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previously belonged to pitcher Tim Lincecum, <mask> and the team had to quiet upset fans by saying that he would carry over his No. 45 from the Rays. <mask> debuted with the club on August 4, giving up two runs and six walks in six innings. The Giants won 3–2 against the Philadelphia Phillies in the 10th inning.That same month, on August 26, <mask> came within one out of a no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers, throwing seven strikeouts in innings. Dodgers shortstop Corey Seager hit a single in the bottom of the ninth inning, and reliever Santiago Casilla came in to pitch the final out of the Giants' 4–0 win. It would have been the fifth season in a row that a member of the Giants' pitching rotation threw a no-hitter. In the postseason, <mask> pitched eight innings in Game 4 of the 2016 National League Division Series (NLDS). Giants manager Bruce Bochy pulled <mask> before the final inning, and the Chicago Cubs overcame a 5–2 deficit to win the game and the series. <mask> finished 2016 with a cumulative 13–12 record, 4.08 ERA, and 178 strikeouts in innings. The 2017 season proved to be the worst of <mask>'s career.He went 6–15 with a career high 5.52 ERA in innings and 31 starts, gave up 27 home runs, and led the National League in earned runs allowed with 107. In addition to having the worst ERA among MLB pitchers with at least 162 innings, left-handed batters hit a .373 batting average against him, the highest in the league, and his allowance of 80 extra-base hits was the second-highest in the NL. <mask> attributed some of his troubles to an over-reliance on his cut fastball, which he threw more that season than his other pitches. Texas Rangers
On December 15, 2017, the Giants traded <mask> to the Texas Rangers in exchange for pitching prospects Sam Wolff and Israel Cruz. After feeling discomfort in his knee during spring training, <mask> was placed on
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the 10-day disabled list on May 19, 2018. At the time, he was 1–5 with a 7.99 ERA in 10 games with the Rangers. He continued to struggle upon his return, carrying a 7.88 ERA by mid-June, and was moved to the bullpen to focus on improving his pitching technique.Prospect Yohander Mendez took <mask>'s place in the Rangers' starting rotation. He finished the season with a 3–8 record, a 6.79 ERA, and 86 strikeouts in 39 games and 102 innings with the Rangers. <mask>'s contract lapsed at the end of the 2018 season, leaving him a free agent. Detroit Tigers
On December 4, 2018, the Detroit Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year, $2.5 million contract in anticipation that he would follow Mike Fiers as a low-risk pitcher heading into a rebound season. On April 6, 2019, however, in only his second start of the season, <mask> exited the mound three innings into a game against the Kansas City Royals, having sprained his right knee while attempting to field a bunt from Royals batter Billy Hamilton. He underwent meniscus surgery on April 14, and three days later, Tigers manager Ron Gardenhire announced that <mask> would miss the rest of the MLB season. Prior to his injury, <mask> pitched ten shutout innings for the Tigers.Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
On December 26, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year, () contract with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), who were looking to rebuild their pitching rotation after losing Ariel Miranda and Robert Suárez. He was part of a six-man rotation for the Hawks, who won the Pacific League by 14 games. <mask> pitched seven shutout innings, including five strikeouts, in Game 3 of the 2020 Japan Series, and the Hawks came within one out of a combined no-hitter in their 4–0 victory over the Yomiuri Giants. He finished the season with a 2.65 ERA in 15 starts with the Hawks. Because professional baseball returned to play in Japan
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earlier than in the US, <mask> was able to pitch 85 innings in 2020, one more than MLB season leader Lance Lynn. Philadelphia Phillies
On February 3, 2021, <mask> signed a one-year, $3 million contract with the Phillies. He was the first left-handed starting pitcher to begin a season with the Phillies since Cole Hamels in 2015.In his first three starts with the Phillies, <mask> pitched to a 9.82 ERA, with nine walks in only 11 innings. His poor performance, coupled with time spent on the COVID-19 protocol list, led to his removal from the starting rotation and replacement with veteran Phillies pitcher Vince Velasquez. Back spasms caused <mask> to miss over a month of pitching, from May 20 to June 25, at which point he was reactivated to start the second game of a doubleheader against the Mets. On July 16, in the first game of a doubleheader against the Miami Marlins, <mask> struck out nine batters in innings; it was the first time that he had fanned that many since 2017, in a game against the Washington Nationals. Despite struggles in recent starts, Phillies manager Joe Girardi gave <mask> a start against the Cincinnati Reds on August 11. <mask> no-hit the reds through 6 innings, throwing only 76 pitches while walking 2, but was removed in the 7th. The combined no-hit bid ended in the 8th when Archie Bradley gave up a solo homerun to Tyler Stephenson.<mask> would however earn the win as the Phillies won the game 6–1. <mask> finished the 2021 season with a 2–4 record and a 6.29 ERA. Pitcher profile
Early in his career, sports journalists predicted that <mask> would become the Rays' ace because of his strong pitch repertoire and velocity. Baseball America and Keith Law of ESPN both ranked <mask> second among all 2012 prospects, behind Bryce Harper, while MLB.com placed him in the third slot, behind Harper and Mike Trout. After returning from Tommy John surgery,
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however, <mask> struggled with his pitch velocity and control, giving up large numbers of earned runs as he threw balls at hittable speeds and strike zone locations. His time in the NPB showed an improved performance, and Phillies manager Joe Girardi was keen to sign <mask> in the hopes that he would add depth to the back end of the Phillies' starting rotation, serving as a player who has "pitched in tough situations" and could contend with aces Aaron Nola and Zack Wheeler. <mask> utilizes a four-pitch repertoire consisting of a four-seam fastball, an changeup, an curveball, and an cut fastball.He and Mets pitcher Dellin Betances are known for having a unique grip on their four-seam fastball, in which they tuck their thumb under the ball, which some sports journalists and fellow pitchers believe negatively impacts their pitch control. <mask>'s most consistent flaw has been his walk total; in 2013, his best season statistically, he walked 76 batters in 150 innings. Personal life
In the offseason, <mask> lives with his wife Anna, a labor and delivery nurse, and their son Luke in Scottsdale, Arizona. Luke was born in February 2019 in Tampa. <mask> is Catholic. He has a tattoo on his left shoulder of Saint Michael, his sponsor saint at his Confirmation. References
External links
1989 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from Florida
Baseball players from New Mexico
Charlotte Stone Crabs players
Catholics from Florida
Catholics from New Mexico
Detroit Tigers players
Durham Bulls players
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Montgomery Biscuits players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
People from Fort Walton Beach, Florida
People from Edgewood, New Mexico
Philadelphia Phillies players
Princeton Devil Rays players
San Francisco Giants players
Tampa Bay Rays
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<mask> (; December 6, 1586 – May 21, 1670) was an Italian Jesuit, astronomer, and physicist. As an astronomer he may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter (on May 17, 1630), and reported spots on Mars in 1640. His "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta", published in 1652–56, described his 1616 experiments using a curved mirror instead of a lens as a telescope objective, which may be the earliest known description of a reflecting telescope. In his book he also demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light. He also published two other works on mechanics and machines. Biography
<mask> was fourth of eight children born into the noble family of <mask> and Francoise Giande Marie. Three of his sisters became nuns, three of his brothers became Jesuits, and one brother became a secular priest.The Jesuit order
<mask> studied rhetoric in Piacenza and philosophy and theology in Parma. He finished his studies at the age of sixteen and entered the Jesuit order in Padua on October 28, 1602, in which he remained for the rest of his life. <mask> taught mathematics, rhetorics and theology as a professor at the Collegio Romano, and then was appointed as rector of a new Jesuit college in Ravenna by Cardinal Alessandro Orsini. He later served as the apostolic preacher, a post often referred to as “preacher to the pope”, for about seven years. He received patronage from Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, to which <mask> dedicated his book Nova de machinis philosophia in 1642. He also dedicated his 1652 book Optica philosophia, to Archduke Leopold of Austria. Near the end of his life, he was an official of the Jesuit house in Rome.<mask> died in Rome on May 21, 1670. Scientist
<mask> <mask> published many books on science, including two works on the "philosophy of machines" (analyses of mechanics) in 1646 and 1649, and Optica philosophia in 1652. He also wrote an unpublished Optica statica, which has not survived. Some of the subjects <mask> wrote about were magnetism, barometers (denying the
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existence of the vacuum), and demonstrated that phosphors generate rather than store light. He also asserted that since Venus represented beauty, it was closer to the Sun than Mercury (which represented skill). Astronomer
In 1623, <mask> was a member of a Papal legate sent to the court of Ferdinand II. There he met Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician and astronomer.Kepler encouraged <mask>'s interest in astronomy. <mask> maintained correspondence with Kepler after returning to Rome. At one point when Kepler was in financial difficulties, <mask>, at the urging of the Jesuit scientist Father Paul Guldin, gave a telescope of his own design to Kepler, who mentioned the gift in his book “The Dream”. <mask> along with fellow Jesuit Daniello Bartoli may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter on May 17, 1630, and <mask> reported spots on Mars in 1640. The crater Zucchius on the Moon is named in <mask> <mask>'s honor. Bartoli wrote his Jesuit biography (1682). Books
Nova de machinis philosophia, Rome, 1649.Digitized by e-rara
Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta (1652–56)
<mask> and the reflecting telescope
One of the things cited by <mask> in his 1652 book "Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione a fundamentis constituta" is his claim of exploring the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616. <mask> described an experiment he did with a concave lens and a bronze parabolic mirror he found in a cabinet of curiosities. <mask> used the concave lens as an eyepiece, trying to observe the focused image produced by the mirror to see if it would work like a telescope. Although <mask> described the mirror as "ab experto et accuratissimo artifice elaboratum nactus" (fabricated by an experienced craftsman) he apparently did not get a satisfactory image with it, possibly due to the mirror not being accurate enough to focus an image, the angle it was tilted at, or the fact that his head partially obstructed the view. <mask> abandoned the idea. If <mask> <mask>'s claim of exploring the idea of a
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reflecting telescope in 1616 was true, then it would be the earliest known description of the idea of using a curved mirror as an image forming objective, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea in the 1620s. Claimed functionality
There are many descriptions of <mask> <mask> successfully using his early "reflecting telescope".The French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle's 1700 work History of the Academy of Sciences stated <mask> used it to observe "celestial and terrestrial objects". There are also modern claims that <mask> used a reflecting telescope to observe the belts of Jupiter and examine the spots on the planet Mars,
Such claims have been disputed. The 1832 Edinburgh Encyclopædia noted <mask>'s use of a tilted mirror "must have distorted and spoiled the image" and the 1858 Encyclopædia Britannica described Fontenelle's claim as "recklessly (ascribing) the invention"
Historian Al Van Helden notes in his The Galileo Project that the claims Zucchi used a reflecting telescope to observe Jupiter and Mars as "wildly improbable". Henry C. King in his work on The History of the Telescope noted that <mask> was using a refracting (Galilean) telescope in his astronomical work and a publication by the British Astronomical Association notes for some of his observations <mask> was using refracting telescopes manufactured by Eustachio Divini and Giuseppe Campani. See also
List of Jesuit scientists
List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics
Zucchius (crater), lunar crater named after Niccolò <mask>
Notes
External links
Molecular Expressions website <mask> (1586-1670)
The Galileo Project — <mask>, Niccolo
<mask> in the Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University
Nicolò <mask> (1652) Optica philosophia experimentis et ratione - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
1586 births
1670 deaths
17th-century Italian astronomers
17th-century Italian mathematicians
17th-century Italian physicists
17th-century Italian Jesuits
Italian scientific instrument makers
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<mask> (14 December 186926 September 1946) was an American actress. A popular subject for a wide range of theatrical post-cards and studio photographs, she was noted for her height, voice, presence, graceful figure, attractive features, expressive eyes, and beautiful face. She married wealthy Australian grazier, Boer war veteran, and former aide-de-camp to New Zealand's Governor-General, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934). Osborne was so enamoured of <mask> that he joined her theatrical company in late 1903 in order to press his suit. Engaged in May 1904, they married in October 1904, and had two children together (one of whom died as an infant). <mask> left the stage in 1906, and continued to live a quiet, very happy life, devoted to her family and her beautifully designed gardens, on their family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, NSW, until her death, at age 76, from cancer. An audience favourite wherever she went, <mask>' performances over a decade in New York, London, Australia, and New Zealand met wide critical acclaim, especially in the role of Desdemona in Shakespeare's Othello and, in particular, for her creation of the role of Mercia in Wilson Barrett's masterpiece The Sign of the Cross.On viewing <mask>' performance (when just 20) as Almida in Claudian, one critic observed:
Early life and family
<mask> was born on 14 December 1869 at Willow Farm, near Lula in Coahoma County, Mississippi, to James Kenilworth <mask> (1845-), a cotton planter, and his wife Elizabeth
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Field <mask>, née Smith (1847-). She had three younger brothers: Henry (1872-), James K. jnr. (1875-), and Norman Weathers <mask> (1877-1959). Norman went with his sister to Australia and New Zealand, as part of her theatre company, in 1897,<ref>"Society — Sailed Away: For Sydney", The San Francisco Call, (Sunday, 14 November 1897), p.24;[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14158669 Wilson Barrett's Arrival, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 6 December 1897), p.5].</ref> and remained with her company until she left the stage in 1906. Initially educated at home, and originally intending to become a teacher, from the age of 13 she attended the prestigious Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies in Memphis, Tennessee. A change in her family's fortunes meant that a career as a teacher was no longer possible, and her family encouraged her to pursue an acting career. Theatrical career
From the age of 5, <mask> regularly entertained her family with recitations; and, once at Miss Higbee's School for Young Ladies, in addition to her elocutionary skills, she also began to display a great talent at music, and at singing.Apparently, when offstage, <mask> was a somewhat modest and shy person; and, except for (perhaps, only) two occasions throughout her career — in The Memphis Daily Appeal of 9 July 1888, and The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, of 19 December 1897 — she refused to be interviewed by the press. United States (1887-1890)
In October 1887, when <mask> was just seventeen, she
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performed in Lizzie Evans's new play, Our Angel, at the New Memphis Theatre. Leaving Memphis on 14 August 1888 for New York, she joined the Lizzie Evans company; however, within three weeks it was reported that "Miss <mask> has been compelled to give up her engagement with the Lizzie Evans company and has returned home for rest and quiet" — with a more detailed account emerging a week later:
In 1889 she went to New York and worked with Augustin Daly's company, playing small parts in pays such as "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "As You Like It". Whilst working with Daly's company, she attracted the attention of Wilson Barrett. England (1890-1892)
<mask> left the United States on the RMS City of Chester on 6 August 1890, and arrived at Liverpool on 16 August 1890. Her first appearance on the English stage was in a small part in a new play, The People's Idol, that Barrett had written in collaboration with Victor Widnell. She made her English debut, on 4 December 1890, in the play's first public performance: on the opening night of The New Olympic Theatre, in London's Drury Lane, an entirely new, purpose-built theatre, which Barrett also managed.In August 1891, Wilson Barrett discovered that, due to a half forgotten arrangement made several years earlier, his leading lady at the time, "<mask>", was contracted to appear with Morris Abrahams at the Pavilion Theatre for the whole of the 1891/1892 season.According to Thomas (1984, p.109), another actress, Mary Eastlake (1856-1911)
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who had been with Barrett for nine years, and had also been his "leading lady", had left Barrett's company a year earlier (towards the end of 1890), by amicable mutual agreement, and was touring the provinces, financed by Barrett — having been given the rights to perform the play "Clito" (co-written by Barrett and Sydney Grundy in 1886). Within days, it was being reported that "Miss <mask>, a former member of the Daly Company, is now leading lady in Mr. Wilson Barrett's company". Perhaps her reaction to Barrett's unexpected announcement was somewhat amplified by the fact that, as a consequence of becoming his leading lady, she had to master a total of 14 leading roles in the space of just three weeks. She soon settled into her new position, and by 22 October 1891, she was playing Desdemona, to Barrett's Othello, in the first performance of an entirely new production of Shakespeare's Othello, that Barrett had adapted to accommodate Jeffries "unique new school acting style" (Thomas, 1894, p. 111). <mask> was an outstanding success and, throughout the rest of her career, her performances as Desdemona were considered to be amongst her finest roles. United States (1892-1895)
