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released "Catch 22" featuring Anne-Marie, which peaked at number 11 on the ARIA charts. In November 2016, <mask> released his fifth studio album, Two Degrees which debuted at No. 1 on the ARIA charts. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2017, the album was nominated for three awards. "You Say When" and "Oh My" were released as singles in 2017. <mask> toured the album and won ARIA Award for Best Australian Live Act at the ARIA Music Awards of 2017. On 24 May 2019, <mask> released "Then What"; his first new release in 2 years.Singles "Codes" and "Lean on Me" followed in 2019. On 13 February 2020, Illy released "Last Laugh"
On 22 May 2020, Australian radio station Triple J premiered a new song by Illy titled "Parmas In June", created as part of a COVID-19 self-isolation musical challenge nicknamed Quarantune. Discography
Long Story Short (2009)
The Chase (2010)
Bring It Back (2012)
Cinematic (2013)
Two Degrees (2016)
The Space Between (2021)
Awards
AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector. |-
| rowspan="2" | AIR Awards of 2011
| "It Can Wait"
| Best Independent Single/EP
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| The Chase
| Best Independent Hip Hop/Urban Album
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| AIR Awards of 2013
|Bring it Back
| Best Independent Hip Hop/Urban Album
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APRA Awards
The Australasian Performing Right Association Awards of 2017 (generally known as APRA Awards)
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<mask>, 1st Earl of Anglesey PC (10 July 16146 April 1686) was an Anglo-Irish royalist statesman. After short periods as President of the Council of State and Treasurer of the Navy, he served as Lord Privy Seal between 1673 and 1682 for Charles II. He succeeded his father as 2nd Viscount Valentia in 1660, and he was created Earl of Anglesey in 1661. Early life
Annesley was born in Dublin, Ireland to Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia, and his first wife Dorothy, daughter of Sir John Philipps, Bt, of Picton Castle. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, from which he graduated in 1634 as a Bachelor of Arts; that year, he was admitted into Lincoln's Inn. Having made the grand tour he returned to Ireland; and being employed by Parliament on a mission to the Duke of Ormonde, now reduced to the last extremities, he succeeded in concluding a treaty with him on 19 June 1647, thus securing the country from complete subjection to the rebels. In April 1647 he was returned for Radnorshire to the House of Commons.He supported the parliamentarians against the republican or army party, and appears to have been one of the members excluded in 1648. He sat in Richard Cromwell's parliament for Member of Parliament for Dublin City, and endeavoured to take his seat in the restored Rump Parliament of 1659. He was made President of the Council of State in February 1660, and in the Convention Parliament sat for Carmarthen. The anarchy of the last months of The Protectorate converted him to royalism, and he showed great activity in bringing about the English
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conspicuous courage.On 6 December he protested with three other peers against the measure sent up from the Commons enforcing the disarming of all convicted recusants and taking bail from them to keep the peace; he was the only peer to dissent from the motion declaring the existence of an Irish plot; and though believing in the guilt and voting for the death of Lord Stafford, he interceded, according to his own account, with the king for him as well as for the barrister Richard Langhorne and Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland. His independent attitude drew upon him an attack by the notorious informer Dangerfield, and in the Commons by the Attorney General, Sir William Jones, who accused him of endeavouring to stifle the evidence against the Romanists. In March 1679 he protested against the second reading of the bill for disabling the Earl of Danby. In 1681, Anglesey wrote A Letter from a Person of Honour in the Country, as a rejoinder to the Earl of Castlehaven, who had published memoirs on the Irish rebellion defending the action of the Irish and the Roman Catholics. In so doing Anglesey was held by Ormonde to have censured his conduct and that of Charles I in concluding the "Cessation", and the duke brought the matter before the council. Anglesey was by now disillusioned about the efficacy of the Council, complaining bitterly that Councillors were kept in ignorance of what passed between the King and the Secretaries of State. In 1682 he wrote The Account of <mask>, Earl of Anglesey ... of the true state of
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Your Majesty's Government and Kingdom, which was addressed to the king in a tone of censure and remonstrance, but appears not to have been printed till 1694.In consequence he was dismissed on 9 August 1682, from the office of Lord Privy Seal. In 1683, <mask> appeared at the Old Bailey as a witness in defence of Lord Russell, and in June 1685 he protested alone against the revision of Lord Stafford's attainder. He divided his time between his estate at Blechingdon in Oxfordshire, and his house on Drury Lane in London, where he died in 1686 from quinsy, closing a career marked by great ability, statesmanship and business capacity, and by conspicuous courage and independence of judgement. He amassed a large fortune in Ireland, in which country he had been allotted lands by Cromwell. At his death, his library of books was believed to be the largest English library not in ecclesiastical hands. He was buried at Farnborough, Hampshire. The unfavourable character drawn of him by Burnet is certainly unjust and not supported by any evidence.Pepys, a far more trustworthy judge, speaks of him invariably in terms of respect and approval as a "grave, serious man," and commends his appointment as treasurer of the navy as that of "a very notable man and understanding and will do things regular and understand them himself." That being so, his appearance was also said to be strange, even alarming: "his face long and emaciated, his complexion between purple and green." On a more intellectual point, he was a learned and cultivated man and collected a celebrated library, which
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was dispersed at his death. Many of his books have now been identified, however, including a heavily annotated copy of the Latin translation of Margaret Cavendish's Life of William Cavendish. Works
A True Account of the Whole Proceedings betwixt ... the Duke of Ormond and ... the <mask> of Anglesey (1682)
A Letter of Remarks upon Jovian (1683)
The King's Right of Indulgence in Matters Spiritual ... asserted (1688)
Truth Unveiled, to which is added a short Treatise on ... Transubstantiation (1676)
The Obligation resulting from the Oath of Supremacy (1688)
England's Confusion (1659). Reflections on a Discourse concerning Transubstantiation
Memoirs of Lord Anglesey were published by Sir P. Pett in 1693, but contain little biographical information and were repudiated as a mere imposture by Sir John Thompson, his son-in-law, in his preface to Lord <mask>'s State of the Government in 1694. The author however of the preface to The Rights of the Lords asserted (1702), while blaming their publication as "scattered and unfinished papers," admits their genuineness.Marriage and legacy
Anglesey married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Sir James Altham of Oxey, Hertfordshire, a baron of the Exchequer, and his first wife Margaret Skinner. They had seven sons and six daughters, including:
James (1645–1690), who succeeded as 2nd Earl of Anglesey, married (in 1669) Elizabeth, daughter of John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland and Frances Montagu;
Altham, created Baron Altham;
Richard (died 1701), served as Dean of Exeter and succeeded as 3rd Baron Altham, married
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Dorothy, daughter of John Davey, of Ruxford, Devon;
<mask>;
Charles, who married Margaret Eyre and had issue;
Dorothy, married Richard Power, 1st Earl of Tyrone (1630–1690) in 1654;
Elizabeth, married Alexander MacDonnell, 3rd Earl of Antrim (1615–1699);
Frances (died 1704/5), married firstly Francis Windham, of Felbrigg, Norfolk, and secondly (in 1668) John Thompson, 1st Baron Haversham;
Philippa (died 1714/5), married firstly Charles Mohun, 3rd Baron Mohun (their son was the duellist Charles, 4th Baron Mohun), and secondly William Coward, of Wells, Somerset; and
Anne, married Sir Francis Wingate J.P. of Harlington Grange, Harlington. The latter arrested John Bunyan and committed him to prison. Bunyan was held overnight at Harlington Grange. James' sons succeeded as the 3rd, 4th and 5th earls. Richard's second son, Richard (died 1761), succeeded his cousin as the 6th earl, and left a son <mask> (1744–1816), whose legitimacy was doubted and his father's English titles were declared extinct. He was summoned to the Irish House of Peers as Viscount Valentia, but was denied his writ to the parliament of Great Britain by a majority of one vote.He was created Earl of Mountnorris in 1793 in the Peerage of Ireland. All the male descendants of the 1st Earl of Anglesey became extinct in the person of George, 2nd Earl of Mountnorris, in 1844, when the titles of Viscount Valentia and Baron Mountnorris passed to his cousin <mask> (1785–1863), who thus became 10th Viscount Valentia, being descended from the 1st Viscount Valentia the father of the 1st Earl of
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<mask>, born Thomas Noakes, (7 May 1860 – 24 August 1930), was an English businessman, showman and the last exhibitor of Joseph Merrick who was otherwise known as the "Elephant Man". Among his later exhibits were a troupe of midgets, a "Man in a Trance", "John Chambers the armless Carpenter", and the "World's Ugliest Woman". <mask> started his working life as a butcher in Sussex before moving to London at the age of 14 where he sought a career on the music hall stage. There, he became interested in freak shows which he attended in his spare time. After viewing an exhibition called "Electric Lady" next door to his place of work, he went into business with the exhibition's manager and began his career as a showman of human oddities. He quickly became successful, for his patter as much as his exhibits, and was called the 'Silver King' by the American showman P. T. Barnum. In 1884, <mask> took over the management of Joseph Merrick, otherwise known as the "Elephant Man", and exhibited him for a few weeks until police closed down the show.Merrick later went to live at the London Hospital under the care of Sir Frederick Treves. In his 1923 memoirs, Treves portrayed <mask> as a cruel drunk who ruthlessly exploited his acts. <mask> refuted this characterisation and said that he had provided Merrick (and his other "freaks") with a means of making money independently. <mask> continued a successful career as a showman and later became an auctioneer of novelty shows and circuses. <mask> died in 1930 and was survived by his wife and 10 children, five of whom followed him into the entertainment business. Biography
Early life
<mask> was born Thomas Noakes on 7 May 1860 in Dallington, Sussex. He was the eldest of 17 children to Thomas Noakes, a butcher and a farmer, and his wife Eliza
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(née Haiselden).<mask> was introduced to his father's trade at an early age and left school to work with him when he was 12. He decided to go travelling two years later to seek a career as a performer. He was unsuccessful and after a short while, he moved to London where he worked as a butcher's assistant. A keen gambler, <mask> moved to Berkshire where he took up professional gambling at Ascot Racecourse. He wound up penniless and resumed his butchery trade in London where he gained a new interest in freak show entertainment. Novelties
After his unsuccessful venture in Berkshire, <mask> returned to being a butcher, and, one day, viewed the "novelties" at a penny gaff next to his place of employment in Islington. There, Mlle Electra, "The Only Electric Lady – A Lady Born Full of Electricity" gave audience members an electrical shock via her handshake.<mask> was impressed with the exhibition, realised its lucrative potential, and left his job to enter into business with Mlle Electra's manager. He quickly discovered Electra was a fake connected to a supply of electricity. When Mlle Electra was exhibited at Kingston Fair, <mask> realised he would be better off working alone, and successfully staged his own "Electric Lady" in Hammersmith. He learned that his skills as an entertainer were as important to his success as the novelties he exhibited. At some point, he changed his birth name to <mask>, and renounced his inheritance. According to Joseph Merrick's biographers Michael Howell and Peter Ford, <mask> may have changed his name to avoid shaming his family by his "distasteful" connections to circuses and fairgrounds. Over the next few years, <mask>'s travelling exhibitions featured Eliza Jenkins, the "Skeleton Woman", a "Balloon Headed Baby" and a woman who bit off the
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heads of live rats—the "most gruesome" act <mask> claimed to have seen.Other acts included fleas, fat ladies, giants, dwarves and retired white seamen, painted black and speaking in an invented language, billed "savage Zulus". He displayed a "family of midgets" which in reality was composed of two men and a borrowed baby. He operated a number of shops in London and Nottingham, and exhibited travelling shows throughout the country. In 1882, <mask> gave a show at Islington's Royal Agricultural Hall. Unknown to <mask>, the show was attended by American showman P. T. Barnum. <mask> falsely claimed to his audience, as he had often done in the past, that his show had been booked to appear at Barnum's 'Greatest Show on Earth'. Barnum was much amused and afterwards, seeing <mask>'s silver necklace and noting his gift for oratory, dubbed him the 'Silver King'.With 13 shops in London alone, <mask> ran into a shortage of curiosities and travelled the country looking for new acts. He enticed human novelties into his employ with promises of generous salaries. Elephant Man
In 1884, <mask> came into contact with Joseph Merrick, a young man from Leicester who had extreme deformities. Unable to find work due to his physical appearance, Merrick ended up in the Leicester workhouse for four years. In 1884 he left the workhouse and put himself in the charge of the music hall proprietors Sam Torr and J. Ellis, and the travelling showman 'Little George' Hitchcock. Collectively, they presented Merrick as "The Elephant Man, Half-a-Man and Half-an-Elephant". They quickly realised that they would not be able to show Merrick for too long in one place, for fear of the novelty wearing off, and towards the end of 1884, Hitchcock contacted <mask>, an acquaintance of his, and transferred management of
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the Elephant Man to him.Merrick arrived in London and into <mask>'s care. <mask>, initially shocked by Merrick's appearance and reluctant to display him, nonetheless exhibited him at his penny gaff shop at 123 Whitechapel Road, directly across the road from the London Hospital. Because of its proximity to the hospital, the shop received medical students and doctors as visitors. One of these was the surgeon Frederick Treves who arranged to have Merrick brought into the hospital to be examined. According to <mask>'s autobiography, Merrick went to the hospital "two or three" times, but then refused to go any more, as the examinations made him feel "like an animal in a cattle market". The exhibition of the Elephant Man was reasonably successful, particularly with the added income from a printed pamphlet about Merrick's life and condition. At this time, however, public opinion about freak shows was starting to change and the display of human novelties was beginning to be viewed as distasteful.After only a few weeks with <mask>, the Elephant Man exhibition was shut down by the police, and <mask> and Merrick parted ways. Treves later arranged for Merrick to live at the London Hospital until Merrick's death in 1890. In Treves's 1923 memoir, The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences <mask> was portrayed as a drunk who cruelly exploited Merrick. <mask> counteracted these claims in a letter in the World's Fair newspaper that year, as well as his own autobiography. <mask>'s opinion was that he provided Merrick (and his other exhibits) a way of making a living and remaining independent, but that on entering the London Hospital, Merrick remained a freak on display, only with no control over how or when he was viewed. The character Bytes, portrayed by Freddie Jones in the 1980 film The
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Elephant Man, is based on <mask>. Later life
<mask> remained a travelling showman for another 10 years following his encounter with Joseph Merrick, and exhibited, among others, a troupe of midgets, a 'Man in a Trance', John Chambers the armless Carpenter and the 'World's Ugliest Woman'.In 1893, he announced that he was leaving for Chicago and advertised his goods for sale, but in the end, he never went. He became involved with the temperance movement and was the vice-president of the Van Dwellers Protection Association (which later became the Showmen's Guild of Great Britain). He became a showman's auctioneer, auctioning novelty shows and circuses and according to the World's Fair, presided over more such sales than any other auctioneer in the country at that time. <mask> married the theatre performer Amy Rayner in 1896, and they had six sons and four daughters. The family moved to Croydon, and <mask> went into semi-retirement, selling off some of his shops. In 1905 he sold showman "Lord" George Sanger's zoo, and then all of Sanger's circus effects, an achievement <mask> called "the crowning point in my life as regards the auctioneering business". He made his comeback in 1919 with the exhibition of 'Phoebe the Strange Girl' in Birmingham and Margate.Final years and death
<mask> died of throat cancer on 24 August 1930 at Croydon Hospital, aged 70. Five of his children followed him into circus careers: George and <mask> became circus clowns while <mask> and <mask> worked in fairgrounds. Ralph Van <mask> (known professionally as Hal Denver) became a travelling Wild West performer, appearing throughout Europe and the United States. References
Bibliography
1860 births
1930 deaths
English butchers
English businesspeople
People from Rother District
Sideshows
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<mask> (1344 – c. 1414), thought to be the same person named in the Malay Annals as Iskandar Shah, was the last king of Singapura and the founder of
Malacca. According to the Malay Annals, he ruled Singapura from 1389 to 1398. The king fled the island kingdom after a Majapahit naval invasion in 1398 and founded his new stronghold on the mouth of Bertam river in 1402. Within decades, the new city grew rapidly to become the capital of the Malacca Sultanate. Portuguese accounts however, written a hundred years after his death, suggest he was from Palembang in Sumatra and usurped the throne of Singapura; he was driven out, either by the Siamese or the Majapahit, and went on to found Malacca. Etymology
The name Parameswara is found in Portuguese sources such as Suma Oriental, and written Paramicura or Parimicura. Parameswara is a Hindu name derived from the Sanskrit word Parameśvara (), a concept literally meaning the "Supreme Lord".The word "parama" meaning "the supreme" is added to Ishvara as an intensifier. Parameśvara is also one of the names of Lord Shiva. However, the name Parameswara is not found in the Malay Annals, which tell a romanticized history of the kingdoms of Singapura and Malacca. It gives the name Iskandar Shah as the last ruler of Singapura and founder of Malacca. Iskandar is Persian for "Alexander", after Alexander the Great, and Shah the Persian title for a king. It has been conjectured that Iskandar Shah of the Malay Annals is the same person as Parameswara based on commonalities in their biographies. The
