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London: Deutsch, 1986. — (by Robert Lindsay, with essays by <mask> and Patrick McCaughey) John Brack: A Retrospective Exhibition. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1987.— (with Emma Davapriam) European Paintings before 1800 in the National Gallery of Victoria, 5th edn. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1995. Articles, in chronological order
— “Meditation in Solitude”, Journal of the Warburg Institute, 1:4, April 1938, 292–294. — “Peter Paul Rubens”, Old Master Drawings, XIII, June 1938, 14–16. — “Das Wesen der Französischen Kunst in Späten Mittelalter” [Book Review], The Burlington Magazine for Conoisseurs, 73:428, November 1938, 229–30. — “Albert Eckhout, ein niederländischer Maler...” [Book Review], The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 74:434, May 1939, 248. — “Some Aspects of Adam Elsheimer’s Artistic Development”, The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 75:437, August 1939, 58–64.— “Some Drawings in the Print Room of the National Gallery of Victoria”, Australian Artist, I, 1947. — “English Monumental Brasses”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 3:1, 1948, 6–7. — “Rembrandt’s Drawings” [Book Review], Meanjin, 8:3, spring 1949, 188–190. — “Three Panels Reproduced Here…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 3:4, 1949, 3–4. — “Landscape into Art” [Book Review], Meanjin, 9:4, summer 1950, 313–314. — “The Print Collection”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 4:3, 1950,
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Boyd’s Casa Parentaio and Sculpture Park at Celle”, Art and Australia, 21:4, 1984, 448–9. — “London Letter”, Art and Australia, 22:2, summer 1984, 170–6. — “Saenredam and his Critics”, Australian Journal of Art, 4, 1985, 5–13. — “City Bushmen: the Heidelberg School and the Rural Mythology” [Book Review], Art and Australia, 24:3, winter 1986, 466–71. — “The Landscapes of Arthur Boyd”, Jillian Bradshaw Memorial Lecture, Bentley, WA: Western Australian Institute of Technology, 1986. — “Arthur Boyd, exhib.cat., London: Fischer Fine Art, 1986. — “Obituary: Dr Mary Woodall 1901-1988”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 29, 1989, 61–3. — “Variation, transformation, and interpretation: Watteau and Lucian Freud”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 31, 1990, 26–31. — “Arthur Boyd”, Arthur Boyd: The Magic Flute and Other Paintings, exhib. cat., Sydney: Wagner Art Gallery, 1991; New York: Pyramid Gallery, 1991. — “Obituary: Prof. A.D. Trendall”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 36, 1996, 61. — "Greta Hort”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1996, 14: 499–500.References
Sources
http://www.ursulahoff.org/
A Tribute to Dr <mask> AO OBE. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2005
Holden, Colin. The Outsider: A Portrait of <mask>. North Melbourne, Victoria: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2009. Palmer, Sheridan. Centre of the Periphery: Three European Art Historians in Melbourne. Nth Melbourne, Vic: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008.Poynter,
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<mask> (Italian: Luigi, Aloisio or "Ludovico" ; 1320 – 26 May 1362), also known as <mask> of Taranto, was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou who reigned as King of Naples, Count of Provence and Forcalquier, and Prince of Taranto. <mask> gained the crown of Naples by marrying his first cousin, Queen <mask>, whose prior husband, Andrew, had died as a result of a conspiracy that may have involved both of them. Immediately after securing his status as her co-ruler, <mask> successfully wrested away all power from his wife, leaving her a sovereign in name only. Their disastrous marriage resulted in the birth of two daughters, Catherine and Frances, neither of whom survived their parents. During their joint reign, <mask> dealt with numerous uprisings, attacks, and unsuccessful military operations; he is generally considered an inefficient monarch. Following his death, Joanna resumed her power and refused to share it with her subsequent husbands. Background and family
A member of the Capetian House of Anjou, <mask> was born in Naples as the second son of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, and Catherine of Valois.He was a patrilineal first cousin once removed of both Queen <mask> of Naples and her husband Andrew, Duke of Calabria, in addition to being Joanna's maternal first cousin. <mask>' older brother Robert, Prince of Taranto, was having an open affair with Queen Joanna. When the 17-year-old Andrew was assassinated on 18 September 1345 for seeking to co-reign with his wife, Joanna was immediately suspected of ordering the murder with the help of <mask> and Robert. Following her husband's death, the young queen was strongly influenced by Robert, but by October 1346, she had become
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closer to <mask>. The brothers' mother died the same month, leaving her claim to the Latin Empire to Robert, who in turn ceded the Principality of Taranto to <mask>. Marriage
<mask> and Joanna married in Naples on 22 August 1347, without seeking dispensation from Pope Clement VI – necessary because of their being closely related. The marriage was an attempt to secure the kingdom for <mask> rather than to pacify the belligerent branches of the House of Anjou.Ascension to power
The couple fled to Provence, which Joanna ruled as countess, after King <mask> of Hungary invaded Naples to avenge the murder of his brother Andrew. They met Clement, feudal overlord of the Kingdom of Naples, in Avignon. To secure his acceptance of their marriage and support against the accusations of Andrew's murder, Joanna sold him the city. The Black Death forced the Hungarians to retreat from Naples in August 1348. <mask> and Joanna, who had just had their elder daughter, Catherine, immediately returned to the kingdom. From early 1349 onwards, all documents for the kingdom were issued in the names of both husband and wife, and <mask> was indisputably in control of military fortresses. On coins issued during their joint reign, <mask>' name always preceded Joanna's.Although he was not officially recognised by Clement as king and co-ruler until 1352, it is likely that Neapolitans considered him their monarch from the moment he started acting as such. <mask> took advantage of the turmoil caused by yet another Hungarian attack to wrest complete royal authority from his wife. He purged the court of her supporters, and struck down her favourite, Enrico Caracciolo, whom he accused of adultery in April
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1349 and very likely had executed. Official reign
In 1350, the King of Hungary launched another invasion, forcing <mask> and Joanna to flee to Gaeta. <mask> narrowly defeated Hungarian forces with Pope Clement's help. The Pope, however, reprimanded <mask> for "treating the Queen as a prisoner and servant", and agreed to recognise <mask> as king and co-ruler only on the condition that he accepted the fact that he held the crown in Joanna's right. Their younger daughter, Frances, was born soon thereafter.<mask> received Clement's formal recognition as his wife's co-ruler in all her realms on 20 or 23 March 1352, and was crowned king alongside her on Pentecost on 25 or 27 May 1352. Frances, by then the couple's only surviving child, died on their coronation day; Joanna never conceived again. <mask> founded the Order of the Knot on the occasion of the coronation, most likely hoping to enhance the tarnished reputation he shared with Joanna. In 1356, they were crowned in Messina as rulers of Sicily, but failed to capture the entire island, which had been seized from the House of Anjou by the House of Barcelona in 1285 and thereafter ruled as a separate kingdom. The death of their supporter, <mask>, was a blow to <mask> and Joanna. His successor, <mask>, excommunicated them for failing to pay their annual tribute to the Holy See. The issue was resolved by a visit to Avignon in 1360.<mask>' attempt in 1360 to dethrone Frederick the Simple and regain Sicily ended in a failure, though he did manage to occupy much of the island (including Palermo, the capital) before its barons rebelled. At home, he faced opposition from his and his wife's cousins, the House of Anjou-Durazzo, who
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strongly resented his dominance, with <mask> of Gravina stirring revolts in Apulia. Death and legacy
<mask> died, probably of bubonic plague, in Naples on 26 May 1362. Joanna immediately resumed authority in her realms. Although she remarried twice more, to <mask> of Majorca and Otto of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, <mask> remained the only husband of hers whom she accorded status of co-monarch. Taranto passed to his younger brother, <mask>. Upon <mask>' death, the order he had created simply dissolved.He was buried in the Territorial Abbey of Montevergine, next to his mother. Though a chronicler wrote that the "death of <mask> of Taranto caused great corruption in all the kingdom", his contemporaries unanimously thought him to be lacking in both ability and character. Petrarch, familiar with the members of the Neapolitan court, described him as "violent and mendacious, prodigal and avaricious, debauched and cruel", a person who "knew neither how to make his subjects love him" and who even had no "need of their love". <mask>'s greatest achievement was appointing Niccolò Acciaioli as grand seneschal, which provided Naples with a capable administrator and military leader. Family tree
See also
Jure uxoris, principle by which a man owns the property of his wife
James II, Count of La Marche, husband of Joanna II of Naples who tried to usurp her authority
References
Bibliography
External links
<mask> (king of Naples), article on Encyclopædia Britannica
1320 births
1362 deaths
14th-century monarchs of Naples
14th-century deaths from plague (disease)
Claimant Kings of Jerusalem
Counts of Provence
House of Anjou-Taranto
Jure uxoris kings
Princes of Taranto
Husbands of <mask> of
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<mask> KC (4 August 1852 – 19 January 1908) was a British barrister and Liberal politician. Family and education
<mask> was the son of the Reverend <mask>, a Wesleyan missionary in Ceylon who later preached at Grahamstown in South Africa and who became President of the Wesleyan Conference for Great Britain in 1887 and was later President of the Wesleyan Conference for South Africa. His mother was Emma, the daughter of the Reverend Thomas Harris. <mask> was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Great Crosby and at London University where he matriculated but did not graduate. In 1882 at Glasgow Cathedral he married Joanna Hedderwick, the daughter of Robert Hedderwick who founded the newspaper the Glasgow Citizen who was the son of Thomas Hedderwick, Liberal MP for Wick Burghs from 1896–1900. They had three sons and two daughters. <mask>, intending to become a barrister, joined the Inner Temple as a student on 2 November 1874.He was called to the bar in June 1877, having the previous year gained first prize in the common law examination. He was appointed Queen's Counsel on 4 February 1890, swearing the oath in the company of two other illustrious Liberals R B Haldane and H H Asquith. His early career was boosted by his close association with the Methodist Church in the West Riding of Yorkshire but he soon built up a large practice in London as well as on the circuit. He took part in many famous cases, most notably a victory in 1896 with a lawsuit brought against Dr William Smoult Playfair, a well-known London obstetrician, for libel and slander arising from Playfair's indiscretion concerning one of his medical cases. The £12,000 damages awarded against Playfair was at the time the largest sum awarded by a jury. <mask> often appeared on behalf of trade
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unions, including in 1898 in the case of Allen v. Flood, a leading case in English law on intentionally inflicted economic loss. <mask> became close legal colleagues with Rufus Isaacs who was destined to have a glittering political and public career.He first encountered Isaacs in the latter's final year of study at the Middle Temple when Isaacs joined his chambers as a pupil. <mask> was elected Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1897. Politics
In 1891, <mask> was selected as Liberal candidate for Battersea to replace the sitting Liberal MP Octavius Vaughan Morgan who was standing down. However, <mask>, the well-known trade unionist and Lib-Lab politician, who was Progressive Party member of the London County Council for Battersea, had announced he intended to stand for election in Battersea at the next general election. <mask> decided to stand aside so Burns could contest the seat. Burns was returned as MP for Battersea in 1892 as an Independent Labour Party candidate but soon after changed his description to Liberal-Labour and sat as a Lib-Lab until he stepped down from Parliamentary life at the 1918 general election. <mask> then sought adoption as Liberal candidate for Central Leeds and was selected to fight the 1892 general election.He lost narrowly to the sitting Conservative MP G. W. Balfour, but was given another chance to enter the House of Commons when the Liberal MP for the neighbouring Leeds South constituency, Sir Lyon Playfair went to the House of Lords, creating a by-election. <mask> won the ensuing contest on 22 September 1892 beating his Conservative opponent R J N Neville by 948 votes (12 percent of the poll). He held the seat at each subsequent election until his death. Political orientation
<mask> was said to be a strong radical in
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domestic politics, especially on issues concerning the House of Lords and the established church. He was a member of the Liberal Imperialist group associated with Lord Rosebery during the South African War of 1899–1902. The Liberal Imperialists were a centrist faction within the Liberal Party in the late Victorian and Edwardian period. They were in favour of a more positive attitude towards the development of the British Empire and Imperialism, ending the primacy of the party's commitment to Irish Home Rule.In domestic affairs they advocated the concept of "national efficiency." This policy was never definitively set out, but the implication in the speeches of its leading lights was that the Liberal Party in government should take action to improve the social conditions, the education and welfare of the population, as well as to reform aspects of the administration of government so as to maintain British economic, industrial and military competitiveness. Although <mask> was not himself an Anglican he took an interest in religious questions. He was a witness before the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline of 1904 when he spoke in favour of more effective procedure against clergy charged with breaking the law. Honours and appointments
Rosebery became more alienated by the Home Rule policy, dispiriting the moderates. <mask> moving towards the centralists position was appointed Attorney-General in the newly formed government of Henry Campbell-Bannerman on 14 December 1905, and he was knighted on 18 December. He also sat as a Justice of the Peace for the county of Buckinghamshire where he had a country home at Butlers Cross.Trades Disputes Bill
One of <mask>'s first tasks as Attorney-General was to introduce the Trade Disputes Bill. As first
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drafted, the Bill made trade unions responsible for breaches of the law committed by their members and <mask> defended the Bill against trade union calls for immunity, which he attacked as "class privileges". The Bill caused a major disagreement between the government and the Labour Party. Keir Hardie who was Leader of the Labour Party introduced a Bill of his own to give complete immunity. Campbell-Bannerman and the cabinet did a U-turn and instructed <mask> to redraft the Trades Disputes Bill allowing immunity clauses, undermining <mask>'s position. Death
<mask> had a history of ill-health and general frailty. As the 1906 Parliament wore on, his appearances in the House of Commons got rarer and he cut down his ministerial duties as much as possible.It was reported that attendance in the House through two all-night sittings when in charge of the Criminal Court Appeal Bill proved the last straw, and in January 1908 <mask> developed a chill which developed into double pneumonia; he died on Saturday 18 January 1908, aged 55, at his house in Great Cumberland Place, London. He was buried at Ellesborough, near Wendover in Buckinghamshire on 22 January, and a memorial service was held at the Temple Church the following day. Papers
A number of letters written by <mask> to Herbert Gladstone are deposited in the British Library manuscript collections. References
External links
1852 births
1908 deaths
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby
Alumni of the University of London
English barristers
Members of the Inner Temple
English Methodists
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
Attorneys General for England and Wales
Politics of West Yorkshire
Politicians from
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<mask> (October 9, 1951 – January 5, 2022) was an American college and professional football coach. <mask> served as the head football coach at Syracuse University from 2005 to 2008. He has served as an assistant coach with several other college football programs and for three teams in the National Football League (NFL): the New York Jets from 1990 to 1994, the Denver Broncos from 1995 to 2000, and the Kansas City Chiefs from 2001 to 2003. With the Broncos, <mask> was a member of two Super Bowl championship teams. In more recent years he has served as the defensive coordinator at the University of Texas at Austin, in 2004 and for part of the 2013 season, and at the University of Michigan, from 2009 to 2010. <mask> was hired as head coach of the Syracuse Orange football program in January 2005 after the firing of head coach Paul Pasqualoni, who had been Syracuse's head coach since 1991. On November 17, 2008, with the Orange reeling from their fourth straight losing season under <mask> and their only double-digit losing seasons in program history, it was announced that <mask> would be fired from his coaching duties at the end of the season.He finished his tenure with a 5–37 record overall, the worst record for a non-interim coach in the history of the program, and a 2–25 record in Big East Conference play. Early in the 2013 season after the Texas Longhorns suffered a 40–21 upset loss to BYU, allowing a record rushing yardage total, defensive coordinator Manny Diaz was replaced by <mask>. <mask> had been serving as a video analyst for Texas at the time of his hiring. Early years and education
<mask> graduated from Garces Memorial High School in Bakersfield, California; then attended and played at Bakersfield College, a junior college, before
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transferring to University of the Pacific. During his collegiate coaching career, <mask> was an assistant coach at North Carolina State University, Cal State Fullerton, UCLA and his alma mater, University of the Pacific, in addition to his roles at both the University of Texas and Syracuse University. Coaching career
NFL
<mask>'s tenure as defensive coordinator with the Denver Broncos occurred during their Super Bowl (XXXII & XXXIII) seasons in 1997 and 1998. <mask>'s Bronco defense played superbly during the 1998 playoff run.The Broncos defense held the Miami Dolphins scoreless in the divisional playoffs, allowed only a touchdown as a result of a fumble on the one yard line against the New York Jets in the AFC Championship Game, and then allowed a single touchdown to the Atlanta Falcons in the fourth quarter of the Super Bowl after the outcome was secure. In 2001, he was hired by Dick Vermeil to be the defensive coordinator of the Kansas City Chiefs. He would coach the team until the end of the 2003 season. The Chiefs defense struggled under <mask> finishing in the bottom 10 in yards allowed each season and finishing last in 2002. Texas (first stint)
In 2004, <mask> was hired to be the co-defensive coordinator at Texas. He coached at Texas for one season. Syracuse
Robinson installed a new West Coast offense scheme, replacing the option run style of offense previously run by Pasqualoni, as well as new defensive schemes.<mask> had a 5–37 overall record, and a 2–25 record in the Big East, which is the lowest winning percentage for a non-interim coach in school history. In two of those four years, Syracuse suffered the only double-digit losing seasons in program history. By contrast, Pasqualoni only had one losing season on the field in his
