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2007, Jamieson attended the Odyssey House drug detoxification unit in Sydney, to overcome his addiction to crystal methamphetamine, also known as "ice". Jamieson claimed the information had been leaked to the media a week later by a nurse, and said that he felt "My confidence, or my confidentiality, was completely raped". In July 2007, he went public in an interview with Andrew Denton on the TV program Enough Rope, and spoke of stealing from his bandmates to fuel his drug use and becoming estranged from his wife. Jamieson continued his rehabilitation at a private clinic with the support of Julie, his family and bandmates. <mask> and Julie embarked on the 'Rock N Ride' tour in January 2013 for Headspace, the National Youth and Mental Health Foundation.<mask> founded the tour with Adam Zammit, the CEO of the Big Day Out festivals. Together with 10 other Australian musician and media personalities, Jamieson completed a five-day motorbike tour from the Gold Coast Big Day Out to the Adelaide Big Day Out. The tour aimed to engage local communities and raise awareness about youth mental health issues and ice. They repeated the tour in 2014, but rode from the Gold Coast to Melbourne in error. Awards and nominations
APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA). |-
| 2003 || "Chemical Heart" – Patrick Davern, <mask> || Song of the Year ||
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| 2013 || "Passerby" – Davern, <mask> || Rock Work of the Year ||
Jack Awards
The annual Jack Awards ran from 2004 to 2007, they were sponsored by Jack Daniel's, the US-based whiskey company. Jamieson won Best Male Performer in 2005.References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Australian musicians
People from the Mid North Coast
Australian multi-instrumentalists
The Wrights (Australian band) members
21st-century Australian singers
21st-century Australian male
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<mask> (born 23 June 1989) is an Australian professional wrestler currently signed to Impact Wrestling, where she is one half of the current Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Champion with Cassie Lee in their first reign. She is best known for her time in WWE, where she performed under the ring name <mask>. She was one-half of the tag team The IIconics alongside Peyton Royce. In June 2007, <mask> made her professional wrestling debut at Pro Wrestling Alliance (PWA), and she debuted one-year later for the Pro Wrestling Women's Alliance promotion, where she became a two-time PWWA Champion. She later started competing on the independent circuit for multiple promotions in the United States for several years, most notably and commonly for Shimmer Women Athletes. Early life
<mask> began watching wrestling at the age of 10 along with her brother, and started her professional wrestling career first attending to the Australian promotion based in Sydney, Pro Wrestling Australia. Prior to becoming a wrestler, <mask> excelled in basketball.She attended the same high school (Westfields Sports) as fellow wrestler Cassie Lee. Professional wrestling career
Pro Wrestling Alliance Australia (2007–2015)
<mask> was trained by Madison Eagles. She debuted on 23 June 2007, on her eighteenth birthday, at PWA Australia with a win over Eagles and Aurora, wrestling under her birth name as <mask>. On 2 August 2008, <mask> defeated defending champion Kellie Skater to win the PWWA Championship for the first time. She had one successful title defence on 8 November against Tenille Tayla. On 22 November, she lost her title to Penni Lane. After Lane vacated her title due to injury, <mask> won the PWWA Championship for the second time in a four-way match against Kellie Skater, Sway, and
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Shazza McKenzie on 14 September 2009.<mask> had two successful title defences against KC Cassidy and Madison Eagles in March and May 2010, but lost the title to Eagles on 11 June 2010. In September 2011, <mask> failed to win a three-way match for the Shimmer Championship also featuring champion Madison Eagles and Nicole Matthews. In August 2012, in a match to crown the interim PWWA Champion, she was defeated by Evie. Shimmer Women Athletes (2008–2015)
<mask> began wrestling for the American all-female promotion Shimmer Women Athletes in October 2008, making her debut at Volume 21 along with Madison Eagles as the Pink Ladies, participating in a tag team gauntlet match to determine the inaugural Shimmer Tag Team Champions, but were the first team eliminated. <mask> made her singles debut in Shimmer with a loss to Kellie Skater at Volume 24. At Volume 33 in September 2010, <mask> defeated Nicole Matthews, after losing to Matthews earlier that year in April at Volume 30. She followed up with an upset victory over Ayako Hamada and Sara Del Rey in a three-way match by pinning former Shimmer Champion Del Rey at Volume 34.As a result, later in September 2010, <mask> was granted a title match against her trainer and former tag partner, Shimmer Champion Madison Eagles at Volume 35, but failed to win. After her failed title challenge, <mask> continued her feud with Nicole Matthews. At Volume 36, she teamed up with Tenille, challenging The Canadian NINJAs (Matthews and Portia Perez) for the Shimmer Tag Team Championship, but were defeated. However, she gained a victory over the Canadian NINJAs at Volume 38 while teaming with Serena. <mask> concluded her feud with Matthews with a loss in a two-out-of-three falls match at Volume 39 in March 2011. In March 2012,
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victories over Mia Yim at Volume 45 and former Shimmer Champion MsChif at Volume 46 led to <mask> receiving another shot at the Shimmer Championship, but lost to defending champion Cheerleader Melissa at Volume 47. At Volume 53 in April 2013, <mask> was defeated by Madison Eagles in Eagles' return match.At Volume 57, <mask> defeated Mercedes Martinez. Other promotions (2008–2015)
Other than wrestling for Shimmer, <mask> has also wrestled for other American promotions, including Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) and Ring of Honor (ROH) in 2008, and Chikara in 2011. She also wrestled for the Canadian promotion NCW Femmes Fatales in 2012. <mask> debuted for the American promotion Shine Wrestling at Shine 9 in April 2014, with a victory in a six-person tag team match, teaming with Kellie Skater and Shazza McKenzie to defeat Nikki Roxx, Santana and Mia Yim. WWE (2015–2021)
NXT (2015–2018)
<mask> received a tryout with WWE during their tour of Australia in August 2014 and became an NXT trainee on 13 April 2015. <mask> made her televised in-ring debut on the 10 June episode of NXT, where she competed in a losing effort against Becky Lynch under the ring name Jessie. On 7 August, she was given the new ring name <mask>.After competing in most of her matches at NXT as a face, <mask> competed on her first match as a heel on the 21 October episode of NXT, losing to Asuka. Through the end of 2015, <mask> started being managed by fellow wrestler, Sylvester Lefort, during multiple NXT live events, however, it did not last for long after Lefort was released from his contract in February 2016. On the 13 January 2016 episode of NXT, <mask> competed in a number one contender's battle royal for Bayley's NXT Women's Championship, which was won by Carmella. <mask> made her
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first appearance on the main roster on the 30 June episode of SmackDown, where she worked as a jobber losing to Dana Brooke. <mask> finally made her return to NXT television on 27 July, where she achieved her first live victory in the company by defeating Santana Garrett. After asking NXT's general manager William Regal for a match at TakeOver: Brooklyn II on the 17 August episode of NXT, she was granted one against the debutant Ember Moon. At the event on 20 August, <mask> was defeated by Moon.Following a brief hiatus, <mask> returned on the 21 September episode of NXT, where she defeated Aliyah. In October, <mask> started an alliance with Peyton Royce, later dubbed The Iconic Duo, and later entered a feud with Liv Morgan with the duo attacking and defeating Morgan in singles matches. This ultimately led to a six-women tag team match at TakeOver: Toronto, which was taped and aired for the 23 November episode of NXT, in which Aliyah, Ember Moon, and Morgan defeated <mask>, Royce, and their partner Daria Berenato. In the end of December, <mask> and Royce were placed in a brief feud with the NXT Women's Champion Asuka after the latter stated there is no competition for her. This resulted in a fatal four-way match, which also involved Nikki Cross, at the TakeOver: San Antonio event on 28 January 2017, in which both <mask> and Royce failed to capture the NXT Women's Championship. The IIconics (2018–2020)
<mask> and Royce, now dubbed The IIconics, made their main roster debut on the 10 April 2018 episode of SmackDown Live attacking then SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair, whilst she was cutting a promo about her match at WrestleMania 34. Week later, <mask> lost to Flair.In their first match together as part of the main roster, The IIconics racked up
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their first victory against Asuka and Becky Lynch. Throughout the next few months, <mask> competed in various singles and tag team matches but ended up on the losing end. In August, The IIconics started their first feud on the main roster, with Naomi, and the two were able to defeat her in singles matches. Eventually, Naomi teamed up with Asuka but lost to the IIconics at the Super Show-Down on 6 October, held in the latter's homeland of Australia. Three weeks later, both <mask> and Royce took part in WWE's first all-women's pay-per-view, Evolution; they were the first two eliminated from a battle royal for a future women's championship match. On 27 January 2019, both <mask> and Royce entered their first Royal Rumble match at number 7 and number 9, respectively, and they managed to eliminate Nikki Cross, before they both were eliminated by Lacey Evans. On 17 February, at the Elimination Chamber event, The IIconics competed in a tag team Elimination Chamber match for the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, which was won by The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks).In March, The IIconics started a feud with Banks and Bayley, whom they defeated in a non-title match. Because of their win, they (and two other teams) challenged Banks and Bayley for the championship at WrestleMania 35 in a fatal four-way match. At the event, which took place on 7 April, The IIconics won the match after <mask> pinned Bayley to win the Women's Tag Team Championship for the first time. On the 5 August episode of Raw, The IIconics lost the titles to Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross in a fatal four-way match also involving the teams of The Kabuki Warriors (Asuka and Kairi Sane) and Fire and Desire (Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville). On 16 October, it was announced that
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The IIconics had been drafted to the Raw brand as supplemental picks of the 2019 WWE Draft. After a brief hiatus, <mask> and Royce made their return on the 11 May 2020 episode of Raw, interrupting WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross. They later defeated the champions in a non-title match.They would unsuccessfully challenge for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championships multiple times throughout the summer. They would begin a feud with Ruby Riott mocking her backstage for not having any friends. They would go on to trade victories as <mask> and Royce defeated Riott while Riott defeated <mask>. At Payback, The IIconics were defeated by Riott and her newly reunited tag partner Liv Morgan. The following night on Raw, The IIconics were forced to disband after losing to The Riott Squad per stipulation. The Resume (2020–2021)