Barrett's 1892/1893 tour opened in Philadelphia, on 21 November 1892, at the Duquesne Theater, with a performance of Hamlet. <mask> was involved in the creation of Wilson Barrett's play The Sign of the Cross, which was originally produced at the Grand Opera House, St. Louis, Missouri on 28 March 1895.Barrett's
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company opened its Australian season for J. C. Williamson at Melbourne's Princess Theatre (18 December 1897 – 2 March 1898), and then went on to Sydney's Her Majesty's Theatre (5 March-21 May 1898), Adelaide's Theatre Royal (4–16 June 1898), and Perth's Theatre Royal (21 June-1 July 1898), presented a number of different works at each theatre, the first of which was Claudian (with <mask> as Almida);Amusements, The Age, (Monday, 20 December 1897), p.7. other works included Hamlet (with <mask> as Ophelia), Othello (with <mask> as Desdemona), Virginius (with <mask> as Virginia), Ben-my-Chree, (with <mask> as Mona), The Manxman (with <mask> as Kate Cregeen), and The Silver King (with <mask> as Nellie Denver). On 16 July, the company left Sydney for Vancouver on the SS Aorangi. United Kingdom (1898-)
<mask> first appearance for this tour was with Barrett on 25 September 1898, at the Theatre Royal, in Cardiff, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman. <mask>' performance was outstanding, and there were 10 minutes of curtain calls. Australasia (1903-1906)
Following an arrangement between J. C. Williamson and Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the company of Julius Knight (1863-1941) and <mask>rick and Comedy and Tragedy at Christchurch's Theatre Royal on 22 November 1905.The company performed in Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Masterton, and Auckland, and its final performance was The Lady of Lyons, at Auckland's Her Majesty's Theatre, on Saturday, 17 February 1906. The final performance of the
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Knight-Jeffries Company was with The Lady of Lyons, in Sydney's Palace Theatre, on 16 March 1906. After the final curtain the audience was addressed by Julius Knight, and by <mask> (in the company of her husband "who came from the wings, and was heartily cheered as he stood beside her"). Such was the impact of her Australian stage presence that, a decade later, one social correspondent was recalling Mrs. J.B.N. Osborne as "the handsome and graceful actress, Miss <mask>", whilst another theatre critic still believed that her performances far outshone those of the current favourite-of-the-day, Melbourne born actress Madge Titheradge. Even later, in 1917, a racing journalist was recalling her as "the statuesque American actress" who had married the Osborne brother "commonly known as 'Nott' Osborne". J.B.N.Osborne
Early life and family
James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — most often referred to in the press as "J.B.N. Osborne", less often as "James Osborne" and, even, sometimes, as "Nott Osborne" — the son, and one of the nine children of Patrick Hill "Pat" Osborne (1832–1902) and Elizabeth Jane "Jeanie" Osborne (1847–1938), née Atkinson was born on 14 May 1878 in Sydney. He attended Rugby School from 1892 to 1894. Soldier
In early 1898, Osborne was appointed second lieutenant, in command of the Bungendore troop of the First Australian (Volunteer) Horse Regiment; and, a year later, "was proving [himself to be] not only a smart officer, but a very popular one with the
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clasps. His service is commemorated on a plaque (dedicated on 29 May 2011) affixed to the Bungendore and District War Memorial. He remained on the "unattached list" until he formally resigned his commission in December 1904.Aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly
In 1901, appointed to the rank of captain, he served as the aide-de-camp to Earl Ranfurly, the Governor-General of New Zealand, in particular, during the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later, King George V and Queen Mary) in June 1901. Stage and screen
Later described as "a squatter who took to the stage for the love of a lady", Osborne made his stage debut (as "Nott Osborne"), at the last moment, in the role of Major Doria — <mask> was playing the part of Donna Romana Volonna — in a performance of The Eternal City (adapted for the stage from Hall Caine's novel of the same name), at Her Majesty's Theatre on 23 January 1904: "Mention may be made of Mr Nott Osborne as Major Doria (Governor of St Angelo), who, in making a promising stage debut, though obviously nervous over the first few words, displayed a pleasant voice and manner." In 1918 Osborne played a leading role in Alfred Rolfe's society melodrama, Cupid Camouflaged, a silent movie produced to raise funds for the Red Cross, and starring many members of Sydney Society.Osborne and Ethel Knight Kelly at the centre of a still from movie at . A reviewer of the premiere performance on 31 May 1918, noting that, although the movie itself was "distinctly
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amateurish" overall, did observe that "some of the best work in the picture is done by Mr. James Osborne". Death
James Bunbury Nott Osborne died, aged 56, in Sydney, on 24 June 1934. He was interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of his daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911). Marriage, children, and life after the theatre
Marriage
Following their engagement in May 1904, she married James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934) — who was, by that time, also a member of her theatrical company — in a quiet, private ceremony, on 25 October 1904, at Papani, New Zealand.It was <mask>' first, and only marriage. Bowylie
In March 1906, <mask> retired from the stage and happily devoted herself to a rural life on their family property, "Bowylie", near Gundaroo, New South Wales. The property was originally known as "Talligandra". The current homestead, originally known as "Stoneville", built by the Massy family following the destruction of the earlier building in a bushfire in the 1870s, was purchased by the Osborne family in 1896 and renamed "Bowylie". Whilst some aspects of the current gardens were designed by William Guilfoyle, "most of the credit for planning and beautifying the gardens must go to Mrs James Osborne, who arrived as a bride in 1904. Mrs Osborne planted the Lambertiana hedges, laid out paths and gardens and kept an eye on extensive additions to the house".Gorgeous garden in Gundaroo, CityNews, (Wednesday, 9 November 2011), p.35. Children
On 2
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February 1894, and far from the United States, and representing herself as "Bertha Jeffreys" from Tasmania, she gave birth to a daughter, Florence Beatrice Jeffreys (1894-1974) – later Mrs. George Frederick Seymour — in North Carlton, Victoria, Australia.The child, whose father was never identified, was immediately "taken in" by Patrick Joseph and Harriet Ann Walsh, née Deverson, also of North Carlton, who ran a boarding house for actors. Although the existence of the child was kept secret from the world in general, her daughter always knew the identity of her mother — whom she met at least once as a child and, after whom, she later named her own daughter. Her 1904 marriage produced two children: a son, James Bedford <mask> Osborne (1908-1984),Navy Service Record: Osborne, James Bedford <mask> (Lieutenant). and a daughter, Elizabeth Osborne, born on 22 May 1911, who only lived for five weeks.Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 3 July 1911), p.8. Later that same year, when her three-year-old son contracted diphtheria, and was admitted to the isolation ward at Yass Hospital, a deeply worried <mask>, although quite well herself, having already experienced the death of her mother (who had died in Memphis, on 4 January) and the death of her daughter (on 2 July), went into quarantine with her son, rather than be separated from him. After several weeks in the hospital, and with the care of his mother, he was well enough for them both to return home.
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Picture postcards
A constant, and important ongoing source of income for <mask> was that derived from the royalties from the sale of a wide range of popular photographic postcards of her either in the costume of a particular stage role — as Mercia in The Sign of the Cross, as Kate Cregeen in The Manxman, as Elna in Daughters of Babylon, as Mariamne in Herod; A Tragedy — or studio portraits representing her "off stage".http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-136637689/view;jsessionid=1gct2lgx0fp7d181e7aag6502e
In 1904 it was reported that, even though payment was only six cents per copy, Jeffries had made at least $US10,000 from royalties in less than two years.Several years later, it was estimated that some 200,000 postcards of <mask> had been sold in Sydney over the 1906 Christmas/New Year period alone. <mask>: "The Tombstone Angel"
In early 1906 the London Daily Mail reported that one of the most popular postcards of <mask> — portraying her in the role of Mercia in The Sign of the Cross — was being used as the model for the recently created "winged angel" that was rapidly replacing the "weeping angel" as the most popular item in memorial statuary. In April, the Melbourne Age announced that "Miss <mask> has instructed her London solicitors to announce that it is exceedingly distasteful to her to be associated with tombstones in any way, and the offending sculptors are being brought to book for the liberty they have taken";"Always thought that <mask> was of the disposition angelic, but
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the reverse is evidently the case, as the popular actress is said to be excessively annoyed at the idea of her classic physiognomy being reproduced by monumental masons as a suitable likeness of an angel. As <mask> was never by any means "flighty", possibly it's the thought of putting on "wings" she objects to." (The (Brisbane) Truth, (Sunday 20 May 1906), p.6). and, soon, the following (humorous) paragraph was being widely circulated in the Australian press: "Miss <mask> denies, through her solicitors, that she has authorised the manufacture of marble reproductions of herself as tombstone angels. Her solicitors, nevertheless, write from Angel Court."Chrysanthemum Maud Jeffries
Around 1906, G. Brunning and Sons, a plant nursery in St Kilda, Victoria, renowned for their chrysanthemum varieties, produced a cultivar — later described as "a decorative Japanese variety of the purest white, and one of the most valuable of these for late flowering and conservatory decoration" — which was officially named "Miss Maud <mask>". Not that Mrs. Osborne
On Sunday 20 January 1929, on the way to Redbank Station, Jugiong, near Harden, New South Wales, a motor car driven by a Mr. P. O'Rorke, crashed into an oncoming vehicle at the South Coast town of Narooma. The driver of the other vehicle, and O'Rorke's passenger, a "Mrs. Osborne", were badly injured and taken to hospital. Given that the injured woman was a "Mrs. Osborne", from a property somewhere in rural New South Wales, it was immediately
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assumed that the woman was, indeed, <mask>, and the news of the accident was widely broadcast in newspapers in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Great Britain, and the British Colonies. Three days later, it was revealed that, rather than being the supposed "Mrs. J.B.N. Osborne" of Gundaroo, the accident victim was, in fact, Mrs. Elsie Evelyn Osborne (1878-1930), née Dickenson, of Redbank Station, Jugiong, NSW, the widow of Benjamin Marshall Osborne (thus "Mrs. B.M. Osborne").Death
<mask> Craven Nott, née <mask>, died of cancer, at her family property, "Bowylie", at Gundaroo, on 27 September 1946, aged 76 years.<mask>: Death of Former Actress, The Goulburn Evening Post, (Wednesday 2 October 1946), p.4; Former Actress Dies in Country, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 2 October 1946), p.5. She was privately interred at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, along with the remains of her daughter Elizabeth Osborne (1911-1911), and her late husband, James Bunbury Nott Osborne (1878-1934). See also
Gundaroo Airport
The Sign of the Cross Footnotes
References
Newspapers
Mr. Tree's Theatrical Company: Arrival by The Orient, The (Adelaide) Advertiser, (Tuesday, 25 August 1903), p.6. Ladies' Letter, (Melbourne) Table Talk, (Thursday, 5 May 1904), p.19. Family Notices: Marriages: <mask>, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Wednesday, 26 October 1904), p.8. Personalities: The Family of Osborne, The (Sydney) Sunday Times, (Sunday, 12 April 1914), p.12. Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The
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Sydney Morning Herald, (Monday, 5 June September 1934), p.8.MR. J.B.N. OSBORNE,Goulburn Evening Penny Post, (Wednesday, 4 July 1934), p.2. Family Notices: Deaths: Osborne, The Sydney Morning Herald, (Friday, 27 September 1946), p.18. R.W.B., "Stage Prejudice Broken: Wilson Barrett's 'Sign of the Cross'", The Age Literary Section, (Saturday, 24 January 1948), p.6. <mask>, Former Actress: Dramatic Star at Turn of the Century Dies in Australia — Once a Leading Beauty, The New York Yimes, (Saturday, 28 September 1946), p. 11. America gave us One of our Finest Actresses, The Canberra Times, (Thursday, 27 April 2000), p. 11. Other sources
Mr. Wilson Barrett's Farewell to Melbourne (Souvenir Theatre Programme), Princess Theatre, Melbourne, 21 May 1898.The Darling of the Gods (Theatre Programme), Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne, 1904: cast includes "Mr. Nott Osborne" and "Miss Maud Jeffries". Barrett, W. The Sign of the Cross, J.B. Lippincott Company, (Philadelphia), 1896: Barrett's novelized version of his play. Barrett, W., The Wilson Barrett Birthday Book: Illustrated, W. & D. Downey, (London), 1899. "<mask>, Miss <mask>", Browne, Walter & Koch, E. De Roy, Who's Who on the Stage 1908: The Dramatic Reference Book and Biographical Dictionary of the Theatre: Containing Careers of Actors, Actresses, Managers and Playwrights of the American Stage, B.W. Dodge and Company, (New York), 1908, p.257. "<mask>ries", pp.184-185 in Clapp, John Bouvé and Edgett, Edwin Francis, Players of the
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Present (Part II), The Dunlap Society, (New York) 1900. "<mask>, Actress", p.24 in Corry, M., Waverley Cemetery: Who’s Who: Encore!(Revised Version), Waverley Library, (Bondi Junction), 1996. Disher, M.W., "Sex and Salvation: The Sign Of The Cross", pp.115-124 in Disher, M.W., Melodrama: Plots that Thrilled, The Macmillan Company, (New York), 1954. Hugonnet, P.J., Bungendore and District War Memorial: South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 Roll of Honour, Peter John Hugonnet, (Bungendore) 2011. Kelly, Veronica, The Empire Actors: Stars of Australasian Costume Drama 1890s-1920s, Currency House, (Strawberry Hills), 2010. Miss <mask>, p.34 in Lawrence, Boyle, Celebrities of the Stage, George Newnes, Limited, (London), 1900. Livingston, S., "Mad Love" The Ballad of Fred & Allie", Creative Nonfiction, No.48, Spring 2013. National Museum of Australia: Collection Highlights: Delaunay-Belleville Tourer.Shaw, G.B., "Mainly About Shakespeare", The Saturday Review, Vol.83, No.2170, (29 May 1897), pp.603-605. Thomas, J.M., The Art of the Actor-Manager: Wilson Barrett and the Victorian Theatre'', UMI Research Press, (Ann Arbor), 1984. Thorpe, Clarissa, "Vintage love story: The tale of US actress <mask> and Australian farmer James Osborne", 666 ABC Canberra, 6 September 2015. 1869 births
People from Coahoma County, Mississippi
Actresses from Mississippi
19th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
20th-century American actresses
American emigrants to Australia
1946 deaths
Deaths from
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<mask> (born 9 April 1965) is a Swedish professional golfer who played primarily on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour and is also a life member of the Ladies European Tour. She won the LPGA major Nabisco Dinah Shore and twice finished second in the U.S. Women's Open. She also won the Women's British Open once and the Evian Masters three times before those events were designated as majors in women's golf by the LPGA Tour. In 2019, she won a "senior slam" by winning both of the senior women's major championships. Amateur career
<mask> was born in Gothenburg, Sweden and at age 11 began playing golf at Gullbringa Golf & Country Club north of Gothenburg. At young ages, she represented Sweden on both junior level and in the national amateur team. She attended United States International University, San Diego, California, playing in their golf team led by coach Gordon Severson and graduated in 1988.During summer time she played in Sweden and won the Swedish Match-play Championship three years in a row 1986 through 1988, as an amateur while the championship since 1986 had become open for professionals and part of the Swedish Golf Tour for women. In 1987, she was a member of the winning Swedish team at the European Ladies' Team Championship at Turnberry, Scotland. She was also a member of the Swedish team in the Espirito Santo Trophy 1986 and 1988. At home soil in Stockholm in 1988, Sweden finished second after the United States, which was at the time, the best Swedish finish ever. The same year <mask> finished individual bronze-medallist at the European Ladies' Championship at Pedrena Golf Club, Spain. She turned professional on 1 January 1989. Professional career
<mask> began her professional career on the Ladies European Tour where she was awarded 1989 Rookie of the Year.The next year, in 1990, she claimed her maiden professional win at the Women's British Open. She won twice on the LET in 1991 and won once each on the Australian and Japan tours. She earned exempt status for the 1992 LPGA Tour season by tying for 17th at the LPGA
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Final Qualifying Tournament. She earned Rookie of the Year honors on the LPGA Tour in 1992 and has won seven LPGA Tour events, including one LPGA major: the 1993 Nabisco Dinah Shore. A little over three months after her Dinah Shore victory, <mask> nearly won the U.S. Women's Open at Crooked Stick Golf Club. <mask> entered the final round with a two-stroke advantage, but finished tied for 2nd, one shot behind winner Lauri Merten. At the 1994 U.S. Women's Open at Indianwood Golf & Country Club, Michigan, <mask> shot an 8 under first round 63, a new tournament single round record.Her 36-hole total 132 also broke the tournament record. When she reached 13 under during the third round, it was at the time the lowest score to par ever reached in a U.S. Open, by men or women. After playing her last 29 holes in 14 over par, she fell to tied 9th, eight shots behind winner Patty Sheehan. During her career on the LPGA Tour, <mask> continued to play a limited number of events in Europe, where she won eleven times. She finished on top of the Ladies European Tour money list in 1998. In 2008, <mask> came back, after recovering from injuries in her leg, back and shoulder, and won her third Evian Masters title, her first LPGA Tour win in five years. She was member of the European Solheim Cup team as a player 8 times: 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2009.She was appointed captain of the 2007 European Solheim Cup team, losing to the United States team 12-16. When she qualified for the European Team at the 2009 Solheim Cup, she became the first, and still the only, player on both teams, to qualify as a player after she has been the team captain a previous year. While playing golf, <mask> has been known to curse long and loud in Swedish. The Financial Times of London once editorialized "They can be louder and more richly worded than many of Lenny Bruce's best performances". <mask> said about cursing "You have to stay so focused on the tour, you work so hard, you don't want anything to interfere. But then all of a sudden this
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little devil comes crawling out, saying, 'It's time to do something. You've been good too long.""