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entire 14-year career at Syracuse, and only two in his head coaching career (a 2–7 season at Western Connecticut his rookie year). Additionally, after Syracuse vacated all of its wins in 2005 and 2006 due to ineligible players, <mask> also "officially" owns two of Syracuse's only three winless seasons in school history. In his final press conference as Syracuse coach, after the Orange had concluded a fourth straight losing campaign (3–9), <mask> likened his relentless positivity to the famous children's story The Little Engine That Could, even pausing to read a description of the story directly from its Wikipedia page. <mask>, in the words of one reporter "defiant as always and perhaps in a bit of denial", told the assembled press that in spite of his shortcomings at Syracuse, "I still think I can." Early in the 2008 campaign, the decline of Syracuse football was the subject of an ESPN College GameDay piece in which Syracuse athletic director Daryl Gross and Syracuse greats Floyd Little and Jim Brown registered their disgust with <mask>.<mask> was fired November 17, 2008, two games before the end of the season. He had one year left on a contract that paid him $1.1 million per season. In 2012, Athlon Sports named <mask> as the sixth worst college football head coach of the last 50 years. Michigan
<mask> was hired by Michigan on January 20, 2009, as their defensive coordinator, replacing Scott Shafer. (Coincidentally, Shafer would be hired as Syracuse's defensive coordinator before the 2009 season, and would later succeed Doug Marrone as head coach when Marrone departed before the 2013 season for the NFL to coach the Buffalo Bills.) In 2009, Michigan ranked 82nd of 120 teams in the Football Bowl Subdivision and ninth of 11 teams in the Big
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Ten Conference in total defense. In 2010, the Wolverines ranked 110th of 120 teams in FBS and 11th of 11 teams in the Big Ten in total defense.<mask> was fired with head coach Rich Rodriguez and the majority of his staff on January 5, 2011. <mask> served as an assistant coach at Saint Francis High School (La Cañada Flintridge) in 2012. Saint Francis was coached by Jim Bonds who was a quarterback at UCLA when <mask> was an assistant coach. Texas (second stint)
<mask> was hired by Texas on July 17, 2013, as a football analyst to "handle quality control evaluation for the team, provide team video review, oversee the Longhorns self-scouting and provide assistance in opponent scouting." Less than two months later, the Longhorns' defense allowed Brigham Young University to rush for a record-setting 550 yards in the second game of the 2013 season. The following day, Texas head coach Mack Brown described the defensive performance as "unacceptable" and removed Manny Diaz from the position of defensive coordinator. <mask> was promoted to take his place.As defensive coordinator, <mask> was able to turn one of the worst defenses in the Big 12 to one of the best in a shockingly short amount of time, especially considering his 2-year absence from coaching preceded by high-profile failures at Syracuse and Michigan. By the end of the season, Texas led the conference in sacks. The turnaround was clearly evident in the 2013 Alamo Bowl, in which Texas took on the Oregon Ducks and their elite offense. Oregon's offense was #2 in the country and averaged over 45 points scored per game. <mask>'s Texas defense held the Oregon offense to one touchdown and 3 field goals for a total of 16 points. No defense gave up fewer points to Oregon in 2013. However, poor
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offensive play by the Longhorns only yielded one touchdown and allowed Oregon's defense to score two additional touchdowns by returning intercepted passes.Oregon went on to win the game 30–7 despite the excellent performance by <mask>'s defensive unit. Following the end of the 2013 season and the departure of head coach Mack Brown, new head coach Charlie Strong announced that Vance Bedford (Strong's defensive coordinator from his previous job at the University of Louisville and a former star player on the Texas defense) would take over as the defensive coordinator at Texas. <mask> was not announced as part of the new staff. San Jose State
<mask> became the San Jose State defensive coordinator for the 2014 and 2015 seasons. On December 18, 2015, San Jose State announced <mask> would be retiring following the Spartans' bowl game. Death
<mask> died in Carpinteria, California from a form of Alzheimer's disease on January 5, 2022, at the age of 70. Head coaching record
Notes
References
1951 births
2022 deaths
American football linebackers
Bakersfield Renegades football players
Cal State Fullerton Titans football coaches
Coaches of American football from California
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Denver Broncos coaches
High school football coaches in California
Kansas City Chiefs coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
NC State Wolfpack football coaches
Neurological disease deaths in California
New York Jets coaches
Pacific Tigers football coaches
Pacific Tigers football players
Players of American football from Bakersfield, California
Players of American football from Los Angeles
San Jose State Spartans football coaches
Sports coaches from Los Angeles
Syracuse Orange football coaches
Texas Longhorns football coaches
UCLA Bruins football
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<mask> (1860–1923), better known as <mask>, was a reputed railway contractor, coal mines owner, banker and philanthropist of the early 20th century in India, who worked from Dhanbad and Jharia. Life-sketch
He was born in a small village called Sinugra in Cutch and belonged to small but enterprising Mestri community. He was one of the reputed Railway Contractors of his times and his exploits were mentioned by British authorities. He is also credited by them to be the first Indian to break monopoly of Europeans in Jharia coalfields. He established his first Colliery name Khas Jharia Colliery in 1895 and moved on to establish five more by 1910. He was also a financing partner in many coalfields of Jharia coal belt and additionally worked as a Private Banker. With his half-brother, Jethabhai Lira Jethwa (1862-1932) he owned Khas Jinagora Colliery, which operated under name & style of J.& K. Ramji. As per British records – a few lines are quoted –
Some of the works done by <mask> <mask> Chawda of Sinugra are : 1880 : Hubli Loco Shed & other Works, 100 Miles work in North Western Railway, 20 Miles Work in Southern Maratta Railway, 177 miles in 1882–84 Hotgi to Gadag with his brothers in SMR, 22 Miles Railway in East Bengal Railway, 1888 – 128 miles in Bilaspur to Jharsuguda with fellow Mistris section including Bridge over Champa River in BNR, in 1894 Jharia Branch line of EIR, 1895 : Railway line in East Coast State Railway & Bridge over Ganjam. His last Railway work was in 1903 : Bridge over Ganges river in Allahbad – Lucknow section. While working for this bridge, he was
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harassed by Engineer I.L. Gail, so he decided to stop Railway Contracts. By this time since 1895 to 1901 he had already started two collieries in Jharia. A.B. Gale later realised his mistake and offered him contracts in other section. But <mask> <mask> declined the offer and diverted all his energy to Coal Mining business, in which he was assisted by his & his brother's son. He also started a new venture as a private banker at Jharia. He rose to such a height by 1920 and became <mask> <mask> from Khora Ramji that British had to mention his name in Encyclopaedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. He had studied up to fourth standard in his native village school but still managed to erect & build Railway bridges requiring deep technical knowledge and mathematical calculations. Khora Ramji and Brothers established collieries at Khas Jharia, Jeenagora, Jamadoba, Balihari, Fatehpur, Gareria, Bansjora & Bagadih. In Pure Jharia Colliery <mask> <mask> and brothers were partners with Diwan Bahadur D.D.Thacker. <mask> <mask> was also partner in Khimji Walji & Company's Indian Jharia Colliery located at Tisra. The credit of being first Indian to break the monopoly of British in Jharia Coalfields goes to <mask> <mask> Chawda of Sinugra. In the life sketch of <mask> <mask> given in Encyclopedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa – the British have noted this fact in year 1920 – "In Jharia Coalfield he was first Indian to seize the opportunity and by his prompt entry into colliery business, he was able to remove the stigma that would otherwise be levelled against his community as backward class." Further,
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details are given in the book Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa -Quote: He similarly purchased about eight coal-fields from years 1895–1909. Further, he also encouraged fellow Mistri contractors to purchase the land and even financed them to do so. He later approached Raja of Jharia for lease of mining rights and laid foundation of his colliery business.The location of his three collieries named Jeenagora, Khas Jherria, Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar & Orissa. :- Unquote As per details given in Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa – Quote: "<mask> <mask> headed the first association as mentioned by British authorities in Encyclopaedia Bengal, Bihar & Orissa (1920). <mask> <mask> died in year 1923. Several after his death two of his collieries, Khas Jharia & Golden Jharia, which worked on maximum 260-foot-deep shafts, collapsed due to now infamous underground fires, in which their house & bungalow also collapsed on 8 November 1930, causing 18 feet subsidence and widespread destruction. The coal mines at that time were run by his sons Karamshi <mask>, Ambalal <mask> and others. Ambalal <mask> also carried on father's legacy as a railway contractor, who died in a railway accident. The Khas Jeenagora mine was later on run solely by sons of Jetha Lira Jethwa, Karsanjee Jethabhai and later Devram Jethabhai Jethwa till
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1938–39 after which the mine was sold and family established themselves as importers of coal mining machinery in Calcutta.The business of some other coal mines in Jharia of <mask> <mask> were carried on by his successors, which were finally taken over by government when the coal mines in India were nationalized in 1971–72. As a philanthropist, in his native village Sinugra, he had built and donated in year 1910 a Hindu temple, wells, welcome-gate, Chabutro and a primary school, which is now named Seth Khora Ramji Prathmik Shala. He also donated major fund along with some other Mistri colliery owners to start a Gujarati school named the Jharia Anglo-Gujarati School at Jharia in 1905. He also owned farm-lands, the produce of which was given away to poor and needy. In the year 1920, when he held a large public charity event and a yagna at Sinugra. At the time of this event, <mask> <mask> was honoured by Maharao of Cutch, H.H Sir Khengarji III Sawai Bahadur, who sent him a Paghdi by hands of royal messenger. Further, at Mathura he along with Jetha Lira Jethwa of Sinugra had built and donated a Dharamashala now named Kutch Kadia Dharamshala in the years 1889–1900, when they were stationed there for railway contract job.See also
Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas contributions to the Indian railways
Jagmal Raja Chauhan
References
People from Kutch district
People from Dhanbad
Indian people in rail transport
1923 deaths
Indian bankers
1860 births
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Indian philanthropists
Indian businesspeople in coal
Indian businesspeople in mining
Gujarati
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<mask> (; born June 18, 1946) is a Brazilian singer and songwriter. Born in Santo Amaro, Bahia, she started her career in Rio de Janeiro in 1964 with the show "Opinião" ("Opinion"). Due to its popularity, with performances all over the country, and the popularity of her 1965 single "Carcará", the artist became a star in Brazil. Bethânia is the sister of the singer-songwriter Caetano Veloso and of the writer-songwriter Mabel Velloso, as well as being aunt of the singers Belô Velloso and Jota Velloso. The singer has released 50 studio albums in 47 years of career, and is among the 10 best-selling music artists in Brazil, having sold more than 26 million records. Bethânia was ranked in 2012, by Rolling Stone Brasil magazine, as the fifth biggest voice of Brazilian music. Early life and initial artistic activities
Bethânia is the sixth out of eight children born into the family of José Telles Veloso (Seu Zeca), a government official, and Claudionor Viana Telles Veloso (Dona Canô), a housewife.The name <mask>ia was chosen by her brother Caetano Veloso after the homonymous hit song written by composer Capiba and famous at the time in the voice of Nélson Gonçalves. In her childhood, she had aspirations to become an actress. However, her mother was a musician, so music was prevalent in the Veloso household. Though Bethânia was born in Santo Amaro da Purifição, her family moved to Salvador, Bahia when she was 13. The move allowed her to experience the bohemian, intellectual circles of the city as well as to visit theaters. When she was 16, her brother Caetano Veloso invited her to sing in a film for which he was producing
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performing at nightclubs and other venues throughout Brazil. This song also got her an offer from an RCA Records representative to record for the company. However Bethânia continually changed record labels throughout the 1970s. In 1973 Bethânia released Drama, Luz Da Noite, in which she performed traditional Brazilian songs, as well as incorporating literary elements.In 1977 Bethânia went on tour and released a gold-certified album, both with the name of Pássaro da Manhã. She released Álibi a year later which was also gold-certified with over a million copies sold. Around the end of the 1970s, Bethânia became more artistically conservative, moving away from the Tropicalismo music her frequent collaborators, including Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, had been playing. During the 1980s and '90s Bethânia continued to record and perform, with 1993's As Canções Que Você Fez Para Mim becoming the year's most successful album in Brazil. In 1976, she released a live album with Doces Bárbaros, a Música popular brasileira supergroup. It was recorded June 24 of that year at Anhembi Stadium in São Paulo. Its members were Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, <mask> and Gal Costa, four of the biggest names in the history of the Music of Brazil.The band was the subject of a 1977 documentary directed by Jom Tob Azulay. In 1994, they performed a tribute concert to Mangueira school of samba. French filmmaker Georges Gachot completed a documentary film "Musica é perfume" about her which was worldwide distributed. In 2008 she recorded an album with the Cuban singer Omara Portuondo which was followed by a Live DVD
In 2015, her album Meus
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<mask> (; December 28, 1936 – May 30, 2016) was an Uzbek poet, playwright, literary translator, and statesman. In addition to writing his own poetry, <mask>v translated the works of many famous foreign poets, such as Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Muhammad Iqbal, Rasul Gamzatov, and Sergey Yesenin into the Uzbek language. Particularly noteworthy are his translations of Yesenin's works and Goethe's Faust. In 1983, Vahidov was awarded the State Hamza Prize. He became a People's Poet of Uzbekistan in 1987. In 1999, he was awarded the title Hero of Uzbekistan, the highest honorary title that can be bestowed on a citizen by Uzbekistan. Vohidov's poems remain popular and are frequently published in anthologies.Dozens of his poems have been set to music by various artists, mostly notably by Sherali Joʻrayev. On occasion of the 75th anniversary of the United Nations in October 2020, a song entitled "Human" and based on <mask>'s poem "Inson" ("Human") was released with lyrics in Arabic, English, Italian, Kazakh, Russian, Tajik, Turkish and Uzbek. Life
<mask> <mask> Vohidov was born on December 28, 1936, in Oltiariq District, Fergana Region, then the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. His father, Choʻyanboy Vohidov, fought in the Soviet-German war against Nazi Germany and its allies and died in Tashkent after his return from the war. Vohidov was nine years old at the time. He reminisced about the hardships of the war years as follows:
In 1945,
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Vohidov moved to Tashkent with his mother, Roziyaxon Vohidova, who also soon passed away. He was raised by his uncle, Karimboy Sohiboyev.It was <mask>'s uncle who sparked his interest in poetry:
After graduating from the National University of Uzbekistan (then Tashkent State University) with a degree in philology in 1960, he started working at various publishing houses. <mask> died on May 30, 2016, at the age of 79. Work
<mask> worked as an editor at Yosh Gvardiya, the Uzbek branch of Molodaya Gvardiya, from 1960 to 1963. He also worked as editor-in-chief at the same publishing house from 1975 to 1982. <mask> also served as editor-in-chief (1963-1970) and director (1985-1987) of Gʻafur Gʻulom, another publishing house in Tashkent. From 1982 until 1985, he worked as the head of the monthly periodical Yoshlik (Childhood). After Uzbekistan gained independence, he worked as chairman of the Committee on International Affairs and Inter-parliamentary Relations of the Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan (1995-2005) and chairman of the Senate Committee on Science, Education, Culture and Sport (2005-2009).Vohidov started writing poetry during his student years. His first poem was published in the Mushtum magazine when he was fourteen years old. <mask>'s first collection of poems, Tong nafasi (The Breath of Morning), was published in 1961. In 1987, he published a collection of literary essays entitled Shoiru, sheʼru shuur: Adabiy esselar (The Poet, the Poem, and the Mind:
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Literary Essays). Vohidov wrote three plays, namely, Oltin devor (The Golden Wall), Istanbul fojiasi (The Istanbul Tragedy), and Ikkinchi tumor (The Second Talisman). His play Oltin devor was staged in Lahore, Pakistan. The following is a list of his poetry books that were published in Russian:
Лирика (Lyricism) (1970)
Стихи (Poems) (1974)
Узелок на память (A Knot to Remember) (1980)
Восстание бессмертных (The Rise of the Spirits) (1983)
Линия жизни (The Line of Life) (1984)
В минуту песни не порвись, струна... (Don't Let the Strings Brake While Playing) (1986)
Literary translations
Vohidov translated the works of many famous foreign poets, such as Alexander Blok, Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lesya Ukrainka, Mikhail Svetlov, Muhammad Iqbal, Rasul Gamzatov, Sergey Yesenin, and Silva Kaputikyan into the Uzbek language.In particular, he translated Goethe's Faust into Uzbek in 1974. Especially noteworthy are his translations of Yesenin's works into Uzbek. Below is <mask>'s translation of Yesenin's farewell poem "Goodbye, my friend, goodbye" (1925):
Vohidov's own works in Uzbek have been translated into Russian, German, French, English, Urdu, Hindi, Arabic and many other Turkic languages. The Soviet poet Robert Rozhdestvensky thought very highly of Vohidov's work. An example of Vohidov's original work follows (from his poem "Oʻzbegim/Ўзбегим" ("My Uzbek People"):
Poems set to music
Many of his poems have been turned
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into songs by Uzbek artists. Two of the most famous Vohidov poems that have become the lyrics to well-known Uzbek songs are "Inson" ("Human") and "Oʻzbegim" ("My Uzbek People"), both sung by Sherali Joʻrayev. Legacy
Vohidov is one of the most beloved poets among Uzbeks.Many places and institutions in Uzbekistan are named after him. In 2018, a boarding school bearing his name was established in the city of Margilan. The following year the Erkin Vohidov museum opened its doors in Margilan. Several books have been written on the life and works of Vohidov, including Erkin Vohidov saboqlari (Lessons by <mask> Vohidov) (2016), To quyosh sochgayki nur (As Long As the Sun Shines) (2016), Soʻz sehri (The Magic of Language), Oʻzbegimning Erkin oʻzbegi (The Erkin of My Uzbek People). References
