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Latin recordings ventures, it won <mask> a Grammy Award, this time for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album. In 1991, <mask> acted in the lead role of archangel San Miguel in La Pastorela, or A Shephard's Tale, a musical filmed at San Juan Bautista. It was written and directed by Luis Valdez. The production was part of the PBS Great Performances series.In December 2020, it was announced that Canciones de Mi Padre had been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Returning to the contemporary music scene
By the late 1980s, while enjoying the success of her big band jazz collaborations with Riddle and her surprise hit mariachi recordings, <mask> elected to return to recording mainstream pop music once again. In 1987, she made a return to the top of the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart with "Somewhere Out There", which peaked at number 2 in March. Featured in the animated film An American Tail, the sentimental duet with James Ingram was nominated for several Grammy Awards, ultimately winning the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. The song also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and achieved high sales, earning a million-selling gold single in the U.S.one of the last 45s ever to do so. It was also accompanied by a popular music video. On the heels of this success, Steven Spielberg asked <mask> to record the theme song for the animated sequel titled An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, which was titled "Dreams to Dream".Although "Dreams to Dream" failed to achieve the success of "Somewhere Out There", the song did give <mask> an Adult Contemporary hit in 1991. In 1989, <mask> released a mainstream pop album and several popular
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singles. Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind became one of the singer's most successful albumsin production, arrangements, sales, and critical acclaim. It became <mask>'s tenth Top 10 album on the Billboard chart, reaching number 7 and being certified triple-platinum (over three million copies sold in the U.S.). The album also received Grammy Award nominations. <mask> included New Orleans soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the album's songs. <mask> incorporated the sounds of the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir, Tower of Power horns, the Skywalker Symphony, and numerous musicians.It included the duets with Aaron Neville, "Don't Know Much" (Billboard Hot 100 number 2 hit, Christmas 1989) and "All My Life" (Billboard Hot 100 number 11 hit), both of which were long-running number 1 Adult Contemporary hits. The duets earned several Grammy Award nominations. The duo won both the 1989 and 1990 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal awards. <mask>'s last known live Grammy Award appearance was in 1990 when she and Neville performed "Don't Know Much" together on the telecast. ("Whenever I sing with a different artist, I can get things out of my voice that I can't do by myself", <mask> reflected in 2007. "I can do things with Aaron that I can't do alone.") In December 1990, she participated in a concert held at the Tokyo Dome to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday, and to raise awareness of environmental issues.Other participants included Miles Davis, Lenny Kravitz, Hall & Oates, Natalie Cole, Yoko Ono, and Sean Lennon. An album resulted, titled Happy Birthday, John. Return to roots music
<mask> released the highly acclaimed Winter Light
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album at the end of 1993. It included New Age arrangements such as the lead single "Heartbeats Accelerating" as well as the self-penned title track and featured the glass harmonica. It was her first commercial failure since 1972, and peaked at number 92 in Billboard, whereas 1995's Feels Like Home was <mask>'s much-heralded return to country-rock and included her version of Tom Petty's classic hit "The Waiting". The single's rollicking, fiddle-infused flip side, "Walk On", returned <mask> to the Country Singles chart for the first time since 1983. An album track entitled "The Blue Train" charted 10 weeks in Billboards Adult Contemporary Top 40.This album fared slightly better than its predecessor, reaching number 75. Both albums were later deleted from the Elektra/Asylum catalog. <mask> was nominated for three Lo Nuestro Awards in 1993: Female Regional Mexican Artist of the Year, Female Tropical/Salsa Artist of the Year, and her version of the song "Perfidia" was also listed for Tropical/Salsa Song of the Year. In 1996, <mask> produced Dedicated to the One I Love, an album of classic rock and roll songs reinvented as lullabies. The album reached number 78 in Billboard and won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children. In 1998, <mask> released We Ran, her first album in over two years. The album harkened back to <mask>'s country-rock and folk-rock heyday.She returned to her rock 'n' roll roots with vivid interpretations of songs by Bruce Springsteen, Doc Pomus, Bob Dylan, and John Hiatt. The recording was produced by Glyn Johns. A commercial failure, the album stood at 57,897 copies sold at the time of its deletion in 2008. It is the
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poorest-selling studio album in <mask>'s Elektra/Asylum catalog. We Ran did not chart any singles but it was well received by critics. Despite the lack of success of We Ran, <mask> kept moving towards this adult rock exploration. In the summer of 1999, she released the album Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions, a folk-rock-oriented project with Emmylou Harris.It earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for the Best Contemporary Folk Album and made the Top 10 of Billboards Country Albums chart. Still in print as of December 2016, it has sold 223,255 copies per Nielsen SoundScan. Also in 1999, <mask> went back to her concert roots when she performed with the Eagles and Jackson Browne at Staples Center's 1999 New Year's Eve celebration kicking off the December 31 end-of-the-millennium festivities. As Staples Center Senior Vice President and general manager Bobby Goldwater said, "It was our goal to present a spectacular event as a sendoff to the 20th century", and "Eagles, Jackson Browne, and <mask> are three of the most popular acts of the century. Their performances will constitute a singular and historic night of entertainment for New Year's Eve in Los Angeles." In 2000, <mask> completed her long contractual relationship with the Elektra/Asylum label. The fulfillment of this contract commenced with the release of A Merry Little Christmas, her first holiday collection, which includes rare choral works, the somber Joni Mitchell song "River", and a rare recorded duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on Clooney's signature song, "White Christmas".Since leaving Warner Music, <mask> has gone on to release one album each under Verve and Vanguard Records. In 2006,
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recording as the ZoZo Sisters, <mask> teamed with her new friend, musician and musical scholar Ann Savoy, to record Adieu False Heart. It was an album of roots music incorporating pop, Cajun, and early-20th-century music and released on the Vanguard Records label. But Adieu False Heart was a commercial failure, peaking at number 146 in the U.S. despite her touring for the final time that year. It was the last time <mask> would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy, but initially diagnosed as Parkinson's disease, in December 2012. Adieu False Heart, recorded in Louisiana, features a cast of local musicians, including Chas Justus, Eric Frey and Kevin Wimmer of the Red Stick Ramblers, Sam Broussard of the Mamou Playboys, Dirk Powell, and Joel Savoy, as well as an array of Nashville musicians: fiddler Stuart Duncan, mandolinist Sam Bush, and guitarist Bryan Sutton. The recording earned two Grammy Award nominations: Best Traditional Folk Album and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.In 2007, <mask> contributed to the compilation album We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Songa tribute album to jazz music's all-time most heralded artiston the track "Miss Otis Regrets". In August 2007, <mask> headlined the Newport Folk Festival, making her debut at this event, where she incorporated jazz, rock, and folk music into her repertoire. It was one of her final concerts. In 2010, <mask> contributed the arrangement and lead vocal to "A La Orilla de un Palmar" on the Chieftains' studio album San Patricio (with Ry Cooder). This remains her most recent
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commercially available recording as lead vocalist. Retirement
In 2011, <mask> was interviewed by the Arizona Daily Star and announced her retirement. In August 2013, she revealed to Alanna Nash, writing for AARP, that she has Parkinson's disease and "can no longer sing a note."Her diagnosis was subsequently re-evaluated as progressive supranuclear palsy. Selected career achievements
On April 10, 2014, <mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In July 2019, <mask> was selected as a Kennedy Center Honoree. As of 2019, <mask> has earned three number 1 pop albums, 10 top-ten pop albums and 38 charting pop albums on the Billboard Pop Album Charts. She has 15 albums on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, including four that hit number 1. <mask>'s singles have earned her a number 1 hit and three number 2 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with 10 top-ten pop singles and 21 reaching the Top 40. She has also scored two number 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and two number 1 hits on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.Rolling Stone wrote, a whole generation "but for her, might never have heard the work of Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, or Elvis Costello." She has recorded and released over 30 studio albums and has made guest appearances on an estimated 120 albums by other artists. Her guest appearances included the classical minimalist Philip Glass's album Songs from Liquid Days, a hit classical record with other major pop stars either singing or writing lyrics (<mask>'s two tracks on the album saw her singing lyrics written by Suzanne Vega and Laurie Anderson). She also appeared on Glass's follow-up recording 1000 Airplanes on
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the Roof. She appeared on Paul Simon's Graceland, where she sang a duet with Simon, "Under African Skies." In that song, there is a verse dedicated to <mask>, her voice and harmonies and her birth in Tucson, Arizona. She voiced herself in The Simpsons episode "Mr.Plow" and sang a duet, "Funny How Time Slips Away," with Homer Simpson on The Yellow Album. <mask> has also appeared on albums by a vast range of artists including Emmylou Harris, the Chieftains, Dolly Parton, Neil Young, J. D. Souther, Gram Parsons, Bette Midler, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Earl Scruggs, the Eagles, Andrew Gold, Wendy Waldman, Hoyt Axton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle, Ann Savoy, Karla Bonoff, James Taylor, Jimmy Webb, Valerie Carter, Warren Zevon, Maria Muldaur, Randy Newman (specifically his musical adaptation of Faust), Nicolette Larson, the Seldom Scene, Rosemary Clooney, Aaron Neville, Rodney Crowell, Hearts and Flowers, Laurie Lewis and Flaco Jiménez. As a singer-songwriter, <mask> has written songs covered by several artists, such as "Try Me Again", covered by Trisha Yearwood; and "Winter Light", which was co-written and composed with Zbigniew Preisner and Eric Kaz, and covered by Sarah Brightman. Her three biggest-selling studio albums to date are: her 1977 release Simple Dreams, 1983's What's New and 1989's Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind. Each one has been certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for over three million copies sold. Her highest-selling album to date is the 1976 compilation Greatest Hits, certified for over seven million units sold in 2001. <mask> became music's first major touring female artist to sell out sizeable venues; she was also
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the top-grossing solo female concert artist for the 1970s.She remained a highly successful touring artist into the 1990s, at which time she decided to scale back to smaller venues. In the 1970s, Cashbox magazine, a competitor of Billboard during that time period, named <mask> the "#1 Female Artist of the Decade". "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" included Heart Like a Wheel (1974) at number 164 and The Very Best Of <mask> (2002) at number 324. The 2012 revision kept only the compilation, but raised it to the place once occupied by Heart Like a Wheel. <mask>'s album sales have not been certified since 2001. At that time, <mask>'s U.S. album sales were certified by the Recording Industry Association of America at over 30 million albums sold; however, Peter Asher, her former producer and manager, placed her total U.S. album sales at over 45 million. Likewise, her worldwide albums sales are in excess of 100 million albums sold, according to the former president of Warner Bros. Records, Joe Smith, now a jury member of the Hit Parade Hall of Fame.Her RIAA certification (audits paid for by record companies or artists for promotion) tally as of 2001 totaled 19 Gold, 14 Platinum and 7 Multi-Platinum albums. She was the first female in music history to score three consecutive platinum albums and ultimately racked up a total of eight consecutive platinum albums. Her album Living in the USA was the first album by any recording artist in U.S. music history to ship double platinum (over two million advanced copies). Her first Latin release, the all-Spanish 1987 album Canciones De Mi Padre, stands as the best-selling non-English-language album in American
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music history. As of 2013, it had sold over 2½ million U.S. copies. <mask> has served as producer on albums from various musicians that include her cousin, David Lindley, Aaron Neville and singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb. She produced Cristal – Glass Music Through the Ages, an album of classical music using glass instruments with Dennis James, where she sang on several of the arrangements.In 1999, <mask> also produced the Grammy Award-winning Trio II. She has received a total of 27 Grammy Award nominations in various fields that include rock, country, pop and Tropical Latin, and has won 11 Grammy Awards in the categories of Pop, Country, Tropical Latin, Musical Album for Children and Mexican-American. In 2016, <mask> was again honored by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences with the Lifetime Achievement Grammy. She was the first female solo artist to have two Top 5 singles simultaneously on Billboard magazine's Hot 100: "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy". By December of that year, both "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy" had climbed into Billboards Top 5 and remained there for the month's last four weeks. In 1999, <mask> ranked number 21 in VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll. Three years later, she ranked number 40 in CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music.Personal life
Beginning in the mid-1970s, <mask>'s private life became increasingly public. It was fueled by a relationship with then-Governor of California Jerry Brown, a Democratic presidential candidate. They shared a Newsweek magazine cover in April 1979, as well as the covers of Us Weekly and People magazine. In 1983, <mask> dated comedian Jim Carrey for eight months. From the end of
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1983 to 1988, <mask> was engaged to Star Wars director George Lucas. In December 1990, she adopted an infant daughter, Mary Clementine <mask>. In 1994, she adopted a baby boy, <mask>.<mask> has never married. Speaking of finding an acceptable mate, in 1974 she told Peter Knobler in Crawdaddy, "... he's real kind but isn't inspired musically and then you meet somebody else that's just so inspired musically that he just takes your breath away but he's such a moron, such a maniac that you can't get along with him. And then after that it's the problem of finding someone that can stand you!" After living in Los Angeles for 30 years, <mask> moved to San Francisco because she said she never felt at home in Southern California. "Los Angeles became too enclosing an environment", she says. "I couldn't breathe the air and I didn't want to drive on the freeways to get to the studio. I also didn't want to embrace the values that have been so completely embraced by that city.Are you glamorous? Are you rich? Are you important? Do you have clout? It's just not me and it never was me." In 1997, <mask> sold her home in San Francisco and moved back to her hometown of Tucson, Arizona, to raise her two children. In more recent years, <mask> moved back to San Francisco while continuing to maintain her home in Tucson.In 2009, in honor of <mask>, the Martin Guitar Company made a 0042 model "<mask>stadt Limited Edition" acoustic guitar. <mask> appointed the Land Institute as recipient of all proceeds from her signature guitar. In 2013, Simon & Schuster published her autobiography, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, as well as the Spanish version, Sueños SencillosMemorias Musicales. In
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August 2013, <mask> revealed she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, leaving her unable to sing due to loss of muscular control, which is common to Parkinson's patients. She was diagnosed eight months prior to the announcement and had initially attributed the symptoms she had been experiencing to the aftereffects of shoulder surgery and a tick bite. In late 2019, it was reported her doctors had revised their diagnosis to progressive supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease commonly mistaken for Parkinson's due to the similarity of the symptoms. <mask> describes herself as a "spiritual atheist".Political activism
<mask>'s politics received criticism and praise during and after her July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas. Toward the end of the show, as she had done across the country, <mask> spoke to the audience, praising Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore's documentary film about the Iraq War; she dedicated the song "Desperado" to Moore. Accounts say the crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with "half the crowd heartily applauding her praise for Moore, (and) the other half booing." Following the concert, news accounts reported <mask> was "evicted" from the hotel premises. <mask>'s comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide. Aladdin casino president Bill Timmins and Michael Moore each made public statements about the controversy. The incident prompted international headlines and debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage and made the editorial section of The New York Times.Following the incident, many
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friends of <mask>'s, including the Eagles, immediately cancelled their engagements at the Aladdin. <mask> also received telegrams of support from her rock 'n' roll friends around the world like the Rolling Stones, the Eagles and Elton John. Amid reports of mixed public response, <mask> continued her praise of Moore and his film throughout her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts across North America. At a 2006 concert in Canada, <mask> told the Calgary Sun that she was "embarrassed George Bush (was) from the United States. ... He's an idiot. ...He's enormously incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes. ... Now the fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq and thousands of people have diedit's just as immoral as racism." Her remarks drew international headlines. In an August 14, 2007, interview, she commented on all her well-publicized, outspoken views, in particular the Aladdin incident, by noting, "If I had it to do over I would be much more gracious to everyone ... you can be as outspoken as you want if you are very, very respectful. Show some grace". In 2007, <mask> resided in San Francisco while also maintaining her home in Tucson. That same year, she drew criticism and praise from Tucsonans for commenting that local city council's failings, developers' strip mall mentality, greed and growing dust problem had rendered the city unrecognizable and poorly developed.In August 2009, <mask>, in a well-publicized interview to PlanetOut Inc. titled "<mask>'s Gay Mission", championed gay rights and same-sex marriage, and stated "homophobia is anti-family values. Period, end of story." On January 16, 2010, <mask>
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converged with thousands of other activists in a "National Day of Action". <mask> stated that her "dog in the fight"as a native Arizonan and coming from a law enforcement familywas the treatment of illegal aliens and Arizona's enforcement of its illegal immigrant law, especially Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio's efforts in that area. On April 29, 2010, <mask> began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit, against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law SB 1070 calling it a "devastating blow to law enforcement ... the police don't protect us in a democracy with brute force", something she said she learned from her brother, Peter, who was Chief of Police in Tucson. <mask> has also been outspoken on environmental and community issues. She is a major supporter and admirer of sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson, saying in 2000, "the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the (United States)", and dedicating the rock anthem "Desperado" to him at an August 2007 concert in Kansas City, Kansas.National arts advocacy