As part of the 2020 Draft in October, <mask> went undrafted and was subsequently signed as a free agent to the SmackDown brand. <mask> would then begin a storyline on SmackDown where she would offer Superstars such as Street Profits and Big E to look at her resume only to be rejected by them.On the 1 January 2021 episode of SmackDown, she helped The Riott Squad defeat Natalya and Tamina, much to their dismay. Over the next few weeks, <mask> would try to persuade The Riott Squad to add her to their group as she accompanied them to the ring during their matches and attempted to interfere in matches on their behalf, seemingly turning face for the first time since October 2015. However, <mask> resumed as a heel when she teamed with Carmella for a tag team turmoil match on Night 1 of WrestleMania 37, which was won by Natalya and Tamina. This would in turn be <mask>'s final appearance in WWE as she (along with her former
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partner Peyton Royce) were released from their WWE contracts on 15 April 2021. Impact Wrestling (2021–present)
At Knockouts Knockdown on 9 October 2021, it was announced that The IIconics, now known as The IInspiration, would be making their debut for Impact Wrestling at Bound for Glory. At Bound for Glory, they defeated Decay (Havok and Rosemary) to win the Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Championship. On November 20, at Turning Point, The IInspiration had their first successful title defense, when they defeated Decay once again.Other media
<mask> as <mask> made her WWE video game debut as a playable character in WWE 2K18, having since appeared in both WWE 2K19 and WWE 2K20. On 19 August 2020, <mask> launched her own YouTube channel. On 16 May 2021, <mask> alongside Cassie Lee launched a comedy and variety podcast titled Off Her Chops. Championships and accomplishments
Impact Wrestling
Impact Knockouts World Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Cassie Lee
Pro Wrestling Women's Alliance
PWWA Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 34 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2012
Ranked No. 50 of the top 50 tag teams in the PWI Tag Team 50 in 2020 – with Peyton Royce
Sports Illustrated
Ranked No. 25 in the top 30 female wrestlers in 2018
WWE
WWE Women's Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Peyton Royce
NXT Year-End Award (1 time)
Breakout of the Year (2016) – with Peyton Royce
References
External links
The IInspiration's Impact Wrestling profile
1989 births
Australian female professional wrestlers
Australian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Sportswomen from New South
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Theodore "<mask>" <mask> () was an Indonesian-Dutch businessman who was instrumental in developing Macau as a tourist destination and who was a Formula One team owner in the 1970s. Early life and business career
<mask>, an ethnic Indonesian Chinese of Hakka ancestry from Meixian, Guangdong, China was born as Jap Tek Lie in Medan, on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia in 1907. At that time Indonesia was the Dutch East Indies, a colony of the Netherlands. <mask>p studied in the Netherlands and took Dutch nationality. He moved to Hong Kong in the 1940s and began to build up his business empire which included travel agencies, hotels, casinos and trading companies. Yip spoke many languages including six Chinese variants (most notably Hakka being his native tongue, Mandarin and Cantonese due to his residence in Hong Kong and Macau), Dutch (through his life experience during the Dutch colonial rule and the owning of his Dutch citizenship), English, French, German, Malay (Indonesian) (since he was born and spent his childhood in Indonesia prior his move to the Netherlands for his studies) and Thai which helped him expand his businesses into property and finance. Yip started racing cars for fun in the 1950s at the wheel of a Toyopet Model SA.In 1962 he and several partners, including his brother-in-law Stanley Ho, formed the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau with a monopoly to run all casino operations and many other leisure activities in Macau, including lotteries, ferries and hotels. <mask>p established the Casino Lisboa along with Stanley Ho (the brother of his wife Susie Ho) and their two other partners (<mask> Hon and Henry Fok). The Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau transformed Macau into a major tourist destination. Yip was the force behind the Macau Grand Prix, a prestigious annual motor racing event in the streets of Macau often won by drivers who would go on to great success in Formula One. Motor racing
In the early 1970s Yip met Sid Taylor, a racing team manager and former racing driver from
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Ireland. In 1974 <mask>p sponsored Australian driver Vern Schuppan in a Formula 5000 team managed by Taylor and in Formula One with Team Ensign. In 1975 he continued to sponsor Schuppan in races in America and for 1976 supported Alan Jones in the US Formula 5000 series, also establishing his Theodore Racing, run by Sid Taylor, who entered an Ensign in F1 with Patrick Tambay as the driver.After a difficult year in 1977, <mask> commissioned Ron Tauranac to build him a Formula One car. The car was difficult to drive and Eddie Cheever failed to qualify in both Brazil and Argentina but Keke Rosberg took the car to a shock victory at the 1978 BRDC International Trophy at Silverstone, a non-championship race that was held in extremely wet conditions that year. Rosberg qualified for only one Grand Prix that year, in South Africa. The car was abandoned in mid-season. In America, Yip financially supported Dan Gurney's Eagle team. In 1979, Yip helped to fund Ensign but the car was not a success. The car was driven by Derek Daly, Patrick Gaillard, and Marc Surer but there were no points scored.At the end of 1978 and through 1979 <mask> also funded a British F1 programme with Walter Wolf Racing WR3, WR4 and WR6 for David Kennedy who finished runner up in the series. His British F1 programme also ran Desiré Wilson in Wolf WR4 to a famous win at Brands Hatch in 1980. Kennedy moved to Shadow in 1980 with, initially, Stefan Johansson and later Geoff Lees as team mate but the team was chronically underfunded and using a very poorly engineered DN11 chassis. After a few races Yip took over ownership from founder Don Nichols and introduced a DN12 chassis which also proved a failure. After both cars failed to qualify for the French Grand Prix in June Yip closed down the Shadow team. Yip rethought his involvement in racing and ended most of his other activities in order to concentrate on F1. With Sid Taylor and Julian Randles he established Theodore Racing Ltd. and recruited designer Tony Southgate and team manager Jo Ramírez.The new
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car was dubbed the TY01 and was driven by Tambay at the start of 1981. In the mid-season Tambay was lured away by Ligier and <mask> gave the drive to Marc Surer. The same car was developed in 1982 and it became obvious that small teams could not easily survive in the turbo era. Yip merged Theodore with Ensign and used the Nigel Bennett-designed Ensign N183 design as a Theodore. The team hired drivers Johnny Cecotto and Roberto Guerrero but at the end of that season the team shut down and Mo Nunn moved to America, where he enjoyed great success as a race engineer through the 1980s and into the 1990s and eventually set up a successful team of his own in Champ Car. Yip had long run a team each year at the Macau GP and in 1983 was behind the switch from Formula Pacific rules to Formula Three rules. The result was a huge success and Theodore Racing has won the event many times, notably with Ayrton Senna in 1983.Yip reduced his involvement in motor racing sponsorship in the late 1980s and finally sold his share of his company in Macau to his brother-in-law. His son <mask> Jr. revived the Theodore Racing brand in various single seater racing formulae. Death
<mask> died at the age of 96 in 2003. News of his death and the subsequent funeral received extensive coverage in television, radio and print media in Southeast Asia. Family
In December 2018, <mask>, the oldest son of <mask>, died in a school bus crash at North Point, Hong Kong that killed four other people on 10 December 2018. He succumbed to his injuries from the accident at Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital in Chai Wan. Footnotes
References
Sources
Profile at www.grandprix.com
1907 births
2003 deaths
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
Businesspeople in financial services sector
Businesspeople in real estate
Dutch chief executives
Dutch motorsport people
Dutch people of Chinese descent
Formula One team owners
Indonesian chief executives
Indonesian emigrants to the Netherlands
Indonesian people of Chinese descent
People from Medan
People from Meixian
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<mask> (1877–1916) was an Irish activist & revolutionary. Early life and family (1877–1906)
<mask> was born 24 November 1877. His parents were Michael and Mary (née Sinnott), they were married 20 January 1877. Michael died at age 37 (about 1887). Mary, born 22 May 1858, to Hugh Synnott [sic] and Margaret Doyle, was 29-years-old when her husband died. <mask> grew up with his younger brothers Hugh, John and Michael and sister Margaret in a place known as 'The Spot’ in Lisdornan near Julianstown, Stamullen and Bellewstown, in Co. Meath, Ireland. He resided there until the close of 1900 when his family moved to a second home, also in Lisdornan, and where he continued to live until his departure for Dublin.In 1904 he moved to Baldoyle, Co. Dublin, to begin employment at the Metropolitan Baldoyle Race Company Limited. There, he worked as a Senior Groundskeeper and Steward of the Turf Club, skilled in the construction and maintenance of 'the turf' and grounds, as well as creation of a new five-furlong gallop which would become renowned as one of the best in north-west Europe. He had previously been employed in the same endeavours at The Bellewstown Racecourse, the oldest racecourse in Europe.. It was in the rich countryside of Meath, that as a young man, <mask> developed his hunting (grouse, geese, ducks and deer) and weaponry skill and knowledge, which proved of great benefit to the men and women trained, and drilled, under him in the Irish Citizen's Army, at Liberty Hall, and Croydon Park, Fairview, working alongside Captain Jack White. <mask> married Ann Rooney from the Portmarnock-Malahide area in 1908 and they went on to have three sons, Michael born in 1909, Joseph born in 1911 and <mask>, who was
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born in 1914. Ann was the daughter of Joseph Rooney, of Maynetown, the Rooney family later moved to the extant thatched cottage in the village of Baldoyle. <mask> and his family lived on Station Road (by Sutton Train Station—where Sutton meets Baldoyle), in ‘Sutton Cottages’ (or 'The Knock of Howth Cottages').In the 1911 Census of Ireland <mask> and Ann had three boarders listed as living in their home, her two brothers-in-law: <mask> (47) and Lawrence Rooney (38), as well as a 'William Kennedy'—also later members of the Fingal branch of the ICA. <mask>, Joseph McDonagh and Michael Nolan - socialists, activists and members of the United Irish League, were instrumental in the establishment of the ITGWU. They later organized its founding meeting in Baldoyle, Dublin. Soon there after, they were to found, and lead, the area branch of the Irish Citizens Army (ICA). Had <mask> lived he would have no doubt achieved a high ranking political office as his surviving colleagues later did. The Irish Citizen Army (ICA) was an armed and well-trained body of civilian men & women whose aim was to defend workers and strikers, particularly from the frequent brutality of the Dublin Metropolitan Police. Though the ICA only numbered about 250 at most, their goal soon became the establishment of an independent and socialist Irish nation.Other prominent members included Constance Markievicz, Kit Poole, Francis Sheehy-Skeffington, Seán O'Casey and P. T. Daly. In 1916, they took part in the Easter Rising – an armed insurrection aimed at ending British rule in Ireland. The ICA uniform was dark green with a slouched hat and badge in the shape of the Red Hand of Ulster. Their banner was the Plough and the Stars. The