External links
Website dedicated to Vohidov's life and work
1936 births
2016 deaths
People from Fergana Region
Ethnic Uzbek people
20th-century Uzbekistani poets
Uzbekistani translators
Translators from Russian
Translators to Uzbek
Uzbekistani male poets
20th-century male writers
Translators of Johann Wolfgang von
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<mask> (August 14, 1943 – July 3, 1990) was an American advocate for the homeless. He was the subject of a made-for-television 1986 biopic, Samaritan: The <mask> Story, starring Martin Sheen. <mask> grew up in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, where at age 9 his father abandoned the family. After a stint in a correctional facility for breaking into parking meters, <mask> worked in job counseling on Madison Avenue in New York City, as well as selling appliances and construction work. In 1969 he left his wife and children and started hitchhiking west. Police found him in a stolen vehicle, and he was arrested and convicted of grand theft auto. He served two years in federal prison, 1970–1972, for violating the Dyer Act, which outlaws the interstate transportation of a stolen vehicle.<mask> ended up in Danbury Federal Correctional Institution in Danbury, Connecticut, where he served time with Philip and Daniel Berrigan. Following meetings with them and prolific reading, especially of the Bible, <mask> started participating in hunger strikes and work stoppages over prisoners' rights issues. Affiliation with CCNV
Upon being released in 1973 <mask> came home to rejoin his family. Less than one year later he left his family again and joined the Community for Creative Non Violence (CCNV) in Washington, D.C., founded by J. Edward Guinan. CCNV was at that time operating a medical clinic, a pretrial house, a soup kitchen, a thrift store and a halfway house. CCNV came out of a discussion group about the Vietnam War at George Washington University. CCNV was also very active in nonviolent direct action in opposition to the Vietnam War.<mask> became
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the driving force of CCNV but worked with many deeply committed people including his wife and professional partner, Carol Fennelly; Mary Ellen Hombs, with whom he co authored Homelessness in America: A Forced March to Nowhere; and Ed and Kathleen Guinan. He and CCNV pushed and prodded the District of Columbia, the local churches and temples and mosques, as well as the federal government to open space at night for homeless people, and worked to staff the space that was made available. Through demonstrations, public funerals for people who had frozen to death on DC streets, breaking into public buildings, and fasting, CCNV forced the creation of shelters in Washington and made homelessness a national and international issue. In the 1980s <mask>, Fennelly, and other CCNV activists entered and occupied an abandoned federal building at 425 2nd Street N.W. (now Mitch Snyder Place) and housed hundreds overnight while demanding that the government renovate the building. Under intense pressure, the Reagan administration agreed to lease the Federal property to CCNV for $1 a year. Later the Federal government transferred the property to DC.It remains the largest shelter in Washington to this day. <mask> fasted twice to force the Reagan administration to renovate the building. The first fast ended on the eve of Reagan's second election when Reagan promised to execute necessary repairs. Reagan failed to follow through on this promise, and litigation ensued. An Oscar-nominated documentary, Promises to Keep, narrated by Martin Sheen, follows that story and tells why a second fast was conducted. Sheen also played <mask> in the made-for-TV movie,
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Samaritan: The <mask> Story. Angered that Holy Trinity Parish in Georgetown planned an expensive renovation of that historic church, and maintaining that the money involved should be given instead to the poor, <mask> stood in the middle of the congregation throughout the Sunday Mass for many weeks as a protest, while other congregants knelt or sat during the service as was customary.In 1985, Snyder and CCNV hired sculptor James Earl Reid to create a display for the annual Christmastime Pageant of Peace in Washington which would dramatize the plight of the homeless. The display, titled "Third World America," featured a nativity scene in which the Holy Family was represented by contemporary homeless people huddled around a steam grate. The figures were atop a pedestal that stated "And Still There is No Room at the Inn." In 1986, <mask> and CCNV wanted to take "Third World America" on tour, but Reid refused. Snyder and CCNV sued Reid, claiming that "Third World America" was a work for hire under § 101 of the United States Copyright Act. In the case Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the sculpture was not a work for hire because Reid was not an employee under the general common law of agency. Thus, the work was not subject to the § 201(b) rule that when a work is made for hire, the employer is considered the author.In 1989, <mask> gave a presentation at the American Library Association conference which was published in the journal, Public Libraries. Death
Three months before his death, <mask> and his companion of 15 years, Carol Fennelly, had announced that they would marry in September on the
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street in front of the 1,400-bed shelter that had been the focus of <mask>'s work. But their relationship faltered and <mask> hanged himself in his room at the CCNV shelter on July 3, 1990, where his body remained for several days before being discovered. <mask>'s suicide note spoke of Carol Fennelly, stating that he wished she loved him as much as he loved her. He is survived by Fennelly, his ex-wife, and his two sons. The <mask> Papers
A collection of primary source material related to <mask> is currently under the care of the Special Collections Research Center at The George Washington University. The materials include diaries, correspondence, legal documents, articles, photographs, and family papers.See also
Thomas (activist)
Guide to the <mask> Papers, 1970-1991, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University
Sources
New York Times obituary. Gay, Kathlyn and Martin K. Gay. Heroes of Conscience: A Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Inc., 1996. Levitt, Steven D. and Steven J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything New York: William Morrow, 2005. Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989).External links
CCNV website
Guide to the <mask> Papers, 1970-1991, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University
1987 WANE-TV Special Report
1943 births
1990 suicides
People from Washington, D.C.
Suicides by hanging in Washington, D.C.
Homelessness activists
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
Anti-poverty advocates
20th-century American Jews
Hunger
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<mask><mask> (May 5, 1908 – February 25, 1989), was an American television and film character actor who portrayed Sheriff H. Miller in the CBS series Lassie from 1958 to 1962. Early years
Foulk attended the University of Pennsylvania, studying to be an architectural draftsman. Stage
Acting
Foulk's Broadway credits include What a Life, Brother Rat (1936), Boy Meets Girl (1935), and two productions of As Husbands Go in 1930 and in 1932. Directing
Foulk was an aide to producer-director George Abbott, and he went on to direct productions in places such as Palos Verdes. Television
Between 1953 and 1959, Foulk was in thirteen episodes of the NBC anthology series, The Loretta Young Show. From 1954 to 1957, he was in five episodes as Ed Davis in the sitcom Father Knows Best with <mask>, when the series aired on NBC. In 1956, he played Jackley in the Walt Disney Mickey Mouse Club serial "The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure".In 1957 and 1958, Foulk played the outlaw Curly Bill Brocius in three episodes, "Gunslinger from Galeville", "Ride Out at Noon", and "Skeleton Canyon Massacre", of the western television series Tombstone Territory. In 1958, Foulk portrayed Sheriff Brady in the film, The Left Handed Gun. From 1959 to 1960, he had the recurring role of bartender Joe Kingston in the NBC western series Wichita Town. Foulk appeared in five episodes of The Rifleman. He played the blacksmith in "The Second Witness" (episode 23), "Three Legged Terror" (episode 30) and "Outlaw's Inheritance" (episode 38). He played Johannson in "The Raid" (episode 37) and Herbert Newman in "The Lost Treasure of Canyon Town" (episode 99). Foulk made four appearances on CBS's Perry Mason, all of them as a
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Sierra Stranger (1957) as Tom Simmons
Untamed Youth (1957) as Sheriff Mitch Bowers
Johnny Tremain (1957) as Mr. Larkin (uncredited)
Raintree County (1957) as Pantomimist (uncredited)
My Man Godfrey (1957) as Motor Cop
The Tall Stranger (1957) as Pagones
Day of the Bad Man (1958) as Silas Mordigan, Store Keeper
Hell's Five Hours (1958) as Jack Fife
Quantrill's Raiders (1958) as Hager
The Left Handed Gun (1958) as Sheriff Brady
Ask Any Girl (1959) as Lt. O'Shea (uncredited)
Go, Johnny Go! (1959) as Policeman
Born to Be Loved (1959) as Drunk (as <mask>. Foulk)
Cast a Long Shadow (1959) as Hugh Rigdon
Ocean's 11 (1960) as Sheriff Wimmer
Where The Boys Are (1960) as "Elbow Room Bar" Manager (uncredited)
Swingin' Along (1961) as Piano Mover (uncredited)
All Hands on Deck (1961) as Naval Inspector (uncredited)
State Fair (1962) as Mincemeat Judge
The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962) as The Hunter ('The Cobbler and the Elves')
The Man from the Diners' Club (1963) as Policeman (uncredited)
Tammy and the Doctor (1963) as Surgeon
A Ticklish Affair (1963) as Policeman
Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) as Sheriff Glick
Sex and the Single Girl (1964) as Arresting Police Detective (uncredited)
Once a Thief (1965) as George (uncredited)
Harlow (1965) as Marvin Silver – Producer (uncredited)
Lord Love a Duck (1966) as Uniformed Police Sgt. Prouty in "A Matter of Honor" (1974)
Little House on the Prairie, as Peterson (1975)
Barbary Coast'', as Kingsford (1975)
References
External links
1908 births
1989 deaths
American male television actors
American male film actors
Male actors from Philadelphia
Male actors from Los Angeles
20th-century American male
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<mask> (born <mask>, January 13, 1973) is a Peruvian operatic tenor, particularly known for his roles in bel canto operas. On June 4, 2007, he received his country's highest decoration, the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Sun of Peru. Biography
Early years
<mask> was born in Lima, Peru in 1973, the son of María Teresa Salom and <mask>, a noted guitarist and singer of Peruvian popular and criolla music. In an interview in the Peruvian newspaper Ojo, <mask> recounted his early days when his mother managed a pub with live music and he worked as a replacement singer whenever the main attraction called in sick. "It was a tremendous experience for me, since most of those who were regulars at the pub were of a certain age, so I had to be ready to sing anything from huaynos to Elvis Presley music and, in my mind, that served me a great deal because, in the final analysis, any music that is well structured—whether it is jazz, opera, or pop—is good music". Initially intending to pursue a career in popular music, he entered the Conservatorio Nacional de Música in Lima at the age of 17. His classical voice emerged in the course of his studies there.During this time, he became a member of the Coro Nacional of Peru and sang as a soloist in Mozart's Coronation Mass and Rossini's Petite messe solennelle. He received a scholarship to the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia where he studied from 1993 to 1996 and began singing in student opera productions in the repertory that is still his
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specialty today, Rossini and the bel canto operas of Bellini and Donizetti. During this period, he also studied with Marilyn Horne at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara. In 1994 the Peruvian tenor, Ernesto Palacio invited him to Italy to work on a recording of Vicente Martín y Soler's opera Il Tutore Burlato. Palacio subsequently became Flórez's teacher, mentor and manager and has had a profound influence on his career. International career
<mask>'s first breakthrough and professional debut came in 1996 at the Rossini Festival in the Italian city of Pesaro, Rossini's birthplace. At the age of 23, he stepped in to take the leading tenor role in Matilde di Shabran when Bruce Ford became ill.He made his debut at La Scala in the same year as the Chevalier danois (Danish Knight) in Gluck's Armide, and later in the year he sang the role of Georges in Meyerbeer's L'étoile du nord with Wexford Festival Opera. His Covent Garden debut followed in 1997 where he sang the role of Count Potoski in a world premiere concert performance of Donizetti's Elisabetta. Debuts followed at the Vienna State Opera in 1999 as Count Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia and at the New York Metropolitan Opera in 2002, again as Count Almaviva. On February 20, 2007, the opening night of Donizetti's La fille du régiment at La Scala, Flórez broke the theater's 74-year-old tradition of no encores when he reprised "Ah! mes amis" with its nine high C's following an "overwhelming" ovation from the
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Leighton, and was also used for the cover of his 2003 CD Una Furtiva Lagrima.) From the classical music world he has received the Premio Abbiati 2000 (awarded by Italian critics for the best singer of the year); the Rossini d'oro; the Bellini d'oro; the Premio Aureliano Pertile; the Tamagno Prize; and the L'Opera award (Migliore Tenore) for his 2001 performance in La sonnambula at La Scala. In 2009, <mask> was nominated for the Best Classical Vocal Performance in the 52nd Grammy Awards for his album, Bel Canto Spectacular (Decca). Personal life
Flórez married German-born Australian Julia Trappe in a private civil ceremony on April 23, 2007 in Vienna.They held a religious ceremony at the Basilica Cathedral in Lima on April 5, 2008, which some of Peru's leading citizens, including President Alan García and author Mario Vargas Llosa, attended. <mask> was present at the birth of his son, Leandro, who was born in April 2011, less than an hour before his father took to the stage in Le comte Ory, broadcast live around the world from the Met. A daughter, Lucia Stella, was born in the family home in Pesaro, Italy, in January 2014. Conductor: Josep Pons, CD: Almaviva, 1999
Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Ralf Weikert CD: Live performance (1997), Nightingale Classics, 2004
Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Gianluigi Gelmetti, DVD & Blu-ray: Live performance (2005), Decca, 2005
Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Antonio Pappano, DVD: Live performance
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: Live performance (2018), Classart Clasic ( 2018)
I puritani, Bellini. Conductor: Michele Mariotti, DVD: Live performance (2009), Decca, 2010
Rigoletto, Verdi. Conductor: Fabio Luisi, DVD: Live performance (2008), Virgin Classics, 2010
Semiramide, Rossini. Conductor Marcello Panni, CD: Nightingale Classics, 2001
La sonnambula, Bellini. Conductor: Alessandro de Marchi, CD: Decca (2008)
La sonnambula, Bellini. Conductor: Evelino Pidò, DVD: Live performance (2009), Decca (2010)
La traviata, Verdi. Conductor: Yannick Nézet-Séguin.Streaming video: Live performance (15 December 2018), Met Opera on Demand (2019)
Il tutore burlato, Martin y Soler. Conductor: Miguel Harth-Bedoya, CD: Bongiovanni, 1995
Zelmira, Rossini. Conductor: Roberto Abbado, DVD & Blu-ray: Decca, 2012
Oratorio & Sacred Music
Cantatas Vol.2, Rossini. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly, CD: Decca, 2001
Messa Solenne, Verdi. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly, CD: Decca, 2000
Stabat Mater, Rossini. Conductor: Gianluigi Gelmetti, CD: Agora, 1998
Le tre ore dell'agonia del Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo, Niccolò Zingarelli. Conductor: Pierangelo Pelucchi, CD: Agora, 1995
Recital
Flórez para Chabuca (with Rubén <mask>, his father).Quadrasonic Ideas y Morrison Music & Video. Canto al Peru (with Ernesto Palacio). Piano: Samuele Pala, CD: Bongiovanni, 1997
Rossiniana. Conductor: Manlio Benzi, CD: Agora, 1998
Vesselina Kasarova Arias & Duets. Conductor: Arthur Fagen, CD: RCA, 1999
Rossini Arias. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly,
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<mask> (born April 19, 1996) is an American singer-songwriter from Bradenton, Florida, who finished in fifth place on the thirteenth season of American Idol. Shortly after his participation on the series, he released the EP Pretend, which reached the top ten on Billboards Heatseekers chart. Since then, he has released several non-album singles. Early life
<mask> was born on April 19, 1996, in West Bloomfield, Michigan to Mary and <mask>. His great-grandfather, <mask>, was a well-known Detroit bandleader, his uncle is composer <mask>, and pianist Kathleen Supové is his aunt (by marriage). His great-uncle, <mask>, was a musician prominent in Detroit's Jewish community. Woolf was a student at the Scotch Elementary School in West Bloomfield, but moved to North Port, Florida in 2006 when he was 9.When he was 13, his mother remarried and moved to another city in Florida, and Woolf and his older sister Emily remained in North Port with their father. Woolf and his father moved to Bradenton just prior to his second year of high school, where he attended Braden River High School. At the beginning of his junior year, he moved in with his grandparents who also live in Bradenton. Woolf's first live public performance was at his sixth grade talent show where he performed The Beatles' "Hey Jude." Woolf later became interested in music as a career, took singing lessons from an opera teacher, Bob Lischetti, and performed locally in Bradenton. He also was mentored at the Del Couch Music Education Foundation and went to Interlochen Arts Camp in Michigan for four weeks the summer after his second year of high school. In the summer of 2013, Woolf completed a five-week program at the Berklee College of Music and was selected as one of the top four songwriters for their singer showcase, where he performed an original song, "The Same."While he was in Boston, the audition for the thirteenth season of American Idol was held near Berklee College of Music and at his mother's
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the standalone single "Fast 'n' Dirty".Music videos were released for both singles. Woolf co-wrote "Fast 'n' Dirty" with Orion Meshorer and Stephen Puthon. Explaining the song, he said, "Never in a million years did I think I'd have a song called 'Fast and Dirty'...I'd just like to say that this song/video is supposed to be a joke, in a way...don't take it seriously." On April 19, 2017, he released the standalone single "Call Me Crazy", which features Christina Galligan. Woolf co-wrote "Call Me Crazy" with Meshorer and Parker James. On August 25, 2018, he released the standalone single "You", and on August 12, 2020, he released the standalone single "Ease My Mind". Live at 89 North, a 2015 EP by the Como Brothers, features Woolf on a cover of "Hey Jude".<mask> and the Como Brothers have since continued to collaborate. In 2018, they released the single "On It" and announced an upcoming six-track EP titled Backbeat in the Morning. Leading up to the release of their EP, they have released three more tracks: "Diamonds on my Chain" in 2019, "Twisted" in January 2020, and "Coming Home" in September 2020. Backbeat in the Morning was recorded with Grammy-winning engineer Kenta Yonesaka at Germano Studios in New York City. Music videos have been released for all four songs. Woolf has opened multiple concerts for We The Kings. He has also performed at Dream Fest in Tampa, the Warwick Summer Concert Series in New York, the Boston Arts Festival, and the Riverwalk Regatta in Florida.He often performs at events, both public and private, in Florida, the Midwest, and the Northeast. Discography
Extended plays
Singles
As featured artist
American Idol digital singles
References
External links
Official site
American Idol participants
American people of Jewish descent
Living people
1996 births