In 2004, <mask> wrote the foreword to the book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to American Folk Music, and in 2005, she wrote the introduction to the book Classic Ferrington Guitars, about guitar-maker and luthier Danny Ferrington and the custom guitars that he created for <mask> and other musicians such as Elvis Costello, Ry Cooder, and Kurt Cobain. <mask> has been honored for her contribution to the American arts. On September 23, 2007, she was inducted into the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame, along with Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens, and filmmaker Steven Spielberg. On August 17, 2008, <mask> received a
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tribute by various artists, including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plácido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards, a ceremony later televised in the U.S. on ABC. In 2008, <mask> was appointed Artistic Director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival. On March 31, 2009, in testimony that the Los Angeles Times termed "remarkable", <mask> spoke to the United States Congress House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment & Related Agencies, attempting to convince lawmakers to budget $200 million in the 2010 fiscal year for the National Endowment of the Arts. In May 2009, <mask> received an honorary doctorate of music degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music and her contributions to American and international culture.Mix magazine stated that "<mask> (has) left her mark on more than the record business; her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals ... (and is) intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes". Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
In 1981 the album In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record won the Grammy for Best Album for Children. <mask> was one of the various artists featured on the album. The Grammys were awarded to the producers, David Levine and Lucy Simon. Latin Grammy Awards
Primetime Emmy Awards
Tony Awards
Golden Globe Awards
1983Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy, <mask> in The Pirates of Penzance
Arizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame
2007Inducted for her significant impact on the
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evolution and development of the entertainment culture in the state of Arizona
Academy of Country Music
1974Best New Female Artist
1987Album of the Year/ Trio, Dolly Parton, <mask> and Emmylou Harris
Country Music Association
1988Vocal Event of the Year / Trio, Dolly Parton, <mask> and Emmylou Harris
American Latino Media Arts
2008Trailblazer Award for Contribution to American Music
Lo Nuestro nominations
1989Regional Mexican Female Artist, Regional Mexican Album (Canciones de Mi Padre), and Crossover Artist
1992Regional Mexican Female Artist
1993Tropical Female Artist, Regional Mexican Female Artist, and Tropical Song ("Perfidia"). 19 Country Album
Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004)
The Best of <mask>: The Capitol Years (2006) – 2-CD set
Standards with Nelson Riddle Orchestra (2008)
The Collection (2011) – British 2-CD set
Duets (2014)
Just One Look: Classic <mask>stadt (2015)
Like A Rose: The Classic 1976 Broadcast Recording (2021)
Spanish-language albums
Canciones de Mi Padre (1987) - (English translation: "Songs of My Father") - Best Mexican-American Performance Grammy Award winner (1989)
Mas Canciones (1991) - (English translation: "More Songs") - Best Mexican-American Album Grammy Award winner (1993)
Frenesí (1992) - (English translation: "Frenzy") - Best Tropical Latin Album Grammy Award winner (1993)
Mi Jardin Azul: Las Canciones Favoritas (2004) - Compilation (English translation: "My Blue Garden: The Favorite Songs")
Filmography
Book
See also
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Image of Linda Ronstadt reclining on a porch railing in Los Angeles, California, 1974. Los Angeles Times
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<mask> (born in Ferrara, November 19, 1939) is an Italian painter. After studying Arts at the Institut Dosso Dossi in Ferrara, Italy, and at the Academy of Art in Bologna, he was teacher and Director of the Institut of Arts Dosso Dossi. His first exhibition was held in 1959 with references to Picasso and Bacon. His research dealt with nuova figurazione and Abstract Expressionism. The first optical-figurative period starts during the 1960s. In 1980, he was selected by the National Catalogue of Modern Art Bolaffi together with Paolini, Adami, Bulgarelli, Cassano and Paladino. <mask> has held exhibitions at the International Art Expo of Bilbao, Quadriennale d'Arte in Rome, Rassegna Premio S. Fedele (Milan), Arte Fiera (Bologna), Altissima (Turin), Expo Arte (Bari), ArteExpo (Barcelona), and LineArt (Ghent), "La Venere svelata – La Venere di Urbino di Tiziano" (Brussels, Centre for Fine Arts, 10/10/2003-11/01/2004, Festival Internazionale EUROPALIA).Vittorio Sgarbi wrote about the Goberti's art:
"Is the Goberti's art the element which should arouse new interest in our way of looking at and co-living with what is around us? Is maybe his technical ability? … The dominant aspect of the Goberti's art is the relationship between the Art and what it has been traditionally considered its subject, the Nature. ... The
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Art has always its specific language and a human substance even when it would camouflage in the Nature. This is the lesson, the revision of our mode of being in the world what <mask> Goberti proposes us." In: Notte dei ricercatori, September 23, 2011.A cura di: Davide Bassi, Marco Bertozzi, <mask> <mask>, University of Ferrara. Vittorio Sgarbi, Gli assenti hanno sempre ragione. L'Europeo, 12 July 1986. Rapidofine Bologna, Grafis 1986. Maria Luce Tommasi, Quei nodi inestricabili che stanno dentro di noi: una grande mostra di Goberti a Urbino, Ferrara, n. 5, 1986. Lucio Scardino, Officinaottanta, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1986. Gabriele Turola, Goberti, ironia graffiante per discutere il concetto di realtà, Ferrara, n. 8/9, 1987.Natalia Aspesi, Tra Matti e Bagatti, La Repubblica, 19 settembre 1987. Vittorio Sgarbi, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan 1987. Lucio Scardino, Per Schifanoia, Ferrara, Liberty House, 1987. Franco Solmi, Il tarocco come espressione d'arte, in Le Carte di Corte, La Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987. Lauro Manni, Goberti: trent'anni di avanguardia, La Piazza, n. 12, 1988. Vittorio Sgarbi, Goberti, Rosen, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. King, mensile, ottobre 1989
Eleonora Di cicco, Il tappeto come opera d'arte, Interni Annual, 1989.Bernard Wider, Goberti pittore ferrarese, catalogo
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Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Fausto Gozzi, Intervista a Goberti in polaroid, catalogo Rocca Possente di Stellata, 1989. Oreste Zoboli, Goberti, Rosen, La Nuova Gazzetta di Modena, 17 January 1990. Gilberto Pellizzola, catalogo Galleria Cristina Busi, Chiavari, 1990. Vittorio Sgarbi, <mask> <mask>, tra reale e irreale, Art Leader, January-February 1992. Antonio Carbè, Goberti, la corda del desiderio, Leadership Medica, n. 1,1993. Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria L'Ariete, Bologna, 1994.Lorenzo Bonini, catalogo Galleria Schubert, Milan, 1994. Roberto Vitali, Mongolfiera, periodico, Bologna, 4 March 1994. Lorenzo Bonini, Colloquio con un artista del nostro tempo, Art Leader, n. 17, March-April 1994. Flaminio Gualdoni, catalogo Padiglione Arte Contemporanea, Ferrara, 1994–95. Vittorio Sgarbi, ll nostro modo di essere nel mondo, Grazia, 12 February 1995. Vittorio Sgarbi, La tensione lineare di Goberti, L'Italiano, Silvia Di Stefano, GB progetti, June 1996. Vittorio Sgarbi, Le trame della pittura, .Vittorio Sgarbi, Flaminio Gualdoni, 2000. <mask> Goberti: evasioni coatte. Editore L'Artiere Edizioni Italia, 18 tav. col., 50 pp. External links
Artist's official website
1939 births
Living people
Painters from Ferrara
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian contemporary artists
Modern
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Tadafuyu is wrongly repudiated as a rebel. 1351–1358 – Struggle for Kyoto. 1351 – Tadayoshi joins Southern Court, southern army takes Kyoto; truce, Takauji returns to Kyoto; Tadayoshi and Takauji reconciled; Kō no Moronao and Kō no Moroyasu are exiled.1352 – Tadayoshi dies, Southern army recaptures Kyoto; Nitta Yoshimune captures Kamakura; Ashikaga forces recapture Kamakura and Kyoto; Tadafuyu joins Southern Court; Yamana Tokiuji joins Tadafuyu. 1353 – Kyoto retaken by Southern forces under Yamana Tokiuji; retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1354 – <mask> flees with Go-Kōgon; Kitabatake Chikafusa dies. 1355 – Kyoto taken by Southern army; Kyoto retaken by Ashikaga forces. 1358 – Takauji dies. <mask>'s son Ashikaga Yoshiakira succeeded him as shōgun after his death. His grandson Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united the Northern and Southern courts in 1392.Eras of Takauji's bakufu
Because of the anomalous situation, which he had himself created and which saw two Emperors reign simultaneously, one in Yoshino and one in Kyoto, the years in which Takauji was shōgun as reckoned by the Gregorian calendar are identified in Japanese historical records by two different series of Japanese era names (nengō), that following the datation used by the legitimate Southern Court and that formulated by the pretender Northern Court. Eras as reckoned by the Southern Court (declared legitimate by a Meiji era decree because in possession at the time of the Japanese Imperial Regalia):
Engen
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Lê Quang Vinh (1923 – 13 July 1956), popularly known as <mask>t () was a Vietnamese military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect, which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s. <mask>t and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army (VNA), the Việt Minh, and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956. Known for his idiosyncrasies, he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose. His sobriquet came from the self-amputation of his left index finger (although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or "third cut finger"). He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated. <mask>t frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French. He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation, and then broke the agreement—nevertheless, the French made deals with him on five occasions.The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II, and they had great difficulty in re-establishing control over French Indochina, which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan. In mid-1955, the tide turned against the various sects, as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south. <mask> and his allies were driven into the jungle, and their position was threatened by government offensives. After almost a year of fighting, <mask>t was captured. He
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was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ. Early life and background
<mask>t was born circa 1923 in Long Xuyên, a regional town in the Mekong Delta, in the far south of Vietnam. He was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a local peasant family.<mask>t was illiterate and was known from childhood as a temperamental and fiery person. The family's rice paddies were confiscated by a prominent landlord, the father of Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ. <mask>t's bitter personal experience imbued him with a permanent and fanatical hatred towards landowners. Thơ rose to become a leading politician in the 1950s and played a key role in <mask>t's eventual capture and execution. An aura of mystery surrounded <mask>t during his life, and foreign journalists incorrectly reported that he had severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French. As <mask>t became more fanatical in his religious beliefs and spent increasing time with local religious men, his father demanded that he work more in the family's rice fields. A defiant <mask>t severed his index finger, which was necessary for work in the rice paddies.Vietnam was a tumultuous place during <mask>t's youth, particularly in the Mekong Delta. In 1939, Huỳnh Phú Sổ founded the Hòa Hảo religious movement, and within a year had gained more than 100,000 followers. He drew adherents for two reasons: the prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South-East Asia by Japan, which proved to be correct; and his work as a mystical healer—his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner
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mid-1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French instead. However, in June 1946, Sổ became estranged from his military leaders and started the Dân Xã (Social Democratic Party). Because of his charisma, the Việt Minh saw Sổ as a threat and assassinated him, leaving the Hòa Hảo leaderless and causing Sổ's military leaders to go their separate ways.The split caused an increase in violence as the various Hòa Hảo factions engaged in conflicts among themselves. Career
<mask>t joined the Hòa Hảo militia when it was formed in 1943–44, and became a commander within a year. He was feared by his enemies, and was described as "a sort of lean Rasputin" who claimed to be immortal. According to historian and writer Bernard Fall, "The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the maniacal <mask> fared worse [than those under other military leaders], for the latter [<mask>t] was given to fits of incredible cruelty and had no sense of public duty." American journalist Joseph Alsop described <mask>t as "war-drunk". <mask>t was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim's ear, a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords to fund his forces. He was said to have "arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls".He raised a large amount of funds for the Hòa Hảo and himself personally by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates in the local area. The severed heads of the pirates were subsequently impaled on stakes and put on public display. In 1947, he led his own
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faction of the sect after its various military leaders pursued their own policies towards the French and Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh in the wake of Sổ's death. At the time, France was in a ruinous financial state following World War II and was experiencing great difficulty in its attempts to re-establish control over its colonies. <mask>t had only 1,000 men in five battalions at the time, fewer than 5% of Hòa Hảo forces, whereas Trần Văn Soái had 15,000 men. The French tried to maintain their hold with a divide and conquer strategy towards the Hòa Hảo. They coaxed Soái into joining with them and recognised him as the leader of the Hòa Hảo.In 1948, <mask>t rallied to the French and Soái, but broke away again soon after, relocating to Đồng Tháp Province and resuming his military activities against the French. In 1950, <mask>t was involved in a battle with another Hòa Hảo leader, Nguyễn Giác Ngộ. He was defeated and driven from the district of Chợ Mới in February, provoking Soái to attack Ngo. <mask>t then moved to Thốt Nốt and began attacking the civilians and the French forces there. The French saw the disagreements as an opportunity to divide the Hòa Hảo and gain an anti-Việt Minh ally, and offered material aid, which <mask>t accepted. <mask>t repeatedly made treaties with the French colonial forces to fight the Việt Minh in return for arms and money, but he broke his end of the bargain and sometimes fought the Cao Đài instead of the communists. He made five such deals with the French, but he abandoned his military responsibilities each time.It was said that <mask>t sometimes
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broke away with the encouragement of Soái, who was still allied to the French, but nevertheless is believed to have given <mask>t weapons to fight the French. The French continued to furnish him with supplies despite his disloyalty and unreliability because they lacked the personnel to patrol all of Vietnam but had spare equipment. Some historians have claimed <mask>t's anti-French activities were not taken seriously as he was able to pass through French checkpoints without incident. There are also reports that he was accompanied by French intelligence agents during periods when he was nominally opposed to the French. The other Hòa Hảo commanders generally had the same general outlook as <mask>t; they were stridently opposed to the Việt Minh due to Sổ's assassination, and sometimes fought alongside and received supplies from the French, but at times they lapsed into apathy and refused to attack. The most notable instance of <mask>t's abandoning the fight against the Việt Minh came in mid-1953. At that time, his forces had been helping to defend the regional Mekong Delta town of Mỹ Tho, but the French decided to transfer more of the military power to their more mainstream allies, the Vietnamese National Army (VNA).As the French tried to undermine his position, tensions with <mask>t increased. On 25 June, the Hòa Hảo leader ordered his men to evacuate their French-supplied bases; they took their weapons with them and razed the camps. <mask>t then withdrew his forces from a string of military posts in the Plain of Reeds and retreated to Châu Đốc in the extreme south of the
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country. As a result, the French-aligned presence in the Mekong Delta was severely dented and the Việt Minh made substantial gains in the area. Eventually, the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ in May 1954 signaled the end of French Indochina. When the Geneva Conference in July 1954 ended the First Indochina War, it handed North Vietnam to Hồ Chí Minh's Việt Minh, and the south to the State of Vietnam. To reunify the country, national elections were scheduled for 1956, following which the French would withdraw from Indochina.The partition of Vietnam angered <mask>t and he vowed not to cut his hair until the nation was reunified. Having fought against the Việt Minh since 1947, <mask>t's principal criticism of Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam government stemmed from his belief that Diệm had been too passive in rejecting the partition, and that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists. In mid-1954, General Nguyễn Văn Hinh, the head of the State of Vietnam's VNA, announced that he did not respect the leadership of Prime Minister Diệm, and vowed to overthrow him. The coup never materialised and Hinh was forced into exile, but not before appointing <mask>t to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Diệm, as the Hòa Hảo warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister. In August, <mask>t and his 3,000 men broke from the VNA and left their Thốt Nốt base for the jungle, and fought against those who had briefly been their comrades; this put him at odds with most Hòa Hảo leaders, who accepted government payments to
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integrate their forces into the VNA. Operation Ecaille, the initial military offensive by the VNA against <mask>t was a failure, possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soái, a Hòa Hảo member of the National Defence Committee. During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections, South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining autonomous factions of the Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, and Bình Xuyên militias.In early 1955, during a battle with the Cao Đài forces of Trình Minh Thế, after a dispute over control of the That Son region, <mask>t was wounded in a disputed incident. Thế claimed to have tried initiating peace talks with <mask>t, but received no reply, so he decided to try to capture his rival. He sent some of his militant disciples to infiltrate <mask>t's forces and try to capture the Hòa Hảo leader. When they located <mask>t and surrounded him, he refused to surrender but instead tried to shoot his way out. <mask>t was severely wounded by a bullet that penetrated his chest. It seemed that he would die, but a French Air Force helicopter flew in and airlifted him to a colonial hospital. He recovered but in the interim the fighting stopped.Another account claims the two military leaders had been on good terms and exchanging diplomatic missions, but that the skirmish was caused by one of <mask>t's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner, and that the injuries were minor. Yet another account holds that the reaction by Thế's envoy was
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premeditated and that the claim the firing was in response to rudeness was merely a cover for an assassination attempt. According to this theory, Thế, whose units were then being integrated into Diệm's VNA, had given orders to target <mask>t. This was allegedly done on the orders of CIA agent Edward Lansdale, who was trying to help secure Diệm in power at the time. Lansdale has been accused of failing in an earlier attempt to bribe <mask>t to cease his activities. By this time, with France preparing to withdraw from Indochina, senior French officers had begun to undermine Diệm's leadership and his attempts to stabilise South Vietnam. The VNA later implicated the French in the organisation of weapons air drops to <mask>t, prompting a protest from Diệm's government.Diệm complained to a French general, alleging that <mask>t's men were using French equipment that was of higher quality than that given to the VNA. The Hòa Hảo accused Diệm of treachery in his negotiations with various groups. They charged the prime minister with integrating Thế's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack <mask>t with the aid of the VNA, and that this part of the deal had been kept secret. They warned that other Hòa Hảo leaders who had stopped fighting could join <mask>t, and appealed to Diệm's U.S. sponsors. In response, <mask>t ambushed a VNA unit in Long Mỹ, killing three officers and injuring some thirty men. Last stand against Diệm
In 1955, Diệm tried to integrate the remaining Hòa Hảo armies into the VNA. <mask>t was one of four Hòa Hảo military leaders who refused the