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significance of the banner was that a free Ireland would control its own destiny from the plough to the stars, and the symbolism of the flag was evident in its earliest inception of a plough with a sword as its blade. Taking inspiration from the bible and following the internationalist aspect of socialism it reflected the belief that war would be redundant with the rise of the Socialist International. This was flown by the Irish Citizens Army during the 1916 rising.The Easter Rising/The Easter Rebellion (1906–1916)
On Easter Monday morning in 1916, Lieutenant <mask>, the Military Commanding Officer of the collective Baldoyle, Sutton and Howth branch (Fingal, Section 7) of the Dublin county contingent of the Irish Citizen's Army, led his battalion of men to Liberty Hall in Dublin city centre to join the uprising against the oppression of the British Empire. Members of the same battalion were already at work severing the communications of the Royal Irish Constabulary to London. About 1,200 members of the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army mustered at several locations in central Dublin, among them members of the all-female Cumann na mBan.The British Imperial forces brought 20,000 in reinforcements, as well as artillery and a gunboat. A joint force of about 400 Volunteers and Citizen Army gathered at Liberty Hall under the command of Commandant <mask>. This was the rebel headquarters, and it also included Commander-in-Chief Patrick Pearse, as well as Tom Clarke, Seán MacDermott and Joseph Plunkett. <mask>, because of his military prowess, was assigned to the General Post Office, on Sackville Street (now "O'Connell Street"). Organised by members of the Military Council of the Irish Republican
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Brotherhood, the Rising began on (Easter Monday) 24 April 1916, and lasted for six days.Members of the Irish Volunteers — led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist Patrick Pearse, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army and 200 women of Cumann na mBan — seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic. They marched to the General Post Office (GPO) on O'Connell Street, Dublin's main thoroughfare, occupied the building and hoisted two republican flags. Pearse stood outside and read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic. Copies of the Proclamation were also pasted on walls and handed out to bystanders by Volunteers and newsboys. The GPO would be the rebels' headquarters for most of the Rising. There was fierce street fighting on the routes into the city centre, where the rebels put up stiff resistance, slowing the British advance and inflicting heavy casualties. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting mainly consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles.The main rebel positions were gradually surrounded and bombarded with artillery shells. Lieutenant <mask> served as a Military Commander (Fingal, Section 7) to <mask>, the Commandant and Commander-in-Chief of the Dublin Brigade in The Easter Rising of 1916. <mask> was a member of the Irish Labour Party and the Irish Trades Union Congress and, like Connolly, an advocate of socialism. In 1913, <mask> joined the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), founded by <mask>, <mask>, and ex-British officer, Jack White, in response to the Lockout of 1913. Connolly's leadership in the Easter rising was considered formidable. Michael Collins said of Connolly that he "would have followed him through hell."" <mask> and his colleagues were stationed at the GPO,
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and during that faithful Easter Week on Wednesday, 26 April 1916, he was shot by a sniper's bullet.The location of his killing is variously recorded as in the GPO and Moore Lane. A total of eleven Citizen Army men were killed in action in the rising, in the City Hall/Dublin Castle, Stephen's Green and the GPO areas. Connolly issued orders to surrender following a week of relentless shelling by the British forces and the civilian casualties that ensued. He and his Chief of Staff Michael Mallin were executed by British army firing squad some weeks later. The surviving ICA members were interned in Frongoch in Wales and in English prisons for nine to 12 months. The ICA was only rebel force that accepted female recruits so a number of women joined their ranks. The best known was the Countess Markievicz who became Honorary Treasurer and acted under Michael Mallin at St Stephen’s Green.It ceased to be a major military force in its own right, but former members donned uniforms again to provide a guard of honour at the funeral on Countess Markievicz in 1927, and again at the funeral of <mask> in 1947. Posthumous decorations, commemorations and legacy
<mask> was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery alongside many of his fallen comrades and joined the list of civilians and volunteers men and women who had given their life in the fight for the freedom and independence of Ireland—his name appears on the memorial there (also in Gaelic as ‘Seamus Mac Chormaic’). <mask> based away in 1928 at age 45, her cousin Cecilia 'Sissy' Shaw took on the responsibility of raising the three sons. The bronze medals awarded posthumously to <mask>, for recognized military service to Ireland, are on a green and orange ribbon stamped
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with the message “Seachtmhain na Casga 1916”. A native of the Dardistown, Lisdornan and the Bellewstown area, Meath County Council and The Bellewstown Heritage Group unveiled a Commemoration Plaque to <mask> on the Lisdornan/Dardistown boundary exactly 100 years to the day he was shot, newly named <mask>ack Memorial Bridge. In civilian life, <mask>'s expertise was in the envisaging, fabrication and maintenance of racecourses—at Bellewstown Racecourse and later Baldoyle Racecourse, both renowned. In 2016, a one hundred-year commemorative plaque and park bench were dedicated in his name at the Baldoyle Racecourse Community Garden.Many of his descendants still living in Baldoyle/Sutton/Howth area, and from further afield, were able to attend this 2016 memorial and plaque installation. <mask> Gardens, named to his memory, is the secluded development of houses and private cul-de-sac built by the local authority off Burrowfield Road, Dublin in 1949. <mask>'s son, Joseph, raised his family on that road, and his daughter, <mask> senior's granddaughter, <mask>, raised her family on Station Road in 'Sutton Cottages'—the a few house down from where <mask> and his family had lived from 1908. In December 2015, local Dublin historian Philip O’Connor said at a lecture:
“A diverse community, unlike any other, Howth, Sutton, and Baldoyle reveals an extraordinary story of a North Dublin rural and suburban community in a time of national revolution. Baldoyle produced the only substantial unit of the Citizen Army ... several of whom fought bravely and honourably in the 1916 Rising and later struggles including for social justice in the Free State of the hard 1920s.”
References
1877 births
1916 deaths
Irish
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was a Japanese actor. He appeared in over 200 films, including Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, Rashomon, Yojimbo, and Ikiru. He also worked repeatedly for noted directors such as Yasujirō Ozu, Mikio Naruse and Kenji Mizoguchi. Career
Born as <mask> to a theatrical family, his older brother was the actor Kunitarō Sawamura and his older sister the actress Sadako Sawamura. He joined the Zenshinza Theatre Company in 1933 and appeared in a number of stage and film productions under the stage name Enji Ichikawa, including Sadao Yamanaka's Humanity and Paper Balloons and Kenji Mizoguchi's The 47 Ronin. After spending the war in New Guinea, he returned to Japan and signed with the Daiei Film studio, appearing now under the name <mask>. In addition to appearing in traditional jidaigeki roles, notably as one of Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, Katō became a popular everyman in contemporary shōshimin-eiga movies.His transfer to Toho in 1951 was an astute career choice, as he emerged as one of their most prolific performers; by the late 1950's he was headlining minor films and co-starring in major ones, including their Company President (Shachō) comedies. Toho leveraged Katō's cherubic appeal, featuring him heavily in promotional materials, and his celebrity grew beyond the typical status of a supporting
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player. His 1961 book about his wartime experiences, Minami no shima ni yuki ga furu (Snow in the South Seas), was adapted by Toho as a showcase for <mask>, who was top-billed, paired with major studio comic actor Junzaburō Ban (who received the only other solo screen credit), and supported with guest appearances by A-list Toho stars Hisaya Morishige, Tatsuya Mihashi, Keiju Kobayashi, and Frankie Sakai. The book later became an NHK television drama, a stage play, and a second film. Honors
<mask> Katō won the Blue Ribbon Award and Mainichi Film Concours for Best Supporting Actor in 1952 for Kettō Kagiya no Tsuji and Mother, and the Blue Ribbon Award in 1954 for Bloody Spear at Mount Fuji and Koko ni izumi ari. On June 7, 1963, Katō was the subject of the Asahi Shimbun Interview, a distinction reserved for notable members of the arts, sports, political, and business communities. In 2008, Katō was one of the actors commemorated in the Seven Supporting Characters film festival held at the now-defunct Cinema Artone in Tokyo's Shimokitazawa entertainment district.Family
Kato's nephews are the actors Masahiko Tsugawa and Hiroyuki Nagato. His son, Haruyuki <mask>, married Kazuko Kurosawa, the costume designer and daughter of Akira Kurosawa. His grandson by Harayuki and Kazuko is actor Takayuki
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<mask> (born 18 March 1932 in Cairo, Egypt), is a linguist who specializes in Kurdish language and literature. <mask>, editor-in-chief of Kurdish Studies, has taught at the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO). She is a member of the research team "Monde Iranien" of CNRS, <mask> is the author of numerous studies on the language, literature and civilization of the Kurds. <mask> was a close associate of the left-wing activist Henri Curiel and shared in much of his activities, starting when both were living in Egypt and continuing during many years of shared French exile. Following Curiel's assassination in 1978, <mask> founded and headed the Comité Palestine et Israël Vivront, which throughout the 1980s continued Curiel's work in promoting dialogue between the PLO and Israeli Peace Movement. Publications
1963, The Kurdish problem, sociological and historical essay, publication of the Center for the Study of the Problems of the Contemporary Muslim World, Brussels, 80 p. + a card. 1964, "Intercommunity Relations in Iraq", in: Studies, Correspondence d'Orient, n ° 5-6, published by the Center for the Study of the Problems of the Contemporary Muslim World, Brussels, p. 87-102.1965, "Three texts of Kurdish folklore", in: Etudes, Correspondence d'Orient, published by the Center for the Study of the Problems of the Contemporary Muslim World, Brussels, pp. 29–50. 1965, Kurdish Dictionary / Kurdish Dictionary, Center for the Study of the Problems of the Contemporary Muslim World,
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kovara komeleya nivîskarên kurd the Swêdê, sal 1, hejmar 3.1995, "Life and Work of Thomas Bois, 1900-1975", in: Journal of Kurdish Studies, Vol. 1, Peeters Press, Leuven, pp. 85–96. 1996, "Kurdish written literature", in: Kurdish Culture and Identity, ed. Philip Kreyenbroek & Christine Allison, Zed Books, Middle Eastern Studies pp. 20–28. 1999, Manual of Kurdish Kurdish, in collaboration with Veysi Barak, L'Harmattan, 225 p.