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Ming Chronicle (Ming Shilu) recorded that the consort of Parameswara known as Bā-ér-mí-sū-lǐ (八兒迷蘇里) ('Parameswari') attended a banquet together with the king Bai-li-mi-su-la ('Parameswara') in the Ming court.It is more likely that 'Parameswari' ("Supreme Lordess") referred to a title rather than a given name as evidenced by its application in the Malay Annals to Sang Nila Utama's mother-in-law, Queen Parameswari Iskandar Shah, and is in fact still in use today in the form of "Permaisuri" ('Queen') in the Malay language. Therefore, the name Parameswara is also believed to be a small part of a longer regnal title which was something common among Malay royals until the present day. Apart from <mask> the founder of Malacca, Abu Syahid Shah, the fourth Sultan of Malacca, was also titled "Raja Sri <mask> Dewa Shah". Biography
Origin
There are differing accounts of the origin and life of Parameswara given in the Malay Annals and Portuguese sources. The Malay Annals was written during the heyday of Malacca and re-compiled in 1612 by the Johor court. It is the basis for accounts of the founding of Singapura , the succession of its rulers and its eventual decline. According to the account by the Malay Annals, Iskandar Shah (Parameswara) was a descendant of Sang Nila Utama said to have founded Singapura.However, historians cast doubts on the accuracy and historicity of the Malay Annals on its accounts of Singapura. Portuguese sources such as the Suma Oriental by Tomé Pires were written shortly after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca
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and they give a different account of the origin of Parameswara. Both Suma Oriental and Malay Annals do contain similar stories about a fleeing Srivijayan prince arriving in Singapura and about the last king of Singapura who fled to the west coast of Malay peninsula to found Malacca. However, both accounts differ markedly on the identity of the prince: Suma Oriental identified the fleeing prince and the last king of Singapura as the same person known as "Parameswara", while the more detailed Malay Annals identified the fleeing prince and the last king as completely two different persons separated by five generations (Sang Nila Utama and Iskandar Shah). Suma Oriental noted further that the fleeing Srivijayan prince usurped the throne of Singapura from a Siamese viceroy named "Temagi" sometimes around the 1390s. Portuguese accounts by Tomé Pires and João de Barros, which may have been based on a Javanese source, suggest that Parameswara was a prince from Palembang who attempted to challenge Javanese rule over Palembang sometime after 1360. In this version, the Javanese attacked and drove <mask> out of Palembang, who then escaped to Singapore.Parameswara soon assassinated the local ruler with the title Sang Aji, Sangesinga. <mask> then ruled for five years before he was driven out. The account by Pires also indicates that Iskandar Shah was the son of Parameswara who became the second ruler of Malacca. Many scholars believe that <mask> and Iskandar Shah are the same person, although some argued for Megat Iskandar Shah being the son
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walls.The invasion force laid a siege of the city and repeatedly tried to attack the fortress. However, the fortress proved to be impregnable. After a month, food in the fortress began to run low and the defenders were on the verge of starvation. Sang Rajuna Tapa was then asked to distribute whatever grain left to the people from the royal store. Seeing this opportunity for revenge, the minister lied to the King, saying the stores were empty. The grains were not distributed and the people eventually starved. The final assault came when the gates were finally opened under the order of the treacherous minister.The Majapahit soldiers rushed into the fortress and a terrible massacre ensued. According to the Malay Annals, "blood flowed like a river" and the red stains on the laterite soil of Singapore are said to be blood from that massacre. Knowing that defeat was imminent, Iskandar Shah and his followers fled the island. Portuguese sources gave different accounts from the Malay Annals. They suggested that <mask> originated from Palembang, who escaped to Temasek that some believed to be a vassal of Siam. There he assassinated the local ruler who had welcomed Parameswara into the kingdom, and ruled there for five years. There are different suggestions as to who attacked Singapore.One indication was that the assassinated ruler of Singapura may be related by marriage to the Pattani Kingdom and the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom. João de Barros said that it was the Siamese who attacked Singapura, while Brás de Albuquerque believed that it
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was the Pattani Kingdom. Diogo do Couto on the other hand said it was the Majapahit, while Godinho de Erédia mentioned Pahang (by which he meant most the Malay Peninsula). Foundation of Malacca
<mask> fled north to found a new settlement. In Muar, <mask> contemplated establishing his new kingdom at either Biawak Busuk or at Kota Buruk. Finding that the Muar location was not suitable, he continued northwards. Along the way, he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (former name of present-day Sungai Ujong) before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of the Bertam River (former name of the Malacca River).This evolved over time to become the location of modern-day Malacca Town. According to the Malay Annals, legend has it that the king saw a mouse deer outwitting his hunting dog into the water when he was resting under the Malacca tree. He thought this boded well, remarking, 'this place is excellent, even the mouse deer is formidable; it is best that we establish a kingdom here'. Tradition holds that he named the settlement after the tree he was leaning against while witnessing the portentous event. Today, the mouse deer is part of modern Malacca's coat of arms. The name "Malacca" itself was derived from the fruit-bearing Malacca tree () scientifically termed as Phyllanthus emblica. Another account on the origin the naming of Malacca elaborates that during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1424–1444), the Arab merchants called the kingdom 'Malakat' (Arabic for 'congregation of merchants') because it was home to many trading
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communities.Reign in Malacca
After the foundation of the new settlement in Malacca, <mask> initiated the development of the place and ordered his men to cultivate the lands with banana, sugar cane, yam and other crops for food. Taking the advantage of the harbour that is protected by a hill and sheltered ships well from the danger of strong tides, <mask> laid the foundation of a trading port by building the storage and market facilities to serve as a meeting point to exchange goods. The indigenous inhabitants of Malacca and the strait, the Orang Laut, who were also known as the loyal servants of Malay rulers since the time of Singapura and Srivijaya, were said to have been employed by Parameswara to patrol the adjacent seas, to repel other petty pirates, and to direct traders to their Malay overlords' port. Ironically, Orang Lauts themselves were known to be ferocious pirates in history. Within years, news about Malacca becoming a centre of trade and commerce began to spread all over the eastern part of the world and reached as far as China. The Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty, who reigned from 1402 till 1424, sent his envoy known as Yin Qing to Malacca in 1405. Yin Qing's visit opened the way for the establishment of friendly relations between Malacca and China.Chinese merchants began calling at the port of Malacca, joining other foreign traders notably the Javanese, Indians, Chinese, and Burmese who came to establish their trading bases and settle in Malacca, soaring its population to 2000 during <mask>'s reign. In 1411,
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<mask>, his wife, his son, and a royal party of 540 people left for China with Admiral Zheng He to pay homage to the Yongle Emperor. Yongle praised Parameswara and acknowledged him as the rightful ruler of Malacca. He then presented Parameswara with a seal, silk and a yellow umbrella as symbols of royalty and also a letter appointing <mask> as the ruler of Malacca. Malacca was then recognised as a kingdom by the Emperor of China. The envoy returned to Malacca together with a fleet led by Zheng He. The Chinese chronicles mention that in 1414, the son of the first ruler of Malacca visited Ming China to inform them that his father had died.It is generally believed that he was buried on top of a hill at Tanjung Tuan (also known as Cape Rachado), within the State of Malacca, Malaysia by which located nearby to the modern-day district of Port Dickson. <mask> was succeeded by his son, Megat Iskandar Shah who in turn ruled Malacca until 1424. There is an allegation that <mask> had also been buried at the Bukit Larangan Park, Singapore. Some other also believe that he could have been cremated based on the Hindu's ritual belief system, and there is therefore no actual burial place. Religious belief
It is believed that <mask> was a Hindu as indicated by his Hindu name. The Persian moniker Iskandar Shah used in the Malay Annals, as well as the confusion as to whether <mask> and Iskandar Shah in different sources refer to the same person, led to the conjecture that <mask> had converted to Islam and took a new name. In the year 1409, when
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he was sixty-five, he was said to have married a Muslim princess of Pasai, converted to Islam and adopted the Persian title Iskandar Shah.However, the 16th-century Portuguese writer Tomé Pires explicitly mentioned that <mask> was succeeded by his son, named Chaquem Daraxa or Megat Iskandar Shah, and that only the latter converted to Islam at the age of 72. The Chinese History of Ming also considers Megat Iskandar Shah to be the son of <mask>. This son is referred to in the Malay Annals only as Raja Besar Muda. According to the Malay Annals, the third king Muhammad Shah was the first Muslim ruler of Melaka, having converted after a dream. Scholars believe both <mask> and his son were given the same title, the elder called Sri Iskandar Shah and the son Megat Iskandar Shah. Based on Malay, Portuguese, and Chinese writings, Christopher Wake concludes that <mask> never adopted Islam but was posthumously given the title Iskandar Shah. While there are differing views on when the Islamisation of Melaka actually took place, it is generally agreed that Islam was firmly established in the court by the reign of Muzaffar Shah.Foreign relations with Ming China
The relation with Ming China started in the early 15th century when <mask> embarked on several voyages to visit the Yongle Emperor. In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameśwara was escorted by Zheng He and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with Ming granted protection to Malacca against
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attacks from Siam and Majapahit and Malacca officially submitted as a protectorate of Ming China. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and India, Middle East, Africa and Europe. In 1411, <mask> and his wife together with 540 officials from Malacca went to China to pay homage to the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424). Upon arriving, a grand welcoming ceremony was held with sacrification of animals.The historical meeting between Parameswara and the Yongle Emperor was recorded accurately in the Ming chronicle:
Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming included: agate, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane beak, golden female crane beak, suit, white cloth, Western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks. Legacy
Within decades after its foundation, Malacca grew into an international trading port and heralded the golden age of Alam Melayu. 80 languages were reportedly spoken in Malacca. Malacca became an important port in the far east during the 16th century. It became so rich that the Portuguese writer and trader Tome Pires said "Whoever is lord of Malacca shall have his hands on the throat of Venice." The new Malay sultanate emerged as the primary base in continuing the historic struggles of its predecessors, Singapura and Srivijaya, against their Java-based nemeses. By the mid-15th century, Majapahit
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<mask>, Grand Duke of Tuscany (; 10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908) was the last Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1859 to 1860. Biography
Born at Florence, he was the son of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies. He and his family were forced to flee Florence on 27 April 1859, with the outbreak of a revolution inspired by the outbreak of a war by France and Sardinia-Piedmont against Austria as part of the unification of Italy. The family took refuge in Austria. After the end of the war, Leopold II abdicated on 21 July and <mask> succeeded him as Grand Duke. <mask> proved unable to return to Florence to claim his throne, and an elected Tuscan National Assembly formally deposed him only a month later, on 16 August. <mask> still hoped to recover his throne, as both France and Austria had promised to recognize his rights to it in the Armistice of Villafranca.However, neither power was willing to take any steps to bring about his restoration; Sardinia would annex Tuscany on 22 March 1860, and with Austria recognizing the new Kingdom of Italy after the Third War of Independence in 1866, <mask>'s hopes to reclaim the throne were ended. Subsequently <mask> and his family returned to the Imperial House of Austria. While <mask> was allowed to keep the grand ducal title as a courtesy and retain his status as grand master of all Tuscan orders of chivalry for his lifetime, his descendants could only bear the title of "Archduke/Archduchess of Austria"; the right to bear the title "Prince/ss of Tuscany" became restricted solely to family members born before 1866. In 1870 <mask> relinquished all dynastic rights to the defunct Grand Duchy for himself and his future heirs in favor of his second cousin, Emperor Franz Joseph I, effectively ending
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the House of Habsburg-Tuscany's status as a sovereign cadet branch. <mask> died in Salzburg in 1908, after spending the rest of his life in exile. Upon his death, his descendants were barred from using their Tuscan titles by Imperial decree. Family and children
He married twice and had issue:
From his first marriage in Dresden on 24 November 1856 to Princess Anna of Saxony, (Dresden, 4 January 1836 – Naples, 10 February 1859), daughter of King John I of Saxony, was born:
Archduchess Maria Antonietta (Florence, 10 January 1858 – Cannes, 13 April 1883).She became Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Convent in the Hradschin in Prague. Unmarried and without Issue. From his second marriage in Frohsdorf on 11 January 1868 to Princess Alice "Alix" of Bourbon-Parma (Parma, 27 December 1849 – Schwertberg, 16 November 1935), daughter of Duke Charles III of Parma:
Archduke <mask> (1868–1935). He renounced his titles on 29 December 1902 and took the name Leopold Wölfling. He married three times, without issue. Archduchess Louise (1870–1947). Married first King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and after divorcing him married second Enrico Toselli and had issue by both marriages.Archduke <mask> (1872–1942). He married, firstly, Rosa Kaltenbrunner and, after divorcing her married, secondly Gertrud Tomanek, by whom he had issue. Both marriages were morganatic. Archduke <mask>, Prince of Tuscany (1874–1948). Married Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, and had issue. Archduke <mask> (1878–1969). A major general in the Austrian army, morganatically married Maria Karoline Ludescher, and had issue.She married Johannes, Prince of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein; their granddaughter married Hans Veit, Count of Toerring-Jettenbach, son of Princess Elizabeth of Greece and
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is a Japanese professional boxer. He has held the WBA (Super) middleweight title since January 2021 and previously held the WBA (Regular) title twice between 2017 and January 2021. As an amateur, he won a silver medal at the 2011 World Championships, and gold the following year at the 2012 Olympics. As of July 2021, he is ranked as the world's fifth best active middleweight by The Ring. Amateur career
Murata started boxing in the first grade of junior high school. His then trainer was Hiroaki Takami who competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Two years later, he started attending Shinko Boxing Gym in Osaka from his home in Nara City.He was trained under the former Japanese super lightweight champion Hiromu Kuwata at that gym for one year. He proceeded to Minami-Kyoto High School and was coached there by Maekawa Takemoto, who served as the coach of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. <mask> went on to capture five national titles. Takemoto died in 2010, at the age of 50. However, after his admission to Toyo University, he suffered a number of DQ losses in the university league. At that time, he trained at the Physical Training School of the Self Defense Forces, on the recommendation of Takemoto. After winning the All-Japan Amateur Boxing Championships in the first grade of university in 2004, he captured the bronze medal in the 2005 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships in Ho Chi Minh City, and the silver medal in the 2005 King’s Cup in Bangkok.After that, <mask> went on an undefeated streak in his country, winning the All-Japan Amateur Boxing Championships also in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011,. However, he was eliminated in the preliminary round by Nikolajs Grisunins at the 2005 World Amateur Boxing Championships, and was also eliminated in the preliminary round by Bakhtiyar Artayev in the 2006 Asian Games. In the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships he won against
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Donatas Bondorovas in the first round, but lost to Shawn Estrada in the second round. At the 2008 1st Asian Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Bangkok, Thailand, he won over Narmandakh Shinebayar in the quarterfinal but lost to Elshod Rasulov in the semifinal. In the 2nd AIBA Asian 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Astana, Kazakhstan, he was eliminated in the quarterfinal by Homayoun Amiri and ended in the seventh place. <mask> retired as a boxer after failing to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. After graduating from the university, he started coaching at the boxing club while working as an employee of his alma mater.A year and a half later, he resumed his boxing career. In 2010, he secured the bronze medal by winning over Udai Al-Hindawi in the quarterfinal of the China Open Tournament in Guiyang, China, but lost to Husan Baymatov in the semifinal. In the 2010 Kazakhstan President's Cup in Astana, he won over Levan Guledani in the preliminary round but lost to Danabek Suzhanov in the quarterfinal. In July 2011, he won the gold medal at the 21st President's Cup in Jakarta. At the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, <mask> won over his preliminary contest over Leandro Sanchez (24–11). In a big upset, <mask> stopped two-time world champion Abbos Atoev in the first round. He subsequently defeated Mohammad Sattarpour (22–11, in the second round) and Stefan Härtel (18–15, in the third round).By beating Härtel, <mask> secured qualification for the 2012 Summer Olympics. In the quarter-final, he beat Darren O'Neill (18-9). Finally he defeated Esquiva Falcão (24–11) to qualify for the final. <mask>'s run came to an end against Evhen Khytrov, losing a close match (22–24) and taking home the silver medal. 2012 Olympics
In the 2012 Summer Olympics, second-seeded <mask> defeated Algeria's Abdelmalek Rahou 21–12 in the round of 16 at the ExCeL London on 2 August 2012.