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government offer on 23 April, and continued to operate autonomously.At one stage, the Cao Đài, Hòa Hảo and Bình Xuyên formed an alliance called the United Front, in an attempt to pressure Diệm into handing over power; <mask>t was named senior military commander. However, this had little meaning as the various units were still autonomous of each other, and the United Front was more a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action, and did not in any way strengthen any military threat to Diệm. The leaders were suspicious of one another and often sent subordinates to meetings. Initially, American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Diệm would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders—including <mask>t—to hold government positions. However, Diệm refused to share power and launched a sudden offensive against <mask>t in Thốt Nốt on 12 March, shelling the area heavily. The battle was inconclusive and both sides blamed the other for causing instability and disrupting the situation. Diệm then attacked the Bình Xuyên's Saigon headquarters in late April, quickly crushing them.During the fighting, the Hòa Hảo attempted to help the Bình Xuyên by attacking towns and government forces in their Mekong Delta heartland. <mask>t's men, who had also been angered by the recent arrest of some colleagues, blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns, including Sa Đéc, Long Xuyên and Châu Đốc, stifling the regional economy. The Hòa Hảo shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the
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nation's most fertile region into the capital, causing food prices to rise by 50%, as meat and vegetables became scarce. <mask>t then attacked a battalion of VNA troops south of Sa Đéc. Soon after, they retreated to a Hòa Hảo citadel on the banks of the Bassac. After reinforcing their base, the Hòa Hảo proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cần Thơ, which stood on the opposite side of the river. During this period, the United Front publicly accused Diệm of trying to bribe <mask>t with 100 million piasters, to which the Hòa Hảo responded with a series of attack on outposts and blasts to destroy bridges.With the Bình Xuyên vanquished, Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo. As a result, a battle between government troops led by General Dương Văn Minh and <mask>'s men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June. Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately; <mask>t and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month. Having surrendered his forces, Ngo excoriated Soai and <mask>t, claiming that their activities were not consistent with Hòa Hảo religious practices and accused them of fighting with communists. The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered, but <mask>t's men continued to the end, claiming loyalty to the Emperor Bảo Đại. Diệm responded by replacing the officers of Bảo Đại's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack <mask>t's rebels near Hà Tiên and Rạch Giá, outnumbering the Hòa Hảo by at least a factor of five. Knowing that they could not defeat the government
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in open conventional warfare, <mask>t's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources, and retreated into the jungle.<mask>t's 3,000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20,000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them, notwithstanding a bounty of one million piasters was put on the head of <mask>, who scattered trails of money in the jungle, hoping to distract his pursuers, but to no avail. The communists claimed in a history written decades later that <mask>t had tried to forge an alliance with them, but that talks broke down a few months later. Despite his weak military situation, <mask>t sought to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Diệm had scheduled to depose Bảo Đại as head of state. <mask>t distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet, asserting that the prime minister was going to "Catholicize" the country; the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government and various Roman Catholic organisations. Diệm had strong support from American Roman Catholic politicians and the powerful Cardinal Francis Spellman and his elder brother, Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục, was Archbishop of Huế. <mask>t presciently noted that the referendum was a means "for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal: to depose <mask> Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief-of-state of Vietnam." On the day of the poll, <mask>'s men prevented voting in the border regions which they controlled, and ventured out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cần Thơ.Despite that
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disruption, Diệm was fraudulently credited with more than 90% of support in Hòa Hảo-controlled territory, and a near unanimous turnout was recorded in the area. These results were replicated across the nation, and Diệm deposed Bảo Đại. Eventually, <mask>t was surrounded, and sought to make a peace deal with the Diệm government to avoid being taken prisoner. <mask>t sent a message to Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ, the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Hòa Hảo, asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation's armed forces. Thơ agreed to meet <mask>t alone in the jungle, and despite fears that the meeting was a Hòa Hảo trap, he was not ambushed. However, <mask>t began asking for additional concessions and the meeting ended in a stalemate. According to historian Hue-Tam Ho Tai, <mask>t's lifelong antipathy towards Thơ's family influenced his behaviour during his last stand.<mask>t was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956, and his remaining forces were defeated in battle. Contemporary political commentators based in France and Vietnam saw his capture as the death knell for domestic military opposition to President Diệm, while US Embassy official Daniel Anderson speculated that defeat of "the most able and spectacular leader" of the sects would lead to a collapse in non-communist armed opposition. Trial and execution
Initially, American commentators and observers thought that Diệm might try a reconciliatory approach and integrate <mask>t into the mainstream to increase the appeal of his government,
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rather than punish the Hòa Hảo leader. They felt that <mask>t had a high level of military skill and popular appeal that could be used in favour of the government, citing his colourful "Robin Hood" image as an attraction with the rural populace. US officials were also worried that a harsh punishment such as the death penalty could provoke an anti-government backlash, and that it could be exploited by other opposition groups. However, Diệm saw <mask>t as contrary to Vietnamese values of struggle and self-sacrifice and felt that strong measures were required. Diệm's government put <mask>t on trial for treason, under Article 146 of the Military Code of the Republic of Vietnam.Diệm spoke out and accused <mask>t of rallying to and defecting from the central government four times from 1945 to 1954, and that at his peak in mid-1954, <mask>t commanded 3500 troops armed with 3200 firearms. <mask>t was also accused of collaborating with the communists. The government submitted that the charge of treason was established by a series of attacks on VNA personnel, officers and vehicles from July 1954 until <mask>t's capture. The government prosecutor sought the death penalty and tendered petitions signed by residents of the Mekong Delta and southwestern Vietnam calling for the military destruction of <mask>t's militants. However, according to the historian Jessica Chapman, these petitions were organised by the government and heavily publicised in the Diêm-controlled media, and not representative of public opinion. During the proceedings, <mask>t theatrically removed his shirt so that
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the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists. This, according to him, demonstrated his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism.He challenged any other man to show as many scars. However, the Diệmist judge was unimpressed. <mask>t was found guilty of arson and multiple murders and sentenced to death on 11 June. An appeal was dismissed on 27 June. On 4 July, <mask>t was also found guilty in a military court and sentenced to death "with degradation and confiscation of his property". It then fell to Diệm to consider a plea for clemency. Diệm rejected this and ordered the Justice Minister to put in place the orders for execution.On the very same day, a Hòa Hảo lawyer lodged an appeal against all of the verdicts to the Supreme Appeals Court in Saigon, but the submissions were rejected in a matter of hours. The Hòa Hảo reacted strongly to the legal verdicts as "shameful and unjust". The Dân Xã issued a statement describing the verdict and death penalty as being motivated by spite and being unsupported by evidence. <mask>t's defence counsel said the trial set a bad precedent for South Vietnam's fledgling legal system and questioned the integrity of the process. He claimed that VNA troops had engaged in mass rape and plunder of local civilians in their final push against <mask>t, and accused the Diệm regime of double standards in not investigating and prosecuting these alleged incidents. He claimed that South Vietnam had "no democracy and no freedom" and "only shamelessness and foolishness" and said that members of the Hòa Hảo would continue
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to resist the Saigon administration politically and militarily. In addition, Diệm's adviser, Colonel Edward Lansdale from the CIA, was one of many who protested against the decision.Lansdale felt that the execution would tarnish Diệm—who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam) and declared himself President—and antagonise <mask>t's followers. Ngô Đình Nhu, Diệm's younger brother and chief adviser, denied a reprieve as the army, particularly Minh, opposed any clemency. Some sections of the southern public, however, were sympathetic to <mask>t, who was compared to a character from the Wild West. <mask>t was publicly guillotined at 5:40 am on 13 July 1956, in a cemetery in Cần Thơ. A crowd numbering in the hundreds, including members of Diệm's National Assembly, Minh, regional officials and both domestic and overseas journalists witnessed the beheading. Anderson believed the use of the guillotine, instead of a firing squad, as was normal for military executions, was used to emphasise that <mask>t's actions were being portrayed as common crimes rather than as political opposition. Chapman said that the dual military and civilian trial indicated that Diệm viewed any opposition activities as not only politically unacceptable but also as crimes related to bad character.<mask>t's body was later diced into small pieces, which were then buried separately. Some followers, led by a hardcore deputy named Bảy Đớm, retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border, where they vowed not to rest until <mask>t was avenged. Many of his followers later
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<mask> (born 22 February 1950), known professionally as <mask>, is an English actress, author, and comedian. She is the recipient of four British Academy Television Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two International Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Fellowship, and a Golden Globe. <mask> has been nominated twice for an Academy Award: once for Best Actress and once for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> rose to prominence playing the title role in Educating Rita (1983), a role which she originated in West End theatre. She has appeared in a number of films, including Personal Services (1987), Stepping Out (1991), Sister My Sister (1994), Billy Elliot (2000), the Harry Potter series (2001–2011) as Molly Weasley, Calendar Girls (2003), Wah-Wah (2005), Driving Lessons (2006), Becoming Jane (2007), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018), Brave (2012), Paddington (2014) and its 2017 sequel, Brooklyn (2015), Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018).On stage, she won a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons. On television, <mask> collaborated with Victoria Wood; they appeared together on several television shows, including Wood and <mask> (1981), Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994), and Dinnerladies (1998–2000). She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003), and her portrayal of Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010). <mask> and Helen Mirren are the only actresses to have won this award three consecutive times, and <mask> is tied with Judi Dench for the most nominations in the category with seven. In 2006, the British public voted <mask> fourth in ITV's poll of TV's 50 Greatest Stars as part of ITV's 50th anniversary celebrations. She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland
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(2009), which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. <mask> was made a Dame (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama.Early life
Julia Mary <mask> was born on 22 February 1950 at St Chad's Hospital in Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, the daughter of Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), an Irish Catholic postal clerk from County Mayo, and <mask>, an English builder and decorator. According to the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land War. Her paternal grandfather <mask> was a veteran of the Second Boer War, and was killed in action in World War I in June 1915 while serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; he is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial in France. <mask> and her family lived at 69 Bishopton Road in the Bearwood area of Smethwick, Staffordshire. The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth, <mask> had an early education at St Paul's School for Girls in Edgbaston and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls in Smethwick. She said in 2014 that it was "heaven when [she] went to an ordinary grammar school", although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her "high jinks". <mask> later told interviewer Alison Oddey about her early schooling, "I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing.[...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it." Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15. At the age of 18, she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham; she worked on the ophthalmic, casualty, and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there. She decided to leave nursing and went on to study theatre at Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama (now Manchester School of Theatre). She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company
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in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers and writers such as Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell, and Alan Bleasdale. Career
1970s
<mask> first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had originally met in 1971 when Wood auditioned at the School of Theatre in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent.They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and <mask>, in 1982. They continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood: As Seen on TV, featured one of <mask>'s best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts). 1980s
<mask> first serious acting role on TV was in Alan Bleasdale's Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982. A role that launched her to become a national treasure, <mask> starred opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage in Willy Russell’s 1980 play. Playing Susan "Rita" White, a Liverpudlian working-class hairdresser who seeks to better herself by signing up for and attending an Open University course in English Literature, she would receive the BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy, and an Academy Award for Best Actress-nomination. In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole.<mask> appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she starred with Phil Collins, playing the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in
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1988. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen. 1990s
In 1991, <mask> starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out, and had a one-off television special, <mask> and Friends, which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale. In 1993, <mask> starred in the TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless (known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK) alongside Jim Broadbent and Thora Hird. The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis. In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk.From 1998 until 2000, she played Petula Gordeno in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom dinnerladies. In the late 1990s, she featured in a series of adverts for Bisto gravy. 2000s
In 2001, <mask> won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actress for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son. <mask> played Molly Weasley, the matriarch of the Weasley family, in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011). Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have included <mask>.In 2003, the BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-"best screen mother". In 2003, <mask> starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she
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again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class. In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. In 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in Harry Potter), and had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke. In summer 2006, <mask> published her first novel, Maggie's Tree. The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as "a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.".Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as "the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and <mask> brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. ... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes." <mask> starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign. She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms. In June 2008, <mask> appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!. The same year, she released her autobiography, titled That's Another Story.In 2007, <mask> starred as the mother of author Jane Austen (played by Anne Hathaway) in Becoming Jane. <mask> played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story (2008), an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for "taste and decency on television". <mask> commented, "I am very excited
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to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name." Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and <mask> was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards. In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street. She said: "I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star. Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today".Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland. 2010s
<mask> played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010. She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance, but the result was highly praised by critics. In July 2012, <mask> appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II. In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. <mask> was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.<mask> appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme. Set in contemporary London, <mask> portrayed Mrs. Bird, the Browns' housekeeper, in the critically acclaimed Paddington (2014). <mask> reprised her role for the sequel,
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Paddington 2 (2017), which has also received universal acclaim. She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015. In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.<mask> voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games. The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport. Set in London during the depression, <mask> played Ellen, Michael's and Jane's long-time housekeeper, in Mary Poppins Returns (2018). Set in 1947 England, <mask> starred with Colin Firth in The Secret Garden (2020). Personal life
<mask>' relationship with Grant Roffey, a patrol man for the AA, began after a whirlwind romance. The couple have a daughter named Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until they went to New York City to do so in 1997. They live on an organic farm operated by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex.<mask> is a lifelong supporter of West Bromwich Albion Football Club, having been brought up in Smethwick. She is a patron of the domestic violence survivors' charity, Women's Aid. Illness
<mask> was diagnosed with stage III bowel cancer in 2018. Having had surgery and chemotherapy, she entered remission. This meant that she had to be cut from certain scenes in The Secret Garden and also had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again. <mask> did not announce her illness to the public until February 2020, when she said in an interview with Victoria Derbyshire that she would be taking a step back from acting, particularly from large and demanding film roles.Later that year, however, she stated that she would make
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an exception for roles that she was 'really engaged' with, including Mamma Mia 3!, which is currently in development. Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Bibliography
Baby Talk: The Secret Diary of a Pregnant Woman (Ebury Press, 1990)
Maggie's Tree (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007)
That's Another Story: The Autobiography (Orion Books, 2009)
Honours
<mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to drama. Awards and nominations
