. <mask> claims she "grew tired of her own voice" which motivated her to begin writing characters with their own narrative and began attempting full length plays. However, <mask> realized she had not learned about theatre writing before and was lacking the tools to create what she wanted so she went back to school. <mask> received her Masters of Fine Arts from The New School for Drama in New York City.Immediately following grad school, <mask> became a teaching artist. She again utilized her
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minor in education, traveling by subway to different New York City public schools to teach about the art of theatre and theatre making. Plays and playwriting
Shortly after <mask> began writing full length plays, she stopped performing in them. <mask> claims this is due to the lack of representation of Asian women in theatre, and her feelings that there were more talented Asian American actors than herself who deserve the roles. Her full length plays focus on broad questions. <mask> has stated that some of the questions are "Why are parents so hard on their kids?" Why do people lie?""Why are we so mean to people that we love?" <mask> claims the question need to make her angry enough that she can stick with that question for however many years it takes to complete the play, and that she hopes that during that time she answers the question for herself. Full-length plays
Nomad Motel is about "Motel Kids/Parachute Kids" raising themselves and living on the poverty line. This drama is about 100 minutes long with a cast of two women and three men. The story of Alix, who lives in a motel room with his mom and two brothers and is desperately trying to make ends meet and Mason, who lives in a barren mansion while his father is away running jobs for the Hong Kong Triad. Mason's father vanishes, leaving Mason to care for himself, and hiding from the INS and Child Services. Mason and Alix become friends through their struggle to survive and escape their parents' mistakes.Nomad Motel was produced at the O'Neill Playwrights Conference, National New Play Network Showcase of New Plays, Atlantic Theatre Company's Mixfest, City Theatre Company and is an SCR Time Warner CrossRoads Commission. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up takes place in New York, but was written by <mask> in Los Angeles. This play made <mask> realize she needed to become more familiar with Los Angeles in order to make it a setting for her plays. With a cast of two people (one male, one female), the play is about falling in and out of love with your best friend. More specifically, Max and Diana who are forced to play
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together while their parents go on a date. Over the course of their parents relationship (dating, marriage, and eventually divorce) Max and Diana become unpredictably close and they see each other through the ups and downs of their own adult lives. The Two Kids That Blow Shit Up has been produced by Huntington Theatre Company's Breaking Ground Festival, Artists at Play and Mu Performing Arts and runs approximately 75 minutes in length.Fast Company According to <mask> the play was inspired by the questions: What is family? Why do we run cons each other every day? What is talent and how do we use talent? Is family just blood, or the people one chooses to surround themselves with? With a cast of two women and two men this dark comedy is about 90 minutes long and is a winner of the Edgerton New American Play Award and the Seattle Times Footlights Award for one of the year's best New Plays on a Small Stage. It is an EST/Sloan Commission and has been produced by South Coast Rep, Ensemble Studio Theatre, Porkfilled Productions, and Lyric Stage in Boston. The Sugar House at The Edge of the Wilderness was first produced with a cast of six (three women, three men) at the Ma-Ying Theatre Company.This drama is an adaptation of the classic children's fairytale Hansel and Gretel in which the two children, Han and Greta are adopted from China and are abandoned by their adopted parents and forced to live with their uncle, a rock journalist, in his apartment in the East Village of Chicago. Greta's rebellious nature turns dangerous when she begins to experiment with arson and is institutionalized. The Sugar House at the Edge of the Wilderness consists of two acts and runs about 90 minutes. TBA consists of two acts and utilizes a cast of two women and three men with a run time of 120 minutes. It has been produced by 2g and The Women's Project and is published in Out of Time and Place edited by Alexis Clements and Christine Evans. TBA is drama about Silas Parks who, prompted by a breakup, becomes a recluse, writing autobiographical stories from his Brooklyn apartment. After some fame for
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his stories, Silas' adopted brother, Finn, accuses Silas of stealing his life.Dirty is about 80 minutes long and requires a cast of four, two women and two men. There have been staged readings of Dirty by IRT, and Cannery Works with Stamford Center for the Arts and it was a finalist for Cherrylane Mentorship Project and Ignition Festival at Victory Gardens. Life back in California
<mask> was brought back to her home-state of California when her boyfriend at the time moved there for work. They were dating in New York City before he moved to Los Angeles for the pilot season of a television series. He later called her and said he felt he needed to stay in Los Angeles. The two remained in a long distance relationship for some time before <mask> decided to move to California to try her hand at working in television. She put most of her stuff in storage in New York, in case she were to move back.<mask> worked as a secretary in Los Angeles for one year before she was hired as a writer for season 2 of USA's television series, Graceland (her first experience in television). She has gone on to write for AMC's Fear the Walking Dead, Amazon's I Love Dick, Hulu's The First, and AMC's The Preacher. She has since removed her belongings from storage in New York and moved them to California. <mask> claims her adult relationship with Los Angeles is very different than the one she had with the city as a child and is excited about getting reacquainted with Los Angeles as a character for her plays, as New York was. Teaching
<mask> remains an active theatre artist and teacher. She has taught workshops at the New York Victory Theatre, Lincoln Center Institute, The Public Theatre, The Women's Project, American Place Theatre, Young Playwrights, TDF, The Wallis Annenberg Center, and Center Theatre Group. She taught playwriting at Pace University in New York City, and is an active member of The Kilroys and New Dramatists.References
American women dramatists and playwrights
American television writers
Vassar College alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century
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Galina Peneva Ivanova (), born 28 June 1973), known professionally as <mask> (), is a Bulgarian singer, sometimes referred to as the "Prima of Bulgarian pop-folk music". She was awarded the title Singer of the year in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2004, and Singer of the decade in 2007. <mask> is the only representative of the pop-folk genre with 4 independent concerts in Hall 1 of the prestigious National Palace of Culture in Sofia. Early life
<mask> was born to Stefka Ivanova and Penko Ivanov on 28 June 1973 in Ruse, Bulgaria, and after her parents' divorce was raised with her brother by their grandparents in the town of Dve Mogili. Music
<mask> has been a performer since 1992. Her debut album Щастието е Магия ("The Happiness is Magic") sold over 100 000 copies. За Добро или Зло ("For Good or Evil"), her second album, topped the charts with 400 000 – 500 000 copies, achieving a golden status in Bulgaria.On 2000 she released 12 Диаманта ("12 Diamonds"), which became certified as golden by The Bulgarian Association of Music Producers (BAMP). But perhaps the biggest hits in her career came with the release of her ninth album Крепост ("Fortress") in 2003. Her twelfth studio album Благодаря was released in Bulgaria in March 2007 and it sold over 16 000 physical copies within the first week of release. <mask> has been a jury in Music Idol and
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<mask><mask> (1848–1926) was an inventor, steel industrialist, and railroad magnate. He patented the design for a machine for inexpensive manufacture of barbed wire. <mask> founded the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company, which operated between Shreveport, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, this railroad formed the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad and eventually part of the Kansas City Southern Railroad. By the time of his death in 1926, <mask> was reputed to be the wealthiest resident of Louisiana. The New Orleans Times-Picayune stated that <mask> was "one of the most colorful and picturesque, and at the same time one of the least known, of the Louisiana captains of industry." Personal life
<mask> was born to parents <mask> and <mask> (née Hessmer) on March 20, 1848, in Plettenberg, Westphalia, Prussia.As a child, he attended private schools. However, his parents both died when <mask> was twelve years old. After his parents death, his sister Lena and he were without financial resources and so they lived with the Keyser family who were relatives of the <mask>s. Because of his limited finances, <mask> obtained an apprenticeship at a steel-wire manufacturing plant in Plettenberg, Germany. Here <mask> learned about metal work and the wire production business. In 1867, <mask> emigrated to the United States with his cousin Herman Keyser, whom he had befriended, initially living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In the United States, <mask> continued in the wire production business, obtaining work as a mechanic at a wire mill in Frankstown, Pennsylvania.During this Post-Civil War Expansion of the United States, there was much
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demand for steel-wire and various other wire products. In 1869, <mask> moved to St. Louis, Missouri, at which time he worked with local businessman F.M. Ludlow in the design and construction of a wire mill. <mask> carried out this work partly on a futures basis, a start in his ownership of wire production enterprises. He continued to work with Ludlow, as manufacturing manager until 1874. At that time, <mask> took on sales responsibilities at another of Ludlow's enterprises, the Ludlow-Saylor Wire Company. <mask> supplemented his on-the-job training with a business course at Jones's Commercial College in St. Louis.In 1875, he took leave from Ludlow's enterprises for a leave-of-absence in Europe to refresh his knowledge of state-of-the-art wire technology. Marriage and later years
In 1876, <mask> married Sarah Drain of St. Louis, Missouri. They had two children, one of whom they adopted. Both children died at young ages, one of a horseback riding accident and the other of diphtheria. His wife Sarah also served as a business confidant for the rest of <mask>'s life. She often accompanied him on his frequent business trips. Following their relocation to Louisiana, at a time when <mask> had already acquired considerable wealth, he and his wife maintained two homes.One was in New Orleans, and the other was a plantation home near Atlanta, Louisiana, which he named Emden after the Ems River in Europe. During his time in New Orleans, <mask> and his wife lived modestly despite their wealth. His business enterprises paid him a salary of $200 per year. The couple's New Orleans home was a modest house at 8018 Hampson Street in the Carrollton neighborhood of New Orleans. <mask>