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He subsequently beat Turkey's Adem Kılıççı 17–13 in the quarter-finals on 6 August, and also outpointed Uzbekistan's Abbos Atoev 13–12 in the semi-finals on 10 August. In the final on 11 August, he beat the Esquiva Falcão with a score of 14–13 and took the gold medal.After winning the quarter-finals, <mask> and Florentino were both assured of the first men's boxing medal for their countries since the 1968 Summer Olympics. It was a tough, close bout. <mask> is the hundredth gold medalist for Japan in their Olympic history. His is Japan's first boxing gold medal since Takao Sakurai won in the bantamweight class in 1964, and also is the first-ever boxing medal in a weight class other than bantamweight or flyweight. The Brazilian Olympic Committee asked the International Boxing Association (AIBA) for a review of the final, but the AIBA turned down the request. <mask> finished his amateur career with a record of 119–18 (89 RSC). Results
Men's Middleweight (75 kg)
Round of 16: <mask> <mask>, Japan (21) def Abdelmalek Rahou, Algeria (12)
Quarterfinals: <mask> <mask>, Japan (17) def Adem Kılıççı, Turkey (13)
Semi-finals: <mask> <mask>, Japan (13) def Abbos Atoev, Uzbekistan (12)
Final: <mask> <mask>, Japan (14) def Esquiva Falcão, Brazil (13)
Professional career
<mask> registered with Misako Boxing Gym in April 2013, and signed with Top Rank in June.He also asked Teiken Promotions for cooperation in promotion. Murata is sponsored by Dentsu. Before turning professional, <mask> had declined participation in AIBA Pro Boxing by saying that he intended to retire as a boxer. Upon turning professional, <mask> was banned from Japan Amateur Boxing Federation (JABF) for his disloyal behavior in February 2013. Qualified as a professional boxer in April 2013, he was cleared to fight in eight or more round bouts. His professional debut took place in a six-round bout at a 161 lb
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catchweight against Akio Shibata at the Ariake Coliseum on 25 August 2013. <mask> won the bout by a second-round technical knockout.<mask> went on to win his first four fights by knockout. <mask>'s first fight in the U.S. took place in November 2015 against Gunnar Jackson. He won the fight via unanimous decision (99-91, 98-92, 97-93), outworking Jackson throughout most of the bout. <mask> (8-0, 5 KOs), who was ranked fourth in the WBC middleweight ratings at the time, faced Gaston Alejandro Vega (24-10-1, 10 KOs) of Argentina on 30 January in Shanghai, on the under card of Chinese superstar Zou Shiming against Natan Santana Coutinho . <mask> won the fight by KO in the second round. WBA (Regular) middleweight champion
<mask> vs. N'Dam
After 12 consecutive victories, <mask> fought for the vacant WBA (Regular) title against Hassan N'Dam N'Jikam on 27 May 2017. <mask> lost a very controversial split decision (116-111, 115-112, 110-117), in a match which many thought he'd won.N'Dam N'Jikam was knocked down in Round 4 but survived and got the decision. The two judges who scored the fight for N'Dam N'Jikam were immediately suspended and WBA president Gilberto Mendoza issued a public apology. A rematch was immediately ordered by the WBA, and scheduled for 22 October. <mask> vs. N'Dam II
On 22 October, <mask> decisively beat N'Dam N'Jikam, who threw in the towel after round 7. <mask>'s body attack wore his opponent down, he also hurt him with a series of combinations. The fight was attended by 8,500 people at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan. This was N'Dam N'Jikam's first stoppage loss.After the fight, <mask> said, "I know that you’re going to have a rougher time after you win a title. And there are other very strong champions in this weight class at other organizations. The people here know it. I will aim to be at their level." With the win, <mask> became Japan's first Olympic
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medalist to win a world title, as well as the first Japanese middleweight world champion since Shinji Takehara. <mask> vs. Blandamura
On 15 April, <mask> retained his secondary middleweight world title with a one-sided eighth-round knockout of Emanuele Blandamura at the Yokohama Arena in Yokohama, Japan. Blandamura was ranked #6 by the WBA at middleweight.Defending his 160-pound belt for the first time since knocking out Hassan N'Dam in the seventh round of their October rematch to claim the title, <mask> had a similarly easy time with Blandamura. <mask> vs. Brant
<mask> failed to defend his WBA middleweight world title and suffered his second defeat on 20 October in Las Vegas, losing to mandatory challenger Rob Brant of the U.S. by unanimous decision, 118-110, 119-109 and 119-109. Brant was ranked #3 by the WBA and #11 by the IBF at the time. Brant threw over 1,200 punches to get the decision, wearing <mask> out and down over the course of the fight. <mask> vs. Brant II
Brant made his second defense of WBA "regular" middleweight title against <mask> on 12 July 2019 at Edion Arena in Osaka, Japan. <mask> in Round 2, forcing referee Luis Pabon to stop the bout 2 minutes 34 seconds into the round. <mask>'s 64 power punches connected were the second most by a middleweight in a round next to Mike McCallum 's 74 landed punches in a fifth-round TKO of Nicky Walker in 1991.<mask> vs. Butler
<mask> defended his regained title on 23 May December 2019 at the Yokohama Arena against hard-punching Canadian contender Steven Butler (27-1). Butler was ranked #8 by the WBA at middleweight. <mask>'s power showed up right from the start, but Butler managed to keep up with the champion in the early rounds using his long reach and fast combinations. However, <mask>'s constant offense, sharp jab and powerful rights started to wear down Butler in round four. Near the end of Round 5,
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<mask> drove Butler to the ropes and began to unleash a series of hard punches, before landing a devastating left hook that caused Butler to crash down on the canvas. Referee Rafael Ramos immediately halted the contest, thus giving <mask> the victory by TKO. WBA (Super) middleweight champion
In January 2021, <mask> was elevated to the status of full WBA (Super) middleweight champion.The position had previously been vacant after the previous Super champion Canelo Álvarez had vacated the title to move up to the super-middleweight division. <mask> vs. Golovkin
After multiple rumors suggesting that <mask> was set to take on IBF and IBO champion Gennady Golovkin in a unification match, it was announced on 27 October 2021 that a deal had finally been agreed between the two to stage the bout at the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan on 29 December 2021. Personal life
<mask> was married in May 2010. His son was born in May 2011. Professional boxing record
See also
October 2011 in sports#Boxing
Boxing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification
Japan at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics#Day 15: Sat 11 August
List of Olympic medalists in boxing#Middleweight
List of 2012 Summer Olympics medal winners#Boxing
List of Japanese boxing world champions
References
Video references
External links
<mask> <mask>'s daily results International Boxing Association
Ryota <mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live
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Middleweight boxers
People from Nara, Nara
Toyo University alumni
1986 births
Living people
Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers of Japan
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Olympic medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Japanese male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Asian Games
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<mask> (April 25, 1896 – November 9, 1977) was an American third baseman, manager, coach and executive in Major League Baseball (MLB). As a manager, he won two pennants and a world championship with the Milwaukee Braves. He later served as the first general manager of the expansion Los Angeles Angels in the American League. For years, <mask> was one of the most popular baseball figures in Los Angeles. In 1974 he was presented with the King of Baseball award given by Minor League Baseball. Early life
Born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and raised in Los Angeles, <mask>'s major league playing career lasted all or part of seven seasons (1922–27, 1929). Primarily a third baseman—despite his diminutive ( size—<mask> compiled a .275 batting average with eight home runs and 229 runs batted in (RBI) for the Detroit Tigers, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs and St. Louis Cardinals.Much of his playing career was spent in his hometown with the city's two Pacific Coast League clubs, the original PCL Angels and the Hollywood Stars. He threw and batted right-handed. Managerial career
Early years and broadcasting
<mask> became a manager in 1936, piloting the Toledo Mud Hens of the AA American Association, the top farm team of the St. Louis Browns. In 1939, he took over the lowly Browns and the team lost 111 games. They improved by 24 games in 1940, but when the 1941 Brownies dropped 32 of their first 44 contests, <mask> was replaced by Luke Sewell. After briefly returning to Toledo to manage through 1942, <mask> went home to Los Angeles (and the Coast
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League) as the radio play-by-play broadcaster for the Hollywood Stars and Los Angeles Angels for six seasons, starting in 1943. In 1949, he moved back into the dugout as the manager of the Hollywood club.During his four years (1949–52) as manager, the Stars won two PCL pennants. Milwaukee
As a reward, <mask> was named manager of the Stars' parent club: the worst team in the National League, the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Pirates rang up three last place finishes in <mask>'s 1953–55 tenure, losing 104, 101 and 94 games. Finally, he was given the pink slip by the Bucs, and he joined the Milwaukee Braves as a coach for 1956. Adversity turned into good fortune, however, when the Braves—slow out of the gate in '56; under skipper Charlie Grimm, the Braves were 24–22 on June 17 when he was forced out at the post, and <mask> was named the manager. Milwaukee played at a .630 clip (68–40) for the rest of the season. As late as the final series of the season, the Braves were in position for a pennant or at best a tie (as Brooklyn and Cincinnati were each in position with each other for first); however, the Braves lost two of their last three against St. Louis as Brooklyn managed escape with the league pennant.At any rate, the season secured <mask>'s tenure in the Beer City. He would push his team hard on fundamentals the following spring training, stating that "You're going to hate my guts next spring, but you'll love me when you see that World Series check in the fall." During his tenure of a little more than seasons, <mask> would lead the
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Braves to their only two pennants and lone World Series championship in 13 years of existence (1953–65) in the city. Yet for all his managerial success in Milwaukee, <mask> had more than his share of critics who believed it was largely the result of the immense talent around him. In 1957, with a lineup that included future Baseball Hall of Fame members Hank Aaron, Eddie Mathews, Warren Spahn, and Red Schoendienst – and stars such as Lew Burdette, Bob Buhl, Johnny Logan and Del Crandall – the Braves won the National League pennant by eight games over the St. Louis Cardinals. During the regular season, <mask> led the Braves in overcoming season-ending injuries to star first baseman Joe Adcock and fleet center fielder Bill Bruton, and slow starts to the season by their starting left fielder and second baseman, both of whom were traded in mid-June for Schoendienst. Then, led by Burdette's three complete-game victories in the World Series, the Braves defeated the New York Yankees in seven games – including winning the crucial seventh game 5–0 at Yankee Stadium with Burdette pitching – thus making him the World Series Most Valuable Player.Aaron received the National League Most Valuable Player award and Spahn won the lone Major League Cy Young Award (two Cy Young Awards were not given out per year until 1967). In 1958, the Milwaukee Braves repeated as champions in a league that was in transition, this time again by a margin of eight games. The core of the Braves team was once again Aaron, Matthews, Adcock, Spahn and Burdette. However, Buhl
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was limited to eleven appearances because of health issues, while Adcock played in only 105 games and Wes Covington in just 90 also because of injuries. Nonetheless, in Spahn and Burdette, the team had the best starter tandem in the majors. Spahn recorded a 22–11 record in 290 innings, while Burdette posted a 20–10 mark in 275 innings. The Braves finished first in the National League with a 92–62 record and returned to the World Series.The Yankees again won the American League, hence the two teams faced off against each other again in the World Series. The Braves roared ahead by winning three of the first four games in the series. The Yankees quickly regrouped, and they won Games 5, 6, and 7 and the championship. The final two games were played at Milwaukee County Stadium. Many consider the turning point was <mask>'s controversial decision to start Burdette and Spahn on two days' rest each in the final two games, which had the appearance of a panic move, what with his team ahead 3–2 lead in the series. Some critics believe well-rested veteran Bob Rush would have been a wiser choice in Game 6, pointing to his effectiveness in the final two months of the regular season as well as in Game 3 of the series albeit it in a loss. That would have allowed Spahn, who had been victorious in his previous two starts, to open Game 7 if necessary on his accustomed three days' rest.At the same time, Burdette, who had struggled in his two starts, would have been available in the bullpen. Instead, Spahn pitched well in a 4–3, 10-inning loss in Game 6,
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then Burdette tired late in a 6-2 setback in the clincher. In 1959, the Braves were back in the thick of contention again, with the same core of regular players, and a stronger pitching staff, since Buhl came back to pitch 200 innings in 31 games, with a 15–9 record. Spahn and Burdette were brilliant, each with a 21–15 record in 290 innings pitched and a combined 41 complete games. Aaron and Matthews had prolific seasons. Aaron led the league with careers highs in 223 hits, a .355 batting average and 400 total bases. He had 39 home runs and 123 runs batted in, while leading the league in slugging percentage.Matthews paced the team with 46 home runs and batted in 114 runs. The Braves finished in a tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers for first place, both with records of 86 wins and 68 losses. This forced the two teams into a best-of-three-games playoff. Once again, <mask> bypassed Rush and others in favor of inexperienced starter Carlton Willey in Game 1, a 3–2 loss in Milwaukee. The Dodgers completed the two-game sweep the next day, 6–5, to capture the pennant in <mask>'s hometown of Los Angeles. A short time later, <mask>, approaching the age of 61, was dismissed as Braves manager, and he was replaced by the former Dodger coach Chuck Dressen. In his guide to baseball managers, author Bill James makes a detailed case for considering <mask>'s 1959 season at the helm of the Braves as the worst performance by an MLB manager.As he puts it: "Without exaggeration, the 1959 Dodgers shouldn't have been within 20 games of the Braves In reality,
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the two teams ended up playing a three-game playoff, which the Dodgers swept in two games. Among <mask>'s mistakes that season: riding his two top pitchers, Warren Spahn and Lew Burdette into the ground while ignoring a number of talented youngsters who were available to pitch; platooning Joe Adcock with the awful Frank Torre long after Torre had demonstrated he was in a year-long slump; failing to settle on a solution when second baseman Red Schoendienst was lost for the season; and loading his bench with a group of grumpy and over-the-hill veterans from which he failed to get any production." With his other two "near misses", <mask> stands as by far the most successful manager of the Braves' years in Milwaukee. His career managing record — tarnished by poor teams in St. Louis and Pittsburgh — was 629–757 (). He won 341 games and lost 231 () with the Braves. Front office
<mask> was not out of work long. In 1960 he made a brief return to broadcasting, teaming with Lindsey Nelson to call weekend baseball for NBC television.The following year, the American League granted an expansion team to Los Angeles, the Los Angeles Angels, and its owner, Gene Autry, chose <mask> to operate the team and its organization for him. While the Angels usually struggled on the playing field during <mask>'s tenure as GM from 1961 to 1968, they did finish a surprising third in 1962, and contended for the 1967 pennant as well (the team won 70 games in their inaugural season, a record for expansion teams that still stands). <mask> made the team competitive
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in its early years by selecting future stars such as the shortstop Jim Fregosi and the pitcher Dean Chance in the expansion draft, and acquiring sluggers such as Leon Wagner and Lee Thomas. <mask> also oversaw the Angels' relocation in 1966 from Chavez Ravine down the freeway to Anaheim Stadium in Orange County, during which they changed their name to the California Angels. <mask> finished his run as GM with a winning record in half of the eight seasons he served in the position. After the 1968 baseball season (where the Angels lost 95 games, a club record until it was matched in 1980), Autry gently suggested his move into being a part-time consultant for the team, with the same salary as his previous spot but with less authority and input, and <mask> gently agreed to the suggestion. He was succeeded as the team's general manager by Dick Walsh (Walsh could not mend the decline of the Angels, and he was fired after the 1971 season)
Death
<mask> died of a heart attack on November 9, 1977, at age 81 in Beverly Hills, California.He was interred in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Two years after his death, the Angels (having won the American League West title that year), his widow Florence was asked to throw out the first pitch for Game 3 and Game 4 in the 1979 American League Championship Series. A Memorial Award was dedicated in <mask>'s honor for the most outstanding rookie in spring training the following year. Managerial record
References
External links
Baseball-Reference.com – career managing record
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<mask>, née Vickberg (13 February 1780 – 1850), was a Swedish procurer and brothel owner. She was the manager of the brothel "London" in Stockholm, one of the two brothels, London and Stadt Hamburg, which were supported by the authorities in a temporary experiment between 1838 and 1841 to control the spread of sexually transmitted disease. She was the owner of one of only two unique brothel licenses ever issued in her country at the time. <mask> published her memoires in 1841. Early life
<mask> described her life in her memoirs, published in 1841, which may not give an altogether truthful picture: among other things, she claimed to have been the mother of 22 children. She was one of six children to Erik Wickberg, General contractor at the Olofsfors estate in Ångermanland, and Brita Christina Eriksdotter. She was allowed schooling until the age of fourteen, and was then made an apprentice of a farmer to learn how to manage a farm, with the prospect of becoming a farmer's wife.As she did not care for this future prospect, she left home and arrived in the capital of Stockholm at the age of seventeen in 1797. According to her own memoirs, she worked as a maidservant, as a weaver at Hässelbyholm and as a children's nurse: in 1801, she was employed as a servant in a family by the name Williamson, which was moving to London in Great Britain, and stayed with them there for half a year before returning to Sweden. Having returned, and for some reason wealthy, she married the tailor Hellbom and settled in Stockholm with him. After six years of marriage and six children, she was left a destitute widow with two children in circa 1807. She started a business as an innkeeper, a common profession for a widow, and married the shoemaker Johan Löfstedt, with whom she was desperately unhappy and had eight children (all of whom died but one). Widowed after a ten-year marriage, she married in circa 1818 for the third time to Anders Johan Lundholm, a lower rank officer of the navy, with whom she lived for sixteen
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years, had eight children (all of whom died). She described her third spouse as the love of her life, and his death gave her a depression which forced her to sell her inn.Finally, she married in circa 1834 to skipper <mask>. Her spouse spent most of his time at sea and she was forced to support herself. She managed to start again as an innkeeper, and had some success, but by 1838, she was indebted, because she was unable to pay what it had cost to establish her new inn. Career as a procurer