1999, "Relations between Jews and Muslims in Kurdistan", in: Islam of the Kurds, The Annals of the Other Islam, No.5, INALCO, Paris, p. 199-224. 2000, Method of Kurdish Sorani, The Harmattan, 323 p.
2000, "The development of Kurdish literature in the city", in: The Journal of Kurdish Studies, vol. III, 1998-2000, Louvain, Peeters Press, p. 85-91. 2005, "Kurdish literature", in: Passerelles, Kurdistan, Revue d'Etudes interculturelles, Thionville, pp. 287–296. 2010, "Written Kurdish Literature", in: Oral Literature of Iranian Languages, ed. by Philip G. Kreyenbroek & Ulrich Marzolph, A History of Persian Literature XVIII, I.B.Tauris, pp. 1–31. 2012, "Kurdish Literature," in: Kurdish Studies, Kurdish Literature, The Harmattan, pp. 5–36. See also
Related articles
Kurdish Institute of Paris
Kurd of 'Amadiya and Djabal Sindjar
References
External links
Information on the Kurdish language by <mask>LAU
Titles Etudes Kurdes
KURDE MANUAL Kurmanji, Veysi Barak, <mask>, Editions de l'Harmattan, 1999
Linguists from France
Women linguists
Kurdish language
Kurdologists
1932 births
People
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<mask> is an Australian/American musician. In 1984, with bass player Mark Ferrie, guitarists Terry Doolan and Andrew Pendlebury, and drummer Des Hefner, <mask> formed the Slaughtermen in Melbourne, a mid eighties post-punk alternative Southern gospel group (albeit 12,000 miles away from their original source of inspiration, America's Deep South Bible Belt). Around this time <mask> began private voice lessons with vocal coach Eve Godley and later at the Melba Conservatorium. Much earlier <mask> had studied piano at the Andrios School of Music in Footscray, which was also attended by Mark Ferrie, although not at the same time. Prior to the Slaughtermen, <mask>'s checkered career included The Armchairs, a satirical four piece outfit co-founded with Johnny Topper which had its debut in 1979 at the infamous Crystal Ballroom in St Kilda. Other members included guitarist Pierre Jaquinot, Andrew Snow, drums, and Fred Cass, bass. Later incarnations featured Rod Haywood, guitar, and Sue Parncutt, bass.The Armchairs released a 7-inch Ep, Ski Lo Lo, and a 12" album, Party Time, on Missing Link Records with the entire B side taken up by a 20-minute version of "La Bamba". The Armchairs, later with the help of <mask>, who in the early 1980s <mask> had struck up a songwriting partnership with, morphed into the mildly successful, yet short lived 11 piece group, Go Wild in French, which featured songs of Elvis Presley, as well as original compositions. Fed up with the claustrophobic Melbourne scene, <mask> moved to Sydney in 1989 and recorded a solo album with some members of The Danglin' Bros and others, entitled Workin' on The Nightshift, which was released on Agape records
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through EMI. This was followed in 1996 by King of the Cross, released on the Massive label. A collection of original and Southern gospel songs. In 1998, he recorded and self-released Cementville, the title inspired after visiting the town of the same name while driving through Indiana en route to Memphis, Tennessee. in 1997.The album contained bleak and acerbic observations of Australian life. In 2000, <mask> moved to San Francisco and while living in the Mission District continued recording and releasing a number of left of center albums. In 2003 <mask>, together with Broadway and cabaret star, Houston Allred, (the son of James V. Allred, 33rd Governor of Texas), "Genetically Challenged Drag queen" Anita Cocktail, her partner Sharon Boggs and Norman Anderson collectively known as The Shakers, performed at various venues in San Francisco, Millbrae and their hometown bar, in Brisbane, California, the infamous 23 Club. The group split somewhat acrimoniously in 2006, and <mask> returned to creating new music in the Brisbane environment. In 2004, <mask>, along with Brisbanite Sharon De Milo and Australian singer/guitarist, Sally De Jesus recorded and released the self-titled album Capital Expressway. Capital Expressway was recorded in four days and largely improvised. The CD contains original compositions, and has been described as "The Shaggs meet The Stooges".A San Francisco Indie Music Festival review panel described it in so many words, "It seems as though the band is purposefully singing and playing badly, so if this is the intention, why not make it worse?" Since 2006 a compilation series, Eden vol 1 and Eden vol 2, featuring <mask> musical highlights
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from the past 25 years has also been commercially available. In June 2006, <mask> moved to Orange County, in upstate New York recording and releasing a new CD, Singing Is A Hobby and a Waste of Time, which featured music]al content such as "Amish Man", "U Two Suck on Wheels" and "Welcome to the New Fascism" under a musical banner described as Psychedelic existential urban alternative rock. In Nov 2009 <mask> released "War is Peace" an album psychedelic comedy music, featuring the musical and instrumental contributions of fellow Australians now residing in the USA, Keith Glass and Randy Bulpin. John Cobbin and MaryAnne Slavich from Sydney, Australia contributed as well. In Dec 2006, at Federal Hall National Memorial in New York City <mask> became a United States citizen. In 2010 <mask> released "Tea First Then Sex", a 13 track CD of original compositions recorded at Granite Fortess an 1895 Romanesque style Frank Estabrook designed house, in Upstate New York.Several of these compositions were the result of an earlier project, with Keith Glass involving the poetry of John Laws, which was terminated for reasons unknown. Players on the CD include Randy Bulpin, and Keith Glass, who co-wrote several of the songs. In January 2011, under the nom-de-plume of Sabrage, <mask> released "This is Very Gay", a nine track Electronica/Dance CD on the IAW label. Tracks included "Frostcreep", "Velvet Cough" and "Strollermeat"
In January 2012 saw the release of "Great Wall of Sound", a completely instrumental project, recorded in Sydney Australia in 2000, and unreleased until the present time. August 2013 saw the release of "Per Sempre" <mask>'s 9th album. An album of "love"
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songs described as "like looking at a Diorama in a natural history museum". To coincide with its release, <mask> and the Imperfectionists.(Johnny Moonlight-guitar, Barry Divola -bass, Mary Anne Slavich -vocals and Tony Slavich- keyboards, and 'Bird' David Two Hill – drums), played a one-off show on 15 August 2013, at the Green Room Lounge in Enmore, NSW. In 2014 <mask> and the Imperfectionists featuring the 2013 line up, minus MaryAnne and Tony Slavich, played a one-off show in August at the Petersham Bowling Club in Sydney Australia. This show was replicated in 2015 with the addition of Graham Osborn on guitar and vocals. On March 6, 2015 <mask> released 9, his tenth solo album. 2016 saw the release of <mask>'s 11th solo album, Uncivilization recorded at the Granite Fortress. Randy Bulpin played guitar on a two of the tracks. In November 2016, a limited pressing, live recording was made available by mail order only."Far Out Man - Live at the Fortress" Featuring <mask> on guitar and vocals, along with Randy Bulpin on guitar, Scott Kenyon, keyboards, Patrick O'Gorman drums, and Gary Ferraro bass. In 2017 it was decided that all further <mask> releases for the foreseeable future would be under the Far Out Man name. This coincided with the release of Far Out Man - Far Out, a ten track album of original songs, recorded at "The Fortress" in Upstate New York. In 2018 Far Out Man was effectively mothballed, and <mask> returned to eponymous releases with Insanity in 2019 and International Excellence in 2020. Discography
1979 <mask>'s Schizoprenia 4 track 7" EP Reverse Records
1980 The Armchairs – Ski Lo Lo 4 track 7" EP Reverse Records
1982 The Armchairs – Party
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<mask> is a Bulgarian composer for film and television and a concert pianist. He performs on the piano and improvises in the styles of jazz, classical and world music. <mask>v's father was a concert trumpeter and his mother a concert pianist. In 1968, the Sofia Conservatorium suspended its age requirement of seven years of age to allow a 5-year-old Grigorov to begin his classical studies. In 1969, <mask>’s father took the opportunity to play in the Shah’s handpicked orchestra, and the family relocated for 6 years. <mask>’s tutelage in classical piano continued, and he was exposed to the sounds of the new culture he found himself surrounded by. In 1976, again for Mr. Grigorov’s symphony career, the family relocated, this time to East Germany.While finishing out the 1970s with a classical regimen, <mask> and family moved to Vienna where <mask> studied under renowned 20th century composer Thomas Christian David at the Vienna Conservatorium. In the early 1980s <mask> moved to Sydney, Australia where he took classes in electronic music and Jazz studies with Don Burrows. He worked with many Australian rock groups. He has lived in Iran, Austria, Australia, Bulgaria, Germany and USA, now resides between Berlin and London. Career
Grigorov began composing for television, commercials and film in Sydney, Australia. In 1992, Miles Goodman, a film composer helped <mask> relocate to the United States. Three days after Grigorov's move to Los Angeles an A&R executive from Warner Brothers Records, Bob James, heard him
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improvising in a music store and signed him to his first major-label recording contract.Grigorov then recorded his debut album Rhymes with Orange. Grigorov toured the album at Europe and North America supporting musicians such as Wynton Marsalis, Joshua Redman, Charlie Haden and Béla Fleck. His second album, Aria, a collaboration with Paul Schwartz, was released on 14 October 1997 by Astor Place Records. Aria was a darker crossover with funk along with operatic themes from Carmen, The Magic Flute, Madame Butterfly and Dido and Aeneas. The album reached No. 4 on Billboard’s Top Classical Crossover chart. In 2000, Grigorov began composing music for screen in United States.He is most recognized for his musical scores on films by director Lee Daniels. They worked together on Shadowboxer (2005), Tennessee (2008), Precious (2009) and The Paperboy (2012). In 2005 he opened his own commercial music company called Siblings Music, Inc. Siblings existed from 2005 - 2010 creating original music for the moving picture. For its duration, <mask> has selected immensely talented musicians to compose on behalf of the company. In 2011 he wrote the score for Patang by Indian director Prashant Bhargava which premiered at the same year Berlin International Film Festival, The Hopes and Dreams of Gazza Snell by director Brendan Donovan and three films by Leonardo Ricagni’s: 29 Palms, The Life Jacket is Under Your Seat and El Chevrolé, for which Grigorov received 'Best Original Score' at the Hamptons International Film
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Festival. In 2013, he won 'Best Music Feature' at the Massachusetts Independent Film Festival for his work on Susan Seidelman's Musical Chairs. In 2014 <mask> met with director David Yates and they worked together on Yates' film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.<mask> composed and co-wrote an original song, "Blind Pig", with J. K. Rowling, which was performed by Emmi. As a television film composer he wrote the musical score for Lifetime’s 2014 made for television films, Flowers in the Attic and Petals on the Wind. He continued to work with Lifetime on several other television movies including Harry and Meghan: A Royal Romance. <mask> also has provided the music several documentaries, including: Third Wave: A Volunteer Story presented by Sean Penn, the Anna Halprin biographical film Breath Made Visible by filmmaker Ruedi Gerber, and the war documentary Taxi to the Dark Side by Alex Gibney, which won a 2008 Academy Award for best Documentary. As well as being a composer and performer, <mask> is also an artist and creates two-handed symmetrical drawings. He combined his drawing style to his piano playing to develop an experimental type of keyboard play known as Mirror Tones. Filmography