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developed an extensive network of friends and acquaintances during his life and career. He befriended others, such as singer Leadbelley Ledbetter, whom <mask> frequently visited while Ledbetter was incarcerated at Angola State Penitentiary. He was reputed to be a generous philanthropist, although the extent of his philanthropy is unknown since his gifts were generally done anonymously.He was a member of the Democratic Party throughout his business career. In 1918, during United States involvement in World War I, <mask> was accused by federal authorities of being in violation of the Sedition Act of 1918, because of a public statement <mask> made that Germany was not a threat to US soil. He was arrested and briefly detained, with no charges being pressed. <mask> spent most of the latter years of his life at the Emden Plantation home. He died in 1926 of vascular diseases and was buried at Forest Park Cemetery in Shreveport. His estate was contested for many years. As of 2017, Emden Plantation is no longer extant.Estate disposition
<mask> died without a will in 1926 and left no surviving children or forced heirs. Consequently, his widow, Sarah, succeeded to his entire estate, then valued at more than $12 million. Earlier, in 1908, <mask> had executed a will, under which Paul Hessmer and others were named as legatees; but in 1919 <mask> signed another document revoking the 1908 will. Years after Sarah had been placed in possession of the entire estate, Hessmer and the other legatees under the 1908 will initiated litigation arguing that the 1919 revocation was invalid, and sought to have the 1908 will admitted to probate. In a 1941 decision, the Louisiana Supreme Court held
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that the 1919 revocation was valid, thus confirming <mask>'s succession to the entire estate. Career
Wire and cable industry
In 1877, on his return from his leave-of absence in Europe, <mask> founded the St. Louis Wire Mill Company with business associate O.P. Saylor by leasing the manufacturing facility first built by F.M.Ludlow. <mask> then had a succession of business interests and technical inventions related to wire manufacture and expanding its markets. These included acquisition of smaller barb wire producers, enabling him to consolidate the industry. He conducted his wire business with various business partners. Most notably, with John Warne Gates, <mask> formed the Consolidated Steel and Wire Company. <mask>'s inventions significantly reduced the cost of production of barb-wire, enabling Edenborn's wire company to control approximately 75% of the market. Besides the lower cost, Edenborn's barb wired production process resulted in a more humane form, one that was less injurious to farm animals.In standard practice, <mask>'s patented inventions were all in his own name without direct assignment to his corporate holdings. He granted royalty-free licenses to the companies that he owned and licensed his inventions elsewhere in the world for a significant royalty. New markets and opportunities
By the latter part of the 19th century, the market for telegraph and telephone wire expanded significantly, and <mask>'s companies capitalized on this opportunity. He established a series of new wire companies to take advantage of the growth opportunities and to capitalize on his inventions. Some of <mask>'s new companies included the Harrison Wire Company, Missouri Barbed
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Fence Company, Western Union Barbed Wire Fence Company. He also acquired the Harrison Wire Company of St. Louis, Missouri. Subsequently, under <mask>'s direction, Consolidated Steel and Wire Company merged with six other companies in the wire industry to form the American Steel and Wire Company.This firm was incorporated under Illinois state law in 1898 and became known colloquially as the "wire trust". Edenborn and Gates remained principle stockholders in the new firm. The firm was the world's largest producer of barb wire and steel wire products at the time. As the owner and manager of the American Steel and Wire Co., <mask> took action to mutually beneficial relations between labor and management. This included establishing the Employees' Benefit and Insurance Association, providing insurance and a pension at the company's expense, to benefit his employees. In 1901, <mask> sold his ownership of the wire companies to J.P. Morgan for $100 million, putting him among the wealthiest people in the United States at the time. These companies then became part of the US Steel Corporation.As a result of the acquisition of his companies, <mask> served on the board of directors and on the executive committee of US Steel Corporation until his resignation in 1909. During his time with the American Steel and Wire Company, <mask> is reputed to have said:
Railroads and land
Toward the end of the 19th century, as his business interests in wire and cable diminished, <mask> pursued diverse business interests including cotton, forestry products, and railroads. He and his wife visited Shreveport, Louisiana, for which <mask> perceived that the town's cotton and forestry products
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businesses were under-served by railroads. For this reason, <mask> began investing in land and railroads in Louisiana. Within a short period of time, he acquired more than a million acres of land in Louisiana. He established the Shreveport and Red River Valley Navigation Railroad Company. In 1898 <mask> created the Louisiana Central Construction Company for construction of his railroads, with a mix of freight and passenger service beginning in that year.One of his construction practices was to choose very low grades for the routes of the railroad so as to hold construction costs to a minimum. At times, <mask> purchased used rolling stock and railroad locomotives to minimize costs. He also built branches of the railroad, such as the Colfax and Northern Railway in order to better serve the local timber industry. Initially <mask>'s railroad had no competition, although the Louisiana and North West Railroad, the Arkansas Southern Railroad, and the Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad soon appeared. The competition caused <mask> to extend his service ultimately to New Orleans. Early on, <mask> used a mix of rail and steamboat service for the extension to New Orleans, and, in this way, his railroad could serve the lucrative cotton trade of the region. Around the same time, <mask> and John Warne Gates invested in another regional railroad, the Kansas City, Pittsburgh and Gulf Railroad, which served a corridor near Shreveport.Edenborn and Gates reorganized the railroad at which time it became known as the Kansas City Southern Railway Company. <mask> served on the railroad's board of directors from 1900 to 1902. He eventually became chairman of the board of the Kansas City Southern
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Railroad. In 1903, <mask> created the Louisiana Railway and Navigation Company. This new company pursued service of <mask>'s network of Louisiana railways all the way into New Orleans. The service into New Orleans commenced in 1906. His railroads started passenger service into New Orleans the following year.Public funding and politics
As <mask> sought to expand his railroad, he often pursued public funding to offset construction costs. Huey Long was a rising local politician at the time, from an influential political family. Long and his political family opposed <mask>'s pursuit of public funding, which set the stage for a political feud between <mask> and Huey Long. This feud persisted for the rest of <mask>'s career. <mask> had been managing his Louisiana railroads from his home in New York City. He relocated to New Orleans, coincident with the start of his railroad service into the city. By that time, his railroad was approximately 306 miles long, with ferry service to cross the Mississippi River in order to enter the city of New Orleans.The railroad carried various types of freight, especially timber, cotton, sugar, and oil. Edenborn at times leased trackage rights to other railroads. The railroad billed itself as the "Short Line Through Louisiana". While <mask> continued to spend money expanding the railroad and purchasing rolling stock and suitable ferry service, he compromised on track maintenance. In 1918, Huey Long became a member of the Louisiana Railroad Commission. In that position, Long pressured Edenborn to provide suitable upkeep on the railroad. Financial records indicate that the railroad was earning a low return-on-investment, even though it appeared
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to meet Edenborn's cash flow needs.Long's pressure on <mask> subsided when Long became governor of Louisiana. <mask> continued to expand the railroad. In 1923, <mask>'s Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co. purchased a route to Dallas, Texas, in a $700,000 cash transaction. Subsequently, the railroad went through a succession of name changes, from the Louisiana Arkansas & Texas Railroad to the Louisiana & Arkansas Railroad. After his death, his wife <mask> became chief executive of their railroad. She was the first woman to hold such a position at a railroad in the United States. <mask> sold the railroad to railroad executive <mask> in a transaction that was completed just before the 1929 stock market crash.Experimental farming
<mask> used his Emden Plantation and its surrounding land as an agricultural experiment station. Among his agricultural endeavors, he experimented with improved peanut production using advice he received from George Washington <mask>. At Emden Plantation, <mask> invented an apparatus for improved distillation of pine oil for turpentine manufacture, for which he received a United States patent. He worked on means of farming silkworms, improved cotton harvest, and pest protection of cotton plants. <mask> was also involved in a reforestation effort in the nearby community of Winnfield, Louisiana. Recognition
A Great Lakes freighter ship, the SS <mask>, was named after <mask>. The ship ran aground in 1905 in a storm, five years after its launching.The ship was severely damaged, although it was restored to service, operating until its decommissioning in 1962. Another Great Lakes freighter ship was named after his wife, the SS <mask>. Edenborn Avenue in
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Metairie, Louisiana, is named after him, as was the Edenborn Post Office in Gonzales, Louisiana. <mask> named a railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, "Hessmer" after his mother's surname at birth. A village eventually was built around this depot, and it became known as Hessmer, Louisiana. United States patents
<mask>, <mask>.; Griesche, Gustav. Barb-wire Machine.US 270,646, United States Patent and Trademark Office, January 16, 1863. <mask>, <mask>. Machine for Coiling Wire. US 480,565A, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 9, 1892. <mask>, <mask>. Wire-Fencing Machine. US 653,889, United States Patent and Trademark Office, July 10, 1900.<mask>, <mask>. Apparatus for Extracting Resin and Allied Products. US 1,351,629, United States Patent and Trademark Office, August 31, 1920. References
Further reading
<mask>, Glen. The Man Who Fenced the West. Osthoff-Thalden Publishers, 1984, . The library at Louisiana State University at Shreveport maintains a collection of <mask>'s papers.Fair, James R. The Louisiana and Arkansas Railway: the Story of a Regional Line. Northern Illinois University Press, 1997, . 1848 births
1926 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Businesspeople from New Orleans