<mask> has won eight BAFTAs, six competitive awards plus two honorary awards. The first honorary award was a special BAFTA that she received at a tribute evening in 2003, before receiving the BAFTA Fellowship in 2014. References
External links
A Conversation with <mask> – interactive video interview presented by BFI Screenonline and British Telecom
Walters named as CBE
1950 births
Living people
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actors from Staffordshire
Actresses awarded British damehoods
Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
Audiobook narrators
BAFTA fellows
Best Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English film actresses
English musical theatre actresses
English nurses
English people of Irish descent
English Shakespearean actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
International Emmy Award for Best Actress winners
Laurence Olivier Award winners
People from Chichester District
People from Edgbaston
People from Smethwick
Royal
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is a Japanese singer and actor. He is a member of Hey! Say! JUMP. <mask> came to prominence as a teen idol in 2007 following his role in the Japanese television series Tantei Gakuen Q. After launching his music career in 2007 as a member of Hey! Say!JUMP, he released his number one debut solo single, "Mystery Virgin" in 2013. The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time the single reached number one helped the singer set several records in the Japanese music industry and <mask> achieved wide fame as a solo artist. He became the first teenage male artist in thirty three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. As an actor, he is best known for portraying Hajime Kindaichi in the Kindaichi Case Files live action drama franchise and Nagisa Shiota in the Assassination Classroom live action adaptation movie franchise. He also plays Edward Elric in the live-action film Fullmetal Alchemist, which was released on December 1, 2017. <mask>'s portrayal of Shiota Nagisa in Assassination Classroom (2015) earned him the Japan Academy Award for Newcomers of the Year in 2016 and his role as Semi in Grasshopper (2015) won him the Rookie Actor of the Year in Japan Film Critics Award 2016. Career
2004–2005: Career beginnings
<mask> began his career as an entertainer after entering Johnny & Associates at the age of 10.His mother, who was a fan of KinKi Kids, sent an application for an audition which recruited trainees for future male idols. The audition took place during the summer of 2004 and was aired in a segment of a Japanese television program, Ya-Ya-yah. <mask> made his first television appearance in August. He began working as a backup dancer for Tackey & Tsubasa, NEWS, Kanjani8, and KAT-TUN and appeared regularly on Shounen Club from
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autumn 2004. 2006–2007: Tantei Gakuen Q and Hey! Say! JUMP
Following his success as a dancer, he began acting.In 2006, he made his acting debut in a 2-hour television live action drama, Tantei Gakuen Q SP, as Ryu Amakusa. In April 2007, he was selected to be a member of a temporary group, Hey! Say! 7. The group made their CD debut on August 1, 2007, with a number-one single "Hey! Say!". The band was created by Johnny Kitagawa and it was stated at the time that it would be active for six months until September 2007.From July 2007, a three-month series of Tantei Gakuen Q was launched and <mask> played Ryu Amakusa again as he did in the prequel. The series became a major hit, and <mask> came to prominence and began receiving wide fame as an actor. In September 2007, Hey! Say! 7 expanded. Johnny & Associates announced that the new group, Hey! Say!JUMP, would be launched. <mask> was selected as one of the ten (now eight) members. He debuted on November 14, 2007, with a number one single "Ultra Music Power". 2008–2009: Acting and NYC Boys
In 2008, <mask> furthered his acting career. From January to March 2008, he starred in a three-month long television drama series, One-Pound Gospel with Kazuya Kamenashi. On April 12, he played a main role in a two-hour drama episode, Sensei wa Erai, as Hayato Gunjou. On June 14, he played the main role in Furuhata Chuugakusei, the sequel to Furuhata Ninzaburo, a Japanese drama series aired since 1994.From October to December 2008, he played the main role, Toichi Takasugi, in a three-month long television drama series, Scrap Teacher, along with Daiki Arioka, Yuto Nakajima and Yuri Chinen. In June 2009, it was announced that <mask> would be working as the lead singer of temporary group, NYC Boys. The band debuted with a number one single, "NYC". On December 31, 2009, the band
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appeared on Kohaku Uta Gassen. In the summer of 2009, <mask> returned to acting and starred in Niini no koto o Wasurenaide, a two-hour television drama episode aired as a segment of an annual television show, 24 Hour Television. On October 3, 2009, he played the main role in Hidarime Tantei Eye SP. 2010–2012: NYC, The Smurfs, Perfect Son and Johnny's World
From January 2010, Hidarime Tantei EYE became a three-month long television series and <mask> once again played the main role.His bandmate Yuma Nakayama guest starred in the first two episodes. Hey! Say! JUMP's sixth single "Hitomi no Screen" was used as the theme song for the series. In March 2010, it was announced that <mask> and two other leading members of NYC boys would form a new group called NYC, leaving behind the remaining four members. NYC released a number one single "Yuuki 100%" on April 7, 2010. From this point on, <mask> began performing as a singer of two groups, Hey!Say! JUMP and NYC. In September 2011, he played the voice of Clumsy in the Japanese-dubbed version of the film The Smurfs. Hey! Say! JUMP's ninth single, "Magic Power", was used as the theme song for the film. In 2012, <mask> returned to acting for the first time in two years.He played the main role in <mask> Akiyoshi Monogatari, which was aired on January 2. It was his first time to star in a period drama. From January to March, he starred in a 3-month long television series, Perfect Son, with actress Kyōka Suzuki. Hey! Say! JUMP's 9th single "SUPER DELICATE" was used as the theme song for the series. From November 2012 to January 2013, he played the lead role in a musical, Johnny's World.For the musical, <mask> performed tight-rope walking every day for three months in each show. 2013–2014: "Mystery Virgin" and Kindaichi Case Files
On January 9, 2013, he made his solo debut
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with a number one single, "Mystery Virgin". The fact that <mask> was in his teens at the time when the single reached number one helped him set several new records in the Japanese music industry. The single debuted at number one in its debut week on the Oricon chart, making him the first teenage male artist in thirty-three years to have a number one debut single as well as being one of the only two artists in history to achieve this milestone. On January 12, 2013, he starred in a two-hour television special for, Kinda'ichi Shōnen no Jikenbo titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo Hong Kong Kowloon Zaihou Satsujin Jiken (The Hong Kong Kowloon Treasure Murder Case). He played the main role as Hajime Kindaichi. The show was created to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Japanese broadcasting company, NTV.<mask>'s Mystery Virgin was used as the theme song for the show. It was later revealed that Shin Kibayashi, writer of the Kindaichi series and Tantei Gakuen Q had envisioned creating a new Kindaichi series with <mask> as Hajime Kindaichi for almost five years. They met on set while filming Tantei Gakuen Q in 2006 and 2007. After filming the show, Kibayashi asked <mask> in person if he could play the role of Kindaichi in the future, for Yamada was only 14 years old at the time, too young to play the role of a high school student. In early 2014, <mask> <mask> reprised his role as Kindaichi and starred in another special titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jiken bo Gokumonjuku Satsujin Jiken (The Prison School Murder Case). After the specials, <mask> was then approached to continue starring as Kindaichi for a new serial drama for the Kindaichi series. The new series will be titled Kindaichi Shonen no Jikenbo N (neo) and started airing in July 2014.2015: Movie debut and 24 Hour Television
In March 2015, <mask> made his movie
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debut as the hero, Shiota Nagisa, in the live-action movie adaptation of the popular manga, Assassination Classroom. The movie was a major hit, topping the box office of Japan on its first opening week. In August 2015, Hey! Say! JUMP was chosen as the TV personality of NTV's annual 24 Hour Television, which was a program to raise awareness for all the people that are going through hard times, alongside another Johnny's group, V6. <mask> portrayed the hero, Ryohei Sasaki, in the 24 Hour Television drama special called Okaasan, Ore Wa Daijoubu, along with other Johnny's members Takahisa Masuda and Yoshihiko Inohara as cast members. He portrayed a high school student who's passionate about soccer, but suffers from a brain tumor.For the role, <mask> lost 6 kg within just a week. <mask> was cast in another movie that was released on November 9 called Grasshopper along with Toma Ikuta. The movie was ranked number two on its opening week. <mask> received positive reviews due to his acting as a knife-wielding assassin in this movie, including from his veteran co-stars, Toma Ikuta, Tadanobu Asano, and Jun Murakami. 2016–present: Continuous Movie Successes & Acting Recognitions
Early 2016, <mask> won the Newcomer of the Year category in the 39th Japan Academy Prize for his portrayal of Nagisa Shiota in Assassination Classroom, and Rookie actor of the year in Japan Movie Critics Award for his portrayal of Semi in Grasshopper. On May 24, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would star as Edward Elric in the Fullmetal Alchemist live-action movie scheduled for release in 2017. <mask> was cast as the lead to the fall drama of Fuji TV's getsu 9 (prime-time slot), Cain and Abel.It aired in October 2016. It is <mask>'s first drama with a romantic love angle, and he is also the first Heisei born from Johnny's to star in a
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getsu 9. The story is adapted from the Bible's Old Testament, and it is also a remake of the US classic film, East of Eden starring James Dean. <mask> plays a salaryman who falls in love with his brother's girlfriend and is hungry for the affection of his father. For his role in this drama, <mask> was a runner up of Best Leading Actor in the Autumn TV Drama Academy Award 2016. He was also the youngest person to be nominated in the lead actor category that season. On December 2, 2016, <mask> was cast to lead a movie titled Miracles of the Namiya General Store based on the best-selling novel of the same name by an award-winning writer, Higashino Keigo.The novel was claimed to be one of Higashino's best works. It tells the story of two people living in different eras (1980 and 2012) which will be connected by a letter, a story depicting human bonds and miracles. <mask> will portray a delinquent who stumbles upon a mysterious store that leads to several events that changes his life. The movie will be directed by Ryuichi Hiroki, filming expected to start January 2017 and is slated for Autumn 2017 release. <mask>'s performance in the "Miracles of the Namiya General Store" received generally positive reviews. His co-star Nishida Toshiyuki praised <mask>'s performance and said he is the Japanese version of James Dean and wrote a special letter for Yamada appreciating his acting. The movie was nominated for 6 different categories at the 41st Japan Academy Award, including best picture and best director.Both Namiya and Fullmetal Alchemist debuted at number 1 in Japan Box Office for its opening weekend. <mask>'s performance as Atsuya in Namiya and Edward Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist earn him the Newcomer Actor Award at the 91st Kinema Junpo Award, making him the second Johnny's talent to achieve this award after Ikuta
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Toma. <mask> was cast as the lead to the NTV Saturday 10p.m drama for the winter of 2018, with the title Momikeshite Fuyu, a family comedy drama that tells the story of 3 elite siblings of a doctor, a lawyer, and a police officer who struggles to cover up scandals related to their family. <mask> plays the youngest child, an elite Police Officer, graduated from the University of Tokyo, who struggles to be accepted by his family under the shadows of his older siblings. The series premiered on January 13, 2018, with a solid rating of 13.3%. Discography
Singles
Music video
Credits
DVD
Filmography
For Hey! Say!JUMP-related appearances, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Dramas
Film
Shows
Other activities
YouTube
A new Johnny's YouTube channel called ジャにのちゃんねる (Janinochaneru), lead by Arashi's Kazunari Ninomiya, was opened on April 25, 2021. <mask> was revealed as the fourth member to participate, on April 28. He was revealed in the channel's 4th official video following 3 others announcing the other Johnny’s members that would be a part of the new channel. On September 15 of the same year, <mask> started his own gaming channel, LEOの遊び場 (Leo’s Playground).On this channel, <mask> mainly streams gameplay of first-person shooter games, featuring other Japanese streamers and VTubers. Tours
For post-debut tours, see Hey! Say! JUMP. Pre-debut
Musicals
Awards
References
External links
Hey! Say! JUMP
Johnny's-net
1993 births
Living people
Hey!Say! JUMP members
Johnny & Associates
Horikoshi High School alumni
Male actors from Tokyo
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese male pop singers
Japanese dance music singers
Japanese rhythm and blues singers
Japanese hip hop singers
Japanese male television actors
Japanese male film actors
Japanese idols
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese male singers
21st-century Japanese
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<mask> (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film Le Monde du silence won the Palme d'Or in 1956 and the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957, although he was not credited at the ceremony; the award was instead presented to the film's co-director Jacques Cousteau. Later in his career he was nominated multiple times for Academy Awards. Malle is also one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice. Malle worked in both French cinema and Hollywood, and he produced both French and English language films. His most famous films include the crime film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the comedy-drama My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). Biography
Early life
<mask> was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and <mask>.During World War II, Malle attended a Roman Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle would later address these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987). As a young man, Malle initially studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC. He worked as the co-director and cameraman to Jacques Cousteau on the documentary The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the Palme d'Or at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (French title: Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il
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(of three) Oscar nominations for "Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced". Documentary on India
Malle visited India in 1968, and made a seven-part documentary series, L'Inde fantôme: Reflexions sur un voyage, and a documentary film, Calcutta, which was released in cinemas. Concentrating on India's religious rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. Malle later claimed his documentary on India was his favorite film.Move to America
Malle later moved to the United States and continued to direct there. His later films include Pretty Baby (1978), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), Crackers (1984), Alamo Bay (1985), Damage (1992) and Vanya on 42nd Street (1994, an adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya) in English; Au revoir les enfants (1987) and Milou en Mai (May Fools in the U.S., 1990) in French. Just as his earlier films such as The Lovers helped popularize French films in the United States, My Dinner with Andre was at the forefront of the rise of American independent cinema in the 1980s. Towards the end of his life, Malle was interviewed extensively for The Times by cultural correspondent Melinda Camber Porter. In 1993, the interviews were included in Camber Porter's book Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections On Contemporary French Arts And Culture. Personal life
Malle was married to actress Anne-Marie Deschodt from 1965 to 1967. He later had a son, Manuel Cuotemoc <mask> (born 1971), with German actress Gila von Weitershausen, and a daughter, filmmaker Justine <mask> (born 1974), with Canadian actress Alexandra Stewart.He married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, a daughter, Chloé Françoise <mask>, on 8 November 1985. He died from lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23
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<mask><mask> (born c. 1964) is an American anthropologist and lawyer, an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His first book Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) received the John L. <mask> Award from the Society for Historical Archaeology. <mask> is editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network and Newsletter, and an associate of the editorial board of the International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Education
<mask> earned his M.A. in American Civilization from the University of Pennsylvania in 1986. He received his J.D. in 1989 from Georgetown University Law Center.Returning to graduate study and a second career, in 2000 he received an M.A. in anthropology from the University of Virginia. In 2003, <mask> completed his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Virginia, where he specialized in historical archaeology and African diaspora archaeology. Academic career
In his first years, <mask> taught at a variety of institutions: first was the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, including a course on witchcraft and magic which he designed, and historical archaeology theory and methods. In the spring of 2001, <mask> was an instructor at Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois, teaching cross-cultural anthropology. During the fall of 2003, <mask> was a lecturer at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas, teaching an introduction to cultural anthropology. From 2003 to 2004, <mask> was Adjunct Professor of Law and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, Texas where he taught “Anthropology and Law” and “Social Norms and the Law.” From 2004 until now, <mask> is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in Urbana, Illinois.He is also a staff member in the College of Law, teaching interdisciplinary lectures in anthropology and law, the Department of Landscape Architecture, the African
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American Studies Program, and the Center for African Studies. Editor
<mask> has done extensive editorial work. From 1998 to the present, he has been editor and co-founder (with historians James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz) of the online-based "Plymouth Colony Archive Project", which is “ethnohistorical and archaeological analyses and historical texts”. This project was recognized by the National Endowment for the Humanities and "peer-reviewed for outstanding intellectual quality, superior design, and educational impact." Since 2004, <mask> has been an article and book referee for various publications, including, American Anthropologist, Historical Archaeology, and Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology. Since 2005, <mask> has been editor of the African Diaspora Archaeology Network (ADAN) and Newsletter and an editorial board member of International Journal of Historical Archaeology. Excavations and research
In 2008 <mask> led summer research and excavations at the New Philadelphia Town Site in Illinois.It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009. The town site is at New Philadelphia, Illinois. This plot of land in Pike County, Illinois was the site of the first town platted and registered by an African American before the American Civil War. It had black and white residents, and an integrated school. As a railroad was built bordering a neighboring community, the New Philadelphia expansion seemed to come to a halt. By the early 20th century, only a few homes and families remained. Today only prairie remains with no evidence of a once-flourishing community.During the fall and spring of 2002 and 2003, <mask> and a team from University of Illinois, University of Maryland and other institutions used topographical and historical maps to find the exact location of the New Philadelphia Site. They found plots of land with artifacts such as nails, ceramic pieces, and shards of glass, showing obvious
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signs of a previous settlement. The archaeologists are working with the New Philadelphia Land Trust to excavate and preserve the site and its history. In 1999 and 2000, <mask> performed excavations and studies in the upper Potomac River and northern Shenandoah River region surrounding Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Included were an 18th-century house and St. Peter's Church and School in Harper’s Valley. He examined three cultural processes: the formation and dissipation of social groups, the development of language and communication through material culture, and regional exchange systems. Books
Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World (2008) (received award, see below)
African Diaspora Archaeology (2008) Society for Historical Archaeology.Awards
2009 John L<mask> Award, the Society for Historical Archaeology
References
Other publications
"BaKongo Identity and Symbolic Expression in the Americas", The Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, ed. Toyin Falola and Akin Ogundiran, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007