Glass (1989)
Fear in America (1992 TV Movie documentary)
This Won't Hurt a Bit (1993)
A Song for You (1993 Short)
Young at Hearts (1994)
Edge City (1998)
Razor's Edge (1999 Short)
Here (2001 Short)
29 Palms (2002)
Grasp (2002 Short)
The Life Jacket Is Under Your Seat (2002)
The Americans (2004 Short)
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<mask> (born August 15, 1970) is an American media executive. He is the co-CEO and Chairman of the entertainment production company Propagate. From 2007–2009, <mask> served as co-chairman of NBC Entertainment and Universal Media Studios. He is also an Emmy and Golden Globe-winning executive producer of such shows as The Office, Jane The Virgin, Ugly Betty, Marco Polo, The Tudors, The Biggest Loser, and الآنسة فرح. Silverman also produced CW's praised No Tomorrow and Apple's first reality television show Planet of the Apps. On July 10, 2014, The Banff World Media Festival presented Silverman with the Award of Excellence in Digital Innovation. As of the fourth quarter 2016, Silverman's most recently released feature film Hands of Stone starring Edgar Ramirez, Robert De Niro and Usher, and was released theatrically in North America on August 26, 2016 through The Weinstein Company.Life and career
<mask> was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He was raised in a Reform Jewish family in Manhattan. <mask> is a 1992 magna cum laude graduate of Tufts University, where he majored in history and belonged to the Epsilon Theta chapter of the Theta Chi fraternity. His mother, Mary (Delson) <mask>, was an actress and programming executive whose career included employment at the Disney Channel, BBC, USA Network, Lifetime Television, and Court TV. His father, <mask>, is a music composer/arranger. He had summer internships at Warner Bros., and after college in 1993, worked at CBS and then worked for Brandon Tartikoff at New World Entertainment. He worked for the William Morris Agency starting in 1995; Silverman was in charge of the international packaging division, where he was the company's youngest division head, packaging more than 25 television series, including Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, The Weakest Link, Big Brother, and Queer as Folk.He worked for William Morris Agency until 2002, when he left to found Reveille. In 2007, <mask> received the P.T. Barnum Award from Tufts University for his exceptional work in the field of media and entertainment. <mask> is involved with multiple
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philanthropic endeavors, including Seeds of Peace, a group helping to foster peace among young people from adversarial cultures. In addition, <mask> sits on the Cedars-Sinai Hospital board of governors. Silverman also serves on the board of directors of Best Buddies, a non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disabilities by providing guidance and integrated employment. In 2008, Silverman received an Honorary Rose for lifetime achievement the Rose d'Or ceremony.<mask> married Jennifer Cuoco, a real estate agent, in December 2010. Reveille
<mask> is the founder of Reveille, a television, film, and theater production and distribution company now owned by Shine Limited under News Corporation. He founded Reveille in 2002 in order to exploit international formats by selling them in the United States. Through his work at Reveille, he is the executive producer of such shows as NBC's The Office, The Restaurant, The Biggest Loser, and ABC's Ugly Betty, as well as several cable shows, including Nashville Star, on USA Network, 30 Days on FX, MTV's Parental Control and Date My Mom, Blow Out on Bravo, and House of Boateng on the Sundance Channel. Journalist Michael Wolff wrote a 2001 profile of <mask> in New York Magazine a year before he founded Reveille. "In some sense, he's like those boy geniuses of the eighties and nineties who invented new financial instruments -- junk bonds and derivatives and whatnot. The discovery and marketing of a new format is really like that.It's creating something that is negotiable and transferable and that people believe in deeply -- it solves all their problems. Now, obviously, there is a certain obsolescence to these formats (with junk bonds you had inevitable bankruptcies). And <mask>, of course, is already searching the world for new formats. Variety shows might be a possibility," Wolff wrote. NBC
<mask> was named co-chairman of NBC Entertainment in 2007 (along with Marc Graboff), succeeding Kevin Reilly. That same year, <mask> was the first producer since Norman Lear, 34 years earlier, to have two shows
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nominated for an Emmy in the best comedy category (The Office and Ugly Betty). He is credited for his role in saving the critically acclaimed but low-rated NBC drama Friday Night Lights by striking an innovative deal with DirecTV.The satellite television provider agreed to take on a substantial amount of the show's production budget in exchange for exclusive first-window airing rights on its 101 channel. NBC would then repurpose the episodes to be aired on the network later in the season. Electus
On July 27, 2009, <mask> announced he was leaving NBC to form a new company, Electus, with Barry Diller's IAC/InterActiveCorp that will produce and distribute programs across media platforms, for television, the Web and mobile devices. As part of its inception, IAC partnered Electus with the interactive comedy portal CollegeHumor. In January 2010, <mask> and Electus partnered with Jason Bateman and Will Arnett to launch their sponsor-driven advertising and digital production company DumbDumb. Electus also has partnerships with 5x5 and DiGa. On May 8, 2014, The CW announced a first season order for <mask>'s new television show Jane The Virgin.On July 8, 2019, MBC 4 announced a first season order for <mask>'s new television show Al Anisa Farah. Acting roles
<mask> had a cameo appearance in the first episode of the fifth season of the television show Entourage. Silverman read a single line in which he expressed annoyance at Johnny Drama wasting his time. Silverman appeared in four episodes during the ninth season of the television show The Office, starting with "Here Comes Treble"; he played Isaac, one of Jim's business partners. Credits
References
External links
"TV's Hot Property", Tufts e-news, July 02, 2003
"Like Mother, Like Son - And Made for TV"
"Meet <mask>'s Boring Successor"
1970 births
Living people
American reality television producers
American Reform Jews
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
NBC executives
People from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
People from Manhattan
Presidents of NBC Entertainment
Tufts University alumni
Television producers from New York City
American
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<mask> (born Jona(s) Leib: 26 March 1901 - 2 January 1982) was an Austrian-German left-wing political activist. In 1933 he switched his party membership from the Social Democratic Party to the Communist Party. During the fascist ascendancy he participated in the Spanish Civil War as an anti-Franco Interbrigadist and later, in the Great Patriotic War, served as an officer in the Soviet Red Army. Between the two he studied successfully for a higher degree at the University of Moscow, receiving his Habilitation degree in 1940 in return for a dissertation of Contemporary Catholicism. Emerging from the war in 1945, almost certainly by now closely networked with members of Soviet military intelligence, and more committed than ever to Soviet-style communism, he made his home in occupied Vienna where he taught at the university. In 1950 he relocated to the newly launched Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany), taking East German citizenship in 1952. He made his home at Halle, accepting a teaching position at the university and quickly becoming one of the best known Marxist historians in the country.Between 1953 and 1959 he served as University Rector (Chief Officer and Administrator) at the merged (since 1817) Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. Life and works
Provenance and early years
Jonas Leib <mask> was born into a large Jewish family at Voloka, a village near Czernowitz (as Chernivtsi was then known). Today (since 1991) the region is part of Ukraine, but at the time of Leib's birth it was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire: between (approximately) 1920 and the Second World War it was part of Romania. His father, Zalman <mask> (1861-1901/2), is described as a farmer-businessman. Jonas was the youngest of his parents' twelve recorded children born between 1888 and
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1901. His three elder brothers included the communist activists <mask> (1896–1954), believed to have worked for Soviet intelligence in China the United States, and Wolfgang "Wolf" <mask> (1897–1961), a military historian. (The fourth of the brothers, Dr. Filipp <mask>, left less of a footprint in the historical record of twentieth century political activism.)1901 (applying the Gregorian calendar) was the year both of the <mask>'s birth and of his father's death. The region in which he was born and grew up was an impoverished one. Jonas Leib grew up with his mother, born Henriette "Yetty" Korn (1863-1934) and siblings, in circumstances of some poverty. At the age of ten he was already working in order to pay for his own schooling, doing odd jobs and tutoring. His school costs were also subsidised by means of a small bursary. Despite the financial pressures he attended both elementary and secondary schools at Czernowitz, passing his Matura (school graduation exam) in 1921. By that time he had already, in 1918, joined the Young Socialists.Vienna
On leaving school he moved to Vienna, registering his residency in the Austrian capital on 14 October 1921. It was normal across the Austrian empire for citizens to register their place of residence with the local town hall: he registered under the name "Jonas Leib" and entered his citizenship as Romanian, reflecting recent frontier changes. More intriguingly, when registering his residency he gave his religion as Muslim and his mother tongue as German There is also a reference in at least one source to his having worked as a middle-school teacher on conclusion of his school career, which probably reflected the need to "work his way" through his university-level education. Directly after registering his residency he enrolled for what turned out to be a
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four-year lower and higher degree course at the University Faculty of Laws and Political Sciences, in time for the winter term of 1921/22. He studied Jurisprudence, Applied Economics (Nationalökonomie) and History. It was also in 1921 that <mask> became a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ). According to <mask>'s own later recollection, the three professors at the University of Vienna who most influenced his thinking and future course were the philosopher-historian Carl Grünberg (1861-1940), the jurist-politician Max Adler (1873-1937) and the noted legal scholar Hans Kelsen (1881-1973).From a Marxist perspective, the politics of the university were overwhelmingly "Bourgeois" and conservative. Grünberg, Adler and Kelsen stood out as professors around whom the relatively few left-wing students tended to gravitate. Having obtained his residency permit in 1921, on 23 September 1923 he took citizenship from the city authorities, and then on 2 October 1923 took the vow that made him a citizen of Austria. At this point he gave his residence as Porzellangasse 53, in the "Vienna 9" (Alsergrund) quarter, a five-minute walk from the university main building. In 1925 <mask> earned his doctorate ("Doctor rerum politicarum") with a dissertation on the modalities of Mercantilism. This work was supervised by Carl Grünberg. He now stayed on at the university, working as a personal research assistant for Max Adler till 1932.He combined this with a teaching job at the Adult Education Centre in Vienna between 1927 and 1934. There are various references to his having engaged during this period as an education advisor to the "Free Trades Unions" organisation. In addition, between 1926 and 1934, <mask> headed up the "Marxism Study Group" ("Marxistische Studiengemeinschaft") at the university department of