Businesspeople from Louisiana
American
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<mask> "Eman" <mask> (born August 16, 1966) is an American songwriter, producer, record executive, music publisher and multi-instrumentalist, based in Los Angeles. He recently co-wrote and produced "Take You Dancing" by Jason Derulo, and has produced a number of Billboard Hot 100 charting singles including: "What's Left of Me" by Nick Lachey, "Crush" by David Archuleta, "Who Says" by Selena Gomez & the Scene, and "Tonight Tonight" by Hot Chelle Rae, which was #1 on the Billboard Hot AC charts, "It Girl" by Jason Derulo, as well as "Classic" and "American Dream" by MKTO. He has also collaborated with Celine Dion, Ne-Yo, MKTO, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, ZAYN, Gabby Barrett, Rachel Platten, David Foster, Madison Beer, Robert DeLong, Whitney Houston, Simple Plan, and Backstreet Boys. Early life
Kiriakou began playing with the guitar and piano at the age of 5, and joined his father's Greek band at the age of fourteen. He credits this time in his father's band as his real musical education. He graduated from Youngstown State University's Dana School of Music, in Youngstown, Ohio with a degree in music, and then relocated to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he won a Cleo Award for a Miller Lite television commercial. After relocating to New York City, he linked up with Joey McIntyre and produced his second solo record, "Meet Joe Mac".<mask> relocated to Los Angeles in 2004 (where he worked closely with Walter Afanasieff) where he currently resides with his wife, Aliki Theofilopoulos
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<mask> (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was sometimes simply known as "the Certaldese" and one of the most important figures in the European literary panorama of the fourteenth century. Some scholars (including Vittore Branca) define him as the greatest European prose writer of his time, a versatile writer who amalgamated different literary trends and genres, making them converge in original works, thanks to a creative activity exercised under the banner of experimentalism. His most notable works are The Decameron, a collection of short stories which in the following centuries was a determining element for the Italian literary tradition, especially after Pietro Bembo elevated the Boccaccia style to a model of Italian prose in the sixteenth century, and On Famous Women. He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in Tuscan vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot. The influence of <mask>'s works was not limited to the Italian cultural scene but extended to the rest of Europe, exerting influence on authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, a key figure in English literature, or later on Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega and the Spanish classical theater. <mask>, together with Dante
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Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, is part of the so-called "Three Crowns" of Italian literature.He is remembered for being one of the precursors of humanism, of which he helped lay the foundations in the city of Florence, in conjunction with the activity of his friend and teacher Petrarch. He was the one who initiated Dante's criticism and philology: Boccaccio devoted himself to copying codices of the Divine Comedy and was a promoter of Dante's work and figure. In the twentieth century, <mask> was the subject of critical-philological studies by Vittore Branca and Giuseppe Billanovich, and his Decameron was transposed to the big screen by the director and writer Pier Paolo Pasolini. Biography
Florentine childhood, 1313–1327
The details of <mask>'s birth are uncertain. He was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman; he was likely born out of wedlock. <mask>'s stepmother was called Margherita de' Mardoli.<mask> grew up in Florence. His father worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, who was of a well-to-do family. <mask> may have been tutored by <mask>li and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante. In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank and moved with his family to Naples. <mask> was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession. He persuaded his father to let him study law at the Studium (the present-day University
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of Naples), where he studied canon law for the next six years. He also pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies.His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise (the king of Naples) in the 1330s. At this time, he fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who is portrayed as "Fiammetta" in many of Boccaccio's prose romances, including Il Filocolo (1338). Boccaccio became a friend of fellow Florentine Niccolò Acciaioli, and benefited from his influence as the administrator, and perhaps the lover, of Catherine of Valois-Courtenay, widow of Philip I of Taranto. Acciaioli later became counselor to Queen Joanna I of Naples and, eventually, her Grand Seneschal. It seems that Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia (a curator and author of a collection of myths called the Collectiones), humanists Barbato da Sulmona and <mask>, and theologian Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro. Neapolitan adolescence, 1327–1340
A cosmopolitan environment: self-taught training
Boccaccino wanted his son to enter the profession of merchant, according to the family tradition.After having made him do a short internship in Florence, in 1327 Boccaccino decided to take his young son with him to Naples, the city where he played the role of business broker for the Bardi family. Adult years
In Naples, <mask> began what he
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considered his true vocation of poetry. Works produced in this period include Il Filostrato and Teseida (the sources for Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, respectively), The Filocolo (a prose version of an existing French romance), and La caccia di Diana (a poem in terza rima listing Neapolitan women). The period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly the introduction of the Sicilian octave, where it influenced Petrarch. <mask> returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city, but also missing the visit of Petrarch to Naples in 1341. He had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence. His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt.His mother died shortly afterward (possibly, as she was unknown – see above). <mask> continued to work, although dissatisfied with his return to Florence, producing Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine in 1341 (also known as Ameto), a mix of prose and poems, completing the fifty-canto allegorical poem Amorosa visione in 1342, and Fiammetta in 1343. The pastoral piece "Ninfale fiesolano" probably dates from this time, also. In 1343, <mask>'s father remarried to Bice del Bostichi. His other children by his first marriage had all died, but he had another son named Iacopo in 1344. In Florence, the overthrow of Walter of Brienne brought about the government of popolo minuto ("small people", workers). It diminished the influence of the nobility and the wealthier merchant classes and assisted in
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the relative decline of Florence.The city was hurt further in 1348 by the Black Death, which killed some three-quarters of the city's population, later represented in the Decameron. From 1347, <mask> spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, despite his claims, it is not certain whether he was present in plague-ravaged Florence. His stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was closely associated with the government efforts as minister of supply in the city. His father died in 1349 and Boccaccio was forced into a more active role as head of the family. <mask> began work on The Decameron around 1349. It is probable that the structures of many of the tales date from earlier in his career, but the choice of a hundred tales and the frame-story lieta brigata of three men and seven women dates from this time. The work was largely complete by 1352.It was <mask>'s final effort in literature and one of his last works in Tuscan vernacular; the only other substantial work was Corbaccio (dated to either 1355 or 1365). Boccaccio revised and rewrote The Decameron in 1370–1371. This manuscript has survived to the present day. From 1350, <mask> became closely involved with Italian humanism (although less of a scholar) and also with the Florentine government. His first official mission was to Romagna in late 1350. He revisited that city-state twice and also was sent to Brandenburg, Milan and Avignon. He also pushed for the study of Greek, housing Barlaam of Calabria, and encouraging his tentative translations of works
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by Homer, Euripides, and Aristotle.In these years, he also took minor orders. In October 1350, he was delegated to greet Francesco Petrarch as he entered Florence and also to have Petrarch as a guest at <mask>'s home, during his stay. The meeting between the two was extremely fruitful and they were friends from then on, Boccaccio calling Petrarch his teacher and magister. Petrarch at that time encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature. They met again in Padua in 1351, Boccaccio on an official mission to invite Petrarch to take a chair at the university in Florence. Although unsuccessful, the discussions between the two were instrumental in Boccaccio writing the Genealogia deorum gentilium; the first edition was completed in 1360 and this remained one of the key reference works on classical mythology for over 400 years. It served as an extended defense for the studies of ancient literature and thought.Despite the Pagan beliefs at its core, <mask> believed that much could be learned from antiquity. Thus, he challenged the arguments of clerical intellectuals who wanted to limit access to classical sources to prevent any moral harm to Christian readers. The revival of classical antiquity became a foundation of the Renaissance, and his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development. The discussions also formalized Boccaccio's poetic ideas. Certain sources also see a conversion of <mask> by Petrarch from the open humanist of the Decameron to a more
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ascetic style, closer to the dominant fourteenth century ethos. For example, he followed Petrarch (and Dante) in the unsuccessful championing of an archaic and deeply allusive form of Latin poetry. In 1359, following a meeting with Pope Innocent VI and further meetings with Petrarch, it is probable that Boccaccio took some kind of religious mantle.There is a persistent (but unsupported) tale that he repudiated his earlier works as profane in 1362, including The Decameron. In 1360, <mask> began work on De mulieribus claris, a book offering biographies of 106 famous women, that he completed in 1374. A number of <mask>'s close friends and other acquaintances were executed or exiled in the purge following the failed coup of 1361. It was in this year that <mask> left Florence to reside in Certaldo, although not directly linked to the conspiracy, where he became less involved in government affairs. He did not undertake further missions for Florence until 1365, and traveled to Naples and then on to Padua and Venice, where he met up with Petrarch in grand style at Palazzo Molina, Petrarch's residence as well as the place of Petrarch's library. He later returned to Certaldo. He met Petrarch only once again in Padua in 1368.Upon hearing of the death of Petrarch (19 July 1374), <mask> wrote a commemorative poem, including it in his collection of lyric poems, the Rime. He returned to work for the Florentine government in 1365, undertaking a mission to Pope Urban V. The papacy returned to Rome from Avignon in 1367, and <mask> was again