"Conjuring Boundaries: Inferring Past Identities from Religious Artifacts", International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 4(4): 281-313 (2000). "Molded Malevolence: Instrumental Symbolism Rendered in Clay", Ceramics in America, Vol. 3, pp. 270–273, University Press of New England and the Chipstone Foundation (2003). "New Philadelphia: The XYZs of the First Excavations", with Terrance J. Martin and Paul A. Shackel, Living Museum, 66(4): 8-13 (2004/2005). Editor, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, University of Illinois, 2008
“Historical Archaeology in Harpers Ferry”, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 14 December 2007
External links
"<mask>. <mask>", University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Website, 2008
American anthropologists
University of Virginia alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Georgetown University Law Center
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<mask> () was the ninth Sapa Inca (1418–1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cusco which he transformed into the Inca Empire (). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. In Quechua Pachakutiq means "reformer of the world", and Yupanki means "with honor". During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of western South America. According to chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.Biography
Pachacutec was the ninth ruler of the Inca state who, from ruling a simple chiefdom, came to rule a great empire, the Tawantinsuyu. He was born in Cusco, in the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Coricancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as the handling of quipus. From a very young age he was admired by the Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity that his brother, Inca Urco (who had been named as successor of Viracocha Inca), lacked. In the same way, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. Although he had not been designated as successor by his
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father, Viracocha Inca, he led a military defense against the warlike army of Chanka while his father and his brother, Urco Inca, fled the manor. The victory over the Chankas made Inca Viracocha recognize him as his successor around 1438.As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacutec. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as the "son of the Sun". He conquered the provinces of Colla-Suyu and Chinchay-Suyu. Along with his sons, Tupac Ayar Manco (or Amaru Tupac Inca), and Apu Paucar Usnu, he defeated the Collas. Additionally, he left garrisons in subjugated lands. Lineage
<mask>cha and Mama Runtu, was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty.His wife's name was Mama Anahuarqui, or Quya Anawarkhi (Coya Anahurque). He had three sons, Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui. <mask> had his two brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayana Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the province of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Amaru, the older son, was originally chosen to be co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not a warrior. He was also
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the first one to retire.Succession
<mask>'s given name was Cusi Yupanqui and he was not supposed to succeed his father Inca Viracocha who had appointed his brother Urco as crown prince. However, in the midst of an invasion of Cusco by the Chankas, the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies, Pachacuti had a real opportunity to demonstrate his talent. While his father and brother fled the scene, Pachacuti rallied the army and prepared for a desperate defense of his homeland. In the resulting battle, the Chankas were defeated so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Pachacuti's side. Pachacuti became known as "The Earth Shaker" following the battle, and won the support of his people. Pachacuti captured many Chanka leaders, who Pachacuti presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies, a traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Pachacuti that the honor of the ritual belonged to the next Inca: Urco.Pachacuti protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha later tried to have Pachacuti assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination plot failed. Viracocha went into exile while Pachacuti returned in triumph to Cusco, and renamed himself "<mask>" (meaning "Earth Shaker"). Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each
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ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died." In popular culture
<mask> is featured as the leader of the Inca in the video games Civilization III, Civilization V, and Civilization VI. Pachacutec, a resurrected Sapa Inca king who is over 500 years old, plays a major role in James Rollins' novel Excavation, whose major action occurs in the Peruvian Andes. The book is steeped in history and culture about the Inca, Moche, and Quechan peoples, their interactions with the Dominican Order and Spanish Conquistadors, and the Spanish Inquisition.He was portrayed in the American documentary series Mankind: The Story of All of Us. The BBC children's series Horrible Histories featured <mask>, played by Mathew Baynton, in the song "Do the Pachacuti" (a parody of novelty party songs) during its second series. Pachakutiq is the name of a character played by Clark Gregg in season six of the Marvel TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. — not the Incan emperor, but a character who might be said to be a "he who overturns space and time" in a certain sense. The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Pachacuti". Gallery
References
External links
1418 births
1471 deaths
Inca emperors
Incan politicians
15th-century South American people
15th-century monarchs in
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<mask> (born January 15, 1957) is an American journalist and author who writes about science, history, politics, and religion. He has written five books: Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information (1988), The Moral Animal (1994), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (1999), The Evolution of God (2009), and Why Buddhism is True (2017). As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. He is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of Bloggingheads.tv and the founder and editor-in-chief of Meaningoflife.tv. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Lawton, Oklahoma to a Southern Baptist family and raised in (among other places) San Francisco. A self-described "Army brat", <mask> attended Texas Christian University for a year in the late 1970s, before transferring to Princeton University to study sociobiology, which was a precursor to evolutionary psychology. His professors at college included author John McPhee, whose style influenced <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information.Career
Journalism
<mask> served as a Senior Editor at The Sciences and The New Republic, and as an editor at The Wilson Quarterly. He has been a contributing editor at The New Republic (where he also co-authored the "TRB" column), Time, and Slate, and has written for The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine. He contributes frequently to The New York Times, including a stint as guest columnist for the month of April, 2007 and as a contributor to The Opinionator, a web-only opinion page in 2010. <mask> became a senior editor of The Atlantic on January 1, 2012. As of February, 2015, the magazine's author page describes him as "a former senior editor at The Atlantic." University teaching and research
In
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early 2000, <mask> began teaching at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania, teaching a graduate seminar called "Religion and Human Nature" and an undergraduate course called "The Evolution of Religion." At Princeton, <mask> was a Laurence S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow and began co-teaching a graduate seminar with Peter Singer on the biological basis of moral intuition.In 2014, <mask> taught a six-week Coursera MOOC on "Buddhism and Modern Psychology". As of 2019, <mask> is a Visiting Professor of Science and Religion at Union Theological Seminary, New York. Also as of 2019, <mask> is a Senior Fellow at the think tank New America. Meaningoflife.tv
In 2002, <mask> ventured into video-on-Internet with his MeaningofLife.tv website, developed by Greg Dingle, in which he interviews a range of thinkers on their ideas about science, philosophy, meditation, spirituality, and other topics. Meaningoflife.tv is sponsored by Slate magazine, and made possible through funding by the Templeton Foundation. Other hosts include John Horgan, Daniel Kaufman, Nikita Petrov, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Bloggingheads.tv
On November 1, 2005, <mask>, blogger Mickey Kaus, and Greg Dingle launched Bloggingheads.tv, a current-events diavlog.Bloggingheads diavlogs are conducted via webcam, and can be viewed online or downloaded either as WMV or MP4 video files or as MP3 sound files. New diavlogs are posted approximately 5-10 times a week and are archived. While many diavlogs feature <mask>, other hosts at Bloggingheads.tv include Glenn Loury, John McWhorter, Bill Scher, Matt Lewis, Kat Rosenfield, Phoebe Maltz-Bovy, and Aryeh Cohen-Wade. Views on religion
<mask> has written extensively on the topic of religion, particularly in The Evolution of God. In 2009, When asked by Bill Moyers if God is a figment of the human imagination, <mask> responded:
On The Colbert
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Report, <mask> said he was "not an atheist" but did not believe in any of the three Abrahamic religions. He opposes creationism, including intelligent design. <mask> has a strictly materialist conception of natural selection; however, he does not deny the possibility of some larger purpose unfolding, that natural selection could itself be the product of design, in the context of teleology.<mask> describes what he calls the "changing moods of God", arguing that religion is adaptable and based on the political, economic and social circumstances of the culture, rather than strictly scriptural interpretation. <mask> has also been critical of organized atheism and describes himself more specifically as a secular humanist. <mask> makes a distinction between religion being wrong and bad and is hesitant to agree that its bad effects greatly outweigh its good effects. He sees organized atheism as attempting to actively convert people in the same way as many religions do. <mask> views it as being counterproductive to think of religion as being the root cause of today's problems. In Why Buddhism is True, <mask> advocates a secular, Westernized form of Buddhism focusing on the practice of mindfulness meditation and stripped of supernatural beliefs such as reincarnation. He believes Buddhism's diagnosis of the causes of human suffering is vindicated by evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology.He further argues that the modern psychological idea of the modularity of mind resonates with the Buddhist teaching of no-self (anatman). Personal life
<mask> lives in Princeton, New Jersey, with his wife Lisa and their two daughters. They have two dogs named Frazier and Milo, who are featured in a few Bloggingheads.tv episodes. Books
1989 Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information. 1994 The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We
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Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. 1999 Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. 2009 The Evolution of God.Little, Brown and Company. 2017 Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment. Awards and recognition
The Evolution of God was one of three finalists for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. The New York Times Book Review chose <mask>'s The Moral Animal as one of the 10 best books of 1994; it was a national bestseller and has been published in 12 languages. Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny was a The New York Times Book Review Notable Book in the year 2000 and has been published in nine languages. Fortune magazine included Nonzero on a list of "the 75 smartest [business-related] books of all time." <mask>'s first book, Three Scientists and Their Gods: Looking for Meaning in an Age of Information, was published in 1988 and was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award.<mask>'s column "The Information Age," written for The Sciences magazine, won the National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism. References
External links
EvolutionofGod.net - A website for <mask>'s book The Evolution of God
Nonzero.org - A website for <mask>'s book Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny
Bloggingheads.tv
MeaningofLife.tv
<mask>'s Mindful Resistance newsletter
Contributions to Slate magazine
1957 births
Living people
American male journalists
American religious writers
American science writers
Critics of atheism
Critics of creationism
Douglas MacArthur High School (San Antonio) alumni
Materialists
Consequentialists
Utilitarians
People from Lawton, Oklahoma
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton University alumni
Radical centrist writers
Secular humanists
Science journalists
Texas Christian University alumni
Video bloggers
Writers from Oklahoma
New America (organization)
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<mask> (; 2 December 1918 - 4 October 1995) was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s. <mask> was born in Kuantan, Malaysia. He was the Secretary of the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), Singapore's first political party. He actively engaged in Anti-British League, established by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and was responsible for pro-communist propaganda productions. After <mask> joined the MCP, he was responsible for the underground communist movement in Singapore from the 1950s to 1960s. He was the Secretary-General of the United Front of the MCP, called Malayan National Liberation League, which set its office in Beijing. During the Cultural Revolution, he was one of the directors taking in charge of the radio station, the voice of Malayan Revolution.In 1990, he returned to Singapore after receiving the invitation from the Singapore government. <mask> <mask> <mask> served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore. He died on 4 October 1995, aged 76. Biography
Early life
<mask> <mask> <mask> was born on 2 December 1918 in Kuantan, Malaysia. <mask>'s parents came from Taishan, Guangdong, and operated a medicine shop in Malaysia. He came to Singapore to study with his brother and sister. He attended Victoria School while his sister went to Nanyang Girls' High School.As a child, he was taught by his sister about Sino-Japanese War, and he understood how Chinese people suffered under Japanese occupation. At that time, the Chinese Communist Party established Nanyang branch which organised communist movements among overseas Chinese and also influenced <mask> Chooi Yip. In 1938, he received an entrance scholarship to enter Raffles College. <mask> was a brilliant student who is good at economics and became one of the top graduates at Raffles College. He was a close friend of Goh Keng Swee, a former Singapore Deputy Prime Minister, whom he knew during his Raffles College days. In Malayan universities, Chinese students developed strong political consciousness, and they either
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turned toward China or Britain. As a Chinese student, Eu was politically aroused by China's struggle against Japan.He became interested in politics and developed Chinese nationalism. Although he also read Edgar Snow's Book, Red Star over China and developed respect toward the Chinese Communist Party, he did not totally accept communism. A Left-wing Student
After graduation in 1940, <mask> worked as a Labour Inspector for the colonial government in Kuala Lumpur. When Japanese attack Kuala Lumpur in 1942, <mask> <mask> Yip retreated to Singapore and worked as a clerk for Overseas Insurance Company. When Japanese occupied Singapore, he worked in statistical offices for a while. After Japan surrendered, he went back to work for the colonial government. When the Chinese leftist writer, Hu Yuzhi, published an article in Fengxia magazine in 1945 which criticised slavish colonial mentality, he felt ashamed for his experience of serving the British and Japanese colonial government.The Malayan Democratic Union, the first fledged political party, was formed in Singapore in December 1945 by English-educated intellectuals, such as Lim Hong Bee, Lim Kean Chye, John Eber and Philip Hoalim. <mask> resigned and joined the MDU as a full-time activist in Singapore in 1946 and became a stringer for the English language newspaper, the Straits Times. In preparation for independence of post-war Malaya, the British colonial administration provided the Constitutional Proposals for Malaya, or the Federation Proposals, which failed to balance the interests of Malays and non-Malays. The Federation Proposals met the demands of conservative Malays of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) that Malaya was constitutionally a Malay state and rejected the equal rights of non-Malays. The MDU worked together with Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party to organise anti-Federation movements, which led to the establishment of All-Malayan Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat (PUTERA). The AMCJA-PUTERA coalition demanded a self-governing United Malaya including Singapore and
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equal rights to all citizens. In 1947, <mask> replaced Lim Hong Bee as MDU Secretary.Although the ALL Malaya Hartal was successful, the colonial government did not concede and the coalition had financial shortage for the second Hartal. In April 1948, member organisations of the coalition held the last conference. <mask> proposed to decentralise the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition that each member organisation of the coalition could conduct agitation against the Federation constitution and member organisations were not allowed to act in the name of the AMCJA-PUTERA unless permitted by the general conference. This conference actually dismantled AMCJA-PUTERA, and the MDU which ascribed the result to financial stringencies dissolved voluntarily. The more important factor leading to the dissolution of the AMCJA-PUTERA was that the MCP had already lost the faith in the constitutional struggle and turned toward armed revolution. As the result, the Malayan Emergency began in 1948 June, and the MCP was outlawed by the government. At that time, <mask> <mask> Yip rejected the connection between the AMCJA and the MCP and claimed that he gave his loyalty to Malaya and he was not a Communist.At the time, <mask> was described as an English-educated radical, along with P.V. Sarma, John Eber and Dr. Joseph K.M. Tan. They were pro-communist sympathies, but they were still not communists. Leaders of MDU had not developed complete understanding of Marxism, and they did not accept communism. Conversion to a Communist Member
The MCP established the Anti-British League (ABL) and the student organisations in 1948, which strongly influenced Eu <mask> Yip's left-wing thoughts. One MCP leader, Ah Chin, made a decision to extand its influence among English-educated intelligentsia and absorb suitable ones into the party.The English-speaking section leader of the ABL, Wong Siong Nien, was sent to persuade Eu. <mask> started to embrace communism in at the end of 1948 and actively engaged in the ABL. Because <mask> <mask> Yip who has a bachelor's degree and can speak both Mandarin and English, as an intellectual among
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MCP members, he was given a lot of responsibilities. <mask> began to develop Communist Underground in Singapore and recruit ABL members among both English-speaking and Chinese-speaking intellectuals. A large number of students in University of Malaya who were political radicals engaged in clandestine activities and developed connections with the ABL and the MCP. He successfully persuaded his three MDU colleagues P.V. Sarma, Dr. Joseph K.M.Tan, Lim Chan Yong, and Lim Kean Chye to join in the communist party. They visited middle-class families to collect donation for the MCP and the ABL activities. He worked an editor for the Freedom News, which distributed communist propaganda productions. Lim Chan Yong and Joseph K.M. Tan founded pro-communist paper, Malayan Orchid. They distributed these propaganda productions from door to door. Due to the efforts of <mask> <mask> Yip, the Chinese-speaking ABL recruited 2000 members in June 1950, including Worker's ABL and Students’ ABL.A number of ABL members gained admission into the MCP through ABL activities, including <mask> <mask> <mask> who became an official member of the MCP in 1950. The British colonial government had a real fight against communist members in 1951. The police arrested members of the ABL and clear the leftwing group active in the Singapore Teachers’ Union, the Singapore Cooperative Society and the University of Malaya. The active members of former MDU and ABL were arrested by the police, such as John Eber and Dr Joseph K.M. Tan. Many students were also detained and charged with editing pro-communist paper. <mask> <mask> <mask> and Lim Kean Chye escaped the police arrest, because they went to Beijing for exchange.<mask> <mask> <mask>'s close friend, S Rajaratnam (<mask>'s housemate at Chancery Lane, the founder member of the PAP and the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore) gave him shelter while he was hiding from the British during this time and helped <mask> get medical treatment for his tuberculosis. As the colonial government was suppressing the communist movement in Singapore, <mask> <mask> <mask> was asked to go to
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Jakarta, Indonesia under the order of Yeung Kuo, deputy secretary general of the MCP, and continued his work for the MCP. Working in Jakarta as a Communist Party leader