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Socio-economics. He taught a number of one and two years courses on various related topics, falling under the broad subject areas of "Sociology" and "Applied Economics". Much of the same teaching material also turned up in his contributions on political-history to left-wing political journals and magazines, such as "Der Kampf", "Arbeit und Wirtschaft", "Die Weltbühne" and "Internationale Rundschau". They were published not under a name by which he was commonly known, but using one of three pseudonyms: F. Schneider, L. Taylor and L. Hofmeister. He also found time to continue with his own academic studies, passing his "Absolutorium" (government higher-level jurisprudence exam) in 1927 or 1928, and then pursuing his researches "on the state theory of Marxism" in preparation for a dissertation intended to lead to a habilitation degree.<mask> was also engaged in terms of more direct political involvement. As in much of the rest of Europe, so in Austria, the later 1920s were a period of intensifying political polarisation both among the politicians in Vienna and on the streets, and the tensions were only exacerbated by the economic austerity that arrived as part of the powerful backwash of the Wall Street Crash. In 1927 <mask> was still a member of the Social Democratic Party, although he was regarded by many, including himself, as part of the party's extreme left-wing. He participated in the 1927 "July revolt", teaming up with his comrade Ernst Fischer with whom he worked closely. Later, probably during the early or middle 1930s, there would be a spectacular falling out between the two men. Although for many years, out of respect for party discipline, <mask> set aside or concealed his dislike of his former partner in activist politics, it is clear from a letter that he wrote in 1968 to Eduard
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Rabofsky (1911-1994), that under the surface, <mask>'s mistrust and loathing of Fischer persisted. At the government level, during 1933 events in Austria broadly tracked those in Germany.In March 1933 all three speakers of the National Council (the principal power-house of the Austrian parliament) resigned and Chancellor Dollfuss determined that parliament had eliminated itself. Opposition parties proved ineffectual in their attempts to re-establish parliamentary governance, and government by decree became the default mechanism for controlling the country. A rapid slide towards post-democratic "Austro-Fascism" followed. Among Social Democratic Party activists there was intense frustration at the seeming unwillingness or inability of the party leadership to prevent this political catastrophe; and there was a growing view, especially on the left of the party, that when it came to preparations for defending workers' rights in a fascist state, the Communist Party was organising itself more effectively than the SPÖ. Throughout much of 1933 <mask> seems to have been in touch with Communist Party activists in Vienna, and in October of that year he made the switch, quitting the SPÖ and joining the KPÖ. A number of workers, students and intellectuals in his immediate circle followed his example. The move came shortly after an ideological and political break between <mask> and his old mentor, Max Adler.<mask> would remain an influential member of the Austrian Communist Party till 1950, though for most of that time he would be exiled, like many Austrian Communist leaders and other politically engaged comrades, in Moscow. In 1934 it was, accordingly, as a Communist that <mask> took part, in Vienna, in the brief but intensely brutal February uprising. Sources are largely silent as to the nature of his
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contribution. He was arrested and taken into police detention on 18 February 1934. At some stage during the next five months he was moved to a section of the vast former munitions factory at Wöllersdorf (a short distance to the south of Vienna) that had been converted the previous year into a detention camp. After his release, which took place on 15 July 1934, <mask> returned to his "party work", which by this point had become unambiguously illegal. He worked in the party "Agitation Department", based in the study-library of the Vienna Chamber of Labour (AK), supported by the pioneer of "Popular Education" ("Volksbildung"), Viktor Matejka (1901-1993).Meanwhile the party sustained an "underground" organisation structure into which <mask> was drawn, becoming at some stage Head of the Propaganda Department of the Party Central Committee. There was always an element of uncertainty as to how much or how little the authorities knew about <mask>'s secret party work, but in the early Autumn/Fall of 1935, believing him to be in danger of imminent police arrest, the party leaders, who were by this time themselves based in Czechoslovakia, ordered <mask> to join them in Prague. This he did in October 1935. Prague
<mask> remained in Prague for slightly more than half a year, during which he authored a work on "the left-wing opposition from within the Social Democratic Party of Austria" In May 1936, again in compliance with party instructions, he emigrated again, this time to the Soviet Union. Although Russia would be his home base for almost ten years, his initial stay there would be relatively brief. Moscow
In Moscow he was accommodated in the famous Hotel Lux, a large luxury hotel opened in 1911 as the "Hotel Franzija" ("Гостиница Франция"), and subsequently further enlarged. By the time of <mask>'s
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arrival it had become home to large numbers of political exiles and (in some cases) their families.Most had fled from Germany in the aftermath of 1933. Other nationalities were already well represented among the "guests", however, including Austrians, and the hotel was by this time being used as an informal headquarters location for exiled communist parties from various countries in central and western Europe. <mask> as well as two of his three brothers, Manfred and <mask>, all lived at the Hotel Lux during the later 1930s. During this time he was employed as a tutor-lecturer at the International Lenin School. He combined this with work in the press department of the Comintern; and he contributed as an "editor" in respect of new German language versions of "classic works" of "Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism". Spanish Civil War
Following a basic military training he volunteered or was seconded for military service with the anti-Franco International Brigades, set up a year earlier by the Communist International to assist the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic. <mask> served in Spain with the Soviet brigades between January 1937 and April 1938.Few details are available of <mask>'s contributions during the Spanish Civil War: according to at least one source <mask>, <mask> and <mask> (identified in Comintern communications of the time under the code name "Fred") all participated as military intelligence officers. Back to Moscow
The dictator's paranoia was at its peak when <mask> was recalled to Moscow, early in 1938: he had good reason to be apprehensive. Many comrades who had escaped from political or race driven persecution in Germany and Austria earlier in the decade were being summarily arrested by the authorities and shot or deported to concentration camps far away from
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Moscow. <mask>'s elder brother Manfred returned to Moscow at around the same time, only to be arrested and, in May 1939, condemned to fifteen years of hard labour: in February 1954 <mask> died in a Soviet labour camp three months short of the fifteenth anniversary of his conviction. Fate, or Stalin's security services, dealt less brutally with <mask>, however. He was employed, till the end of 1939, by the "Publisher for International Literature" as an "Editor for Classics of Marxism-Leninism". As before, this was combined with work in the press department of the Comintern.Professor? According to sources that take their lead from official information made available after 1949 by the East German Socialist Unity Party, during or soon after 1940 <mask> received his habilitation (higher university degree), which would have opened the way to a full professorship and, under normal circumstances, a life-long teaching career in the Soviet universities sector. It was at the instigation of Klawdija Kirsanowa that he was installed, in June 1940, as a Professor of Modern at Moscow State University. In this capacity he taught both at the university and at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute. Kirsanowa, who at this time was a leading figure at the People's Commissariat for Education and at the International Lenin School, based her support for <mask>'s appointment partly on articles he had recently had published in Soviet specialist journals. She may also have been impressed by three substantial essays <mask> had produced back in Vienna, when still under the mentorship of Max Adler, and from which lengthy exerts had subsequently been reproduced in Soviet academic publications during 1936/37. But Kirsanowa's backing for <mask>'s professorial appointment was based chiefly on a piece of work he had produced more
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recently on "Contemporary Social and Political Catholicism".Mystery persists, however, given that no printed version of <mask>'s dissertation on contemporary Catholicism ever appeared. According to detailed biographical essay provided by the University of Halle, where <mask> built his career and considerable reputation as a historian after 1950, the Moscow habilitation qualification has "still not been authenticated". <mask> was an able linguist. Alongside German and Russian, he had usable English, French, Italian and Spanish. For several months during 1940 he was assigned as a specialist in foreign-languages literature on socio-economics with the "All Russian Committee for University Affairs". Red army
On 22 June 1941 the Germany army launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, in flagrant defiance of the (formally still in most respects secret) non-aggression pact concluded between the German and Soviet dictators slightly less than two years earlier. In Moscow, <mask> volunteered for service with the Soviet Red Army on 7 July 1941.He served as a Soviet army officer between 1942 and 1945, concluding the war as a bemedaled "Lieutenant Colonel", and then serving for a further five years as an officer in the Soviet army of occupation in Vienna. Records indicate that during the initial part of his time with the Red Army he was assigned to a number of "special projects", at least some of which seem to have involved desk-bound work. During the early part of 1942 he composed a series of "teaching aids" on Austrian History and the History of the Austrian Labour Movement for the "International Lenin School", relocated, between 1941 and 1943, from Moscow to Kushnarenkovo in Bashkortostan. Of possibly greater immediate importance in terms of Soviet strategic objectives was the work <mask>