21st-century American singers
People from Bradenton, Florida
People from West Bloomfield, Michigan
Singers from Florida
Singers from Detroit
21st-century American male
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<mask> (, ; August 17, 1948November 23, 2020) was an American economist, the Morris Arnold and Nona Jean Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the Davies Family Professor of Economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business. Lazear served as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 2006 to 2009, replacing Ben Bernanke. As Chairman, he was the chief economic advisor to President George W. Bush, holding a cabinet-level post as part of the White House team that led the response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis. <mask> has been called the founder of personnel economics a subfield of economics that applies economic models to the study of the management of human resources in the firm. His research advanced new models of employee incentives, promotions, compensation and productivity in firms. He is also credited with developing a theory of entrepreneurship and leadership that emphasizes skill acquisition. In addition to personnel economics, <mask> was a labor economist known for his work on the educational production function, teaching to the test, and the importance of culture and language in explaining the rise of multiculturalism.Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 17, 1948, in New York City. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York, before moving to Los Altos, California. His father was a shipyard worker during World War II, and had also been a janitor at a hospital, while his mother was a salesperson at a jewelry shop. As a high school student, he worked at a hospital mailroom and was also a member of the school cross-country running team. Lazear graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles, with AB and AM degrees in 1971. His wife said he struggled at first, until he took an economics course and did
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well. He went on to major in Economics.He received his doctorate in economics from Harvard University in 1974. <mask> began his career in 1974 at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business as an assistant professor. He went on to be the Gladys J. Brown Professor of Urban and Labor Economics from 1985 to 1992. During his time at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Nobel Prize winning economist Gary Becker and collaborated with him in adopting and applying economic tools to alternate domains. He worked here for twenty years before joining the faculty of the Stanford Graduate School of Business. At Stanford University, he was the Jack Steele Parker Professor of Human Resources Management and Economics from 1995 to 2017, and he went on to be the Davies Family Professor of Economics in 2017.He had also been the Morris A. Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution since 1985. During his time here, he was the founding editor of the Journal of Labor Economics, and the founder of the Society of Labor Economists. He served as a Research Fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Center for Corporate Performance at the Copenhagen Business School in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the IZA Institute for the Study of Labor in Bonn, Germany. He was the Astra-Erikkson Lecturer and the 1993 Wicksell Lecturer in Stockholm, Sweden. He had also been a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research since 1974. He had also been a visiting professor at the Center for the Study of New Institutional Economics at the University of the Saarland in Germany, the Institut d'Etudes Politiques in Paris, and at the Institutes for Advanced Study in Vienna and Jerusalem. He had also delivered lectures across Australia, England, India, Finland,
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the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain.Since leaving his post as Chairman of the Bush Council of Economic Advisors, Lazear made regular appearances on CNBC and Fox Business News. He was a frequent contributor to the Wall Street Journal op-ed pages. Labor and personnel economics
<mask> was considered one of the pioneers of labor economics, and personnel economics, branches of economics that studies market dynamics between wages and labor. His 1995 book, Personnel Economics, was a seminal work that in addition to introducing the topic, encouraged a wave of subsequent research into labor and management relations. In a transformative paper in the American Economic Review, in 2000, he studied the relationship between incentive-based pay and productivity and concluded that a shift towards incentive-based attracted more efficient workers and contributed to an increased worker output. In a case study that examined management and workers at Safelight Glass Company, he noted that when the company moved towards a variable and incentive based pay from the earlier hourly pay, the company saw an increase in worker output and productivity by about 44%. He argued that this increase in productivity and output was not driven by workers just working harder, but, it also included substitution of the labor force, with the company attracting and holding on to more efficient workers.In a paper earlier in his career in 1979 in the Journal of Political Economy, titled, Why is there Mandatory Retirement?, he had explored the driving motivations behind mandatory retirement. In this paper he argued that companies should adjust the payout structures to pay less during workers' younger days when their productivity is presumably higher and they are worth more to businesses, and pay more to
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when a country changes its name to drop terms like "democratic,", "people's," or "socialist," there is a corresponding 18% increase in incomes of the poor. In a commentary on the job growth in 2018, when the jobless growth rate was below 4%, he had said that the Federal Reserve did not need to intervene on fears of the economy overheating, and had suggested that economists didn't need to worry if the job growth could continue much further. The job growth went on for an additional year and a half before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic hit the world.Role during the financial crisis
Professor <mask> served as the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors during the Financial Crisis and through the Great Recession of 2007–2009. As the chief economic advisor to President Bush, he joined the White House economic team that orchestrated the policy response to the financial crisis and that restructured the financial system. <mask>'s team developed the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 which provided the first rounds of economic stimuli intended to boost the United States economy in the face of unprecedented shocks to the financial and housing sectors. The bill was implemented rapidly: passing the U.S House of Representatives on January 29, 2008, and then the U.S Senate on February 7, 2008, to be signed into law on February 13, 2008 by President Bush with bi-partisan support. During this period it is mentioned that he was a regular at Camp David, and accompanied President George W. Bush on bike rides in the country retreat, and had been nicknamed as 'stork' by the President. Prior to serving as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, <mask> was a member of President Bush's President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform, established in 2005. He had
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advanced students. Culture and language
Lazear also attempted to study the rise of multiculturalism and linked it to the importance of the linkages between culture and language to the overall population. In a paper in the Journal of Political Economy, he considers culture and language as means to facilitate trade between people and goes on to state that minority populations have incentives to be better assimilated to the larger society and learn the majority language and cultural elements so as to have a larger pool of potential trading partners. Assimilation is less likely when the incoming population's culture and language is broadly represented in the larger society. He goes on to say that in a pluralistic society, governmental actions that encourage diverse cultural-immigration over concentrated immigration can increase societal welfare. Entrepreneurship and skill acquisition
Attempting to identify attributes that enable entrepreneurship, Lazear drew a correlation between successful entrepreneurs and skill acquisition.In a paper in the Journal of Labor Economics in 2005, he states that successful entrepreneurs would need to be broad based in their skills or 'jacks-of-all-trades,' rather than excelling in any one specific skill. With data from Stanford alumni, he draws a correlation between students who have had a diverse work and educational backgrounds being more likely to be successful entrepreneurs than those who have focused on one role or on one subject. Awards and recognition
<mask> won a number of awards over his career. Among those are:
1994 Distinguished Teaching Award, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University
1998 Leo Melamed Biennial Prize, for the best research by a business school professor. 2003 Adam Smith Prize, European
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Association of Labor Economists. 2004 IZA Prize in Labor Economics, Institute for the Study of Labor. 2006 Jacob Mincer Award for Lifetime Contributions to the Field of Labor Economics.2019 Elected Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. His book, Personnel Economics (MIT Press, 1995) was selected as a MIT Press Outstanding Book in 1996, and as one of the ten most important books in Labor Economics by Princeton in 1996. Professor Lazear had also received honorary degrees from Albertson College of Idaho (1997), Aarhus School of Business (2006), the University of Zurich (2010), and Copenhagen Business School (2013). Lazear was an elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Econometric Society, and the Society of Labor Economists. He had also been the recipient of numerous National Science Foundation grants. Personal life
Lazear was married to his wife Victoria, a litigation consultant, and had a daughter. He was known to enjoy outdoor activities, and was an avid traveler, skier and mountain biker.<mask> died from pancreatic cancer on November 23, 2020. Publications
Books
Chapter-preview links. Description and preview. <mask>, <mask> et al., ed. (2004). Personnel Economics, Elgar, with 43 articles dating from 1962 to 2000 (link to contents link here). Articles/research papers
<mask>, <mask>. (1979)."Why Is There Mandatory Retirement?" Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), pp. 1261-1284. <mask>, <mask>., and Sherwin Rosen (1981). "Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts," Journal of Political Economy, 89(5), pp. 841-864. <mask>, <mask>. (1986)."Salaries and Piece Rates," Journal of Business, 59(3), pp. 405-431. <mask>, <mask>. (1999). "Personnel
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Economics: Past Lessons and Future Directions," Journal of Labor Economics, 17(2), p. 233 [pp. 199-236. (Presidential address to the Society of Labor Economists.) <mask>, <mask>. (2000a)."Economic Imperialism," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), pp. 99-146. <mask>, <mask>. (2000b). "The Future of Personnel Economics," Economic Journal, 110(467), pp. F611-F639. <mask>, <mask>. (2000c). "Performance Pay and Productivity," American Economic Review, 90(5), pp.1346-1361. <mask>, <mask>., and Kathryn L. Shaw (2007). "Personnel Economics: The Economist's View of Human Resources," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(4), pp. 91-114. <mask>, <mask>, P. (2008). "personnel economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, v. 6, pp. 380–84].Abstract. References
External links
<mask>'s personal homepage. <mask>'s Hoover Institute bio. 1948 births
2020 deaths
Writers from New York City
21st-century American economists
George W. Bush administration personnel
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Harvard University alumni
Labor economists
Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
National Bureau of Economic Research
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Chairs of the United States Council of Economic
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<mask> (3 February 1803 – 1 October 1876) was a lawyer, politician and writer. In 1848 he was a member of the Prussian National Assembly that emerged as part of the democratic revolutionary movement of the time, and in 1849 he was sentenced to a prison term because of his support for a motion of refusal to pay a supplementary tax to fund military expansion. As the Prussian state moved hesitantly towards a version of parliamentary democracy, <mask> sat as a member of parliament. He was an early member of the Progressive Party, but differed with it in 1866 over the issue of war with Austria. <mask> was born in Warchau, at that time a hamlet separated by a series of marshes and lakes from Brandenburg an der Havel nearby. He was the thirteenth recorded child of the local Protestant minister. He attended secondary school at Brandenburg and went on to study Jurisprudence (Law) at Halle, qualifying and then working as a lawyer.In 1839 or 1840, on the recommendation of the town council, the king appointed <mask> to the office of Lord Mayor of Brandenburg. He proved a superb organiser, displaying perhaps the greatest administrative talent of any state officer in Prussia. As Lord Mayor he lost little time in issuing a set of guidelines and protocols on how the municipal officials and councillors should conduct their work, setting out clear divisions between different areas of responsibility, and rules for the timely implementation of duties. By streamlining the municipal police force he restored much needed order on the streets. He implemented national strategy by setting up a "Forced Labour Institution" (a so-called "poor house"), and through strict supervision of the work-shy he succeeded in clearing the streets of beggars and whores. He then turned his attention to sorting out the municipal finances. His reforms of municipal taxation included the first imposition in German of a progressive income tax and earned him denunciations and enduring enmity from members of the town council.From collection of the simplified municipal income tax
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he was able to finance a communal system of poor relief. In 1844 <mask> became the first Lord Mayor in Prussia to publish municipal budgets, giving rise to the possibility of a certain level of public verification. This made the municipal administration accountable to the people on whose behalf it operated. The first open meeting of the town council took place at Ziegler's instigation on 11 February 1848, enabling the councillors to interact with members of the public. In 1848 <mask> was a member of the short-lived Prussian National Assembly, and in 1849 he was elected to the second chamber of the Prussian House of Representatives (as the second chamber of the country's new parliament later came to be known), where for most purposes he occupied a position on the moderate left. There were two members representing the Brandenburg constituency: <mask> was one and the other was the future Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. As a member of the second chamber in 1849 <mask> voted in support of "taxation rejection".Context for the vote involved a liberal majority in the Second Chamber refusing to vote for a supplementary income tax which the king wished to levy in order to fund increased military spending in the wake of the 1848 revolutions, the democratising impact of which he was keen to restrict. Despite being rejected by the vote in the assembly, the supplementary tax was levied anyway, and the subservience of the new parliament was thereby asserted. Further demonstration of government supremacy came when <mask> was charged with High treason and Sedition. Even though a majority in the assembly had voted down the supplementary tax, <mask> was the only assembly member to face indictment, apparently because he had been the one who had proposed the motion rejecting the tax. He was convicted, deprived of his public offices, and sentenced to a prison term which he served in Magdeburg. The terms of his sentence also included exclusion from his home region, the voting district of Brandenburg for a further year following his release, and
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accordingly he now moved to Berlin where through hard work he was able to restore his fortunes. He also became a writer, publishing poems as well as books on social and political themes.It was only in 1855 that he was able to return to his family in Brandenburg. An amnesty in 1861 opened the way for a resumption of his career in politics, and between 1865 and 1870 <mask> was back as a member of the Prussian House of Representatives, this time representing Breslau. In August 1867 he was elected to the Reichstag of the newly established North German Confederation, representing Breslau-West on behalf of the Progressive Party. In 1866 he found himself at odds with the mainstream party over his support for the war with Austria. He was not one of those who formally broke away from the party, but after this his conduct in the Reichstag was increasingly independent, while his contributions were chiefly on matters such as taxation which, within the party, were relatively uncontentious. Following unification, in 1871 and again in 1874 he was re-elected to the Reichstag, still as a Progressive Party member representing Breslau-West. Family
Sources mention that <mask> had a wife and family, but are for the most part silent on their names.The exception is his daughter <mask> von Béguelin (1828–1892) who, following her brief marriage, became a published author herself. She expended time and energy trying to persuade someone with the appropriate political insights to produce a biography of her father, but she was unsuccessful. She did, however, have a 260-page book of his principal speeches published. References
1803 births
1876 deaths
People from Potsdam-Mittelmark
People from the Duchy of Magdeburg
German Protestants
German Progress Party politicians
Members of the Frankfurt Parliament
Members of the Prussian House of Representatives
Members of the 1st Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 2nd Reichstag of the German Empire
Politicians from Brandenburg
19th-century German lawyers
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male
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<mask>. "<mask>" <mask> (born 1949) is the former CEO of the American Skiing Company. Since resigning as chief executive officer in 2001, <mask> has been involved in numerous other businesses and industries, including Major League Baseball's Boston Red Sox. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Teaneck, New Jersey, where he received his early education. He graduated high school from the Hun School of Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey in 1967 and was named an Alumnus of the Year in 1999. <mask> received a B.S. in Business Administration from Ithaca College in 1971, after which he worked for Killington and Sunday River ski resorts.In 1980 he purchased Sunday River, and his company, LBO Resort Enterprises, grew by acquiring Sugarbush, Attitash Bear Peak, and Cranmore
Ski industry career
<mask> started his career at Killington Ski Resort in Vermont in 1971. In 1973, at the age of 23, <mask> was named ski operation manager of Sunday River in Newry, Maine. In 1980 <mask> purchased Sunday River. In 1989, <mask> was named Inc. Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year, Turnaround Category. In 1995 he formed American Skiing Company by acquiring S-K-I, and this expanded his resorts to include Killington, Mount Snow, Haystack, Waterville Valley, and Sugarloaf/USA. He was forced to divest his interests in Waterville Valley and Cranmore but went on to buy Pico Peak in Vermont. Under <mask>, American Skiing Company invested heavily in marketing and infrastructure.While these investments are credited with major turnaround and growth, they overleveraged the company. A later bailout by an investment firm ultimately caused him to leave day-to-day operations while remaining on the Board of Directors. <mask> resigned this position on February 26, 2007, effective immediately, to pursue other options.