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sent to Urban, offering congratulations. He also undertook diplomatic missions to Venice and Naples. Of his later works, the moralistic biographies gathered as De casibus virorum illustrium (1355–74) and De mulieribus claris (1361–1375) were most significant. Other works include a dictionary of geographical allusions in classical literature, De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus, stagnis seu paludibus, et de nominibus maris liber. He gave a series of lectures on Dante at the Santo Stefano church in 1373 and these resulted in his final major work, the detailed Esposizioni sopra la Commedia di Dante. <mask> and Petrarch were also two of the most educated people in early Renaissance in the field of archaeology.<mask>'s change in writing style in the 1350s was due in part to meeting with Petrarch, but it was mostly due to poor health and a premature weakening of his physical strength. It also was due to disappointments in love. Some such disappointment could explain why <mask> came suddenly to write in a bitter Corbaccio style, having previously written mostly in praise of women and love, though elements of misogyny are present in Il Teseida. Petrarch describes how Pietro Petrone (a Carthusian monk) on his death bed in 1362 sent another Carthusian (Gioacchino Ciani) to urge him to renounce his worldly studies. Petrarch then dissuaded <mask> from burning his own works and selling off his personal library, letters, books, and manuscripts. Petrarch even offered to purchase Boccaccio's library, so that it would become
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part of Petrarch's library. However, upon <mask>'s death, his entire collection was given to the monastery of Santo Spirito, in Florence, where it still resides.His final years were troubled by illnesses, some relating to obesity and what often is described as dropsy, severe edema that would be described today as congestive heart failure. He died on 21 December 1375 in Certaldo, where he is buried. Works
Alphabetical listing of selected works
Amorosa visione (1342)
Buccolicum carmen (1367–1369)
Caccia di Diana (1334–1337)
Comedia delle ninfe fiorentine (Ninfale d'Ameto, 1341–1342)
Corbaccio (around 1365, this date is disputed)
De Canaria (within 1341–1345)
De Casibus Virorum Illustrium (). Facsimile of 1620 Paris ed., 1962, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, . De mulieribus claris (1361, revised up to 1375)
The Decameron (1349–52, revised 1370–1371)
Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta (1343–1344)
Esposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante (1373–1374)
Filocolo (1336–1339)
Filostrato (1335 or 1340)
Genealogia deorum gentilium libri (1360, revised up to 1374)
Ninfale fiesolano (within 1344–46, this date is disputed)
Rime (finished 1374)
Teseida delle nozze di Emilia (before 1341)
Trattatello in laude di Dante (1357, title revised to De origine vita studiis et moribus viri clarissimi Dantis Aligerii florentini poetae illustris et de operibus compositis ab eodem)
Zibaldone Magliabechiano (within 1351–1356)
See Consoli's bibliography for an exhaustive listing. See also
Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer
Notes
Citations
Sources
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<mask> (born December 17, 1982) is a Gabonese former professional basketball player. He played college basketball at the University of Massachusetts (UMass), with the UMass Minutemen, and he was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft. In 2016 Stephane won the EuroCup Championship and earned the Finals MVP award, as well as, an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2014 and won the EuroLeague Best Defender award in 2013, among others. Early career
On December 17, 1982, <mask> was born in Port-Gentil, Gabon, to Onanga Liliane. He was brought up in Port-Gentil, Gabon, his father being an oil company engineer. His mother, Liliane, was an economist. <mask> knew how to speak French and his native language of Myene in his childhood, but learned some English through high school classes.<mask> grew up loving soccer, but began playing basketball at 14, when he was introduced to his school's coach. When asked why he started playing the game, Lasme said, "I was growing faster than the other kids my age." One media report stated that he nailed a basketball hoop to a tree at age 15 and estimated the official NBA requirement of 10 feet, but instead put it 12 feet above the ground. He said, "I had a rim put in at my house. It was higher than 10 feet, though." His favorite players as a child were Scottie Pippen and Michael Jordan, whom he used to watch on television by sneaking out of bed at night. He also grew up as a fan of Marcus Camby.<mask> competed for Aveley Club Port-Gentil, a youth club that was designed to be an
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after-school program. He attended high school at Léon M'ba in his native Gabon and was called up by Arimbi Nkolo, head coach of his country's national team. While at Léon M'ba, whose basketball team competed in the African High School Federation, he played under Ebolo Firmin. <mask> also played for Capo Libreville in the 2002 FIBA Africa Basketball Club Championship. College career
In February 2003 <mask> moved to the United States. <mask>'s cousin, Serge Lapeby gave him a home in Boston. He helped him adjust to the new environment, saying, "He had to learn the culture, the language, the colder weather—that was a bit of a challenge—and the lifestyle."He was forced to compete in a gymnasium, as he arrived in the United States in the winter, and played in Emmanuel College. Lapeby tried to recruit <mask> to play for the school's team, and succeeded, but it did not offer athletic scholarships as an NCAA Division III college. <mask> subsequently enrolled in Emmanuel College, primarily for its ESL program. He began playing basketball for the college and attracted the attention of many NCAA Division I programs. <mask>'s performance in the Eastern Invitational All-Star Game, which took place in New Jersey, was most noted. The game was attended by Massachusetts Minutemen basketball coach Steve Lappas, who was searching for potential recruits. Lappas was impressed by <mask>'s raw skills and offered him a scholarship to play for the Minutemen.He signed an institutional financial aid agreement to compete with Massachusetts for the 2003–04 season and was eligible to participate in
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the winter. When the move was made official, the coach said, "We are excited to have Stephane join our program. We believe that he is a quality student and athlete. It is very exciting to find someone of his caliber at this point in time, and we feel he will be a very good addition to our program." Freshman
On November 9, 2003, <mask> made his first appearance in a Massachusetts uniform in an exhibition game against the Harlem Globetrotters. He finished with 1 point and 5 turnovers in 9 minutes of playing time, as the Minutemen fell to Harlem, 68-77. He competed in another exhibition game on November 14 against the Playaz basketball club, but was awarded 22 minutes on the court.In his official collegiate debut, a win over St. Francis (NY), <mask> contributed 6 points and 6 rebounds off the bench. He grabbed 13 rebounds in a quarterfinals game of the Preseason National Invitational Tournament vs Texas Tech, the first time he recorded double-digits in any major statistical category at the collegiate level. He also had four blocked shots, as UMass fell, 50-90. <mask> scored a season-high 13 points on February 8, 2004, vs Dayton. He was awarded his first-ever start with the Minutemen on January 18, 2004, against Duquesne, but scored no points. He was named the winner of Massachusetts' Jack Leaman Defensive Award at the end of the season, ranking second in the Atlantic 10 Conference in blocked shots. <mask> finished the year with averages of 3.2 points, 3.4 rebounds and 1.8 blocks.Sophomore
As a sophomore, he started all 28 games for the Minutemen, and again finished as the
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league's second-leading shot blocker. <mask> continued his progression during his junior year. He started 27 of the team's 28 games (Senior Day being the exception), scored in double figures 15 times, and finished the year with a 10.5 average. <mask> was two blocks short of a triple-double against St. Peter's on December 27, 2005, with 21 points, 14 rebounds and 8 blocks. By the end of the season, <mask> blocked a total of 108 shots, an average of 3.9 per game, good for third-highest in the nation. The A-10 honored <mask> with their Defensive Player of the Year award. Senior
<mask>'s senior year at UMass was filled with personal accomplishments, records, and team success.He was named an AP Honorable Mention All-American, the Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year. He ranked first in the league in blocks and rebounding, and second in field goal percentage. He scored more than 20 points on four occasions, grabbed 10 or more rebounds on 17 occasions, and 10 or more blocks on four occasions. During the season, <mask> averaged 13.5 points, 9.5 rebounds, and 5.1 blocks per game, and led the Minutemen into the NIT, the team's first post-season play since the 1999–2000 season. In the 2006–07 season, <mask> tied an NCAA record with four triple-doubles in a single season, joining Jason Kidd (1994 at Cal) and Michael Anderson (1986 at Drexel). While Kidd and Anderson accomplished the feat by achieving double figures in scoring, rebounds, and assists, <mask>'s triple-doubles are in scoring, rebounds and blocks. His four triple-doubles were:
vs. St.
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Francis on November 22 (19 pts, 10 reb, 11 blocks);
vs. George Washington on January 10 (23 pts, 15 reb, 11 blocks);
vs. Rhode Island on February 8 (18 pts, 12 reb, 11 blocks) and
vs. La Salle on February 28 (17 pts, 10 reb, 10 blocks).Also in 2006–07 <mask> set new UMass records for career blocked shots (399), single season blocked shots (168), and blocks per game (11), passing Marcus Camby on all three lists. Professional career
In June 2007, <mask> was selected in the second round, 46th overall, in the 2007 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors, using the pick they got from the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Clifford Robinson. He made his NBA debut on November 8, playing only 3.8 seconds of game time in the Warriors 120–115 loss to the Dallas Mavericks. On November 17, <mask> was waived by the Warriors. Later that month, he was signed by the NBA Development League's Los Angeles D-Fenders. On March 21, 2008, <mask> was signed to a ten-day contract with the Miami Heat, whose roster had been depleted by injuries. He later signed for the rest of the season.In 15 games (four starts), he averaged 5.5 points, 3.5 rebounds, 1.5 blocks and 20.2 minutes. In September 2008, <mask> signed with the Adriatic League champions Partizan Belgrade, for the 2008–09 season. After the opening three games in EuroLeague, he was ranked second in both blocks and rebounds per game. <mask> finished the season well, averaging 10.6 points, 6.6 rebounds, and 1.5 blocks per game, 25.5 minutes a contest, after Partizan's strong showing that ended in the quarterfinals with a loss to CSKA Moscow.