In September 2013, <mask> officially announced her retirement from the LPGA Tour. She is a life time member of the Ladies European Tour. After her retirement from competitive golf on the regular tour, she came back, playing on the women's senior tour, the Legends Tour, primarily in the senior majors, with great success. She tied for third in the inaugural Senior LPGA Championship in 2017 and improved that by finishing tied second at the 2018 Senior LPGA Championship. She won both of the two senior ladies major championships in 2019, the U.S. Senior Women's Open and the Senior LPGA Championship, completing the same "senior slam" as Laura Davies achieved in 2018. Personal life
At young age she practiced ice skating and team handball. Her father Björn was a six-time Swedish handball champion and a keen golfer himself.The father and daughter won the 1999 Swedish Two Generations Mixed Championship, played as 36-hole foursome. In later years <mask> has practiced yoga. During her college years in San Diego, California, she met Leo Cuellar, the school's soccer coach and a former World Cup and Olympic soccer player for Mexico. The couple later got engaged. After graduating in 1988 with a degree in International Business and Marketing, she tried a career in Paris, France as a model and stayed for six months. In 2005, <mask> married former National Hockey League player Kent Nilsson and became stepmother of his son, hockey player Robert Nilsson. Kent Nilsson was en elite amateur golfer himself, with a handicap below scratch.They divorced in 2016, but came back to live together. She has contributed to the foundation of a charity golf tournament supporting research on Alzheimer's disease, which affected her mother, who died in 2010. Amateur wins
1981 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship
1982 Belgian Open Junior Championship
1983 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship
1985 Swedish Junior Match-play Championship
Source:
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<mask> (1890–1968) was an American mycologist. He was known for his taxonomic research on the rust fungi (Pucciniomycetes), the genus Cordyceps, and the earth tongues (Geoglossaceae). Biography
<mask> was born on 31 March 1890 in Coldwater, Branch County, Michigan. The son of Benjamin W. and Mary Ann (<mask><mask>. <mask> began his undergraduate education at Michigan State University in 1909, but transferred to the University of Michigan in 1911. He earned his Ph.D. in botany from the University of Michigan in 1916 under the tutelage of Calvin Henry Kauffman while investigating the parasite-host relationships of various rust fungi. He was appointed Assistant Botanist at the Purdue University Agricultural Experimental Station by Joseph Charles Arthur in 1916.He married Mary Esther Elder on 16 August 1917 in East Lansing, Michigan. Mains was appointed Acting Director of the University of Michigan Herbarium following the illness of C.H. Kauffman in 1930 and was named Director in 1931. <mask> remained at the University of Michigan, both as a professor and as Director of the Herbarium, until his retirement in 1960. <mask> served as Chair of the Department of Botany at Michigan during World War II. <mask> remained in Ann Arbor following his retirement and died of a heart attack on 23
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December 1968. He was buried at Oak Grove Cemetery in Coldwater, Michigan.While at Michigan, <mask> was active in the Ann Arbor Garden Club. Mains was highly interested in photography and was a noted and exhibited photographer of nature. Mains was prominent in the development and use of color photography in mycological education. Mycological contributions
<mask>' early professional career was dedicated to the study of plant rusts (Pucciniales). He collaborated with Arthur and others on "The Plant Rusts (Uredinales)" in 1929, a major treatment of an economically important group of fungi. <mask> continued working on rusts after transferring to Michigan, though most of his later studies focused on Cordyceps and the Geoglossaceae. <mask>' collections and research greatly enriched the University of Michigan Herbarium, which developed "from a position of obscurity to one of international prominence" under his directorship.<mask> was elected Vice-President of the Mycological Society of America in 1938, and President in 1942. <mask> also served the Mycological Society of America as a counselor from 1943-1944. <mask> and C.L. Lundell investigated the flora of the high rain forest and mountain pine ridge in the southern El Cayo District, British Honduras in 1937. Taxa described
Mains described
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<mask> (January 29, 1927 – July 15, 2010) was an American actor, voice director, and writer. Despite a career extending from the 1930s, he is probably best known for his roles in the 1967 anime Speed Racer. <mask> co-wrote the scripts, was the voice director, and translated the English-language version of the theme song. He was instrumental in introducing many Japanese anime series to English-speaking audiences. He is also the narrator in the audio version of It Looked Like Spilt Milk. Life and career
Born in Manhattan, New York, one of three children to Pedro and <mask>. His two siblings were Edward and Jacqueline.He was of Cuban, Irish, and French descent. <mask> was a child model for the John Robert Power Agency to support his family during the Great Depression. He then appeared on both radio and Broadway, appearing in Lillian Hellman's Watch on the Rhine in 1941. He was drafted into the United States Army at age 18, late in World War II. His radio appearances included roles on Mr. District Attorney, Let's Pretend, Gangbusters, My Best Girls, Superman, and Suspense, as well as soap operas. After his discharge from the Army in 1946, he became a prolific writer for both radio and pulp fiction. He authored the children's book, Bedtime Stories from the Bible.<mask> is known for his voice work, and has been heard in English adaptions of many foreign films. <mask> is best known as the American voice of the title character—and his brother, Racer X—in the 1967 anime series Speed Racer. Besides acting in Speed Racer, he was the lyricist of English version of that show's theme song. He returned in the 2008 animated series Speed Racer: The Next Generation to play a middle-aged Headmaster Spritle. In the live-action 2008 film Speed Racer, <mask> had a small part as a racing announcer. The
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rapid-fire delivery of dialogue made famous by Speed Racer was devised by <mask> and his American voice co-stars in order to make the dialogue jibe with the original Japanese mouth movements. He provided the voice for Benton Tarantella, a resurrected film director for Courage the Cowardly Dog, which he has said was his favorite.He made cameos credited as "additional characters" in several episodes, besides his role as the voice of Robot Randy. He was a voice director for Robert Mandell's Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders. Additional voice acting credits include in such dubbed anime titles as Astro Boy, Gigantor, Marine Boy, Star Blazers and Superbook. In 2007, he was awarded The Special American Anime Award for Outstanding Achievement. <mask> was interviewed in 2008 on his activities and voice over work. His last major public appearance was at the 2009 Seattle, Washington Sakura-Con. Personal life and death
<mask> lived in Pomona, New York with his wife, Noel Smith, whom he married in 1978; together they had three children.He died on July 15, 2010, after a battle with lung cancer at the age of 83. (TV, 1999, uncredited)
The Enchanted Journey (1984, uncredited)
Dubbing direction
Nattens engel (1998)
Voice direction
2019 – Dopo la caduta di New York (1983)
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series, 1996, episodes 27-41)
Al Andalus (1989)
Au nom de tous les miens (1983)
Au nom de tous les miens (TV miniseries, 1985)
Bidaya wa nihaya (1960)
Bordella (1976, uncredited)
Christmas in Cartoontown (UAV, 1996)
Ciske de Rat (1984, uncredited)
Coup de torchon (1981)
Courage the Cowardly Dog (TV series, 1999)
Dogs of Hell (1982)
El Nido (1979)
Fei zhou chao ren (1994)
Film d'amore e d'anarchia (1973)
Gandahar (1988)
Goha (1958)
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<mask> (July 4, 1920 – February 6, 2015) was a major influence in professional basketball officiating for over 35 years. His NBA and ABA officiating career as both a referee and Supervisor of Officials spanned the careers of all-time pro basketball greats, from George Mikan, Bob Cousy, Dolph Schayes and Bob Pettit in the 1950s, to Wilt Chamberlain, Jerry West, Elgin Baylor and Bill Russell in the 1960s, to Julius Erving, Rick Barry, Bill Bradley and Walt Frazier in the 1970s and to Larry Bird and Magic Johnson in the 1980s. Life and career
<mask> was born in New York City, New York. He was hired as a referee by the National Basketball Association in 1953. By the early 60's he was regularly officiating two to four games in the NBA Finals each season. In 1969, when the two-year-old American Basketball Association was raiding the NBA for talent, he took the risk, along with three other NBA "lead" referees — Joe Gushue, Earl Strom and John Vanak — and jumped to the financially uncertain ABA. Their contracts were the first multi-year officiating contracts in pro basketball history.Such was <mask>'s stature and reputation, that his total salary, as a referee and Supervisor of Officials, along with a $25,000 signing bonus, was more than double the average NBA player's salary. It made him, at that time, the highest paid referee in the history of basketball. Within a year, all other pro basketball officials benefited, as their salaries more than doubled. As a result, officiating professional basketball evolved from a part-time 'second job', to a full-time career, with greatly improved working conditions, benefits and pension plans. It was the first time in history that a league had promoted the quality of its officials which improved the ABA's credibility, and as a by-product enhanced the public's interest in, and respect for referees. In the ABA, Drucker officiated and also served as the league's Supervisor of Officials. With the
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ABA-NBA merger in 1976, Drucker was one of only a handful of ABA referees hired by the NBA to return.When he retired after the 1976–77 NBA season to become the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, his 24 consecutive seasons of officiating was the longest string in pro basketball history. It remains the record for longest tenure for a pro referee among those whose entire career was during the era of only two referees per game. During that span he officiated 6 All-Star Games (3 NBA, 3 ABA), a higher total than any other official in pro basketball history other than Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom both of whom officiated seven. When he retired, his total of 38 NBA and ABA championship round games officiated was the second highest in pro basketball history. In his 24-year officiating career (17 in the NBA and 7 in the ABA), Drucker was well known for his even-handed officiating for visiting teams in an era when many officials were criticized as "homers" - favoring the home team. In a 1969 interview with Newsday's Stan Isaacs, he said, "I think there is a part of me deep down that enjoys calling a foul against the home team and then standing out there alone, almost defying the cries of the hometown mob." For 14 seasons, from 1963 through 1977, <mask> along with Mendy Rudolph and Earl Strom, were generally recognized as the top referees in pro basketball.As a result, assigning Drucker to "big games" was commonplace, and he officiated the deciding game of league championships eight times—four times in the NBA, in 1963, 1965, 1966 and 1968, and four times in the ABA, in 1971, 1972, 1974 and 1976. Of the nearly 400 referees who have officiated in the NBA and ABA, only two others Mendy Rudolph and Joe Crawford have officiated in more deciding games. With a reputation for making "gutty calls" and not "protecting" superstars he holds the distinction of being the only referee ever to eject Wilt Chamberlain from an NBA game, calling three
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technical fouls on Chamberlain on January 3, 1962. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was involved in what the press called a heated "feud" with legendary Boston Celtic coach Red Auerbach. His second ejection of Auerbach in a one-month period led to the coach's 3-game suspension by NBA president Maurice Podoloff on November 13, 1961. <mask>'s career gave him a courtside view of key moments of the NBA's first 35 seasons. He was the last active NBA referee to have officiated in 1953–54—the last season before the NBA introduced the 24-second clock.That same season, he was selected to officiate the only regular-season game in NBA history that experimented with rims 12 feet, rather than 10 feet, off the ground. He officiated the games when Bob Pettit scored his 15,000th career point and Wilt Chamberlain scored his 25,000th. He officiated the last game in the history of the ABA—the deciding game 6 of the 1976 ABA Championship Series, the deciding game of the 1963 NBA Finals, Bob Cousy's final game as a Boston Celtic, and the deciding game of the 1966 Finals, Red Auerbach's last game. Drucker is also the link to referees whose careers span the first 70 seasons of the NBA. He partnered on the court with Sid Borgia and Hall of Fame Referee Pat Kennedy whose NBA careers started in the NBA's first season, 1946–47, and as the NBA's Supervisor of Officials, Drucker hired Joe Crawford, who retired at the end of 2015–16 season. At the end of his officiating career, Drucker demonstrated a commitment to improving the salary, benefits and working conditions for future generations of professional referees. In 1977, he, along with 23 of the NBA's 25 other referees went on strike before the playoffs.At 56 years old, and about to retire, he noted at the time, "I'm not going to be the recipient of the benefits [of a collective bargaining agreement] ... I could have made a good deal for myself [by not striking]. Any one of the top 14 lead
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to the NIT championship tournament, the preeminent post-season tournament of that era. As a part-time starter, The New York Times called Drucker "aggressive, alert and spirited". In January 1943, World War II interrupted Drucker's college career. In the U.S. Army for 3 1/2 years, he served in Europe and was discharged a first Lieutenant. After the war, Drucker played professionally in the New York State Professional Basketball League for the Troy Celtics Later, he was traded to the Trenton Tigers in the American Basketball League and played on their 1946–47 championship team.In 1949, <mask> began his officiating career refereeing AAU, high school, collegiate, and American Basketball League games. Two years later he refereed one NBA game and in 1953 he moved up to the NBA with a full schedule of games. In 1989, <mask> came out of retirement and joined the World Basketball League, a minor league, as its Supervisor of Officials, a position he held for the four-year life of that league. <mask> was inducted into the CCNY Athletic Hall of Fame in 1986. In 1994, he was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame for his officiating career and was also inducted in 1998 into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. His son, <mask>, served as commissioner of two professional sports leagues, the Continental Basketball Association from 1978 to 1986 and the Arena Football League from 1994 to 1996, and was ESPN's legal correspondent from 1989 to 1993. <mask> retired to East Norriton, Pennsylvania and died in 2015.References
External links
<mask> <mask>'s Biography at Jews in Sports
1920 births
2015 deaths
American Basketball Association referees
Basketball players from New York City
CCNY Beavers men's basketball players
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish men's basketball players
National Basketball Association referees
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
American men's basketball
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<mask> (née Platnauer; 24 January 1933) is a British emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College, who is best known for defining the concept and subspecialty of grown ups with congenital heart disease (GUCH) and being chosen as the physician involved with Britain's first heart transplantation in 1968. <mask> was educated first at a boys preparatory school in North Wales, then Queen's College, London, and later at Guy's Hospital Medical School. Initially drawn to surgery, she chose to pursue a career in cardiology at the National Heart Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street and later at the Brompton Hospital. Her work led to the opening of the world's first dedicated ward for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease, the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, and a GUCH charity which was later renamed "The Somerville Foundation" in her honour. The medical professionals who she trained and who have come to celebrate and follow her are known as "Unicorns". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Edwardes Square, Kensington, London, on 24 January 1933 to Joseph Bertram Platnauer, who was a theatre critic for the Tatler magazine and Pearl Ashton who worked on Vogue. Her early childhood was spent under the guidance of a strict Irish governess at the family residence in Park Square which later became the site for The Prince's Trust.During the Second World War and The Blitz, when children were ordered out of London, <mask> was sent to a boys preparatory school in the Welsh village of Portmeirion. She remained there for three years, being only one of six girls among 70 boys. Following studies in the sciences at Queen's College school, Harley Street, London, <mask> gained admission into the male dominated Guy's Hospital Medical School, where women medical students had been present for only the previous two years and the class was more than 90% men. During her student years, she was influenced by a visit to the school by Alfred Blalock of Johns Hopkins Hospital,
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whose achievements in treating tetralogy of Fallot with the Blalock Taussig shunt, transformed the lives of children. The once fatal heart disease could now be corrected and turn a blue baby to pink in minutes. Early medical career
Somerville initially aimed for a career in heart surgery and worked for heart surgery pioneer Sir Russell Brock. She recognised her own lack of dexterity and later recounted "but I was no good because my hands were not connected to my head" and changed course to become a cardiologist.She became the first female medical registrar at Guy's Hospital. In 1958, she became a registrar at the National Heart Hospital where cardiologist Paul Wood took her on to his team. Here, her interest in congenital heart disease led her to take on simultaneous work at the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, London, and she learnt about diseases in babies and surgery with Richard Bonham Carter and David Waterston. In 1967, during a time of significant innovations in heart surgery, <mask> was appointed as a consultant at the National Heart Hospital. She recognised the unmet need of the increasing number of adolescents and adults who were now surviving the heart conditions they were born with, thus founding the concept of GUCH. This new group of survivors had new medical problems and some soon required repeat operations, challenging the cardiologists of the time. Somerville also worked alongside cardio-thoracic surgeon Donald Ross, who chose her to be the cardiologist for the first heart transplantation in the UK in 1968.They co-authored a number of innovative articles, including in 1966, the first report of the use of a homograft aortic valve to repair pulmonary atresia. Later medical career
Paul Wood ward
In 1975, <mask>, "always feisty and prepared for battle", succeeded in raising enough funds to open the world's first hospital ward solely for the use of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease. It was named the Paul Wood Ward. The atmosphere differed from a purely children's
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ward. While it did have a children's play area, guided by a play leader, it also had a kitchen for adolescents and families. Family members could interact with each other, have a coffee and make a snack. This was appreciated by older adolescents, who in turn supported younger ones.World Congress
In 1980, she held the first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology in London, a concept she envisaged. In 1988, she enlisted the help of American heart surgeon John W. Kirklin during the first Paediatric Cardiac Surgical Congress in Bergamo, resulting in a collaboration between heart physicians and heart surgeons. <mask>'s pioneering GUCH care and teaching led her to be followed by "Unicorns", her ex-trainees who gather at the World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology every year to celebrate her life and work. In explaining the "Unicorns", <mask> answered;
I try to teach my fellows that they have to have imagination. You have to be able to diagnose a disease that you have never seen, or perhaps even read about, and you have to combine your memory with it. That's why my trainees are called unicorns, because I used to tell them that there's this imaginary animal that nobody had ever seen but if you saw one in the ward, you’d recognize it. Without the ability to imagine, I’m not sure you would quite know what was going on.Brompton Hospital
The Brompton Hospital incorporated the National Heart Hospital in 1989, however the adolescent ward was not included in the transition. <mask> thereafter worked on re-establishing one, which was later renamed the Jane Somerville GUCH Unit in 1996. In 1995, the British Cardiac Society held the first Paul Wood lecture, which <mask> gave. The title of her speech was "The Master's Legacy". In 1998, <mask> was appointed emeritus professor of cardiology, Imperial College. She retired a year later. GUCH Patients Association
In the early 1990s, she founded the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on GUCH and became its chairperson in 1995.The GUCH patients were presenting with numerous
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problems outside their medical need that she founded and became president of the GUCH patient association in 1994, launched from the now Royal Brompton Hospital. GUCH patients could now talk to each other, seek help for all the social problems and meet to find they were not alone. The organisation was supported by the British Heart Foundation and its name was subsequently changed to the Somerville Foundation in her honour. Awards and honours
<mask> is the recipient of the Gold Medal of the European Society of Cardiology, the Guys treasurers Gold Medal in clinical surgery and the Distinguished Service Award of the American College of Cardiology. In 2012, <mask> was named as one of five legends in cardiology at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions. A "self-proclaimed trouble maker", she shared the event at Chicago with Eugene Braunwald, Valentín Fuster, Antonio Colombo and Magdi Yacoub, when she spoke about her 50 years with heart surgeons. She is the second woman, after Helen Taussig, to enter the Paediatric Cardiology Hall of Fame.Personal life
In 1957, Platnauer married <mask>, who she met in the late 1940s, when she was age 16 and he was staying next door. The couple had four children; one daughter and three sons . Walter died in 2005. Her hobbies include collecting antiques, roof gardening and opera. Retirement
Following retirement, <mask> continued to travel the world and teach. The GUCH clinic at the Mater Dei Hospital in Malta is based on her model. In 2013 <mask> was a guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs with Kirsty Young.Selected publications
References
Further reading
External links
Dr<mask>- Legends of CV Medicine (2012)
WSPCHS – Interview with Dr. <mask> (Intro) (2016)
The Somerville Foundation
<mask> – Life and times of leading cardiologists with Rob Califf
1933 births
Living people
People from Kensington
People educated at Queen's College, London
English women medical doctors
Academics of Imperial College London
British cardiologists
Women cardiologists
History of heart
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<mask> (born December 27, 1972) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League. He played for the Minnesota Vikings, the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Jacksonville Jaguars, and the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a first-round pick (18th overall) in the 1994 NFL Draft from North Carolina State University. He is currently the head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina. Amateur years
<mask> played high school football at Northern High School in Durham, North Carolina, where he earned All-American honors from Sporting News, SuperPrep, and USA Today in 1989. After high school <mask> attended North Carolina State, grabbing 3 interceptions his junior year. As a senior, <mask> led the team with 4 interceptions, and also recorded 66 tackles (51 solo) as a co-captain.Professional career
Minnesota Vikings
<mask> <mask> started all 16 games for the Minnesota Vikings as a rookie in 1994. <mask> recorded 75 tackles (69 solo), and had 3 interceptions for 135 yards and 2 touchdowns as a rookie. <mask> <mask> was named defensive rookie of the year by College and Pro Football Weekly and earned All-Rookie honors from Pro Football Weekly and Pro Football Writers of America. The Vikings won the NFC Central Division with a 10-6 record, but lost in the first round of the 1994 NFL playoffs. In 1995, <mask> played in 15 games, recording 62 total tackles (57 solo), and had 1 interception for 25 yards. <mask> only missed 1 game in his career. For the next 10 NFL seasons, he did not miss a game.He played in a total of 191/192 possible regular season games during his 12-year career. In 1996, <mask> recorded 75 tackles (72 solo). He had 2 interceptions for 27 yards and a touchdown that year. In 1997, he had 84 tackles (74 solo). He had 4 interceptions that year for 71 yards, but no touchdowns. <mask> was a starter for a Vikings that entered the 1997 NFL playoffs as a wildcard team, upsetting the New York Giants in the first round before falling to the San Francisco 49ers in the divisional playoffs.