In Jakarta, <mask> <mask> <mask> established a party branch, which directed the communist activities in Singapore remotely. He took direct orders from Chin Peng, the secretary-general of MCP, and was the superior of Fong Chong Pik. The MCP planned to co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew and trying to help establish the People's Action Party (PAP). The truth of the story between the MCP and Lee Kuan Yew remains controversial, because <mask> <mask> <mask>, Fong Chong Pik, and Lee Kuan Yew had different claims about the event. According to <mask> <mask> <mask>, Party committee in Indonesia and Chin Peng did not give Fong Chong Pik the authority, but Fong Chong Pik voluntarily took charge of all party affairs in Singapore and began to meet with Lee Kuan Yew.In 1957, <mask> <mask> Yip went back to Singapore to observe the general election. After the meeting with <mask>, Fong Chong Pik went to meet Lee Kuan Yew and talked about co-operation. Fong Chong Pik claimed that he was appointed as the Party representative and LKY game him the nickname "the Plen". LKY claimed that Fong wanted to establish co-operation in the united anti-colonial front with the PAP during his broadcast. As the MCP received support from the masses, especially the left-wings, the MCP's support for the PAP would help LKY win the election. In addition, the MCP expected that LKY would not take actions against the communist party after he got the power. However, Lee Kuan Yew were very strict against the communist party when he got the power in Singapore.As the Barisan Sosialis split from the PAP, the MCP realised that they could not co-operate with Lee Kuan Yew. Fong Chong Pik was prevented to meet with Lee any more, before Lee initiated Operation Cold Store. In the early 1960s, when Sukarno served as the president of Indonesia, the MCP could organise activities publicly. Through the co-operation with Communist Party of Indonesia, <mask> established Malayan
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National Liberation League. In 1963, he served as the secretary of the Southern Bureau of the MCP and made guidelines for underground activities in Singapore. To avoid a concentration of members in Jakarta and prepare for the resumption of underground activities in Malaya, many party members were sent to Medan, Aceh, Bagansiapiapi of Sumatra and to Bintan Island and Batam Island of the Riau islands, in mid-1964. These member helped to establish new bases or new liaison stations.However, after the 30 September Movement in 1965 that suppressed the Communist movements in Indonesia, <mask> <mask> <mask> was arrested, and later released to China. The MCP began to operate secretly and no institutions were open publicly. The Malayan National Liberation League which was open publicly in Beijing actually represented the MCP, and <mask> <mask> <mask> served as the Secretary-General. Director of the Voice of Malayan Revolution in Sifang Mountain
When the MCP retreated to the border between Malaysia and Thailand, a radio station called "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" was also established which broadcast battlefield reports of Malayan Peoples’ Liberation Army. As the radio station was destroyed by the Malaysian Army in July 1968, Mao Zedong helped the MCP rebuilt the radio station in Sifang Mountain, Changsha, Hunan Province in 1969 (during the period of Cultural Revolution). The radio station used four languages, Chinese, Malay, Tamil and English, to broadcast in Southeast Asia. <mask> <mask> <mask> was director of the radio station's Chinese branch.In addition, Communist Party of Burma and Communist Party of Thailand were also set up their radio stations in China. The three radio station broadcast the Cultural Revolution and Maoist thoughts which encouraged people in Southeast Asia to overthrow their governments. The broadcast scripts of the Voice of Malayan Revolution were recorded by a group of Barisan Sosialis members, including historian C. C. Chin. They completed the texts and published them in the Singapore leftist newspapers, such as Zhenxian Bao (Front), Party News, and People's
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Forum. These newspapers routinely published the frequency and wavelength of the radio station. A number of "red" cartoons, photos, and poems are also published. After the Operation Cold Store, the Barisan Sosialis lost its ability to compete with the PAP, but it was still significant opposition party.However, by using the rhetoric of Cultural Revolution, the Barisan's political agenda was dramatically radicalised which led to self-destruction. The left in Singapore isolated themselves by following the political line of Mao's China and they no longer received support from the people, which gave the PAP's confidence to fight the left through legal means. The radio station of "the Voice of Malayan Revolution" which was operated in the border between Malaysia and Thailand was very effective. According to Chen Yinghong, the radio broadcast strongly influenced members in guerrilla of the MCP. Party members studied quotations from Mao Zedong and sang "Red Songs". People were interested in the battlefield reports of guerrilla of the MCP. A number of young people in Southeast Asian were encouraged to join in the MCP.However, the new radio station in Sifang Mountain failed to attract young people to join the communist party. The Chinese Communist Party only provided technical support for the radio broadcast and did not give any suggestions for the press releases. <mask> <mask> Yip and his colleagues did not have news resources, and they just looked for the news from the public newspapers and paraphrased in a pro-communist way, so that the news were not well written. The main sources of newspaper were Sinchew, Nanyang, Straits Times, Utusan Melayu and other newspaper from Hong Kong. As young people were interested in the battlefield reports, the radio failed to provide. People who listened to the radio found that the news releases were similar to the news in public newspapers and the only differences were the perspectives. Therefore, the propaganda of radio station in China was not effective.Return to Singapore
In the early 1980s, when Deng Xiaoping came into power, China stopped Cultural
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Revolution, planned to have normal diplomatic relationship with countries in Southeast Asia. Therefore, the revolution in Southeast Asia is no longer supported, and the "Voice of Malayan Revolution" was revoked. The non-Chinese citizens who were willing to stay in China were arranged jobs. <mask> <mask> <mask> was arranged to teach English in Changsha Railway University in Hunan. In 1989, Singapore and China started negotiations to establish diplomatic relations. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s classmate in Raffles College, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Goh Keng Swee, sent him a message through the Chinese International Liaison Department that invited him to work as a consultant for the negotiations. <mask> <mask> <mask> accepted the invitation and later returned to Singapore in 1991.He served as a senior research fellow at Institute of East Asian philosophy in Singapore, until his death in 1995. <mask> <mask> <mask>'s reflection on revolutionary history
<mask> <mask> <mask> helped to create an oral history interview, Lang Jian Zhu Meng (Pursuing Dreams beyond the High Seas: Oral History of <mask> <mask> Yip) and Political History in Singapore 1945-1965. In these books, he provided his own reflections on revolutionary history in Southeast Asia, including his opinions on the development and failure of the MCP. The contribution of the MCP
<mask> <mask> Yip experienced the whole period of Maoist revolution in Southeast Asia. He believes that the MCP has great contribution in the history. This contribution has two main parts. First, the MCP participated in the battle against fascism during World War II.The MCP cooperated with the British Special Operations Executive, Force 136 and became an important regional power of the allied in Southeast Asia. As the ultimate goal of the MCP was to seize power of all states, the MCP fought hard against the Japanese invaders. Military leaders (Chin Peng) of the MCP were awarded for Order of the British Empire after the war. The second contribution of the MCP is their struggle against British colonial rule. After World War II, the United Kingdom
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planned to prevent the expansion of communism and continue to maintain its colonial rule in Malaya. The MCP launched an armed struggle against colonialism and forced the British to abandon its colonial rule in Malaya and Singapore. Finally the UK gave the ruling power to the Malaysian nationalists.The failure of the MCP
When Malaysia got independence in the 1957, the country was on the way of nation-building and development. However, <mask> <mask> <mask> believed that the MCP failed because it did not recognise the legitimacy of Malaysia. The plan of the MCP was to build a Maoist regime in Malaya through armed struggle. This plan limited party's attractiveness to the a few number of extreme left-wing Maoists in the Malaysia and lose the support from the masses, so that the MCP finally retreated to the border of Malaysia and Thailand. At that time, the ethnic and political conflicts are very intense in Malaysia and Singapore. <mask> <mask> <mask> believe that the MCP could have called on the masses to revolt against the governments through inciting political suppression and ethnic riots. However, the MCP lost those chances to receive the support from the masses, which indicated its failure at the end.During the late 1970s, when <mask> <mask> <mask> was working in "Voice of Malayan Revolution", he was trying to find answers that why the MCP was not able to receive support from the masses. He believes that the land reform policies made by the MCP were wrong. The MCP claimed that Malaya was a colonial society, and farmers were the fundamental strength of the revolution. Those claims, <mask> <mask> <mask> believed, were copied from the theories of Mao Zedong. <mask> <mask> Yip received some academic books and journal articles from Malaysia and Singapore and focused on the social structure of Malaya, especially the rural class structure. He found that in Malaya, farmers rent lands from the British colonial government, and the rent was very low. Unlike Chinese farmer, Malayan farmers were smallholders and did not have any obligations.They planted rubbers and could be self-sustainable.
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Thus, Malaya's agricultural economy was capitalist economy. There was no landlord class ruling the Malayan village and Malayan farmers had no desire of revolution. As a result, Maoist theories that farmers were the main power of revolution and "surround the cities from the countryside" were impracticable in Malaya. Maoist theory was approved to be successful in China. As the MCP had been using Maoist theory as their guiding ideology for decades, and Maoist theory was also the foundation of the MCP's guerrilla warfare, changing guiding ideology and developing another theory could lead to devastating results to the party. The leaders of MCP were not able to recognise that they made theoretical mistake and copying Maoist theory led to the failure of the MCP.The Significance of Studying <mask> <mask> Yip
<mask> <mask> Yip has two significant academic values. First, he provides a typical example that how an English-educated intellectual converted to a communist
member. According to Yeo Kim Wah, when <mask> <mask> Yip received a lot of
information about China's struggle against Japan and developed strong nationalism. He developed anti-colonialism through actively engaging in student political movements in Singapore, such as the Malayan Democratic Union and the Anti-British League. These political movements were influenced by left-wing thoughts and supported by the Malayan Communist Party. After the success of communist revolution in China, <mask> <mask> Yip accepted communist as his belief. Second, <mask> <mask> <mask> was an important leader of the MCP.The Chinese Scholar Cheng Yinghong had a deep analysis of him and believes that <mask> <mask> <mask>'s reflection on communist movements in Malaya is important, because it helps people understand the influence of Mao's Cultural Revolution in Southeast Asia, the relationship between Deng's China and Southeast Asian countries, and the Communist Revolutions during the Cold War. References
Malaysian communists
Malaysian emigrants to Singapore
Singaporean people of Cantonese descent
Victoria School, Singapore alumni
1995 deaths
Malaysian
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<mask> (born June 5, 1969) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, record producer, radio host, and multi-instrumentalist. <mask> is most recognized for his strong falsetto, high belting range, and melismas. His work has earned him 16 Grammy Awards nominations, third only to Zubin Mehta and Snoop Dogg for the record of most Grammy nominations without a win. Life and career
1969–1989: Early life and career beginnings
<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York to <mask>, Jr. and Ruth Elaine Willis. His musical career began in childhood when he became a member of his church choir. 1990–1997: Mercury Records
In 1990, <mask>'s older brother, <mask> III, and his band, Take 6, signed a record deal with Warner Brothers. This encouraged McKnight to shop his own demo tapes and by the age of 19, he signed his first recording deal with Mercury Records subsidiary, Wing Records.In 1992, <mask> was released, and his self-titled debut album peaked at fifty-eight in the Billboard 200 chart, which primarily featured the ballad (and Top 20 single) "One Last Cry". It was followed by two more albums for Mercury, 1995's I Remember You and 1997's Anytime. Anytime, <mask>'s final album with Mercury, sold over two million copies and was nominated for a Grammy. The video for "Anytime", directed by Darren Grant, was nominated for Best Male Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards. In 1997, <mask> recorded "Remember the Magic" for Disney World's 25th anniversary. 1997–2003: Motown Records
<mask> signed with Motown in 1998 and released the Christmas album Bethlehem, the first of five albums he released on Motown. In 1999, <mask> released Back at One, his most successful album to date, which eventually went on to sell over three million copies.Also Back at One is one of four of <mask>'s studio albums to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, reaching number 7 on October 9, 1999. 2004–2012: Warner Brothers and
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television/radio career
In 1998, <mask> was a guest star on the show "Sister Sister", he appeared in multiple episodes as Tia and Tamera's college professor. In 2004, <mask> co-wrote with Australian Soul artist Guy Sebastian the song "Wait", off Sebastian's Beautiful Life album. In late 2005, <mask> signed with Warner Bros. Records and released the album, Ten. released December 2006, his only studio album with the label. Three singles released from the album: "Find Myself in You" (which originally appeared on the soundtrack to the 2006 Tyler Perry movie Madea's Family Reunion,) "Used to Be My Girl", and "What's My Name". In October 2007, <mask> made his Broadway debut in the show Chicago.From 2006 to 2010 he hosted a radio show, The <mask> Morning Show with Pat Prescott on KTWV The Wave in Los Angeles, CA. The show was briefly simulcast on KHJZ-FM, Smooth Jazz 95.7 The Wave in Houston, TX from 6AM-9AM CST. On January 26, 2009, <mask> hosted "The <mask> Show" from 7PM-Midnight on 98.7 KISS FM in New York City. In 2009, he appeared in the second season of Celebrity Apprentice. Each celebrity played to raise money for the charity of his or her choice; McKnight elected to play for Youthville USA. From September 2009 to May 2010, <mask> served as the media personality and hosted The <mask> Show, a late night talk show billed as a combination of talk and variety, aired in syndication. On March 31, 2011, <mask> sang the National Anthem for MLB Opening Day in Cincinnati, Ohio with his sons <mask>, Jr. and Niko.He had previously sung the National Anthem for the 1997 NBA All-Star Game in Cleveland, Ohio, Game 6 of the 2002 World Series in Anaheim, California, near his Los Angeles home, and the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit. <mask> has also made numerous other "National Anthem" appearances throughout his career. On October 22, 2012, <mask> sang "God Bless America" in the 7th inning of Game
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7 of the National League Champion Series in San Francisco, California. On April 23, 2012 <mask> posted to YouTube "If You're Ready To Learn", which has been characterized by Billboard as a "filthy jam." Billboard selected this lyric from the work to quote: "Let me show you how your p—y works/Since you didn't bring it to me first." Other media outlets such as MTV, the Toronto Sun, and NewMediaRockstars have also written about <mask>'s recent, more adult-oriented efforts. Shortly after the single's release, <mask> and known humor website "Funny or Die" revealed that the single was a collaboration between the two parties.<mask> would later explain that he wrote the parody as a commentary on the state of R&B, which he noted was in a period of degradation overall with famous radio station 98.7 Kiss FM shuttering and hit singles being inferior quality music, among other ailments. 2015: Brian McKnight Music and Kobalt
On August 14, 2015, <mask> released the single "Uh Oh Feeling", the first track from his album Better, which was released on his own label Brian McKnight Music LLC via Kobalt Label Services. Better was released on February 26, 2016, followed by positive reviews. 2016–present: An Evening with <mask>, SoNo Recording Group, and Genesis
On September 23, 2016, <mask> released his first live CD, DVD, and Blu-ray collection entitled An Evening With in partnership with independent recording label The SoNo Recording Group through the Universal Music Group. The concert was recorded in Los Angeles at the historic Saban Theatre. The release includes fourteen songs performed live with his full band plus three newly written and recorded songs. The first single "Everything" reached the top twenty on the national Adult Contemporary charts in September 2016.The CD version of the concert debuted on the Billboard R&B chart at number thirteen as a Hot Shot Debut. Also included is a duet with Gino Vannelli on the
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song "Brothers in the End". The Blu-ray and DVD version of the release premiered on the Billboard Music DVD chart at number nine. On August 25, 2017, <mask> released the album Genesis. Featuring three top 30 Urban AC and AC hits, "Everything", "Forever", "I Want U", 'Genesis' premiered in the Top 10 on the Nielsen SoundScan Top 10 Current R&B albums and Top 20 Current Hip Hop/R&B albums. The album was produced by Tim Kelley part of the legendary producing duo Tim & Bob. In January 2018, <mask> was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards.<mask> and Genesis were nominated for Outstanding Male Artist and Outstanding Album alongside Bruno Mars, Charlie Wilson, Kendrick Lamar, Jay-Z, and Mary J Blige. In May 2018, he announced work on his next studio album tentatively titled Bedtime Story which would be 60 minutes of music "for the bedroom aka baby-making music." In 2021, <mask> competed on The Masked Singer spin-off The Masked Dancer as "Cricket". Personal life
<mask> was married in 1990 to singer-songwriter and his college sweetheart, <mask>. <mask> and Julie have two children, <mask> and Niko. They divorced in 2003. In 2014, he began dating Dr. Leilani Malia Mendoza, and they announced their engagement in May 2017.On December 29, 2017, <mask> and Mendoza were married. Religion
<mask> was raised a Seventh-day Adventist. Religion was important in the <mask> family, with many generations being Seventh-day Adventists. His grandfather was a pastor of a church, and his mother played the piano and sang in a gospel choir in Buffalo's Emanuel Temple. Being the youngest of four boys, <mask> became a member of an a cappella gospel quartet with his brothers. He also attended Oakwood College, a Seventh-day Adventist university in Huntsville, Alabama, from 1987 to 1989. In his second year, McKnight got into trouble for violating Oakwood's rules about dormitory visitors for having his girlfriend in his dorm room.They were
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<mask> (June 22, 1906 – February 23, 1994) was a Jamaican-born toolmaker who worked in the auto industry in the United States. At the age of 23, he was recruited to work in the Soviet Union. Shortly after his arrival in Stalingrad, <mask> was racially assaulted by two white American workers, both of whom were subsequently arrested, tried and expelled from the Soviet Union with great publicity. Starting with a one-year contract to work in the Soviet Union, <mask> twice renewed his contract. After the publicity of his assault, he felt unable to return to the US and accepted Soviet citizenship. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering. His repeated attempts to visit outside the USSR finally resulted in an approved trip to Uganda in 1974, where he asked for and was given asylum.He married an African-American professor working there. He finally gained re-entry to the United States in 1986, and gained attention for his accounts of his 44 years in the Soviet Union. Life
Born in Jamaica, <mask> moved with his parents to Cuba, where he grew up. He and his mother were abandoned by his father when he was six. His mother was born in Dominica and had gone to Jamaica while employed by a doctor. He and his mother emigrated to the United States and settled in Detroit. He went to local schools and became a skilled toolmaker at the Ford Motor Company during the expansive years in the auto industry.In 1929 Ford and the Soviet Union agreed to cooperate on a car plant in Gorky to turn out Model T cars. In 1930, a Russian delegation visited the Company, where <mask> worked as a toolmaker. The delegation leader offered him and others a one-year contract in the Soviet Union. The pay would be far greater.