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He was instrumental in helping the team to another regional ABA championship, with 11.3 points per game. He also won Serbian national championship and the Serbian Radivoj Korać Cup titles with Partizan. In July 2009, <mask> signed with the Israeli League club Maccabi Tel Aviv, along with Alan Anderson.On June 8, 2010, Maccabi announced that they had released <mask>, after a foot injury had limited his playing time towards the end of the season. In 20 games of EuroLeague play, he averaged 6.5 points, 4.4 rebounds, and 1.4 blocks per game in 18.5 minutes per game. <mask> then signed a two-year contract with the Russian League club Spartak Saint Petersburg in July 2010. However, he was released in September, due to some administrative problems that he had in the United States. <mask> was invited to join the Boston Celtics for their 2010 training camp. However, he was waived on October 20. Subsequently, <mask> joined the Maine Red Claws of the NBA D-League, an affiliate of the Celtics.However, <mask> fractured his foot just 2 minutes into the team's preseason opener against the Springfield Armor, and immediately underwent surgery. After recovering, he returned to action in March 2011. In August 2011, <mask> returned to Europe and signed with the Spanish League newcomers Obradoiro CAB. On July 5, 2012, the Boston Celtics announced that <mask> was added to their roster for the 2012 Orlando Pro Summer League and the 2012 NBA Summer League. On September 29, 2012, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Greek League club Panathinaikos Athens. He was named the EuroLeague Best
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Defender for the 2012–13 Euroleague season. He averaged 1.86 blocks and 6.14 rebounds per game, while his team allowed 69.8 points per game, thus displaying the second best team defense in the league.Also, <mask> earned the Greek Basket League MVP award, as well as the Greek League Best Defender award for the 2012–13 season. On July 1, 2013, <mask> renewed his contract with Panathinaikos for two more years. In May 2014, he was named to the All-EuroLeague Second Team of the EuroLeague. He also earned the Greek League Best Defender award and was named to the Greek League Best Five for the 2013–14 season. Panathinaikos decided to exercise an "opt out" clause in his contract for the upcoming 2014–15 season, on 12 June 2014. On June 22, 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Anadolu Efes Istanbul. On July 29, 2015, he signed with Galatasaray.<mask> was instrumental in winning the Eurocup title 2015–16, and earned the Eurocup Finals MVP award. On August 29, 2016, <mask> was suspended for one year after failing a doping test. On February 10, 2017, <mask> was acquired by the Texas Legends of the NBA Development League. On July 13, 2017, <mask> signed with Russian club UNICS for the 2017–18 season. On June 27, 2018, <mask> officially returned to Panathinaikos after four years, signing a one-year deal. National team career
Lasme played with the senior Gabonese national team at the 2005 FIBA Africa Championship, averaging 11.7 points, 10.1 rebounds, and 3 blocks per game, in seven games played. players
Basketball League of Serbia players
BC UNICS players
Centers
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<mask> (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin. She has earned 11 Grammy Awards, three American Music Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, and an ALMA Award. Many of her albums have been certified gold, platinum or multiplatinum in the United States and internationally. She has also earned nominations for a Tony Award and a Golden Globe award. She was awarded the Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Latin Recording Academy in 2011 and also awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award by the Recording Academy in 2016. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2014. On July 28, 2014, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and Humanities.In 2019, she received a star jointly with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their work as the group Trio. <mask> was among five honorees who received the 2019 Kennedy Center Honors for lifetime artistic achievements. <mask> has released 24 studio albums and 15 compilation or greatest hits albums. She charted 38 US Billboard Hot 100 singles. Twenty-one of those singles reached the top 40, ten reached the top 10, and one reached number one ("You're No Good"). <mask> also charted in UK as two of her duets, "Somewhere Out There" with James Ingram and "Don't Know Much" with Aaron Neville, peaked at numbers 8 and 2 respectively and the single "Blue Bayou" reached number 35 on the UK Singles charts. She has charted 36 albums, ten top-10 albums, and three number 1 albums on the US Billboard Pop Album Chart.<mask> has collaborated with artists in
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diverse genres, including: Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, Bette Midler, Billy Eckstine, Frank Zappa, Carla Bley (Escalator Over the Hill), Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Warren Zevon, Gram Parsons, Neil Young, Paul Simon, Earl Scruggs, Johnny Cash, and Nelson Riddle. She has lent her voice to over 120 albums and has sold more than 100 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. Christopher Loudon, of Jazz Times, wrote in 2004 that <mask> is "blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation." <mask> reduced her activity after 2000 when she felt her singing voice deteriorating, releasing her last full-length album in 2004 and performing her last live concert in 2009. She announced her retirement in 2011 and revealed shortly afterwards that she is no longer able to sing as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy. Since then, <mask> has continued to make public appearances, going on a number of public speaking tours in the 2010s. She published an autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, in September 2013.A documentary based on her memoirs, <mask>: The Sound of My Voice, was released in 2019. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Tucson, Arizona, on July 15, 1946, the third of four children of <mask> (19111995), a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co., and Ruth Mary (née Copeman) <mask> (19141982), a homemaker. <mask> was raised on the family's ranch with her siblings Peter (who served as Tucson's Chief of Police for ten years, 19811991), Michael, and Gretchen. The family was featured in Family Circle magazine in
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1953. Ronstadt family history
<mask>'s father came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family and was of German and Mexican ancestry. The family's influence on and contributions to Arizona's history, including wagon making, commerce, pharmacies, and music, are chronicled in the library of the University of Arizona. Her great-grandfather, graduate engineer Friedrich August <mask> (who went by Federico Augusto <mask>) immigrated to the Southwest (then a part of Mexico) in the 1840s from Hanover, Germany, and married a Mexican citizen, eventually settling in Tucson.In 1991, the City of Tucson opened its central transit terminal on March 16 and dedicated it to <mask>'s grandfather, Federico José <mask>, a local pioneer businessman; he was a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 190304. <mask>'s mother Ruth Mary, of German, English, and Dutch ancestry, was raised in Flint, Michigan. Ruth Mary's father, Lloyd Groff Copeman, a prolific inventor and holder of nearly 700 patents, invented an early form of the electric toaster, many refrigerator devices, the grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven. His flexible rubber ice cube tray earned him millions of dollars in royalties. Career summary
Establishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movementsgenres which defined post-1960s rock musicRonstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a folk-rock trio, the Stone Poneys. Later, as a solo artist, she released Hand Sown ... Home Grown in 1969, which
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has been described as the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. Although fame eluded her during these years, <mask> actively toured with the Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and others, appeared numerous times on television shows, and began to contribute her singing to albums by other artists.With the release of chart-topping albums such as Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA, <mask> became the first female "arena class" rock star. She set records as one of the top-grossing concert artists of the decade. Referred to as the "First Lady of Rock" and the "Queen of Rock", <mask> was voted the Top Female Pop Singer of the 1970s. Her rock-and-roll image was as famous as her music; she appeared six times on the cover of Rolling Stone and on the covers of Newsweek and Time. In the 1980s, <mask> performed on Broadway and received a Tony nomination for her performance in The Pirates of Penzance, teamed with the composer Philip Glass, recorded traditional music, and collaborated with the conductor Nelson Riddle, an event at that time viewed as an original and unorthodox move for a rock-and-roll artist. This venture paid off, and <mask> remained one of the music industry's best-selling acts throughout the 1980s, with multi-platinum-selling albums such as Mad Love, What's New, Canciones de Mi Padre, and Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind. She continued to tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums, such as Winter Light and Hummin' to Myself, until her retirement in 2011.Most of <mask>'s albums are certified gold, platinum, or multi-platinum. Having sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide and setting
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records as one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade, <mask> was the most successful female singer of the 1970s and stands as one of the most successful female recording artists in U.S. history. She opened many doors for women in rock and roll and other musical genres by championing songwriters and musicians, pioneering her chart success onto the concert circuit, and being in the vanguard of many musical movements. Career overview
Early influences
<mask>'s early family life was filled with music and tradition, which influenced the stylistic and musical choices she later made in her career. Growing up, she listened to many types of music, including Mexican music, which was sung by her entire family and was a staple in her childhood. <mask> has remarked that everything she has recorded on her own recordsrock and roll, rhythm and blues, gospel, opera, country, choral, and mariachiis all music she heard her family sing in their living room or heard played on the radio, by the age of 10. She credits her mother for her appreciation of Gilbert and Sullivan and her father for introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook repertoire that she would, in turn, help reintroduce to an entire generation.Early on, her singing style had been influenced by singers such as Lola Beltrán and Édith Piaf; she has called their singing and rhythms "more like Greek music ... It's sort of like 6/8 time signature ... very hard driving and very intense." She also drew influence from country singer Hank Williams. She has said that "all girl singers" eventually "have to curtsy to Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday". Of Maria Callas, <mask> says,
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"There's no one in her league. That's it. Period.I learn more ... about singing rock n roll from listening to Maria Callas records than I ever would from listening to pop music for a month of Sundays. ... She's the greatest chick singer ever." She admires Callas for her musicianship and her attempts to push 20th-century singing, particularly opera, back into the bel canto "natural style of singing". A self-described product of American radio of the 1950s and 1960s, <mask> is a fan of its eclectic and diverse music programming. Beginning of professional career
At age 14, <mask> formed a folk trio with her brother Peter and sister Gretchen. The group played coffeehouses, fraternity houses, and other small venues, billing themselves as "the Union City Ramblers" and "the Three Ronstadts", and they even recorded themselves at a Tucson studio under the name "the New Union Ramblers". Their repertoire included the music they grew up onfolk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican.But increasingly, <mask> wanted to make a union of folk music and rock 'n' roll, and in 1964, after a semester at Arizona State University, the 18-year-old decided to move to Los Angeles. The Stone Poneys
<mask> visited a friend from Tucson, Bobby Kimmel, in Los Angeles during Easter break from college in 1964, and later that year, shortly before her eighteenth birthday, decided to move there permanently to form a band with him. Kimmel had already begun co-writing folk-rock songs with guitarist-songwriter Kenny Edwards, and eventually the three of them were signed by Nik Venet to Capitol in the summer of 1966 as "the Stone Poneys". The trio released three albums in a 15-month period in 196768:
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The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and <mask>, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III. The band is widely known for their hit single "Different Drum" (written by Michael Nesmith prior to his joining the Monkees), which reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as number 12 in Cashbox magazine. Nearly 50 years later, the song remains one of <mask>'s most popular recordings.Solo career