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The Boston Globe reported "I leave the board with mixed feelings," <mask> said. "It's been a pleasure to serve and help guide the Company and I wish everyone well. I truly enjoyed my tenure with the board, but now it's time to look at other options." In 2009, <mask> was inducted into the Maine Ski Hall of Fame.Boston Red Sox
From 2002 through 2007, <mask> was vice chairman and minority partner of the Boston Red Sox American Major League Baseball franchise. In 2004, the Red Sox won their first World Series Championship since 1918 while <mask> was part of the ownership group. Maine Energy Systems
In 2008, <mask> and two other partners started Maine Energy Systems, whose stated goal is to support a transition to the use of renewable energy for homes and businesses. The company originated from a series of informal seminars organized by <mask> in 2007, where he assembled experts in various fields of energy to biweekly meetings. The meetings were broadly focused to allow for highly speculative thinking about Maine's economy and energy usage. The group settled on a strategy that would involve the conversion of a significant proportion of the central home heating systems in Maine from oil to renewable fuel sources. The conversion to renewable fuels is expected to significantly cut long term heating costs in homes and businesses.The production of the fuel from Maine forests would also employ many Maine workers and keep the money spent on home heating in Maine. To implement the solution, <mask>, Dutch Dresser, and Bill Strauss formed Maine Energy Systems, LLC. In January 2009, Maine Energy Systems was recognized by Senator Olympia Snowe (R – ME) as a small business that is using technology and innovative thinking to help solve our nation's energy crisis and keep Mainers warm during the
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lengthy winter. Senator Snowe commented that Maine Energy Systems is at the vanguard of the "green" product revolution, creating a product that is beneficial to the environment, saves consumers money, and produces profits and jobs. <mask> is a past President of the Maine Pellet Fuels Association. FutureMetrics
<mask> is an early investor in the consultancy FutureMetrics. FutureMetrics' team are leading experts in the wood pellet manufacturing sector.Other ventures
<mask> is currently involved in a number of ventures including Cartera Commerce (provides online shopping for loyalty programs) and Sports Vision Technologies (produces P3ProSwing, a golf swing analyzer and golf simulator). He is current board chairman for the Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness in Portland, Maine. The Center provides disabilities awareness education in schools, for prospective educators, and in workplaces. <mask> is involved in several other businesses in Maine, including the Phoenix House and Well restaurant in Newry, Colony Development Company in Bethel and Sports Vision Technologies in Bethel and Portland. Sports Vision Technologies currently employees nearly a dozen people that live in Maine. Governor's Wood-to-Energy Task Force
In 2008, <mask> was asked by Maine Governor John Baldacci to chair the Governor's Wood-to-Energy Task Force which was charged with finding ways to reduce the state's reliance on foreign oil and stimulate Maine's economy by developing renewable sources of energy made in Maine, by Maine businesses, for Maine people. The initiative sought to capitalize on opportunities to convert public buildings to wood biomass heat; encourage homeowners to switch from oil heat to heat from renewable energy sources; and, promote Maine-grown alternative energy industries.This
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Wood-to-Energy Task Force reported that Maine is the most heating oil dependent state in the country with 440,000 households consuming an average of 900 gallons of heating oil a year. At a July 2008 price of $4.64 a gallon that amounts to $4,100 per Maine household. The Task Force concluded that wood-to-energy can lower the cost of home heating approximately 25 to 50% of the cost of No. 2 heating oil. Maine Handicapped Skiing
Otten founded Maine Handicapped Skiing with Omar D. "Chip" Crothers, M.D. to ensure access to and participation in the recreational sports that are integral to a well-rounded life for every person. Maine Handicapped Skiing is the largest year-round adaptive recreation program east of the Mississippi for adults and children with physical disabilities.From Veterans No Boundaries to children with cerebral palsy, Maine Handicapped Skiing helps a wide spectrum of Mainers. In 2013 Maine Handicapped Skiing changed its name to Maine Adaptive Sports and Recreation. Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness
Otten is currently serving as chairman of the Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness, an organization dedicated to ensuring that people with all types of disabilities are afforded the same dignity, inclusion, and respect that every person deserves as a birthright. <mask> was honored as the Cromwell Center Person of the Year for 2009. Western Mountains Alliance
In 1987, <mask> was part of a group of civic-minded individuals from across western Maine who came together to form the Western Mountains Alliance in order to seek a sustainable development strategy for western Maine, a region struggling with long-term economic decline. <mask> acted as first chairman of the Western Mountains Alliance. Maine Chamber Alliance
In 1990, <mask> co-founded and served as the
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first chairman of the Economic Environmental Council of Maine, which merged with the Maine Chamber to become the Maine Chamber Alliance, where <mask> also served as the first chair of that organization.The goal of these organizations was to create an environment where the needs of the paper industry could find middle ground with the environmental concerns of Maine citizens. Portland Museum of Art
<mask> is past chairman and current Board of Trustees member of the Portland Museum of Art, since the collection put together by his father, the former German steel magnate <mask> (in German: <mask>), is hosted there. <mask> became owner of Albot Industries in New Jersey when he had to emigrate from Germany. Project Opportunity
In 1988 <mask> started Project Opportunity in Bethel by donating the initial grant and creating its goal of helping late bloomers. Project Opportunity is a unique Grant and Scholarship Program benefitting Telstar Regional High School students. From the generous donations Project Opportunity has received, students have been able to attend colleges throughout the United States as well experience educational trips throughout the World. Political career
<mask> is a former candidate for Governor of Maine in the 2010 election.On October 19, 2009, <mask> formally announced his candidacy for the Republican gubernatorial primary in the 2010 election. In his announcement speech, <mask> emphasized the need for Maine to create jobs, lower taxes, prepare its students for the global economy and take control of its energy future. On June 22, 2009, after months of speculation, word broke that <mask> will announce the formation of an exploratory committee for a potential bid for Governor of Maine on June 29. <mask> is running as a Republican. The campaign was criticized by the
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Maine Democratic Party for allegedly copying President Barack Obama's famous "O" insignia and website layout from the 2008 presidential election cycle. A statement from <mask>'s website claims that it was actually the Obama campaign who first "copied" the logo from the new Pepsi logo. This claim was too refuted, as the Obama "O" was first used months before Pepsi revamped their logo.Counting among his campaign staff is Christian Potholm, a Maine political consultant that helped Democratic Governor John Baldacci defeat Republican candidate Chandler Woodcock in 2006. Potholm is Professor of Government at Bowdoin College who has authored several books on Maine politics including, Maine: The Dynamics of Political Change, This Splendid Game: Maine Campaigns and Elections, 1940–2002 and An Insider's Guide to Maine Politics:1946–1996. William J. Ryan, Chairman, President and CEO of TD Banknorth Group, Inc. served as Treasurer of the Exploratory Committee for <mask>'s potential bid for Governor of Maine in 2010. After the official announcement of the formal campaign, Bruce Chalmers, President of Chalmers Insurance Group in Bridgton, Maine took over as Campaign Treasurer. He confirmed in 2020 that he will vote for Joe Biden, even though he is a Republican. Balsams Resort rebuilding
On February 28, 2016, The Boston Globe reported that <mask> had purchased part of the now-closed Balsams Resort in Dixville Notch, New Hampshire. According to the article, <mask> plans to spend over $100 million to renovate and rebuild the resort with the goal of turning it into a four seasons destination.When finished, the skiing area would be the largest in New England, with 2,200 acres of skiable terrain. Personal life and family
<mask> lives in Dixville Notch, NH. He raised three children.
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References
External links
<mask> for Governor (official web site) (2009 archived copy)
Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness
Maine Energy Systems
FutureMetrics
Phoenix House and Well
The Colony Development
Cartera Commerce
P3ProSwing
1949 births
Living people
Boston Red Sox owners
Boston Red Sox executives
Businesspeople from Maine
Hun School of Princeton alumni
Ithaca College alumni
Maine Republicans
People from Greenwood, Maine
People from Teaneck, New
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Paduka Sri Sultan <mask>hum Sultan Ibrahim Syah (1675 or 1680 – 1699) was the Sultan of Johor, Pahang and Lingga (1685 – 3 September 1699). As he was young upon assumption of the throne, regents oversaw the affairs of state in Johor until the death of the Bendahara, a high official, in 1697. Upon assuming duties as sultan, <mask> II undermined stability in the state due to his erratic behavior. As a result, he was murdered by members of his advisory council in 1699. The death of the Johor sultan led to a period of upheaval and chaos in the southern Melaka Straits, as successors jockeyed for control of the state. Life
The birth year of <mask> is uncertain. Many sources report that he was born in 1675, while other state that it more likely closer to 1680.Much of this is obscured due to the circumstances of his rule and death. <mask> Syah <mask> became sultan in 1685, following the death of his father Ibrahim Syah, who had overseen an expansion of territorial control and economic prosperity of the state of Johor until it encompassed much of the southern reaches of the Melaka Straits and the Malay Peninsula as well as eastern Sumatra. As <mask> Syah was a young child at the time, the state operated under the joint regency of his mother and the Bendahara Paduka Raja until the death of the latter (27 July 1697). <mask> Syah <mask> then took on all official duties as sultan. The reign of Sultan <mask> Syah II was disastrous. He was erratic and – according to contemporary European trade company sources as well as local texts – exhibited a "cruel nature" leading the state
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to be described as "ungovernable." Much of this was exhibited in sadistic behavior.Local texts contain references to the sultan being violent towards women, even ordering their execution for minor offences. The Scottish country trader Alexander Hamilton vividly recorded several incidents, including the discharge of a firearm into a servant to test its efficacy, which further supports these larger accounts. This behavior threatened the well-being of the state, as traders and merchants began avoiding the main port. The economic turmoil that ensued, combined with violence directed toward women related to the Orang Kaya oligarchy, led high officials of the state to decide to act collectively against the sultan. Death of Sultan <mask> II
By August 1699 the Orang Kaya enacted a plan to eliminate Sultan Mahmud. According to both European and local texts, the various officials of state descended upon the young sultan and stabbed him to death in masse. Many later accounts claim this occurred when <mask> II was making his way to the royal mosque, while others describe it as occurring in the market.According to VOC (Dutch United East India Company) reports, the naked corpse was dragged to the Bendahara's residence, where it lay exposed until late afternoon. Later that night the body of Sultan <mask> II was wrapped in cloth, taken away and buried with little ceremony. His grave still exists in a village near Kota Tinggi in Johor, which is still known today as Kampung Makam (Village of the Tomb). Aftermath of his murder
The regicide of Sultan <mask> Syah II created a crisis
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in the Johor state as he was considered to be the last in line of a dynasty of the Sultanate of Johor (founded by his grandfather, Sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat <mask>) descended from the line of rulers of Johor-Melaka-Srivijaya. After the murder, the Bendahara (chief minister) Abdul Jalil declared himself the next Sultan of Johor. Over the next two decades, the Bendahara dynasty had difficulty gaining support, leading to attempts from communities living in peripheral areas under Johor control to exert their own sovereignty. By 1718, a usurper from eastern Sumatra known as Raja Kecil, and claiming to be the son of <mask> Syah <mask>, attacked Johor with the support of Orang Laut and a variety of diverse ethnic groups.Following four years of chaotic rule, Raja Kecil retreated to eastern Sumatra, where he founded the Siak Sultanate in 1722, and descendants of the Bendahara sultan returned to power under a new arrangement with Bugis mercenaries, thus laying the foundation for the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate. <mask> <mask> in Malay legend and historiography
As he was the last ruler of dynasty descended from the Sultans of Melaka (Malacca), and regicide was an unimaginable act in Malay culture, the murder of Sultan <mask> Syah II created numerous difficulties for the society. Legends, tales, and alternative accounts quickly sprang up, mainly to reduce the complicity of the ruling elite in his death. Among the most popularly accepted retellings of these events placed blame for the regicide on one official, Laksamana Megat Sri Rama (hailing from Bintan), who was supposedly
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motivated by the execution of his own wife for a minor offense. Enraged by this injustice, Megat Sri Rama attacked the sultan while he was being carried to Friday prayers, resulting in the common appellation "Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Dijulang," in remembrance of the way he was killed (mangkat being the Malay word referring specifically to a royal death) while being carried (dijulang) in a royal litter or dais. This tale was recreated in court texts for the next two centuries, particularly in the Tuhfat al-Nafis and the Hikayat Siak. As Sultan <mask> Syah II was childless at the time of his death, other legends arose related to Raja Kecil, who claimed that he was conceived in a supernatural manner on the eve of the murder.Although Raja Kecil already had adult children at the time of his attack upon the Johor state in 1718, his use of this legend in eastern Sumatra enabled him to attract followers hoping to continue the legacy of traditional Johor rulers and revenge the murder of a spiritually powerful ruler. The supposed connection between Raja Kecil and Sultan <mask> Syah <mask> was subsequently used to legitimatize the Siak Sultanate, which Raja Kecil founded in 1722, as a Malay state. The legend of Sultan <mask> Syah II become the subject matter for popular culture texts in the 1950s and 1960s, including the 1961 film Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Dijulang directed by K.M. Basker starring M. Amin as the Sultan. References
Sultans of Johor
1675 births
1699 deaths
17th-century Sultans of Pahang
Child rulers from Asia
17th-century murdered monarchs
17th-century monarchs in
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<mask> (born 1984) is an American blues, country and Americana singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He has released nine albums since 2015, with Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza peaking at number 11 on the US Billboard Blues Albums chart. In 2020, <mask> released his eighth album titled Welcome to Hard Times. In 2021, <mask> released his next album titled 10 for Slim: <mask> Sings James Hand a tribute album, to James "Slim" Hand, and released his tenth album Music City USA, on September 17, 2021. Early life
A distant relative of <mask>, <mask> was born in San Benito, Texas, United States. The son of a single mother with an older brother and sister, <mask> was raised in a trailer park in Los Fresnos, Texas.His mother relocated the family to Dallas, and <mask> spent the summer months with his uncle, who lived in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Upon leaving high school, at the age of 17 <mask> decided to travel with his guitar, acquired by his mother from a pawn shop. <mask> noted "I taught myself how to play and started to write songs immediately, without any chord knowledge or anything. I didn't know what key I was in for 12 years, but my ear was really good, and I could play in any key and any chord. I just didn't know what it was." His early musical influences came from hearing hip hop, and became fascinated with the samples used. <mask> said "I got into Curtis Mayfield through samples of his songs by other artists, and Nina Simone was through a sample.Even J. Cole, I was listening to a song of his ("Kenny Lofton"), and it was based on the sample from the Manhattans version of "Hurt". <mask> played music on the streets in the French Quarter of New Orleans and in Deep Ellum,
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Dallas as a teenager. Later he traveled further afield by hitchhiking and riding freight, before by 2009 busking in New York City. As he improved his performing, <mask> organized a street band called the Trainrobbers, which caught the attention of a Manhattan-based representative for Sony Music. She signed the 26 years old <mask> to a two-year management contract, although he rejected a publishing deal. Eventually tired of life on the streets and the pending expiry of the contract, <mask> relocated to Northern California, where he combined working on farms and communes with performing for three more years. <mask> then existed on the streets in Paris, France, for a year, and briefly lived in Spain and Morocco.During these years, <mask> struggled to stay on the right side of the law. In the US, he sold weed to get by, at one point working the harvest in clandestine marijuana field in the northwest, and was arrested for possession in 2014. He was convicted of a felony crime twice. Music provided the way out. <mask> noted later, "People think my story is far-fetched, but the thing is, I've toned it down." Career
In 2015, <mask> returned to Texas and after settling in Dallas, self-released his debut album, A Stolen Jewel, in May. It landed him the Dallas Observer Music Award for 'Best Blues Act'.The lo-fi collection contained a cover of the Flying Burrito Brothers' "Juanita." <mask> also befriended Leon Bridges at this time, before <mask> released a blues dominated album, In The Night, in 2016. In The Night contained a selection of <mask> penned numbers, along with a cover of his hometown hero Freddy Fender's "Wasted Days and Wasted Nights". Fort Worth Star-Telegram called
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In The Night "an impressive calling card, full of <mask>'s plaintive soulfulness and swinging tempos". <mask> spent the next year touring to promote his work, playing over 125 shows in total. He toured with the Turnpike Troubadours, Lucero, Shinyribs, Samantha Fish, and Old 97's, among others. After relocating to Austin, Texas, <mask>'s next release was a collection of covers of country songs, Lil G.L.'s Honky Tonk Jubilee (2017), which was issued on Thirty Tigers. Tracks included the Roy Acuff penned "Night Train to Memphis", Tanya Tucker’s "The Jamestown Ferry" plus Hank Williams' "Honky Tonkin'", all incorporating <mask>'s clipped, hiccuped Texan drawl. Other tracks on the album were originally recorded by Ernest Tubb, Loretta Lynn, and Webb Pierce ("I Ain't Never"). In 2018, he released Lonesome as a Shadow, a collection of purely original songs. It was recorded at Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, and produced by Matt Ross-Spang. The opening track, "I Wanna Cry" was written for his sister who had died from a methamphetamine overdose. The album was dedicated to Henry "Ragtime Texas" Thomas.Following its April release date, <mask> toured again backed by his band the Blue Drifters. His dates included venues such as the House of Blues in Houston, Washington, D.C.'s 9:30 Club, The Mint in Los Angeles and The Fillmore in San Francisco. In addition, he performed at festival dates such as the Wheatland Music Festival, Portland, Oregon's Pickathon and Austin City Limits Music Festival. In late 2018, <mask> issued Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza. <mask> noted that "Lil G.L. is my side name, like Hank [Williams] had Luke the Drifter.I use it for all my side
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projects and cover projects". He explained the moniker was given to him by a local blues drummer, Jay Moeller, in reference to the obscure R&B singer G. L<mask>. AllMusic stated "Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza is a companion of sorts to <mask>'s 2017 Lil G.L. 's Honky Tonk Jubilee". The album was primarily another compilation of cover versions, although <mask>'s definition of the blues encompasses tracks including Jimmy Reed's "Bright Lights, Big City"; Tom T. Hall's "That's How I Got to Memphis" and Danny O'Keefe's "Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues". In addition, Crockett covered work made in the past by Ernest Tubb, George Jones, and T-Bone Walker.Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza peaked at number 10 in the Billboard Blues Albums chart. In early January 2019, <mask> underwent open-heart surgery. Pre-assessments for the surgery exposed that <mask> had a congenital heart condition where his heart had two out of three aortic valve flaps fused together, leading to Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
