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leadership inspired the team to qualify for 2016's major international rugby league competition and win the European Cup for the first ever time. Later in the year, his performances made him the clear winner for the 'Prince of Scots' award as the best player to play in the Bravehearts' jersey that year. Again in October and November 2015, <mask> decided to play for Scotland instead of taking a long off-season break and was therefore named as the captain of the Bravehearts in their 2015 European Cup campaign. Five months before the 2016 Four Nations, Scotland announced <mask> would captain the Bravehearts in their first tournament (other than the World Cup) against the 'big 3' international teams. In 2017 <mask> captained Scotland's squad in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup.He played in the matches against Tonga and New Zealand, but was then released from the squad and sent home before their final group match, after being deemed too drunk to board a flight in Christchurch. References
External links
Wakefield Trinity profile
Huddersfield Giants profile
SL profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Wakefield Trinity Wildcats profile
Players to watch - <mask> (Scotland)
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com
Statistics at rlwc2017.com
1983 births
Living people
Anglo-Scots
Bradford Bulls players
Castleford Tigers players
Dewsbury Rams players
English rugby league players
English people of Scottish descent
England national rugby league team players
Huddersfield Giants captains
Huddersfield Giants players
Hull F.C. players
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Dewsbury
Scotland national rugby league team captains
Scotland national rugby league team players
Wakefield Trinity players
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<mask> (born April 14, 1966) is an American college baseball coach and former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher. He is the pitching coach at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Maddux is best known for his accomplishments while playing for the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs. With the Braves, he won the 1995 World Series over the Cleveland Indians. The first to achieve a number of feats and records, he was the first pitcher in major league history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive years (1992–1995), matched by only one other pitcher, Randy Johnson. During those four seasons, Maddux had a 75–29 record with a 1.98 earned run average (ERA), while allowing less than one baserunner per inning. <mask> is the only pitcher in MLB history to win at least 15 games for 17 straight seasons.In addition, he holds the record for most Gold Gloves with 18, and most putouts by a pitcher with 546, including a tied live-ball-era record of 39 putouts in a season (1990, 1991, 1993). A superb control pitcher, Maddux won more games during the 1990s than any other pitcher and is 8th on the all-time career wins list with 355. Since the start of the post-1920 live-ball era, only Warren Spahn (363) recorded more career wins than <mask>. Maddux also has the most wins among pitchers who made their debuts after World War II. He is one of only ten pitchers ever to achieve both 300 wins and 3,000 strikeouts, and is the only pitcher to record more than 300 wins, more than 3,000 strikeouts, and fewer than 1,000 walks
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Maddux, their father, Dave, told them, "You will be back later for the little one." Some baseball scouts were unimpressed by Maddux's skinny build, but Chicago Cubs scout Doug Mapson saw past the physique.Mapson wrote a glowing review that read in part, "I really believe this boy would be the number one player in the country if only he looked a bit more physical." Professional career
Chicago Cubs (1986–1992)
Maddux was drafted in the second round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft by the Cubs, and made his major league debut on September 3, 1986, the conclusion of the September 2 game which had been postponed due to darkness (lights were not installed at Wrigley Field until 1988). At the time, Maddux was the youngest player in the majors. His first appearance in a major league game was as a pinch runner (for catcher Jody Davis) in the 17th inning against the Houston Astros. Maddux then pitched in the 18th inning, allowing a home run to Billy Hatcher and taking the loss. His first start, five days later, was a complete game win. In his fifth and final start of 1986, Maddux defeated his older brother, who was pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies, marking the first time rookie brothers had pitched against each other.<mask> was well used to his younger brother's competitive spirit, saying of their youth, "If <mask> couldn't win, he didn't want to play, plain and simple." In 1987, his first full season in the majors, Maddux struggled to a 6–14 record and 5.61 ERA, but he flourished in 1988,
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20 consecutive seasons with at least 10 wins and placing him second on the list for most 10-win seasons, tied with Nolan Ryan and behind Don Sutton, who has 21. Also in 2007, Maddux reached 13 wins for the 20th consecutive season, passing Cy Young for that major league record. He finished the season with a career total 347 wins. Maddux won a record 17th Gold Glove award in 2007, surpassing the record held by Brooks Robinson. On May 10, 2008, Maddux won his 350th game.Also in 2008, he became the oldest pitcher to steal a base at 42, incidentally against the Braves. Second stint with the Los Angeles Dodgers (2008)
<mask> was traded back to the Los Angeles Dodgers on August 19 for two players to be named later or cash considerations by the San Diego Padres. His return to Los Angeles was unlike his debut, though, as he allowed 7 earned runs on 9 hits while taking a loss against the Philadelphia Phillies. Maddux pitched his 5,000th career inning against the San Francisco Giants on September 19. On September 27, in his final start of the season, he won his 355th game, moving him ahead of Roger Clemens into 8th place in all-time wins. Maddux ranks tenth in career strikeouts with 3,371. His strikeout total is balanced against 999 walks.For the 2008 season, he posted an 8–13 record. His 1.4 walks per 9 innings pitched were the best in the majors. After the Dodgers won the National League West, <mask> was moved to the bullpen after manager Joe Torre decided to go with a three-man rotation. Maddux pitched
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four innings of relief during the series (which the Dodgers lost), allowing no runs. Maddux was noted for his ability to warm up quickly. Maddux received his 18th Gold Glove Award in November 2008, extending his own major league record. A month later, he announced his retirement.Post-playing career
On January 11, 2010, Maddux was hired by the Chicago Cubs as an assistant to General Manager Jim Hendry. In his return to Chicago, his focus was on developing pitchers' styles and techniques throughout the organization, including minor league affiliates. For the 2012 season Maddux left his position with the Cubs and joined the Texas Rangers organization, where his brother Mike was the pitching coach. He was announced as the pitching coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. On February 2, 2016, he was hired by the Dodgers as a special assistant to the President of Baseball Operations, Andrew Friedman. On July 6, 2016, Maddux was hired as an assistant baseball coach for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. For 4 years, he served as the pitching coach.<mask>'s son, Chase, is a pitcher for the Rebels. Pitching style
Maddux relied on his command, composure, and guile to outwit hitters. Though his fastball touched 93 mph in his early years, his velocity steadily declined throughout his career, and was never his principal focus as a pitcher. By the end of his career, his fastball averaged less than 86 mph. Maddux was also noted for the late movement on his sinker (two-seam fastball), which,
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League Baseball All-Century Team. However, when TSN updated their list in 2005, Maddux had fallen to number 51. The Cubs retired jersey number 31 on May 3, 2009, in honor of Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins. The Atlanta Braves retired Maddux's number 31, on July 17, 2009. "I get asked all the time was he the best pitcher I ever saw. Was he the smartest pitcher I ever saw? The most competitive I ever saw?The best teammate I ever saw? The answer is yes to all of those", said Braves manager Bobby Cox at the banquet to induct Maddux into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame at the Omni Hotel in Atlanta on July 17, 2009. On January 8, 2014, Maddux was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. The pitcher later announced that he would not have a team logo on his plaque, citing his history with the Atlanta Braves and Chicago Cubs: "It's impossible for me to choose one of those teams ... as the fans of both clubs in each of those cities were so wonderful", Maddux said. Personal life
Maddux was born on April 14, 1966, the same day as former Braves teammate David Justice, and shares a birthday with former teammate Steve Avery. He is married to Kathy; the couple has two children; a daughter, Paige Maddux (born December 9, 1993), and a son, Chase Maddux (born April 19, 1997). In 2002, in the episode "Take Me out of the Ballgame", of the TV series Do Over, the main character lost a baseball game to a young <mask>x, who was played by Shad Hart.The song "Movement and Location" from the Punch Brothers album Who's Feeling Young
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Now?'' was written about Maddux. See also
Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders
Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders
List of Atlanta Braves team records
List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders
List of Major League Baseball individual streaks
List of Major League Baseball career batters faced leaders
List of Major League Baseball career games started leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders
List of Major League Baseball career innings pitched leaders
List of Major League Baseball career losses leaders
List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher leaders
List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders
Major League Baseball titles leaders
Major League Baseball titles streaks
References
External links
<mask>x at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
1966 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
American sportsmen
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball coaches from Texas
Baseball players from Texas
Chicago Cubs players
Cy Young Award winners
Gold Glove Award winners
Iowa Cubs players
Los Angeles Dodgers executives
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League ERA champions
National League wins champions
People from San Angelo, Texas
People from the Las Vegas Valley
Peoria Chiefs players
Pikeville Cubs players
Pittsfield Cubs players
San Diego Padres players
United States
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<mask> (April 19, 1917 – November 8, 2008) was an American nurse, former Dean of Yale School of Nursing, and largely credited as "the mother of the American hospice movement". She led the founding of Connecticut Hospice, the first hospice program in the United States. Late in life, <mask> became interested in the provision of hospice care within prisons. In 1998, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Biography
Early life
<mask> was born as <mask> in New York City on April 19, 1917. Due to a chronic respiratory ailment, she spent several months as a child in a hospital. This hospitalization experience led her to pursue a career in nursing.<mask> received a B.A. from Mount Holyoke College in 1938 and an M.N. from Yale School of Nursing in 1941. After World War II, she became a staff nurse with the Visiting Nurse Service of New York, a research assistant at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was an instructor at the Rutgers University school of nursing. She received a second master's degree from Yale University in mental health nursing in 1956 and became an instructor at the school's nursing program. She became Dean of Yale School of Nursing in 1959, after being named to the position on an acting basis the previous year. A short time later, she reconnected with <mask>, whom she met initially while she was conducting a study with the United States Army Signal Corps.The couple married later that year. Hospice movement
<mask>'s interest in the care of the terminally ill was piqued in 1963 when she attended a lecture at Yale University presented by the English physician Cicely Saunders, an innovator in the field who later created St. Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built hospice. Dr. Saunders spoke that day about her methods of using palliative care for terminally ill cancer patients, with the intention of allowing those in the latest stages of their disease to focus on their personal relationships and prepare themselves for death. An "indelible impression" was made by Dr. Saunders, with <mask> noting that "until then I had thought nurses were the only people troubled
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by how a terminal illness was treated". Following the Saunders lecture, <mask> worked to update the nursing school's curriculum to encourage students to focus on the patient and their family, and to keep all of them involved in the patient's care. She left her position as dean in 1966, with plans to develop a hospice in the United States similar to the one Saunders was developing in England. Though she stepped down as dean, <mask> retained a faculty position as a research associate and as a member of the clinical nursing faculty, and was promoted to a full professor there in 1980.Despite the financial impact on their family, she continued her goal of building a program and visited England twice with her husband to visit Dr. Saunders. St. Christopher's Hospice opened in 1967; <mask> worked there for a month in 1969. Her husband left his engineering firm and enrolled at Columbia University in 1971 with a major in hospital planning. It was his master's degree thesis that provided the framework for the Connecticut Hospice. <mask> conducted a two-year research program studying how terminally ill patients fared at home or in a healthcare facility, and tracked how patients and their families felt throughout the process. After returning to the United States, she organized a team of doctors, clergy and nurses to investigate the needs of dying patients. In 1974, she, along with two pediatricians and a Yale medical center chaplain, founded the first hospice in the United States at the Connecticut Hospice, located in Branford, Connecticut.Initially the program provided home care, and had its first inpatient location in 1980, a 44-bed facility in Branford. Disagreements had been brewing within the board about her vision for the hospice program, and she was forced to resign shortly after its opening. Other hospice programs were created building on <mask>'s innovation at Branford. By 1980, Medicaid began to pay for care provided at a hospice, which led to a sharp rise in such facilities. By the time of her death in 2008, there were more than 3,000 hospice programs in the United States, serving some 900,000 patients annually. Later life
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into her 80s, <mask> traveled to prisons in Connecticut performing a research project on behalf of the National Prison Hospice Association, an organization founded in 1991 and based in Boulder, Colorado. <mask> served on the organization's board of directors.<mask> worked on considering ways to make hospice care available to those incarcerated in the prison system, including training inmates to become hospice volunteers for dying inmates or arranging for outside hospice care for inmates granted compassionate leave given their medical condition. <mask> noted that training prisoners to provide such care would assist the terminally ill and help rehabilitate the volunteers at almost no cost to the prisons. She was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1996 from Yale University, <mask> was introduced as "the mother of the American hospice movement". Speaking of her interest in prison hospice care in 1998, <mask> said, "People on the outside don’t understand this world at all. Most people in prison have had a rough time in life and haven’t had any kind of education in how to take care of their health. There is the shame factor, the feeling that dying in prison is the ultimate failure." <mask> died at age 91 on November 8, 2008 at her home in Branford, Connecticut.See also
List of Living Legends of the American Academy of Nursing
References
Sources
Friedrich, M.J. (1999) "Hospice Care in the United States: A Conversation With <mask>. <mask>". JAMA. 281: 1683–1685. History and contributions of Yale School of Nursing
Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame
The Hospice Experiment
Florence and Henry Wald Papers (MS 1659). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1917 births
2008 deaths
Scarsdale High School alumni
American nursing administrators
Mount Holyoke College alumni
Yale University alumni
Educators from New York City
People from Scarsdale, New York
20th-century American Jews
Nursing school deans
Yale University faculty
Yale University administrators
Rutgers University faculty
Nursing educators
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
American women academics
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American
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Jeremy Webster "<mask>" <mask> (born 17 February 1949) is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer, and improvisor. Probably best known for his guitar work, <mask> first came to attention as one of the founding members of the English avant-rock group Henry Cow. He was also a member of the groups Art Bears, Massacre, and Skeleton Crew. He has collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, the Residents, Lol Coxhill, John Zorn, Brian Eno, Mike Patton, Lars Hollmer, Bill Laswell, Iva Bittová, Jad Fair, Kramer, the ARTE Quartett, and Bob Ostertag. He has also composed several long works, including Traffic Continues (1996, performed 1998 by Frith and Ensemble Modern) and Freedom in Fragments (1993, performed 1999 by Rova Saxophone Quartet). Frith produces most of his own music, and has also produced many albums by other musicians, including Curlew, the Muffins, Etron Fou Leloublan, and Orthotonics. He is the subject of Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel's 1990 documentary Step Across the Border.<mask> also appears in the Canadian documentary Act of God, which is about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning. He has contributed to a number of music publications, including New Musical Express and Trouser Press, and has conducted improvising workshops across the world. His career spans over four decades and he appears on over 400 albums, and he still performs actively throughout the world. <mask> was awarded the 2008 Demetrio Stratos Prize for his career achievements in experimental music. The prize was established in 2005 in honour of experimental vocalist Demetrio Stratos, of the Italian group Area, who died in 1979. In 2010 <mask>
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received an honorary doctorate from the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire, England, in recognition of his contribution to music. <mask> was Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills College in Oakland, California, until his retirement in 2018.He is the brother of <mask>, a music critic and sociologist, and <mask>, a psychologist at University College London. Musical career
<mask> was born in Heathfield in East Sussex, England into a family where music was considered an essential part of life. He was given the nickname "<mask>" at school after the motorcycle road racer <mask>. <mask> started violin lessons at the age of five and became a member of his school orchestra, but at 13 switched to guitar after watching a group imitating a popular instrumental band at the time, the Shadows. He decided to learn how to play guitar and get into a band. <mask> taught himself guitar from a book of guitar chords and soon found himself in a school group called the Chaperones, playing Shadows and Beatles covers. However, when he started hearing blues music from the likes of Snooks Eaglin and Alexis Korner it changed his whole approach to the guitar, and by the time he was 15, the Chaperones had become a blues band.<mask>'s first public performances were in 1967 in folk clubs in northern England, where he sang and played traditional and blues songs. Besides the blues, <mask> started listening to any music that had guitar in it, including folk, classical, ragtime, and flamenco. He also listened to Indian, Japanese, and Balinese music and was particularly drawn to East European music after a Yugoslav schoolfriend taught him folk tunes from his home. <mask> went to Cambridge