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They were promised free rent in a grand apartment, maid service, and a car. At 23, fearing he could be laid off at any moment due to the effects of the Great Depression and the institutionalised racism in the United States, and taking into account that a cousin of a friend had recently been lynched in the South, <mask> accepted. Soviet Union
He arrived in Stalingrad on July 4, 1930, to begin working in a tractor factory.The only African American among a contingent of workers from the United States, <mask> was beaten by two white American workers shortly after his arrival. After the incident the Soviet press turned him into a minor celebrity, publicising his case as an example of American racism. After his first year he renewed with another contract. After his second one-year contract expired in June 1932, <mask> went to Moscow to obtain a return ticket to the United States. Officials persuaded him to accept another one-year contract working at a ball-bearing factory. He was one of 362 "foreign specialists" at the plant when he started working there. After the assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, Stalin's assumed successor, on December 1, 1934, the preferred status of foreign specialists ended "overnight".In 1937, the US government ordered <mask> to return home or relinquish his citizenship. <mask> chose to stay in the Soviet Union due to the continuing depression and accepted Soviet citizenship although he later regretted this decision. He survived Stalin's Great Purge while many of his foreign acquaintances in Moscow vanished in 1936–1939. On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Due to the nature of Soviet news reports, <mask> and others at his plant suspected that
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Soviet forces were suffering devastating losses. The Russians flocked to church that day, surprising <mask>, although after 24 years of Communist rule there were no priests to lead the congregation. Throughout the rest of the war, the government tolerated attendance to religious services.<mask> survived the German invasion of Russia, during which Hitler's army was stopped only from Moscow. During the war, he almost died of starvation, with some meals consisting of six or seven cabbage leaves soaked in lukewarm water. Despite the war, the Soviets arranged for continued education. According to his autobiography, in July 1944, <mask> graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering, but did not receive his diploma until two years later. In 1947, he starred as a black American in a film about Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay. He also advised and acted in a Russian film production of the American racial drama Deep Are The Roots, (Глубокие корни). Return to the United States
After World War II, <mask> attempted to return to the US.He asked the singer and actor Paul Robeson, who had traveled to the Soviet Union, to help him leave the country. Robeson declined to do so as it would harm his relations with the Soviet leadership. Since the 1950s, <mask> had annually applied for a vacation visa abroad and each time, it was denied. Through the influence of two Ugandan ambassadors, <mask> was granted permission to visit Uganda in 1974. He bought a round-trip ticket so as not to arouse suspicion. Once there, he appealed for refuge, which was temporarily granted by Idi Amin. In 1976, <mask> married Zylpha Mapp, an African-American professor who was working at a university in Uganda.Through the efforts of
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Ugandan officials, and US Information Service officer William B. Davis, he was eventually allowed to re-enter the United States and re-gained United States citizenship in 1986. He lived in the US until his death in 1994. Following his return, he gave interviews about his insights into Soviet life from the inside, and was also featured in the Detroit Free Press. He was honored by the Ford Motor Company, 60 years after he began his work there. He moved to Washington, D.C. with his wife. After returning to the United States, <mask> wrote his autobiography, with the writer Jonathan Slevin. It was published as Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside The Soviet Union (1988).<mask> died of cancer in 1994. Among those attending the funeral were his wife, William B. Davis, and Mathias Lubega, former Ugandan ambassador to the Soviet Union. References
Further reading
<mask>; with Jonathon Slevin (1988). Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside the Soviet Union. Washington, DC: Acropolis Books. .
Tim Tzouliadis. The Forsaken: From the Great Depression to the Gulags – Hope and Betrayal in Stalin's Russia. Little, Brown, 2009."The Alabaman Herbert Lewis was locked up in a Stalingrad prison [for assaulting <mask>] ... his arrest, observed the visiting American reporter William Henry Chamberlin, seemed only to strengthen the "racial chauvinism" of the three hundred other Americans working at the tractor factory." (pp. 39–40). Roman, Meredith L. Opposing Jim Crow: African Americans and the Soviet Indictment of U.S. Racism, 1928–1937 (Justice and Social Inquiry) University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 2012), . Chapter 1: American Racism on Trial and the Poster Child for Soviet Antiracism. "On
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Thursday, July 24, 1930, around six o'clock in the evening at the Stalingrad Tractor Factory, <mask> was walking away from the cafeteria when two white American men, Lemuel Lewis and William Brown, confronted him." (p. 26).Smith, Homer. Black Man in Red Russia. Johnson; Ex-Lib edition (1964). ASIN: B000IQ7HGQ. The Ghost of the Executed Engineer
An American Engineer in Stalin's Russia: The Memoirs of Zara Witkin, 1932–1934. Witkin, Zara (1900–1940), Find a Grave. John Scott, BEHIND THE URALS: An American Worker in Russia's City of Steel.Worker at Magnitogorsk. See also
Alexander Dolgun (1926–1986) survivor of the Soviet Gulag who returned to his native United States. Thomas Sgovio (1916–1997) American artist, and former inmate of a Soviet GULAG camp in Kolyma. Victor Herman (1915–1985) Jewish-American initially known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia', who then spent 18 years in the Gulags of Siberia. George Padmore (1903–1959) Pan-Africanist, journalist, studied in the United States and moved to the Soviet Union. William Henry Chamberlin (1897–1969) American journalist during the trial of <mask>'s assailants. Jack Littlepage (1894–?)American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937). Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky (1884–1938) Soviet revolutionary and petroleum and mining engineer executed during the Great Purge. 1907 births
1994 deaths
African-American people
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
American emigrants to the Soviet Union
American expatriates in the Soviet Union
American mechanical engineers
People with acquired American citizenship
Former United States citizens
Soviet mechanical engineers
Soviet people of World
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<mask>Moshe Yosef<mask> (; 27 September 1930 – 25 October 2013) was a Canadian businessman and member of the <mask> family. He is best known for his leadership of the Olympia & York real estate development company. Formative years
<mask> was born in Vienna in 1930 to <mask>, a poultry farmer, and his wife Renée. His parents were Orthodox Jews from a small town in Hungary, but his father had risen to prominence in Vienna as a successful merchant. <mask> was the fifth of six children. The family escaped the Nazi occupation of Austria unintentionally. They had left the country on the day of Anschluss to visit Samuel's father in Hungary who had suffered a stroke.Abandoning their lives in Vienna, they made their way from Hungary to the neutral Moroccan city of Tangier
In Tangier, the family prospered as Samuel became a major currency trader. After the war <mask> left home to study Judaism first in Britain and then in Israel, and his parents hoped that he would become a teacher. In 1955 he married Lea Feldman. Rising success
In 1956, <mask> followed his family to Canada, where three of his brothers — Edward, Louis and Ralph — had established the Olympia Floor & Wall Tile Co, and his eldest brother, Albert, had launched York Factory Developments. <mask> fell into propertyafter building a new warehouse for the Toronto tile company. He got the warehouse built for $70,000, selling a year later for a $34,000 profit. He co-founded Olympia & York with his brothers Albert and Ralph in 1958.Soon the company was building such facilities for others. In 1964, Olympia and York was founded as a separate building and property development firm. The firm was soon profitable, and expanded rapidly. It also accepted difficult projects, including the construction of First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest building, built in 1975. The company expanded to New York City and by the mid-1980s it was the largest developer in the world, and
Forbes magazine ranked them the fourth richest family in the
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world in 1991, worth $12.8bn. Despite his success, <mask> lived relatively modestly, described as living in a comfortable home in Toronto, and driving an old Cadillac. He remained very private and unwilling to talk to the press.He retained his strong religious views, and used much of his fortune to support his religion. In Toronto he built a number of schools and synagogues which became the centre of a thriving Orthodox community. Shunning most luxuries, his one personal indulgence was collecting rare and valuable Jewish texts. Pursuant to Jewish law, all of Olympia and York's construction projects halted on the Jewish Sabbath and all holy days. Troubles
The company ran into severe trouble in the early 1990s. It was due in part to a general decline in the world economy, but the company was truly brought low by the Canary Wharf project. It was the world's largest property development, but remained half empty.<mask> had taken the project as a major gamble. He had been impressed by Margaret Thatcher's reforms and obtained a personal promise from her that she would help the project, most importantly by extending the London Underground to reach it. In Canada, Reichmann's once sterling reputation also began to suffer. In 1985 the company had bought Gulf Canada Resources in a deal that included some $300 million in tax breaks. Many Canadians were infuriated that a massive corporation had been given such a lucrative deal. Toronto Life magazine also published a highly critical article on the Reichmanns. The family took offence at allegations that <mask> had aided the Nazis with illegal smuggling operations during the Second World War.The family sued the magazine for an unprecedented $102 million. They were successful, and Toronto Life published a full retraction. In 1992, as Olympia and York collapsed under some $20 billion in debt, <mask> lost most of his family fortune. Recovery and retirement
Despite these setbacks, <mask> successfully rebuilt a small portion of his empire.
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This included setting up a partnership with George Soros, Lawrence Tisch and Michael Price. Along with investors such as Al-Waleed bin Talal, a consortium paid $1.2 billion for a controlling stake in Canary Wharf, from a third party in charge of the property's administration. <mask> was hired as chairman.As Sandy Weill stated, <mask> was hired because, he "...really came up with that whole concept and built it, and got overleveraged and lost it...he knew where every screw was, where every nail was, he knew and loved the operation better than anyone else..." Canary Wharf went public in 1999. During 2004, a takeover battle began for the Canary Wharf Group in which <mask> eventually sided with Canadian developer Brascan to attempt a purchase of the company. During this process, he resigned his position on the Board. In March 2005, a consortium of investors led by Morgan Stanley under the banner of Songbird Estates purchased Canary Wharf Group, and <mask> was therefore no longer involved with Canary Wharf on a day-to-day basis. <mask>, at the time 75, announced that he intended to retire from business and sold many of his property holdings. Return to business activity
In September 2006, <mask> announced that he was bored with retirement and that he would be setting up a new $4 billion fund, based in Toronto, with offices in Great Britain and the Netherlands. Death
<mask> died at the age of 83 in Toronto on 25 October 2013.His funeral took place Saturday night, 26 October 2013, at the Bais Yaakov Elementary School (15 Saranac Boulevard), in Toronto. He was buried in Jerusalem, in Har Hamenuchot cemetery. See also
Canadians of Hungarian ancestry
References and notes
<mask>
1930 births
2013 deaths
Businesspeople from Montreal
Canadian chief executives
Canadian construction businesspeople
Canadian Orthodox Jews
Canadian real estate businesspeople
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss
Jewish Canadian philanthropists
People from Tangier
20th-century
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<mask> (c. 1788 – 1846 or later) was a Cornishman who moved to London to seek his fortune. Having amassed sufficient wealth, he settled in Kingston-upon-Thames, where he operated several malthouses. After the arrival of the London and Southampton Railway, soon renamed London and South Western Railway, a little way to the south of Kingston, he conceived the idea of building a new town adjacent to the railway. He built houses for relatively wealthy people who worked in London, but wished to live in the more salubrious air of the countryside. Pooley was thus one of the early developers of the concept of commuting. His project established the nucleus of what became the modern town of Surbiton, but opposition from competing interests forced him into bankruptcy and he disappeared from history in his late 50s. Before Kingston
It is clear from surviving records that <mask> and his wife Jane came originally from Cornwall.However, <mask> was not sure when he was born, stating in 1844 that he was "54, 56 or 58, I cannot say which". Some time in the early 19th century the Pooleys moved to London. They settled in Old Street in Finsbury and <mask> earned sufficient to allow him to amass considerable wealth. Life in Kingston
By 1838 the Pooleys were living in the more pleasant surroundings of Kingston-upon-Thames, also known at that time as Kingston-on-Thames. <mask> ran three malthouses and his son Alexander ran another. In addition to his malting operations, <mask> owned three cargo vessels, the Agnes, the Elizabeth and the Mahon Castle. Despite his success in business, Pooley was seen by the business community of Kingston as being of the lower orders and not quite respectable.However, Alexander married into a local family. His wife Jane was the daughter of William Wadbrook, also a successful maltster, who came from a line of Kingston watermen. The coming of the railway
The builders of the London and Southampton Railway had hoped to take the line north of Surbiton Hill and put a station somewhere to the
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south of Kingston. However, the men who ran Kingston saw the railway as a threat to the town's coaching and inn-keeping trades and refused to allow the line to pass through their territory. It therefore proved necessary for a cutting to be dug through Surbiton Hill. A station was built in the cutting, close to the Ewell road. In theory, this station served Kingston, but it was a long way from the town.Christopher Terry was a gentleman farmer noted for being a good employer. He owned Maple Farm, just south of the hamlet of Surbiton, and he died there at the age of 93 in 1838, just as the railway was being built nearby. In his will he directed that his estate be sold and the proceeds divided between the beneficiaries. When the land was auctioned, there was little interest. However, <mask> realized the potential of this land and bought a large part of it for the modest sum of £10,500. He planned to build a new town, which would be called New Kingston or Kingston-(up)on-Railway, and hoped to attract people who wanted rapid access to London. Within weeks, a London consortium offered Pooley £120,000 for the land, but he refused the quick profit, because he was keen to see his project through.The new town
The scheme moved ahead rapidly, because Pooley took personal control of it and he threw himself into it with enthusiasm. He drew up plans and engaged an architect, engineers, builders and labourers. He supervised the project closely, moving about the area to ensure that all was progressing well. By the 1841 census <mask> and Jane were living in a new house in Claremont Crescent, now The Crescent, and Alexander, who appears to have given up other employment to assist his father, had moved into a house in Victoria Terrace, now a row of shops in Victoria Road close to the station. The original station, approached by way of a steep descent into the cutting, soon proved to be wholly inadequate. So in 1839 Pooley gave land for a new station to be built on the present site, which is adjacent to an
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important road junction. In August 1840, and again in October, The Times praised Pooley's enterprise in creating this remarkable development.Wide streets and a crescent were lined with handsome houses. Downfall and disappearance
The newspaper's enthusiasm was not, however, matched by the business community of Kingston, which was becoming apprehensive about Pooley's success. When he proposed the building of a corn market near the station, leading businessmen put forward a proposal to build one in Kingston and persuaded the Council to block Pooley's scheme. In the end neither scheme was realized. This was but one episode in a campaign to bring Pooley down. There is no evidence that anything illegal was done, but there seems to have been a concerted effort to get rid of this 'upstart'. Pooley had needed to borrow heavily to finance the project and this was his Achilles' heel.In January 1842 Coutts Bank refused to lend him any more and creditors closed in on him. Unpaid seamen were after his blood. It appears that Pooley's own solicitors had been part of the plot to bring him down, warning Coutts of the growing antagonism of the Kingston establishment. Things became increasingly difficult for Pooley. After building work had been suspended because of lack of funds, partly completed houses were vandalized. This seems to have been an attempt by unidentified parties to reduce the value of his assets and hasten his capitulation. Coutts refused Pooley's offer to hand over his holdings in exchange for a life annuity of £1,000.Eventually, in June 1842 Pooley was forced to hand over his holdings in the new town to his creditors' trustees. Apparently there was a gentlemen's agreement to pay him £5 a week. He fled to Boulogne and lived in poverty. This was not the end of Pooley's misery. His £5 a week allowance was withdrawn and Alexander, his son, was taken dangerously ill. In January 1844 <mask> returned to England, landing at Greenwich and staying in Surrey, where there was no writ against him. Attempts
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were made to persuade Pooley to sign away his claims on the new town.There were violent altercations in a solicitor's office and at one point <mask> was about to be taken to prison. Despite his illness, Alexander was arrested for one of his father's debts. Eventually, <mask> was plied with drink and prevailed upon to sign. The next day Pooley changed his mind. He filed complaints in the Chancery Court and these were still unsettled two years later, when a new tragedy struck. In 1846 Jane, Alexander's wife, died at 28, leaving three small children. In 1846 Pooley disappears from history, his court cases unsettled.No record of his death has been found, so it is possible that he died abroad. Note: The above version of events is largely in line with the story as recounted by Sampson. Statham's later book gives a more detailed account with a somewhat different chronology. However, the overall shape of the story is essentially the same. Aftermath
Alexander Pooley continued the legal battles, without success, until the early 1850s, when he, too, disappears from history. It seems that his son, <mask>, returned to the world of brewing. The new town soon came to be known as Surbiton.This name had previously referred principally to the hamlet of Kingston parish spread out along what is now Surbiton Road. Streets and buildings were renamed to remove any reference to the Pooleys and their relatives. There is now a residential block in Surbiton called Thomas Pooley Court, but the real monument to the vision of this man is the group of elegant streets just north of the station, where some of his handsome houses survive. Gallery
Sources
These include:
June Sampson: All Change; Kingston, Surbiton & New Malden in the 19th century. (News Origin, Kingston, 1985, revd 1991). Richard Statham: Surbiton Past. (Phillimore, Chichester, 1996).Shaan Butters: The Book of Kingston. (Baron Birch, 1995). References and notes
People from Cornwall
Real estate and property developers
History of the Royal Borough of