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Pittsburgh Steelers
On February 25, 1998, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed <mask> <mask> as an unrestricted free agent.1998 proved to be <mask>'s best season in the NFL. In his first season with the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> had 93 tackles (82 solo). He had 5 interceptions for 178 yards and 2 touchdowns that year. These would be the last interceptions <mask> would return for touchdowns in his career. In 1999, <mask> had a career low of 52 tackles (50 solo). However, he did manage to record 4 interceptions. In 2000, <mask> had 78 tackles (70 solo).He matched his career high with 5 interceptions, returning them for 59 yards. On July 19, 2001, the Pittsburgh Steelers re-signed <mask> <mask> to a multi-year contract. In 2001, he had 77 tackles, but only 1 interception for 15 yards. He helped Steelers win the AFC Central with a 13-3 record, advancing to the AFC Conference Championship, where they were defeated by the New England Patriots. In 2002, he had only 55 tackles, and a career low 45 solo tackles. <mask> also had 3 interceptions for 51 yards. With a record of 10-5-1, the Steelers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs.In 2003 <mask> began to show signs of aging. That year, he had only 60 tackles (53 solo). He had only 1 interception for the second consecutive year, returning it for only 7 yards. This would be the end of <mask>'s six-season career in Pittsburgh. Jacksonville Jaguars
On February 27, 2004, the Pittsburgh Steelers officially cut <mask> <mask>, making him a free agent eligible to sign with any team. On March 9, 2004, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed <mask> <mask> to be a nickel back. In 2004, <mask> had 2 interceptions and 76 Tackles.Kansas City Chiefs
In training camp before the 2005 NFL season, the Kansas City Chiefs signed <mask> to a one year-contract. <mask>'s signing was considered less significant due to the possibility of signing Ty Law before he signed with the New York Jets. <mask> played almost always on special teams, recording 10 tackles, 9 being solo. Despite a 10-6 record that included 4,000
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yards passing by Trent Green and 1,700 yards rushing by Larry Johnson, the Chiefs failed to make the playoffs. For the first season in his career, <mask> went without an interception and only started one game. In his career, <mask> recorded 31 interceptions and recovered 7 fumbles. He returned four interceptions and two fumbles for touchdowns.<mask> has started all 8 playoff games he has appeared in. NFL statistics
Coaching career
On May 11, 2015, <mask> was introduced as the new head football coach at Heritage High School in Wake Forest, North Carolina making his head coaching debut on August 21, 2015 against Green Hope High School. Prior to accepting the head coaching job at Heritage, he served as an assistant coach at Ravenscroft School in Raleigh, North Carolina. His assistant coaches included former NFL wide receiver Torry Holt and former NFL running back Willie Parker. In January 2018, he resigned from the position, wishing to spend more time focusing on his business and family. Personal life
Since retiring from the NFL, <mask> has been active within his community. He has participated in various real estate projects which have helped revitalize downtown Durham, NC and started Carolina Skills Academy, a year-round football skills academy available to kids in and around The Triangle.He has also served on the Durham YMCA Board, NC State's Alumni Board and Board of Visitors, and Union Baptist Trustee Board, been involved with the 100 Black Men of America, and volunteered as a coach for Pop Warner football. Currently, <mask> lives in Wake Forest, North Carolina with his wife, NC State graduate Adama <mask>, and their three children. References
External links
NFL Player Database
Official Webpage of the NFL
1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina
Players of American football from North Carolina
American football cornerbacks
NC State Wolfpack football players
Minnesota Vikings players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Kansas City Chiefs players
People from Wake Forest, North
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<mask> or <mask> (, born Kaifeng City, Henan Province, Republic of China, 1947) is a senior diplomat of the Republic of China. He is a native of Wujin County, Jiangsu Province. He is proficient in English and Spanish. He was the 9th Republic of China Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See. He was previously the Representative of the Taipei Representative Office in the Netherlands. Education
1970 B.A. Department of Political Science,
1973 Graduate School of Political Science, Chinese Culture University
Career timeline
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See (Sep. 2008–December 2015)
Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Kingdom of the Netherlands(Oct. 2006- Sep. 2008)
Director General, Department of European Affairs,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China(Oct. 2003-Oct. 2006)
Representative of Republic of China (Taiwan) in Argentina (Sept. 1996-Sept. 2003)
Chief of Protocol, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Mar.1994-Aug. 1996)
Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1991-Feb.1994)
Deputy Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Feb. 1984-Feb.1991)
Section Chief, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs(Jun. 1981-Feb.1984)
Director-General of General Affairs Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in USA (Washington DC)(Mar. 1979-Jan. 1980)
Director-General of General Affairs Division, Embassy of the
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Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul. 1978-Feb, 1979)
Third Secretary, Political Division, Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington DC (Jul. 1976-Jul. 1978)
Senior Staff, Department of North American Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 1974-Jun. 1976)
Experience
Before entering the diplomatic service in 1974, <mask>-yuan worked in the Overseas Department of the Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC) in Taipei as English reporter and Deputy Director of the Section for international programs;
He also worked for the Central Daily News in Taipei as editor and translator;
In 1976 he was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China (ROC) in Washington D.C., USA, as Third Secretary;
In 1994 he served as Chief of Protocol, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
In 1996 he was appointed Representative of the Republic of China in Argentina;
In 2003 he served as Director-General of the Department of European Affairs, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
In 2006 he took office as Representatives of Republic of China in the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Since September 2008 he has served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of China to The Holy See.Awards and decorations
In October 1995, <mask>-Yuan was awarded the Grand Officer of the Order of Antonio José de Irisarri by the President of Guatemala;
On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the “Orden Francisco Morazan” medal by the President of Honduras;
On September 26, 2008, he was awarded the Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon by ROC President Ma Ying-jeou;
On July 12, 2011, he was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order
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of Pius IX by Pope Benedict XVI "(Latin: 'A Magna Crvce Eqvitem Ordinis Piani' );
On November 8, 2012, he was awarded the Grand Officer Cross pro Merito Melitensi by the Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St.John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, His Most Eminent Highness Fra' Matthew Festing, for his promotion of values and works of charity in the Christian tradition as defined by the Roman Catholic Church. Embassy of the Republic of China and Taipei Representative Office in Washington D.C. tenure
In 1976, <mask>-yuan, who was part of the staff of the North American Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was assigned to the Embassy of the Republic of China in Washington D.C. as Third Secretary. Initially, he worked in the political section, but in August 1978, following the transfer to Taipei of Senior Secretary Huang Chun-chien (黃純謙), Head of General Affairs Section, Ambassador James Shen promoted him to Head of the General Affairs Section. Just a few months later, on December 15, 1978, US President Jimmy Carter announced that the United States would sever its diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. <mask> was placed in charge of relocating the embassy and moving everything out of Twin Oakes. He was also responsible for what he described later on to be the "saddest day of his career": the flag-lowering ceremony in Twin Oaks on December 31 of the same year. This event marked the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the Republic of China's representative offices in the United States.In 1983, Fredrick Chien, ROC Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs,
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was appointed ROC Representative to Washington D.C., USA. In 1984, Chien brought <mask>, then Section Chief of the Department of North American of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to his Representative Office to participate in the lobbying of the U.S. Congress for the interests of ROC. He kept this position for ten years. Following Chien's departure in July 1988, Ting Mao-shih succeeded Chien as Taiwan's Representative in Washington D.C.. <mask> kept working for Ting until 1994. His smooth working style seemed to be appreciated by his superiors as evidenced by the fact that his name was quoted three times by within Chien's memoirs (錢復回憶錄). The first quotation refers to the time when the ROC decided to accept the proposal of US President Ronald Reagan to provide a secret donation to Nicaragua rebels. In August 1985, Foreign Minister Chu Fu-sung asked <mask> to personally deliver an instruction to Chien, ROC Representative in Washington.(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II, page 436). The second quotation refers to the period right before ROC President Chiang Ching-kuo's historical decision to lift martial law in 1986. In the month of July, Vice President Lee Teng-hui's Secretary Su Chih-chien (蘇志誠) asked <mask> to deliver a message from Taipei to Chien, who was very doubtful about its content. However, later in September, a long-distance call from Chiang Hsiao-yung, son of Chiang Ching-kuo, confirmed to Chien that Chiang Ching-kuo had decided to accept Chien's views to lift martial law in Taiwan. (See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 362). In August 1987, the United States took under consideration the idea of
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co-producing frigates with Taiwan. Two U.S. senators from the State of Maine-George Mitchell (Democrat) and William Cohen (Republican), confided Chien through <mask> their hopes that Taiwan would choose Bath Iron Works Corporation, located in the State of Maine, as future US partner of this co-production project.(See Fredrick Chien Memoirs Volume II page 492). In 1991, Ting promoted <mask>, who took over Jason Yuan’s position, as Director-General of Congressional Affairs Division of ROC's representation in Washington D.C.. In this position, <mask> made his greatest achievement. Thanks to the strategy devised by Ting, <mask> brilliantly succeeded in a very short period of time in winning the support of a large number of both members of the U.S Senate and House for the sale of F-16 fighter planes to Taiwan. The strong support and Congressional resolutions of U.S. Congress contributed to President Bush’s announcement of the sale 150 F-16 fighter planes to the Republic of China on September 2, 1992. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Chief of Protocol tenure
In March 1994, as Chief of Protocol of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, <mask> accompanied President Lee Teng-hui(李登輝) in his first visit to Central American countries, and South Africa. He also accompanied Vice President Lee Yuan-zu (李元簇)to his official visit to Panama and Guatemala, travelled with Premier Lien Chan(連戰) to the Dominican Republic and Panama; and joined Foreign Minister Fredrick Chien in his trip to the Caribbean countries.In October 1995, <mask> was awarded the "Orden Antonio Jose de Irisarri en el grado Gran Oficial" medal by the President of
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Guatemala. On July 3, 1996, he was awarded the "Orden Francisco Morazan" medal by the President of Honduras. ROC Ambassador to the Holy See tenure
On November 8, 2008, <mask>-yuan presented his Letters of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI as the ninth ROC Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Holy See, (the “Vatican”), in order to take care of Catholics in mainland China and to seek dialogue with the authorities on the Chinese mainland, Vatican's bilateral relations with ROC are quite subtle. Since the beginning of 1971, the Vatican lowered the ranking of the “Ambassador of the Pope” or “Apostolic Nuncio” to Chargé d'Affaires. In addition to the consolidation of diplomatic ties and to the active promotion of substantive relations, thanks to the tireless work of <mask>-yuan, on May 8, 2010, the ROC Ministry of Education officially recognized the degrees issued by 23 Pontifical Universities, Academies and Institutions in Rome, thereby solving a thorny issue that lasted over several decades. The diplomas of about eight hundred members of the clergy who have studies in Pontifical institutions in the past are now recognized. On July 12, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI bestowed upon Ambassador <mask> the “Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX” medal (Latin: A MAGNA CRVCE EQVITEM ORDINIS PIANI), the highest honor awarded to the ambassadors to the Holy See.The award ceremony was presided by the Chief of Protocol of the Holy See, Msgr. Fortunatus Nwachukwu, on behalf of the Pope. On December 2, 2011, the ROC signed the first agreement with the Holy See in a seventy-year period, it was called “Agreement on the
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Collaboration in the Field of Higher Education and on the Recognition of Studies, Qualifications, Diplomas and Degrees.” According to President Ma Ying-jeou, this agreement helps making Taiwan “a centre of higher education for East Asia.” As a result, Catholic teaching will be part of the curricula of Catholic institutions. This agreement was the fruit of a year's work and saw the cooperation of the Vatican Congregation for Catholic Education, the bishops of Taiwan, Fu Jen Catholic University and other Catholic colleges. Msgr. Paul Russell, Vatican's Chargé d'Affaires in Tapei, said that "First of all, we had to find a common view among ourselves and then we worked closely with the Ministry of Education, of the Interior [which carries the portfolio on faith communities], the Foreign Ministry. We received enormous help from Taiwan’s Ambassador to the Holy See, <mask>, and President Ma Ying-jeou."The Agreement entered into force on December 17, 2012. On February 11, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI’s announced retirement shocked the world, as a similar event last occurred 600 years earlier. The timing of Pope Benedict XVI’s announcement coincided with the Lunar New Year holiday period in Taiwan. <mask>-yuan, without previous authorization, through negotiations and exchanging of views with the Vatican, tried for nearly a month to succeed at what was regarded as an extremely difficult task: welcoming ROC President Ma Ying-jeou to attend Pope Francis’ installation ceremony. <mask> finally got the Holy See to agree on his proposal. Ma Ying-jeou became the Republic of China's first President to ever attend a Pope's inauguration
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ceremony and the first ROC President to see the Pope. Ma Ying-jeou expressed his appreciation for <mask>'s effort and spoke highly of him.See also
Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See
China–Holy See relations
Foreign relations of Taiwan
Foreign relations of China
Foreign relations of the Holy See
Holy See–Taiwan relations
Republic of China Ambassador to the Holy See
References
External links
Nov. 8, 2008 Ambassador <mask> presented letter of Credence to Pope Benedict XVI
Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Holy See
1947 births
Living people
Chinese Culture University alumni
Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
Representatives of Taiwan to Argentina
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Ambassadors of the Republic of China
Ambassadors of China to the Holy See
Representatives of Taiwan to the
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<mask> is an American banker and the founder of SKS Microfinance (now BFIL), a micro finance company and former chairperson of Bharat Financial Inclusion Ltd. SKS was an organization that offered microloans and insurance to poor women in India. He stepped down as SKS Chairperson in November 2011 and became Chairperson Emeritus. <mask> is also a founding investor and a Director in AgSri, a sustainable agriculture company focused on helping small sugarcane farmers reduce water use, and a Director in Bodhi Educational Society, which establishes schools for underprivileged children in India. In 2006, he was named by TIME magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world for his work in financial inclusion. <mask> currently serves as Chairperson of VAYA Finserv Private Limited. Founded in 2014, the India-based company markets financial services to low-income groups on behalf of partner banks. Early life and education
<mask>'s father, <mask>.Krishna, was a surgeon who settled in Schenectady, New York, where Akula went to school. <mask> graduated from Niskayuna High School in 1986 and enrolled at Tufts University, where he graduated as a double major in philosophy and English with honors in 1990. He went to Yale University for a M.A. in International Relations, and was awarded a Fulbright scholarship for an action-research microfinance project in India in 1994–95. He completed his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago in 2004. In 2019-20, he was a Distinguished Career Fellow at Stanford University. Career
Upon graduating from Tufts, <mask> returned to India for a short while in 1990 and worked with the Deccan Development Society, a small grassroots rural non-profit organization.He then returned to USA and
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worked for the Worldwatch Institute in Washington D.C. as a researcher, where he wrote articles about poverty and sustainable development. During his Fulbright, <mask> returned to the Deccan Development Society, where he helped manage the organization's microfinance program. <mask> saw the limitation of non-profit microfinance and proposed a more market-based approach. He outlines his philosophy in his book, A Fistful of Rice; My Unexpected Quest to End Poverty Through Profitability, published by Harvard Business Press in 2010. SKS Microfinance
In 1996, <mask> completed his Fulbright and went to the University of Chicago to pursue his Ph.D, which he completed in 2004. As a Ph.D. student, he created a business plan for a for-profit microfinance company and in December 1997, <mask> returned to India to set up Swayam Krishi Sangam (SKS) as a vehicle to implement the plan. Initially set up as a non-profit, SKS converted to the for-profit SKS Microfinance in 2005.SKS Microfinance secured a round of equity investment of $11.5 million in March 2007, led by Sequoia Capital. In November 2008, SKS raised an equity investment of $75 million, the largest equity investment raised by an MFI to that date. SKS raised additional equity from Infosys founder Narayan Murthy and Bajaj Allianz, which represented the first-ever microfinance investment by an insurance company. In mid-August 2010, SKS Microfinance had an initial public offering (IPO) on the Bombay Stock Exchange, which raised $350 million and was oversubscribed 14 times and which included anchor investors such as George Soros. According to the company's website, SKS Microfinance has disbursed more than $15 billion in micro-loans. <mask> resigned from the role of Executive Chairperson on
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November 23, 2011 and he relinquished his role as a promoter of SKS on May 3, 2014. Influences
When founding SKS, <mask> drew inspiration from the work of Muhammad Yunus, the Nobel prize winner and founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, one of the world's first microfinance organizations.In a face-to-face debate with Yunus at the 2010 Clinton Global Initiative, Akula insisted that going public is the only way for an MFI to raise sufficient funds to provide micro-loans for billions of poor people in need worldwide. Controversy