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University in 1967, where his musical horizons were expanded further by the philosophies of John Cage and Frank Zappa's manipulation of rock music. <mask> graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge, with a BA (English literature) in 1970 (and by Cambridge custom received a pro forma MA in 1974), but the real significance of Cambridge for him was that the seminal avant-rock group Henry Cow formed there. Henry Cow
<mask> met Tim Hodgkinson, a fellow student, in a blues club at Cambridge University in 1968. "We'd never met before, and he had an alto sax, and I had my violin, and we just improvised this ghastly screaming noise for about half an hour."Something clicked and, recognizing their mutual open-minded approach to music, <mask> and Hodgkinson formed a band there and then. They called it Henry Cow and they remained with the band until its demise in 1978. In the early 1970s <mask>'s grey Morris Minor sported the band's heraldic logo, much to the amusement of boys at the grammar school in York where his father was headmaster. <mask> composed a number of the band's notable pieces, including "Nirvana for Mice" and "Ruins". While guitar was his principal instrument, he also played violin (drawing on his classical training), bass guitar, piano, and xylophone. In November 1973, <mask> (and other members of Henry Cow) participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells for the BBC. It is available on Oldfield's Elements DVD.Guitar Solos
After Henry Cow's first album, <mask> released Guitar Solos in 1974, his first solo album and a glimpse at what he had been doing with his guitar. The album comprised eight tracks of unaccompanied and improvised music
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played on prepared guitars. It was recorded in four days, at the Kaleidophon Studios in London's Camden Town, without any overdubbing. When it was released, Guitar Solos was considered a landmark album because of its innovative and experimental approach to guitar playing. The January 1983 edition of DownBeat magazine remarked that Guitar Solos "... must have stunned listeners of the day. Even today that album stands up as uniquely innovative and undeniably daring." It also attracted the attention of some "famous" musicians, including Brian Eno, resulting in <mask> playing guitar on two of Eno's albums, Before and After Science (1977) and Music for Films (1978).Between October and December 1974, <mask> contributed a series of ten articles to the British weekly music newspaper New Musical Express entitled "Great Rock Solos of Our Time". In them he analysed prominent rock guitarists of the day and their contribution to the development of the rock guitar, including Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Frank Zappa. Post-Henry Cow
While recording Henry Cow's last album, differences emerged between the group members over the album's content. <mask> and Chris Cutler favoured song-oriented material, while Hodgkinson and Lindsay Cooper wanted purely instrumental compositions. As a compromise, <mask> and Cutler agreed, early in 1978, to release the songs already created on their own album, Hopes and Fears, under the name Art Bears (with Dagmar Krause). The instrumental material was recorded by Henry Cow on Western Culture later that year, after which the band split. The Art Bears trio continued purely as a studio group until 1981, releasing two more albums, Winter Songs in 1979 and The World as It
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Is Today in 1981.During this time <mask> also released Gravity (1980), his second solo album, recorded at Norrgården Nyvla in Uppsala, Sweden with Swedish group Samla Mammas Manna, and at the Catch-a-Buzz studio in Rockville, Maryland with United States band The Muffins. It showed <mask> breaking free from the highly structured and orchestrated music of Henry Cow and experimenting with folk and dance music. "Norrgården Nyvla" was also the title of one of the tracks on the album and is considered one of <mask>'s most recognisable tunes. New York
Towards the end of 1979, <mask> relocated to New York City, where he immediately hooked up with the local avant-garde/downtown music scene. The impact on him was uplifting: "... New York was a profoundly liberating experience for me; for the first time I felt that I could be myself and not try to live up to what I imagined people were thinking about me." Frith met and began recording with a number of musicians and groups, including Henry Kaiser (With Friends Like These, Who Needs Enemies? ), Bob Ostertag (Getting a Head, Voice of America), Tom Cora, Eugene Chadbourne, Zeena Parkins, Ikue Mori, the Residents, Material, the Golden Palominos, and Curlew.He spent some 14 years in New York, during which time he joined a few bands, including John Zorn's Naked City (in which <mask> Kaiser Thompson (consisting of John French, <mask>, Henry Kaiser and Richard Thompson). <mask> also started three bands himself, namely Massacre, Skeleton Crew, and Keep the Dog. Massacre was formed in 1980 with bassist Bill Laswell and drummer <mask>. A high energy experimental rock band, they toured the United States and Europe in 1980 and 1981, and released one
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album, Killing Time (1981), recorded at Martin Bisi's later-to-be historic studio in Brooklyn. Massacre split in 1981 when Maher left, but later reformed again in 1998 when drummer Charles Hayward joined. The new Massacre released three more albums. Skeleton Crew, a collaboration with Tom Cora from 1982 to 1986, was an experimental group noted for its live improvisations where Frith (guitar, violin, keyboards, drums) and Cora (cello, bass guitar, homemade drums and contraptions) played a number of instruments simultaneously.They performed extensively across Europe, North America and Japan and released Learn to Talk in 1984. Zeena Parkins (electric harp and keyboards) joined in 1984 and the trio released The Country of Blinds in 1986. In October 1983 Skeleton Crew joined Duck and Cover, a commission from the Berlin Jazz Festival, for a performance in West Berlin, followed by another in February 1984 in East Berlin. <mask> formed Keep the Dog in 1989, a sextet and review band for performing selections of his extensive repertoire of compositions from the previous 15 years. The lineup was <mask> (guitar, violin, bass guitar), René Lussier (guitar, bass guitar), Jean Derome (winds), Zeena Parkins (piano, synthesizer, harp, accordion), Bob Ostertag (sampling keyboard), and Kevin Norton (drums, percussion). Later Charles Hayward replaced Norton on drums. The group existed until mid-1991, performing live in Europe, North America and the former Soviet Union.A double CD, That House We Lived In, from their final performances in Austria, Germany and Italy in May and June 1991, was released in 2003. Other projects
During the 1980s, <mask> began writing music for dance, film, and theatre, and a
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number of his solo albums from this time reflect this genre, including The Technology of Tears (And Other Music for Dance and Theatre) (1988), Middle of the Moment (1995), Allies (Music for Dance, Volume 2) (1996), and Rivers and Tides (2003). Exploring new forms of composition, <mask> also experimented with chance or accidental compositions, often created by building music around "found sounds" and field recordings, examples of which can be found on Accidental (Music for Dance, Volume 3) (2002) and Prints: Snapshots, Postcards, Messages and Miniatures, 1987–2001 (2002). As a composer, <mask> began composing works for other musicians and groups in the late 1980s, including the Rova Saxophone Quartet, Ensemble Modern, and Arditti Quartet. In the late 1990s, <mask> established his own Fred Frith Guitar Quartet consisting of <mask>, René Lussier, Nick Didkovsky, and Mark Stewart. Their guitar music, varying from "tuneful and pretty, to noisy, aggressive and quite challenging", appears on two albums, Ayaya Moses (1997) and Upbeat (1999), both on Lussier's own Ambiances Magnétiques label. The ex-Henry Cow members have always maintained close contact with each other and <mask> still collaborates with many of them, including Chris Cutler, Tim Hodgkinson, and Lindsay Cooper.Cutler and <mask> have been touring Europe, Asia, and the Americas since 1978, and have given dozens of duo performances. Three albums from some of these concerts have been released by Recommended Records. In December 2006, Cutler, <mask>, and Hodgkinson performed together at the Stone in New York City, their first concert performance since Henry Cow's demise in 1978. In 1995 <mask> moved to Stuttgart in Germany to
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live with his wife, German photographer Heike Liss, and their children Finn and Lucia. Between 1994 and 1996, <mask> was Composer-in-Residence at L'Ecole Nationale de Musique in Villeurbanne, France. <mask> relocated to the United States in 1997 to become Composer-in-Residence at Mills College in Oakland, California. In 1999 he was appointed the Luther B. Marchant Professor of Composition in the Music Department at Mills, where he taught composition, contemporary performance and improvisation.He is currently Professor Emeritus of Music at Mills, after having retired in 2018. While <mask> had never studied music in college, <mask>'s credentials of over forty years of continuous practice and self-discovery got him the position. He has, however, maintained that "most of my students are better qualified to teach composition than I am," and that he learns as much from them as they learn from him. In March 1997 <mask> formed the electro-acoustic improvisation and experimental trio Maybe Monday with saxophonist Larry Ochs from Rova Saxophone Quartet and koto player Miya Masaoka. Between 1997 and 2008, they toured the United States, Canada, and Europe, and released three albums. In March 2008, <mask> formed Cosa Brava, an experimental rock and improvisation quintet with Zeena Parkins from Skeleton Crew and Keep the Dog, Carla Kihlstedt and Matthias Bossi from Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, and the Norman Conquest. They toured Europe in April 2008, and performed at the 25th Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada, the following month.In 2013 <mask> formed the <mask> Trio in Oakland, California, an improvising group with bassist Jason Hoopes
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and drummer/percussionist Jordan Glenn, both from the Oakland experimental song group Jack O' The Clock. The Trio toured Europe in February 2015, recorded a studio album, Another Day in Fucking Paradise, in January 2016, and toured Europe again in February 2017. The album was well received by music critics. In January 2018 the trio recorded their second album, Closer to the Ground, which was released in September 2018. Frith has also collaborated with a number of prominent musicians, including Robert Wyatt, Derek Bailey, Lol Coxhill, Lars Hollmer, and the Scottish deaf percussionist Dame Evelyn Glennie. Step Across the Border
Step Across the Border is a 1990 documentary film on <mask>, written and directed by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel, and released in Germany and Switzerland. It was filmed in Japan, Europe, and the United States, and also features musicians René Lussier, Iva Bittová, Tom Cora, Tim Hodgkinson, Bob Ostertag, and John Zorn.Fred Records
In 2002, <mask> created his own record label, Fred Records, an imprint of Recommended Records, to re-release his back catalogue of recordings and previously unreleased material. Personal life
During the early years of Henry Cow, <mask> was married to Liza White, a teacher in Cambridge. They wed in 1970, but divorced in 1974 after <mask>'s commitment to the band left little private life for the couple. In the early- to mid-1980s, after Henry Cow had split up and <mask> had moved to New York City, he was married to Tina Curran, a musician and artist. She played bass guitar on several tracks on <mask>'s albums at the time, and did the photography and artwork for a number of his albums during that period. In the early 1990s Frith
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married German photographer and performance artist, Heike Liss. She has done the artwork for many of <mask>'s albums, and has performed with him on several occasions.They lived in Germany in the mid-1990s, then moved to California where <mask> taught at Mills College until his retirement in 2018. Musical style and instruments
Guitars and playing technique
<mask> has used a number of different guitars, including homemade instruments, over the years, depending on the type of music he is playing. For the more structured and refined music he has often used a Gibson ES-345, for example on his solo album, Gravity. For the heavier "rock" sound, as in Massacre, he has used an old 1961 solid body Burns guitar, created by the British craftsman Jim Burns. On his landmark Guitar Solos album, <mask> used a modified 1936 Gibson K-11 guitar (q.v. for details). For <mask>'s early unstructured music, as with Henry Kaiser on With Friends Like These, and his early table-top guitar solo performances, he used a homemade six- and eight-string double-neck guitar created by a friend, Charles Fletcher.<mask> told DownBeat magazine in 1983: "It was the one and only guitar that he ever built ... he constructed it mainly out of old pieces from other guitars that I had, and for the body I think he used an old door." The possibilities offered by homemade instruments prompted <mask> to start creating his own guitars, basically slabs of wood on which he mounted a pickup, a bridge, and strings stretched over metal screws. "The basic design of the instrument is supposed to be as rudimentary and flexible as possible," <mask> said, "so I can use an electric drill to bore holes into the body of it to achieve certain
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sounds ... ."
<mask> uses a variety of implements to play guitar, from traditional guitar picks to violin bows, drum sticks, egg beaters, paint brushes, lengths of metal chain, and other found objects. <mask> remarked: "It's more to do with my interest in found objects and the use of certain kinds of textures which have an effect on the string ... the difference between the touch of stone, the touch of glass, the touch of wood, the touch of paper – those kinds of basic elements that you're using against the surface of the strings which produce different sounds." In a typical solo improvising concert, <mask> would lay a couple of his homemade guitars flat on a table and play them with a collection of found objects (varying from concert to concert). He would drop objects, like ball bearings, dried beans, and rice on the strings while stroking, scraping, and hitting them with whatever was on hand. Later he added a live sampler to his on-stage equipment, which he controlled with pedals.The sampler enabled him to dynamically capture and loop guitar sounds, over which he would capture and loop new sounds, and so on, until he had a bed of repeated patterns on top of which he would then begin his solo performance. Effects and amplification
Effect pedals
Pro Co RAT distortion
Boss FV-50L volume foot controller
Boss RC20-XL delay
DigiTech Whammy 4
Line 6 DL4 delay
EBow
Electroharmonix POG
Amplification
Fender Amplifiers
Compositions
Since the late 1980s, <mask> has composed a number of longer works. The following is a selection (years indicating time of composition). The As Usual Dance Towards the Other Flight to What is Not (1989) – for four electric guitars
Helter Skelter (1990) – for
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two sopranos, contralto, and a large electric ensemble
Stick Figures (1990) – for six guitars and two players
Lelekovice (1991) – (for Iva Bittová) string quartet no. Documentaries
1990 Step Across the Border – a documentary on Frith by Nicolas Humbert and Werner Penzel
1991 Streetwise – by Charles Castella about Frith's work in Marseille with "unemployed rock musicians"
2000 Le voyage immobile – about Frith's trio with Louis Sclavis and Jean-Pierre Drouet for France 3 national TV
2004 Touch the Sound – by Thomas Riedelsheimer about Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie and her collaboration with Frith
2007 Attwenger Adventure – on Austrian folk-punk duo Attwenger by Markus Kaiser-Mühlecke, with special appearances by <mask> rehearsing and performing live with Attwenger and Wolfgang "I-Wolf" Schlögl at Music Unlimited XX. in Wels, Austria. 2009 Act of God – by Jennifer Baichwal about the metaphysical effects of being struck by lightning, with music by Frith and others, and a segment showing Frith conducting an experiment to measure the effect of improvisation on brain waves
References
Works cited
External links
<mask>Frith.com Official homepage.<mask> biography FredFrith.com archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. <mask> biography Calyx: The Canterbury Website. <mask> interview BBC Music archive at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Stage Effects Setup. All About Jazz. <mask> discography – archived 19 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
<mask> interview at allaboutjazz.com
<mask>, An Interview with the editors, Sensitive Skin magazine No. 9, published December 2012
1949 births
Living people
20th-century British composers
21st-century composers
English rock
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<mask> (born October 3, 1985) is an American former professional basketball player. He was drafted by the Orlando Magic with the 22nd overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft. He played college basketball at Western Kentucky University. Early life
<mask> was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. High school career
<mask> attended Pike High School in Indianapolis and played on their Indiana 4A state championship winning team in 2003. He starred for the Indy Hornet's AAU team, winning several state championships and annually placing high at the AAU nationals. Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was listed as the No.34 shooting guard in the nation in 2004. College career
In 2004, <mask> was recruited by former Western Kentucky assistant coach William Small to play for the Hilltoppers. In his first season, <mask> set a WKU record for freshman scoring with 461 points in 31 games. He was named First Team All-Sun Belt Conference for three consecutive seasons (2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08). As a senior at WKU, <mask> was named Sun Belt Player of the Year. He also helped lead the Hilltoppers to a Sweet 16 appearance in the 2008 NCAA Tournament while being ranked 28th nationally in scoring with 20.4 points per game. On January 27, 2008, <mask> recorded a career high 33 points in a 77–68 win over Arkansas State.<mask> finished his collegiate career tied with Jim McDaniels for all-time leading scorer at WKU, with 2,238 points. During his four-year career at WKU, he started 127 games, played an overall 3,957 minutes, made 82% of free throws, made 245 three-point
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shots, had 242 steals, 281 assists and 78 blocked shots. On January 10, 2015, it was announced that <mask>'s jersey would be retired by the Hilltoppers. <mask>'s tattoo on his arm reads "R.I.P. Danny Rumph" dedicated to his WKU teammate who died in May 2005 from an enlarged heart after hitting a game winning shot in a pick-up game in his hometown, Philadelphia. Professional career
Orlando Magic (2008–2009)
<mask> was drafted 22nd overall by the Orlando Magic in the 2008 NBA draft. On February 4, 2009, <mask> posted season-high numbers against the Los Angeles Clippers.He finished the night with 21 points, including 9-of-10 field goals while making three 3-pointers. Then on March 23, 2009 in a game against the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden, <mask> set a then-career high with 22 points. He made two critical free throws late in the fourth quarter to secure a comeback win for the Magic. <mask> finished 6–8 from the field, 2–3 from behind the three-point line, and 8–8 from the free throw line. During the Magic's first round NBA playoff series against the Philadelphia 76ers, <mask> scored 18 points in game 1 and a team-high 24 points in game 2, helping the team tie the series at 1–1. On April 28, 2009 <mask> was hit in the face by Dwight Howard during Game 5 of the Magic's first round playoff series, suffering a fractured sinus. The following day it was announced that he would miss Game 6 of the series due to the injury.He then returned for the second round matchup against the Boston Celtics but he was forced to wear a protective mask over his
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face for the remainder of the postseason. In Game 2 of the 2009 NBA Finals, <mask> missed a potential game-winning layup with 0.6 seconds remaining on the shot-clock at the end of regulation that would have evened the series at 1-1. New Jersey Nets (2009–2010)
After spending his rookie year with the Orlando Magic, <mask> was traded on June 25, 2009, along with Rafer Alston and Tony Battie, to the New Jersey Nets for future teammate Vince Carter and Ryan Anderson. During the 2009–10 season, <mask> led the Nets in steals (93), three-point shots made (76), and free throw percentage (86.9%). On March 8, 2010, he recorded a career high 30 points in a 107–101 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. Houston Rockets (2010–2012)