In 1838, the Stockholm authorities, alarmed with the problem of controlling the spread of sexually transmitted disease, decided to try a new policy against prostitution, inspired by contemporary French ideas. Instead of the illegal brothels, which worked in secret and were hard to find and control by the authorities, two brothels were to be given official support. The purpose of this was to make it easier for the authorities to control the spread of sexually transmitted disease. Therefore, the first two official brothel licenses ever was issued by the city's authorities: one of them to the widow Maria Martell, who were to manage the brothel Stadt Hamburg, and the other one to <mask>, who was put in charge of the brothel London.The brothels were named after two cities who were at the time talked about as centers of prostitution and sexually transmitted disease. In her memoirs, <mask> described her attitude when agreeing to the task: "Times are hard and one must adjust oneself accordingly. If I turn down this opportunity, I will have no way of supporting my creditors, which is my highest wish. On the other hand, were I to continue this business, I will pay my depths and still have a good income during my old age. And remember, my friend, that nowadays the words are 'profit and money!'" Maria Martell soon gave her license to a male procurer, but <mask> continued with hers. Her brothel was established at Skeppsbron.Her spouse had nothing to do with the business, as he was away at sea most of his time: he
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protested against her trade, saying it would be too much for her health at her age to manage such a business, but she persuaded him. In her memoirs, published in 1841 when she was apparently still in business, she referred to "London" as an inn rather than a brothel. She remarked of her business: "I have the conviction, that I have spared no effort to satisfy every wish for any one of those, who visit my inn", but also that: "numerous unpleasant incidents occurred more or less daily" of which she was not used to and found exhausting. She stated that she had a lifelong distaste toward criminality, which was the reason to why she always had such a good cooperation with the authorities and her constant willingness to assist them an provide them with useful information, and that it was only the evil police master Hultberg who persisted in his attempts to libel her as a criminal despite her great will of cooperation. In August 1839, "London" was raided by the police and <mask> was arrested and prosecuted for storing stolen goods. She was, however, acquitted from the charges. The Stockholm authorities, however, abandoned the policy of licensed brothels in 1841, after having received great opposition from the public and also regarded their purpose of controlling the sexually transmitted disease as failed.They thereby retracted their protection of the two brothels London and Stads Hamburg. The brothel Stadt Hamburg was closed the same year by the authorities. It is not known when London was closed, but it is assumed that <mask> closed it in late 1841 in fear of an inspection from the authorities. Legacy
In 1841, <mask> published her memoirs: “En modig qvinnas händelserika lefnad, Antecknad av Henne Sjelf” ('The Eventful life of a Courageous Woman, Noted by herself'). See also
Sara Simonsdotter
Lovisa von Plat
References
1780 births
1850 deaths
Swedish memoirists
Swedish brothel owners and madams
19th century in Stockholm
19th-century Swedish writers
19th-century Swedish businesspeople
19th-century
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<mask> (; died 1525) was a Spanish military man, conquistador, city founder, and administrator. He conquered the islands of La Palma (1492–1493) and Tenerife (1494–1496) for the Castilian Crown; they were the last of the Canary Islands to be conquered by Europeans. He was also the founder of the towns of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Santa Cruz de La Palma. One biographer has written that his personality was a “terrible mixture of cruelty and ambition or greed, on one part, and on the other a great capacity and sense for imposing order and government on conquered lands,” a trait found in the conquistadors of the New World. Early life
<mask> was born in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, in Spain, during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, though his family was of Galician origin; his relatives, as his surname indicates, originated in the city of Lugo and other Galician locales. Nothing much is known of his youth. He enlisted in the navy and ended up achieving the rank of Adelantado and Captain General of the African coasts.In 1478, he participated in the conquest of Gran Canaria under the command of Juan Rejón. Later, he fought alongside <mask> Vera, Rejón's successor as governor of Gran Canaria, who conferred on him command of the castle of Agaete on the island of Gran Canaria. Conquest of La Palma
He returned to Spain to solicit financial aid from the Crown to conquer Tenerife and La Palma. He was named governor of La Palma and granted 700,000 maravedis with the condition that he conquer the island within a year. The conquest of La Palma began on 29 September 1492, when <mask> <mask> landed on the beaches of Tazacorte. He encountered fierce resistance from some
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Guanches chiefs there. However, the menceys, or Guanche kings, of La Palma surrendered in April 1493, except for Tanausu, who ruled the area known as Acero (Caldera de Taburiente).However, Tanausu was ambushed and captured in May 1493 after agreeing to a truce arranged by <mask> <mask> and <mask> Palma, a Guanche who had converted to Christianity and who was a relative of Tanausu. The conquest of La Palma was completed on 3 May 1493. He left the administration of La Palma in the hands of his nephew Juan, and planned the conquest of Tenerife. Conquest of Tenerife
During the conquest of Tenerife, he suffered a severe defeat at the First Battle of Acentejo (31 May 1494). At the First Battle of Acentejo, <mask> <mask>, though wounded, had been able to escape with his life only by exchanging the red cape of an Adelantado for that of a common soldier. An additional detail from that battle, however, was that a rock thrown at <mask> <mask>'s head by a Guanche resulted in his losing most of his teeth. By October he had gathered together a second, larger army, and received assistance from the Duke of Medina Sidonia and other nobles.Humiliated and cautious after the First Battle of Acentejo, which had been disastrous for the Spaniards, <mask> <mask> had advanced gradually across the island, building and rebuilding forts. The expedition, which <mask> had funded with the sale of all of his properties, had landed at Añazo, where he built two towers on the spot where he had constructed his first fort before his prior defeat. Additionally, neighboring territorial lord Inés Peraza also participated directly in the conquest of Tenerife, assisting <mask> <mask>'s royal order with extensive aid and
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supplies, which <mask> <mask> had requested to further reassure success in the campaign. (Afterwards, Peraza held his children of <mask> Fernando and Pedro as hostages for the repayment of the substantial debt that amounted to 600,000 maravedí.) <mask> <mask> had more experienced troops under his command - these included 1,000 foot soldiers, veterans of the conquest of Granada, lent to him by the Duke of Medina Sidonia. He also had the support of Ferdinand and Isabella, who had given him ten more months to complete his conquest of the Canaries. During this time of regrouping, he also captured many slaves in the area.With this better-planned military strategy, he achieved victory over the Guanches of Tenerife at the Battle of Aguere (14–15 November 1494) and the Second Battle of Acentejo (25 December 1494). After the Conquest
He was named governor and chief justice of both Tenerife and La Palma, Captain General of the coast of Africa. He was named Adelantado on 12 January 1503, a title confirmed again by Charles I of Spain, in Barcelona, on 17 August 1519. It was an inherited title. The current Rightful Successor of the title "Adelantado of the Canary Islands Tenerife and La Palma, Captain General of the coast of Africa" is Felix Alberto <mask> III. <mask> <mask> was given extensive powers over these islands, since he had been financially responsible for their conquest. On La Palma, he had control over the distribution of land and water.Though he preferred to live on Tenerife, <mask> <mask> reserved the rich area of Los Sauces on La Palma, north of the island's capital, for himself. His nephew and lieutenant received La Caldera in 1502. His rule as adelantado was characterized by
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extreme despotism and harsh rule, and he treated the defeated Guanches like spoils of war. Legally, Guanches were regarded as being at the same level as Moors – in other words, enemies of Christianity- and he sold many of them into slavery. His treatment of his defeated subjects was so harsh that Ferdinand and Isabella intervened, requesting that the governor of Gran Canaria, <mask> Valenzuela, free some of the Guanches who had been enslaved by his counterpart in Tenerife. On both islands, he exercised civil and criminal jurisdiction and the right to appoint and dismiss judicial deputies, and also had control over the disposition of slaves and inhabitants' entry and exit from the islands. <mask> <mask> also introduced measures to limit the sale of land to create a permanent base of settlers.He oversaw extension immigration to Tenerife and La Palma during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s from mainland Europe, and immigrants included Castilians, Portuguese, Italians, Catalans, Basques, and Flemings. At subsequent judicial enquiries, <mask> <mask> was accused of favoring Genoese and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians. On Tenerife, he founded the town of San Cristóbal de La Laguna. La Plaza del Adelantado and Calle Adelantado, in this town, are named after him. A local legend states that upon the death of one of his sons in the town, <mask> <mask> ordered that the street of La Carrera be made twisted rather than straight so that he would not have to see the site of his son's death from his residence. On La Palma, he founded the town of Santa Cruz de La Palma (at first called Villa del Apurión) on 3 May 1493. On 21 July 1509 he had transferred his titles and rights
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of the African coast, acquired in 1499, to his son, <mask> <mask>, who later participated in expeditions to the New World.He is buried in the Cathedral of La Laguna. <mask> <mask> appeared on a 1961 postal stamp for the Spanish Sahara. List of Adelantados of The Canary Islands
D. <mask> <mask>go
D. <mask> <mask>go
D. <mask> <mask> Lugo
D. <mask> <mask> Lugo (also known as the Lindo)
Dña. Porcia <mask> <mask>go y Marín
D. <mask> Luís <mask> <mask> Lugo
Dña. Francisca <mask> Guzmán y Lugo
D. <mask> Claros <mask> y Lugo
D. <mask> <mask>go y Fuentes
D. José Francisco <mask> <mask> Córdoba Mendoza y Lugo
D. <mask> <mask> Córdoba Mendoza y Lugo
Dña. Manuela <mask> Córdoba Pimentel y Lugo
Dña. <mask> los Ángeles <mask> <mask> Córdoba y Lugo
Fernando <mask> Cabrera Pérez.Marqués de Villaseca
Juan Bautista <mask> y Bermoy <mask> y <mask> Saavedra. Marqués de Villaseca
D. <mask> Cabrera y <mask> de Córdoba Lugo y Bermoy
D. Felix Alberto <mask> III, Rightful current successor of the title "Adelantado of the Canary Islands Tenerife and La Palma, Captain General of the coast of Africa" as confirmed by Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain) as an inherited title on August 17, 1519 in Barcelona. References
Sources
Lugo Family: <mask> <mask> <mask>
History of La Palma
Cruces de Caminos
Expedición a Santa Marta
PRIMERA INVASIÓN DE LUGO, AÑO DE 1494
Year of birth missing
1525 deaths
Spanish conquistadors
Spanish city founders
History of the Canary Islands
Politicians from the Canary Islands
La Palma
Tenerife
15th-century Castilians
16th-century Spanish people
People from Sanlúcar de Barrameda
15th-century military history of Spain
16th-century military history of
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<mask> (born 26 February 1994) is an Indian freestyle wrestler, who competes in the 65-kg weight category. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Punia won a bronze medal by defeating Kazakhstan’s Daulet Niyazbekov with a wide 8-0 margin. <mask> is the only Indian wrestler to win 3 medals at the World Wrestling Championships. Early life and background
<mask> was born in the Khudan village of Jhajjar district in the state of Haryana, India. He began wrestling at the age of seven and was encouraged to pursue the sport by his father. Punia grew up a rural area. His family did not have money for traditional sports.Instead, he had to partake in free sports like wrestling and Kabaddi. Punia's father was a wrestler as well and at a young age, his family started him at a local mud wrestling school. Punia started to skip school to go to wrestling practice.he went to chattarsal stadium in2008 where he was trained by Ramphal Mann .In 2015, his family moved to Sonepat so that he can attend a regional centre of Sports Authority of India. Currently, he works in Indian Railways on the post of Gazetted officer OSD Sports. Punia enjoys seeking out knowledge of his village elders. He is married to fellow wrestler Sangita Phogat Punia. Career
2013 Asian Wrestling Championships
In New Delhi, India, in the semi-final bout, <mask> lost 3-1 to Hwang Ryong-hak of North Korea to win the bronze medal in the men's freestyle 60 kg category.In the Round of 16, he faced Shogo Maeda of Japan, beating him 3-1. His opponent in the quarter-finals was Morad Hassan of Iran whom he beat 3-1 to qualify for the semi-finals. 2013 World Wrestling Championships
In Budapest, Hungary, <mask> won the bronze medal in the men's freestyle 60 kg category by qualifying for the bronze medal bout through the repechage round. There, he met Enkhsaikhany
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Nyam-Ochir of Mongolia and beat him 9-2. In the Round of 32, he faced Vladimir Dubov of Bulgaria who beat him 7-0. With the Bulgarian grappler qualifying for the final bout, Bajrang then faced Shogo Maeda of Japan and earned a walkover. His next opponent was Ivan Guidea of Romania, and with a 10-3 win over the Romanian, Bajrang earned a spot in the bronze medal bout.2014 Commonwealth Games
In Glasgow, Scotland, he won the silver medal in the men's freestyle 61 kg category, after losing 1-4 to David Tremblay of Canada. In the Round of 16, <mask> faced Sasha Madyarchyk of England and beat him 4-0. He faced Marno Plaatjies of South Africa in the quarter-finals and won 4-1. The Nigerian wrestler, Amas Daniel, was his opponent in the semi-finals and overcame him in a 3-1 scoreline. 2014 Asian Games
In Incheon, South Korea, he won the silver medal in the Men's freestyle 61 kg category, after losing 1-3 to Masoud Esmaeilpoorjouybari of Iran. In the Round of 16, he faced Tuvshintulga Tumenbileg of Mongolia and beat him 3-1. His quarter-finals opponent was Farkhodi Usmonzoda of Tajikistan whom he beat 4-1 to qualify for the semi-finals.He was assured of a medal when he beat Noriyuki Takatsuka of Japan 4-1 in the semi-finals. 2014 Asian Wrestling Championships
In Astana, Kazakhstan, Bajrang won the silver medal in the men's freestyle 61 kg category, losing 0-4 to Masoud Esmaeilpour of Iran. In the Round of 16, <mask> met Lee Seung-Chul of South Korea whom he beat 3-1. In the quarter-finals, he faced Noriyuki Takatsuka of Japan whom he beat 3-1 to qualify for the semi-finals. There he met Nazmandakh Lhamgarmaa of Mongolia whom he beat 3-1 to assure himself of a medal. 2015 World Wrestling Championships
Unlike his fellow Narsingh Yadav, <mask> wasn't able to win a medal at the tournament in Las Vegas and
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finished 5th. In the Round of 32, he met Batboldyn Nomin of Mongolia who beat him 10-0.With the Mongolian qualifying for the final bout in the 61 kg category, Bajrang got a chance to contest in the Repêchage round. His first opponent in the repêchage round was Reece Humphrey of the USA whom he beat 6-0 easily. The second repêchage opponent was Beka Lomtadze from Georgia who put up a fight but was ultimately overcome 13-6 by the Indian. Unfortunately, he fell at the last hurdle, drawing the bronze medal bout 6-6 but his opponent Vasyl Shuptar of Ukraine, scoring the last point. Asian Wrestling Championship 2017
In 2017 May, he won a gold medal at the Asian Wrestling Championship held at Delhi. Pro Wrestling League
Bajrang was the second acquisition of the JSW owned Bangalore franchise in the auction conducted in New Delhi. The wrestler was picked up for a sum of Rs 29.5 lakh.The Pro Wrestling League was scheduled to be held from 10 December to 27 December across six cities. 2018 Commonwealth Games
In Gold Coast, Australia, he won the gold medal in the men's freestyle 65 kg category. He overcame Kane Charig of Wales by Technical Superiority to clinch the gold. 2018 Asian Games
On August 19, he won the Men's freestyle 65 kg /Gold medal. He defeated Japanese Wrestler Takatani Daichi 11-8; the score was locked at 6-6 after the first round. 2018 World Wrestling Championships
<mask> won Silver at the 2019 World Wrestling Championships. After that Silver Medal, he claimed World No.1 in 65 kg category. 2019 World Wrestling Championships
<mask> won Bronze for the second time at a World Championship, thereby qualifying India for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics in the 65 kg freestyle wrestling event. 2020 Rome Ranking Series
On 18 January, <mask> defeated Jordan Oliver 4-3 in the final in the 65 kg freestyle
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<mask> (August 6, 1909 – August 27, 2001) was an Austrian pianist. Schnabel was the son of pianist <mask> and operatic contralto and lieder singer Therese Behr and elder brother of the American actor <mask>. An internationally celebrated teacher of the piano, his students include, among others, Leon Fleisher, Claude Frank, Richard Goode, Kwong-Kwong Ma, Stanislav Ioudenitch, Jon Nakamatsu, Murray Perahia, and Peter Serkin. Biography
<mask> was born in Berlin on August 6, 1909. He began studying piano at the age of five. From 1922–1926 he studied at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik with Leonid Kreutzer and Paul Juon. He had a distinguished career as a master piano teacher and as an international performer.<mask> left Berlin in 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power, settling briefly at Lake Como; he emigrated to the United States in 1939, shortly before World War II. In the same year he married the American pianist Helen Fogel (1911–74), with whom he played a large repertory of piano duets. They had a daughter, Ann. During World War II he interrupted his musical career to do war work as head of an electronic laboratory in Massachusetts. <mask>'s extra-musical interests included rock-climbing and photography. For several years, he was active producing motion pictures; in 1932, he was producer, director and cinematographer of a feature-length
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film based on a German fairy tale. As a young man, he participated in table tennis tournaments.During this time, <mask> <mask> also maintained an elaborate miniature electric train set, complete with timetables. Family friend Paul Hindemith assisted in running the trains. <mask> <mask> died in Danbury, Connecticut, on August 27, 2001. He was buried in the family plot in Schwyz, Switzerland, adjoining his parents and wife. <mask> <mask>'s papers are held at the Music Archive of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin. His daughter <mask> Mottier currently manages the Schnabel Music Foundation, together with her husband Francois Mottier. Performance career
Solo
<mask> <mask> inherited from his parents an approach that united dramatic intensity of expression with absolute fidelity to the printed text.He is remembered for his imaginative interpretation of the Schubert song cycles. In 1926 he made his recital début in Berlin, and subsequently gave recitals throughout Europe, North and South America, Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. He accompanied his mother at home and for concerts and recordings. Beginning at an early age he played for her voice lessons and coached her students. Schnabel made many recordings, solo and four-hand, for HMV, EMI, Philips, Musical Heritage Society, Sheffield, and TownHall, among others. He was the author
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of the well-known book Modern Technique of the Pedal (1950). He also published editions of compositions by Schubert and Weber.Piano duos
Schnabel dedicated himself passionately to the revival of the largely neglected music for piano four hands, recording music by Schubert, Mozart, and Schumann, among others. Four-hand performance, Schnabel remarked, was an entirely different enterprise than solo performance: "Four-hand playing is a complex art that requires enormous time and patience. You are half of a whole rather than a whole in yourself. The four-hand repertory possesses qualities of chamber music, symphonic music, and virtuoso music -- sometimes all in the same piece." <mask> <mask> started duo performances and recordings with his father as partner. Some of these early performances are memorialized on record. The two switched Primo and Secondo parts, and made a pact never to reveal who played which part on the recordings.In 1939, he and his wife, American pianist Helen Fogel, founded the Piano Duo Schnabel, which performed concertos for two pianos and orchestra as well as recitals for one piano, four hands. In 1956, the duo participated at the Holland Festival in five performances with orchestra, and in 1972 they performed at the Edinburgh Festival. Reviews of the ensemble demonstrate that the Schnabels mastered the challenges of