In late 2010, the state government of Andhra Pradesh accused microfinance companies, including the then market leader SKS, for the suicides of poor, debt-ridden residents of the state that year. Two investigations into the incident, the first an independent investigation commissioned by SKS, and the second commissioned by an industry umbrella group, both pointed to SKS involvement in the suicides, and said that SKS employees had engaged in illegal practices like verbal and physical harassment, coercion, and public humiliation, in order to recover debts. In an investigative article, Erika Kinetz of the Associated Press, wrote,"a profound shift in values and incentives at SKS began in 2008" when Akula left the CEO role. "Boston-based Sandstone Capital, now SKS' largest investor, made a major investment. It joined U.S. private equity firm Sequoia Capital, which funded Google and Apple and is SKS' largest shareholder, on the board of directors. <mask>, who had been chief executive in the company's early days, stepped down in December 2008 but stayed on as chairman.The company brought in new top executives from the worlds of finance and insurance. SKS also began transferring more loans off its books, selling
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highly rated pools of loans to banks, which then assumed most of the associated risk of borrower default. That freed SKS to push out more and bigger loans. In December 2009, SKS launched a massive sales drive. The "Incentives Galore" program ran through February 2010 — just one month before the company filed its IPO prospectus." She noted that Akula tried to stop this. "In spring 2011, Akula began circulating a plan to spend $10 million to train financial counselors who would make sure clients weren't getting into too much debt and used their loans productively, according to people with firsthand knowledge of the proposal.The plan was never adopted." </ref>
<mask> addresses the controversy in his book, Micro-Meltdown: The Inside Story of the Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of the World's Most Valuable Microlender. Awards and recognition
<mask> has received several awards for his work with SKS. Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the Year in 2006. Social Entrepreneur of the Year in India, 2006. Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Start-up, 2006)
Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in India (Business Transformation, 2010)
India Today, India's 50 Most Powerful People, 2009. Forbes India, Person of the Year nominee, 2009.Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Award, 2010. World Economic Forum’s Young Global Leader award, 2008. Echoing Green Poverty Alleviation Economic Development - 1998 Fellow
Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble Laureates, 2006–2007. References
External links
SKS Microfinance website
Indian microfinance people
Indian development specialists
McKinsey & Company people
Living people
People from Medak district
Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh
21st-century Indian businesspeople
1968 births
IndusInd
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Charles Alfred "<mask><mask> (7 April 1914 – 26 January 1966) was an architect who mostly worked in Dar es Salaam but also in other parts of Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Born in Kingston, Surrey, England on 7 April 1914 he was the fourth child to Sidney and <mask>. He studied at the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London and at the Royal Academy of Architecture, also in London. In 1947 he was employed as an architect for the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme. When <mask>'s role in the scheme came to an end in 1948, he moved from Kongwa to Dar es Salaam and opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam, C. A. Bransgrove & Partners. His design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Modernism
Modernism in Architecture was a result of both advancement in technology and fabrication, as well as social enlightenment, that swept through the Western World soon after the First World War.Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus, Le Corbusier published his "ideas" about architecture and by the end of the 1920s, Mies van der Rohe had built the Barcelona Pavilion. Biography
<mask> finished primary school in 1926 and in 1927, at the age of thirteen, was enrolled into the School of Architecture at the Regent Street Polytechnic in London. From an early age he was exposed to the new architectural style of the day. It was an exciting period to be part of, with old traditional ways of designing a building opposed to the new movement of thinking sweeping Europe and North America. There would have been much discussion between those 'for' and those 'against'. Having completed five years at the Polytechnic, <mask> was employed by the architect Herbert William Matthews in 1934, located at 1 Manchester Square, London. Later (1943), in <mask>'s nominations papers to be accepted into the Royal Institute of British Architects, Mr Matthews writes:
"For some years he
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(<mask>) was Principal Assistant in my office.I regard him as a very competent architect and a person of integrity and suitable for election to the RIBA." In 1935, <mask> was accepted into the Royal Academy of Architecture. It is quite likely that he continued to work in the office of Mr Matthews during this time. Whilst at the Royal Academy, <mask> won many prizes for his student work, including:
Having completed his time at the Academy in 1939, <mask> may have left his place of employment to work for various Government Departments. The war in Europe had begun and it would have been difficult to find work. In 1942, during the Second World War, <mask> was stationed in Bangalore, India as a "Sapper" (Royal Engineers) Captain, where he was involved in defusing bombs. On his return to England in 1944, <mask> resumed his employment with Herbert William Matthews.During this time he also carried out commissions under his own name, mostly around reconstructive work of bomb affected housing. He passed his Registration Final in London in 1944 and was accepted into the RIBA as an Associate in 1945. By 1946 he had taken up work for the Ministry of Works and Planning. After the war, Britain was stretched financially. All round the world they had assets that had been shipped to various theatres of war and were left idle and unused. In Tanganyika, there was a large amount of civil works machinery that was going to have to be abandoned. At the same time the Overseas Food Corporation saw the need to supply the world with more vegetable oils from nuts, but required civil engineering equipment to make it work.Hence the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme was formed and in 1947 <mask> took up the opportunity to be involved. APPOINTMENTS
Mr. C. A. Bransgrove [A] has been appointed Chief Architect to Messrs. Pauling & Co., Ltd., Civil Engineering Contractors for the groundnut project in Tanganyika. He will be pleased to receive
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trade catalogues, etc., from firms interested in exporting to East Africa. His address is P.O. Kongwa, Tanganyika, East Africa. Pauling & Co., Ltd. were employed by the United Africa Company to undertake ground clearance. By 1948, either the demise of the Scheme was becoming apparent or the work for architects was complete.Whatever the reason, <mask>'s involvement in the Groundnut Scheme came to an end. In lieu of payment for himself and his new family to return to England, he accepted a plot of land, owned by the Overseas Food Corporation, in the suburb of Kurasini in Dar es Salaam. Here he designed and built the family house that they would live in until the completion of Luther House in 1963. The family then moved into the penthouse of Luther House, which adjoined the practice offices on the fifth floor. In the same year (1948) <mask> opened the first independent architectural practice in Dar es Salaam. C. A. Bransgrove & Partners was based in TanCott House and one of his first employees was Alf "Tigger" Hastings. A few years after, Hastings left the practice to set up his own office and co-founded the practice of French & Hastings.Both French and Hastings were possibly with the Royal Engineers during the war. Another notable name to be employed by <mask> was H. L. "Sukhi" Shah. His father Luvji Kara Shah, was the bookkeeper for C. A. Bransgrove. Sukhi joined the practice with an eye to becoming an architect. He was shipped off to England in 1952 by his father to attend the Regent Street Polytechnic and studied architecture between 1952–1958. He started his own practice on his return to Dar es Salaam in 1960. Joe Herbert Betts joined <mask> as a Partner in the early days of the practice and became sole owner of C. A. Bransgrove and Partners for a further four years after <mask>'s death.A month after the passing of <mask>, an architect by the name of Raymond Howes was met off the plane from
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Australia by Joe Betts to join the practice and stayed until 1971. During that time Joe and Raymond designed many buildings in Dar and other locations in Tanzania. In 1970 the practice was taken over by Jackson Hill Architects. The practice of Jackson Hill was incorporated into the firm of Covell Matthews Partnership Ltd, Tanzania in 1972. <mask> was involved in many projects and building types throughout Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Mostly however they were in Dar es Salaam and included high rise office blocks, low rise offices, schools, hospitals, hostels, churches, post offices, embassies and private residences. Most notably, the countries for which <mask> designed houses for their Consuls were:
During the early 1960s, <mask> made a number of trips to Rome to the architectural firm of Whiting Associates International, to co-design the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, Tanzania for the Protestant Churches in the country, known collectively as The Good Samaritan Foundation.There is no denying that <mask>'s design style was a climate-driven version of the Modernist movement. Known simply as "tropical modernism", the term and therefore type of architecture was a direct mix of both the "international style" of the time and that of the location and requirement to address the heat by ensuring any breeze was unhindered through the building and at the same time deny the sun direct access. Usually based on a grid system, there was a notable lack of fanciful adornment and a strong sense of simplicity. The climate to a certain extent dictated the type of materials used and the methods employed to combat the heat and humidity. From 1951 to 1955 he was a member of the Dar es Salaam City Council and he also served on the Tanganyika Advisory Council for Education and the National Housing Corporation. In 1961, <mask> had helped to set up the International School of Tanganyika. At the time of his
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death in 1966 he was chairman of the International School Board of Directors.On 10 April 1956 <mask> put forward a Patent for "louvre blocks" for use in building in the tropics:
"The concrete building block comprises two parallel end panels united by one or more inclined webs extending upwardly from the front edges of the panels to the rear thereof. The blocks are laid in superposed courses, to form louvres, the web having an upward extension which fits between the end panels of the block above it. Keying grooves are provided at the ends of the block." Many of his buildings used this concrete block for ventilation as well as preventing both direct sunlight and rain to enter. <mask> has been described by current architects and researchers as a leading exponent of the Modernist style in Tanzania during that period and an architect to be admired and extolled for what he contributed during his time. "He shaped a considerable part of the old city centre of Dar es Salaam in the fifties and sixties." <mask> died in Nairobi Hospital on 26 January 1966, aged 51.The locations of some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam
Some of the Bransgrove-Designed Buildings in Dar es Salaam
1. British Legion Offices and Hostel
2. First Permanent Building Society
3. Luther House
4. Government European School
5. Barclays Bank DCO
6. Pamba House
7.Branch Post Office
8. YWCA Dar es Salaam
9. Tanganyika Standard Offices
10. Libya Street Post Office
<
Author
This article was written and compiled by Graham Hutton B.Arch., who is a grandson of C.A. "<mask>" Bransgrove. References
External links
Government European School, Burton Street, Dar es Salaam, now known as Bunge Primary School, Shaarban Robert Road
1914 births
Architects from Surrey
Modernist architects from England
People from Kingston upon Thames
20th-century English architects
Date of death unknown
Architecture of Tanzania
British
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<mask> ( <mask>; 1 July 1887 – 26 December 1981) was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar. Early life
<mask> was born in Christchurch, New Zealand,
the eldest of three children
of Fabian feminist <mask> (née Robison; 1865–1953) and New Zealand politician and social reformer <mask>. The family moved to London in 1896, where her father became New Zealand's Agent-General. Her widowed aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household in Cornwall Gardens, Kensington. "London was hateful after New Zealand", she said. "No freedom. No seashore.Streets, streets, streets. Houses, houses". <mask> attended Kensington High School until 1904, and then travelled to Europe to become fluent in French. Her father was not fully converted to the higher education of women; when he gave her the choice between being presented at court and going to the University of Cambridge, she chose Cambridge. <mask> then began studying Moral Sciences (philosophy) at Newnham College in 1905. It is unlikely her father raised further opposition as he always spoke highly of her academic achievements. University of Cambridge
While at Cambridge <mask> began to associate with other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings, forming a lifelong friendship with Eva Spielmann (later Eva Hubback), who became an educationalist.She became involved in a number of societies, including the debating society. In 1907 she led the inter-collegiate debate with Girton, arguing that "the socialist conception of life is the most noble and the most fruitful, both for the state and the individual". In 1906 she founded the Cambridge University Fabian Society (CUFS) with Ben Keeling, a member of the (somewhat inactive) existing Fabian society in the town. CUFS was the first society at Cambridge to enlist women from its founding. Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes. She
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excelled in her studies, taking a double first in 1908. Gilbert Murray once wrote of an address she had given to the Newnham Philosophical Society, "It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-metaphysical point of view".A fellow student described her as "intellect personified" after a lecture she gave to the Philosophical Society. Relationship with H.G. Wells
H. G. Wells had been a friend of <mask>' parents and one of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS. After <mask>' address to the Philosophical Society it was rumoured that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend. Their appearance together at a supper party thrown for fellow Fabian and Governor of Jamaica Sir Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier was the first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair. Wells claimed that <mask> responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism, and the "sexual imaginativess" that his wife Jane could not cope with. Wells maintained that their relationship be kept silent, though <mask> saw no reason their exciting affair be kept a secret.Once their relationship became well known, there were numerous attempts to break it up, particularly from <mask>'s mother and from George Rivers Blanco White, a lawyer who would later marry her. <mask> was anxious not to break up Wells's marriage, though she wanted to have his child. The news that she was pregnant in the spring of 1909 shocked the <mask> family, and the couple fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage where they attempted domestic life together. Neither of them did well with domesticity; loneliness and anxiety concerning her pregnancy, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression, and after three months they decided to leave Le Touquet. Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England, while he stayed to continue his writing. <mask> went to stay with Wells and his wife Jane
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when they returned to Sandgate. But then on 7 May 1909, she was married to Rivers Blanco White.In her latter life she wrote "I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it the best that could possibly have happened". Wells wrote the roman à clef Ann Veronica based on his relationship with <mask>. The novel was rejected by his publisher, Frederick Macmillan, because of the possible damage it would do; however, T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant. Wells later wrote that while the character of Ann Veronica was based on <mask>, the character he believed came closest to her was Amanda in his novel The Research Magnificent. On 31 December 1909, she bore a daughter, Anna-Jane, who did not learn that her real father was H. G. Wells until she was 18. Work and family life
<mask> was employed by the Ministry of Labour, in charge of a section that dealt with the employment of women. Part of her job was encouraging workers and employers to see that women were capable of a much wider range of tasks than was usually expected.She later took responsibility for women's wages at the Ministry of Munitions. In 1919, she was appointed to the Whitley Council, but in that same year her appointment was terminated. Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, pointing out that <mask>'s termination was chiefly on the grounds that she was a married woman, and that letting her go from the public service was "really stupid". By 1921, her vigour in the women workers' cause had led her to come up against ex-servicemen who exercised considerable power through their associations. She was told a deputation of MPs had approached the minister and claimed that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she remained in the civil service. She received a dismissal notice and, aside from time with the Ministry of Labour in 1922, that was the end of her civil service career. She began to work on her book Give and Take, which
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was published in 1923.<mask> did not take well to being a housewife; at one point she wrote:
"The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being necessarily subordinate in everything to the wage-earning man is I think very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence. It is humiliating and narrowing and there is nothing to be said in its favour... ...Oh how I should like some hard work again that brought one up against outside life". There was some strain in her marriage with George Rivers Blanco White. In their youth they had both adopted positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society at the time, but as they grew older these attitudes were beginning to change. Writing of marriage in her book Worry in Women, she stated that if people choose to break ethical codes they had to be prepared to cope with guilt. She also stated that if a wife was unfaithful, she should not tell her husband, writing, "if ever there is a case for a downright lie, this is it". In addition to Anna-Jane, <mask> had two children, Thomas, a patent lawyer, and Justin, an architect.Justin, who married the biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, is the mother of mathematician Dusa McDuff and anthropologist Caroline Humphrey. Writings
<mask> published four novels and four non-fiction works, dealing with a variety of subjects, but all sharing a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society. These are:
The Reward of Virtue (1911)
A Lady and her Husband (1914)
Helen in Love (1916)
Give and Take: A Novel of Intrigue (1923)
The Nationalisation of Banking (1934)
The New Propaganda (1938)
Worry in Women (1941)
Ethics for Unbelievers (1949)
She also wrote book reviews for Queen and Vogue, as well as articles for the Saturday Review. For some time she was the editor of the Townswomen's Guild paper Townswoman. <mask> collaborated with Wells on The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931). In this book, she researched and put together
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material on the devastation of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo (see the Casement Report for an account of the tremendous human rights abuses in the latter). She also contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces "running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain".The chapter "The Role of Women in the World's Work" was included by Wells at <mask>'s suggestion, though after reading the chapter she asked him to include a disclaimer that she did not necessarily agree with what he said. Political career