On August 11, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Houston Rockets in a four-team, five-player trade in which the Rockets sent Trevor Ariza to the New Orleans Hornets. He was officially introduced by the Rockets on August 18, 2010.Boston Celtics (2012–2014)
On July 20, 2012, <mask> was traded to the Boston Celtics in a three team sign and trade deal involving the Houston Rockets and Portland Trail Blazers. <mask> agreed to a 4-year, $21.5 million deal with Boston. He had a fine start to the 2013–14 season hitting around 50 percent of his 3-point attempts under new coach Brad Stevens. Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2016)
On January 7, 2014, a three-team trade was completed between the Celtics, the Memphis Grizzlies, and the Oklahoma City Thunder. Boston traded <mask> and a 2016 second round draft pick to Memphis for in exchange for the Grizzlies' Jerryd
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Bayless and the Thunder's Ryan Gomes. Charlotte Hornets (2016)
On February 16, 2016, the Grizzlies traded <mask> to the Charlotte Hornets in a three-team trade also involving the Miami Heat. Five days later, he made his debut and first start with the Hornets in a 104–96 win over the Brooklyn Nets, recording five points, one rebound and one assist in 21 minutes.New York Knicks (2016–2019)
On July 8, 2016, <mask> signed with the New York Knicks. Prior to the start of the 2017–18 season, <mask> was named co-captain of the Knicks alongside Lance Thomas. On January 15, 2018, in a 119–104 win over the Brooklyn Nets, <mask> made his 44th straight free throw on a third-quarter technical, tying the Knicks' record set by Chris Duhon in 2008–09. <mask> came into the game leading the league at 96.1 percent after hitting 73 of 76. Two days later, he converted a free throw in the second quarter of the Knicks' 105–99 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies—his 45th straight, setting a franchise record. In December 2018, he played a game with the Knicks' NBA G League affiliate, the Westchester Knicks. Dallas Mavericks (2019–2020)
On January 31, 2019, <mask> was traded, along with Trey Burke, Tim Hardaway Jr. and Kristaps Porziņģis, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for DeAndre Jordan, Wesley Matthews, Dennis Smith Jr. and two future first-round draft picks.On June 22, 2020, the Dallas Mavericks announced that <mask> suffered a left calf injury during the NBA hiatus. After becoming a free agent after the season, he was re-signed on December 11, 2020, but was waived after
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<mask> (; ; Latinized as Micius ; c. 470 – c. 391 BC), original name Mo Di (), was a Chinese philosopher who founded the school of Mohism during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early portion of the Warring States period of c.475–221 BC). The ancient text Mozi contains material ascribed to him and his followers. Mozi taught that everyone is equal in the eyes of heaven. He believed that those in power should be based on meritocracy, or those who are worthy of power should receive power. Mozi invokes heaven and calls on the Sage Kings to support his precedents. Born in what is now Tengzhou, Shandong Province, he founded the school of Mohism that argued strongly against Confucianism and Taoism. His philosophy emphasized universal love, social order, the will of heaven, sharing, and honoring the worthy.During the Warring States period, Mohism was actively developed and practiced in many states but fell out of favor when the legalist Qin dynasty came to power in 221 BC. During that period, many Mohist classics are thought to have been ruined when the emperor Qin Shi Huang supposedly carried out the burning of books and burying of scholars. The importance of Mohism further declined when Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, until mostly disappearing by the middle of the Western Han dynasty. <mask> is referenced in the Thousand Character Classic, which records that he was saddened when he saw dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity (simplicity, chastity). The concept of Love () was developed by the Chinese philosopher <mask> in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. <mask> tried
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to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (, jiān'ài). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees.<mask>, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai () was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment. Life
Most historians believe that <mask> was a member of the lower artisan class who managed to climb his way to an official post. It is known, however, that his parents were not affectionate towards him and showed him very little love. <mask> was a native of the State of Lu (today's Tengzhou, Shandong Province), although for a time he served as a minister in the State of Song.Like Confucius, <mask> was known to have maintained a school for those who desired to become officials serving in the different ruling courts of the Warring States. <mask> was a carpenter and was extremely skilled in creating devices (see Lu Ban). Though he did not hold a high official position, <mask> was sought out by various rulers as an expert on fortification. He was schooled in Confucianism in his early years, but
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he viewed Confucianism as being too fatalistic and emphasizing too much on elaborate celebrations and funerals which he felt were detrimental to the livelihood and productivity of common people. He managed to attract a large following during his lifetime which rivaled that of Confucius. His followers—mostly technicians and craftspeople—were organized in a disciplined order that studied both Mozi's philosophical and technical writings. According to some accounts of the popular understanding of Mozi at the time, he had been hailed by many as the greatest hero to come from Henan.His passion was said to be for the good of the people, without concern for personal gain or even for his own life or death. His tireless contribution to society was praised by many, including Confucius' disciple Mencius. Mencius wrote in Jinxin () that Mozi believed in love for all mankind. As long as something benefits mankind, <mask> will pursue it even if it means hurting his head or his feet. Zhang Tai Yan said that in terms of moral virtue, even Confucius and Laozi cannot compare to Mozi. <mask> travelled from one crisis zone to another throughout the ravaged landscape of the Warring States, trying to dissuade rulers from their plans of conquest. According to the chapter "Gongshu" in Mozi, he once walked for ten days to the State of Chu in order to forestall an attack on the State of Song.At the Chu court, Mozi engaged in nine simulated war games with Gongshu Ban, the chief military strategist of Chu, and overturned each one of his stratagems. When Gongshu Ban threatened him with death, <mask> informed the king that his disciples had already trained the soldiers of Song in his fortification
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world, judging objects and events by their causes, their functions, and their historical bases. ("Against Fate, Part 3") This was the "three-prong method" <mask> recommended for testing the truth or falsehood of statements. His students later expanded on this to form the School of Names. <mask> tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese ideal of strong attachments to family and clan structures with the concept of "impartial caring" or "universal love" (, jiān ài). He argued directly against Confucians, who had philosophized that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. <mask>, in contrast, argued that people in principle should care for all people equally, a notion that philosophers in other schools found absurd, as they interpreted this notion as implying no special amount of care or duty towards one's parents and family. Overlooked by those critics, however, is a passage in the chapter on "Self-Cultivation" which states, "When people near-by are not befriended, there is no use endeavoring to attract those at a distance."This point is also precisely articulated by a Mohist in a debate with Mencius (in the Mencius), where the Mohist argues in relation to carrying out universal love, that "We begin with what is near." Also, in the first chapter of the writings of Mozi on universal love, Mozi argues that the best way of being filial to one's parents is to be filial to the parents of others. The foundational principle is that benevolence, as well as malevolence, is requited, and that one will be treated by others as one treats others. Mozi quotes a popular passage from the Book of Odes to bring
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mystical nature of the Taoists. Rather, it was a benevolent, moral force that rewarded good and punished evil. Similar in some ways to the Abrahamic religions, Mozi believed that all living things live in a realm ruled by Heaven, and Heaven has a will which is independent from and higher than the will of man. Thus he writes that "Universal love is the Way of Heaven", since "Heaven nourishes and sustains all life without regard to status." ("Laws and Customs" in Mozi) Mozi's ideal of government, which advocated a meritocracy based on talent rather than background, also followed his idea of Heaven. Anti-fatalism ()- Mozi opposed to Confucian "Destiny" thought, class differences and other ideas. Mozi put forward to promote people's victory, things in the subjective attitude to life, encourage people to work hard to change their fate and inequality in the world.In Confucius's opinion, a person's life and death, wealth and poverty are completely related to destiny and personal power can not be changed. Ethics
Mohist ethics is considered a form of consequentialism, according to which the morality of an action, statement, teaching, policy, judgment, and so on, is determined by the consequences that it brings about. In particular, <mask> thought that actions should be measured by the way they contribute to the benefit of all members of society. With this criterion, Mozi denounced things as diverse as offensive warfare, expensive funerals, and even music and dance, which he saw as serving no useful purpose. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, is the "world's earliest form of consequentialism, a
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did not object to music in principle—"It's not that I don't like the sound of the drum" ("Against Music")—but only because of the heavy tax burden such activities placed on commoners and also due to the fact that officials tended to indulge in them at the expense of their duties. Finally, the Mohists rejected the idea of fatalism, or the idea that there is fate. The Mohists reject this idea on the grounds that it encourages lazy and irresponsible behavior. When people believe that there is fate, and that the consequences of their actions lie beyond their control, people will not be encouraged to improve themselves, nor will they be willing to take responsibility for disasters. As a result, society will suffer, and so the doctrine that there is fate ought to be rejected. Works and influence
"Mozi" is also the name of the philosophical anthology written and compiled by followers of Mozi.The text was formed by an accretional process that took place over a period of hundreds of years, beginning perhaps during or shortly after <mask>'s lifetime, and lasting until perhaps the early Han dynasty. During the Han dynasty, as Confucianism came to be the official school of political thought, Mohism gradually lost both its adherents and influence while simultaneously being partly incorporated into more mainstream political thought. The text was eventually neglected, and only 58 of the text's original 71 books (pian) survive, some of which, notably the later Mohist Canons, contain significant textual corruptions and are fragmentary in nature. The anthology can be divided into 5 main groups, which are determined on the basis of both chronological and thematic features:
Books 1-7
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The texts portray Mozi as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy and not much else. This picture contrasts that of Confucius and Mencius found in the Lunyu (Analects) and Mengzi respectively, wherein the thinkers in question are portrayed as expressing emotions, chiding students, and even making mistakes. (Consider Mengzi's disastrous advice to the King of Qi to invade the state of Yan.) To contrast, Mozi has little if any personality in the text, instead serving only as a mouthpiece for Mohist philosophy.Mohism, like other schools of thought at the time, was suppressed under the Qin and died out completely under the Han, as its more radical adherents gradually dissolved and its most compelling ideas became absorbed by mainstream political thought. The influence of Mozi is still visible in many Han dynasty works written hundreds of years later. For example, the Confucian scholar Gongsun Hong describes the Confucian virtue of ren ("benevolence") in Mohist terms. Additionally, Mohist epistemology and philosophy of language had a profound influence on the development of classical Chinese philosophy in general. In fact, Mohism was so prominent during the Warring States period that philosophical opponents, including Mencius and some authors of the Daoist anthology, the Zhuangzi, lament the very prevalence and widespread influence of their ideas. In modern times, Mohism has been given a fresh analysis. Sun Yat-Sen used "universal love" as one of the foundations for his idea of Chinese democracy.More recently, Chinese scholars under Communism have tried to rehabilitate <mask> as a "philosopher of the people", highlighting his rational-empirical approach to the world as well as his
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"proletarian" background. The body in the Mozi is constructed by'xing (形, 'body') -xin (心, 'heart') - qi ( 氣, 'energy')'which is in accord with the Pre-Qin thinkers' understanding to the body. While xing refers to the flesh-bloody part of human being, the concept of xin focuses on the aspect of cognition and is closely related to the concept of shan (善, 'goodness'), ai (愛, 'love'), zhi (志, 'will') and xing. Some views claim that Mozi's philosophy was at once more advanced and less so than that of Confucius. Indeed the Mohists were radical political reformers who sought primarily to benefit the masses and challenge the practices of the ruling orthodoxy, often targeting a perceived wasteful aristocracy whom they referred to as "the gentlemen of the world." The Mohist idea of "universal love" embraced a broader idea of human community than that of the Confucians, arguing that the scope of individuals' moral concern should include all people. Opponents of this idea often claimed that "universal love" was akin to renouncing one's family, and indeed more strict Mohists living in Mohist communities as the school flourished may have exhibited such behavior.However, there is some scholarly debate over just how radical the provisions of universal love actually are, and, as can be seen from the example of Gongsun Hong above, the less radical components of the doctrine were eventually absorbed by mainstream thought. <mask> is also famous for his ideas about frugality, such as those concerning moderating expenses and eliminating wasteful ceremonies including music and funerals. A common misconception is that the Mohists eschewed all forms of art, but of course the Mohists' targets
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<mask> (16 June 1922 – 9 October 2000), FBA, was a British historian specialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England. His eminence in his field made him a natural candidate to run the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles, which he chaired from 1979 to 1993. He was Professor of Medieval History in the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire and afterwards Professor of Medieval History at Westfield College in the University of London. Works
The Sylloge's natural emphasis is on Anglo-Saxon numismatics. Loyn's mastery of an extensive and specialised literature in an often-contentious area of history produced over four decades a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well received in the academic press, which are still staples of student reading-lists. Aside from numerous articles, occasional lectures such as The "matter of Britain": A historian's perspective (a Creighton Trust lecture), and his main publications (see below), he edited The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. He has been praised for his "felicitous, economic writing style"
Selected publications
1953."The term ealdorman in the translations prepared at the time of King Alfred." English Historical Review 68 (1953): 513–25. 1955. "The imperial style of the 10th century Anglo-Saxon kings." History NS 40. 111-5. 1955."Gesiths and thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the 7th to the
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10th century." English Historical Review 70. 529-49. 1957. "The king and the structure of society in late Anglo-Saxon England." History NS 42. 87–100.Reprinted in Society and peoples (1992). 1961. "The origin and early development of the Saxon borough, with special reference to Cricklade." Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 58:209. 7–15. 1961. "Boroughs and Mints AD 900–1066."In Anglo-Saxon Coins: Studies presented to F. M. Stenton, ed. <mask>.M. Dolley. 122-35. 1962. Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (vol. I in The Social and Economic History of England, ed.Asa Briggs). 2nd ed. : Longmans, Harlow, 1991. 1963. The Making of the English Nation. From the Anglo-Saxons to Edward I. New ed.: 1991. 1965. The Norman Conquest. 3rd ed. : 1982. A synthesis for the general reader. 1966.Norman Britain. Drawings by the artist Alan Sorrell. 1966. <mask>, son of Godwin. Historical Association, 1066 commemoration 2. Bexhill-on-Sea and London. 1967.Alfred the Great. Oxford. 1971. Ed. A Wulfstan Manuscript. Introduction to a facsimile edition of a majorsource document for Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. 1971."Towns in late Anglo-Saxon England: the evidence and some possible lines of enquiry." In England before the Conquest: studies in primary sources presented to Dorothy Whitelock, ed. Peter Clemoes and <mask>. Cambridge, 1971. 115-28. 1974. "Kinship in Anglo-Saxon England."Anglo-Saxon England 3. 197–209. 1974, with <mask> (eds.). British
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historical essays presented to Glanmor Williams, ed. R. R. Davies et al. Cardiff. 5–18. 1986. "Progress in Anglo-Saxon monetary history."In Anglo-Saxon monetary history: essays in memory of Michael Dolley, ed. M. Blackburn. Leicester. 1–10. 1987. "The beyond of Domesday Book." In Domesday studies.Papers read at the novocentenary conference of the Royal Historical Society and the Institute of British Geographers. Winchester, 1986, ed. James Clarke <mask>. Woodbridge. 1–13. 1987. "William's bishops: some further thoughts."Anglo-Norman Studies 10. 223-35. 1987. "A general introduction to Domesday Book." In Domesday Book Studies, ed. Ann Williams and R. W. H. Erskine. Cambridgeshire Domesday 3.1987. 1–21. 1989. "Rayleigh in Essex: its implications for the Norman settlement." In Studies in medieval history presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. C. <mask>-Bill et al. Woodbridge.235-40. 1990. "Epic and Romance." In England in the twelfth century. Proceedings of the 1988 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Daniel Williams. Woodbridge.153-63. 1990. "1066: should we have celebrated?" Historical Research 63 (1990): 119–27. 1991. "Bede's kings. A comment on the attitude of Bede to the nature of secular kingship."In Eternal values in medieval life, ed. Nicole Crossley-Holland. Lampeter. 54–64. 1992. Society and peoples. Studies in the history of England and Wales, c.600–1200.London. 1992. "Kings, gesiths and thegns." In The age of Sutton Hoo: the seventh century in North-Western
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Europe, ed. Martin Carver. Woodbridge, 1992. 75-9.1992. "De iure domini regis: a comment on royal authority in eleventh-century England." In England in the eleventh century. Proceedings of the 1990 Harlaxton symposium, ed. Carola <mask>. Harlaxton Medieval Studies 2. Stamford.17–24. 1994. "From witenagemot to concilium: the antecedents of the House of Lords." In The House of Lords: a thousand years of British tradition, ed. <mask> and John S. Moore. London. 21-7.1994. "Abbots of English monasteries in the period following the Norman conquest." In England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, ed. David Bates and Anne Curry. London. 95–103. 1995.The church and the law in Anglo-Saxon England. Vaughan paper 37. Leicester. 1997. "Llanfyllin. The charter and the laws of Breteuil." Montgomeryshire Collections 85 (1997): 13–21.2000. The English Church, 940–1154. Series The Medieval World. Harlow. .