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four-hand playing with skill and passion: "The four hand piano concert [...] came closer to perfection than any recital we have heard this year [...] They achieved a sheer transparency of sound, at once the most important and the most difficult requisite of four-hand piano music. It is incredibly difficult for two people to play a piece on one piano and be exactly together in timing, phrasing, and expression, yet the Schnabels were beautifully together and made of every note a work of art." Five years after his wife’s death, in 1979, <mask> <mask> formed a new duo with the Canadian pianist Joan Rowland. This duo, as well, was regularly praised for what the Washington Post deemed its "combination of spirit and jaunty elegance." <mask> <mask> as a teacher
<mask> <mask> is best known today as an internationally celebrated teacher of the piano.He began teaching at the age of 13 as his father's assistant. In 1940, he became head of all the instrumental departments at New York City’s Dalcroze School. Beginning in 1947, he resumed a family tradition: annual international summer master courses at Lake Como, Italy. In addition, he taught master courses in England, Scotland, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Spain, Israel, Brazil, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and all over the United States, including at the Ravinia Festival. He became a
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faculty member at the Manhattan School of Music in 1985, and remained there until his retirement in 2000. Beginning in the early 1960s he taught numerous master classes throughout the world. Pianists who have played in Schnabel's master classes include Murray Perahia, Richard Goode, Wyung Whon Chung, Ursula Oppens and George Watson.His former students include Leon Fleisher, Claude Frank, and Peter Serkin. Edward Turgeon and Anne Louise-Turgeon, winners of the Murray Dranoff International Two Piano Competition, studied with <mask> <mask>burn competition winners Stanislav Ioudenitch (2001) and Jon Nakamatsu (1997). Schnabel's passion for teaching led him to theorize extensively about how to achieve the correct relationship between piano technique and musical expression--the former "was always to remain in the service of the spirit of the music." He emphasized a technique that required "arm participation": the pianist should use wrists and arms as well as fingers. He paid scrupulous attention to the subtle yet meaningful effects achieved through pedaling, setting these down in the book Modern Technique of the Pedal (1950). This volume has been translated from the original English into Italian, Korean, Chinese, and other languages. He even developed techniques to crescendo on a note and to achieve vibrato, which he explains on camera in
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the film Con Brio.<mask> Schnabel: Master Teacher of Piano (2001). Schnabel's teaching was characterized by a fine attention to emotion. Most pianists, he believed, played using just three or four emotions. But music demanded more than that: "To be really interesting, you must play with all the emotions." He asked his students to make lists of all the emotions they could think of. One of his students came up with a list of over five hundred emotions, and "her playing was never dull again." He also had a flair for imagery, describing the grotesque of Schumann's Fantasie as "a whole army of three-legged trolls advancing" and the turbulence of Chopin's Fantaisie as "Poseidon stirring up the waves with his big fork."Such vivid language features prominently in English author Richard Rhodes's new book The Teaching of <mask> Schnabel, in which Rhodes, a long-time amateur student of Schnabel's, discusses Schnabel's comments on works by Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart, Schubert, and Schumann. Discography
Piano solo
<mask> <mask>, Piano. Mozart and Beethoven. (CD: TownHall Records THCD-68)
<mask> <mask>, Piano. 100th Birthday Celebration. Schubert. (CD: TownHall Records THCD-69)
Bach: Capriccio on the Departure of a Beloved Brother, BWV 992.Paradies: Sonata No. 10 in D. (78 Victor 4293/4)
Mendelssohn: Songs Without Words, Nos. 12, 22, 23, 24,
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28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 45, 47, 48. (78 Victor Set M-226)
Schubert: Wanderer Fantasy. Twenty Dances. (LP: WCFM-Washington 17, McIntosh MM 1104)
Schumann: Papillons, Op. 2.Chopin: Scherzo No. 3 in C Sharp Minor, Op. 39. Liszt: Années de Pélérinage; Canzonetta del Salvator Rosa; Au bord d’une source; Sonetto del Petrarca No. 123; La Chapelle de Guillaume Tell. (LP: Urania 8001) (in part contained on CD: Town Hall, 2 Disc Set, THCD58 A-B)
Chopin: Polonaise in E Flat Minor, Op. 26, No.2; Nocturne in B, Op. 32, No. 1. Liszt: Il Pensieroso. Debussy: Preludes Book 1, La sérénade interrompue, La danse de Puck. (LP: VIS Radio)
Mendelssohn: Sonata in E Major, Op. 6.Schubert: Waltzes, Ländler, and German Dances. (LP: Sheffield/Town Hall M-8/S-8) (CD: Town Hall, 2 Disc Set, THCD58 A-B)
Schubert: Sonata in A Minor, Op. 42; Six moments musicaux. (LP: Musical Heritage Society MHS 1245)
Mozart: Fantasy in C Minor, K. 475; Piano Sonata in C Minor, K. 457; Andante in F Major, K. 616. (LP: Musical Heritage Society MHS 1700)
Beethoven: Sonata No. 15 in D Major, Op. 28; Sonata No.30 in E Major, Op. 109. (LP: Musical Heritage Society MHS 3296 L)
Collaborations
with Artur <mask>, piano
Schubert: Marches Militaires (3), D. 733. Marches, D. 819, Nos. 2 and 3. Rondo in A, D. 951. Divertissement à l’hongroise, D. 818.Andantino Varié, D. 823, No. 2. Allegro in A
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Minor (“Lebensstürme”), D. 947. (CD: Arabesque Z-6571/5 – “Schnabel Plays Schubert” Volumes 1-5)
Bach: Concerto for Two Pianos in C, BWV 1061. London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Adrian Boult. (CD: Pearl 9399)
Mozart: Concerto for Two Pianos in E Flat, K. 365. London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Adrian Boult.(CD: Arabesque Z 6590)
with <mask>, piano
Helen and <mask> Schnabel – One Piano, Four Hands; Mozart, Dvorak, Schubert, Weber, Bizet, Mendelssohn, Brahms. (CD: TownHall Records THCD19A-B)
Helen and <mask> <mask> – The Four-Hand Recordings of the 1950s, Vol. 1. Bizet, Debussy, Schubert, Mozart. (CD: TownHall Records THCD76A-B)
Helen and <mask> <mask> – The Four-Hand Recordings of the 1950s, Vol. 2. Mozart, Brahms, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Weber.(CD: TownHall Records THCD77A-B)
Schubert: Sonata in B Flat Major, Op. 30; Four Polonaises, D. 824. (LP: SPA 49)
Mendelssohn: Allegro brilliant; Andante and Variations. Weber: Five Pieces, Op. 10, No. 5 and Op. 60, Nos.5, 6, 7 and 8. (LP: SPA 50)
Mozart: Concerto for Two Pianos in E Flat, K. 365; Concerto for Three Pianos in F, K. 242 (with Ilse von Alpenheim, piano). Vienna Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Bernhard Paumgartner. (LP: Epic LC 3259)
Mozart: Sonata in D Major, K. 448. Sonata in D Major, K. 381. Tema con variazioni in G Major, K. 501. (LP: Philips A 00326)
Schubert:
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THCD-41)
Schubert: Introduction and Variations in B Flat, D. 603. Grand Duo, Op. 140.(CD: Town Hall THCD-37)
Beethoven: Variations on a theme by Count Waldstein; March in C Major, Op. 45, No. 4; Mozart: Sonata, F Major, K. 497 (LP: Sonic Arts)
with Leonard Shure, piano
Chopin: Rondo in C. (78 Victor 11618) (CD: Town Hall, THCD58 A)
with Alphonse Onnou, violin, and Robert Maas, cello
Schubert: Trio in B Flat, Op. 99. (78 Victor Set M-429)
with Artur Schnabel, Therese Behr Schnabel, and Helen Schnabel
The Schnabels – A Musical Legacy, Unpublished and Lost Historic Recordings. Mozart, Schumann, Schubert, C.P.E. Bach, J.S.Bach, Mendelssohn, Paradisi. (CD: TownHall Records THCD74A-B)
Further reading
Rhodes, Richard. The Teaching of <mask> Schnabel. Hofheim: Wolke, 2013. Schnabel, <mask>. Modern Technique of the Piano: A Piano Pedal Study. Milan: Edizioni Curci, 1950.References
Sources
William Glock. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie (1992), and
web site of the Schnabel Music Foundation
External links
web site of the Schnabel Music Foundation
1909 births
2001 deaths
Austrian classical pianists
Austrian Jews
Male classical pianists
Classical piano duos
20th-century classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
20th-century male musicians
Musicians from Berlin
Berlin University of the Arts alumni
Manhattan
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<mask> (born July 22, 1925) is a medical researcher involved with the discovery of messenger RNA, past chair from 1963-1972 of the department of medicine at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, past dean from 1972–1984 of the Harvard School of Public Health, and co-founder and associate chief of the Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, where he also he helped to launch and for this past decade has been the Associate Chief of the hospital's Division of Global Health Equity, and a founding head of the cancer division of Beth Israel Hospital (now Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center). He was a member of the team at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, led by Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod which first identified and described messenger RNA, and he was part of the team led by James Watson that was among the first to demonstrate messenger RNA in mammalian cells. <mask> was married for 60 years to Doris Bieringer, a librarian who co-founded a reference publication for high school libraries. <mask> is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Patchogue, New York in 1925 to a Jewish family. His father was an immigrant from Lithuania who lost much of his family in the Holocaust. He enrolled in Harvard College in 1944, and received his medical degree in 1948 from the Harvard Medical School.He was trained there in clinical medicine, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Career
He has been a Harvard University faculty member since 1955. <mask> was the first Blumgart Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and the physician-in-chief at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, from 1963 to 1972. During his tenure there, Beth Israel became one of the first teaching hospitals to translate
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molecular and cell biology to clinical problems and to develop teaching and research programs in primary care. In 1972, <mask> was about to go to Yale as the dean of its medical school when the then-new president of Harvard University asked him to stay as dean of the Harvard School of Public Health. While he was dean from 1972 to 1984, the School strengthened and greatly broadened its work in quantitative analytic sciences, introduced molecular and cell biology into its research and teaching, began its program in health policy and management—the first in a public health school, and promoted integration of its teaching and research programs with those in other Harvard Faculties. Since 1985, he has been Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Senior Physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital.He helped develop the Research Training in Clinical Effectiveness Program, which trains physicians to carry out research on issues of quality and costs of medical care. His present research concerns social aspects of health. He helped launch and for the past ten years has been Associate Chief of the Division of Global Health Equity. <mask> is a member of the Board of Directors of Partners in Health and a member emeritus of the Task Force for Global Health. An accomplished physician, researcher, mentor, and teacher, and a leader in the field of human rights, his work has been widely published and has often appeared in both scholarly and lay publications. Publications
<mask> is a widely published author. His numerous research articles have appeared in such publications as the Journal of Molecular Biology, Journal of Biological Chemistry, the New England Journal of Medicine, and the Journal of the American Medical Association.He has written for the lay press in areas of disease prevention, health
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services, and the health implications of the nuclear arms race. His book, Medical Lifeboat: Will There Be Room for You in the Health Care System? (published in January 1989 by Harper & Row) outlined methods for addressing some very basic problems of the American healthcare system. Professional associations
<mask> is a member of many professional associations, including the Association of American Physicians, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the American Public Health Association. He also has served for several years on boards of Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Institute for Healthcare Improvement in Cambridge, Partners in Health in Boston, and the Gateway Institute for Pre-College Education Program. Awards
In 2011, Dartmouth College awarded <mask> an honorary Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree, noting his long career devoted to "improving health care services through care, teaching, research, and advocacy".Personal life
He was married to Doris Bieringer, a librarian who co-founded a reference publication for high school libraries; she died in 2007. His father-in-law, Walter H. Bieringer, was active in the Boston area's Jewish Community Council. Beringer served as president of the United Service for New Americans which helped to resettle European Jews in the United States after World War II, and also served as vice-president of the Associated Jewish Philanthropies of Boston and as a member of a presidential committee which advised the Truman Administration on displaced persons before being named Head of Massachusetts Commission on Refugees in 1957. See also
Comparative
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effectiveness research
Messenger RNA
References
External links
October 2011 video: beginning at 17:15, <mask>, who served as Dean from 1972 to 1984, discusses his tenure leading HSPH. <mask> discusses his life and his wife, Doris, whom he married after her education at Wellesley College
Conaboy, C. 02-21-2013 Boston Globe feature on Dr. <mask>
Harvard Medical School profile for <mask> H. <mask>
Harvard Catalyst profile for <mask>. <mask>, includes very complete bibliography
Harvard Public Health Review, 75th Anniversary Issues, Volume 11, shows <mask> as 5th Dean of HSPH, from 1972-1984, page 3, and pages 10-16 - Hiatt had urged closer community health cooperation between the Harvard School of Public Health and the local neighborhoods, including adjacent Mission Hill, Boston (page 11). Profile page for <mask> at Harvard Medical School's Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
AHRQ 2008 list of AHRQ reward recipients
Dartmouth College, 2011, <mask> awarded an honorary Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from Dartmouth College
Howard H. Hiatt Papers, 1940-2001 (inclusive), 1975-2001 (bulk), H MS c314.Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. 1925 births
Living people
People from Patchogue, New York
Harvard Medical School alumni
Harvard College alumni
Jewish American scientists
21st-century American
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<mask> (born May 18, 1958) is an American suspense author, anthology editor, comic book writer, magazine feature writer, playwright, content creator and writing teacher/lecturer. He was named one of the Today's Top Ten Horror Writers. Early life
<mask> was born in Kensington, Philadelphia, attended Frankford High School, and then went on to Temple University. Growing up in a rough neighborhood, he began learning martial arts at the age of 6. Career
Author
<mask>'s early work featured martial arts as a topic, such as Judo and You (Kendall Hunt 1990), Ultimate Jujutsu (Strider Nolan, 2002) and Ultimate Sparring (Strider Nolan 2003). In the next phase of his career, he departed from martial arts writing and wrote several books on the folklore and beliefs of the occult and paranormal, including The Vampire Slayers Field Guide to the Undead (Strider Nolan, 2000), written under the pen name of Shane MacDougall; Vampire Universe: The Dark World of Supernatural Beings That Haunt Us, Hunt Us and Hunger for Us (Citadel Press, 2006); The Cryptopedia, co-authored by David F. Kramer (2007); Zombie CSU: The Forensics of the Living Dead (2008); They Bite (also with David F. Kramer, 2009); and Wanted Undead or Alive (with Janice Gable Bashman, 2010). The Cryptopedia won the Bram Stoker Award for best nonfiction work.His first novel, Ghost Road Blues, won the 2007 Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel. That book was the first of the Pine Deep Trilogy and was followed by Dead Man's Song (2007) and Bad Moon Rising (2008), all from Pinnacle Books. <mask> is also a freelance comic book writer, first for Marvel and later for Dark Horse and IDW Publishing. His first story, "Wolverine: Ghosts", was published as a backup story in Wolverine: Anniversary, April 2009. In August 2009 he became the regular writer for Marvel's Black Panther series, starting on the 7th issue, and he wrote
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Marvel Zombies Return: Wolverine. In 2010, he wrote Doom War and Marvel Universe Vs The Punisher, Marvel Universe Vs Wolverine, Marvel Universe Vs The Avengers; Klaws of the Panther, and Captain America: Hail Hydra. He moved to Dark Horse Comics and produced a single miniseries, Bad Blood, with artist Tyler Crook, which went on to win the Bram Stoker Award for Best Graphic Novel.His work for IDW Publishing includes two collections of V-Wars, a five-issue standalone series Rot & Ruin: Warrior Smart, and his latest series Pandemic. His bestselling work was the novelization of the 2010 film The Wolfman which starred Benicio del Toro, Anthony Hopkins, Emily Blunt, and Hugo Weaving. In March 2010, the novel reached #35 on the mass-market paperback section of The New York Times Best Seller List. It was nominated for and won the Scribe Award for Best Film Adaptation, issued by the International Association of Media Tie-in Writers. In 2010 <mask> began writing young adult post-apocalyptic zombie stories. His first prestigious award was for his first young adult novel, Rot & Ruin (2010, Simon & Schuster). It won the 2010 Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel, was named in Booklist's Ten Best Horror Novels for Young Adults, an American Library Association Top Pick, a Bram Stoker and Pennsylvania Keystone to Reading winner; winner of several state Teen Book Awards including the Cricket, Nutmeg and MASL; winner of the Cybils Award, the Eva Perry Mock Printz medal, Dead Letter Best Novel Award, and four Melinda Awards.It became the first of a new series of post-apocalyptic zombie thrillers such as Dust & Decay (winner of a 2011 Bram Stoker Award) Flesh & Bone (winner of a 2012 Bram Stoker Award), Fire & Ash, a collection of short stories, Bits and Pieces, Broken Lands, and Lost Roads, which will be released August 25, 2020. <mask> then launched a series called The Nightsiders
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that blends science fiction with horror. Book 1 of that series, The Orphan Army was named as one of the 100 Best Books for Children. A follow-up, Vault of Shadows was published in August 2016. The series for which <mask> is best known is the Joe Ledger Series, in which a Baltimore police detective is recruited into a Special Ops unit attached to the mysterious Department of Military Sciences, which is run by enigmatic Mr. Church. Each of the books in the series pits Ledger and his team against a different kind of extreme science threat. In the first novel, Patient Zero, the threat is a pathogen that turns people into zombies.In the second book, The Dragon Factory, the villains are geneticists using cutting-edge science to restart the Nazi master race eugenics program. The rest of the series follows with The King of Plagues, Assassin’s Code, Extinction Machine, Code Zero, Predator One, Kill Switch, Dogs of War; and Deep Silence. Maberry recently launched Rage, the first in the follow-up Rogue Team International series, also featuring Joe Ledger. A collection of Maberry's Joe Ledger short stories, Joe Ledger: Special Ops, was released by JournalStone. The series' main publisher, Griffin, released Joe Ledger: Unstoppable, an anthology of Ledger stories written by a variety of top suspense and mystery writers including Tim Lebbon, Scott Sigler, Steve Alten, Weston Ochse, Dana Fredsti, Christopher Golden, Joe McKinney, Jeremy Robinson, Javier Grillo-Marxuach, Sherrilyn Kenyon, Bryan Thomas-Schmidt, and others. In 2015 Maberry released a rare standalone novel, Ghostwalkers, based on the Deadlands table top role playing game. The book was nominated for a Scribe Award for best original novel based on a licensed property.His most recent standalone novel was Glimpse, published in March 2018 by St. Martin's Press. Glimpse is a chilling thriller that explores what happens
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when reality and nightmares converge, and how far one will go to protect the innocent when their own brain is a threat. Another standalone, Ink, will be released by St. Martin's Griffin as a trade paperback in 2020. Although a standalone, Ink has elements of other books, including characters and locations from the Pine Deep Trilogy, and the appearance of Monk Addison and Patty Cakes from Glimpse. <mask> is also a prolific editor of anthologies in a variety of genre including dark fantasy (Out of Tune and Out of Tune Vol 2), science fiction/horror (The X-Files: Trust No One, The X-Files: The Truth is Out There, and The X-Files: Secret Agendas, all from IDW Publishing); horror (Nights of the Living Dead, with George A. Romero); mystery pastiche (Alternate Sherlocks, with Michael Ventrella), political thrillers with horror (V-wars, V-Wars: Blood and Fire, V-Wars: Night Terrors, and V-Wars: Shockwaves), and an anthology of horror stories for teens (Scary Out There) which features original stories and poetry by R.L. Stine, Ellen Hopkins, Linda Addision, Ilsa J. Bick, and many others. In 2017 he published Devil’s Advocate, one of the first two books in the X-Files Origins series.<mask> wrote the story about a young Dana Scully, while colleague Kami Garcia (Beautiful Creatures), wrote Agent of Chaos, a young Fox Mulder story. Also in 2017, <mask> published Indigo, a collaborative work of fiction written with nine other authors including Charlaine Harris and Christopher Golden. Film and television