Still contractually obligated to Capitol Records, <mask> released her first solo album, Hand Sown ... Home Grown, in 1969. It has been called the first alternative country record by a female recording artist. During this same period, she contributed to the Music from Free Creek "super session" project. <mask> provided the vocals for some commercials during this period, including one for Remington electric razors, in which a multitracked <mask> and Frank Zappa claimed that the electric razor "cleans you, thrills you ... may even keep you from getting busted". <mask>'s second solo album, Silk Purse, was released in March 1970. Recorded entirely in Nashville, it was produced by Elliot Mazer, whom <mask> chose on the advice of Janis Joplin, who had worked with him on the Cheap Thrills album. The Silk Purse album cover showed <mask> in a muddy pigpen, while the back and inside cover depicted her onstage wearing bright red.<mask> has stated that she was not pleased with the album, although it provided her with her first solo hit, the multi-format single "Long, Long Time", and earned her first Grammy nomination (for Best Contemporary Vocal Performance/Female). Touring
In 1975, <mask> performed shows with Jackson Browne, the Eagles, and Toots and the Maytals. In a 1976
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Rolling Stone interview with Cameron Crowe, <mask> said, "they haven't invented a word for that loneliness that everybody goes through on the road. The world is tearing by you, real fast, and all these people are looking at you. ... People see me in my 'girl-singer' suit." In 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "People are always taking advantage of you; everybody that's interested in you has got an angle." Several years before <mask> became what author Gerri Hirshey called the first "arena-class rock diva" with "hugely anticipated tours" she began her solo career touring the North American concert circuit.But being on the road took its toll both emotionally and professionally. There were few "girl singers" on the rock circuit at the time, and they were relegated to "groupie level when in a crowd of a bunch of rock and roll guys", a status <mask> avoided. Relating to men on a professional level as fellow musicians led to competition, insecurity, bad romances, and a series of boyfriend-managers. At the time, she admired singers like Maria Muldaur for not sacrificing their femininity but says she felt enormous self-imposed pressure to compete with "the boys" at every level. She noted in a 1969 interview in Fusion magazine that it was difficult being a single "chick singer" with an all-male backup band. According to her, it was difficult to get a band of backing musicians because of their ego problem of being labeled sidemen for a female singer. Soon after she went solo in the late 1960s, one of her first backing bands was the pioneering country-rock band Swampwater, which combined Cajun and swamp-rock elements in their music.Its members included Cajun
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fiddler Gib Guilbeau and John Beland, who later joined the Flying Burrito Brothers, as well as Stan Pratt, Thad Maxwell, and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of the Byrds. Swampwater went on to back <mask> during TV appearances on The Johnny Cash Show and The Mike Douglas Show, and at the Big Sur Folk Festival. Another backing band included Don Henley, Glenn Frey, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner, who went on to form the Eagles. They toured with her for a short period in 1971 and played on <mask>, her self-titled third album, from which the failed single, <mask>'s version of Browne's "Rock Me on the Water", was drawn. At this stage, <mask> began working with producer and boyfriend John Boylan. She said, "As soon as I started working with John Boylan, I started co-producing myself. I was always a part of my productions.But I always needed a producer who would carry out my whims." Also in 1971, <mask> began talking with David Geffen about moving from Capitol Records to Geffen's Asylum Records label. Collaborations with Peter Asher
<mask> began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan (who had negotiated her contract with Asylum Records) and John David "J.D." Souther producing most of the album's tracks. But needing someone willing to work with her as an equal, <mask> asked Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, to help produce two of them: "Sail Away" and "I Believe in You". The album featured <mask>'s first country hit, "Silver Threads and Golden Needles", which she had first recorded on Hand Sown ... Home Grownthis time hitting the Country Top 20. With the release of Don't Cry Now,
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<mask> took on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on Neil Young's Time Fades Away tour, playing for larger crowds than ever before.Backstage at a concert in Texas, Chris Hillman introduced her to Emmylou Harris, telling them, "You two could be good friends", which soon occurred, resulting in frequent collaborations over the following years. Meanwhile, the album became <mask>'s most successful up to that time, selling 300,000 copies by the end of 1974. Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with previously. <mask>'s professional relationship with Asher allowed her to take command and effectively delegate responsibilities in the recording studio. Although hesitant at first to work with her because of her reputation for being a "woman of strong opinions (who) knew what she wanted to do (with her career)", he nonetheless agreed to become her full-time producer, and remained in that role through the late 1980s. Asher attributed the long-term success of his working relationship with <mask> to the fact that he was the first person to manage and produce her with whom there was a solely professional relationship. "It must be a lot harder to have objective conversations about someone's career when it's someone you sleep with", he said.Asher executive produced a tribute CD called Listen to Me: Buddy Holly, released September 6, 2011, on which <mask>'s 1976 version of Buddy Holly's "That'll Be The Day" appears among newly recorded versions of Holly's songs by various artists. Vocal styles
<mask> captured the sounds of country music and the rhythms of ranchera musicwhich she
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likened in 1968 to "Mexican bluegrass"and redirected them into her rock 'n' roll and some of her pop music. Many of these rhythms and sounds were part of her Southwestern roots. Likewise, a country sound and style, a fusion of country music and rock 'n' roll called country rock, started to exert its influence on mainstream pop music around the late 1960s, and it became an emerging movement <mask> helped form and commercialize. However, as early as 1970, <mask> was being criticized by music "purists" for her "brand of music" which crossed many genres. Country Western Stars magazine wrote in 1970 that "Rock people thought she was too gentle, folk people thought she was too pop, and pop people didn't quite understand where she was at, but Country people really loved <mask>." She never categorized herself and stuck to her genre-crossing brand of music.Interpretive singer
<mask> is considered an "interpreter of her times", and has earned praise for her courage to put her "stamp" on many of her songs. Nevertheless, her hits were criticized in some quarters for being cover songs. <mask> herself has indicated that some of her 1970s hits were recorded under considerable pressure to create commercially successful recordings, and that she prefers many of her songs that were non-hit album tracks. An infrequent songwriter, <mask> co-composed only three songs over her long career. <mask>'s natural vocal range spans several octaves from contralto to soprano, and occasionally she will showcase this entire range within a single work. <mask> was the first female artist in popular music history to accumulate four consecutive platinum albums (fourteen certified million
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selling, to date). As for the singles, Rolling Stone pointed out that a whole generation, "but for her, might never have heard the work of artists such as Buddy Holly, Elvis Costello, and Chuck Berry."Others have argued that <mask> had the same generational effect with her Great American Songbook music, exposing a whole new generation to the music of the 1920s and 1930smusic which was pushed aside because of the advent of rock 'n' roll. When interpreting, <mask> said she "sticks to what the music demands", in terms of lyrics. Explaining that rock and roll music is part of her culture, she says that the songs she sang after her rock and roll hits were part of her soul. "The (Mariachi music) was my father's side of the soul," she was quoted as saying in a 1998 interview she gave at her Tucson home. "My mother's side of my soul was the Nelson Riddle stuff. And I had to do them both to reestablish who I was." In the 1974 book Rock 'N' Roll Woman, author Katherine Orloff writes that <mask>'s "own musical preferences run strongly to rhythm and blues, the type of music she most frequently chooses to listen to ... (and) her goal is to ... be soulful too.With this in mind, <mask> fuses country and rock into a special union." By this stage of her career, <mask> had established her niche in the field of country-rock. Along with other musicians such as the Flying Burrito Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Gram Parsons, Swampwater, Neil Young, and the Eagles, she helped free country music from stereotypes and showed rockers that country was okay. However, she stated that she was being pushed hard into singing more rock and roll. Most successful female singer of the 1970s
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Andrew Greeley, in his book God in Popular Culture, described <mask> as "the most successful and certainly the most durable and most gifted woman Rock singer of her era." Signaling her wide popularity as a concert artist, outside of the singles charts and the recording studio, Dirty Linen magazine describes her as the "first true woman rock 'n' roll superstar ... (selling) out stadiums with a string of mega-successful albums." Amazon.com defines her as the American female rock superstar of the decade.Cashbox gave <mask> a Special Decade Award, as the top-selling female singer of the 1970s. Her album covers, posters, magazine coversher entire rock 'n' roll imagewere as famous as her music. By the end of the decade, the singer whom the Chicago Sun Times described as the "Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers" became what Redbook called "the most successful female rock star in the world." "Female" was the important qualifier, according to Time magazine, which labeled her "a rarity ... to (have survived) ... in the shark-infested deeps of rock." Although <mask> had been a cult favorite on the music scene for several years, 1975 was "remembered in the music biz as the year when 29-year-old <mask> belatedly happened." With the release of Heart Like a Wheelnamed after one of the album's songs, written by Anna McGarrigleRonstadt reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart; it was also the first of four number 1 Country Albums, and the disc was certified double-platinum (over two million copies sold in the U.S.). In many instances, her own interpretations were more successful than the original recordings, and many times new songwriters were discovered by a
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larger audience as a result of her interpretation and recording.<mask> had major success interpreting songs from a diverse spectrum of artists. Heart Like a Wheels first single release, "You're No Good"a rockified version of an R&B song written by Clint Ballard, Jr. that <mask> had initially resisted because Andrew Gold's guitar tracks sounded too much like a "Beatles song" to herclimbed to number 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box Pop singles charts. The album's second single release, "When Will I Be Loved"an uptempo country-rock version of a Top 10 Everly Brothers songhit number 1 in Cashbox and number 2 in Billboard. The song was also <mask>'s first number 1 country hit. The album's critical and commercial success was due to a fine presentation of country and rock, with Heart Like a Wheel her first of many major commercial successes that would set her on the path to being one of the best-selling female artists of all time. <mask> won her first Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance/Female for "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)" which was originally a 1940s hit by Hank Williams. <mask>'s interpretation peaked at number 2 on the country chart.The album itself was nominated for the Album of the Year Grammy. Rolling Stone put <mask> on its cover in March 1975. It was the first of six Rolling Stone covers shot by photographer Annie Leibovitz. It included her as the featured artist with a full photo layout and an article by Ben Fong-Torres, discussing <mask>'s many struggling years in rock n roll, as well as her home life and what it was like to be a woman on tour in a decidedly all-male environment. In September 1975, <mask>'s album