2007. "Anglo-Saxon England." In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond.British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 7–26. Notes
Further reading
Brooks, Nicholas. "<mask> Loyn, 1922–2000." Proceedings of the British Academy 120 (2003): 302–24. Nelson, Janet L. "<mask>yn and the context of Anglo-Saxon England."Haskins Society Journal 19 (2007): 154–70. Percival, John. "Professor <mask> <mask> (1922–2000)." Medieval Archaeology 45 (2001): 229–32. 1922 births
2000 deaths
Anglo-Saxon studies scholars
20th-century British historians
Fellows of the
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<mask> (; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as a petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer. Early life
Brower was born in Berkeley, California. He was married to <mask> (1913 – 2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876 – 1952), while Frances was the daughter of John P. Irish. <mask>, <mask>'s son, authored a number of books, most notably The Starship and the Canoe about Freeman Dyson and his son George Dyson.Mountaineering achievements
Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering. In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra with George Rockwood. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club. On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows. In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents.On the first day, they
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climbed Mount Tyndall, Mount Williamson, and Mount Barnard. From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz. Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs "one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States". In the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak, traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, and Matterhorn Peak. Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada. From October 9 to 12, 1939, a Sierra Club climbing team including <mask>, along with Bestor Robinson, Raffi Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern New Mexico.This climb, rated YDS III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection. Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as "the last great American climbing problem". The Brower party's success was described as an "outstanding effort" by "probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb". Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States. World War II
In 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the Manual of Ski Mountaineering, published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during World War II. Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in the battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised
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editions.During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division, training its soldiers in mountaineering and cross-country skiing in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a Bronze Star in action in Italy. Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film Fire on the Mountain. He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended. Career with Sierra Club
After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954. Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument. Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur — edited by Wallace Stegner with photographs by Martin Litton and Philip Hyde — into press with publisher Alfred Knopf.Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955, and the Sierra Club received much of the credit. Coffee table books
Brower began Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by the highly successful In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World, with color photographs by Eliot Porter in 1962. These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Brower published two new titles a year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between <mask> and the Club's board of directors. Membership rises, revenues drop
Under <mask>'s leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club's membership expanded
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tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society, Brower helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964.<mask> and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon. In 1964, <mask> organized a dory river expedition led by Martin Litton with Philip Hyde and author Francois Leydet. The trip led to the book Time and The River Flowing which galvanized public opposition to the dams. In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post asking: "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The campaign brought in many new members. The Internal Revenue Service announced it was suspending the Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status. The board had set up the Sierra Club Foundation as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership.Board conflict and resignation
As annual deficits increased, tension grew between <mask> and the Sierra Club board of directors. Another conflict grew over the Club's position on the Diablo Canyon Power Plant planned for construction by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) near San Luis Obispo, California. The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not out of opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors had voted to support the Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes. In
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director of the Bureau of Reclamation. Brower so enjoyed being called the Archdruid that he later used the term in his e-mail address. FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C. Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the League of Conservation Voters in 1970, founded by Marion Edey, and the Environmental Policy Center in 1971. Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971, a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries.Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with The Environmental Handbook in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money. Widens environmental campaigns
Although <mask>'s background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists. FOE campaigned against the Alaska pipeline, the supersonic transport airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks. Resigns from board
Brower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions.He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C.. A referendum of
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the membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his Earth Island Institute. Later years with Earth Island Institute
Brower incorporated Earth Island Institute in 1982. After FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., in 1986, Brower developed Earth Island as a loosely structured incubator for innovative projects in ecology and social justice. Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors <mask> and John Knox ran the organization. Projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way once well-established. Groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella include the Rainforest Action Network, the Environmental Project on Central America (EPOCA), and many others.Freed from administrative worries and budget controversies, Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns. In addition to his returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms, he also served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000. A supporter of Ralph Nader, Brower flew to Denver in June 2000 for the Green Party convention. The day before he died, Brower cast his absentee ballot for Nader. He died at his home in Berkeley, California, on November 5, 2000. A monument, Spaceship Earth, was erected in his honor at Kennesaw State University. The monument is meant to serve as a reminder to future generations about the precious nature of the planet.See also
<mask>er Center
References
Bibliography
<mask>, <mask>, For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask> (Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1990). <mask>, <mask> with Steve Chapple, Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (New York: HarperCollins, 1995). <mask>, <mask>, & the Sierra Club, eds., Wilderness: America's Living Heritage (New York Vail-Ballou Press, Gillick Press, 1961). Cohen, Michael P., The History of the Sierra Club,
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1892-1970 (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988). Fox, Stephen, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981). McPhee, John, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971). Turner, Tom, <mask>er: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015).Wyss, Robert. The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of <mask> (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016). Video resources
For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of <mask>er. Produced in 1989 by John de Graaf in cooperation with KCTS-Seattle. Distributed by Bullfrog Films, Oley, PA 19547. 58 minutes. Monumental: <mask>'s Fight for Wild America.Directed by Kelly Duane for Loteria Films, 2004. DVD, 78 min. External links
<mask> Legacy at Earth Island Institute website
Online guide to the David Ross Brower Papers, The Bancroft Library
North Cascades Conservation Council
The Brower legacy
Whole Terrain link to Brower's articles published in Whole Terrain
Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary
Guardian obituary
“<mask>: Speaks about "What Will it Cost the Earth" at Kelly Hall, Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio (Part A) ,” 1970-04-19, WYSO, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Sierra Club executive directors
American conservationists
American environmentalists
American anti–nuclear power activists
American mountain climbers
American male ski mountaineers
American nature writers
American non-fiction outdoors writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American memoirists
American book editors
American print editors
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni
Writers from Berkeley, California
1912 births
2000 deaths
Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American male writers
Military
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<mask> (born at Genoa, 1585; died at Rome, 30 May 1639) was an Italian Dominican theologian, writer and preacher, known today mostly for his role in the Galileo affair. Life
Physically he was unprepossessing, but he was encouraged by his parents who sent him to study with Tomas de Lemos (1545-1629) at University of Valladolid. He entered the Dominican Order and was invested with its habit in the Convent of St. Paul, where he studied philosophy and theology. After completing his studies he was made a professor of Thomistic theology at Pincia. While discharging his academic duties, he acquired a reputation as a preacher: Philip III of Spain named him "padre Mostro" ("The Marvel-Priest" or "the Monster-Priest"), a sobriquet by which he was subsequently known in Spain and at Rome. Whether this was due to his prodigious learning and culture, or to his obesity, is not certain. In Rome from 1621, he acquired the confidence of Pope Urban VIII.He was made regent of studies and professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. On 13 January 1622 he was also made consultant to the Congregation of the Index. Under Pope Urban <mask>'s prestige as a man of culture continued to grow. He took part in the activities of the Accademia degli Umoristi and both Giovanni Andrea Rovetti and Marcello Giovanetti dedicated collections of sonnets to him, in 1625 and 1626 respectively. His literary activities overlapped significantly with his church responsibilities; In 1622 he was in charge of revising Tommaso Stigliani's Canzoniero to pass censorship, and in 1626 he was chosen to supervise the corrections to Giambattista Marino's Adone, which the Accademia degli Umoristi wanted to publish. After rejecting this censored version for printing, he worked on a further revised version in 1628 and 1629,
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collaborating with Roberto Ubaldini, but this work was apparently never finished. Virginio Cesarini tried to arrange a meeting between him and Galileo, but although he enthusiastically endorsed "Il Saggiatore" for publication in 1623, he only met Galileo for the first time in May 1624.The two men corresponded thereafter – although no direct trace of their letters to each other remains, Galileo's surviving letters to Mario Guiducci and Giovanni Faber, include pleas to them to ask Riccardi to reply to him. In 1629 Urban VIII appointed him Master of the Sacred Palace to succeed <mask> Ridolfi, recently elected Master General of the Dominicans. Shortly after this, the same pontiff appointed him pontifical preacher. Following these promotions he gave up his literary interests to concentrate on liturgical and historic matters. He began the research for his history of the Council of Trent, of which there remains today only a synopsis and some notes. Between 1629 and 1631 he thought of k part in the Congregatn for the reform of the breviary. In 1635 he joined the newly-founded Accademia Basiliana, which explored links with the Greek church, and joined the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which issued revised texts for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.In 1638 he joined the congregation charged with drafting an authorised version of the Holy Scriptures in Arabic. Dispute with Tommaso Campanella
Riccardi maintained generally amiable relationships with the authors whose work he had to revise before the Church would authorise their publication; an exception was with fellow-Dominican Tommaso Campanella. Campanella was a man of outspoken heterodox beliefs; denounced to the Inquisition, he was arrested in Padua in 1594 and cited before the Holy Office in Rome, he was confined in a convent until 1597. He was soon in prison again, this time for
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rebellion against Philip IV of Spain, King of Naples, where he remained for twenty-seven years until the personal intercession of Pope Urban VIII had him released. He was brought to Rome in 1626, where he became Urban VIII's consultant on astrology. <mask> first came into contact with Campanella's work in 1621, when he was called on to examine, with several other consultants, Atheismus triumphatus. The work was ostensibly an account of Campanella's personal journey from rationalism to sincere Christian belief, but the Church considered the arguments he put forward for atheism - before then refuting them - to be strongly persuasive.The Church thus feared that the work in fact promoted heresy while appearing to argue for orthodoxy. Permission to print was denied. When Campanella came to Rome several years later, he renewed his attempt to have the work printed. Riccardi was once again called on to work with others to review the manuscript, and again their response was negative. This time however Urban VIII intervened personally and ensured that Atheismus Triumphatus, together with Campanella's other works, were authorised for printing. Riccardi continued to work on revisions, but there were more delays before the work finally appeared in 1631, whereupon it was immediately seized and banned. Campanella now embarked on a campaign of vengeance against Riccardi, accusing him of being the cause of all the delays in publishing; exiled to France, he continued his harassment from there, writing directly to the Pope and to other people of influence, making ever wilder accusations about Riccardi for several years.There is no evidence that anyone took his claims seriously, but <mask> could do nothing but refuse to release the manuscripts Campanella had entrusted to him. Galileo’s Dialogue
Between 1630 and 1633 Riccardi became involved in a major controversy
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involving Galileo Galilei. After Il Saggiatore in 1623, Galileo had not published any further work, and had particularly avoided the controversy around the ideas of Copernicus, about which he had been warned by Cardinal Bellarmine in 1616. In 1630 Giovanni Ciampoli, the Pope’s secretary, wrote to Galileo, sending the compliments of <mask>, recently appointed Master of the Sacred Palace, who now had authority over licensing books for printing. As Riccardi had endorsed Il Saggiatore for publication a few years previously, this seemed a positive sign that new opportunities to publish his ideas would become available to Galileo. Benedetto Castelli informed Riccardi that it was his appointment that had inspired Galileo to resume writing – which, given the size and complexity of the Dialogue was certainly not true. Riccardi responded to this piece of flattery with an assurance that Galileo could always count on him, which Castelli then reported back to Galileo in a letter on 9 February 1630 as a general assurance of Riccardi’s support.Galileo finished his manuscript of the Dialogue, came to Rome on 3 May 1630, and presented it to Urban himself. Urban may not have read much of it, but he crossed out Galileo’s working title, “De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris” on the grounds that it did not properly reflect the main purpose of the work – a comparison of the world-views of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Besides requiring a new title, Urban reiterated that the subject was to be treated only hypothetically, and that his own favoured argument about God's infinite capacity to organise the universe any way he liked must be inserted at the end. He passed the manuscript to Riccardi for review, Galileo accepted the Pope’s conditions, and the manuscript was approved by Riccardi after only a few alterations had been made by his assistant. Galileo then left Rome and returned to
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Florence, whereupon his plans took a turn for the worse. The founder of the Accademia dei Lincei, Prince Cesi, died, meaning Galileo no longer had a patron to cover the cost of publication. At the same time, an outbreak of the plague in Florence meant that Galileo could not longer send manuscripts to Rome for review.Instead, he decided to publish in Florence. <mask> wrote that he nevertheless expected Galileo to make the agreed amendments, after which a licence to publish in Florence or elsewhere could be issued. <mask> now began to vacillate. He knew that the Pope himself had encouraged Galileo to write his work, albeit within certain specified limits. Giovanni Ciampoli favoured publication. Riccardi's cousin was the wife of the Tuscan ambassador in Rome, and the Medici court certainly wanted the book published. At the same time, the Church's 1616 ruling against Copernicanism meant that anything that appeared to argue for it was problematic, and the Jesuit order was determined to oppose Galileo in every way.Uncertain how to proceed, Riccardi delayed for months. Eventually, in March 1631, he agreed that the Dialogue could be published, on condition that he retained the manuscript. As soon as he had finished reading and correcting each page, he would send it to the printer. He still insisted that Galileo would have to rewrite the preface and the conclusion to bring them into line with the Pope's views. In March 1631, Riccardi proposed that instead of Galileo sending him the entire manuscript - impossible because of the risk of it carrying the plague - he should send only the revised preface and conclusion, and the rest would be reviewed by the church authorities in Florence. Eventually the Tuscan ambassador's wife, his cousin, was able to broker an arrangement in April 1631 whereby Riccardi agreed to issue a licence to print, subject to certain written
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<mask>. (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, radio and TV personality, actor, narrator, clown, comedian, and author, with a career spanning 65 years. He is best known for his television work on the Today show as weather reporter who also presented a tribute greetings segment for people celebrating their 100th or above birthdays as well as select marriage anniversaries. He was the creator and original portrayer of Ronald McDonald. Early years
<mask> was born in Alexandria, Virginia, to parents <mask> and Thelma Phillips on March 7, 1934, and attended George Washington High School. He showed an interest in broadcasting as a 16-year-old, working in 1950 as an NBC page at WRC (AM), NBC's owned-and-operated radio station in Washington, D.C. <mask> then attended American University, where he worked alongside fellow student Ed Walker at WAMU-AM, the university's radio station (1951–1953). <mask> became a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity while at American University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and religion in 1955. He also served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1958 and was a seaman.Career
Joy Boys radio show
From 1955 to 1972, <mask> teamed with Ed Walker as co-host of the nightly Joy Boys radio program on NBC-owned WRC radio (this was interrupted from 1956 to 1958 when <mask> served on active duty with the Navy). <mask> routinely sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up a situation, which Walker would commit to memory or make notes on with his Braille typewriter (Walker was blind since birth). In a 1999 article recalling the Joy Boys at the height of their popularity in the mid-1960s, The Washington Post said they
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"dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". The Joy Boys show played on WRC until 1972 when they moved to cross-town station WWDC for another two years. <mask> wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, of their close professional and personal bond which continued until Walker's death in October 2015, saying that they are "closer than most brothers". Washington, D.C., TV roles
<mask> spent the 1960s balancing his radio career with jobs as the host of children's television programs. He appeared on WRC Radio's sister station, WRC-TV, playing characters such as Commander Retro and Bozo the Clown.In 1970, <mask> began appearing on WRC-TV as a weekday weatherman. Ronald McDonald character
Another TV role he performed regularly from 1963 to 1966 and occasionally as late as 1971 was Ronald McDonald for the McDonald's franchise in Washington, D.C. <mask> wrote in his book The Joy of Living that he originally created the Ronald McDonald character at the local franchise's request, which had also sponsored the Bozo the Clown show on which he portrayed Bozo. In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser claims that McDonald's replaced <mask> on account of his weight, supposedly concerned about McDonald's image. <mask> denied the claims and cited other commitments he had at the time. Brian Thompson, of "Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's" fame, is campaigning to have a statue of <mask> as Ronald McDonald erected to replace a downed Confederate monument. NASA
<mask> worked as the narrator for NASA's weekly program called "The Space Story", with his contributions spanning from the Apollo Program to the Space Shuttle. The Today Show
<mask> was
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tapped by NBC in 1980 to become its weatherman for The Today Show, replacing Bob Ryan, who replaced him at WRC-TV until 2010.After being inspired by a viewer request, <mask> began his practice of wishing centenarians a happy birthday on-air in 1983. During the 1980s, <mask> routinely did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals and landmarks. He also periodically performed on the program from Washington, D.C., which he still considered his home. In 1989, The Today Show co-host Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the show's personalities, a memo that was later leaked to the media. In the memo, Gumbel said <mask> "holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste…This guy is killing us and no one's even trying to rein him in." This garnered enough of a backlash that the next time they appeared on camera together <mask> kissed Gumbel on the cheek to show he'd forgiven him, and also later said he hoped the whole thing would go away. In 1992, <mask>, who was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald, recorded a commercial for McDonald's arch-rival Burger King.He also was the spokesman for the Days Inn hotel chain, appearing in their commercials from 1993 until 1997. <mask> went into semi-retirement in early 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker. He continued to appear two days a week on the morning program to wish centenarians a happy birthday (a tradition that continues to the present day). He appeared from the studio lot of WBBH, the NBC affiliate in Fort Myers, Florida. He was also the commercial voice of Smucker's jellies, which sponsored his birthday tributes on Today. <mask> also continued to substitute for Roker for over a decade
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afterward, an arrangement that mostly ended after NBC acquired The Weather Channel in 2008 and started using that channel's meteorologists as substitutes (Entertainment Studios would later acquire The Weather Channel from NBC Universal in 2018, three years after <mask> retired from television completely). <mask> announced his full retirement from television on December 11, 2015.Today held a tribute to <mask> on his final day (December 15, 2015) featuring taped highlights from his years with the show. The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed <mask> Way in his honor. Several former Today staff came to bid farewell to <mask> including Tom Brokaw, Jane Pauley, Katie Couric, and Gene Shalit along with Barbara Bush. Other TV work
<mask> made occasional guest appearances as neighbor "Mr. Poole" on The Hogan Family, where his character was married to Mrs. Poole, played by Edie McClurg. From 1959 to 1962 <mask> portrayed Bozo the Clown in the children's television program on NBC Washington, D.C. affiliate WRC-TV. <mask> also hosted the NBC telecast of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1997. He was replaced by Matt Lauer in 1998.For several years in the 1980s, <mask> donned a Santa Claus costume for the broadcast of the National Tree-Lighting Ceremony in Washington, D.C. In 1990 and 1992, <mask> also hosted the Pillsbury Bake-Off on CBS (although under contract with CBS' rival NBC). Awards
Radio Reissues and Santa Claus
In 2001, American University reissued some of the old Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s on CDs. He also played Santa Claus at various White House events. Writings
<mask> published several fiction and non-fiction books:
The Joy of Living
Down Home Stories
<mask>’s
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All-American Cookbook
America Is My Neighborhood
The Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune
If I Knew It Was Going to Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become a Grandparent First
He has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider:
Murder Under Blue Skies
Murder in the Mist
He preached a sermon at the 185th anniversary of his home church, First Baptist Church in Alexandria, Virginia, that was published in Best Sermons 2, edited by James W. Cox [Harper & Row, 1989]. Personal life
<mask> was married to Mary Dwyer <mask> from 1959 until her death in 2002. The couple had two children, Mary and Sally.On April 1, 2014, at age 80, <mask> married Paris Keena, whom he first met in 1977 while she was working at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. They had been together as a couple since 2003. They lived on Sanibel Island, Florida. <mask> died of natural causes on September 4, 2021, at the age of 87. Filmography
As himself
Pillsbury Bake-Off (1990–1992) – Host
Walt Disney World 4 July Spectacular (1988) – Himself
The New Hollywood Squares (1987) – Himself
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade (1987–1997) – Host
The Bob Braun Show (1982) – Himself
Today (1980–2015) – Himself
As actor
Bozo the Clown (1959–1962) – Bozo the Clown
Ronald McDonald (1963–1965)
The Hogan Family (1987–1989) – Peter Poole
References
External links
1934 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American comedians
21st-century Baptists
American male comedians
American male television actors
American television personalities
American University alumni
Baptists from Virginia
Male actors from Alexandria, Virginia
McDonald's people
Military personnel from Virginia
NBC News
Radio personalities from Washington, D.C.