In May 2010, <mask>'s work was the basis of a television pilot written by Javier Grillo-Marxuach named "Department Zero", which was moved into active production by ABC Television. In April 2018, it was announced that Netflix greenlit a television adaptation of the V-WARS novels and comics. Following the series announcement, it was confirmed that <mask> would be credited as an
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executive producer and creator for the Netflix series V Wars. Production for the first season began and ended in 2018 for a 10-episode first season. The series premiered on December 5, 2019.Other work
<mask> is a speaker for the National Writers Union, a writing mentor for the Horror Writers Association and the Mystery Writers of America, a member of the International Thriller Writers and president of the NJ-PA Chapter of the Horror Writers Association. <mask> is also a contributing editor for The Big Thrill, the monthly newsletter of the International Thriller Writers, and a founding partner of The Liars Club, a networking group of professionals in publishing and other aspects of entertainment. Personal life
<mask> holds an 8th degree black belt in Shinowara-ryu Jujutsu. In 2004 he was inducted into the Martial Arts Hall of Fame. : Endless Cravings of Supernatural Predators (August 2008)
Wanted Undead or Alive: Vampire Hunters and Other Kick-Ass Enemies of Evil (September 2010)
Judo and You: A Handbook for the Serious Student (Kendall Hunt, 1991, )
MacDougall, Shane (pseudonym) The Vampire Slayers' Field Guide to the Undead (Doylestown, PA: Strider Nolan Publishing, 2003, )
Shinowara-ryo Jujutsu: Student Handbook (1994, Vortex Multimedia)
Shinowara-ryo Jujutsu: A History (1993, Vortex Multimedia)
Introduction to Asian Martial Arts (1993, Vortex Multimedia)
Self-Defense for Every Woman (1992, Vortex Multimedia)
The Joe Ledger Companion, with Dana Fredsti & Mari Adkins (2017, JournalStone)
Comics
Marvel Universe vs. The Punisher (with Goran Parlov, 4-issue limited series, Marvel Comics, October–November 2010, tpb, 112 pages, hardcover, January 2011, , softcover, June 2011, )
Marvel Universe vs. Wolverine (with Laurence Campbell, 4-issue limited series, Marvel Comics, June–August 2011, tpb, 112 pages, hardcover, November 2011, , softcover, May 2012, )
Marvel
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<mask>-Wilks (born Melbourne 1979) is an Australian artist. While working primarily as a painter, Howard-Wilks is also a ceramicist and animator and has worked in the Arts Project Australia studio since 2000. His diverse subject matter explores themes such as the Australian landscape, seascapes, and Australian Rules Football. With a fine attention to detail and a special interest in oceanic and environmental imagery, Howard-Wilks' works have been widely exhibited both Australia-wide and internationally. His works are held within many collections, most notably at the National Gallery of Australia and the Museum of Contemporary Art. He is viewed as an important figure in outsider art in Australia. Early life and education
Howard-Wilks was encouraged in artistic pursuits by his mother, also an artist, from a young age.However, it wasn't until he attended Churinga at the age of 20 where he began working with the artist-in-residence there that he started to make art seriously. Following this time Howard-Wilks studied art at TAFE and, at the age of 22, began attending Arts Project Australia. While Howard-Wilks has received no formal fine art training, the artist's participation at Arts Project Australia's studio program has seen Howard-Wilks develop his very singular style. Career, themes and style
Howard-Wilks works independently, often painting from memory. His subject matter reflects his personal interests and often depicts the Australian landscape, Australian Rules Football, marine life and trains. Howard-Wilks’ paintings are often characterised by the construction of unique perspectives and compositions, which emphasizes the spatial vastness of the sky and clouds. Rather than producing realist depictions, Howard-Wilks’ imagery combines his acute observations with his use of reference material.As the environmental arts organisation CLIMARTE has noted, Howard-Wilks "is dedicated to exploring themes such as Australian landscapes, seascapes, the environment, football and more specifically, sharks, magpies and trains." This echoes the sentiments of journalist Julia Irwin, who states that "The inspiration
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for his [Howard-Wilks'] detailed gouache painting stems from his diverse interests including Australian animals and plants, trains and his favourite football team — Collingwood." Howard-Wilks' practice is also meticulously detailed in its unity of seemingly disparate references. This ability, as art critic Dan Rule writes, "creates wild hyper-natural scenes awash with giant crocodiles, sharks and an ever-present magpie, each of which shift in scale, prominence and perspective." Continuing Howard-Wilks ongoing interest in environmental issues and climate change, in 2016 the painter collaborated with esteemed artist Jon Campbell for the CLIMARTE 2016 Poster Project. The pair produced a work based upon the environmental degradation of the Great Barrier Reef which was praised for its ability to "encourage people to think about the damage we are doing to the reef’s fragile ecosystems." Environmental and oceanic themes pervade Howard-Wilks' work, "illustrating his concerns for marine environments."As Howard-Wilks' career has developed, so has the commitment Howard-Wilks shows to his work, which is evident in the development of his animated films produced since 2004. Howard-Wilks' video works have been screened at events such as the 2004 Disability FIlm Festival (as part of the British Film Institute) and the Annual Westgarth Film Festival in Melbourne. With inclusion in numerous group exhibitions, Howard-Wilks has held two solo exhibitions at Arts Project Australia and Melbourne's West Space. 24–39. Collections
<mask>-Wilks is represented in the public collections of City of Melbourne, the Stuart Purves Collection, the National Gallery of Australia and the Museum of Contemporary Art (Sydney); the later as gifted by Henry Ergas. His work is also held in private collections. References
External links
Arts Project Australia: http://www.artsproject.org.au/
Artist page: http://www.artsproject.org.au/artworks/6199/Miles%20Howard-Wilks
Biffa's Blog (written by Howard-Wilks’ mother): http://biffasbeautifulblog.blogspot.com.au
Outsider artists
Australian ceramists
Australian painters
Living people
1979
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<mask> is an American professor of geography at the University of Delaware. He is the former Director of the Center for Climatic Research at the same university and a former Delaware state climatologist. In September 2020, the Trump administration appointed him as deputy assistant secretary of commerce for observation and prediction at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Legates has spent much of his career casting doubt on the severity of climate change and the human causes of warming. He is affiliated with the Heartland Institute, a think tank that promotes climate change denial. Legates' viewpoint, as stated in a 2015 study that he co-authored, is that the Earth will experience about 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) warming over the 2000 to 2100 period. Early life and education
Legates received a bachelor's degree in 1982, a master's degree in 1985, and a Ph.D. in climatology in 1988, all from the University of Delaware.Scientific career
Legates is a professor of geography at the University of Delaware. He has also taught at Louisiana State University, the University of Oklahoma, and the University of Virginia. He has been a Visiting Research Scientist at the National Climate Data Center. Legates started his career working on precipitation probability modeling. He extended his research to the study of global precipitation and temperature measurement correlation and performed critical analyses of the quality of traditional water budgeting methods applied to recent better quality measurement data. He also became concerned with the study of the applicability of global circulation prognostication models at the regional and local level. Legates and his team argued for the necessity of technological progress in precipitation measurement used for validating climate change scenarios, and for validation of existing data used for that purpose.They demonstrated disagreement between satellite-based and in-situ
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<mask> OBE is a British bridge engineer. He grew up in Carlisle and studied at the Carlisle Technical College before achieving a degree in civil engineering from the University of Leeds. <mask> began his career as a design engineer at Ove Arup & Partners and served as their representative during the construction of the Kessock Bridge. He thereafter joined the contractor Morrison and was their chief engineer for the construction of the Dornoch Firth and Kylesku Bridges. Under <mask>'s direction the company won some of the first Private Finance Initiative infrastructure contracts in the UK. He transferred to Anglian Water after that company purchased Morrison in 2000 and became their head of health and safety. After a brief early retirement he returned as a consultant for WS Atkins and to lead a £2.2 billion water infrastructure partnership programme.He returned from retirement for a second time to act as Galliford Try (who had purchased Morrison Construction in 2005) representative on the board of the company constructing the £1.4 billion Queensferry Crossing. In 2014 he was appointed project director for all companies in the contracting joint venture and oversaw the project's completion in 2017. Early life
<mask> grew up in Denton Holme, Carlisle, the son of <mask>, a lecturer at Carlisle Technical College. As a child he would play on the Holme Head Bridge across the River Caldew and was once, at the age of three, taken home to his parents by a stranger who found him scrambling along the outside of the bridge. A family friend later showed <mask> his back issues of the New Civil Engineer magazine and, attracted by what appeared to him as "marvellous salaries of up to £3,000 a year" and opportunities to work overseas, <mask> became determined to become a civil engineer. <mask> failed his eleven-plus exams for grammar school entry and attended Robert Ferguson School. He subsequently studied at Carlisle Technical College
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where he first met his future-wife, Mary McFeeters, whilst suffering from a footballing injury in which he sustained facial damage and lost two teeth.<mask> passed five A-levels which enabled him to study a civil engineering degree at the University of Leeds. Bridge engineer
<mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1975 and began working for Ove Arup & Partners. He spent the first three years working out of an office in London on projects including the design of Brighton Marina. A keen outdoorsman, city life did not agree with him and <mask> contemplated emigrating to Canada. This ambition was thwarted when he approached the Canadian Embassy one Saturday but found that it was closed. One of his colleagues suggested that he instead apply for a position as the client representative during construction of the Kessock Bridge, Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. <mask> left Arup after the Kessock Bridge was completed in 1980 and joined Scottish infrastructure firm Morrison.<mask> had intended to return to Arup after gaining a couple of years' experience with a contractor but would remain with Morrison for much of the rest of his career. His initial role was to estimate the costs of temporary works required during construction. In 1984 he was appointed chief engineer for the construction of the Kylesku Bridge in Sutherland, which had been designed by his former colleagues at Ove Arup. There was a great level of detail required on this project as the structure was curved and <mask> drew more than 250 drawings to explain technical aspects of the design to site personnel. <mask> later described the lifting into place of the central 25m span of the bridge, witnessed by hundreds of people and several television crews, as the most nerve-wracking experience of his life – made more so by the unexpected tooting of a tug's horn as a celebration. The project was not commercially successful but made <mask>'s reputation as a
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leading bridge engineer. Between 1988 and 1991 <mask> served as chief engineer during the design and construction of the half-mile long Dornoch Firth Bridge.He later headed Morrison's team working on a bid for the proposed Skye Bridge. <mask> opted for a more conservative design which eventually lost the bid to a cheaper, more complex proposal which would later encounter technical difficulties in construction. <mask> successfully won bids for the construction and maintenance of the A69 Haltwhistle Bypass, the first Private Finance Initiative (PFI) highways project in the country; a £250mn contract for Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and the first ever PFI contracts for Scottish Water and the Ministry of Defence. Director
After the 1991 purchase of Shand Civil Engineering by Morrison Construction, <mask> was appointed director of the newly acquired international business. He was responsible for carrying out works in Dubai, Ghana, South Africa and the former USSR particularly in the petrochemical field. Whilst in Russia on business he was in Red Square just weeks after it had been the scene of the failed coup of 1993. Under <mask>'s direction Morrison won a five-year tender for works for the Falklands Islands Government to assist in recovery from the 1982 war.This win contradicted his previous position of maintaining a tighter focus on international bids but led to a long-term relationship with the Falklands Islands and the British Antarctic Survey which continues to this day. <mask> was appointed head of Morrison's infrastructure division and after the company's floatation on the London Stock Exchange in 1996 was appointed to its main board. The company was purchased by Anglian Water in 2000 and <mask> was appointed to their board, soon becoming the only former-Morrison director to sit there. <mask> led Anglian Water's engineering and programme management business before being appointed head of its Morrison Construction division
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and later the facilities management division. The latter two divisions were divested by Anglian Water in 2005 to Galliford Try and <mask> remained at Anglian Water as their head of health and safety, being responsible for introducing a new group-wide health and safety scheme. <mask> took early retirement at the age of 52 to spend more time on his hobbies of salmon fishing and golf. Shortly after retirement <mask> returned to work as a consultant for engineering consultancy WS Atkins.Six months into retirement he was approached to become chief operating officer of Scottish Water Solutions, a partnership of Scottish Water and several private companies responsible for delivering 2,500 water infrastructure projects totaling £2.2 billion. After completion of their programme of works <mask> retired for the second time. Queensferry Crossing
<mask> returned from retirement for a second time at the request of former colleagues at Galliford Try in 2012. He was asked to represent the company on the board of the Forth Crossing Bridge Constructors (FCBC) joint venture (Galliford Try were working in conjunction with American Bridge, Hochtief and Dragados) working to construct the £1.4 billion Queensferry Crossing. Two years later the FCBC project director (Hochtief's Carlo Germani) resigned to work in Qatar and <mask> was asked to become his replacement. The bridge construction involved more than 15,000 workers, of whom up to 1,500 were on site at any one time. The crossing is the largest three-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world and opened in August 2017.<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his role in the bridge's construction. Personal life
<mask> has two sons and two grandchildren. References
People from Carlisle, Cumbria
English civil engineers
British bridge engineers
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Officers of the Order of the British
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<mask> (March 9, 1906 – December 4, 1969), also known by the pen name Robert Stebbins was an American film director and editor. <mask> is best known for two documentary films: The Quiet One, which he wrote and directed, and for which he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay; and British Academy of Film and Television Arts winner The Savage Eye, which he co-directed, co-produced and co-scripted with Joseph Strick and Ben Maddow. Biography
<mask> was born in New York City on March 9, 1906 and grew up in East Harlem, then a teeming immigrant neighborhood. He was the eldest child of Abraham and Ida (née Rudock) <mask>, who had immigrated from Poland to the United States around the start of the 20th century. Abraham, a paper-hanger and activist in the Painters and Paper-hangers Union, District Council 9, of the AFL, supported the family as best he could. It was noticed early on that <mask> loved music; a Jewish charitable women's organization arranged for him to have the use of a violin and to receive music lessons when he was a young school-child. During his years at De Witt Clinton High School Meyers played in the school's award-winning orchestra and joined the American Orchestral Society.While at the City College of New York, majoring in English literature, he continued to play the violin, and later the viola. On completing his studies he spent some three years as a member of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Maestro Fritz Reiner. On his return to New York City, where he lived for the rest of his life with his wife Edna (née Ocko) and their son Nicholas, Meyers
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became interested in film-making and began to search for work in the fields of directing and editing, while playing the violin and viola in a Work Projects Administration orchestra. As was the case with many sons and daughters of immigrant families during the seemingly-endless Great Depression, he was drawn to left-wing political ideas. Using the pen-name of Robert Stebbins he wrote on the cinema for the left-wing arts magazine New Theatre. <mask> worked for the Federal Arts Project of the Work Projects Administration; in 1937 his film People of the Cumberland appeared under its auspices. During World War II, <mask> served first as the chief American film editor for the British Ministry of Information and later worked as a film editor for the U.S. Office of War Information.After the end of the War Meyers established a career as a free-lance film editor. He collaborated with directors, producers and other film artists, all of whom felt that his contribution was not limited to editing, as central as the latter may be to the work. Indeed he is best remembered for those films which he directed and wrote, and for which he served as consultant. Meyers's television editing credits include supervision of the CBS television series East Side, West Side; The Power and the Glory with Laurence Olivier; The Slaves, with Dionne Warwick; the Wisdom Series; Assignment India; Assignment – Southeast Asia. The Quiet One, which Meyers directed and scripted, established him as one of the leaders in the genre of documentary drama. Meyers collaborated with Ben Maddow and Joseph Strick in the production of The Savage
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Eye, and with Samuel Beckett and Alan Schneider on Film (film). His contribution to Edge of the City was vital.<mask> continued to work until his untimely death from cancer in 1969: he served as consultant for The Queen (1968), and was script consultant for Joseph Strick's film adaptation of James Joyce's Ulysses. Shortly before his death he completed the editing of Joseph Strick's The Tropic of Cancer. Shortly after his death, the <mask>s Memorial Scholarship Fund was established at the City College of New York. Film editing in the pre-digital era
Until well after <mask>'s death the main tool of film editing was the Moviola (or Movieola), a machine in which film was viewed, cut, and recombined manually. Ralph Rosenblum, who was mentored by <mask>, describes the exhausting process from the editor's point of view: "I sit in a corner at one of the Moviolas piecing together a sequence that was shot from five different perspectives. I work quickly, long lengths of film flying through my white-gloved right hand. I stop, mark the film with a grease pencil, fly on, make another mark, cut, splice together the desired portions, and hang up the trims, pieces of deleted film.… Five film barrels crowd the cutting room, with long trims hanging into them from an overhead rod. There's a lot of film on the floor—not rejected film, as the cliché has it, but film that's in the process of being reviewed or edited or wound" (When the Shooting Stops, pp. 5–6). The Quiet One
Meyers is arguably best remembered for The Quiet One (1948), a documentary which he directed, and for which he was one of the script writers.