<mask> released The Valley on September 20, 2019. The album features the single "Borrowed Time", which was co-written with Evan Felker of Turnpike Troubadours. Field Recordings Vol. 1 was released on April 3, 2020 and is a collection of 30 lo-fi covers and originals recorded in Mendocino County, California.<mask> released his eighth album Welcome to Hard Times on July 31, 2020. It was produced by Mark Neill and includes songwriting contributions from The Black Keys' Dan Auerbach and singer/songwriter Pat McLaughlin. The album followed a life-threatening health scare in which he was diagnosed with a congenital heart condition that required heart surgery. It received glowing reviews, including
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American Songwriter who raved "<mask> finds the sweet spot between country, soul, blues and folk on deceptively modest songs, effortless in their easy-going groove," while Texas Monthly stated, "<mask> makes a beeline for the album's central theme: wily survival in a socially, politically, and economically rigged system." On February 26, 2021, <mask> released his next album, titled 10 For Slim: <mask> Sings James Hand, a tribute album to James "Slim" Hand. It was met with critical acclaim from Rolling Stone, The Boot, Austin American-Statesman, Forbes, Saving Country Music, and American Songwriter among others. In July 2021, <mask> announced his tenth album Music City USA which was released on September 17, 2021 via Son of Davy/Thirty Tigers, and shared the lead single "I Need Your Love."Brooklyn Vegan called it "a sweet and sultry slice of southern soul" while The Boot called it "a dose of horn-filled soul." Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Music videos
References
External links
Official website
1984 births
Living people
People from San Benito, Texas
American blues singers
American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American country guitarists
Americana musicians
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Texas
African-American male songwriters
Country musicians from Texas
Davy Crockett
American people of Jewish descent
Cajun guitarists
American people of Creole descent
African-American country musicians
African-American guitarists
Jewish singers
African-American Jews
Jewish American songwriters
21st-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from
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<mask> (née Kronstein; April 30, 1920 – January 2, 2013) was an Austrian-born American historian and woman's history author. In addition to her numerous scholarly publications, she wrote poetry, fiction, theatre pieces, screenplays, and an autobiography. She served as president of the Organization of American Historians from 1980 to 1981. In 1980, she was appointed Robinson Edwards Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she taught until retiring in 1991. <mask> was one of the founders of the academic field of women's history. In 1963, while still an undergraduate at the New School for Social Research, she taught "Great Women in American History", which is considered to be the first regular college course on women's history offered anywhere. She taught at Long Island University from 1965 to 1967.She played a key role in the development of women's history curricula and was involved in the development of degree programs in women's history at Sarah Lawrence College (where she taught from 1968 to 1979 and established the nation's first master's degree program in women's history) and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she launched the first Ph.D. program in women's history. She also worked at Duke University and Columbia University, where she was a co-founder of the Seminar on Women. Early life
She was born <mask> Hedwig Kronstein in Vienna, Austria, on April 30, 1920, the first child of Ilona Kronstein (née Neumann, 1897, Budapest1948, Zürich) and Robert Kronstein (1888, Vienna1952, Vaduz), an affluent Jewish couple. Her family are originating and relating to Breslau, Berlin, (, ), (Turdos, , ) (Upper Hungary), Helishoy (, ) (Moravia), and Reichenberg () (Bohemia). Her father was a pharmacist, and her mother an artist, with whom Gerda, according to her autobiography, had a strained relationship as a child. As an adult, Gerda believed that her mother Ilona struggled because she did not fit in the role of a Viennese wife and mother. Gerda had a younger sister, and
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they attended local schools and gymnasium.Following the 1938 Anschluss, Kronstein became involved with the anti-Nazi resistance. She and her mother were jailed that year after her father had escaped to Liechtenstein and Switzerland, where he stayed during the war. <mask> Kronstein occupied a cell for six weeks with two Christian women held on political grounds. They shared their prison food with her because Jews received restricted rations. In 1939, her mother moved to France, and <mask>'s sister relocated to Palestine. That year, <mask> immigrated to the United States under the sponsorship of the family of Bobby Jensen, her socialist fiancé. Career
Settling in New York, Kronstein married Jensen.She worked in a variety of jobs as a waitress, salesperson, office clerk, and X-ray technician, while also writing fiction and poetry. She published two short stories featuring first-person accounts of the Nazi annexation of Austria. Her marriage with Jensen was failing when she met <mask> (1912–1973), a married theater director who was a member of the Communist Party USA. They both established temporary residence in Nevada and obtained divorces in Reno; the state offered easier terms for divorce than did most others. Kronstein and <mask> married and moved to Hollywood, where Carl pursued a career in film-making. In 1946, <mask> <mask> helped found the Los Angeles chapter of the Congress of American Women, a Communist front organization. The Lerners engaged in CPUSA activities involving trade unionism, civil rights, and anti-militarism.They suffered under the rise of McCarthyism in the 1950s, especially the Hollywood blacklist. The <mask>s returned to New York. In 1951, <mask> <mask> collaborated with poet Eve Merriam on a musical, The Singing of Women. <mask>'s novel No Farewell was published in 1955. <mask> returned to New York to study at the New School for Social Research, where she received a bachelor's degree in 1963. She has said that her frequent status made her think about "people who did not have a
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voice in telling their own stories. <mask>'s insights eventually influenced her decision to earn a Ph.D. in history and then to help establish women's history as a standard academic discipline."In 1963, she offered the first regular college course in women's history, which at the time had no status as a field of study in academia. In the early 1960s, <mask> and her husband coauthored the screenplay of the film Black Like Me (1964), based on the book by white journalist John Howard Griffin,, who had reported on six weeks of travel in small towns and cities of the Deep South passing as a black man. <mask> directed the film, starring James Whitmore. <mask> continued with graduate studies at Columbia University, where she earned both the M.A. (1965) and Ph.D. (1966). Her doctoral dissertation was published as The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina: Rebels Against Slavery (1967), a study of Sarah Moore Grimké and Angelina Grimké, sisters from a slaveholding family who became abolitionists in the North. Learning that their late brother had mixed-race sons, they helped pay to educate the boys.In 1966, <mask> became a founding member of the National Organization for Women (NOW), and she served as a local and national leader for a short period. In 1968, she received her first academic appointment at Sarah Lawrence College. There <mask> developed a Master of Arts Program in Women's History, which Sarah Lawrence offered beginning in 1972; it was the first American graduate degree in the field. <mask> also taught at Long Island University in Brooklyn. In the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> published scholarly books and articles that helped establish women's history as a recognized field of study. Her 1969 article "The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson", published in the journal American Studies, was an early and influential example of class analysis in women's history. She was among the first to bring a consciously feminist lens to the study of history.Among her most important
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works are the documentary anthologies Black Women in White America (1972) and The Female Experience (1976), which she edited, along with her essay collection, The Majority Finds Its Past (1979). In 1979, <mask> chaired The Women's History Institute, a fifteen-day conference (July 13–29) at Sarah Lawrence College, co-sponsored by the college, the Women's Action Alliance, and the Smithsonian Institution. It was attended by leaders of national organizations for women and girls. When the Institute participants learned about the success of the Women's History Week celebrated in Sonoma County, California, they decided to initiate similar commemorations within their own organizations, communities, and school districts. They also agreed to support an effort to secure a "National Women's History Week". This helped lead to the national establishment of Women's History Month. In 1980, <mask> moved to the University of Wisconsin at Madison, where she established the nation's first Ph.D. program in women's history.At this institution, she wrote The Creation of Patriarchy (1986), The Creation of Feminist Consciousness (1993), parts one and two of Women and History; Why History Matters (1997), and Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (2002). From 1981 to 1982, <mask> served as president of the Organization of American Historians. As an educational director for the organization, she helped make women's history accessible to leaders of women's organizations and high school teachers. Selected works
Black Women in White America
<mask> edited Black Women in White America: A Documentary History (1972), which chronicles 350 years of black women's contributions to history, despite centuries of being enslaved and treated as property. It was one of the first books to detail the contributions of black women in history. The Creation of Patriarchy
In The Creation of Patriarchy (1986), volume one of Women and History, <mask> ventured into prehistory, attempting to trace the roots of patriarchal dominance. She concluded that
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patriarchy was part of archaic states forming in the 2nd millennium BCE.<mask> provides historical, archeological, literary, and artistic evidence for the idea that patriarchy is a cultural construct. She believed that the main strength of patriarchy was ideological and that in western societies it "severed the connection between women and the Divine". The Creation of Feminist Consciousness
The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870 (1993) is her second volume of Women and History. In this book, she reviews European culture from the seventh century through the nineteenth centuries, showing the limitations imposed by a male-dominated culture. After the seventh century, more of women's writings began to survive, and <mask> uses these to show the development of what she defines as feminist thought. She demonstrates the numerous ways that women "have bypassed or redefined or undermined 'male thought'". She examines in detail the educational deprivation of women, their isolation from many of the traditions of their societies, and the expressive outlet many women have found through writing.Often beginning in religious or prophetic writing, this was a way for women to engage in what Lerner calls "ideological production", including defining alternative futures and "think themselves out of patriarchy". Fireweed: A Political Autobiography
Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (2003) is a detailed account of <mask>'s life from her childhood in Vienna through war and emigration, to 1958. That year, she began her formal studies at the New School for Social Research in New York, an institution established by numerous European refugees from the Nazi persecution. She believed that education and life work were critical to women's self-realization and happiness. Legacy and honors
In 1998, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1986, <mask> won the American Historical Association's Joan Kelly Prize for her book The Creation of Patriarchy, on the roots of
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women's oppression. She received the Bruce Catton Prize for Lifetime Achievement in Historical Writing from the Society of American Historians, and the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians Special Book Award.In 1992, the Organization of American Historians established the annual Lerner-Scott Prize, named for her and Anne Firor Scott. It is awarded annually to the writer of the best doctoral dissertation that year in U.S. women's history. She is the subject of a full-length documentary film, Why Women Need to Climb Mountains (2016), by Renata Keller. <mask> died on January 2, 2013, in Madison, Wisconsin, at the age of 92. She was survived by her grown children Dan and <mask>. Other works
Musical
Singing of Women (1951, with Eve Merriam)
Screenplays
Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957)
Black Like Me (1964)
Home for Easter (n.d.)
Books
No Farewell (1955) an autobiographical novel; originally in German under the pseudonym Margaret Rainer: Es git keinen Abschied (1953)
The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Rebels against Authority (1967)
The Woman in American History [ed.] (1971)
Black Women in White America: A Documentary History (1972)
The Female Experience: An American Documentary (1976)
A Death of One's Own (1978/2006)
The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History (1979)
Teaching Women's History (1981)
Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (1982)
The Creation of Patriarchy (1986)
The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy (1994)
Scholarship in Women's History Rediscovered & New (1994)
Why History Matters (1997)
Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (Temple University Press, 2003)
Living with History/Making Social Change (2009)
References
Notes
Biographies
Ransby, Barbabra.2002. "A Historian Who Takes Sides", The Progressive, September. <mask>, Gerda. 2005. "Life of Learning", Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 2005. MacLean, Nancy. 2002."Rethinking the Second Wave", The Nation, October 14. Gordon, Linda; Kerber, Linda K.; Kessler-Harris, Alice.
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2013. "<mask> <mask> (1920–2013). Pioneering Historian and Feminist", Clio. Women, Gender, History. Keller, Renata.2015. "Why Women Need to Climb Mountains - on a journey through the life and vision of Dr. <mask> <mask>"
Further reading
Daum, Andreas W., "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities," in The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide, ed. Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James J. Sheehan. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016 , 1‒52. Felder, Deborah G., and Diana Rosen. 2003.Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World. New York: Citadel Press (Kensington Publishing), pp. 216–220. Scanlon, Jennifer, and Shaaron Cosner. 1996. American Women Historians, 1700s–1990s: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, pp.144–146. Weigand, Kate. 2001. Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Multiple references, indexed.) External links
Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution from the Jewish Women's Archive
<mask> <mask> - Corporatizing Higher Education
Papers, 1950–1995.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Papers, 1924–2006. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Additional papers of <mask> <mask>, 1916–2013. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 1920 births
2013 deaths
American communists
American feminist writers
American socialist feminists
Columbia University alumni
Communist women writers
Duke University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Feminist historians
Historians from New York (state)
Historians of the United States
Jewish American historians
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United States after the Anschluss
Jewish feminists
Jewish socialists
Marxist feminists
Radical feminists
The New School alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Women historians
Women's historians
Writers from
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<mask>. Carey-Shuler, public servant, community activist and educator served as the first African American woman on the Board of County Commissioners for Miami-Dade County, Florida (formerly Metro-Dade County) when she was appointed by then-Governor Robert Bob Graham on December 10, 1979. She was elected to the Commission in 1982, 1986, 1996, 2000, and 2004 while serving as the Chairwoman of the Board of County Commissioners from 2002-2004, when she became the first African-American to hold the position in the 60 years of Miami-Dade County governance. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in the small coastal town of Fernandina Beach, Florida by her parents Wendell H. and <mask>. In 1957, she graduated as the valedictorian from Peck High School, a segregated school for African Americans. <mask> attended Florida A&M University, a historically Black university, where she graduated in 1961 with a Bachelor of Science degree in speech. In 1962, she earned a Master of Arts in speech and communications from Ohio State University. Furthering her education while working as a public-school teacher and later as an administrator for the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, <mask> earned a Master of Education in Guidance at the University of Miami in 1969.She also completed a Doctorate in Educational Supervision and Administration from the University of Florida in 1978. Appointment
As a civic activist, <mask> co-chaired the 1978 Dade County election campaign of Governor-to-be Robert Bob Graham. When sitting County Commissioner Neal Adams was removed from office, Governor Graham, announced on December 10, 1979 that he was appointing Carey as the first black female to sit on the nine-member Metropolitan Dade County Board of County Commissioners. At the time of her appointment <mask> was married to Archibald Carey, Sr. with a 12 year old son Archibald,
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Jr. Archibald Sr. later died in August 1981 after a long period of illness. Miami-Dade County Commission
Within days of Carey’s appointment, <mask>, an insurance agent, was killed by Metro-Dade Police Officers. On May 17, 1980 an all-white jury acquitted the officers, and after an initial non-violent protest, riots lasting three days broke out and caused 18 deaths and an estimated $100 million in property damage. The McDuffie Riot was the most destructive race riot at that time in the United States.Carey led the effort at the Metro-Dade County Commission to compensate the <mask>ie family, stating "We can never compensate a family adequately for the life of loved ones particularly in these circumstances. It is in the best interest of everyone to settle out of court. We can't open up these wounds in the community again". She additionally sought federal support for the rebuilding of the Liberty City community, while also advocating for police reforms, including a civilian-led police oversight panel and minority hiring
Before <mask> King Jr. Day became a federal holiday, Carey spearheaded a resolution designating the January 15th birthday of Dr <mask> King, Jr. as an official county holiday in Miami-Dade County. Carey authored and secured passage of legislation requiring every motorist to observe a 15-mph speed limit while driving in school zones. Her leadership also led to black employees of the County’s Solid Waste Department who only had been hired as part-time employees, being hired as full-time employees eligible for all benefits. In addition, Carey introduced and led the effort to pass the set-aside law and the affirmative action policy, which was argued all the way to the United States Supreme Court, resulting in creating more jobs and business opportunities for minorities and women than any other economic measure passed by the County
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Culturally, Carey-Shuler secured funding for the construction and renovation of Virginia Key Beach Park Civil Rights Museum and Cultural Center. A major restoration of The Historic Lyric Theater in Overtown was accomplished by the Black Archives through a continuing resolution of funding, sponsored by Carey-Shuler; becoming one of the first jewels of the Overtown renaissance. The Historic Hampton House Hotel was saved from demolition by a Carey-Shuler-led coalition of preservation activist.She steered the Performing Arts Center project through the County Commission during a difficult period of delayed construction and over-budget spending. Her efforts and leadership contributed to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts becoming a financial success and a world renown facility of the arts. She was responsible for the concept and creation of Music Fest Miami, a multi-cultural festivity on Labor Day Weekend centered around the global music community of Miami and South Florida. The three-year event featured music, food and culture events in numerous neighborhood mini-festivals around Miami-Dade County. Local high school students were introduced to nationally known musicians during interactive presentations and in-school concerts. The culminating event was an all-day music festival of world music at Miami’s Bayfront Park, featuring artists Isaac Hayes, <mask>, Arturo Sandoval, Jonathan Butler, Inner Circle, Earth, Wind and Fire, Charlie Haden and Patti Labelle. After serving more than twenty years, on December 6, 2005 Carey-Shuler resigned from the Miami-Dade County Commission to care for ailing family members.Less than seven weeks later, her mother died on January 8, 2006; her husband, James Lamar Shuler, died on October 1 2006; and her mentor M. Athalie Range died on November 14th of the same year. Philanthropist, volunteer and civic activist