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centre-left. Despite his longstanding socialist credentials Karl Renner was hopelessly compromised in the eyes of a younger generation of Austrian socialists and communists, however, on account of his record during the 1930s of compromising with Austro-fascism and, after 1938, urging Austrians to vote in favour of what mounted to the annexation of Austria and its summary integration into Hitler's Germany. As an Austrian citizen who was also a Red Army officer, <mask> was in a position to argue bitterly with senior Soviet officers against the installation of 74 year-old Karl Renner as Austrian Chancellor in April 1945 and as Austrian president in December 1945.The decision to appoint Renner, who was perceived by many as a longstanding anti-Semite, as head of government had already been taken by Tolbukhin and endorsed by Moscow, however. There are two not entirely complementary versions of <mask>'s role in Renner's appointment. According to sources drawing on information subsequently approved by the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party, <mask> loyally complied with the orders relayed to him by his commanding officer and helped push through the Renner appointment. Other sources insist that he refused to involve himself in it. <mask> shared his recollections of the matter later with his friend, the antifascist jurist Eduard Rabofsky: "Let me tell you, I was one of the political officers in the army staff meeting at Hochwolkersdorf who took an unchanging and very well based position against calling in Renner. But after several days, when a statement came through directly from Moscow about my opinions, General Sheltov, the commander of the political department of the 3rd Ukrainian Front [which had just liberated Vienna from fascism] ordered me not to utter another word about Karl Renner. As a
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soldier, I have obeyed that order to this day".Post-war Vienna
Multi-party politics had returned to Austria with the fall of National Socialism, and behind the scenes he pushed for a merger between the Social Democratic Party and the Communist party in order to reduce the risk that political divisions on the political left might again open the way for populist tyranny from the right. He shared the enthusiasm of many comrades when the local parties at Bruck an der Mur implemented such a merger. Others Vienna communists judged that after the nightmare of Hitlerism, the Communist party would be able to win any national election without the need to draw support from the centre-left Social Democrats. <mask>'s former political ally Ernst Fischer took this view. and arranged for the local party merger at Bruck to be reversed. <mask> evidently took Fischer's intervention personally. The November 1945 general election demonstrated that the Communists were nothing like as popular as party comrades had assumed in the wake of Vienna's liberation by the Red Army, but the party merger lost its momentum and, at least in Austria, there was never again any serious discussion of a merger between the two traditionally largest parties of the political left.Meanwhile, between 1945 and 1950 <mask> served as head of the "Agitation Department" of the Party Central Committee, remaining an influential voice at the party's top table even as the party itself became ever more marginalised in Austrian post-war politics. Starting in 1945 or 1946, <mask> started to teach as a "guest lecturer" at the University of Vienna. In addition, in 1946 he accepted an appointment as head of the Social Sciences Department at the Vienna Institute for Sciences, Arts and Humanities. In 1946/47 he took a "visiting professorship" at the
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"Vienna Academy for International Trade" (as the "WU" was then known). In a letter dated 17 February 1947 which he addressed to the University Rector Ludwig Adamovich, <mask> announced that "in account of overwork and bureaucratic obstructions [he] was currently not in a position" to continue with his programme of guest lectures at the University of Vienna. There is no reason to doubt that the expressions of regret in the replies he received from Adamovich and from the Dean of the Law Faculty in respect of this resignation were genuine. As the decade drew towards its close <mask> continued to teach at the "Vienna Academy for International Trade": he worked on a significant research project for the Soviet Academy of Sciences and Humanities.By 1947 it was obvious that the politics of the Austrian Communist Party, and across occupied Austria more generally, were not unfolding as <mask> had hoped; while he himself had less power to influence events than, given his own links to Soviet military leaders and intelligence circles, he might have anticipated. The country itself would remain under military occupation, geographically divided into zones of occupation, till 1955. That provided a context of constraint and unreality to public affairs, and to the competing political pressures impinging on the universities sector. Furthermore, according to at least one source, <mask> was aware of a powerful toxic undercurrent of antisemitism persisting in the country's emerging political establishment. On 1 May 1947 he was physically attacked during a local election meeting at Klein-Pöchlarn, a country town to the west of Vienna. He sustained injuries in the course of an incident blamed on "reactionary forces" with support from the socialist Arbeiter-Zeitung (newspaper). Although the Klein-Pöchlarn attack
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seems to have been the only serious physical assault that <mask> suffered during his time in post-war Vienna, it was followed by a series of verbal personal attacks in respect of which it was all too easy to infer quiet endorsement by powerful residual antisemitic elements in the universities establishment.Alice Melber
It was probably soon after arriving with the Soviet liberating army that, in 1945, <mask> met and married Alice Melber, hitherto a young anti-fascist resistance activist under the German "occupation". Their children were born in 1946 and 1949. <mask> (1946-2018) would follow his father into the universities sector, becoming a professor of Mathematics, with a particular focus on Algebra and Lattice Theory, at the University of Halle. <mask> would become a physician at Springe am Deister, near Hannover. Halle
Early in 1950, in response to an invitation received from the Minister for People's Education in the State government for Saxony-Anhalt, <mask> relocated with his family to Halle to what had been administered, till a few months earlier, as the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. In October 1949, responding to equivalent developments in the western zones earlier that year, the Soviet occupation zone was rebranded and relaunched as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Halle was home to one of the new country's leading universities.On 1 March 1950 <mask> took up the professorial chair at the university for "Modern History, with respect to the Labour Movement". He was the fifth "big fish" among Marxist historians appointed to top university positions in the German Democratic Republic following the country's launch, after Jürgen Kuczynski, Alfred Meusel (both at Berlin since 1946), Walter Markov and Ernst Engelberg (at Leipzig since 1948 and 1949). In 1952 <mask> was
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appointed director of the university's Institute for German History, a position he retained till 1966. On leaving Austria in 1950 <mask> resigned his member ship of the Austrian Communist Party and immediately joined East Germany's Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"/ SED). The SED had been formed four years earlier by means of a contentious merger - which never really took effect beyond the confines of the Soviet occupation zone - between the Communist Party of Germany and the (East German) Social Democratic Party. Ironically, it was a party merger very similar to the one that <mask> had advocated, without conspicuous support from party comrades, for Austria during 1945. It is likely that the party merger in what became East Germany succeeded precisely because party comrades in Moscow, concerned by the unexpected electoral humiliation suffered by the (unmerged) Austrian Communist Party in November 1945, were persuaded by the experience to contribute muscular hands-on backing for the equivalent party merger achieved in April 1946 in the Soviet Zone / East Germany.In 1952 <mask> was granted East German citizenship and became a member of the district leadership team (Berzirksleitung) for the local party in Halle. Despite a somewhat bumpy relationship with the party establishment over the next few years, he remained a member of the Halle party leadership without a break till 1959 or 1960. As early as 1951, <mask> was appointed University pro-rector, with direct responsibility for the politically important "Basic Social Sciences" course which all students were required to complete as a precondition for progressing to their chosen degree subjects. As a result of the "illness" of Eduard Winter, the University Rector, by the end of 1951 <mask> had also become,
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officially, the "Acting Rector", undertaking the administrative tasks that would otherwise have been the responsibility of Eduard Winter, his fellow historian. The two men already knew each other, both having been born in the Austro-Hungarian empire, and the two of them having worked closely together directly after the war at the Vienna Institute for Sciences, Arts and Humanities. They had been united (with others) by a shared determination to re-establish and re-launch Austrian scholarship through the working together of all academics keen to establish a new world, based on truth and reality, unclouded by illusion. After 1950, again finding themselves as colleagues at Halle, there was no equivalent meeting of minds between <mask> and Winter, however.An article contributed by Winter for a three volume tome to be published for in celebration of the university's 450th anniversary was rejected by the project's editor-producer who found it superficial. Winter already had a well-established academic reputation, and it is not impossible that there were political undercurrents involved at which sources only hint. In 1951 Eduard Winter began to teach at Berlin University, resigning the rectorship and leaving his other academic posts at the University of Halle at the same time. In October 1953, prompted by a recommendation the previous year from the party Halle district leadership team, <mask> was himself appointed University Rector (Chief Officer and Administrator) at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. <mask>'s seven year incumbency, which came after two years during which the economist Rudolf Agricola had filled the position, was not without controversy, but as an organiser and administrator, belying the characteristics imputed by some sources to history professors in general, he
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proved highly competent. Rector
Early in during his time as rector a senior party officer at the university included in his report to the Ministry of State Security (whose responsibilities included keeping track of such matters) the assessment that <mask>, as University Rector, did not have good relations with university staff, which was reflected in an atmosphere of varying levels of general anxiety among the university personnel. Viewed from other angles, such anxiety was not without reason, since <mask> saw it as his job to run the university in the spirit of the country's ruling political party.Several "purges" were carried out during his tenure, notably in 1958 when he moved against the so-called "Spirituskreis" (loosely, "Spiritual circle"), a little group of unacceptably "bourgeois" professors. Earlier on, in 1952 and 1953 he several times used his influence with the university senate to stop protest actions by university deans in support of students arrested in the context of the growing discontent that preceded the brief but savagely suppressed (with the active participation of Soviet troops) uprising of June 1953. Also controversial among comrades at the university was the way in which <mask> was content to appoint former Nazis to professorial chairs, and, where appropriate, reappoint them, provided they proved dutiful and compliant backers of the party under the new kind of one-party dictatorship that had been installed in the East German state, built according to Soviet-style Leninist-Socialist principles, on foundations that had, before 1949, been the Soviet occupation zone. From the point of view of sympathetic sources, <mask> felt secure in the belief that he had come across plenty of committed left-winger activists who, having once acquired status and position, had been