United States Navy sailors
Weather
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<mask> (born January 25, 1985) is an American former football quarterback player who played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for 11 seasons. He was the starting quarterback for the Eskimos when they won the 103rd Grey Cup and was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player. He was originally signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Central Washington. He was named the CFL's Most Outstanding Player in 2017. <mask> has also been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos, Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers, St. Louis Rams and Seattle Seahawks. Early years
<mask> played three seasons for Kamiakin High School in Kennewick, Washington, before relocating to Kalispell, Montana.As a senior, he set a Flathead High School record with 2,280 yards. He originally signed with NAIA Montana Tech, but chose to walk on at Washington State University before transferring to Central Washington. College career
<mask> was a co-runner-up for the Harlon Hill Trophy, which is presented to the nation's top Division II football player, as a senior. He threw a touchdown pass in all 46 games of his college career, giving him the NCAA all-divisions record for consecutive games with a touchdown pass. This record would be tied in 2014 by Marshall's Rakeem Cato. <mask> completed 64 percent of his passes over his four years as a starter for 12,448 yards, 118 touchdowns and only 40 interceptions. After redshirting at Washington State as a 5th-string quarterback, <mask> decided he didn't want to bide his time waiting for playing time.Central Washington offered him a chance to start right away so he transferred. He was the 2008 Great
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Northwest Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year after completing 65.2% of his passes (207 of 414) in 2008 for 3,706 passing with 37 TDs, six INTs and he rushed 103 times for 415 yards (4.0 avg.) with four touchdowns. He was also named First-team All Great NW for his efforts. He was also Third-team Little All-America. In 2007, he started all 13 games and completed 271 of 435 passes (62.3%) for 3,386 yards, 30 touchdowns and 10 interceptions while be named Second-team All-North Central. He also rushed 129 times for 266 yards (2.1 avg.)with three touchdowns. In 2006, he started all 11 games and was 231/351 (65.8%) for 2,660 yards 21 TDs and 12 Ints., rushed 137 times for 272 yards (2.0 avg.) with four touchdowns and was named Second team All-North Central. The year prior, 2005, he started all 10 games and was 223/353 (63.2%) for 2,686 yards 30 TDs and 11 interceptions and rushed 86 times for 310 yards (3.6 avg.) with three touchdowns, while being named First-team All-Great NW. Professional career
Pittsburgh Steelers
<mask> was eligible to be selected in the 2009 NFL Draft, but went undrafted. He signed a free agent contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers.<mask> completed 10-of-15 for 117 yards during the 2009 preseason, but was waived on September 5, 2009. Green Bay Packers
On November 19, 2009, <mask> was signed to the Green Bay Packers practice squad. St. Louis Rams
On December 9, 2009, he was signed off the Packers' practice squad by the St. Louis Rams. He was waived on May 4, 2010. Seattle Seahawks
<mask> was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks on May 4, 2010. He was waived on May 18, 2010. BC Lions
On July 26, 2010, it was announced
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that <mask> had signed a practice roster agreement with the BC Lions.On August 26, 2010, <mask> was activated by the Lions and spent the remainder of the year as the third-string quarterback. He dressed for all 18 games in 2011 as the third-string quarterback and shared in the Lions' 99th Grey Cup victory. He got his first pro start on October 19, 2012, against the Edmonton Eskimos due to an injury to Travis Lulay. <mask> completed 19 of 28 throwing attempts for 276 yards with two touchdowns and one interception, leading the Lions to victory of over the Edmonton Eskimos 39–19. The win clinched a first round bye for the BC Lions in the 100th Grey Cup Playoffs. Edmonton Eskimos
On January 31, 2013, <mask> was traded to the Edmonton Eskimos by the BC Lions; the trade included the exchange of the clubs' second round picks in the 2013 CFL Draft and the Lions receiving the Eskimos' second round pick in the 2014 CFL Draft. Entering the 2013 CFL season, <mask> was in open competition with Matt Nichols for the starting quarterback job.Nichols tore his ACL in preseason which made <mask> the starting QB for the season. On August 18, 2013, <mask> threw for over 500 yards in a losing cause, the fourth highest performance for yards passing in a single game in the history of the Eskimos football club. In his first season as a full-time starter in the CFL, <mask> threw for 4,207 yards, with 24 touchdowns and 18 interceptions. He also finished 5th in the league in rushing yards with 709. Despite his efforts, the Eskimos struggled all season finishing with a record of 4–14 and missing the playoffs. In the 2014 season, <mask> played in 15 regular season games, leading the
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Eskimos to the number two seed in the Western Division with a record of 12–6. After defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Western semi-finals, <mask> and the Eskimos were defeated by the Stampeders 43–18, ending their season.It was revealed after the game that <mask> had been playing with a broken bone in his foot and had been in great pain. The injury had been caused in a previous game during the regular season. <mask>'s third season with Eskimos was once again hampered by injuries, missing 8 games. He played in the first game of the season, and the last 9; winning 8 in a row to finish the season as the first seed in the West Division. <mask> completed 214 of 329 pass attempts for 2,449 yards with 15 touchdowns and 10 interceptions (passer rating of 89.8). On November 29, 2015, the Eskimos won the 103rd Grey Cup with a score of 26–20 over the Ottawa RedBlacks in Winnipeg, Manitoba. After the game, he received the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player award after completing 21-of-35 pass attempts for 269 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions.On April 14, 2016, the Eskimos announced they had signed <mask> to a contract extension through the 2018 CFL season. The three-year deal is reportedly worth over $400,000 in 2016 and then bumps up to over $500,000 in following seasons. <mask> continued his stellar play in the following three seasons, throwing for over 5,500 yards each season while tossing 88 touchdowns and 43 interceptions. Set to become a free agent in February 2019, <mask> had a workout with the Jacksonville Jaguars in mid-December 2018. Return to BC Lions
On February 12, 2019, <mask> became a free agent and subsequently signed a four-year
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contract with the BC Lions later that day. Despite lofty expectations to start the season the Lions only won one of their first 11 games. <mask> was able to lead the Lions to four consecutive victories pulling the Lions into a playoff race with his former team.However, <mask> suffered a wrist injury early in Week 18 against the Eskimos who would win the match and eliminate the Lions from playoff contention. <mask> underwent surgery in the days following and was declared out for the remainder of the season. In November 2020, <mask> filed a grievance against the BC Lions claiming a portion of his salary was guaranteed, even though the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He reached a settlement with the team and subsequently re-signed to a new contract through the 2022 season on December 17, 2020. After beginning the 2021 season with lingering injury issues, <mask> finished the year with 12 starts in 13 games played and passed for a league-leading 3,283 yards. On January 24, 2022, the BC Lions announced that <mask> had retired. Career statistics
References
External links
BC Lions bio
Edmonton Eskimos bio
Green Bay Packers bio
St. Louis Rams bio
1985 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
BC Lions players
Central Washington Wildcats football players
Edmonton Elks players
Green Bay Packers players
People from Kennewick, Washington
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Washington (state)
St. Louis Rams players
Seattle Seahawks players
Washington State Cougars football players
Canadian football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award
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<mask> (December 22, 1798 – July 27, 1872) was a licensed attorney turned politician from Columbia County, Georgia. <mask> was appointed attorney general for the state in 1827, by Governor John Forsyth, serving in that capacity until 1831. <mask> also served five years in the General Assembly's lower house as a representative of Richmond County on a platform of states' rights. <mask> served in the U.S. House of Representatives, filling the seat vacated by Richard W. Habersham who died while in office. <mask> was elected Georgia's 38th governor – serving two terms from 1843 to 1847. He became the only Whig Party candidate in state history to occupy the Governor's Mansion. <mask> then served as United States Secretary of War from 1849 to 1850.<mask>'s time in President Zachary Taylor's cabinet was marred by speculation regarding a probate claim he settled for <mask>n's heirs. <mask> received a gratuity of substantial remuneration for his services' – <mask>'s political adversaries framed it as the Galphin Affair – marking the end of <mask>'s political aspirations. When President Taylor unexpectedly died while in office, <mask> resigned his position as Secretary of War and entered political retirement. In 1861, however, <mask> was elected a delegate from Richmond County to the state's Secession Convention which brought him out of retirement to answer the call of his constituents. By the convention's first order of business, <mask> was elected Permanent President of the Convention by which he presided over Georgia's decision to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on December 22, 1798, in Columbia County, Georgia. He was the fourth son of Peter and Mary Ann
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<mask>.His father was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War from Virginia who had settled in Georgia to claim a land share, known as a bounty grant, which the state of Georgia had set aside for "those who had fought for independence". <mask> acquired a sizable tract of land that he called Belair Plantation. The homestead was situated close to his uncle, <mask>. Peter's uncle Joel fathered <mask><mask>, soon becoming a politician renowned locally for his political service to the state and for two presidential bids – running in 1816, and then again in 1824. <mask> grew up on the family's estate, heavily influenced by his father, and his cousin <mask> as well. <mask>'s father was a practicing attorney and <mask> availed himself to the well-stocked personal library of his father while homeschooling his education. <mask> also entered Georgia politics himself – beginning as Columbia County's first clerk of courts and becoming a 10-term representative in the state legislature.<mask>'s cousin, <mask><mask>, was also becoming well known for his political service, and was the subject of local legend for two famous duels he had been a principal of. <mask> built on his homeschooling at the College of New Jersey's school of law (later becoming Princeton University). <mask> graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1820, and subsequently completed an internship under the tutelage of Richard Henry <mask>. <mask> was licensed to practice law in 1822, and started a legal practice in Augusta partnering with Henry H. Cumming. He went on to obtain a master's degree from the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, the founding college of the University of Georgia. After graduating Franklin, <mask> served from 1824 to 1825, as a second
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lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of the Georgia Militia. In 1826, <mask> married Mary Ann MacIntosh, having four children of the marriage: <mask>, Sarah MacIntosh, Anna Elizabeth, and Charles.<mask><mask> embarked on his political career the following year, accepting a gubernatorial appointment to become Georgia's attorney general. Attorney General of Georgia
Governor John Forsyth appointed <mask> to succeed Thomas F<mask> as Georgia's attorney general in 1827. The following year, <mask> challenged Georgia state legislator Thomas E. Burnside, Ambrose Burnside's uncle, to a duel over published defamation Burnside had written about <mask>'s father. The code duello
When <mask> read the anonymous letter to the editor published in The Augusta Chronicle he was incensed by the prose – sharply criticizing the political views of his father, then declining in health. <mask> regarded it as an attack on his father's good name. <mask> demanded the newspaper editor give him the author's name but the editor refused, protecting Burnside's identity by telling <mask> the letter was from a woman, and that for this reason, he would not release the person's name. Inexplicably, Burnside contacted <mask> telling him that he was the author.<mask> immediately challenged Burnside to a duel which Burnside accepted, although with reluctance. The code duello was waning in vogue but it was still held as a measure which an honorable man was obliged to endure. Burnside was aspiring his own political career which showed promise of upward mobility. Burnside felt he would be shamed with dishonor if he refused, and in his era, without honor there was no career in politics. Dueling had already been outlawed in Georgia so the two belligerents, with their
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seconds, traveled together by train to Fort Mitchell, Alabama where the practice was still legal – to finish what by then had become a "well-publicized fight". Burnside seemed to have sensed the duel would not end in his favor, dispatching a letter to his wife on the eve of the fateful encounter:Fort Mitchell, Jan. 24, 1828Dear Wife and Mother: Tomorrow I fight. I do it on principle.Whatever may be my fate, I believe I am right. On this ground I have acted and will act. I believe I shall succeed, but if I do not I am prepared for consequences. Kiss the children and tell them that if I fall my last thought was of them. Yours most affectionatelyThomas E. Burnside
<mask> shot Burnside dead in the infamous duel, prompting the state to pass new legislation; "forbidding persons involved in duels from holding office". The restriction only applied to duels fought after the law was enacted and did not affect <mask>'s career. He continued serving as attorney general until 1831, when he was succeeded by Charles J. Jenkins.Thomas E. Burnside was interred in the private burial ground of Colonel John Crowell, renowned for his participation in the War of 1812. The Colonel lived near the site where the duel had taken place and personally ensured every protocol of respect was accorded at Burnside's burial. Two weeks passed before Mrs. Burnside received word of her husband's demise. It was said that she nearly died herself from distraught upon receiving the news. She moved with her children to Dahlonega, Georgia, residing there until her death. <mask> carried regret for his role in what was called "a deplorable and unfortunate affair". He was known to have made anonymous financial contributions to Burnside's widow and children though
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he was remembered as saying it made no amends – and for having expressed lament shortly before his own death in 1872.Congressman
In 1837, <mask> was elected to the Georgia General Assembly as a member of the House of Representatives for Richmond County. There, <mask> distinguished himself as a fiscal conservative. He was elevated to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Richard W. Habersham. His term there was short, only serving from January 7 to March 3, 1843. Governor of Georgia
<mask><mask> was the Whig Party's nominee for governor in 1843. <mask> defeated the Democratic nominee, Mark Anthony Cooper, by a vote of 38,813 to 35,325 succeeding Charles J. McDonald to become the first Whig candidate to serve as Georgia's governor (as of 2019, he remains the only Whig governor). The Whigs won a majority in both houses of the state legislature in 1843, as well.<mask> was reelected in 1845, defeating Democratic challenger Matthew H. McAllister by a margin of 1,751 votes. With the legislature's support, <mask> was able to effect the Whig's agenda which focused on debt reduction and fiscal restraint. <mask>'s administration was able to reduce expenditures more than $66,000 in its first year and nearly eliminate the state's debt of $500,000 before being succeeded by <mask>. Towns. Besides implementing sound budget policy, <mask> was able to expand educational opportunities in the state and hasten construction of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad. <mask>'s administration established the Supreme Court of Georgia as well, which had failed to be institutionalized for decades of previous effort. He redrew the state's congressional maps, and reformed the state
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penitentiary – making it "a more economically sound institution". <mask> also succeeded at dismantling the Georgia Central Bank, an important Whig campaign endeavor for years.Secretary of War
When General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States in 1849, he appointed <mask> United States Secretary of War. As War Secretary, he was involved in settling a claim from the United States government for the Galphin family, descendants of <mask>n, an American businessman who specialized in Indian Trade. <mask> received a large payment for his services and several of his political foes seized upon the opportunity to suggest impropriety. <mask> was subsequently investigated by a commission and completely exonerated of any wrongdoing yet his critics continued casting aspersions. When Millard Fillmore became president after Taylor's sudden death while in office in 1850, <mask> resigned along with the rest of the Taylor administration, rather than work for Millard Fillmore. Georgia Secession Convention
In 1861, <mask> was elected as a delegate from Richmond County, Georgia to the state's Secession Convention. The delegation elected <mask> president of the convention by a unanimous vote and he oversaw the state's vote of secession.As the convention's president, <mask> is considered the author of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession, the official document announcing the state's formal intent to secede the federal Union – originally as an independent republic, ultimately to join the Confederate States of America. The delegation approved the ordinance January 19, 1861, with 208 voting in favor of secession and 89 opposed. The delegates signed the document in celebratory fashion two days later in the public square in front of the
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statehouse in Milledgeville where the convention was assembled. <mask> survived to witness the consequences of enacting the ordinance, lamenting its cost in the shed blood of Georgia citizens rallied by the convention's call. <mask> was to be tried for inciting a rebellion due to his role in presiding over the state's secession and was excluded from eligibility for both Lincoln's and Johnson's amnesty proclamations because of his leadership status. <mask> escaped the harsh consequences of an adjudication of guilt in 1865, when Johnson approved his direct application for amnesty thereby restoring <mask> as a citizen of the United States in good stead – with full protection of his person and property against all forms of reprisal. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 27, 1872, at his Belair estate, located near Augusta, Georgia.His funeral was held in St. Paul's Episcopal Church and he was buried in Summerville Cemetery located in Augusta. On November 16, 1943, the keel was laid for the SS George Walker Crawford, a liberty ship built by the J.A. Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia honoring <mask> for his service to the state of Georgia. The ship was launched January 1, 1944, and delivered into federal service January 13, 1944. <mask>'s biographer Len Cleveland said that in researching his material he observed that "<mask>'s entire political career was motivated by a traditional sense of duty rather than by deep political convictions". Robert Toombs spoke well of <mask>, Saying, "There are but few abler and no purer men in America, and he has administrative qualities of an unusually high order." See also
List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
Confederate States of America, causes of secession
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"Died of states' rights"
References
External links
<mask><mask> at The New Georgia Encyclopedia
"Death of Ex-Governor <mask>", Federal Union (Milledgeville), August 7, 1872.From the Milledgeville Historic Newspapers Archive, Digital Library of Georgia. |-
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1798 births
1872 deaths
American slave owners
Members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States Secretaries of War
Georgia (U.S. state) Attorneys General
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
American duellists
Georgia (U.S. state) Whigs
Taylor administration cabinet members
Whig Party state governors of the United States
Signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from Augusta,
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<mask> (born September 3, 1987), is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut with the Philadelphia Phillies in , after being named the Phillies' top prospect in and the top prospect in all of MLB, in 2010 by Baseball America. Professional career
Minor leagues
2006–2007
<mask> was selected by the Phillies in the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft out of Redan High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia. Since he moved to the Atlanta area from Pasco High School in Dade City, Florida, <mask> had "fallen off some teams' radars" prior to the draft. He participated in a private batting session with Phillies representatives at a local park, and after making one adjustment to his swing, scouting director Marti Wolever "couldn't believe what [they] were seeing". <mask> planned to attend the University of Miami to play wide receiver for the Hurricanes, but the Phillies offered him a $200,000 signing bonus to choose baseball instead. After the draft, <mask> was assigned to the Phillies' Gulf Coast League (GCL) affiliate, where he batted .214 and collected one home run, seven runs batted in (RBI), and thirteen stolen bases—which tied him for the team lead with Adrian Cardenas—during the 2006 season.For 2007, he earned a promotion to the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York – Penn League. He played in 74 games with Williamsport, batting in 39 runs and collecting 21 extra-base hits. His 27 walks were second on the team, and his .295 batting average was the team's best among players with more than 10 appearances. On defense, he played in the most games for the team in both center field and right field. His performance allowed him a late promotion to the advanced-A Clearwater Threshers, where he batted .444 with one home run and seven RBI in eleven plate appearances.