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In 2017, Carey-Shuler was instrumental in advocating for the City of Delray Beach to rename a street after her late husband, James Lamar Shuler as an ode to his work in redeveloping the blighted areas of Delray Beach, FL. As Carey-Shuler has managed and maintained her husband’s legacy at the Shuler’s Memorial Chapel, she has continued her civic and social activism within the African American community of south Palm Beach County. Carey-Shuler, provided a gift to Palm Beach State College which afforded the college the opportunity to establish the Cross-Cultural Equity Institute to improve retention and graduation rates among minority students. Carey-Shuler adopted Inlet Grove Community High School and volunteers as President of the foundation and Vice President of the governing board. Inlet Grove High School is a training ground that educates students to be career or college ready upon graduation. Carey-Shuler serves as the Secretary on the Board of Trustees of Technology, Enterprise and Development Center, which provides business experience in its programming to clients and customers.She also serves as a member of the Board of Directors for Pathways to Prosperity, a non-profit organization based in Boynton Beach, Florida, which is dedicated to strengthening the communityby providing educational and social service resources. <mask> Carey-Shuler’s continued activism for history and community preservation is fulfilled by her service as a board member of the Spady Museum in Delray Beach, Florida. In 2013, Carey-Shuler was recognized for her business success and personal contributions to the Greater West Palm Beach community by Delta Sigma Theta sorority of West Palm Beach and the Delta Heritage Foundation. References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Fernandina Beach, Florida
County commissioners in Florida
People from
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<mask> (3 January 1780 – 29 July 1835) was a British Tory Member of Parliament (MP) whose Evangelical Anglicanism and prior experience as a Poor Law administrator in Leeds led him to oppose Malthusian theories of population and their use to decry state provision for the poor. Overview
<mask> entered the British House of Commons at the behest of the 4th Duke of Newcastle, returned by the pocket borough of Newark as an 'Ultra' opponent of Catholic emancipation, but he devoted much effort in Parliament to urging the extension of the Poor Law to Ireland. In 1832, in the last session of the unreformed House of Commons he brought forward a Bill to regulate the minimum age and maximum working hours of children (no more than ten hours for persons under eighteen) in the textile industry. He chaired a Select Committee on the Bill which heard evidence from witnesses on overwork and ill-treatment of factory children. No legislation had resulted before the Reform Act passed and in the election which followed <mask> stood for Leeds but failed to be elected. Parliamentary leadership of the factory reform movement passed to Lord Ashley. Publication of the evidence gathered by Sadler's Select Committee had a considerable effect on public opinion: the effect of Sadler's Bill and Committee on the Whig government was to persuade them that new factory legislation was required but that this should be based upon evidence gathered on a sounder basis.When he died, contemporaries mentioned his work on Ireland, population, and poverty as well as his ten-hour bill, but only the latter is now remembered. Early years
<mask> was born in Snelston, Derbyshire,
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on 3 January 1780, the son of <mask> a minor local squire ; according to tradition his family came from Warwickshire and was descended from Sir <mask>. He was educated at home; when newly elected an MP he was said to have a 'rather broad' Yorkshire accent. In 1800 on the death of his mother he moved to Leeds to work with an elder brother (Benjamin); his father died soon afterwards. <mask> and his brother were linen-drapers; in 1810 they gave up the retail trade and went into partnership with the widow of an importer of Irish linen (in 1816 he married her eldest daughter Anne), but his biographer comments that <mask> was lucky to have competent partners as his mind, nature, and habits were unfitted to business. His biographer reports that his family were Anglicans but his mother was sympathetic to Methodism adding that "He had always entertained a decided preference for the Church of England, but after his marriage he became more regular and undeviating in his attendance on her ordinances. "with no indication of the nature of the pre-marital irregularities and deviations.One of his earliest publications was An Apology for Methodists written in 1797 and in 1831 the Leeds Mercury published a letter from a Methodist dignitary to the superintendent of the Leeds circuit which advised Methodists not to vote for Sadler because he had been insufficiently active in the anti-slavery cause "to say nothing of the ambition which has made him court the High Church and despise us". A correspondent in the Leeds Intelligencer confirmed that <mask> (now an Anglican Alderman and J.P.) had once been a Methodist circuit-steward and <mask> had
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regularly gone to chapel with him, but denied that <mask> had ever been a Methodist. Religious affiliation was not merely a matter of private conscience (or social status) but also had political implications: Dissenters objected to paying for the Established Church, and were therefore favourable to any reform which might address this, and antagonistic to any steps which might increase the burden. A specific local instance of this arose in Leeds: additional Anglican churches were built in Leeds parish; Dissenters passed a motion at the vestry meeting forbidding any expenditure by the parish on equipping the new churches, and then voted out (in the middle of his term in office) a churchwarden who ignored the motion (having legal advice that the parish was legally required to pay for the fitting out of the churches). Sadler attempted to dissuade the vestry meeting from this, but was shouted down. His interests lay largely outside business; he became a member of Leeds Corporation (soon after his marriage), contributed articles to the Leeds Intelligencer (the local Tory paper) and commanded a company in the local volunteers ; he also visited the sick and destitute as a member of the 'Stranger's Friend Society', was superintendent of a large Sunday School, and sat on the Poor Law board for Leeds, eventually becoming Poor-rates Treasurer. These latter activities, especially the last, gave him a familiarity with the habits, the wants, and the sufferings of the poor, and a concern with them which stayed with him for the rest of his days.He became active in politics; a supporter of the Tories and strongly opposed to Catholic
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vote for these candidates was supported by the 4th Duke of Newcastle's policy of unfailingly evicting any tenant who gave a vote to the 'Blues' (opponents of the Red/Yellow candidates); his allies took similar measures but less implacably. In 1829 one of Newark's MPs was General Sir William Henry Clinton GCB, a kinsman of the Duke of Newcastle. He held a minor post (Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance) under the Duke of Wellington, whom he had served under in the Peninsula. Wellington had formed a government from the opponents of Catholic Emancipation, but by 1829 the state of Ireland was such that – despite his previous strong opposition to Catholic Emancipation – Robert Peel, the leading MP in the government became convinced that granting it was the only safe way to defuse the situation. Wellington's government therefore brought in a Catholic Relief Bill. Since Clinton felt unable to vote against this Bill, and Newcastle was strongly opposed to it, Clinton offered to resign as MP for Newark.Without consulting his allies, Newcastle accepted Clinton's resignation ; he did not inform his allies of this. Again without consulting them, he searched for Clinton's replacement, eventually picking <mask> as a good public speaker with suitably hard-line views against Emancipation. In 1813 at a meeting in Leeds he had seconded a petition to be sent to Parliament against any relief of Catholic disabilities. Sir, the Protestant cause has long been identified with that of the British nation. May they never be separated ! But we are firmly convinced, that to concede to its grand adversary the power it seeks to recover, to resign that
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influence which it would infalllibly exert, would be to dilapidate the venerable fabric of that happy constitution erected by the wisdom and cemented by the blood of our ancestors ; would shake the very pillars on which the Protestant throne of these realms is founded ; would invalidate the title of the present Protestant royal family ; would threaten the existence of the Protestant establishment; would change many of our laws and subvert many of our sacred institutions; would extinguish the very spirit of the glorious revolution of 1688, and pour contempt on those great characters, who, under divine providence, brought about that happy event ; and in fine, would, in the present state of political parties, deliver up the country to Roman Catholic ascendancy. but his objections were not merely political or constitutional; he held – he said in his declaration speech in 1829 – that "No man is properly qualified to fulfil the duties of any important office whose religion is not founded upon the sacred book of God – who does not derive his faith from that only source -who is prevented from reading it in his native language – who is deprived of the translated Bible".In the by-election following Clinton's resignation, <mask> campaigned against Catholic Emancipation, but his Blue opponent campaigned against Newcastle's electoral tyranny as evidenced by <mask> being imposed on the borough without consultation: the candidate (or rather the selection process) had become the issue. <mask> was elected with a majority of 214, but at the General Election of 1830 was ahead of the Blue candidate by only 94 votes, the Blue cause having gained
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adherents and the Yellows having become less keen to enforce support of the Red candidate. In 1831, it was therefore thought prudent that <mask> should stand for Aldborough, rather than Newark where his election would be ensured as the borough, which had less than 80 electors, was securly under the control of the Duke of Newcastle. The Duke's candidates for Aldborough were always returned. In the 1831 election <mask>, and the man who stood with him Clinton James Fynes-Clinton, were therefore returned unopposed as the representatives for Aldborough. In parliament
Catholic relief
<mask>'s first major speech in the House of Commons was against the Second Reading of the Catholic Relief Bill. The speech was well received, but it was rapidly concluded that <mask> could never expect a government post under George IV (apparently because he lacked social polish).His speech against the Third Reading was less successful an opponent describing his performance as the most perfect specimen of a canting Methodist I ever saw. <mask>'s reputation as a Parliamentary debater declined; in March 1830, Hansard recorded mockery by a colleague which the House apparently thought a definite "hit""... he meant the able, the enlightened, the accomplished Member for Newark —able as a writer and as a reasoner, – striking in his eloquence, – well versed in ancient and modern learning, and accomplished in his mode of applying that learning." [The loud and general burst of laughter which followed this sentence prevented our hearing whether the hon. and learned Member finished the encomium here.] Irish Poor Laws
He took up in Parliament the argument he had
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already made outside it that the English Poor Law system should be extended to Ireland (which at that point had no Poor Laws), presenting a petition in 1829 and the next year making a long speech in favour on his own motion, which he then withdrew; it being clear from the debate that his motion would be defeated: there already being a Committee sitting on measures to be taken on Irish poverty. <mask> had been invited to serve on it, but declined because (he said) the selection of MPs for the committee had ensured a built-in majority for opponents of an Irish Poor Law: he also had declined to give evidence to it. In a speech in Leeds in 1831 he described the introduction of Irish Poor Laws as "not a measure of politics, but a measure of justice, policy and mercy"
It lies at the very foundation of all civil institutions that where property is appropriated there should be a reservation for those who are left without provision when their labour is no longer demanded, when sickness assails them, and when calamity overtakes them.Whoever the authority might be, you will find that these rights of human nature are clearly recognised, and it is not denied by any jurist in the world that every human being whom the Providence of God has placed upon earth has a claim to sustenation and relief when his honest labour will no longer afford him the necessities of life He initiated a debate on a declaratory resolution that the Poor Laws should be extended to Ireland on 29 August 1831: the resolution was defeated 52–64, a margin so narrow as to be regarded as a moral victory, making it virtually inevitable that the Government would have to act.
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Reporting his final illness in 1835, the Yorkshire Gazette described him as "this philanthropic gentleman, whose great exertions to ameliorate the condition of the poor of the sister isle will never be forgotten". The Poor Law system was introduced to Ireland in 1838 (when <mask> was no longer in Parliament (or alive)) but this was based not upon the Elizabethan Poor Law system which Sadler knew, but upon the 'New Poor Law' of 1834. Work on population
His argument for a Poor Law supporting the poor ran entirely contrary to the advice of orthodox political economists of the day, who held with Malthus;
Since population increased by geometrical progression whilst production increased by arithmetical progression, population was only held in check by the want and distress of the poor; hence to relieve that want and distress whether by charity or by the poor-rates was (however kind-hearted) wrong-headed since it would artificially sustain a greater number of the poor (and hence increase the number of those in distress). <mask> scrutinised Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population and became convinced that the statistics it quoted in support were unsound (or where sound mis-used). From his own studies of census data for England in 1810 and 1820 he concluded that the birthrate per hundred marriages was lower in the more densely populated counties; he went on to argue that this was because the more densely populated counties enjoyed a higher standard of living, and that prosperity, not poverty, was the more effective check on population growth. Sadler published (1830) the Law of Population which he derived from this detailed
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examination of available population statistics (The Prolificness of human beings, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their numbers) in a large book of the same name "more than thirteen hundred closely-printed pages, crowded with an hundred-and-four statistical tables" which left most reviewers at a loss for words.However, <mask> Macaulay writing in the Edinburgh Review, was neither daunted nor impressed, beginning his review
We did not expect a good book from Mr <mask> ; and it is well that we did not ; for he has given us a very bad one. The matter of his treatise is extraordinary ; the manner more extraordinary still. His arrangement is confused, his repetitions endless, his style every thing which it ought not to be. Instead of saying what he has to say with the perspicuity, the precision, and the simplicity in which consists the eloquence proper to scientific writing, he indulges without measure in vague, bombastic declamation, made up of those fine things which boys of fifteen admire, and which every body, who is not destined to be a boy all his life, weeds vigorously out of his compositions after five-and-twenty. going on to point out that even <mask>'s analysis did not support an inverse relationship in the technical/accurate meaning of the term, but rather a mild tailing off of fecundity at higher population densities which did not invalidate Malthus, attacking various details of <mask>'s analysis, and ending 25 pages later:
We have shown that Mr <mask> is careless in the collection of facts, — that he is incapable of reasoning on facts when he has collected them, — that he does not understand the
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simplest terms of science, — that he has enounced a proposition of which he does not know the meaning,— that the proposition which he means to enounce, and which he tries to prove, leads directly to all those consequences which he represents as impious and immoral, — and that, from the very documents to which he has himself appealed, it may be demonstrated that his theory is false. <mask> replied in a pamphlet showing that Macaulay had indulged in considerable misrepresentation of the content of the book. In June 1832, Sadler was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.Defence of his patron
Newcastle's intimidatory power in Newark was strengthened by his holding (on -it was alleged – advantageous terms) the lease of Crown lands in the neighbourhood ; the leases had come into his family by being granted by a previous Duke of Newcastle (when Prime Minister) to a close relative. A public meeting was held in Newark against these leases: Newcastle responded to an invitation to the meeting in a letter in which he asked "Is it presumed, then, that I am not to do what I will with my own ?". Newcastle meant the properties he leased to his tenants, but it did not take too much ill-will to take him to mean his tenants' votes; and the phrase was widely quoted on that basis. In a Commons debate on the Crown leases <mask> spoke in defence of his patron, effusively and not entirely accurately. John Cam Hobhouse claimed that <mask> had admitted in his speech that he owed his return for Newark to the Duke (it was contrary to the privileges of the House of Commons for a member of the House of Lords to procure the election of an MP); <mask> rapidly
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denied he had said this, or that it was true. 1831; parliamentary reform
The Catholic Relief Bill duly passed, but the Tory Ultras (those – such as <mask> – irreconcilably opposed to Catholic Relief) withdrew their support from the Wellington administration, which then fell. Their Whig opponents came to power, committed to Parliamentary Reform ( sweeping away many of the 'rotten boroughs', creating new borough constituencies for unrepresented towns like Manchester and Leeds, and equalising the franchise).The 'Reform Bill' introduced in 1831 in fact consisted of separate Bills for England, for Scotland, and for Ireland. The English Bill went first; it passed its Second Reading, but upon it entering Committee stage, the first amendment to the Bill (a wrecking one, deploring the reduction in the number of English MPs, seconded by <mask>("Mr <mask>, in seconding the amendment, inflicted upon the house a most discursive speech of three closely printed columns, amid general yawning and coughing") was carried by a majority of 8. The Government then withdrew the Bill and called a General Election. <mask> (having been burnt in effigy at Newark) was now returned for Aldborough; the Whigs retained power and introduced a revised Reform Bill, which eventually passed the House of Commons. <mask> voted against the Reform Bill; he spoke at Committee stage when boroughs in schedule B (those formerly returning two MPs, but now to return one: Aldborough was to be one of these, but with revised boundaries, and hence no longer in the pocket of the Duke of Newcastle) were under consideration His main contribution was to (like a few Radicals such as
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Henry Hunt) deplore the introduction of a uniform qualification for the vote sweeping away much wider "scot & lot" franchises in the few boroughs where they existed. Otherwise he spoke rarely on the Reform Bill; during its passage through the Commons he made more speeches on Irish poverty and Irish Poor Laws. The debate he initiated on Irish Poor Laws (29 August 1831) was held on the next sitting day after Sir Robert Peel had supported ministers by appealing to members to "avoid every other business which should interfere with the progress of the Reform Bill".In October he moved the First Reading of a Bill to improve the lot of the (agricultural) labouring poor (by Government building respectable cottages with land attached and letting them at an economic rent.) Both sides of the House agreed that in any reformed House of Commons Manchester Birmingham and Leeds should be represented, and in September 1831 <mask> was approached (and agreed) to stand as the Tory candidate for Leeds in the election that would follow passage of the Bill. However, in October 1831 the second Reform Bill was rejected by the Lords; Parliament was prorogued and <mask>'s 'labouring poor' Bill lost. Sadler gave advance notice of three further Bills he might wish to bring in in the next session; for the relief of the Irish poor, for bettering the condition of the manufacturing poor, and for regulating the labour of Children in Factories. Attempts to form a Tory government failed, and Parliament reassembled before Christmas, still with a Whig government committed to the early passage of a Reform Bill. <mask> did not revive his 'labouring poor' Bill; instead
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he announced his intention to bring in a Bill regulating the Labour of Children in Mills and Factories. 1832: The Ten Hour Bill