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Prisoner in Disguise was released. It quickly climbed into the Top Five on the Billboard Album Chart and sold over a million copies. It became her second in a row to go platinum, "a grand slam" in the same year (<mask> would eventually become the first female artist in popular music history to have three consecutive platinum albums and would ultimately go on to have eight consecutive platinum albums, and then another six between 1983 and 1990).The disc's first single release was "Love Is A Rose". It was climbing the pop and country charts but "Heat Wave", a rockified version of the 1963 hit by Martha and the Vandellas, was receiving considerable airplay. Asylum pulled the "Love Is a Rose" single and issued "Heat Wave" with "Love Is a Rose" on the B-side. "Heat Wave" hit the Top Five on Billboards Hot 100 while "Love Is A Rose" hit the Top Five on Billboard's country chart. In 1976, <mask> reached the Top 3 of Billboards Album Chart and won her second career Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her third consecutive platinum album Hasten Down the Wind. The album featured a sexy, revealing cover shot and showcased <mask> the singer-songwriter, who composed two of its songs, "Try Me Again" (co-authored with Andrew Gold) and "Lo Siento Mi Vida". It also included an interpretation of Willie Nelson's ballad "Crazy", which became a Top 10 Country hit for <mask> in early 1977.At the end of 1977, <mask> surpassed the success of Heart Like a Wheel with her album Simple Dreams, which held the number 1 position for five consecutive weeks on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold over 3½ million copies in less than a year in the U.S. alone – a record for a
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female artist. Simple Dreams spawned a string of hit singles on numerous charts. Among them were the RIAA platinum-certified single "Blue Bayou", a country-rock interpretation of a Roy Orbison song; "It's So Easy"previously sung by Buddy Holly, a cover of The Rolling Stones' "Tumbling Dice", and "Poor Poor Pitiful Me", a song written by Warren Zevon, an up-and-coming songwriter of the time. The album garnered several Grammy Award nominationsincluding Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for "Blue Bayou"and won its art director, Kosh, a Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, the first of three Grammy Awards he would win for designing <mask> album covers. In late 1977, <mask> became the first female recording artist to have two songs in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Top Ten at the same time."Blue Bayou" was at No. 3 while "It's So Easy" was at No. 5. Simple Dreams became one of the singer's best-selling international-selling albums as well, reaching number 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts. Simple Dreams also made <mask> the most successful international female touring artist. The same year, she completed a concert tour around Europe. As Country Music magazine wrote in October 1978, Simple Dreams solidified <mask>'s role as "easily the most successful female rock and roll and country star at this time."Also in 1977, she was asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the U.S. National Anthem at game three of the World Series against the New York Yankees. Time magazine and "rock chick" image
<mask> has remarked that she felt as though she was "artificially encouraged to kinda cop a really tough attitude (and be tough)
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because rock and roll is kind of tough (business)," which she felt wasn't worn quite authentically. Female rock artists like her and Janis Joplin, whom she described as lovely, shy, and very literate in real life and the antithesis of the "red hot mamma" she was artificially encouraged to project, went through an identity crisis. By the mid-1970s, <mask>'s image became just as famous as her music. In 1976 and 1977, she appeared on the covers of Rolling Stone and Time, respectively. The Rolling Stone cover story was accompanied by a series of photographs of <mask> in a skimpy red slip, taken by Annie Leibovitz. <mask> felt deceived by the photographer, not realizing that the photos would be so revealing.She says her manager Peter Asher kicked Leibovitz out of the house when she visited to show them the photographs prior to publication. Leibovitz had refused to let them veto any of the photos, which included one of <mask> sprawled across a bed in her underpants. In a 1977 interview, <mask> explained, "Annie [Leibovitz] saw that picture as an exposé of my personality. She was right. But I wouldn't choose to show a picture like that to anybody who didn't know me personally, because only friends could get the other sides of me in balance." Her 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner "Torchy Rock" was also upsetting to <mask>, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock. At a time in the industry when men still told women what to sing and what to wear, <mask> hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover, and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a
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dress, which was an image she did not want to project.In 2004, she was interviewed for CBS This Morning and stated that this image was not her because she did not sit like that. Asher noted, "Anyone who's met <mask> for 10 seconds will know that I couldn't possibly have been her Svengali. She's an extremely determined woman, in every area. To me, she was everything that feminism's about." Qualities which, Asher has stated, were considered a "negative (in a woman at that time), whereas in a man they were perceived as being masterful and bold". Since her solo career had begun, <mask> had fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover did not appear to help the situation. In 1978, Rolling Stone declared <mask> "by far America's best-known female rock singer."She scored a third number 1 album on the Billboard Album Chart – at this point equaling the record set by Carole King in 1974 – with Living in the USA. She achieved a major hit single with "Ooo Baby Baby", with her rendition hitting all four major singles charts (Pop, AC, Country, R&B). Living in the USA was the first album by any recording act in music history to ship double-platinum (over 2 million advance copies). The album eventually sold 3 million U.S. copies. At the end of that year, Billboard magazine crowned <mask> with three number-one Awards for the Year: Pop Female Singles Artist of the Year, Pop Female Album Artist of the Year, and Female Artist of the Year (overall). Living in the USA showed the singer on roller skates with a newly short, permed hairdo on the album cover. <mask> continued this theme on concert tour promotional
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posters with photos of her on roller skates in a dramatic pose with a large American flag in the background.By this stage of her career, she was using posters to promote every album and concert – which at the time were recorded live on radio or television. <mask> was also featured in the 1978 film FM, where the plot involved disc jockeys attempting to broadcast a <mask> concert live, without a competing station's knowledge. The film also showed <mask> performing the songs "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me", "Love Me Tender", and "Tumbling Dice". <mask> was persuaded to record "Tumbling Dice" after Mick Jagger came backstage when she was at a concert and said, "You do too many ballads, you should do more rock and roll songs." Following the success of Living in the USA, <mask> conducted album promotional tours and concerts. She made a guest appearance onstage with the Rolling Stones at the Tucson Community Center on July 21, 1978, in her hometown of Tucson, where she and Jagger sang "Tumbling Dice". On singing with Jagger, <mask> later said, "I loved it.I didn't have a trace of stage fright. I'm scared to death all the way through my own shows. But it was too much fun to get scared. He's so silly onstage, he knocks you over. I mean you have to be on your toes or you wind up falling on your face." Highest-paid woman in rock
By the end of 1978, <mask> had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, and owing to her consistent platinum album success, and her ability as the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums hosting tens of thousands of fans, <mask> became the "highest paid woman in rock". She had six
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platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart, and numerous charted pop singles.In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million () and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 milliongrossing over $60 million (). As Rolling Stone dubbed her "Rock's Venus", her record sales continued to multiply and set records themselves. By 1979, <mask> had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums, an unprecedented feat at the time. Her 1976 Greatest Hits album would sell consistently for the next 25 years and in 2001 was certified by the RIAA for seven-times platinum (over seven million U.S. copies sold). In 1980, Greatest Hits, Volume 2 was released and certified platinum. In 1979, <mask> went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, and the Budokan in Tokyo. She also participated in a benefit concert for her friend Lowell George, held at The Forum, in Los Angeles.By the end of the decade, <mask> had outsold her female competition; she had five straight platinum LPsHasten Down the Wind and Heart Like a Wheel among them. Us Weekly reported in 1978 that <mask>, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Nicks, and Carly Simon had become "The Queens of Rock" and "Rock is no longer exclusively male. There is a new royalty ruling today's record charts." She would go on to parlay her mass commercial appeal with major success in interpreting The Great American Songbookmade famous a generation before by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgeraldand later the Mexican folk songs of her childhood. From rock to operetta
In February
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1980, <mask> released Mad Love, her seventh consecutive platinum-selling album. It was a straightforward rock and roll album with post-punk, new wave influences, including tracks by songwriters such as Elvis Costello, the Cretones, and musician Mark Goldenberg who played on the record himself. As part of the album's promotion, a live concert was recorded for an HBO special in April.A partial soundtrack for this special (omitting most of the Mad Love tracks) was released as her first official live album in February 2019. She also made the cover of Rolling Stone for a record-setting sixth time. Mad Love entered the Billboard Album Chart in the Top Five its first week (a record at that time) and climbed to the number 3 position. The project continued her streak of Top 10 hits with "How Do I Make You", originally recorded by Billy Thermal, and "Hurt So Bad", originally a Top 10 hit for Little Anthony & the Imperials. The album earned <mask> a 1980 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female (although she lost to Pat Benatar's Crimes of Passion album). Benatar praised <mask> by stating, "There are a lot of good female singers around. How could I be the best?<mask> is still alive!" In the summer of 1980, <mask> began rehearsals for the first of several leads in Broadway musicals. Joseph Papp cast her as the lead in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, alongside Kevin Kline. She said singing Gilbert and Sullivan was a natural choice for her, since her grandfather <mask> was credited with having created Tucson's first orchestra, the Club Filarmonico Tucsonense, and had once created an
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arrangement of The Pirates of Penzance. The Pirates of Penzance opened for a limited engagement in New York City's Central Park, eventually moving its production to Broadway, where it became a hit, running from January 8, 1981, to November 28, 1982. Newsweek was effusive in its praise: "... she has not dodged the coloratura demands of her role (and Mabel is one of the most demanding parts in the G&S canon): from her entrance trilling 'Poor Wand'ring One,' it is clear that she is prepared to scale whatever soprano peaks stand in her way." <mask> co-starred with Kline and Angela Lansbury in the 1983 operetta's film version; this was her only acting role in a motion picture (her other film appearances, such as in the 1978 drama, FM, being concert footage as herself).<mask> received a Golden Globe nomination for the role in the film version. She garnered a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and The Pirates of Penzance won several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival. As a child, <mask> had discovered the opera La bohème through the silent film with Lillian Gish and was determined to someday play the part of Mimi. When she met the opera superstar Beverly Sills, she was told, "My dear, every soprano in the world wants to play Mimi!" In 1984, <mask> was cast in the role at Joseph Papp's Public Theater. However, the production was a critical and commercial disaster, closing after only a few nights. In 1982, <mask> released the album Get Closer, a primarily rock album with some country and pop music as well.It remains her only album between 1975 and 1990 not to be officially certified platinum. It