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The documentary tells the story of the rehabilitation of a young, emotionally disturbed African-American boy; it contains text written by James Agee and narrated by Gary Merrill. In a 1949 review, Bosley Crowther defined the film: "Out of the tortured experiences of a 10-year-old Harlem Negro boy, cruelly rejected by his loved ones but rescued by the people of the Wiltwyck School, a new group of local film-makers has fashioned a genuine masterpiece in the way of a documentary drama." The still photographer Helen Levitt was one of the film's cinematographers and writers, along with the painter Janice Loeb.Ulysses Kay wrote the score for the film. The film's three writers - <mask>, Loeb, and Levitt - were nominated for the Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Academy Award; the film itself was also nominated for the Best Documentary Feature Academy Award. The National Board of Review named The Quiet One the second best film of 1949. Edge of the City
Edge of the City (1957), which Meyers edited, was directed by Martin Ritt and starred John Cassavetes, <mask>, Jack Warden, Kathleen Maguire and Ruby Dee. The score was composed by Leonard Rosenman. Edge of the City was based on Robert Alan Arthur's screenplay which was the final episode of The Philco Television Playhouse: "A Man Is Ten Feet Tall" (1955). Although produced by MGM the film received a low budget; MGM feared that because of its racial content it could not be shown in the southern US, and indeed because of the refusal of theaters in the South and elsewhere to screen the film, it was not a commercial success.The film was considered unusual for
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its time not only because of its portrayal of an interracial friendship, but also because the main African-American character was in a position of authority over the white; and also due to hints that the character played by Cassavetes might be homosexual. Edge of the City was praised by representatives of the NAACP, the Urban League, the American Jewish Committee, among others, for its courageous depiction of an interracial friendship. The Savage Eye
The Savage Eye (1959) is a documentary drama which conflates a dramatic narration of the life of a divorced woman with documentary camera footage from an unnamed American city (actually Los Angeles) in the 1950s. It stars Barbara Baxley. The film was written, produced, directed, and edited by <mask>, Ben Maddow and Joseph Strick. The camera footage was done by cinematographers Haskell Wexler, Helen Levitt and Jack Couffer; the music is by Leonard Rosenman. The Savage Eye won the 1960 BAFTA Flaherty Documentary Award as well as several film festival prizes.The Savage Eye belongs to the cinema vérité movement of the 1950s and '60s. In the words of John Hagan: "One can see how, in its study of a woman whose marital problems have estranged her from the world, it anticipated, if not influenced, such films as The Misfits, Red Desert, and Juliet of the Spirits." Influences
Among those cinematic currents which may be said to have influenced <mask>'s work were Romanticism: notably Robert J. Flaherty's Nanook of the North (1922). The latter was filmed on site, using local people and claiming to show their lives as they really were. Such films were staged,
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however; Flaherty famously had his subject kill a walrus with a harpoon rather than use his gun. Another major influence on young film-makers of the 1920s and '30s was Realism. The latter, largely a European tradition, included "city symphony" films, which aimed to show people as products of the man-made environment in which they lived.Walter Ruttman's Berlin, Symphony of a City (1927), is an example. In the USSR Kino-Pravda ("cinematic truth") was developed by Dziga Vertov, who created Soviet news-reels during the 1920s. According to Vertov's cinematic philosophy the movie, via techniques such as slow motion, time lapse, fast motion, close-ups and of course editing, could produce a rendition of reality more accurate than that perceived by the human eye. <mask>'s influence can be discerned in cinema verité and its close relative direct cinema. Enabled by the development of convenient, portable cameras and means of synchronizing sound, cinema verité often involved following a person during moments of personal crisis. The place of editing in creating the final artistic product is so central that the editor is on occasion given credit as consultant, or even co-director. Legacy
Shortly before his death <mask> began to write notes for a book which was never published.The following is from these notes:
"On one level film editing is like editing in general, literary editing, writing a piece of literature, preparing a book review or any presentation, selling an idea, putting it over. General principles maintain, clarity of ideas, coherence, emphasis on chief idea, lining up of proofs, and
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substantiation, avoidance of repetition, avoidance of belaboring the obvious, in other words, granting the reader intelligence but at the same time stressing value of your contribution to his fund of knowledge. A sense of when you've made your case and that any further exposition on it will be overdoing matters. These are by no means easy objectives to attain but necessary to obtain, nevertheless. ... The film is very different. It is an expression in continuity.Its own qualities, its own dynamics. There is no turning back or leaping ahead unless you are permitted to do so by the film itself. Film is a Form in Continuity, within a more or less restricted frame. This frame is its entire world. Nothing exists outside of it. And whatever happens within it is autonomous." The Quiet One: lyric poetry of the Fair Deal.Film Culture 58-60 ( 1974)
Crowther, Bosley. "'The Quiet One,' Documentary of a Rejected Boy, Arrives at the Little Carnegie," The New York Times February 14, 1949. Gilliard, B.L. The Quiet One: a conversation with Helen Levitt, Janice Loeb and Bill Levitt. Film Culture 63-64 ( 1977)
Gow, Gordon. <mask>. Film Dope n43 Jan (1990): 1-2.Hagan, John. "Ben Maddow". In Pendergast, Tom; Pendergast, Sara. International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers, Edition 4. St. James Press, 2000. Kline, Herbert, ed. New Theater and Film 1934-1937.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Leyda, Jay. Vision is my dwelling place. Film Culture 58-60 ( 1974)
Rosenblum, Ralph and Robert Karen. When the Shooting Stops…the Cutting Begins. Penguin, 1980. Sadoul, Georges and Peter Morris.Dictionary of Film Makers.
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U of California Press, 1972. "<mask>, movie director". [obituary] NY Times, Dec. 5, 1969. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. The Movie: 1902-1917. New Theater and Film 1934-1937.Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 234–7. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. The Films Make History. New Theater and Film 1934-1937. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 271–4.Stebbins, Robert [<mask>]. Month of Bounties. New Theater and Film 1934-1937. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. pp. 274–9. Stebbins, Robert [<mask>, 1985. pp. 316–320. External links
Allmovie bio
1906 births
1969 deaths
American documentary filmmakers
American film editors
City College of New York alumni
Civil servants in the Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Film directors from New York City
People of the United States Office of War
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<mask> (born 5 February 1941 in Annotto Bay, Jamaica) is a Canadian architect known for founding Henriquez & Todd with Robert Todd in 1969 which evolved over 50 years to become the Henriquez Partners Architects of today. His projects are known for its blend of unique design with its historical context. His accumulation of work are celebrated by dozens of awards including the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Gold Medal in 2005, Governor Generals Medal in 1994 and the Order of Canada in 2017. He is currently a Principal at Henriquez Partners, along with his son <mask> who assumed the role of Managing Principal in 2005. Design approach
<mask> was known for his focus on the place of memory and history in his work. He believed that contemporary buildings are disconnected with the past and so his architecture carries a memory which he calls "issue is continuity between the past, the future and the present, and making people aware of their place in time and space." In a particular interview, <mask> notes that Roman cities were laid out by cardines (running north to south) and decamanus (running east to west), all in line with the rising sun.He believed that cities once had a relationship to nature, and wanted to take inspiration from the past. He incorporates historic elements in a variety of ways such as relating the archaeology of the site to the traditional mythic stories that were passed down the generation. He also explored the depths of spatial relationships beyond the quintessential floor heights, material, setback, etc. but in their cosmic and metaphorical relationships elements. <mask> says his work is "not to invoke nostalgia but to rather give people a new way of looking at what they take for granted." He was also known for bringing a distinct style of high-density urban design to Vancouver, designing buildings that have slim proportions, low rise buildings, view corridors and parks that create livable
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communities. A notable example would be the Sylvia hotel tower, with large glazing area and thin floorplates that influence the high rises of Vancouver for years to come.Childhood influences
<mask> was born from a modest family. When <mask> was three years old, a hurricane almost destroyed his family's home. Later that year, he discovered his father - an agricultural instructor drafted in the war - was killed in action. Due to these circumstances, <mask> and his siblings went on to live with their grandparents while the mother worked. During his time with his grandparents, <mask> would hear stories on how his grandparents and his father lived in the past. Although he lacked first-hand contact with his father, he valued objects his father made before his passing such as wooden bowls and furniture. <mask> comments that his interest in history may have stemmed from his absent father, inspiring the architectural work that he produced over the years.<mask> also credits his grand-uncle for his inspiration of pursuing architecture. His grand-uncle was a multifaceted artisan that was a sculptor, painter, architect and an engineer. This influenced young <mask> to follow his footsteps and explored artistic endeavors such as creating sculptures out of limestone and painting. None of his other 2 brothers and 2 sisters followed the same artistic pursuits, although his older sister, Kay Levy, worked in the early days of the firm as the bookkeeper and office manager. Growing up in Jamaica had affected <mask>'s design sensibility. In Jamaica, material was costly while labor was cheap and therefore, <mask> believed that nothing of value should go to waste and should be instead reused. Education
Once <mask> graduated from highschool, he immediately pursued his Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Manitoba in Canada from 1958–1964.The program was highly technical and even included four years of structural engineering in
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its curriculum. The school provided <mask> with a strong technical base and taught him the construction and how to build buildings, but all his work was still constrained to reality and any superfluous work was considered illegitimate. Upon graduation, <mask> returned to Jamaica to work for McMorris Sibley Robinson Architects. It was here where he took on over a dozen projects including corporate, cultural and domestic projects. Many of these residential projects, were situated on hilltop sites or steep slopes, giving <mask> experience later in his life when he designs for Vancouver's hilly topography. <mask> eventually attended MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) to complete his master's degree. It was here that he developed his theoretical and philosophical views in architecture that would be the basis of his work for years to come.For his final thesis project, <mask> developed a conceptual scheme of a satellite town for 100,000 people near Germantown, Maryland. His project was an exploration of flexibility, adaptability, which <mask> puts as “allowing them freedom to live as they choose and meaningful choice as to where and how they live”. <mask> had always designed for, however it was in this project when he started to develop his philosophical stances in architecture. The project was deeply influenced by his supervisor, Lubicz-Nycz who believed that architecture is spiritual, where it must honor the past and carry its narrative, while allowing future growth. This narrative approach becomes and integral part of <mask>'s design process in his future works. Selected projects
Sylvia Hotel Tower
The Sylvia Hotel Tower, built in 1984 was an addition to the Edward Sylvia Hotel (a once popular Vancouver hotel, and a current designated heritage landmark) located near the Vancouver waterfront. <mask> designed the building by drawing inspiration from its unique site conditions and adjacencies.On the site's
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atrium. The federal government's wanted to have more of a presence of public services in Vancouver. Therefore, The program of Sinclair Centre was called to transform an entire block into government office complex mixed with retail and public functions and replacing the image of the building from being austere to being open and accessible. A main objective in the architecture is to create an open concept space, and therefore the creation of a T-shaped galleria.The design of the building preserved each of the four building's historic character and individuality while the glazing was designed in a neutral manner. The building is named after James Sinclair, a businessman and politician that was the former president of Lafarge Cement in North America and the maternal grandfather of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Memory Theatre
Memory Theatre is an exhibition showcasing twenty-five years of accomplishment by <mask>. It was a travelling exhibition co-produced by the Canadian Centre for Architecture and Vancouver Art Gallery in 1993. The exhibition was physically a cylindrical structure that was held up by a surveyor's tripod and accessed by a bridge. Once visitors enter the cylindrical structure, they will be surrounded by ten cabinets with glass cases that contain found objects ranging from a diversity of architectural models, notes, sculptures, drawings, letters and photographs that demonstrate <mask>'s creative process. Right at the centre of the Theatre is a cylindrical globe.On top of the pole of the globe is Vancouver. By picking a point on the model, the device can be made to point towards the true objective. The architect did so as a way to contrast the Copernican model of the earth by having the earth as the centre of the universe. It shows that the present time and place to be conscious of one's narrative. as memory is used to pinpoint the present. References
Canadian architects
Living people
1941
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<mask> "Mick" <mask> (born 21 October 1969) is an Australian former rugby league footballer. An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative , he played in the Brisbane Broncos first five Grand Final victories in 1992, 1993, 1997 Super League, 1998 and 2000. At the time of his retirement from football in Australia in 2000 he held the Broncos' club records for most career appearances. He played out the rest of his career in England with the Salford City Reds and retired in 2002. Early career
<mask> started out playing in the under 16's/18's and A Grade in the Toowoomba rugby league for the Stanthorpe Gremlins. A young from Stanthorpe, Queensland, <mask> starred as a 17-year-old for the Toowoomba Clydesdales in the Winfield State League. First grade career
In 1988, <mask> joined the Brisbane Broncos for the club's initial season in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership as a member of the first Brisbane run-on team that thrashed defending premiers the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 44–10 in 1988's season opener at Brisbane's Lang Park in a side that included representative players Wally Lewis (captain), Colin Scott, Joe Kilroy, Gene Miles, Allan Langer, Bryan Niebling, Greg Dowling and Greg Conescu.In 1989, <mask> made his début for the Queensland Maroons, becoming the then-youngest footballer of either state to play in a State of Origin series and scored two tries in the 36–6 win over NSW at Lang Park. He then made his Test début on the 1989 mid-season tour of New Zealand while still a teenager. Having already represented his state in all three matches of that year’s Origin series, he also played in all six matches on the New Zealand tour, scoring three tries. He played in all three Tests against the Kiwis and
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scored his first try in test football in Australia's 8–0 win in the second test at the Rotorua International Stadium on 16 July. He was known for his strength, elusiveness and a wide-legged running style that allowed him to change direction sharply and sometimes several times as he approached opposition defences. <mask> was named the 1989 Brisbane Broncos season's rookie of the year. 1990s
In 1990 <mask> missed the one-off Test against France with a hamstring injury, but regained his spot on the wing for the test against New Zealand in Wellington where he scored a try in Australia's 24–6 win.He was then selected for the 1990 Kangaroo Tour of Great Britain and France at the end of the 1990 NSWRL season. Unfortunately, an ankle injury suffered in Australia's 19–14 loss to Great Britain in the first test loss at Wembley, London limited him to just six games on the English leg of the tour and he lost his test spot to Broncos teammate Dale Shearer. The first test loss was something of a disaster for <mask> as his opposite winger Paul Eastwood crossed for two of the Lions three tries on the day. Although he returned to action, before the second Ashes series test, scoring a try in a 36–18 win over Halifax, Shearer's form was such (scoring a try in the Aussies 14–10 win at Old Trafford in the second test) that <mask> was unable to regain his test spot for the remainder of the tour. In 1991 he was overlooked for the mid-season Trans Tasman tests against New Zealand, nor could he gain a spot on the end of season tour of Papua New Guinea. He later regained his Test spot and played in all three Ashes tests against Great Britain during the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, helping Australia retain The Ashes. At the end of
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the year <mask> was a member of the Broncos team that defeated the St George Dragons 28–8 in the 1992 Winfield Cup Grand Final.He then traveled to England where he played on the wing in Australia's 10–6 win over Great Britain in the 1992 World Cup Final in front of 73,631 fans at Wembley Stadium, London. <mask> had a solid game in the WCF, keeping St. Helens winger Alan Hunte quiet. A week after the Final, <mask> scored two tries in Brisbane's 22–8 victory over English champions Wigan in the 1992 World Club Challenge at Central Park. In winning the Broncos became the first Australian team to win the World Club Challenge on British soil. <mask> made his second tour of New Zealand in 1993, playing all three tests of the 1993 Trans-Tasman series and scoring his 5th and final test try in the third test at Lang Park. He played in Brisbane's second consecutive premiership win in 1993, again defeating St George in the Grand Final. During the 1994 NSWRL season, <mask> played at centre for Brisbane when they lost 20–14 against Wigan in the 1994 World Club Challenge in front of a WCC record attendance of 54,220 at Brisbane's ANZ Stadium.<mask> played his last test for Australia in 1994 against France in a 58–0 win at the Parramatta Stadium in Sydney. Called into the team after injury ruled out Broncos teammate Willie Carne, <mask> didn't score in the game but made a number of breaks and almost always had the hapless French grasping at air trying to tackle him. After being selected for his second Kangaroo Tour in 1994, his test career ended when he injured his shoulder in a training mishap only a week before the first Ashes test at Wembley. In a case of Déjà vu with 1990, he would return to the field before the tour ended, but wasn't able to regain
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his test place either on tour or in the following years. 2000s
The advent of the unlimited interchange rule prolonged <mask>'s career, with coach Wayne Bennett opting to use him as an impact player on the wing or in the . The last of the foundation players to leave the club, it was only fitting then, in his thirteenth season with the same club, that he left the Broncos after the 14–6 victory over the Sydney Roosters in the 2000 NRL grand final to play out the rest of his career for Salford in England. Also in 2000 <mask> was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for his contribution to Australia's international standing in the sport of rugby league.At the time of his retirement, he held the record for most appearances for the Broncos until Darren Lockyer surpassed him in 2007, and was number two on the club's all-time top try-scorers list with 120 (second only to Steve Renouf's 142). Post-playing