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2008–2009
In 2008, <mask> played the entire season with the Phillies' A-level affiliate, the Lakewood BlueClaws. In 591 plate appearances (second on the team), <mask> collected a .291 batting average, 54 RBI, 23 doubles, and 9 home runs.He played 69 games in center field and 59 in right, amassing 208 putouts, 12 outfield assists, and participating in 4 double plays. Before the 2009 season, Baseball America ranked <mask> the 48th-best prospect in the country, as well as the top prospect in the Phillies' farm system. He played at three levels during the 2009 season, spending most of the season with Clearwater. He batted .303/.386/.517 for the Threshers, notching 12 doubles, 11 home runs, and 44 RBI in 66 games played. His batting average was tied for second-highest on the team, and his 11 home runs were tied for the third-highest total. He played in 65 of his 66 games in right field, making nine assists and five errors. After promotion to the Double-A Reading Phillies, <mask> batted .279 with 20 RBI and 8 stolen bases; he also hit three home runs and four triples (tied for the team lead).Including a short stint with the GCL Phillies, <mask> accumulated a .299 batting average for the year, along with a .377 on-base percentage and a .504 slugging percentage. His 14 home runs were the most in a single season in his minor league career to that point, as were his 44 extra-base hits. After the season, <mask>'s name was included in trade rumors related to pitcher Roy Halladay; however, the Phillies refused to part with him, including outfield prospect Michael Taylor instead. 2010
<mask> was invited to Major League spring training in 2010, during which MLB.com, Major League Baseball's official website, ranked him the 14th-best prospect in the minor leagues. In a game against the Tigers, he hit two home runs—one against Justin Verlander—and
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added a bases-loaded infield single to collect a third RBI. Of his home run against Verlander, shortstop Jimmy Rollins said, "That was legit. Big league stuff.(Phillies manager Charlie Manuel) was there that morning trying to teach him how to get to his power." First baseman Ryan Howard nicknamed <mask> the "Total Package", noting that "I've seen him take batting practice" and that "[he's] got pop to all fields". The game was his last in Major League camp, as he was sent down after its completion. Though it was speculated that he would begin the year with the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs, he was assigned to Reading for the start of the 2010 season, where he batted .333 in his first seven games. He drove in one of two runs for the Double-A club on an RBI triple to back Phillippe Aumont's no-hit bid on April 25. He was promoted to the IronPigs on June 25, after he batted .318 with 16 doubles, 3 triples, 15 homers, 47 RBI, and 12 stolen bases in 65 games. Chuck LaMar, the Phillies' assistant general manager, said that <mask> "is just now starting to scratch the surface on his ceiling as a potential Major League player", praising his hand–eye coordination and his power.He batted .405 in his first 12 games in Triple-A, hitting four home runs and batting in eleven. At midseason, <mask> was selected to represent the United States in the 2010 All-Star Futures Game. He started for the U.S. team, but left in the first inning after experiencing tightness in his hamstring muscle running from the batter's box on an infield single. <mask> was expected to return to the Lehigh Valley lineup after the All-Star break. Through July 27, he batted .327 with 20 home runs and 68 RBI between Reading and Lehigh Valley. Philadelphia Phillies
<mask> was called up to the Phillies on July 28, 2010, after Shane Victorino was placed on the disabled list. He
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made his debut that night against the Arizona Diamondbacks, playing right field and batting sixth.He hit an RBI double in his first at-bat, scoring Jayson Werth, and scored his first run on a fielder's choice by Wilson Valdez. He notched his second hit with a single in his third at-bat, scoring again on a double by Carlos Ruiz. He batted in Raúl Ibañez with a sacrifice fly in the bottom of the seventh inning for his second career RBI, finishing with two hits in three official at-bats. <mask> received a standing ovation from the crowd prior to his first plate appearance; he later said that the experience "was great" and that he "wasn't thinking about that at all". On August 10, <mask> hit his first home run in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers. 2011
<mask> entered the 2011 season as the number four prospect in baseball. During spring training, <mask> broke his right hamate bone and had surgery to remove the fractured hook.He was sent down to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the Phillies Triple-A minor league affiliate, on July 29, 2011, to open a roster spot for Hunter Pence. He would bat .261 in 41 games with 3 home runs and 15 RBIs total that season. <mask> was called back up to the Phillies' expanded roster in September, but only appeared twice. He was not on the Phillies playoff roster. 2012
<mask>'s 2012 season saw him play 56 games in the majors and 60 games in the minors for Philadelphia's Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs (batting .286 with 5 HRs and 28 RBIs). He hit .235 with 5 homers and 26 runs driven in during his stint with the Major League club. He started the season off in the Triple-A minor leagues, as General Manager Ruben Amaro wanted <mask> to get regular playing time, rather than spotty and unpredictable playing time.He was called up to the majors in July, but did not play too well, hitting .235.
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<mask> suffered from several injuries in 2012, including right knee inflammation and a left hamstring injury. <mask> injured his right knee while running backward to make a catch; he played on the knee for a few weeks before an MRI revealed a knee strain. He returned with a knee brace, but soon after injured his left knee since he put too much weight on it to compensate for his right knee's weakness. <mask>'s play was considered mediocre by many. Ryan Dinger of Phillies Nation commented that <mask> "showed flashes of being the player everyone thinks he can be", but that "he was also plagued by long stretches of ineffectiveness". 2013
Going into his age-25 season in 2013, <mask> was slated to be the Phillies' starting left fielder after impressing in spring training.He won his first National League Player of the Week award from May 20 to 26. Then, he hit six home runs over the course of five games, two of which were in one game on May 29 against the Red Sox, and two of which were hit in one game again two days later on May 31 against the Brewers. <mask> won his second consecutive NL player of the week after he hit 7 home runs and knocked in 13 runs during the week May 27 to June 2. He was also awarded NL player of the month for May as he clubbed 12 home runs during the month. <mask> finished the season batting .272/.324/.494, with 27 home runs, and 83 RBI. He was selected as a reserve for the 2013 All-Star Game. 2014
Sporting News rated <mask> the worst defensive left fielder in the major leagues after three blatant blunders during June.He appeared in a career-high 144 games in 2014, batting .235 with 10 home runs and 63 RBI. 2015
<mask> moved back to his natural position, right field, for the 2015 season. He also sought to build on some momentum he built late in the season in an effort to live up to his perceived potential. On
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October 19, 2015, <mask> was outrighted off of Philadelphia's 40-man roster. He ended the season with a .228 batting average, 5 home runs and 25 RBI in 63 games played. Toronto Blue Jays
On February 25, 2016, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays that included an invitation to spring training. Colorado Rockies
On January 31, 2017, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies organization.He was released on July 19, 2017. Mexican League
On March 3, 2018, <mask> signed with the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League. He was released on April 29. On June 26, 2018, he signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos, with whom he batted .295/.366/.570. On July 3, 2020, <mask> was released by the Tecolotes. References
External links
1987 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Águilas Cibaeñas players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Florida
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Clearwater Threshers players
Florida Complex League Phillies players
Honolulu Sharks players
Lakewood BlueClaws players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Leones del Escogido players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball right fielders
Mexican League baseball left fielders
Mexican League baseball right fielders
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
National League All-Stars
People from Stone Mountain, Georgia
People from Zephyrhills, Florida
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Sportspeople from DeKalb County, Georgia
Sportspeople from the Tampa Bay Area
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players
Williamsport Crosscutters players
Pasco High School (Florida) alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century
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<mask> (born Rexton Rawlston Fernando Gordon; 17 January 1966) is a Jamaican dancehall musician. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, he was one of the most popular Jamaican musicians in the world. Throughout his prominence in his home country as a dancehall artist, he gained popularity in North America with his studio album, Just Reality, in 1990. He released two studio albums, As Raw as Ever and X-tra Naked, which both won a Grammy Award as Best Reggae Album in 1992 and 1993, respectively. He is notoriously popular for "Mr. Loverman" and "Ting-A-Ling", which were globally acclaimed and deemed his signature songs. Early life and family
<mask> was born in Sturgetown, St. Ann, Jamaica, and raised in Seaview Gardens, Kingston. He and his wife, Michelle, have two sons Rexton Jr and Jahwon.He currently resides in the New York City area. His father, Ivan Gordon, was a mason who died in 1990. His mother, Constance "Mama Christie" Christie, remained in Seaview after Shabba's success, feeding the community with money sent from her son after his emigration. She was the subject of the 2015 hit song Shabba Madda Pot from dancehall artist Dexta Daps. Career
He gained his fame mainly by toasting (or rapping) rather than singing, like some of his dancehall contemporaries in Jamaica. He was a protégé of deejay Josey Wales. His original stage name was Co-Pilot.His international career started in the late 1980s, along with a number of fellow Jamaicans including reggae singers Cocoa Tea and Crystal. Ranks also worked with Chuck Berry and American rappers KRS-One and Chubb Rock. He secured a recording contract with Epic Records in 1989. The
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stylistic origins of the genre reggaeton can be traced back to the 1990 song "Dem Bow", from Ranks' album Just Reality. Produced by Bobby "Digital" Dixon, the Dem Bow riddim became so popular in Puerto Rican freestyle sessions that early Puerto Rican reggaeton was simply known as "Dembow". The Dem Bow riddim is an integral and inseparable part of reggaeton, so much so that it has become its defining characteristic. His biggest hit single outside of Jamaica was the reggae fusion smash "Mr. Loverman".Other big tracks include "Housecall" with Maxi Priest, "Slow and Sexy" with Johnny Gill, "Respect", "Pirates Anthem", "Trailer Load A Girls", "Wicked inna Bed", "Caan Dun", and "Ting A Ling". He won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 1992 for As Raw as Ever and in 1993 for X-tra Naked. In 1993, Ranks scored another hit in the Addams Family Values soundtrack to which he contributed a rap/reggae version of the Sly and the Family Stone hit "Family Affair". His third album for Epic, A Mi Shabba, was released in 1995. He was dropped by the label in 1996. Epic went on to release a greatest hits album, entitled Shabba Ranks and Friends in 1999. Ranks made a partial comeback in 2007 when he appeared on a song called "Clear The Air" by Busta Rhymes, which also featured Akon.<mask> released a single on Big Ship's Pepper Riddim called "None A Dem", in April 2011. In 2012, <mask> was featured on Tech N9ne's EP E.B.A.H. on the track "Boy Toy". In 2013, <mask> was also mentioned in A$AP Ferg's song "Shabba," and has a cameo near the end of the music video. He was featured in the remix alongside Migos and Busta Rhymes on 23 November
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2013. In August 2013, he was reportedly working on a new album. Controversy
In 1992, during an appearance on Channel 4 music show The Word, he was asked to give his thoughts on the subject of the hit song, "Boom Bye Bye", by Buju Banton.<mask> held a copy of a Bible which he carried with him and stated that the "word of God" advocated the "crucifixion of homosexuals". He also alluded that he advocates the progression of the Jamaican people and freedom of speech but did not conclude that being against homosexuality would be in question of exclusion, according to bible laws. He was condemned for his comments by presenter Mark Lamarr, who said, "That's absolute crap and you know it." Following these comments, <mask> was dropped from a Bobby Brown concert as a performer and faced altercations with his label, Sony Music. Ranks subsequently apologized, after realizing that his comments might advocate "the killing of gays and lesbians and any human being in retrospect". Awards
Discography
Albums
1988 Rough & Rugged – split with Chaka Demus
1988 (CD:1990) Rappin' with the Ladies
1989 Best Baby Father
1989 Holding On – by Home T, Cocoa Tea & Shabba Ranks
1990 Just Reality
1990 Golden Touch
1991 As Raw as Ever – UK Number 51
1991 Mr. 4: Shabba at Showdown (DVD)
1987 Prince Jammy
References
External links
[ Shabba Ranks biography at the AMG website]
Shabba Ranks at Rolling stone.com
1966 births
Living people
People from Saint Ann Parish
Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican expatriates in the United States
Jamaican dancehall musicians
Reggae fusion artists
Ragga musicians
Grammy Award winners
Epic Records artists
Greensleeves
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<mask> is a feminist criminologist and an advocate for girls and women who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She works to find alternatives to women's incarceration and she is an advocate for humanitarian solutions to crime and criminal justice problems in Hawaii. Chesney-Lind is concerned about the treatment of youth and women in the criminal justice system. Specifically, she focuses on and teaches courses on girls' delinquency and women's crime, issues of girls' programming and women's imprisonment, youth gangs, the sociology of gender, and the victimization of women and girls. She has spent more than two decades attempting to develop a better correctional system in Hawaii through publishing countless newspaper articles, books, and journal articles, as well as working with community-based agencies and giving talks to local organizations and legislators. She has also been credited with helping to direct national attention to services for delinquent girls. Chesney-Lind received her B.A.in 1969 from Whitman College and both her M.A. (1971) and P.h.D. (1977) from the University of Hawaii at Honolulu. She is adjunct professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, professor and director of the Women's Studies Program at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, and a senior research fellow at Portland State University. She is a leading scholar in feminist criminology. Research projects and grants
Chesney-Lind has received well over one million dollars in grants to fund research projects and initiatives which she was a part