During the 1924 election campaign, <mask> was asked to speak on behalf of both the Liberal and Labour Party candidates. She choose to support Labour: "The Liberal audiences were nice narrow decent people. They sat upright in rows and clapped their cotton gloves... But when I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats – when I saw their pinched grey-and-yellow faces in those steamy halls, I knew all of a sudden that they were my people". She soon became a member of the party and supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston in Lincolnshire. The seat had gone to the Liberals in a by-election earlier that year and White failed to win it back.<mask> attempted to get her theories on currency, later brought together in her book The Nationalisation of Banking, adopted by the Labour Party, and she and Rivers became responsible for a party publication called Womens Leader. <mask> remained active in the Fabian Society, and by this time many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party. She stood twice as a candidate for Hendon, in 1931 and 1935. Teaching
For some time <mask> taught at Morley College in London. Initially invited by her friend from Cambridge Eva Hubback to help out, she became part of a team of lecturers in 1928, giving twice weekly classes on
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ethics and psychology. In 1929, the year after the passing of the Equal Franchise Act which gave women the vote on the same terms as men, she was billed by the Fabian Society to lecture on "The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election". However, she withdrew from this lecture to work on a by-election campaign for her husband in Holland-with-Boston.She lectured at Morley for thirty-seven years, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought. In 1946, she became acting principal after Hubback's death. When a new principal was appointed in 1947 she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers. Later life
In July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him paralysed down his right side. <mask> was distraught and during the last years of his life she worried a lot and became depressed. She wrote to her daughter Anna-Jane, who was in Singapore at the time, "If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., you might make a little offering (if he does like offerings)... ...I have more faith in him now than in our own deity who seems to be letting us down all round".When Rivers died on 28 March 1966, <mask> was determined to keep living as normally as possible. She was visited by New Zealand historian Keith Sinclair who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC (a 40-minute interview with Denys Gueroult was broadcast by Radio 4 in September 1970). Although she enjoyed discussing politics and world affairs, she felt disillusioned about the socialist hopes of her youth, and supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election. She believed that the wrong people were leading the left and that only diehards would vote for them. In December 1981, she was admitted to a hospital in St John's Wood and died on 26 December aged 94. References
External links
DNB
1887 births
1981 deaths
New Zealand writers
New Zealand women writers
British women writers
British writers
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Members of the Fabian Society
New Zealand
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M. A<mask> (1881–1968) was an antiquarian who compiled an exquisite collection of Amarna Period sculptures. Early life and studies
He was born to Coptic Orthodox Egyptian parents in Cairo in 1881. After having graduated from high school, with an excellent knowledge of Arabic, English and French, he taught Arabic for some years to foreign officials who occupied principal positions in the Egyptian Government. As early as his sixteenth year, the history of Ancient Egypt - the discipline of Egyptology itself - began to fascinate him. He bought books, became an ardent visitor to the Cairo Museum and traveled extensively in Egypt to admire and study the monuments of his ancestors. He learned much about Egyptian art, but was to learn much more later during his long career as an antiquarian. He studied Coptic and began to decipher hieroglyphics.Soon he also became deeply involved in the study of the art of Mesopotamia, Greece, Persia and the early Christian and Islamic worlds. He loved the antiquity of the Near and Middle East. He understood and appreciated their cultures and their many forms of art. But his first love and prime interest always remained Egypt. In this he excelled and in later years, he developed a distinguished reputation, which left no doubt as to his integrity and his masterful knowledge of every facet of Ancient Egyptian art and culture. http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/album/<mask>_Mansoor.JPG
Career
In October 1904, he approached the Swiss manager of Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo, who was one of his students of Arabic. He asked to rent two showcases in the hotel lobby to display and sell to collectors the small collection of ancient Egyptian sculptures, bronzes, amulets, faience figurines and jewelry that he had acquired during the last few years.The manager was surprised at this request, but after some hesitation he allowed him the showcases on a trial basis for a few months. A year and a half later, the two showcases became a small shop in the main hall of the famous hotel. At that time, <mask>'s business was
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established. In later years, he opened two more shops in the Semiramis and Continental Hotels and a large gallery across the street from the Cairo Museum. The purchase and sale of Egyptian and other antiquities was at the time legal, though the Egyptian Department of Antiquities retained the right to inspect all shops and galleries that bought and sold these artifacts. If an important object was found, of which there was no known example in the Cairo Museum, the Department of Antiquities exercised its right to purchase it at a reasonable price. This, however, seldom happened as the Department rarely had the funds to acquire major antiquities.During his many years in the antique business, M. A<mask> met and befriended several of the Egyptologists, antiquarians and collectors of the time. The list of names would be too long to enumerate here, but some should be mentioned: James Quibell, Ernesto Schiaparelli, Wilhelm Spiegelberg, Sir <mask>, Georg Steindorff, Percy Newberry, Wallis Budge, Pierre Lacau, <mask>, Charles Boreux, Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon, Étienne Drioton, Sami Gabra, <mask>, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, <mask>, William Stevenson Smith, the Khawam brothers, Dikran Kelekian, William Randolph Hearst, King <mask> of Spain, King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, King Prajadhipok of Siam, King Carol I of Romania, King Fuad and his son King Farouk of Egypt, Levi de Benzion, <mask>, and Nigel S. Warren. To most of these kings, scholars and gentlemen, M.A. <mask>oor sold many important ancient works of art for their collections or museums. Hundreds of these masterpieces of Egyptian art are today in the world's leading museums: the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Louvre, the Vatican Museum, the Metropolitan Museum, The Detroit Museum and The Chicago Oriental Institute, etc., and in many private collections. In the early 1920s <mask><mask> started a collection of rare Amarna artifacts that stand today to be the Amarna World Largest Private Collection.Inside a Los Angeles bank vault reside 33 pieces from one of the most controversial
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collections of ancient Egyptian art in history. Virtually unknown to all but a handful of Egyptologists and archaeologists, this collection of antiquities from the Amarna period owned by the <mask> family has been at the heart of unprecedented dispute between scientists and art historians for over fifty years. Each side's opinion is diametrically opposed to the other. The ones say the <mask> collection is authentic because the patina and the crust on the statues are genuine? The others say it's not because the stone is not right or man made stone? Who is right? The original players are now either aging or dead.Nevertheless, the controversy lives on. Although two experts only condemned it as a fake - out of the 28 who valued the collection since the end of the 1940s, the moral authority of these two made numerous followers over the years to the extent that today quite many Egyptologists, art historians or museums are convinced - most of the time without having seen the pieces at all - that the collection is a forgery. Egyptologists in favor of the Mansoor <mask>na Collection: On Record
Christiane Desroches Noblecourt Ph.D. 08/17/1981
Inspecteur General des Musees, Chef du
Département des Antiquites Egyptiennes
du Musée du Louvre
Étienne Drioton Ph.D. 01/03/1959
Director General of The Antiquities Department,
Egypt. Then Director, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne. Member of the
Arts Council of French Museums. Conservator in
Chief of the Louvre Museum and Professor at the
Collège de France. ( 6 )
Sami Gabra, Ph.D. 02/23/1959
Former Professor of Ancient History of the
University of Cairo; Former Director of Excavations
of the University of Cairo at Touna; Former
Director of the Institute of Egyptology of the
University of Cairo and Director of Higher Studies
of the Coptic Institute.<mask> L. Becker-Colonna, Ph.D. 1975
Professor Emeritus, Curator Emeritus of the
Sutro-Egyptian Collection, [San Francisco State
University], California
'Egyptologists Against the Collection': On Record
Prof. Dr. Hans Wolfgang <mask>
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02/15/1960
Professor of Egyptology, Munich
Egyptologists Against the Collection "Not on Record but via Proxy"
Prof Dietrich Wildung Egyptian Museum of Berlin
Prof Jean Claude Grenier [Universite Paul Valéry <mask>pellier 3] France
Methods
<mask> carefully studied every object he possessed, and, when in doubt, never hesitated to consult the many experts and connoisseurs he knew. Every object was dated to the best of his knowledge. Until the late 1930s, only a few scientific tests to study ancient works of art had been developed. The experts and antiquarians had to rely on their own knowledge of the styles of the many periods of Egyptian art. The microscope, and even the simple magnifying glass, often showed the careful observer the patination, erosion, or dendritic formations (the passing of time action, and the effect of burial in wet soil or sand on the surface of the object under study). Ethic
<mask>. <mask> strongly believed that every work of ancient art had a soul of its own."It will speak to you", he used to say. "It has a feeling of its own, and it will tell you if it was made by an artist who lived, thought and was part of a bygone society." His intuition, guided by his knowledge, was phenomenal. He had that innate talent to recognize the ancient Egyptian works of art. After Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamon's tomb in 1922, tourists and art lovers from all over the world began to visit Egypt in ever increasing numbers. <mask>'s business flourished; there was a constant demand for antiquities. The stories he told of these years were fabulous.These were the years when he made the acquaintance of eminent persons in the field of Egyptology who were to become his teachers, advisers, friends and customers. But above all, he was serving the better interest of Egyptology. External links
The M. A. <mask> Amarna Collection - Virtual museum gallery of Amarna artifacts from the Louvre, the Denver Art Museum and San Francisco State University
1881 births
1968 deaths
University of Paris faculty
Egyptian antiquarians
20th-century
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<mask> (1632–1690) was an English military officer, who served in the armies of the Commonwealth of England, the Dutch Republic and England. He accompanied William III to England in the 1688 Glorious Revolution and was Member of Parliament and Governor for Berwick-upon-Tweed from 1689–1690. In April 1690, he joined the army that served in the Williamite War in Ireland. He fought at The Boyne in July and died of disease before the end of 1690. Personal details
<mask> was born in 1632, eldest of seven surviving children of <mask> (1608-1648) and Elizabeth Helmes. His father owned estates in Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne; during the 1642–1646 First English Civil War, he was county commissioner under the Militia Ordinance and a Colonel in the New Model Army. In 1662, he married Catherine (died 1670), daughter of Arthur Hesilrige, one of the Five Members whose attempted arrest sparked the First English Civil War.They had three children before her death in 1670, Mary, Catherine (died after 1721) and <mask> (died after 1722), who also became a soldier and was receiving Half-pay in 1722. He married Anne Webb in 1679, daughter of William Webb, headmaster of Berwick School. After his death in Ireland, she received a small pension from the government; in 1707, she was still being paid an annual pension of £100. Career
Babington attended Christ Church, Oxford in 1650, then studied law at Gray's Inn before joining the army; his first major action was in 1654 when he fought in the Battle of Dalnaspidal that ended Glencairn's rising. When the 1660 Stuart Restoration returned Charles II to the throne,
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he was a Captain in the Northumberland Militia. Katherine's father Sir Arthur escaped execution by the new regime but was held in the Tower of London, where he died in January 1661. Shortly after his marriage, Babington moved to Harnham Hall, near Bolam, Northumberland; he and his wife were both Puritans and in 1666, Katherine was excommunicated by the Church of England for pulling the Bolam parish priest from his pulpit in protest at his sermons.As a result, she was denied churchyard burial when she died in September 1670 and Babington instead built her a tomb in the grounds of Harnham Hall, which still exists. In 1674, Harnham Hall was leased to William Veitch (1640–1722), a Scottish Presbyterian radical exiled for his involvement in the 1666 Pentland Rising. Babington resumed his military career by joining the Scots Brigade, a mercenary unit in the Dutch Republic whose origins went back to the 1580s. Despite the name, it normally contained three Scots and three English regiments; the latter were withdrawn when England allied with France in the 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War but restored after the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended their involvement. By 1674, the remaining regiments had lost much of their national identity and a deliberate policy was adopted to re-establish them as English and Scottish units. <mask> was appointed Captain in one of the restored English regiments, which eventually became the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. He was promoted Major after Cassel in 1677, then wounded and taken prisoner at Saint-Denis in 1678.Released when the Treaties of Nijmegen ended the
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Franco-Dutch War in August, in 1682 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the English regiment commanded by Sir Henry Belasyse. At this time, his former tenant William Veitch joined the group of English and Scots exiles in Holland, one of whom was the Earl of Argyll; when James II became King in 1685, Veitch reappeared in Northumberland, recruiting for the proposed Monmouth Rebellion in South-West England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland. <mask>'s connection with Veitch meant that when William of Orange, later William III of England sent the Brigade to England to suppress these revolts, James demanded his dismissal. William refused, although he agreed to remove him from command of English troops; he described him as 'a very prudent and honourable man, and assuredly a very brave and excellent officer – even one of the best who have served me here of his nation.' In the event, the Brigade arrived after the rebellions had been crushed and returned to the Netherlands in August 1685 without seeing any fighting. In early 1688, James demanded the repatriation of the entire Brigade; William refused to comply but used the opportunity to remove officers of doubtful loyalty. When Sir Henry Bellasyse returned to England in April 1688, <mask> replaced him as Colonel and the unit accompanied William to England in the Glorious Revolution of November 1688; en route, a ship carrying four of its companies was captured but the soldiers released after James went into exile.<mask> was appointed Governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed and elected to the Convention Parliament as MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed. In 1690,
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<mask> (born February 9, 1938) is an Armenian-American contemporary classical composer and pedagogue. Biography
<mask> was born and raised in Waltham Massachusetts. Her father, <mask>, was a survivor of the 1915 Armenian genocide. <mask> began her early musical training as a pianist with Antoine Louis Moeldner, and continued study at Juilliard School as a piano major. She continued her work at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg in Salzburg, Austria. She later studied piano with David Saperton in New York and Lily Dumont, Russell Sherman, and Veronica Jochum in Boston. At age 40, <mask> began concentrating on composing and produced a large body of works.Her music has been described as "postserial in persuasion", and marries influences of Armenian folk music, neo-tonal musicality and rhythmic drive. Maurice Hinson in Guide To The Pianist’s Repertoire commented that Goolkasian-Rahbee's pedagogical works for piano are among the finest such works. <mask> has a rich musical heritage and traces her lineage of piano study directly to Ludwig van Beethoven through Antoine Louis Moeldner. Moeldner studied with Helen Hopekirk and Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who both studied with Theodor Leschetizky. Leschetizky in turn studied
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with Carl Czerny, who studied with Beethoven himself. <mask> lives in Belmont, Massachusetts where she has taught private piano lessons for many years. Works
Piano
Phantasie-Variations Op.12 (1980)
Three Preludes Op. 5 (1980)
Abstracts Op. 7 (1981)
Intermezzo Op. 18, No. 3 (1983)
Soliloquies Op. 17 (1983)
Intermezzo Op. 21, No.2 (1984)
Sonata No. 1 Op. 25 (1986)
Sonata No. 2 Op. 31 (1988)
Sketch Op. 29 "Harp" (1988)
Scherzino Op. 32, No.2 (1989)
Nocturne Op. 32, No. 1 (1989)
Novellette Op. 37 (1990)
Sonatina Op. 41 (1990)
"Intchu" Op. 54 (1992)
"Whim" Op. 62 (1994)
Three Preludes Op.68 (1994)
"Twilight" Op. 69 (1995)
Sonata No. 3 Op. 83 "Odyssey" (1997)
Three Preludes Op. 87 (1998)
Three Preludes Op. 88-90 (1998)
Prelude Op. 94 "Daydream" for Igor Kipnis (1999)
Phantasie Op.99 "Y2K" (2000)
Homage to Shostakovich Op. 106 (2000)
Ballade Op. 111 (2001)
Three Preludes Op. 120 "Le retour"; "Ensemble"; "Au revoir" (2002)
Prelude Op. 122 "Rendezvous" (2002)
Prelude Op. 123 "Hommage a Ligeti" (2002)
Two Preludes Op. 125 "Contemplation"; "Rejoicing" (2002)
Tango Op.126 (2002) for Diane Andersen
Sonata No. 4 Op. 128 (2002) for Diane Andersen
Ballade No. 2 Op. 129 (2002) "Nine Eleven WTC
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<mask> (born 1946) is an American retired cardiologist, medical historian, writer, bibliophile and philanthropist. He is emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and was the founding director of the institution's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine. <mask> was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia. A collector from a young age, he developed an interest for old books, and following qualifications in both medicine and history of medicine from the Johns Hopkins University, he pursued a dual career in cardiology and medical history, where his particular interests have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. In 1978, he was both elected a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and appointed to the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he was chair of its Cardiology Department until 1999 and where he established the echocardiography laboratory. <mask>'s appointments have also included vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield, governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter and head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic. He has been a president of the American College of Cardiology, the American Association for the History of Medicine, and the American Osler Society.He is the sole author of more than a hundred articles. In 1987, he published his first book The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. He contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the "Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti. Other noted publications have
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included his 2006 article titled "Troponin trumps common sense" and “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?”