In 2003, <mask> was one of the first four former players inducted into the Broncos official Hall of Fame. During the 2007 season at the Broncos' 20-year anniversary celebration, the club announced a list of the 20 best players to play for them to date which included <mask>. In 2008, rugby league in Australia's centenary year, <mask> was named on the wing in the Toowoomba and South West Team of the Century. <mask> has been involved in rugby league development encouraging children to take up the sport. References
External links
<mask> at yesterdayshero.com.au
<mask> at nrlstats.com
1969 births
Australia national rugby league team players
Salford Red Devils players
Brisbane Broncos players
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players
Rugby league wingers
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Rugby league players from Queensland
Living
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Harold Adrian Russell "<mask>" <mask> (1 January 191211 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union. In 1963 he was revealed to be a member of the Cambridge Five, a spy ring which had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during World War II and in the early stages of the Cold War. Of the five, <mask> is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets. Born in British India, <mask> was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. After leaving Cambridge, <mask> worked as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of France. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6).By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member. In 1949 <mask> was appointed first secretary to the British Embassy in Washington and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including a plot to subvert the communist regime of Albania. <mask> was also responsible for tipping off two other spies under suspicion of espionage, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, both of whom subsequently fled to Moscow in May 1951. The defections of Maclean and Burgess cast suspicion over <mask>, resulting in his resignation from MI6 in July 1951. He was publicly exonerated in 1955, after which he resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for SIS in Beirut, Lebanon. In January 1963, having finally been unmasked as a Soviet agent, <mask> defected to Moscow, where he lived until his death in 1988.Early
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life
Born in Ambala, Punjab, British India, Harold Adrian <mask> was the son of Dora Johnston and St John <mask>, an author, Arabist and explorer. St John was a member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) and later a civil servant in Mesopotamia, and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia. Nicknamed "<mask>" after the boy-spy in Rudyard Kipling's novel <mask>, <mask> attended Aldro preparatory school, an all-boys school located in Shackleford near Godalming in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. In his early teens, he spent some time with the Bedouin in the desert of Saudi Arabia. Following in the footsteps of his father, <mask> continued to Westminster School, which he left in 1928 at the age of 16. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history and economics. He graduated in 1933 with a 2:1 degree in Economics.At Cambridge, <mask> showed his "leaning towards communism," in the words of his father St John, who went on to write: "The only serious question is whether <mask> definitely intended to be disloyal to the government while in its service." Upon <mask>'s graduation, Maurice Dobb, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge and tutor in Economics, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in Paris which attempted to aid the people victimized by Nazi Germany and provide education on oppositions to fascism. The organization was one of several fronts operated by German communist Willi Münzenberg, a member of the Reichstag who had fled to France in 1933. Early professional career
Vienna
In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Germany, <mask> met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of
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Hungarian Jewish origins. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions and later recalled that at their first meeting:
A frank and direct person, Litzi came out and asked me how much money I had. I replied £100, which I hoped would last me about a year in Vienna. She made some calculations and announced, "That will leave you an excess of £25.You can give that to the International Organisation for Aid for Revolutionaries. We need it desperately." I liked her determination. <mask> acted as a courier between Vienna and Prague, paying for the train tickets out of his remaining £75 and using his British passport to evade suspicion. He also delivered clothes and money to refugees. Following the Austrofascist victory in the Austrian Civil War, <mask> and Friedmann married in February 1934, enabling her to escape to the United Kingdom with him two months later. It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in London, Edith Tudor Hart – herself, at this time, a Soviet agent – who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for Soviet intelligence.In early 1934, Arnold Deutsch, a Soviet agent, was sent to University College London under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities. <mask> had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna, where he had been involved in demonstrations against the government of Engelbert Dollfuss. In June 1934, Deutsch recruited him to the Soviet intelligence services. <mask> later recalled:
Lizzy came home one evening and told me that she had arranged for me to meet a "man of decisive importance". I questioned her about it but she would give me
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no details. The rendezvous took place in Regents Park. The man described himself as Otto.I discovered much later from a photograph in MI5 files that the name he went by was Arnold Deutsch. I think that he was of Czech origin; about 5 ft 7in, stout, with blue eyes and light curly hair. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He was a man of considerable cultural background." <mask> recommended to Deutsch several of his Cambridge contemporaries, including Donald Maclean, who at the time was working in the Foreign Office, as well as Guy Burgess, despite his personal reservations about Burgess's erratic personality. London and Spain
In London, <mask> began a career as a journalist.He took a job at a monthly magazine, the World Review of Reviews, for which he wrote a large number of articles and letters (sometimes under a variety of pseudonyms) and occasionally served as "acting editor." <mask> continued to live in the United Kingdom with his wife for several years. At this point, however, <mask> and Friedmann separated. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, just following the end of World War II. When the Germans threatened to overrun Paris in 1940, where she was then living at this time, <mask> arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain. In 1936 he began working at a failing trade magazine, the Anglo-Russian Trade Gazette, as editor. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, <mask> engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as Joachim von Ribbentrop, at that time the German ambassador in London.He
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became a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and <mask> made many trips to Berlin. In February 1937, <mask> travelled to Seville, Spain, then embroiled in a bloody civil war triggered by the coup d'état of Falangist forces under General Francisco Franco against the democratic government of President Manuel Azaña. <mask> worked at first as a freelance journalist; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for The Times, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces. He also began working for both the Soviet and British intelligence, which usually consisted of posting letters in a crude code to a fictitious girlfriend, Mlle Dupont in Paris, for the Russians. He used a simpler system for MI6 delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the British embassy in Paris. When visiting Paris after the war, he was shocked to discover that the address that he used for Mlle Dupont was that of the Soviet embassy.His controller in Paris, the Latvian Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in Moscow in 1937 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. His successor, Boris Bazarov, suffered the same fate two years later during the purges. Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter planes and Panzer I and Panzer II tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. <mask> told the British, after a direct question to Franco, that German troops would never be permitted to cross Spain to attack Gibraltar. <mask>'s Soviet
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controller at the time, Theodore Maly, reported in April 1937 to the NKVD that he had personally briefed <mask> on the need "to discover the system of guarding Franco and his entourage". Maly was one of the Soviet Union's most powerful and influential illegal controllers and recruiters. With the goal of potentially arranging Franco's assassination, <mask> was instructed to report on vulnerable points in Franco's security and recommend ways to gain access to him and his staff.However, such an act was never a real possibility; upon debriefing <mask> in London on 24 May 1937, Maly wrote to the NKVD, "Though devoted and ready to sacrifice himself, [Philby] does not possess the physical courage and other qualities necessary for this [assassination] attempt." In December 1937, during the Battle of Teruel, a Republican shell hit just in front of the car in which <mask> was travelling with the correspondents Edward J. Neil of the Associated Press, Bradish Johnson of Newsweek, and Ernest Sheepshanks of Reuters. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. <mask> suffered only a minor head wound. As a result of this accident, <mask>, who was well-liked by the Nationalist forces whose victories he trumpeted, was awarded the Red Cross of Military Merit by Franco on 2 March 1938. <mask> found that the award proved helpful in obtaining access to fascist circles:
"Before then," he later wrote, "there had been a lot of criticism of British journalists from Franco officers who seemed to think that the British in general must be a lot of Communists because so many were fighting with the International Brigades. After I had been wounded and decorated by Franco himself, I became known as 'the
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English-decorated-by-Franco' and all sorts of doors opened to me."In 1938, Walter Krivitsky (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former GRU officer in Paris who had defected to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". He testified before the Dies Committee (later to become the House Un-American Activities Committee) regarding Soviet espionage within the US. In 1940 he was interviewed by MI5 officers in London, led by Jane Archer. Krivitsky claimed that two Soviet intelligence agents had penetrated the Foreign Office and that a third Soviet intelligence agent had worked as a journalist for a British newspaper during the civil war in Spain. No connection with <mask> was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a Washington hotel room the following year. Alexander Orlov (born Lev Feldbin; code-name Swede), Philby's controller in Madrid, who had once met him in Perpignan, France, also defected. To protect his family, still living in the USSR, Orlov said nothing about <mask>, an agreement Stalin respected.On a short trip back from Spain, <mask> tried to recruit Flora Solomon as a Soviet agent; she was the daughter of a Russian banker and gold dealer, a relative of the Rothschilds, and wife of a London stockbroker. At the same time, Burgess was trying to get her into MI6. But the rezident (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected <mask>'s motives. Solomon introduced <mask> to the woman who would become <mask>'s second wife, Aileen Furse. Solomon went to work for the British retailer Marks & Spencer. MI6 career
World War II
In July 1939, <mask> returned to The Times
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office in London. When Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939, <mask>'s contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and Philby failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work.During the Phoney War from September 1939 until the Dunkirk evacuation, <mask> worked as The Times first-hand correspondent with the British Expeditionary Force headquarters. After being evacuated from Boulogne on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing The Daily Telegraph in addition to The Times. He briefly reported from Cherbourg and Brest, sailing for Plymouth less than 24 hours before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940. In 1940, on the recommendation of Burgess, <mask> joined MI6's Section D, a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked through non-military means. <mask> and Burgess ran a training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section was soon absorbed by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the summer of 1940. Burgess was arrested in September for drunken driving and was subsequently fired, while <mask> was appointed as an instructor on clandestine propaganda at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu in Beaulieu, Hampshire.<mask>'s role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU). This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. The new London rezident, Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of names of
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British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. <mask> replied that none had been sent and that none was undergoing training at that time. This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating their confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at Moscow Central in the Lubyanka, according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the telegrams much later in the KGB archives. <mask> provided Stalin with advance warning of Operation Barbarossa and of the Japanese intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as Hitler had urged. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when this was confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy in Tokyo, Richard Sorge, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the Far East in time for the counteroffensive around Moscow.By September 1941, <mask> began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive counter-intelligence. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, <mask> was put in charge of the subsection which dealt with Spain and Portugal. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Lisbon, Gibraltar and Tangier. At this time, the German Abwehr was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many cameras and radars to track Allied supply ships in the Western Mediterranean. Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which <mask>'s Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (code-named Bodden) never came to fruition. During 1942–43, <mask>'s responsibilities were then
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expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS. In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts.In late 1944 <mask>, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine. Charles Arnold-Baker, an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of <mask> and <mask>'s intentions but was ignored time and time again. While working in Section Five, <mask> had become acquainted with James Jesus Angleton, a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. Angleton, later chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) Counterintelligence Staff, became suspicious of <mask> when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the Gestapo in Germany. It later emerged that the agent – known as Schmidt – had also worked as an informant for the Rote Kapelle organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow. Nevertheless, Angleton's suspicions went unheard. In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in Bulgaria and Romania, soon to be invaded by the Soviet Union.The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. Barclay reported the complaint to London. <mask> claimed to have overheard discussion of this
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by chance and sent a report to his controller. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that <mask> had seen the full Barclay report. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Imperial Japanese Embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. The NKVD received the same report from Richard Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. These lapses by <mask> aroused intense suspicion in Moscow.Elena Modrzhinskaya at GUGB headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the Cambridge Five. She noted that they produced an extraordinary wealth of information on German war plans but next to nothing on the repeated question of British penetration of Soviet intelligence in either London or Moscow. <mask> had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. She asked, "Could the SIS really be such fools they failed to notice suitcase-loads of papers leaving the office? Could they have overlooked <mask>'s Communist wife?" Modrzhinskaya concluded that all were double agents, working essentially for the British. A more serious incident occurred in August 1945, when Konstantin Volkov, an NKVD agent and vice-consul in Istanbul, requested political asylum in Britain for himself and his wife.For a large sum of money, Volkov offered the names of three Soviet agents inside Britain, two of whom worked in the Foreign Office and a third who worked in counter-espionage in London. <mask> was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. He warned the Soviets of the attempted defection and travelled personally to Istanbul – ostensibly to handle the matter on behalf of SIS but, in reality, to ensure that Volkov had been
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neutralised. By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow. The intervention of <mask> in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised <mask>'s position. However, Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British Embassy in Ankara on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. Additionally, Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans.<mask> was thus able to evade blame and detection. A month later Igor Gouzenko, a cipher clerk in Ottawa, took political asylum in Canada and gave the Royal Canadian Mounted Police names of agents operating within the British Empire that were known to him. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. And here she was plunked down in my midst!" <mask>, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1946. Years after the war, Sir Hardy Amies, who has served as an intelligence officer during the war, recalled that <mask> was in his mess; and, on being asked what the infamous spy was like, Hardy quipped, "He was always trying to get information out of me—most significantly the name of my tailor."Istanbul
In February 1947, <mask> was appointed head of British intelligence for Turkey,
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and posted to Istanbul with his second wife, Aileen, and their family. His public position was that of First Secretary at the British Consulate; in reality, his intelligence work required overseeing British agents and working with the Turkish security services. <mask> planned to infiltrate five or six groups of émigrés into Soviet Armenia or Soviet Georgia. But efforts among the expatriate community in Paris produced just two recruits. Turkish intelligence took them to a border crossing into Georgia but soon afterwards shots were heard. Another effort was made using a Turkish gulet for a seaborne landing, but it never left port. He was implicated in a similar campaign in Albania.Colonel David Smiley, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped Enver Hoxha and his Communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. He trained Albanian commandos – some of whom were former Nazi collaborators – in Libya or Malta. From 1947, they infiltrated the southern mountains to build support for former King Zog. The first three missions, overland from Greece, were trouble-free. Larger numbers were landed by sea and air under Operation Valuable, which continued until 1951, increasingly under the influence of the newly formed CIA. Stewart Menzies, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. Most infiltrators were caught by the Sigurimi, the Albanian Security Service.Clearly there had been leaks and <mask> was later suspected as one of the leakers. His own comment was "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country." <mask> later wrote of his attitude towards the operation in
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