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of, many times as the principal investigator. Grants she has received have ranged from $6,000-$422,121.She was the principal investigator for Hawaii's Youth Gang Response Evaluation (YGRE). For this project Chesney-Lind received well over $700,000 in installments between 1992 and 2005 for the ongoing evaluation of the YGRE and continual interviews and analysis with current youth gang members, research on the self-reported delinquency and gang membership of youth at risk in Hawaii. This initiative also funded the assessment of key programs within the youth gang responsive system. She also received a contract for a three-year pilot project (2003–2004) for which she was granted almost $40,000 to provide evaluation services to the Family Drug Court (first circuit) in the state of Hawaii. Dr. <mask> Chesney-Lind's most recent research grant ($15,000) has been to provide evaluation services to the Family Court's (first circuit) pilot project of developing a "girls' court" in 2005-2006. This court will address female delinquents with a history of offending on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Awards
<mask> Chesney-Lind has been awarded the University of Hawaii Board Of Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research.In 1996, the American Society of Criminology name her a Fellow. She has also received national and international awards including the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences' Bruce Smith, Sr. Award, the Distinguished Scholar Award from the Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology, the Major Achievement Award from the
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the increased imprisonment of women is not a result of new crimes and that decreases in the prison population would not only save taxpayers money but could be achieved through policy changes. The authors end the book by explaining that if society can begin to stop relying on imprisonment for women we can begin to consider this approach for men as well. They explain that the majority of male offenders are also marginalized by racism and poverty and furthermore, that they are the brothers, fathers and sons of marginalized women.Article synopsis - "What About the Girls: Delinquency and Programming as if Gender Mattered". In this article <mask> Chesney-Lind discusses some of the problems with programming for girls who come in contact with the criminal justice system. She posits that despite increased arrests of young girls, they are almost always invisible when the delinquency problem is discussed and largely forgotten when programs for delinquents are designed. In this article Chesney-Lind argues: (1) that girls in the justice system and invisible in terms of programming and that their risk factors differ than boys; (2) that programming is often based on a one issue at a time approach which ignores the interrelatedness of girls' problems; (3) that girls are triply marginalized, by their age, race and class, structural inequalities and institutional racism and programs must therefore empower and advocate for meaningful changes and (4) that although statistics show an increase in girls violence, often resulting in more punitive
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do not equate masculinity or femininity as individual attributes. Lastly, Chesney-Lind and Eliason posit that until male and female aggression is understood, not only in the context of patriarchy which oppresses both sexes but also within the social systems of racism, heterosexism and classism, increases in arrest rates, incarceration and the execution of masculinised women will continue.Bibliography (partial)
Bowker, L.H., (1978). Women, crime and the criminal justice system. Lexington, Mass. : Lexington Books. (Contributions by <mask> Chesney-Lind and Joy Pollock). Brown, L.M., Chesney-Lind, M. & Stein, N., (2007). Patriarchy matters: Toward a gendered theory of teen violence and victimization.Violence Against Women. 13, 1249-1273. Chesney-Lind, M., (1997). The female offender: Girls, women and crime. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, <mask> and Nikki Jones (eds).(2010). Fighting for Girls: Critical Perspectives on Gender and Violence.Albany, NY: SUNY Press. In press. Chesney-Lind, <mask>, (2006). Patriarchy, crime, justice: Feminist criminology in an era of backlash. Feminist Criminology. 1(1), 6-26. Chesney-Lind, M., (2007).Beyond bad girls: Feminist perspectives on female offending in The Blackwell companion to criminology (Sumner, C. & Chambliss, W.J., eds). Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Chesney-Lind, M. & Eliason, M., (2006). From invisible to incorrigible: The demonization of marginalized women and girls. Crime, Media, Culture. 2(1), 29-47. Chesney-Lind, M. & Hagedorn, J.M., (eds.)(1998). Female gangs in
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America: Essays on gender, and gangs. Lakeview Press. Chesney-Lind, M. & Irwin, K., (2008). Beyond bad girls: Gender, violence and hype. New York: Rutledge. Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Irwin, K., (2007).Policing girlhood? Relational aggression and violence prevention. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 5(3), 328-345. Chesney-Lind, M., Morash, M. & Stevens, T., (2008). Girls' troubles, girls' delinquency, and gender responsive programming: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology.41 (1), 162-189. Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L. (eds. ), (2004a). Girls, women and crime: Selected readings. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, M. & Pasko, L., (2004b).The female offender: Girls, women and crime (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Chesney-Lind, M. & Shelden, R.G., (1998). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth. Davidson, S., (ed. ), (1982).Justice for young women: Close-up on critical issues. Tucson, Arizona: New Directions for Young Women, inc. (Introduction by <mask> Chesney-Lind). Gavazzi, S.M., Yarcheck, C.M. & Chesney-Lind, M., (2006). Global risk indicators and the role of gender in a juvenile detention sample. Criminal Justice and Behaviour. 33(5), 597-612.Mauer, M. & Chesney-Lind, M., (eds.) (2002). Invisible Punishment: The collateral consequences of mass imprisonment. New York: New Press. References
1947 births
Living people
American criminologists
Women criminologists
University of Hawaiʻi alumni
University of Hawaiʻi
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<mask> (June 11, 1911 – November 9, 1933) was the eldest son of <mask>, the owner of the L. Hart & Son department store in downtown San Jose, California, United States. His kidnapping and murder were heavily publicized, and the subsequent lynching of his alleged murderers, Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, sparked widespread political debate. The lynchings were carried out by a mob of San Jose citizens in St. James Park across from the Santa Clara County Jail, and were broadcast as a "live" event by a Los Angeles radio station. The killings of the suspects were tacitly endorsed by Governor James Rolph Jr., who said he would pardon anyone convicted of the lynching. Scores of reporters, photographers, and newsreel camera operators, along with an estimated 3,000 to 10,000 men, women, and children, were witness to it. When newspapers published photos, identifiable faces were deliberately smudged so that they remained anonymous; the following Monday, local newspapers published 1.2 million copies, twice the normal daily production. This incident is sometimes referred to as "the last lynching in California", although Clyde Johnson was lynched near Yreka in August 1935, and the last true California lynching is said to have occurred on January 6, 1947, in Callahan, but the name of the victim has never been released and the event cannot be confirmed in any printed news publications.Background
In 1933, 22-year-old <mask> was the heir to one of San Jose, California's best-known businesses, the L. Hart & Son department store, located at the southeast corner of Market and Santa Clara Street. <mask>'s grandfather and the store's namesake, <mask>, was an Alsatian immigrant who bought a mercantile shop known as the Cash Corner store in 1866. After Leopold's son, Alex J<mask> Sr. (known as A.J.) took over the business, it expanded to the landmark status it held in San Jose for four decades – becoming as much a part of the fabric of the city as Macy's was in New York
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City or Neiman Marcus was in Dallas. The Hart store was famous for its attentive customer service, and benefited from the deep loyalty of customers and employees alike. When the country found itself in the grip of the Great Depression, Hart's held onto its central place in the lives of San Jose's citizens, and continued to buy advertising in local publications. The <mask> family was one of the city's most prominent, and their influence was the source of many colorful stories: one such tale recounts that the artist who repainted the ceiling of Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph in the 1920s modeled the cherubs in his work on the family's children.<mask> had worked in his family's department store during much of his youth and was well-known and liked by the local community. After he graduated from Santa Clara University, his father, A.J., made him a junior vice president and began grooming him to take over when A.J. retired. Disappearance
Just before 6:00 p.m. on Thursday, November 9, 1933, <mask> retrieved his 1933 Studebaker President roadster, a graduation present from his parents, from a downtown San Jose parking lot behind the department store. He had agreed to chauffeur his father, A.J., who did not drive, to a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce at the San Jose Country Club. When <mask> did not turn up to collect his father, A.J. became concerned.As hours passed and there remained no sign of <mask>, the <mask> family's anxiety grew; <mask> was responsible and punctual, and his absence was entirely out of character. A.J. confessed his worry to Perry Belshaw, the manager of the San Jose Country Club, during dinner; after <mask>'s friend phoned to say the younger <mask> had missed an appointment at 8:00 p.m., A.J. called the police to determine if his son had been involved in an accident. According to the parking lot attendant, <mask> had left the lot heading east on Santa Clara Avenue at 6:05 p.m.; he was later spotted around 6:30 p.m. by a Hart store employee
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at Santa Clara and Fourteenth. Finally, a rancher in Milpitas, seven miles north of San Jose, saw a man matching <mask>'s description standing alone next to an automobile on Evans Lane at approximately 7 p.m.; when the rancher returned, he saw the car still parked there at approximately 8:30 p.m. with no one else present. Ransom demands
At 9:30 that night, Aleese <mask>, the older of <mask>'s two younger sisters, answered the telephone at the family home and was informed by a "soft-spoken man" that <mask> had been kidnapped and that instructions for his return would be provided later.At 10:30, what sounded like the same man called and informed the other sister, Miriam, that her brother would be returned upon payment of . Delivery instructions would be provided the next day. According to phone company records, the kidnappers had tried to reach the <mask> home three times but the line was busy before they were finally connected. Belshaw lived near the site where the Studebaker had been parked and reported the abandoned car in Milpitas to the police at 11 p.m.; it was positively identified as <mask>'s. The San Jose Police Department, the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and the U.S. Division of Investigation (the forerunner of the FBI) were quickly brought into the case. The phone calls were traced to locations in San Francisco; the call that connected was traced to the Whitcomb Hotel. However, the search initially focused on the hilly region surrounding Calaveras Dam and the city of Oakland; the call's origin was thought to be a decoy action.<mask>'s wallet was discovered in San Francisco on the guard rail of the tanker Midway, which had been refueling the Matson Lines passenger liner when both ships were docked at Pier 32 from midnight to 5 a.m. It was assumed the wallet had been tossed from a porthole on the liner. Lurline was stopped and searched in Los Angeles when it arrived there on its way to Honolulu on November 11, but nothing was found. Police then
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advanced an alternative theory: since Pier 32, from which Lurline had departed, was close to the sewer outfall, the heavily laden tanker might have dipped below the surface and picked up the wallet from where it had been discharged from the sewer, lifting it from the bay once a sufficient amount of fuel had been offloaded. One of the passengers detained during the three-hour search was Babe Ruth, who was traveling to Los Angeles to watch a football game between Southern California and Stanford. At the time, the Oakland Tribune named Charles "Pretty Boy" Floyd a suspect in the kidnapping, as he was reportedly present in California. Floyd was later spotted in Almaden, near abandoned quicksilver mine shafts.While searching for Floyd or <mask> at the mine, a man claiming to be Floyd boarded a bus in Modesto and robbed passengers using a gun. The <mask> family chartered an airplane to look for cabins in the hills near Milpitas starting on November 12, following up a theory that <mask> had been first lured to the area where his car was abandoned, and the kidnappers then took him from there. Because the car's lights were left on, and there were signs of a scuffle, authorities believed <mask> had been overpowered in Milpitas. In addition, witnesses who had seen <mask> driving the Studebaker said that he was alone, although in some cases visibility was poor. A "compromise ransom" telegram from Sacramento arrived on November 12, suggesting that would be sufficient. However, the family was not contacted again until Monday, November 13, when a letter, postmarked in Sacramento, arrived in the mail at the department store. It instructed A.J.to have a radio installed in the Studebaker (which already had a radio), because the ransom instructions would be broadcast over NBC radio station KPO. The kidnapper also instructed A.J. to be ready to drive the Studebaker to deliver the ransom, but A.J. had never learned to drive. On November 13, A.J. posted a $5,000 reward for his
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son's safe return, with a promise to drop any further investigation upon his return. To emphasize the validity of the reward offer, police announced they would not be tracing calls to the <mask> residence.However, this was a ruse to entrap the kidnappers; in fact, the telephone line continued to be tapped. On Tuesday, November 14, a second ransom note arrived, this time postmarked in San Francisco. It instructed A.J. to place the ransom in a black satchel and drive to Los Angeles. That night, A.J. took a call from a man claiming to be his son's kidnapper, who instructed him to take the night train to Los Angeles. The authorities staked out the train station and mistakenly arrested a bank teller out for an evening stroll.The next day, a sign was placed in a window of the Hart store stating that A.J. did not drive. A call was received that night again demanding that <mask> drive to deliver the ransom. <mask> demanded proof that his son was with the caller. The caller stated that <mask> was being held at a safe location. Because a phone tap had been placed on the Hart telephone, the call was traced to a garage in downtown San Jose, but the caller was gone by the time the authorities arrived. Arrests and confessions
Another demand arrived the following day, November 16, again ordering A.J.to drive with the ransom. That night, another call was received and the demand that A.J. drive was repeated. The call was traced to a payphone in a parking garage at Market near San Antonio, and Police Chief J.N. Black and Sheriff William Emig hurried to the scene just from the San Jose Police station, where they arrested Thomas Harold Thurmond as he was hanging up, at about 8:00 p.m.