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<mask> (born September 20, 1954) is an American businessman, engineer, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder of Broadcom Corporation, owner of the National Hockey League's Anaheim Ducks, and a prominent philanthropist in the Orange County, California community. He serves as chairman of the Board of Broadcom Inc. He is also a Professor (on leave of absence) in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at UCLA, and a Distinguished Adjunct Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at UC Irvine. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan. He is a named inventor in 75 U.S. patents. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS).He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 2003 for pioneering contributions to academic research and technology entrepreneurship in the broadband communications system-on-a-chip industry. In 2012 Samueli won the Marconi Prize and Fellowship for "pioneering advances in the development and commercialization of analog and mixed signal circuits for modern communication systems, in particular the cable modem. Net worth
As of February 2021, Forbes estimates <mask>'s net worth at $6.3 billion. Personal life
<mask> resides with his wife Susan in Newport Beach, California. Education
<mask>'s parents, Sala and Aron, were Polish-Jewish immigrants who survived the German Nazi occupation of Europe and arrived in the United States with almost nothing. Samueli stocked shelves in his family's Los Angeles liquor store and graduated from
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Bancroft Junior High School and Fairfax High School. Samueli became interested in electronics while building an AM/FM radio during a shop class at Bancroft.Samueli attended UCLA, where he received his bachelor's degree (1975), master's degree (1976), and Ph.D (1980), all in the field of electrical engineering. His Ph.D. advisor was Alan N. Willson Jr. and his Ph.D. dissertation is entitled "Nonperiodic forced overflow oscillations in digital filters." Broadcom origins
In 1991, while still working as a professor at UCLA, <mask> co-founded Broadcom Corporation with one of his Ph.D. students, <mask>. Each invested $5,000 and initially worked out of Nicholas' Redondo Beach home. They rented their first office in 1992 in Westwood, Los Angeles near the UCLA campus and moved to Irvine, CA in 1995 at which time <mask> took a leave of absence from UCLA to be at Broadcom full-time. Broadcom went public three years after that. <mask> still remains on leave from UCLA and he continues to be listed on the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department faculty roster.Anaheim Ducks ownership
In 2003, the Samuelis purchased the management contract for the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim sports and entertainment venue, creating Anaheim Arena Management, LLC, to oversee all operations of the arena, and in 2005 they purchased the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim National Hockey League (NHL) club, the arena's largest tenant, from the Walt Disney Company for $75 million. In 2006, the Samuelis announced the team's name change to the Anaheim Ducks and the arena's name change to Honda Center. In 2007 the Anaheim Ducks became the first California team ever to win the Stanley Cup championship. As of December 2016, <mask> serves on the executive
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committee of the NHL Board of Governors. In 2015 the Samuelis acquired ownership of the Ducks' American Hockey League affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals. They subsequently moved the franchise to San Diego as part of the AHL's western expansion that year and the team was re-branded as the fourth incarnation of the San Diego Gulls. In 2017 Forbes reported the Anaheim Ducks were worth $415 million.Philanthropy
After Broadcom went public in 1998 the Samueli Foundation was created. The foundation focuses its giving in the areas of education, health, youth services, and Jewish culture and values. In 2012 the Samuelis joined the Giving Pledge, initiated by Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates, whose members pledge the majority of their wealth to philanthropy. Given <mask>i's background in engineering and education, some of their earliest philanthropic gifts were in these areas. In 1999 the Samuelis made major donations to the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science and the UC Irvine School of Engineering, both of which have since been named after him. In 2009 <mask> was a founding director of the Broadcom Foundation, a 501c(3) corporate nonprofit, and he is the chair of this philanthropy that advances science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Broadcom Foundation sponsors the Broadcom MASTERS (Math, Applied Science, Technology and Engineering for Rising Stars) and the Broadcom MASTERS International, programs of Society for Science and the Public that inspire middle school students to continue math and science courses into high school in order to create pathways to STEM careers.Samueli was inspired by his own seventh grade experience of building a short wave radio from a Heathkit for innovation
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that he funded the Marconi/Samueli Award for Innovation with his Marconi Award. <mask> and Susan Samueli also sponsor the top prize, the $25,000 Samueli Foundation Prize in the Broadcom MASTERS. A major passion of Susan Samueli is in the areas of complementary and alternative medicine and integrative health and wellness. In 2001 the Samuelis established the Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine at UC Irvine. They have also supported the research of the John Wayne Cancer Institute in Santa Monica, California, in cancer prevention and treatment. In 2017, the Samuelis made a transformational $200 million gift to UC Irvine to create the Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, a first-of-its-kind College of Health Sciences focused on interdisciplinary integrative health. As part of the gift, the existing Susan Samueli Center for Integrative Medicine was elevated to become the Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute.Some of the other major naming gifts of the Samueli Foundation include the Samueli Theater at the Orange County Performing Arts Center in 2000, the Samueli Jewish Campus in Irvine, CA in 2001, the Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library at Chapman University in 2003, the Samueli Academy, a public Charter High School in Santa Ana, CA for community, underserved, and foster teens in 2013. In 2015, <mask> received a prize from the Israeli government for his global contribution to innovation and his contribution to innovation in Israel, at the "Innovex" conference for innovation in technology. <mask> was named a 2017 Fellow by the National Academy of Inventors. Election to NAI Fellow status is the highest professional accolade bestowed to academic inventors. To date, the
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Samuelis have committed over $500 million to philanthropic causes. In June 2019, UCLA announced a $100-million gift from Samueli and his wife, Susan. The gift will be used to expand the engineering school.Broadcom stock options & financial crimes investigation
During the technology boom in the 2000s, <mask> and Broadcom co-founder <mask>. Nicholas III awarded millions of stock options to attract and reward employees. Prosecutors alleged <mask> and Nicholas granted options to others, including some other top executives, but not themselves, to avoid having to report $2.2 billion in compensation costs to shareholders. In 2006 both the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice began investigating Broadcom Corporation for backdating of stock options. On May 15, 2008, <mask> resigned as chairman of the board and took a leave of absence as Chief Technology Officer after being named in a civil complaint by the SEC. On June 23, 2008, Samueli pleaded guilty for lying to SEC for $2.2 billion of backdating. Under the plea bargain, Samueli agreed to a sentence of five years probation, a $250,000 criminal fine, and a $12 million payment to the US Treasury. Prosecutors focused on the fact that Samueli denied under oath any role in making options grants to high-ranking executives.As part of his plea agreement, <mask> admitted the statement was false, and admitting to being part of the options-granting process. However, an internal Broadcom probe laid the majority of blame on CEO <mask> and CFO William Ruehle. On September 8, 2008, U.S. District Court Judge Cormac Carney rejected the plea deal that called for Samueli to receive probation, writing: "The court cannot accept a plea agreement that
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gives the impression that justice is for sale". 16 months later, on December 10, 2009, Judge Carney, after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses at the trial of CFO William Ruehle, dismissed the case against <mask> (as well as Ruehle and Nicholas), citing <mask>'s testimony as well as prosecutorial misconduct. In his ruling Judge Carney stated "The uncontroverted evidence at trial established that Dr. Samueli was a brilliant engineer and a man of incredible integrity. There was no evidence at trial to suggest that Dr. Samueli did anything wrong, let alone criminal. Yet, the government embarked on a campaign of intimidation and other misconduct to embarrass him and bring him down."He further added in his ruling "Needless to say, the government’s treatment of Dr. Samueli was shameful and contrary to American values of decency and justice." The judge ordered Dr. <mask>'s plea agreement to be "expunged" from his record and stated "Dr. Samueli now has a clean slate." Awards and Honors
2003, National Academy of Engineering
2004, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2006, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2018, U.S. News STEM Leadership Hall of Fame
2018, National Academy of Inventors
2020, Ellis Island Medal of Honor
2021, IEEE Founders Medal
References
External links
<mask> biography at the UCLA Department of Electrical Engineering
<mask> biography at the Samueli Foundation
The Samueli Foundation
1954 births
American billionaires
American communications businesspeople
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Anaheim Ducks executives
Giving Pledgers
21st-century philanthropists
Jewish American sportspeople
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of
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<mask> (born July 17, 1944) is an American theatrical producer, talent manager and press agent who has represented several stage productions, produced Grammy-winning record albums and managed singers including Anita O'Day, Hadda Brooks, Nellie Lutcher, Ruth Brown, Johnnie Ray and Yma Sumac. He is a cousin of California architect <mask> and nephew of writer <mask> and advertising executive/novelist <mask>. Early life and career
Born in Elmhurst, Queens, New York, United States, Eichler began his career in the mailroom as an apprentice to publicist Lee Solters in 1963, and worked his way up to account executive at Solters' firm Solters, O'Rourke and Sabinson. Following admission to the Association of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers union in 1969, he worked as publicist on productions of Hello, Dolly!, George M! and Hair. He also promoted several major off-Broadway hits including Paul Zindel's Pulitzer Prize-winning The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, the Elaine May-Terrence McNally double-bill "Adaptation/Next" with James Coco, Harold Pinter's The Tea Party and The Basement, the long-running rock musical Your Own Thing, Andre Gregory's experimental adaptation of Alice in Wonderland, and Tom Stoppard's The Real Inspector Hound. Eichler also represented several noteworthy "flops" during this period including Shelley Winters' only attempt at playwrighting, One Night Stands of a Noisy Passenger with Robert De Niro, Sally Kirkland and Diane Ladd; Tina Howe's The Nest with Jill Clayburgh; Leland Hayward's last production The Mother
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<mask> (born June 18, 1989) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays, San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. Born in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, <mask>'s family moved to Okinawa when he was seven and Edgewood, New Mexico in 2000. Although he had committed to play college baseball with the University of New Mexico, <mask> chose to sign a professional contract with the Rays after they selected him in the 2007 MLB draft. He set multiple strikeout records for the Rays' farm system before making his major league debut in 2011. <mask> spent two full seasons with the Rays before Tommy John surgery caused him to miss the 2014 season. He returned in 2015, and was traded to the Giants the following year.<mask> struggled with run control in his second season with the Giants, leading the National League in earned runs allowed, and was traded to the Rangers in the 2018 offseason. His earned run average (ERA) stayed high with the Rangers, and he was sent to the bullpen to focus on his technique. In 2019, the Tigers signed <mask> to a one-year contract, hoping for a rebound season, but he played only two games before suffering a season-ending knee injury. <mask> spent one year with the Japan Series-winning Hawks before returning to the US in 2021 to play with the Phillies. Early life
<mask> was born on June 18, 1989, in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. When he was seven years old, his family moved to Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, where his father was working on helicopters for the Air Force Special Operations Command. In 2000, <mask> and his family moved to Edgewood, New Mexico, where his older brother Bobby was set to begin high school.Both brothers attended Moriarty High
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School and would practice pitching at home, on a mound in their backyard. <mask> experienced a growth spurt between his sophomore and junior year of high school, which caught the attention of college recruiters and professional scouts. During his senior season, he helped take the Moriarty Pintos to a state runner-up title and was named Gatorade Player of the Year. <mask> had committed to play college baseball at the University of New Mexico, his brother's alma mater, before he was taken by the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the eighth round of the 2007 MLB Draft. Professional career
Minor leagues
After being drafted 245th overall, <mask> signed a $115,000 contract with the Rays in 2007. He debuted that year with the Rookie Princeton Rays at the age of 18. In his first minor league season, he had a 0–0 win–loss record, a 2.66 earned run average (ERA), and 29 strikeouts in 8 games and innings with the Rays.In 2008, he posted a 2–2 record, 1.66 ERA, and 77 strikeouts in innings. At the end of his first full season in 2008, <mask> was named a Baseball America Rookie All-Star. In 2009, <mask> was assigned to the Class A Bowling Green Hot Rods for their inaugural season. He was selected to start the first game in Hot Rods history. On June 8, 2009, <mask> was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Week after throwing seven shutout innings in a 10–2 win over the Asheville Tourists. He went 8–5 for the season with a 3.15 ERA in 26 starts, and led the league with 176 strikeouts in 123 innings. The following year, <mask> had a standout season with the Class A-Advanced Charlotte Stone Crabs.His 208 strikeouts in innings were the most in the Florida State League since Michael Cosgrove in 1971. Issues with pitch control, however, led to a 3.36 ERA and a 1.18 walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP). Mitch Lukevics, the Rays' director of
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minor-league operations, told FoxSports.com that, in both 2009 and 2010, <mask> was "off to a bad start, and the technique [was] not where it need[ed] to be", but he found his stride over the course of the season. <mask> started the 2011 season with the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits. On June 16, he pitched his first career no-hitter, and the first franchise no-hitter for the Biscuits, in an 8–0 victory against the Mobile BayBears. That July, he pitched an inning at the XM Futures Game, retiring all three batters he faced in 11 pitches that reached up to . Shortly afterwards, on July 22, he was promoted to the Triple-A Durham Bulls.He went 12–3 for the season, with a 1.92 ERA in 155 innings across 27 starts. <mask>'s 210 strikeouts were the most of any minor league player in Rays history, breaking his own record from the previous season, and made him the first minor league pitcher to record 200 or more strikeouts in back-to-back seasons. Tampa Bay Rays
<mask> was called up to the Rays on September 11, 2011, and made his MLB debut three days later, giving up a two-run home run to <mask> in the eighth inning of a 6–2 loss against the Baltimore Orioles. His performance recovered in time for his first major league start on September 22, becoming the first pitcher in MLB history to pitch 11 strikeouts in five innings or fewer against the New York Yankees. The Rays went on to win 15–8. <mask> was given the start in Game 1 of the 2011 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the Texas Rangers, pitching seven shutout innings in a 9–0 victory for the Rays. <mask> finished his first major league season with a 1–0 record and a 2.89 ERA in innings.On December 9, 2011, the Rays signed <mask> to a guaranteed five-year, $14 million contract. His signing was part of a trend within the Rays organization of offering long-term contracts to young pitchers, but his contract
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was the largest ever in both guaranteed dollars and potential earnings for any pitcher with less than two years of service time. <mask> began with the Rays in 2012 as part of a five-player starting rotation that also included James Shields, David Price, Jeremy Hellickson, and Jeff Niemann. On June 15, <mask> combined with relievers Burke Badenhop and Brandon Gomes to pitch a one-hit shutout against the Miami Marlins, winning 11–0 and breaking a three-game losing streak. The Rays gave away a bobblehead figure of <mask> on their July 22 game against the Seattle Mariners after the pitcher went 5–1 with a 3.94 ERA in eight starts in June and July. <mask> finished the season with an 11–11 record, a 3.81 ERA, and 175 strikeouts in 31 appearances and innings. Returning to the Rays in 2013, <mask> became the first left-handed American League (AL) pitcher to begin a season with an 8–0 record at age 23 or younger since Babe Ruth in 1917.After a strong beginning to the season, <mask> began to falter, going 0–3 with a 13.86 ERA in his next three starts. He recovered in time to be named to his first ever MLB All-Star Game as a replacement for Yu Darvish, who suffered a strained trapezius. At the time, <mask> was tied with Max Scherzer for the most wins in the AL with 13. He pitched for the AL in the fifth inning of the All-Star Game, striking out Carlos González, Yadier Molina, and Troy Tulowitzki in only nine pitches. <mask> left a July 28 game against the New York Yankees in the fifth inning with a sore left elbow, and was placed on the 15-day disabled list on July 31. He posted a 17–4 record and a 3.29 ERA that season in 27 appearances and innings. Elbow troubles followed <mask> into 2014.He exited the mound in the middle of an April 7 game against the Kansas City Royals, and realized after an afternoon throwing session that he could no longer pitch. <mask> underwent
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Tommy John surgery on April 22, 2014 to replace a partially torn ulnar collateral ligament, and was sidelined for the remainder of the season. In the 10 innings that he did pitch that season, <mask> was 0–2 and allowed three runs. <mask> began the 2015 season on the 60-day disabled list while recovering from surgery. He began pitching in June, making a series of minor-league rehab assignments for Durham. On June 28, 2015, rookie <mask> was optioned to Durham, presumably to make room in the rotation for <mask>. He returned to the Rays on July 2, 2015, giving up six hits and four runs in innings against the Cleveland Indians.He struggled in his first six starts, posting an 8.78 ERA and never pitching past the fifth inning, and was optioned to Durham to focus on improvement. There, <mask> recorded a 3.57 ERA in innings. On August 23, he struck out 16 Columbus Clippers batters, setting a franchise single-game record. He was called back up to the Rays on September 2, and finished the season with a 3–4 record and a 5.43 ERA in 12 starts and 63 innings. Going into the 2016 MLB season, <mask> was given the start for the Rays' exhibition game against the Cuban national team. The Rays won 4–1 in the first visit by an MLB team to Cuba since 1999, and Barack Obama, who was in attendance, was given one of <mask>'s gloves. He seemed to return to pre-surgery form in the early part of the season, striking out 27.1 percent of the batters he faced in April.His curveball, in particular, resulted in only five hits in 105 pitches. In 21 starts and 130 innings with the Rays in 2016, <mask> was 7–7 with a 4.08 ERA. San Francisco Giants
On August 1, 2016, the Rays traded <mask> to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for third baseman <mask> and prospects Lucius Fox and Michael Santos. After reports emerged that <mask> would be wearing 55 with the Giants, a number that had
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