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peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Album Chart. The release continued her streak of Top 40 hits with "Get Closer" and "I Knew You When"a 1965 hit by Billy Joe Royalwhile the Jimmy Webb song "Easy For You To Say" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in the spring of 1983. "Sometimes You Just Can't Win" was picked up by country radio, and made it to number 27 on that listing. <mask> also filmed several music videos for this album which became popular on the fledgling MTV cable channel. The album earned <mask> two Grammy Award nominations: one for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and another for Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album. The artwork won its art director, Kosh, his second Grammy Award for Best Album Package.Along with the release of her Get Closer album, <mask> embarked on a North American tour, remaining one of the top rock-concert draws that summer and fall. On November 25, 1982, her "Happy Thanksgiving Day" concert was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas and broadcast live via satellite to NBC radio stations in the United States. In 1988, <mask> returned to Broadway for a limited-run engagement in the musical show adaptation of her album celebrating her Mexican heritage, Canciones De Mi PadreA Romantic Evening in Old Mexico. Artistic aspirations
<mask> has remarked that in the beginning of her career she "was so focused on folk, rock and country" that she "got a bit bored and started to branch out, and ... [has] been doing that ever since." By 1983, her estimated worth was over $40 million mostly from records, concerts and merchandising. In the early 1980s, <mask> was criticized for accepting $500,000 to
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perform at the South African resort Sun City, violating the cultural boycott imposed against South Africa because of its policy of apartheid. At the time, she stated, "the last place for a boycott is in the arts" and "I don't like being told I can't go somewhere".Paul Simon was criticized for including her on his 1986 album Graceland, recorded in South Africa, but defended her: "I know that her intention was never to support the government there ... She made a mistake. She’s extremely liberal in her political thinking and unquestionably antiapartheid." <mask> eventually tired of playing arenas. She had ceased to feel that arenas, where people milled around smoking marijuana cigarettes and drinking beer, were "appropriate places for music". She wanted "angels in the architecture"a reference to a lyric in the Paul Simon song "You Can Call Me Al" from Graceland. (<mask> sang harmony with Simon on a different Graceland track, "Under African Skies". The second verse's lyrics pay tribute to <mask>: "Take this child, Lord, from Tucson, Arizona...."). <mask> has said she wants to sing in places similar to the theatre of ancient Greece, where the attention is focused on the stage and the performer. <mask>'s recording output in the 1980s proved to be just as commercially and critically successful as her 1970s recordings. Between 1983 and 1990, <mask> scored six additional platinum albums; two are triple platinum (each with over three million U.S. copies sold); one has been certified double platinum (over two million copies sold), and one has earned additional certification as a Gold (over 500,000 U.S. copies sold) double-disc album. Jazz/pop trilogy
In 1981, <mask>
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produced and recorded an album of pop standards (later marketed in bootleg form) titled Keeping Out of Mischief with the assistance of producer Jerry Wexler. However, <mask>'s displeasure with the final result led her, with regrets, to scrap the project. "Doing that killed me," she said in a Time magazine interview.But the appeal of the album's music had seduced <mask>, as she told Down Beat in April 1985, crediting Wexler for encouraging her. Nonetheless, <mask> had to convince her reluctant record company, Elektra, to approve this type of album under her contract. By 1983, <mask> had enlisted the help of 62-year-old conductor Nelson Riddle. The two embarked on an unorthodox and original approach to rehabilitating the Great American Songbook, recording a trilogy of traditional pop albums: What's New (1983U.S. 3.7 million as of 2010); Lush Life (1984U.S. 1.7 million as of 2010); and For Sentimental Reasons (1986U.S. 1.3 million as of 2010).The three albums have had a combined sales total of nearly seven million copies in the U.S. alone. The album design for What's New by designer Kosh was unlike any of her previous disc covers. It showed <mask> in a vintage dress lying on shimmering satin sheets with a Walkman headset. At the time, <mask> received some chiding for both the album cover and her venture into what was then considered "elevator music" by cynics, but remained determined to record with Riddle, and What's New became a hit. The album was released in September 1983 and spent 81 weeks on the Billboard Album Chart and held the number three position for a month and a half (held out of the top spot only by Michael Jackson's Thriller and Lionel Richie's
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Can't Slow Down) and the RIAA certified it triple platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S. alone). The album earned <mask> another Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and critical raves, with Time magazine calling it "one of the gutsiest, most unorthodox and unexpected albums of the year." <mask> faced considerable pressure not to record What's New or record with Riddle.According to jazz historian Peter Levinson, author of the book September in the Raina Biography on Nelson Riddle, Joe Smith, president of Elektra Records, was terrified that the Riddle album would turn off <mask>'s rock audience. <mask> did not completely turn her back on her rock and roll past, however; the video for the title track featured Danny Kortchmar as the old beau that she bumped into during a rainstorm. What's New brought Riddle to a younger audience. According to Levinson, "the younger audience hated what Riddle had done with Frank Sinatra, which in 1983 was considered 'Vintage Pop'". Working with <mask>, Riddle brought his career back into focus in the last three years of his life. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, What's New "isn't the first album by a rock singer to pay tribute to the golden age of the pop, but is ... the best and most serious attempt to rehabilitate an idea of pop that Beatlemania and the mass marketing of rock LPs for teenagers undid in the mid-60s. ...In the decade prior to Beatlemania, most of the great band singers and crooners of the 40s and 50s codified a half-century of American pop standards on dozens of albums ... many of them now long out-of-print." What's New is the first album by a rock singer to have
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major commercial success in rehabilitating the Great American Songbook. In 1984, <mask> and Riddle performed these songs live, in concert halls throughout Australia, Japan, and the United States, including multi-night performances at historic venues Carnegie Hall, Radio City Music Hall, and Pine Knob. In 2004, <mask> released Hummin' to Myself, her album for Verve Records. It was her first foray into traditional jazz since her sessions with Jerry Wexler and her records with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, but this time with an intimate jazz combo. The album was a quiet affair for <mask>, giving few interviews and making only one television performance as a promotion. It reached number 2 on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart but peaked at number 166 on the main Billboard album chart.Not having the mass distribution that Warner Music Group gave her, Hummin' To Myself had sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2010. It also achieved some critical acclaim from the jazz cognoscenti. "Trio" recordings
In 1978, <mask>, Dolly Parton, and Emmylou Harris, friends and admirers of one another's work (<mask> had included a cover of Parton's "I Will Always Love You" on Prisoner in Disguise) attempted to collaborate on a Trio album. Unfortunately, the attempt did not pan out. <mask> later remarked that not too many people were in control at the time and everyone was too involved with their own careers. (Though the efforts to complete the album were abandoned, a number of the recordings were included on the singers' respective solo recordings over the next few years.) This concept album was put on the back burner for almost ten years.In January 1986, the three eventually
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did make their way into the recording studio, where they spent the next several months working. The result, Trio, which they had conceived ten years earlier, was released in March 1987. It was a considerable hit, holding the number 1 position on Billboard's Country Albums chart for five weeks running and hitting the Top 10 on the pop side also. Selling over three million copies in the U.S. and winning them a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, it produced four Top Ten Country singles including "To Know Him Is to Love Him" which hit number 1. The album was also a nominee for overall Album of the Year, in the company of Michael Jackson, U2, Prince, and Whitney Houston. In 1994, the three performers recorded a follow-up to Trio. As was the case with their aborted 1978 effort, conflicting schedules and competing priorities delayed the album's release indefinitely.<mask>, who had already paid for studio timeand owed her record company a finished albumremoved Parton's individual tracks at Parton's request, kept Harris's vocals, and produced a number of the recordings, which she subsequently released on her 1995 return to country rock, the album Feels Like Home. However, in 1999, <mask>, Parton, and Harris agreed to release the Trio II album, as was originally recorded in 1994. It included an ethereal cover of Neil Young's "After The Gold Rush" which became a popular music video. The effort was certified Gold (over 500,000 copies sold) and won them a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for the track. <mask> co-produced the album with George Massenburg and the three women also received a nomination for the
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Grammy Award for Best Country Album. Canciones de Mi Padre
At the end of 1987, <mask> released Canciones de Mi Padre, an album of traditional Mexican folk songs, or what she has described as "world class songs". Keeping with the <mask> history theme, her cover art was dramatic, bold, and colorful; it shows <mask> in full Mexican regalia.Her musical arranger was mariachi musician Rubén Fuentes. These canciones were a big part of <mask>'s family tradition and musical roots. In January 1946, the University of Arizona published a booklet by Luisa Espinel entitled Canciones de mi Padre. Luisa Espinel, <mask>'s aunt, was an international singer in the 1920s and 1930s. Espinel's father was <mask>, <mask>'s grandfather, and the songs she had learned, transcribed, and published were some of the ones he had brought with him from Sonora. <mask> researched and extracted from the favorites she had learned from her father Gilbert and she called her album by the same name as her aunt's booklet and as a tribute to her father and his family. Though not fully bilingual, she has a fairly good command of the Spanish language, allowing her to sing Latin American songs with little discernible U.S. accent; <mask> has often identified herself as Mexican-American.Her formative years were spent with her father's side of the family. In fact, in 1976, <mask> had collaborated with her father to write and compose a traditional Mexican folk ballad, "Lo siento mi vida"a song that she included on Hasten Down the Wind. <mask> has also credited Mexican singer Lola Beltrán as an influence on her own singing style, and she recalls how a frequent guest to the <mask> home, Eduardo "Lalo"
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Guerrero, father of Chicano music, would often serenade her as a child. Canciones de Mi Padre won <mask> a Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance. In 2001, it was certified double-platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over 2 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling non-English-language album in U.S. music history. The album and later theatrical stage show served as a benchmark of the Latin cultural renaissance in North America. <mask> produced and performed a theatrical stage show, also titled Canciones de mi Padre, in concert halls across the U.S. and Latin America to both Hispanic and non-Hispanic audiences.These performances were later released on DVD. <mask> elected to return to the Broadway stage, four years after she performed in La bohème, for a limited-run engagement. PBS's Great Performances aired the stage show during its annual fund drives and the show was a hit with audiences, earning <mask> a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. <mask> recorded two additional albums of Latin music in the early 1990s. Their promotion, like most of her albums in the 1990s, was a quieter affair, with <mask> making only a limited number of appearances to promote them. They were not nearly as successful as Canciones De Mi Padre, but were critically acclaimed in some circles. In 1991, she released Mas Canciones, a follow-up to the first Canciones.For this album, she won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album. The following year, she stepped outside of the mariachi genre and decided to record well-known Afro-Cuban songs. This album was titled Frenesí. Like her two previous
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