Parliamentary time in 1832 was largely taken up with passage of the third Reform Bill.<mask>'s only recorded speech in the Reform Bill debates was a short one on Hunt's amendment for a 'scot-and-lot' franchise "That all householders paying taxes, shall have a vote for the respective Members to be chosen in the next, and every succeeding Parliament. ": <mask> supported an even wider 'pot-walloper' franchise ("Every one above the rank of a pauper was entitled to the elective franchise.") and did not vote for Hunt's amendment. His efforts were concentrated upon a Bill extending the existing Factory Acts (which gave some protection to children working in the cotton industry) to other textile industries, and reducing to ten per day the working hours of children in the industries legislated for. In 1815 Sir Robert Peel (father of the Sir Robert Peel leading the Tories in the Commons when <mask> was an MP) had introduced a Bill which was to apply to all children in textile mills and factories. Children under ten were not to be employed; children between ten and eighteen could work no more than ten hours a day, and nightworking by them was banned. After four years and three Committees taking evidence, Peel got an Act passed in 1819 which only applied to children in cotton mills and factories.Children under nine were not to be employed; children between nine and sixteen could work no more than twelve hours a day; the ban on nightworking remained. In 1825 John Cam Hobhouse had introduced a Bill to reduce the
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working day for children in cotton mills to eleven hours, but in face of organised opposition had settled for a three-hour reduction in their working week by a short Saturday. In 1831 Hobhouse introduced a Bill to consolidate the cotton mills Factory Acts and apply them to all textile mills; again there was considerable opposition and the Act passed applied only to cotton mills (and banned nightworking up to the age of 21). <mask> had been absent from Parliament because of ill-health, but attended specifically to speak on the Third Reading of Hobhouse's Bill, regretting its reduced scope (and referring to a petition in its favour from Dundee spinners to whom it was now irrelevant). A network of 'Short Time Committees' had grown up in the textile districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire, working for a 'ten-hour day Act ' for children, with many millhands in the Ten Hour Movement hoping that this would in practice also limit the adult working day. Witnesses to one of the Committees taking evidence on Peel's Bill had noted that there were few millworkers over forty, and that they themselves expected to have to stop mill work at that age because of 'the pace of the mill' unless working hours were reduced. Hobhouse advised Richard Oastler, a Yorkshire supporter of <mask>, that Hobhouse had got as much as he could, given the opposition of Scottish flax-spinners and 'the state of public business': if Sadler put forward a Bill matching the aims of the Short Time Committees “he will not be allowed to proceed a single stage with any enactment, and … he will only throw an air of ridicule and extravagance over the whole of this kind of
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legislation”.Oastler responded that a failure with a Ten Hour Bill would "not dishearten its friends. It will only spur them on to greater exertions, and would undoubtedly lead to certain success "
<mask>'s Bill when introduced indeed corresponded closely to the aims of the Short Time Committees. Hobhouse's ban on nightwork up to 21 was retained; no child under nine was to be employed; and the working day for under-eighteens was to be no more than ten hours (eight on Saturday). These restrictions were to apply across all textile industries. The Second Reading debate on <mask>'s bill did not take place until 16 March 1832, the Reform Bill having taken precedence over all other legislation. Meanwhile, petitions both for and against the Bill had been presented to the Commons; both Peel and Sir George Strickland had warned that the Bill as it stood was too ambitious: more MPs had spoken for further factory legislation than against, but many supporters wanted the subject to be considered by a Select Committee. <mask> had resisted this "if the present Bill was referred to one, it would not become a law this Session, and the necessity of legislating was so apparent, that he was unwilling to submit to the delay of a Committee, when he considered they could obtain no new evidence on the subject".In his long Second Reading speech, <mask> argued repeatedly that a Committee was unnecessary, but concluded by accepting that he had not convinced the House or the Government of this, and that the Bill would be referred to a Select Committee. (Lord Althorp, responding for the Government, noted that <mask>'s speech made a strong case for
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considering legislation, thought it did little to directly support the details of the Bill; the Government supported the Bill as leading to a Select Committee, but would not in advance pledge support for whatever legislation the Committee might recommend). This effectively removed any chance of a Factories Regulation Act being passed before Parliament was dissolved. <mask> was made chairman of the committee, which allowed him to make his case by hearing evidence from witnesses of <mask>'s selection, on the understanding that opponents of the Bill (or of some feature of it) would then have their innings. <mask> attempted (31 July 1832) to progress his Bill without waiting for the committee's report; when this abnormal procedure was objected to by other MPs, he withdrew the Bill. <mask>, as chairman of the committee, reported the minutes of evidence on 8 August 1832, when they were ordered to be printed. Parliament was prorogued shortly afterwards: <mask> gave notice of his intention to reintroduce a Ten-Hour Bill in the next session
Leeds Election 1832
At the 1832 election <mask> stood for the newly enfranchised seat of Leeds.His rival candidates were <mask> Macaulay a Whig politician of national standing (as well as a prolific reviewer for the Edinburgh Review) and John Marshall. Marshall's father had been a Leeds linen-draper and had become a millionaire by developing the spinning of flax by machinery, but as a Dissenter (Unitarian) had been excluded from Leeds Corporation (a'close corporation') – and hence prevented from becoming a magistrate – by the Anglican Tory circles which the Sadlers had joined. By 1832, the
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descended further into personalities; the accusation that Sadler had deserted Methodism for Anglicanism from worldly motives and now despised Methodists was repeated; countered by Sadler's supporters by an assertion that no orthodox Christian should vote for Marshall or Macaulay as they were both Socinians, which accusation the Whigs met with the revelation that Sadler was "sadly addicted to PROFANE SWEARING" and had "attended the SUNDAY parties of a certain Dowager not noted for keeping all the Ten Commandments"
When the result was declared, Marshall had 2012 votes, and Macaulay 1984; Sadler failed to be elected, trailing badly with 1596 votes
Final years
Fate of the Ten Hour Bill
Extracts from 'the report of Mr Sadler's Committee' began to appear in newspapers in January 1833 and painted a picture of the life of a mill-child as one of systematic over-work and systematic brutality. The conclusion many papers drew was that Sadler's Bill should be revived and passed.Lord Ashley, eldest son of the 6th Earl of Shaftesbury, took <mask>'s place as the leading spokesman in Parliament for the factory reform movement, and reintroduced the Bill. However MPs criticised both the report (since the only witnesses heard had been <mask>'s, the report was unbalanced; since witnesses had not testified on oath, doubts were expressed about the accuracy/veracity of the more lurid accounts of factory life) and <mask>'s conduct. 'An air of ridicule and extravagance' had been thrown not upon factory legislation, but upon the use of Select Committees for fact-finding on factory conditions. A Factory Commission was set up to investigate and report.
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<mask> and the Short Time Committees objected to any further fact-finding and attempted to obstruct the work of the Commissioners. Ashley's Bill proceeded to a Second Reading in early July 1833 (when the likely main recommendations of the commission were known, but its report was not yet available to MPs); Ashley wanted the Bill to then be considered by a Committee of the whole House and defeated Lord Althorp's amendment to refer the Bill to a Select Committee. However at Committee stage the first point considered where the Bill differed from the commission's was the age up to which hours of work should be limited Ashley lost (heavily) the vote on this, and left it to Althorp to pilot through a Factory Act based upon the commission's recommendations.Huddersfield by-election 1834
In the autumn of 1834, it became clear that a by-election at Leeds was imminent as Macaulay intended to resign his seat in Parliament. It was widely assumed that <mask> would be the Tory candidate. However, there was an unexpected by-election at Huddersfield. The Whig MP elected in 1832, had been opposed only by a Radical (Captain Wood) : since then Wood had converted to Catholicism and felt (or was advised) that this made it unlikely that he would win the by-election. Wood therefore advised his supporters to invite <mask> to stand as a Tory with Radical support. Whig papers then publicised allegations by John Foster, a former editor of the Leeds Patriot. The Patriot had been a Radical paper supporting the Ten-Hour movement which had been bankrupted by the legal costs of preparing to defend a libel action.Foster said that he had been promised that the
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Ten-Hour committee would pay all his legal costs and hadn't done so; that <mask> had promised before the Leeds election to pay a handsome price for the Patriot and reneged on the agreement post-election; that money collected for the Ten-Hour campaign had been misappropriated by Oastler; and that <mask> had been evasive and duplicitous. This mud-slinging aside, there were also underlying policy differences between the Tories and the Radicals (e.g. attitude to the Corn Laws) and the passage of Althorp's Factory Act had for the moment removed the Ten-Hour Bill as a cause behind which they could easily unite. For whichever reason, the Huddersfield Radicals refused to support <mask> (whose campaign was already well under way) and persuaded Wood to stand as their candidate. At the election, <mask> came second with 147 votes, Wood third (108), behind the successful Whig candidate (234 votes). This was the last election at which he stood: requisitioned to stand at the Leeds by-election, he declined the invitation. He and his family moved in July 1834 to Belfast, where he died in 1835 and was buried in Ballylesson churchyard.There is a Grade II listed statue of <mask> in St George's Fields (the former Woodhouse Cemetery) in Leeds. Major works
Ireland, Its Evils and their Remedies(first published 1828)
The Law of Population: A Treatise, in Six Books; (first published 1830)
Report of the Select Committee on his Factory Regulation Bill, 1832
Minor works
A refutation of an article in the Edinburgh Review (1830 : the article was the review by <mask> Macaulay of Sadler's Law of Population)
The Factory Girl's Last Day a
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<mask> (18 August 1937 – 11 December 1996) was an English cartoonist, satirist, comedian, actor and performer who co-founded the satirical magazine Private Eye. Early life
<mask> was born 18 August 1937 in 3 Wilbraham Place, Chelsea, London, the only child of publisher <mask> (1908-1958) and his Welsh wife Veronica (née James, 1910-1977). He was educated at Shrewsbury School, where he was not academically successful but met his future Private Eye colleagues Richard Ingrams, Paul Foot and Christopher Booker. He also contributed to the satirical magazine The Wallopian, (a play on the school magazine name The Salopian) mocking school spirit, traditions and the masters. Later, he said he recalled little of his schooldays, except that "it was Blandings country. The sort of place you go to die, not to be educated". After school Rushton had to perform two years of national service in the army, where he failed officer selection.He later commented, "The Army is, God bless it, one of the funniest institutions on earth and also a sort of microcosm of the world. It's split almost perfectly into our class system. Through serving in the ranks I discovered the basic wit of my fellow man – whom basically, to tell the truth, I'd never met before." On leaving the army, he worked in a solicitor's office for a short period. Private Eye and the satire boom
Rushton remained in contact with his Shrewsbury friends, who had added John Wells to their number and were now running their own humour magazines at Oxford, Parsons Pleasure and
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Mesopotamia, to which Rushton made many contributions during his frequent visits. A cartoon of a giraffe in a bar saying "The high balls are on me" was not met with approval by everyone in the university administrative quarters. Rushton suggested that Mesopotamia could continue after they left university.During his time as a clerk he had been sending his cartoons out to Punch but none had been accepted. After being knocked over by a bus, he gave up his job as a clerk, determined not to waste another day. After almost but not quite being accepted by Tribune (a Labour-supporting newspaper edited by Michael Foot, Paul's uncle), Rushton found a place at the Liberal News, which was also employing Christopher Booker as a journalist. From June 1960 until March 1961, he contributed a weekly strip, "Brimstone Belcher", following the exploits of the titular journalist (a fore-runner of Private Eyes Lunchtime O'Booze), from bizarre skulduggery in the British colonies (where the soldiers holding back the politicised rabble bear a strong resemblance to privates <mask> and Ingrams), travelogues through the US, and the hazards of by-electioneering as the independent candidate for the constituency of Gumboot North. After the strip folded, Rushton still contributed a weekly political cartoon to the Liberal News until mid-1962. The Salopians finally found a financier for their magazine and the first issue of Private Eye was published on 25 October 1961. Rushton put it together in his bedroom in Scarsdale Villas using Letraset and
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cow-gumming illustrations onto cards which were taken away to be photo-lithographed.He also contributed all the illustrations and the mast-head figure of Little Gnitty (who still appears on the cover, a blended caricature of John Wells and the Daily Express standard-head). One critic described the original lay-out of the magazine as owing much to "Neo-Brechtian Nihilism", although Rushton thought it resembled a betting shop floor. One feature in the early issues was the "Aesop Revisited", a full-page comic strip which let him work in a wealth of puns and background jokes. With Private Eye riding the satire boom, Peter Cook soon took an interest and contributed two serials recounting the bizarre adventures of Sir Basil Nardly-Stoads and the Rhandi Phurr, both of which were illustrated by Rushton, as was "Mrs Wilson's Diary". In the early days the team also worked on two books, Private Eye on London and Private Eye's Romantic England that make heavy use of his cartooning talents. One of the first Private Eye-published books was <mask>'s first collection of cartoons, <mask>'s Dirty Weekend Book (banned in Ireland). Reuniting with his Salopian chums had also reawakened Rushton's taste for acting.After they had finished university, he had accompanied his friends in a well-received revue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. (Richard Burton even appeared one night in their parody of Luther.) In 1961, Richard Ingrams directed a production of Spike Milligan's surreal post-nuclear apocalypse farce The Bed-Sitting Room, in which
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scare led Macmillan to resign and Sir Alec Douglas-Home became Prime Minister. It was necessary that Douglas-Home resign his peerage to find a safe Parliamentary seat. The Private Eye team were so disgusted by the Conservative Party's machinations that they decided to stand their own protest candidate in the Kinross and Western Perthshire by-election. Since he was the most well-known member of the team, <mask> was the obvious choice to stand. Rushton gained much attention from journalists, since he stood under the slogan "Death to the Tories". He polled only 45 votes, having advised his supporters at the last minute to vote Liberal, the Conservatives' only credible challenger. Douglas-Home won.Films, television and radio
When TW3 was cancelled in anticipation of the 1964 election, <mask> and some of the cast, as well as some of the members of the Cambridge University revue Cambridge Circus (including future Goodies Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie), went on tour in America as David Frost Presents TW3. <mask> and Barry Fantoni (another Private Eye contributor) entered a painting titled Nude Reclining, a satirical portrait of three establishment types, for the 1963 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition under the name of Stuart Harris, which excited much controversy. He also began a career as a character actor for films in 1963. In late 1964 <mask> was involved as one of the hosts in the early episodes of another satirical programme, Not So Much a Programme, but drifted away as it became the vehicle that launched David Frost as
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played Tim Brooke-Taylor's gay husband in Sharon Tate's last film before her murder, The Thirteen Chairs (1969), and Tobias Cromwell in Flight of the Doves (1971), as well as appearing in sex comedies such as Keep It Up Downstairs (1976), Adventures of a Private Eye (1977) and Adventures of a Plumber's Mate (1978). His final film appearance was as Big Teddy in Consuming Passions released in 1988. As a TV actor in the 1970s he appeared in episodes of popular programmes as different as The Persuaders!, Colditz (episode: "The Guests" – Major Trumpington in a kilt) and Up Pompeii! as the narrator Plautus. He was Dr Watson to John Cleese's Sherlock Holmes in N. F. Simpson's surreal comedy Elementary, My Dear Watson. In 1975 and 1976 he appeared in well-received pantomimes of Gulliver’s Travels; in 1981 in Eric Idle's Pass the Butler; and in 1988 as Peter Tinniswood's irascible Brigadier in Tales from a Long Room.<mask> also wrote two musicals:
Liz of Lambeth in 1976. Tallulah Who? in 1991, with Suzi Quatro and Shirlie Roden. In this period, he also found time to contribute seven humorous, spoken word pieces for the double LP, Tale of Ale. His last major solo TV project was Rushton's Illustrated (1980; partially wiped by ATV which often did not keep programmes considered of no international sales value). By now he was an established guest on quiz shows and celebrity panel games: Celebrity Squares, Blankety Blank, Countdown and Through the Keyhole. When asked why he appeared on these "ludicrous programmes", his answer was
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Cottage", and provided illustrations for many children's books. <mask> had not been involved in Private Eye since the latter part of the 1960s, other than a brief stint illustrating "Mrs Wilson's Diary" when the Labour Party came back into power in the mid-1970s. He returned to Private Eye in 1978 to take over the task of illustrating "Auberon Waugh's Diary", which continued until 1986.The cartoons perfectly complemented Auberon Waugh's scabrous and surreal flights of invective, and when Waugh moved his column to The Daily Telegraph as the "Way of the World" in 1990, Rushton followed, drawing at Waugh's instruction such surreal concepts as Richard Ingrams pretending to be a seven-year-old choirgirl, the head of a dead cow coming out of a computer connected to the then-new (in common usage) internet and a nude statue of Benjamin Britten with a bird bath discreetly covering its private parts. The Victoria and Albert Museum, recognising his accomplishments, commissioned 24 large colour illustrations which were collected as <mask>'s Great Moments of History. (<mask> had previous experience with the V&A when he had pulled a prank on the institution by labelling an electric plug socket in one of the galleries: "Plug hole designed by Hans Plug (b. 1908)", which remained for a full year – to the great annoyance of a cleaner who had to use a hefty extension lead for 12 months so as not to damage the exhibit.) This large-scale excursion into the use of colour was good practice for the monthly colour covers he created for the
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Literary Review when Waugh became its editor in 1986. <mask> drew these covers along with the fortnightly caricatures for Private Eyes literary review page until he died. <mask> had always been conscious of his weight, listing his recreations in Who's Who as "gaining weight, losing weight and parking", and in 1973 he had been the host of a slimming programme, Don't Just Sit There.His first major health scare had been the onset of diabetes (the cause of his father's death in 1958). Having to give up beer, Rushton became, according to Ingrams, "quite grumpy as a result, but his grumpiness had an admirable and jaunty quality to it." A sudden loss of three stone had prevented him from playing in Prince Rainier's XI at Monte Carlo, Monaco. Rushton was always passionate about cricket. His father had sent him for coaching at Lord's before he went to Shrewsbury. His cricket and general knowledge were called upon in his role as a regular team captain on BBC Radio 4's quiz show Trivia Test Match with Tim Rice and Brian Johnston, which ran from 1986 to 1993. Rushton was always an enthusiastic cricketer, playing in the Lord's Taverners, a charity celebrity cricket team.In 1989 he performed in The Secret Policeman's Biggest Ball. His act consisted of singing "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" and acting out the lyrics, which left him standing in a top hat, white tie, and tails – but no trousers. In his later years his cartoons were part of an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery. Death and memorials
<mask> died of a heart attack
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