In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. he later donated many of the books and papers he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic, the Huntington Library, San Marino, California, and the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Early life and education
W<mask> <mask> was born in 1946 in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia.He was the only child of a banker and his childhood hobbies revolved around collecting and included stamps, coins, and baseball cards. By the age of 14, he had developed a passion for old books, later described "as an advanced case of bibliomania", and by the tenth grade, he decided to become a doctor. He received his undergraduate and medical degrees, BA (1968) and MD (1972) from Johns Hopkins University, where he was elected to four national honour societies: Delta Phi Alpha, Alpha Epsilon Delta, Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha. <mask> completed his internal medicine residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center [now the New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center] in Manhattan, before returning to Johns Hopkins in 1975 for his cardiology fellowship. During his tenure as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at Hopkins, he completed his cardiology training and received an MA degree in 1978 from the Institute of the History of Medicine. Career
Marshfield Clinic
In 1978, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and in the same year joined the Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin, where he founded the echocardiography laboratory. He served as chair of Marshfield's Cardiology Department from 1981 through 1999, having been elected to nine two-year
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terms.In 1987, <mask> published his first book based on his MA thesis at Johns Hopkins, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Johns Hopkins University Press). Of a number of reviews, historian Philip Pauly wrote, <mask> outlines the emergence of the discipline of physiology in American within the framework of a late nineteenth century medical reform movement. The book is important for reasserting the central importance of experimental science in the social transformation of American medicine. In addition to a number of committee appointments at the Marshfield Clinic, he was vice-chief of staff of St. Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield from 1989 to 1999. Between 1993 and 1996, he was governor of the ACC's Wisconsin chapter (1993-1996) and chaired the organization's Government Relations Committee. As head of cardiology at Marshfield Clinic, <mask> established a taskforce on workforce and co-chaired the 35th Bethesda Conference: Cardiology's Workforce Crisis: A Pragmatic Approach. He endeavoured, with resistance, to recruit cardiologists and produce studies on the workforce in cardiology.One of his monthly editorials titled “Women Cardiologists: Why so few?” discussed the masculine image of cardiology and the problems with work-life balance. Mayo Clinic
In 2001, <mask> moved to Rochester, Minnesota to join the Mayo Clinic. At the Mayo Clinic his clinical responsibilities centered on echocardiography and the care of patients with heart valve disease. In 2005 he was selected as the founding director of the Mayo Clinic Center for the History of Medicine. Profiles in cardiology
In 2003, with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, he published Profiles in Cardiology: A Collection of Profiles Featuring Individuals Who Have Made Significant Contributions to the Study of Cardiovascular Disease. <mask> contributed more than fifty biographical sketches to the
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"Profiles in Cardiology" series in the journal Clinical Cardiology. These were reprinted in a book titled Profiles in Cardiology which was co-edited with J<mask> Hurst and C. Richard Conti and published by Mahwah, NJ: Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003).Cardiology taskforce
During his tenure as president of the ACC, between 2002 and 2003, <mask> tackled some of the effects of Clinton health care plan of 1993, which had highlighted the high number of specialists and a need for generalists, with the result that between 1994 and 2000, fellowship appointments fell by nearly a third. He stated in an interview that;
managed care had a “gatekeeper” model, which prevented patients from seeing a cardiologist unless a primary care physician had signed off. Accordingly, competition in cardiology increased. In 2006, his essay "Troponin trumps common sense", which discussed the appropriate use of the troponin test, drew the attention of a number of cardiology colleagues. In a reply, he stated "rather than allowing troponin to trump common sense, we should inject more common sense into the process of ordering a troponin level in the first place". He also worked on the origins of the Mayo Clinic and authored a book titled The Mayo Clinic and Cardiology: Specialization in the Twentieth Century. History of medicine
<mask>'s interest in medical history developed out of his efforts in collecting books, which began in 1961.By the end of the decade he had begun to focus on acquiring old medical books. In 1973, during his medical training in New York City, he launched a mail order book business, W. Bruce Fye Antiquarian Medical Books. He coordinated a luncheon symposium on collecting medical books at the 1977 meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine and published his first article on the subject two years later. His particular interests in the history of medicine
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have included 19th century professionalization of physiology, the American medical education in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the history of cardiology, specialization, and the Mayo Clinic. He was the founding director of the Mayo Clinic's W. Bruce Fye Center for the History of Medicine, named by the Mayo Clinic in his honour as a result of his philanthropy. In addition to building up a large collection of books, offprints, and autographs relating to the history of cardiology, <mask> has been a collector of prints and engravings relating to medicine and engraved portraits of physicians. He curated two exhibitions of prints drawn from his collection: Medicine and Art (Marshfield, WI, New Visions Gallery, 1996) and Five Hundred Years of Medicine in Art from the Collection of <mask> and <mask> (Rochester, MN, Rochester Art Center, 2010).That exhibition was held in conjunction with the annual meetings of the American Osler Society and the American Association for the History of Medicine. <mask> was editor-in-chief of the Classics of Cardiology Library, which produced facsimile reprints of books of significance in the history of cardiology and cardiac surgery. The series was launched with an original volume <mask>'s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System, which <mask> edited. In 2014, when <mask> retired from Mayo Clinic, he became emeritus professor of medicine and the history of medicine. The following year he published Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization (Oxford University Press), where his “goal was to write a book that explained how and why the care of patients with heart disease changes so dramatically during the twentieth century”. Surgeon and historian Justin Barr wrote in his review;
Caring for the Heart weaves together the history of the Mayo Clinic, the history of cardiology, and the history of specialization, into a single account,
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pulling the strengths from each element to help dissect, explain, and historicize the others. In so doing, <mask> has created a highly readable story of modern medicine in twentieth-century America, meeting the challenge of appealing to professional historians, clinicians, and interested public alike.Based on his research and publications about the history of the Mayo Clinic, <mask> functioned as Senior Historical Consultant for the two-hour Ken Burns film The Mayo Clinic: Faith, Hope, Science, which premiered on PBS on 25 September 25, 2018. In 2016, he donated many of the books he had collected over the previous 50 years to the Mayo Clinic. In 2021, <mask> arranged to donate his private papers to the Alan Mason Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, and donated what was believed to be the largest private collection of books and other materials related to the history of cardiology to the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Personal and family
<mask> met Lois Baker in high school in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and they married whilst he was a medical student and she was a nurse at Johns Hopkins. They have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth. Awards
2000: <mask> H. <mask> medal for his book American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and its College (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). 2003: Designated Master of the American College of Cardiology.2005: One of 15 individuals inducted into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars. 2009: Fifth recipient of the American Osler Society’s Lifetime Achievement Award. 2015: Named “Newsmaker of the Year in the Health Field” Rochester Post-Bulletin
2018: Chosen for the Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences (ALHHS) Recognition of Merit
2018: Recipient of Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award
Selected publications
PubMed lists <mask> as the
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sole author of more than 100 articles. Articles
Books
<mask>’s Collected Papers on the Cardiovascular System. Birmingham and New York (1985). Gryphon Editions. The Classics of Cardiology Library
The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1987). American Cardiology: The History of a Specialty and Its College. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1996). Profiles in Cardiology: A collection of profiles featuring individuals who have made significant contributions to the study of cardiovascular disease. Co-authored with J. W. Hurst and C. R. Conti, Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science (2003). J<mask> Hurst: His Life and Teachings. Co-authored with Silverman.M. E., Mahwah, NJ. (2007). Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science. Caring for the Heart: Mayo Clinic and the Rise of Specialization. New York: Oxford University Press (2015). References
External links
VIDEOCAST. <mask>, W. B.(2016). The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939]. The 2016 James H. Cassedy Memorial Lecture. National Library of Medicine
W. Bruce Fye Center For the History of Medicine. Mayo Clinic
The Medical and Scientific Library of W. Bruce Fye. Bonhams
"Medical Book Collecting and Scholarship, A Recovering Biblionmaniac Shares his Perspectives". 2018 Dibner Library Lecture (6 December 2018)
1946 births
Living people
American cardiologists
American medical historians
People from Meadville, Pennsylvania
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American physicians
Mayo Clinic people
Fellows of the American College of Cardiology
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male
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<mask> (born 1955 in Wynberg, Cape Town) is a South African Muslim scholar, writer, and political activist known for his opposition to apartheid, his appointment by Nelson Mandela as a gender equity commissioner, and his work for inter-religious dialogue. Early life
<mask> was born into a poor Muslim family in the Wynberg suburb of Cape Town. While still a child, he and his mother were forcibly relocated as "non-Whites" under the provisions of the Group Areas Act. At age nine, Esack joined the revivalist Tablighi Jamaat movement, and by age 10 he was learning at a madrasah (religious school). At the age of 15 he received a scholarship to pursue Islamic studies in Pakistan. By the time he left for Pakistan in 1974 he had also become the local chairman of an anti-apartheid group, National Youth Action, and had been detained several times by security police. <mask> spent eight years as a student in at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia where he was a classmate of Maulana Abdul Aziz.where he was completing the traditional Dars-i-Nizami program of Islamic studies and becoming a mawlana or Muslim cleric. As he noted in the introduction to his book On Being a Muslim, some of his fellow students later joined the Taliban in Afghanistan. Having grown up with Christian neighbors, Esack became critical of discrimination against Christians and other religious minorities in Pakistan. Middle years
Returning to South Africa in 1982, <mask> became involved with activities of the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa. He, along with three other members, left the organization in 1984 and helped form the Muslim anti-apartheid group Muslims Against Oppression, which later changed its name to Call of Islam, which became an important affiliate of the United Democratic Front. Esack addressed hundreds of protest
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meetings, formed ties with inter-faith opponents of apartheid, and became a leading figure within the World Conference of Religions for Peace. <mask> founded Call of Islam with Adli Jacobs and his cousin, Ebrahim Rasool, who later became the Premier of the Western Cape and the South African ambassador to the United States.From 1984 to 1989, <mask> was the National Coordinator of Call of Islam. This fulfilled his ambition of uniting the two halves of his personality – the religious with secular activism. He addressed rallies, conducted political funerals, and participated in inter-faith organisations opposed to apartheid. He became an important leader in the World Conference on Religion and Peace. An interesting image is of him marching, Qur’an in hand, under the banner of the CPSA flag. In 1990 <mask> left South Africa to continue his theological studies. He holds a PhD from the University of Birmingham, England, and pursued postdoctoral studies in Biblical hermeneutics at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology, Frankfurt, Germany.<mask> has also been involved with the organisation Positive Muslims, which is dedicated to helping HIV-positive Muslims in Africa. Positive Muslims programs include prevention, lobbying, and research activities, but the main focus of the organisation's work is counseling and support for people living with HIV/AIDS. In May 2005 <mask> <mask> delivered the second Mandela Lecture sponsored by the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa, Amsterdam. In 2007-2008 <mask> was the Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal Visiting Professor of Islamic Studies at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Esack served as a Commissioner for Gender Equality in South African and has taught at the Universities of Western Cape, and Hamburg,
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the College of William & Mary and Union Theological Seminary (NY) and at Xavier University in Cincinnati. He is currently a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is head of the South-African branch of BDS.He was responsible for the boycott of Ben Gurion University by the University of Johannesburg. In 2013, <mask> said that BDS distanced themselves from the singing of "shoot the Jew" in song during a protest at Wits University's Great Hall. "We unequivocally distance ourselves from the singing of this song and its sentiments. Also, to tarnish all Jews with the Zionist brush is racism regardless of who does it. Racism is racism and racism is abominable." <mask> also bemoaned the advantage the incident had given the organisation's detractors. "It is unfortunate but not unexpected that supporters of Israel will focus on the singing of this song," he said."The purpose and context of the protest were and remain the larger struggle against Israeli apartheid, Israel's illegal occupation and its violation of Palestinian rights." In 2015 in the wake of 132 deaths caused by terror attacks in France, Esack lashed out at Western powers that had waged war on Muslim countries and that supported the invasion of Muslim countries. "I am not praying for Paris; I am not condemning anyone. Why the hell should I? I had nothing to do with it," "I am sickened by the perpetual expectations to condemn. I walk away from your shitty racist and Islamophobic expectations that whenever your chickens come home to roost then I must feign horror". "Stop supporting and funding terror outfits, get out of other people's lands and continents, stop outlawing peaceful resistance such as Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement, to occupations, abandon your
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cultural imperialism, destroy your arms industry that provides the weapons that kill hundreds of thousands of others every year"."The logic is quite simple: When you eat, it's stupid to expect that no shit will ever come out from your body. Yes, I feel sorry for the victims on whom the shit falls. But, bloody hell, own it; it's yours!" In 2018, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa granted Esack the Order of Luthuli (Silver) for "his brilliant contribution to academic research and to the fight against race, gender, class and religious oppression. His body of work continues to enlighten generations of fledgling and established academics". Books by <mask> Esack
The Struggle. (1988)
But Musa went to Fir'aun!A Compilation of Questions and Answers about the Role of Muslims in the South African Struggle for Liberation. (South Africa, 1989)
Qur'an, Liberation and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity Against Oppression. (Oxford, 1997)
Islam and Politics (London, 1998) OCLC 67856723
On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today. (Oxford, 1999)
The Qur'an: A Short Introduction. (Oxford, 2002)
The Qur'an: A User's Guide. (Oxford, 2005)
References
Further reading
Singhai, Arvind, and W. Stephen Howard. The Children of Africa Confront AIDS: From Vulnerability to Possibility.(Athens, Ohio, 2003)
1959 births
Living people
Writers from Cape Town
South African people of Malay descent
South African Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
South African activists
South African non-fiction writers
South African feminists
Proponents of Islamic feminism
Male feminists
University of Johannesburg academics
South African Muslims
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
South African expatriates in Pakistan
Members of the Order of Luthuli
Jamia
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<mask> (9 October 1940 – 5 May 2013) was a German operatic mezzo-soprano and alto. Life
Born in Frankfurt, Engert-Ely first trained as a kindergarten teacher in her native town. Afterwards she worked as a nanny in London and later worked there as an art dealer. She studied singing at the Hoch Conservatory. Later, further studies followed with Josef Metternich in Cologne. She made her stage debut at the Theater Osnabrück as Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro. She had her first regular engagements at the Theater Koblenz (1969–1972) and at the Theater Freiburg (1972–1977) where she was the countess in Lortzing's Der Wildschütz.The then Freiburg director and the musical director Marek Janowski supported Engert-Ely in her early years. In Freiburg she was able to acquire her first major roles: Rosina in The Barber of Seville, Octavia in Der Rosenkavalier and Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea. After five years in Freiburg, she moved to the Staatstheater Hannover (1977–1979). There she sang Dorabella in Così fan tutte for the first time; the composer in Ariadne auf Naxos was also one of her role debuts. Since 1979, she was a permanent member of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (DOB), to which she had been contracted by Siegfried Palm. She debuted there in 1979 as Cherubino in Le nozze di Figaro. In October 1988, she sang Warwara in Götterdämmerung in the complete Ring cycle at the Deutsche Oper Berlin.In October 1990, she made her role and house debut there as Ortrud in Wagner's Lohengrin. In November 1992, she sang Preziosilla again in a new musical rehearsal of Verdi's opera La forza del destino. In November/December 1992, she took over the role of the crunchy
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the role of Schwertleite in a recording of the opera Die Walküre under the musical direction of James Levine at the Manhattan Center in New York City. The recording was released by Deutsche Grammophon. In June 1987 she appeared as the nurse Filipjewna in a recording of the opera Eugene Onegin, which was recorded at the Lukaskirche in Dresden; her partners were Mirella Freni (Tatjana) and James Levine (conductor). The recording was first released in 1988 (still on vinyl), also by Deutsche Grammophon. In a complete recording of Prokovief's opera The Fiery Angel she took on the roles of the fortune teller and the abbess; the recording was also released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon in 1990.Also live and radio recordings of her performance at the Bayreuth Festival exist. Some of these were published on CD. Philips has released a CD with a recording of Parsifal from the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1985, in which Engert-Ely can be heard in her Bayreuth roles (1st miner and alto solo). A recording of the Bayreuth Tannhäuser 1989 performance with Engert-Ely as Venus was issued on DVD. Notes
References
Further reading
Karl-Josef Kutsch, Leo Riemens: Großes Sängerlexikon. Fourth, extended edition. Munich 2003. volume 2: Castori–Frampoli, . .
Jörg Graepel: "Ruthild Engert: 'Es geht vorwärts!'". Portrait and interview in Orpheus. Juli 1986. .