At 3:00 a.m., Thurmond, after hours of questioning, signed a confession in which he claimed to have bound <mask>'s hands with wire and tossed him off the San Mateo Bridge into San Francisco Bay sometime between 7:00 and 7:30 on the night of the kidnapping. He also identified an accomplice: John
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Holmes, a recently unemployed salesman who was separated from his wife and two children. Holmes was arrested in his SRO room at the California Hotel near the San Jose Police station at 3:30 a.m.According to Thurmond's confession, Holmes approached him with the scheme six weeks prior, after he had separated from his family. At 1:00 p.m. on November 17, Holmes signed a confession admitting that he and Thurmond had kidnapped <mask> and thrown him into San Francisco Bay. Later, the Santa Clara County District Attorney advised the press that, unless corroborated by independent evidence, confessions by Thurmond and Holmes in which each blamed the other for the crime were not admissible in a court of law. In his confession, Holmes stated that Thurmond had come up with the plan: "A couple of days before the kidnapping, [Thurmond and I] went to a show. On the way out he grabbed my arm and said, 'There goes Brookie <mask>. If we pick him up we can get a nice piece of change." In Thurmond's earlier confession, he stated Holmes made the decision to murder <mask>: "Thursday afternoon, November 9, I went to Merritt's plumbing shop and bought three bricks for 10 cents each and 55 cents' worth of wire to make preparations to kidnap <mask>.I don't know whether Holmes planned to murder the boy at that time but at any rate we wanted to be prepared." According to the men's confessions, when <mask> stopped his car near the exit of the parking lot in the evening of November 9, Thurmond slipped into the passenger seat and, holding a gun on him, forced <mask> to drive to Milpitas. There they abandoned the Studebaker for another waiting car, which had been driven to the rendezvous point by Holmes, and the group of three drove to the San Mateo Bridge. A mother and daughter on a farm immediately south of Milpitas had seen a dark, long-hooded sedan with three men stopped near their barn. A few minutes after it stopped, a convertible (presumably the Studebaker roadster) with three men two
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on the running boards and one driving stopped near the sedan. Their description of the man driving the convertible, slender with light colored hair, matched the description of <mask>, as did the convertible as his car. <mask> was driven away in the larger car.According to the farmers, one of the group followed in the Studebaker. The mother did not report the events until the following Monday (November 13), when she was visiting relatives and learned about the kidnapping. The investigators did not agree on the veracity of the story, because the number of kidnappers did not agree with the recorded confessions. On the bridge, the men ordered <mask> out of the car, and one of the kidnappers struck him twice on the head from behind with a concrete block until he was unconscious. They then bound his arms with baling wire and tied two concrete blocks to his feet before dumping him off the bridge into the bay. The tide was out and there were only a few feet of water at the base of the bridge; the kidnappers then shot <mask>, killing him. According to Thurmond's confession, <mask> struggled in the water for a few minutes and may have been able to free himself from his bonds; after they had tossed him over the north side of the bridge, he moved south under the bridge, against the prevailing current.Thurmond also stated Holmes was the first to shoot at <mask>, but Thurmond shot at him after he had drifted under the bridge. After leaving <mask> in the bay, they stopped approximately from the eastern end, where they discarded an extra concrete block and a roll of wire, which were recovered after the confessions. A few hours later, they placed the first telephone call to the <mask> family demanding $40,000 for <mask>'s return. Two men scavenging for wood in the bay, Cal Coley and Vinton Ridley, heard screams for help at approximately 7:25 p.m. on the night of November 9, when <mask> was kidnapped, and tried to rescue him, but were hampered by muddy conditions. The two
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said the cries for help came from the bridge near the shore of Alameda, but added they did not hear any shots that night. Local newspapers reported that Holmes and Thurmond had met with psychiatrists and would attempt to plead not guilty by reason of insanity. Thurmond claimed he had been "crazy" for more than a year, since his sweetheart married another man, and Holmes planned to repudiate his confession, which his attorney claimed had been "forced from him by third-degree methods," including threats to "turn him over to the mob for lynching if he did not confess."Upon learning of rumors of a possible insanity plea on the part of Thurmond, law enforcement authorities directed two psychiatrists from Agnews State Mental Hospital in Santa Clara to examine the two men to preclude such a defense. Following cursory examinations in their cells at the Santa Clara County Jail, with a mob outside in the jail courtyard, both men were declared sane. Search for the body
Police officers from Santa Clara, San Mateo, and Alameda Counties began searching the bay around the bridge, hoping to find <mask>'s body. Trace evidence, including stains on the bridge, "blonde hair on a brick" and other markings convinced authorities the confessors had truthfully described the sequence of events, including dumping <mask>. The first physical clues were unearthed on November 18. Two bricks and apparent bloodstains were found at the bridge. The pillowcase used to mask <mask> during the drive to the bridge was discovered, along with his hat, by November 20.The discovery of the hat ended the last hope of the family that <mask> would be found alive. A hook-studded apparatus was used to drag the bay, with no success. A weighted dummy was planned to be dropped from the bridge on November 21 in an attempt to see where it would float. Workers constructing a pier of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge reported seeing a body floating in the water during the night of November 22, prompting a search
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by Oakland and San Francisco police boats, including the shores of nearby Goat Island. <mask> announced a reward on November 24, hoping to "enlist the aid of the public in the search." By that time, the search involved a blimp from Sunnyvale, police boats from Oakland and San Francisco, United States Marines and a hydraulic pump to dredge the mud from underneath the San Mateo Bridge. The official search for <mask>'s body ended on November 25.The next day, two duck hunters from Redwood City discovered a badly decayed and crab-eaten body approximately south of the bridge. <mask>'s body was identified by the coroner and his friends and employees later that day, with several personal effects with the body matched to <mask>'s known possessions. According to the autopsy, <mask> had died from drowning, and there were no bullet wounds found. Lynching of Thurmond and Holmes
Warning signs
Because of lynch threats, Sheriff Emig moved Thurmond and Holmes to the Potrero Hill police station in San Francisco for safekeeping soon after their arrest. A San Jose newspaper ran a front-page editorial branding Holmes and Thurmond "human devils" and called for "mob violence." Upon their return to the San Francisco jail from questioning, cries of "lynch them" were heard from the crowd surrounding that jail. On November 21, Holmes and Thurmond remained in the jail, and fear of vigilantism led authorities to announce they would be held "indefinitely."Reportedly, "20 influential friends of the socially prominent <mask> family" had formed a committee to "insist on immediate and drastic punishment for the prisoners." Prosecutors declined to seek grand jury hearings in the fear that an indictment would incite vigilantes. Despite these fears, the pair were indicted on charges of extortion, using the mail for extortion, and conspiracy, and were returned to the San Jose jail the night of November 22. On November 23, California Governor James Rolph announced to shocked reporters that he
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would refuse to dispatch the National Guard to protect Thurmond and Holmes. Upon payment of cashan astonishing sum in 1933by the father of Jack Holmes, San Francisco attorney Vincent Hallinan agreed to represent his son. Thurmond was defended by J. Oscar Goldstein of Chico. With a volatile mob growing day and night outside the jail on November 24, Hallinan called Rolph and asked that he call out the National Guard should an effort be made to lynch his client.Rolph retorted that he would "pardon the lynchers". Overnight lynching 26–27 November
Authorities "expected trouble if and when the missing body was found." After the discovery of <mask>'s body on Sunday, November 26, word went out immediately throughout northern California. All day Sunday and into the evening, radio stations issued inflammatory announcements that a lynching would occur that night in St. James Park in San Jose. Crowds began to gather outside the jail at around 11 a.m., shortly after local newspapers had run extra editions announcing that <mask>'s body had been found. Sheriff Emig pre-emptively ordered the erection of an improvised barricade of parked automobiles and trucks to protect the jail. By 9:00 p.m., a mob estimated by the press to range anywhere from 5,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children were jammed into the park, with an estimated 3,000 vehicles left on streets nearby.Governor Rolph was in regular telephonic communication with Raymond Cato, whom he had appointed to head the California Highway Patrol. Cato was ensconced in the home of a Rolph political ally and neighbor in the mountains west of San Jose with an open phone line to the jail. Although the crowd was characterized as "good natured" earlier in the day, periodically there was an ominous chanting of "Eleven o'clock!" At approximately 9:00 p.m., Rolph canceled a planned trip to the Western Governors' Conference in Boise, Idaho to prevent his chief political rival, Lieutenant Governor Frank Merriam, from calling out the
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National Guard to stop the lynchings. At approximately the same time, the crowd began demanding the jail surrender Holmes and Thurmond; they responded to the refusal by moving the improvised siege barriers aside. Sheriff Emig contacted Rolph at 10:30 p.m., asking that the National Guard be deployed to protect the prisoners. Rolph refused.The assault on the jail commenced at approximately 11 p.m.
By midnight, thousands had gathered outside the jail; the sheriff's deputies fired tear gas into the crowd in an attempt to disperse them. However, the crowd became angrier and larger. After the first round of tear gas was launched into the crowd, the nearby construction site at the post office was raided for materials that were first thrown at the jail; later, a battering ram was improvised from a heavy pipe. Emig ordered his officers to abandon the bottom two floors of the jail, where Thurmond and Holmes were being held. It was later noted that both cells had been occupied by other notorious murderers. Emig also had ordered that no police officer would be allowed to use their guns or clubs to defend the jail; Emig, his nine deputies, and eight state patrolmen were all beaten, choked, and/or trampled during the course of the riot. The mob, by this time estimated at 6,000–10,000 (other reports say 3,000–5,000), stormed the jail, took Holmes and Thurmond across the street to St. James Park, and hanged them.Afterward, deputy sheriff John Moore stated, "I never knew human beings could go so wildthey were not human; they were animals." Deputy Moore was choked twice during the lynching: once when he refused to surrender the keys to the jail cells, and another time when he refused to positively identify Holmes for the mob. Some women in the mob were alleged to have encouraged the violence, seemingly forgetting their prior advice to let the law "take its course". Child movie star Jackie Coogan, a friend of <mask> from Santa Clara University, was reported to be one of the mob
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that prepared and held the rope for lynching. Thurmond was the first to be lynched. As he was dragged from the jail headfirst, the mob beat him and knotted the rope around his neck; one man who attempted to stop the lynching was "picked up bodily and hurled almost over the heads of the crowd". After Thurmond was hanged, the mob tore his trousers off and souvenir hunters fought over the scraps.Holmes cried, "You're making a big mistake! I'm not the man you want!" as he was lynched. Harold Fitzgerald described the scene in an Oakland Tribune article: "A concerted pulland the white, blood-streaked body of the second of <mask>'s murderers swayed in a grisly rhythm in the light of a rising half-moon. A roar, mingled with women's screams, rolled across the park ... [Afterward,] The crowd began pouring out of the park. Some did serpentine dances in the streets. ... Snatches of song came from here and there in the multitude."Immediate aftermath
The bodies of Thurmond and Holmes were left hanging for approximately 45 minutes, until they were cut down by police officials. Thurmond was buried in an unmarked plot in Oak Hill Memorial Park on November 29, the same cemetery where <mask> had been buried on November 27. Holmes was cremated at Oak Hill on November 29. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, on December 2, after a special meeting of the city council heard testimony in support of leaving the cork elm tree as a monument and warning to evildoers, the council approved the cutting down of the tree by city workers. Police were required to keep off a crowd of souvenir hunters seeking a twig or branch of the infamous "gallows tree", the bark and lower branches having been hacked and stripped for mementos. Impact of the case
The lynching was unique in American political and criminal justice history because of the involvement of a state governor, and the eagerness by civic and business leaders and law enforcement, to allow the extrajudicial killings of two men who had
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young man was charged for participating in the lynching after he publicly claimed credit for leading the mob, but the charges were dropped. The Santa Clara County grand jury met the following year, but despite literally thousands of witnesses, scores of reporters, and hundreds of photographs, they found that no witnesses could identify anyone from the lynching, so no charges were filed. Public criticism
In the aftermath of the lynching, Governor Rolph was publicly condemned for advocating "lynch law" by former President Herbert Hoover, then at Stanford University in Palo Alto.Rolph replied, "If troops had been called out, hundreds of innocent citizens might have been mowed down." Rolph accused Hoover of calling out the United States Army against the "Bonus Marchers" in 1932. The exchange continued. President Franklin D. Roosevelt also condemned the lynching as "collective murder" in a nationwide radio address. Civil suits
Holmes' parents sued Governor Rolph for his role in the lynching of their son, along with radio station KQW and several other persons, but the suit was dropped when the governor died of a heart attack in 1934. Holmes' widow sued Sheriff Emig and several deputies, citing their carelessness and negligence in failing to protect him. Thurmond's family took no action on his behalf and reportedly never again spoke about the matter amongst themselves.Family
<mask> had three sisters Jeanette, Miriam, and Aleese and a brother, Alexander Joseph Jr.
Alex J<mask> sold the chain of stores in 1976. Modern coverage
In 1983, Harry Farrell, a columnist for the San Jose Mercury News, wrote about the lynching in a two-part series. After he retired, he followed up with a book on the same subject, Swift Justice, published in 1992. Swift Justice was praised by Walter Cronkite and won an Edgar Award in 1993, beating out the expected winner, Ann Rule. in his 2007 book Jury Rigging in the Court of Public Opinion, the author John D. Murphy criticized Farrell's
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<mask> (born 1969) is the former Republican Indiana Secretary of State, having been first elected to the statewide executive position in November 2010. Prior to that, he served as Chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party and as a member of the town council of Fishers, a northern suburb of Indianapolis. He served as the 60th Secretary of State of Indiana from 2011 to 2012. He was removed from office on February 4, 2012 after a jury convicted him on six felony counts including perjury, theft and voter fraud. On February 23, he was sentenced to one year's house arrest. Education
<mask> received a B.A. from Wabash College and a J.D.from Valparaiso University. At Wabash, <mask> won the Baldwin Oratorical Award in 1991. He was elected to the Fishers Town Council in 2001, and also served as chairman of the Hamilton County Republican Party
Career
<mask> ran for Secretary of State against Democrat Vop Osili in an election to succeed Republican incumbent Todd Rokita, who was term limited. An issue in the campaign was whether <mask> had continued to serve on the Fishers council even after moving out of Fishers, but still voted in his old precinct in the May Republican primary. In February 2009, <mask> moved to a condo in another part of Hamilton County. However, he claimed his former home, in which his ex-wife still lives, as his official residence. <mask> subsequently admitted to voting in the wrong precinct, but blamed a hectic schedule for his failure to change his address.Nonetheless, <mask> won in a landslide. The Indiana Democratic Party filed suit, claiming <mask> had not been eligible to run. They claimed that a state law requiring Secretary of State candidates to be registered voters means they must be registered legally. The state Recount Commission
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dismissed the Democrats' claim on a party-line vote, and <mask> was sworn in on January 6, 2011. Indictment
In March 2011, <mask> was indicted on seven felony counts including voter fraud, perjury and theft. He was charged with intentionally voting in the wrong precinct in the primary, continuing to serve on the Fishers council and drawing his salary after allegedly moving out of town, even though he was voting at large. He was released from a Hamilton County jail after posting a $10,000 bond.Shortly after the news broke, Republican Governor Mitch Daniels and Indiana's other state officials urged <mask> to step aside while the charges were pending. Conviction on even one charge would have automatically ousted <mask> as Secretary of State; Indiana, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office. On April 7, 2011, Marion County Circuit Court Judge Louis Rosenberg ordered the Recount Commission to reconsider the Democrats' legal challenge to <mask>'s place on the ballot. Rosenberg could have issued a ruling on his own authority, but chose not to do so. If the challenge succeeded, Osili would become Secretary of State by default. By comparison, if <mask> were to be forced out of office as a result of his felony case, Daniels would be able to appoint his successor. The ruling specifically required the Recount Commission to make a finding on the legality of <mask>'s registration.Judge Rosenberg retained control of the case and could have issued a ruling himself if he wasn't satisfied with the Recount Commission's work. Subsequently, <mask> recused himself from the case since the Secretary of State is chairman of the Recount Commission. <mask> was cleared by the Recount Commission in a bi-partisan 3-0 vote, saying that he intended to use his wife's
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home as his permanent address. However, the state Democratic party asked Rosenberg to review the decision, arguing that it put too much weight on <mask>'s testimony and ignored documents listing his new address. Rosenberg heard the case on November 23, even though <mask> was absent. Earlier, WISH-TV political reporter Jim Shella wrote in his blog that the Democrats' challenge to <mask>'s ballot status could have implications beyond the Secretary of State race. According to Shella, if the Democrats were to prevail, the Republicans would have legally received no votes in the Secretary of State's race.This would drop them below the 10 percent threshold required to retain major-party status in the state (major party status is determined by Secretary of State results). When Judge Rosenberg remanded the eligibility challenge back to the Recount Commission, Shella wrote that from <mask>'s perspective, he would be better off settling the criminal case before the fate of his office was decided. He could have reduced the felony counts to reduced to misdemeanors in a plea deal, which would have allowed him to keep his law license even if he had to leave office. However, Shella wrote, if he was forced out of office, he would have no bargaining chip in any plea negotiations. On December 22, 2011, Rosenberg ruled that <mask> had in fact violated election law, and that he had been ineligible to run for office. Rosenberg ordered the Recount Commission to remove <mask> from office and certify Osili, who has since been elected to the Indianapolis City-County Council, as his replacement. <mask> immediately announced he would appeal, and asked Rosenberg to stay his ruling until a higher court can hear the case.The next day, Rosenberg issued a temporary stay on his own ruling
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until January 3, 2012. On January 4, Rosenburg ruled that <mask> could stay in office while his appeal works its way through the courts. Conviction of voter fraud
On February 4, 2012, a jury found <mask> guilty of six of seven felony charges, including false registration, voting in another precinct, submitting a false ballot, theft, and two counts of perjury. He was acquitted on one fraud charge. The felony convictions automatically removed <mask> from office, though he presumably could have regained the post if his convictions had been downgraded to misdemeanors and Rosenberg's ruling awarding the office to Osili had been overturned on appeal. Governor Daniels immediately appointed <mask>'s deputy, Jerry Bonnet, as interim Secretary of State. On February 23, Hamilton County Superior Court Judge Steven Nation sentenced <mask> to one year of house arrest, 30 hours of community service and a $1,000 fine.Nation refused to downgrade <mask>'s charges to misdemeanors, saying that his actions in the 2010 election were deliberate and therefore "violated the trust of the people." The conviction ends any chance of <mask> regaining office even if his appeal of Rosenberg's ruling is successful. <mask> lost all of his appeals in state courts and began serving his one-year home-detention sentence in October 2015. In July 2016, his law license was suspended for two years. Personal
<mask> lives in Fishers, Indiana with his wife, Michelle, and three children. References
1970 births
Living people
People from Fishers, Indiana
Secretaries of State of Indiana
Indiana Republicans
Wabash College alumni
Valparaiso University alumni
Indiana lawyers
Disbarred American lawyers
American politicians convicted of fraud
Indiana politicians convicted of crimes
Date of birth missing (living
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<mask>. (born August 19, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player and current television sports color commentator. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right-handed pitcher from to , most notably as a member of the New York Mets team that won the 1986 World Series. Since 2006, he has been the co-lead color commentator for Mets broadcasts on SNY alongside former teammate Keith Hernandez. <mask> was a 1985 National League All-Star and won the Gold Glove Award for National League pitchers. He ranks fourth in Mets team history in wins (99) and is also in the top 10 in complete games, innings, strikeouts and shutouts. During the 1986 World Series, <mask> allowed just three earned runs in innings and won Game 4 in Boston to even the series. In 2020, <mask> was inducted into the New York Mets Hall of Fame.<mask> had five pitches in his repertoire: the slider, a curveball, a circle changeup, a splitter, and a four seam fastball. In the beginning of his career, <mask>'s weak point was control, and he finished three seasons in the top four in base on balls; as his career progressed, his control improved considerably. He was considered one of the better fielding pitchers of the time and had one of the best pickoff moves among right-handed pitchers. An above-average athlete, he was sometimes used as a pinch runner and, in 1989, he hit home runs in two consecutive starts. Apart from his career with the Mets, <mask> also played for the Montreal Expos and the Oakland Athletics. <mask> currently
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