Imre Fabian: Ruthild Engert. Porträt. In Opernwelt. Ausgabe November 1984. Seite 63/64.External links
<mask> Engert-Ely – Biography (Bayreuth Festival)
Engert, Ruthild on BMLO
German operatic mezzo-sopranos
1940 births
2013 deaths
Musicians from Frankfurt
Hoch Conservatory alumni
20th-century German women opera
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<mask> (born Jakob Roitman; 26 December 1905–1963) was a Romanian communist politician. The leading ideologue of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) from 1944 to 1957, he served as head of its Agitprop Department from 1948 to 1952 and was in charge of propaganda and culture from 1952 to 1955. He has been described as "Moscow's right-hand man in Romania". Biography
Early life
Chișinevschi was born to a poor Jewish family in Bălți, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Moldova). Largely self-taught and a high-school dropout, he joined the PCR in 1928. Arrested that year (since the PCR had been banned in 1924), he went to the Soviet Union upon his release in 1930. He attended the Comintern's International Lenin School (his only ideological training) and was a participant at the Vth PCR Congress, held in Gorikovo near Moscow in December 1931.The Comintern delegates to the congress, Béla Kun and Dmitry Manuilsky, sponsored his election to the PCR central committee. He had personal connections within the Soviet secret police, of which he was an agent (which he remained through the 1950s), infiltrating the PCR hierarchy's upper ranks. Chișinevschi came back to Romania with instructions from Moscow, helping to reorganize the Agitprop Department, the PCR's propaganda nucleus. During the party's years of underground activity, he helped orient it toward Bolshevism (specifically Stalinism). He shunned real intellectual problems and the debates of the Marxist left, instead idolizing Joseph Stalin. He was most influenced by the latter's The Problems of Leninism, a sort of thumbnail sketch of revolutionary theory; once he had read the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Short Course, with its blatant falsifications, he looked no further than Stalin for ideological
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a consummate intriguer and opportunist, sycophantically subservient to his superiors, vindictive, and despotic toward his subordinates. He was the patron of an entire group of crude, narrow-minded and aggressive apparatchiks who dominated Romania's spiritual life during the years of unrestrained Stalinism. As a committed Stalinist, he was unconditionally devoted to the USSR and identified his own destiny with that of the "homeland of socialism". He participated in all the important meetings with Soviet representatives and delegates from other Eastern European countries, also coordinating the party's international relations and supervising cadre policy.Downfall
For Chișinevschi, one's attitude toward the USSR was his most important criterion of Leninist orthodoxy. Thus, when the Soviets changed course at the 20th Party Congress (which Chișinevschi attended), he zealously changed course and immediately began spreading insidious critical allusions about his old friend Gheorghiu-Dej, hoping to cover up his own past crimes and abuses. At the March 1956 plenary, he and Miron Constantinescu called for a liberalisation, something that Gheorghiu-Dej categorically rejected. He did not make his proposal out of genuinely reformist sentiments, but rather because "his enduring opportunism, his unsurpassed chameleon-type of political conduct materialized in his will to associate himself with the group that was most probable to win the battle". As "a true follower of Moscow’s line, whatever its twist or turn, he grasped an opportunity to undermine Gheorghiu-Dej and re-compose for himself the image of a fighter for intra-party democracy". Thinking that "a critical re-assessment of the Stalinist purges in Romania was inevitable", he aligned himself in opposition to Gheorghiu-Dej. Probably encouraged by Khrushchev, <mask> and
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<mask> ( ; ; 24 October 1632 – 26 August 1723) was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists. <mask> is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline. Raised in Delft, Dutch Republic, <mask> worked as a draper in his youth and founded his own shop in 1654. He became well recognized in municipal politics and developed an interest in lensmaking. In the 1670s, he started to explore microbial life with his microscope. This was one of the notable achievements of the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s).Using single-lensed microscopes of his own design and make, <mask> was the first to observe and to experiment with microbes, which he originally referred to as dierkens, diertgens or diertjes (Dutch for "small animals" [translated into English as animalcules, from Latin animalculum = "tiny animal"]). He was the first to relatively determine their size. Most of the "animalcules" are now referred to as unicellular organisms, although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. He was also the first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, red blood cells, crystals in gouty tophi, and among the first to see blood flow in capillaries. Although <mask>k did not write any books, he described his discoveries in
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letters to the Royal Society, which published many of his letters, and to persons in several European countries. Early life and career
<mask> <mask> was born in Delft, Dutch Republic, on 24 October 1632. On 4 November, he was baptized as Thonis.His father, Philips Antonisz <mask>, was a basket maker who died when Antonie was only five years old. His mother, Margaretha (<mask> den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family. She remarried Jacob Jansz Molijn, a painter. Antonie had four older sisters: Margriet, Geertruyt, Neeltje, and Catharina. When he was around ten years old his step-father died. He attended school in Warmond for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney. At the age of 16 he became a bookkeeper's apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam, which was owned by the Scot William Davidson.Van Leeuwenhoek left there after six years. Van Leeuwenhoek married Barbara de Mey in July 1654, with whom he fathered one surviving daughter, Maria (four other children died in infancy). That same year he returned to Delft, where he would live and study for the rest of his life. He opened a draper's shop, which he ran throughout the 1650s. His wife died in 1666, and in 1671, <mask> remarried to Cornelia Swalmius with whom he had no children. His status in Delft had grown throughout the years. In 1660 he received a lucrative job as chamberlain for the assembly chamber of the Delft sheriffs in the city hall, a position which he would hold for almost 40 years.In 1669 he was appointed as a land surveyor by
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the court of Holland; at some time he combined it with another municipal job, being the official "wine-gauger" of Delft and in charge of the city wine imports and taxation. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of another famous Delft citizen, the painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two Vermeer paintings of the late 1660s, The Astronomer and The Geographer, but others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances; <mask> acted as the executor of Vermeer's will after the painter died in 1675. Microscopic study
While running his draper shop, <mask> wanted to see the quality of the thread better than what was possible using the magnifying lenses of the time. He developed an interest in lensmaking, although few records exist of his early activity. By placing the middle of a small rod of soda lime glass in a hot flame, one can pull the hot section apart to create two long whiskers of glass.Then, by reinserting the end of one whisker into the flame, a very small, high-quality glass lens is created. Significantly, a May 2021 neutron tomography study of a high-magnification Leeuwenhoek microscope captured images of the short glass stem characteristic of this lens creation method. For lower magnifications he also made ground lenses. To help keep his methods confidential he apparently intentionally encouraged others to think
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grinding was his primary or only lens construction method. Recognition by the Royal Society
After developing his method for creating powerful lenses and applying them to the study of the microscopic world, <mask> introduced his work to his friend, the prominent Dutch physician Reinier de Graaf. When the Royal Society in London published the groundbreaking work of an Italian lensmaker in their journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, de Graaf wrote to the editor of the journal, Henry Oldenburg, with a ringing endorsement of <mask>'s microscopes which, he claimed, "far surpass those which we have hitherto seen". In response, in 1673 the society published a letter from <mask>k that included his microscopic observations on mold, bees, and lice.Van Leeuwenhoek's work fully captured the attention of the Royal Society, and he began corresponding regularly with the society regarding his observations. At first he had been reluctant to publicize his findings, regarding himself as a businessman with little scientific, artistic, or writing background, but de Graaf urged him to be more confident in his work. By the time <mask> died in 1723, he had written some 190 letters to the Royal Society, detailing his findings in a wide variety of fields, centered on his work in microscopy. He only wrote letters in his own colloquial Dutch; he never published a proper scientific paper in Latin. He strongly preferred to work alone, distrusting the sincerity of those who offered their assistance. The letters were translated into Latin or English by Henry
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Oldenburg, who had learned Dutch for this very purpose. He was also the first to use the word animalcules to translate the Dutch words that Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms.Despite the initial success of <mask>'s relationship with the Royal Society, soon relations became severely strained. His credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms dated 9 October 1676. Previously, the existence of single-celled organisms was entirely unknown. Thus, even with his established reputation with the Royal Society as a reliable observer, his observations of microscopic life were initially met with some skepticism. Eventually, in the face of <mask>'s insistence, the Royal Society arranged for Alexander Petrie, minister to the English Reformed Church in Delft; Benedict Haan, at that time Lutheran minister at Delft; and Henrik Cordes, then Lutheran minister at the Hague, accompanied by Sir Robert Gordon and four others, to determine whether it was in fact <mask>'s ability to observe and reason clearly, or perhaps, the Royal Society's theories of life that might require reform. Finally in 1677, <mask>'s observations were fully acknowledged by the Royal Society. <mask> <mask> was elected to the Royal Society in February 1680 on the nomination of William Croone, a then-prominent physician.<mask> was "taken aback" by the nomination, which he considered a high honor, although he did not attend the induction ceremony in London, nor did he ever attend a Royal Society meeting.
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Scientific fame
By the end of the seventeenth century, <mask>k had a virtual monopoly on microscopic study and discovery. His contemporary Robert Hooke, an early microscope pioneer, bemoaned that the field had come to rest entirely on one man's shoulders. He was visited over the years by many notable individuals, such as the Russian Tsar Peter the Great. To the disappointment of his guests, <mask>k refused to reveal the cutting-edge microscopes he relied on for his discoveries, instead showing visitors a collection of average-quality lenses. Van Leeuwenhoek was visited by Leibniz, William III of Orange and his wife, Mary II of England, and the burgemeester (mayor) Johan Huydecoper of Amsterdam, the latter being very interested in collecting and growing plants for the Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam, and all gazed at the tiny creatures. In 1698, <mask> was invited to visit the Tsar Peter the Great on his boat.On this occasion <mask> presented the Tsar with an "eel-viewer", so Peter could study blood circulation whenever he wanted. Techniques and discoveries
<mask> <mask> made more than 500 optical lenses. He also created at least 25 single-lens microscopes, of differing types, of which only nine have survived. These microscopes were made of silver or copper frames, holding hand-made lenses. Those that have survived are capable of magnification up to 275 times. It is suspected that <mask>k possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Although he has been widely regarded as a dilettante or amateur, his scientific research was of remarkably
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high quality.The single-lens microscopes of <mask>k were relatively small devices, the largest being about 5 cm long. They are used by placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun. The other side of the microscope had a pin, where the sample was attached in order to stay close to the lens. There were also three screws to move the pin and the sample along three axes: one axis to change the focus, and the two other axes to navigate through the sample. Van Leeuwenhoek maintained throughout his life that there are aspects of microscope construction "which I only keep for myself", in particular his most critical secret of how he made the lenses. For many years no one was able to reconstruct <mask>wenhoek's design techniques, but in 1957, C. L. Stong used thin glass thread fusing instead of polishing, and successfully created some working samples of a <mask>wenhoek design microscope. Such a method was also discovered independently by A. Mosolov and A. Belkin at the Russian Novosibirsk State Medical Institute.In May 2021 researchers in the Netherlands published a non-destructive neutron tomography study of a Leeuwenhoek microscope. One image in particular shows a Stong/Mosolov-type spherical lens with a single short glass stem attached (Fig. 4). Such lenses are created by pulling an extremely thin glass filament, breaking the filament, and briefly fusing the filament end. The nuclear tomography article notes this lens creation method was first devised by Robert Hooke rather than Leeuwenhoek, which is ironic
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given Hooke's subsequent surprise at Leeuwenhoek's findings. <mask> used samples and measurements to estimate numbers of microorganisms in units of water. He also made good use of the huge advantage provided by his method.He studied a broad range of microscopic phenomena, and shared the resulting observations freely with groups such as the British Royal Society. Such work firmly established his place in history as one of the first and most important explorers of the microscopic world. Van Leeuwenhoek was one of the first people to observe cells, much like Robert Hooke. Van Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are:
infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674
bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in 1683
the vacuole of the cell
spermatozoa, in 1677
the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682
In 1687, <mask> reported his research on the coffee bean. He roasted the bean, cut it into slices and saw a spongy interior. The bean was pressed, and an oil appeared. He boiled the coffee with rain water twice and set it aside.<mask> has been attributed as the first person to use a histological stain to color specimens observed under the microscope using saffron
Like Robert Boyle and Nicolaas Hartsoeker, <mask>k was interested in dried cochineal, trying to find out if the dye came from a berry or an insect. Van Leeuwenhoek's religion was "Dutch Reformed" Calvinist. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures great and small, and believed that his discoveries were merely further
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proof of the wonder of creation. Legacy and recognition
By the end of his life, <mask> had written approximately 560 letters to the Royal Society and other scientific institutions concerning his observations and discoveries. Even during the last weeks of his life, <mask>k continued to send letters full of observations to London. The last few contained a precise description of his own illness. He suffered from a rare disease, an uncontrolled movement of the midriff, which now is named <mask>k's disease.He died at the age of 90, on 26 August 1723, and was buried four days later in the Oude Kerk in Delft. In 1981, the British microscopist Brian J. Ford found that <mask>'s original specimens had survived in the collections of the Royal Society of London. They were found to be of high quality, and all were well preserved. Ford carried out observations with a range of single-lens microscopes, adding to our knowledge of <mask>'s work. In Ford's opinion, Leeuwenhoek remained imperfectly understood, the popular view that his work was crude and undisciplined at odds with the evidence of conscientious and painstaking observation. He constructed rational and repeatable experimental procedures and was willing to oppose received opinion, such as spontaneous generation, and he changed his mind in the light of evidence.On his importance in the history of microbiology and science in general, the British biochemist Nick Lane wrote that he was "the first even to think of looking—certainly, the first with the power to see." His experiments were ingenious and he was "a
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scientist of the highest calibre", attacked by people who envied him or "scorned his unschooled origins", not helped by his secrecy about his methods.The Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam, named after <mask>k, is specialized in oncology. In 2004, a public poll in the Netherlands to determine the greatest Dutchman ("De Grootste Nederlander") named <mask> the 4th-greatest Dutchman of all time. On 24 October 2016, Google commemorated the 384th anniversary of <mask>'s birth with a Doodle that depicted his discovery of "little animals" or animalcules, now known as bacteria. The Leeuwenhoek Medal, Leeuwenhoek Lecture, Leeuwenhoek (crater), Leeuwenhoeckia, Levenhookia (a genus in the family Stylidiaceae), and Leeuwenhoekiella (an aerobic bacterial genus) are named after him. See also
Animalcule
Regnier de Graaf
Dutch Golden Age
History of microbiology
History of microscopy
History of the microscope
Robert Hooke
Microscopic discovery of microorganisms
Microscopic scale
Science and technology in the Dutch Republic
Scientific Revolution
Nicolas Steno
Jan Swammerdam
Timeline of microscope technology
Johannes Vermeer
Notes
References
Sources
Cobb, Matthew: Generation: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unraveled the Secrets of Sex, Life, and Growth. (US: Bloomsbury, 2006)
Cobb, Matthew: The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth-Century Scientists Who Unlocked the Secrets of Sex and Growth. (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006)
Davids, Karel: The Rise and Decline of Dutch Technological Leadership: Technology, Economy and Culture in
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the Netherlands, 1350–1800 [2 vols.].(Brill, 2008, )
Ford, Brian J.: Single Lens: The Story of the Simple Microscope. (London: William Heinemann, 1985, 182 pp)
Ford, Brian J.: The Revealing Lens: Mankind and the Microscope. (London: George Harrap, 1973, 208 pp)
Fournier, Marian: The Fabric of Life: The Rise and Decline of Seventeenth-Century Microscopy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, )
Ratcliff, Marc J.: The Quest for the Invisible: Microscopy in the Enlightenment. (Ashgate, 2009, 332 pp)
Robertson, Lesley; Backer, Jantien et al. : Antoni <mask>k: Master of the Minuscule. (Brill, 2016, )
Struik, Dirk J.: The Land of Stevin and Huygens: A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century (Studies in the History of Modern Science). (Springer, 1981, 208 pp)
Wilson, Catherine: The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope''.(Princeton University Press, 1997, )
External links
Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society
The Correspondence of Anthonie <mask>k in EMLO
Lens on Leeuwenhoek (site on Leeuwenhoek's life and observations)
Vermeer connection website
University of California, Berkeley article on <mask>uwenhoek
Retrospective paper on the Leeuwenhoek research by Brian J. Ford. Images seen through a <mask>uwenhoek microscope by Brian J. Ford. Instructions on making a van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica by Alan Shinn
1632 births
1723 deaths
17th-century Dutch businesspeople
17th-century Dutch inventors
17th-century Dutch naturalists
17th-century
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<mask> (born 15 January 1983) is a Scottish former professional rugby league footballer who played as a or . <mask> started his professional career in 2002 with Dewsbury Rams in the second tier before moving to York City Knights a year later. <mask> made his Super League debut in 2005 after signing for Hull F.C., winning the Challenge Cup final with the club in the same season. After spending a season with Castleford Tigers in 2007's National League One, he returned to the Super League with the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats before switching to the Huddersfield Giants in 2010. After a second spell with Wakefield, he finished his career at Bradford Bulls in 2021. <mask> also played at international level for England and Scotland, being eligible to play for the latter through his grandfather, and won a Scottish record 25 caps. Background
<mask> was born in Thornhill, West Yorkshire, England.Playing career
Dewsbury Rams
Brough started his playing career as a junior at Thornhill before signing for Wakefield Trinity at the age of 15. He failed to make a first team appearance for the club and moved to Dewsbury in the Northern Ford Premiership, making his senior début in 2002. Seeking more regular first team opportunities, <mask> requested a transfer during the 2003 season, and was subsequently sold to National League Two side York City Knights after two seasons at the Dewsbury Rams. York City Knights
In 2004, <mask> set new club records at York for most goals scored in a season (178), and most points scored in a season (412), helping the club reach the quarter final of the Challenge Cup, and narrowly missing out on promotion to National League One following a 30–34 defeat in the play-off final against Halifax.
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After just two seasons he was signed by Super League side Hull F.C. after making 53 appearances for York. Hull FC
Brough had a dream start at Hull, scoring four goals and a drop-goal in Hull's 2005 Challenge Cup Final win over Leeds Rhinos, with many claiming he was unlucky not to win the Lance Todd Trophy.After an impressive first season, he signed a new two-year contract with the club. During the following season, <mask> lost his place in the starting lineup after the arrival of new head coach Peter Sharp, and was signed by Castleford Tigers for an undisclosed fee in June 2006. Castleford Tigers
Brough played 10 games for Castleford in 2006, but was unable to prevent the team from being relegated from the Super League. He remained with Castleford in 2007 and was part of the team that won promotion from National League One back into the Super League. Wakefield Trinity
Following Castleford's promotion, <mask> was signed by rivals Wakefield Trinity in 2008 and became a key player for the team, going on to win the Albert Goldthorpe Medal that year. <mask>, again only stayed at Wakefield for two seasons before leaving at the end of 2009 to join West Yorkshire rivals Huddersfield. He made 57 appearances for Trinity scoring 468 points.Huddersfield Giants
In March 2010, <mask> was signed by Huddersfield Giants for a fee of £30,000, and agreed to loan <mask>d to Wakefield until the end of the season. He was named club captain during 2012 following the mid-season departure of Kevin Brown. At the end of the 2013 Super League season, <mask> won the Man of Steel award for his excellent performances throughout the season. He also became the first player ever to win a second Albert Goldthorpe Medal. Wakefield
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Trinity
Bradford Bulls
In June 2020, it was announced that <mask> would link up with former coach John Kear on a 2 year deal in the RFL Championship with the Bradford Bulls. <mask> announced his retirement in November 2021.
International career
<mask> played at international level for Scotland, qualifying via his grandfather, making his international début in 2004 and playing in sporadic competitions and test matches. In 2008 he was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, and was named captain for the first time.<mask>'s international future was thrown into question following the World Cup, as he announced his intention to switch allegiance to England in 2009, citing a lack of opportunities to play in major tournaments with Scotland. However, <mask> was not selected for England, and did not feature at international level for two years. <mask> was eventually called into the England squad for an International Origin match in 2012. He was subsequently omitted once again from the England squad, and, amid heavy speculation, in 2013 announced that he would once again be committing to Scotland, having not featured for England once. In 2013, <mask> reverted to Scotland and captained the team during the 2013 World Cup. After the tournament, <mask> was shortlisted alongside Sonny Bill Williams and Greg Inglis for the RLIF International Player of the Year. In October 2014, <mask> led Scotland in the 2014 European Cup.The Winner of the tournament would qualify to play in the 2016 Four Nations alongside International heavyweights Australia, England and New Zealand. He played at his best throughout the tournament, earning him the 'Player of the Tournament' award. His performances and
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