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content to betray and abandon the labour movement. There was no monopoly of political betrayal for the political right. "Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft"
Also in 1953, <mask>, Alfred Meusel and Heinz Kamnitzer co-founded and for several years co-produced the Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft (ZfG), a monthly academic journal for serious historians, in which <mask> himself published several very substantial contributions. It was noted that despite his own Jewish provenance and record as a Red Army officer in the war against Hitler's Germany, at the ZfG, just as with his appointments at the university, he never shied away from commissioning contributions from scholars identified as "former Nazis", just as long as they demonstrated appropriate historical knowledge, insight and detachment in their submissions.<mask> also instigated the launch of the series "Archivalische Forschungen zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung" (loosely, "Archival Researches on the History of the German Labour Movement"). <mask> was involved in the creation of several other learned journals, but Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft stands out as unusual because, after nearly seventy years, it is one of very few academic journals founded in the single-party German Democratic Republic which successfully transitioned reunification in 1990 and is still, in 2021, published monthly. Academy of Sciences and Humanities
In 1952 <mask> was proposed for membership of the prestigious [East] German Academy of Sciences and Humanities. His three proposers were the pre-historian Wilhelm Unverzagt (1892-1971), the professor of ancient history Ernst Hohl (1886-1957) and the jurist-philosopher Arthur Baumgarten (1884-1966). A fourth, the agronomist Asmus Petersen (1900-1962), added himself to the list of proposers
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on 24 April 1952. The proposal nevertheless failed. It may have been on account of contacts established when fighting alongside Soviet comrades in the Red Army or it may simply have been through an above average level of self-belief that throughout the 1950s <mask> seems to have been less accommodating to the opinions of colleagues and comrades than was normal in East German universities.It is certainly the case that election to the Academy was, by the standards of western academic institutions at that time, a highly politicised process. The party was, to the full extent possible, omnipresent, and the early 1950s were a nervous time for the East German party leadership as they struggled to establish and extend party control in the face of acute economic austerity across the country. <mask>'s candidacy for membership seems to have had backing from leading figures in the university community that extended far beyond his four proposers. That it nevertheless failed demonstrates, in the opinion of one commentator, determination on the part of a small number of influential activist hard-line communists in the party hierarchy to crush and eliminate "bourgeois thinking" among academic colleagues during the early years of the East German dictatorship. With regard to "bourgeois thinking" it may have counted against <mask>'s candidacy that one of his four proposers was a former member of the National Socialist ("Nazi") Party (albeit - as far as one can tell - fully exonerated and/or rehabilitated after 1945) and another had spent the Hitler years exiled in Switzerland. <mask>'s next membership proposal for membership of the Academy was yet more carefully choreographed. It was formulated and submitted by Alfred Meusel, seconded by Wolfgang Steinitz (1905-1967).In a country where scholarship was
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traditionally respected, these were two of the most high-profile university professors of their generation. Steinitz was a close friend of Jürgen Kuczynski who, despite his slightly semi-detached attitude to the political establishment, had achieved iconic status with party leaders, partly on account of his long-standing ties to Soviet intelligence. The main speaker in support of <mask>'s candidacy, Carl Max Maedge (1884-1969), was unstinting in his praise of <mask>'s scholarly merits. When it came to a vote, <mask> was elected a member of the [East] German Academy of Sciences and Humanities on 29 December 1954. His installation as a full "ordinary member" of the academy took effect on 24 February 1955. The next year he took over as head of the history department at the Academy. Although he continued to live in Halle, <mask>'s responsibilities at the Academy in Berlin after 1956 involved him in frequent involvement with Eduard Winter.Relations between the two men had been frosty ever since they had worked together at Halle back in 1950/51, when the roles of university pro-rector and o university rector had overlapped uncomfortably before Winter's transfer to Berlin at the end of 1951. Relations soured further during the 1950s. More generally, the little quarrels, jealousies and vanities between university professors tended to focus on <mask> as the decade progressed. Jürgen Kuczynski, like <mask>, was elected to membership of the Academy only in 1955. They were both exceptionally erudite History professors of Jewish provenance with a long-standing focus on labour-movement history and long-standing links to the political establishment in Moscow and - almost certainly - to the world of Soviet intelligence. They might have been expected to have much in common, but Kuczynski somehow managed to
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become an "aristocrat of communism" as <mask> never would; and relations between the two men alwats remained distant. The historian-economist Kuczynski was a prolific author.His autobiographical memoires published in the 1990s become at times almost garrulous when the author discusses academic colleagues: they make absolutely no mention of <mask>, however. Nevertheless, through the robustness of his own intellect and academic rigour <mask> emerged during the later 1950s as one of the most influential historians of the German Democratic Republic, never slow to tangle with what he, as a Marxist historian, would have characterised as the "disorienting reactionary interpretations" to be identified in the "bourgeois" historiography of the period, championed in the other Germany by men such as Hermann Heimpel at Göttingen or Gerhard Ritter at Freiburg. Dismissal
By the end of the 1950s <mask> had become a member of the History Advisory Board at the East German Secretariat for Higher Education. During this time party loyalists among his younger colleagues produced a textbook on German History. A member of a later generation of east German historians later dismissed the work as "incompetent". It was nevertheless used for teaching History at East Germany universities for three decades between 1959 and 1989. This provides context for <mask>'s dismissal from his position as rector of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg in February 1959, through what one source describes as "an intrigue by party comrades" and another describes simply as "internal party conflicts".In view of the close links between the universities and the party it is unremarkable that <mask> reacted by submitted a letter of complaint to the Party Central Committee, but this was without obvious effect. Following his
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dismissal from the rectorate he also lost his membership of the Halle local party leadership team (Bezirksleitung). According to one source, it was only through the personal intervention of First Party Secretary Walter Ulbricht, that <mask> was "spared further humiliations". The list of honorary doctorates and "state honours" which <mask> received during the final 23 years of his life, between 1959 and 1982, indicates that, slightly unusually, his falling out with the party leadership in Halle in 1959 was not followed by any national fall from grace. Later years
Nor was there any shortage of important work related to his position as a leading East German historian. Meanwhile, the administrative and organisational duties that had been <mask>'s as Halle university rector now passed to his successor in the position, the economist Gerhard Bondi. While sidelined at Halle, <mask> remained active in Berlin as a member, and later as chairman, of the History Advisory Board at the East German Secretariat for Higher Education.Although his published works on the history of the labour movement and his tally of awards during the 1960s demonatrate the effectiveness of his determination to sustain good relations with the party establishment, it is evident that he continued to be a focus of mistrust at some levels inside the homeland security services. When surviving files from old the Ministry for State Security were made available to researchers after 1990, several volumes stuffed full with reports and associated commentaries, bear testimony to the very extensive state surveillance to which <mask> was subjected, even by the standards of East German surveillance state, and even after removal from his high-profile role at Halle in 1960. At the Academy in Berlin, <mask> served in succession to Wolfgang
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Steinitz between 1963 and 1968 as Academy Vice-president and as chairman of the academy's working group for Social Sciences institutes and facilities. After that he served between 1968 and 1981 as director of the academy's History Research Centre. <mask> died at Halle a few weeks short of what would have been his 82nd birthday on 2 or 3 January 1982. Recognition (selection)
Notes
References
20th-century German historians
University of Vienna alumni
Moscow State University alumni
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg faculty
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Communist Party of Austria politicians
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
International Brigades personnel
Soviet colonels
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp)
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
1901 births
1982
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<mask> (born 1942) is an English classical pianist, composer, arranger, producer and educator. He is best known for his orchestration of George Harrison albums such as All Things Must Pass (1970) and for his association with Indian sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. <mask> trained at the Royal College of Music and the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, before establishing himself during the mid 1960s as a composer of piano interpretations of Indian classical ragas. He became a student of Shankar, for whose East–West collaborations with Yehudi Menuhin and others he transcribed Indian melodies into Western musical annotation. Through Shankar, <mask> began a long friendship with Harrison in 1966, then a member of the Beatles, which assisted Harrison's own education in Indian music as well as his promotion of the genre to Western audiences. <mask> collaborated with Harrison on the latter's Wonderwall Music soundtrack album (1968), before providing the orchestral arrangements for All Things Must Pass songs such as "Isn't It a Pity" and "My Sweet Lord", and for Harrison's 1973 album Living in the Material World. Most often in the role of orchestral or choral arranger, <mask> also contributed to albums such as the Beatles' Let It Be, <mask>'s Imagine and Gary Wright's Footprint in the early 1970s.His projects as a music producer during the same period included three albums by progressive rock band Quintessence, and he has worked on film or TV soundtracks for directors Otto Preminger, Alejandro Jodorowsky and Jonathan Miller. Other artists with whom <mask> has worked include <mask>, André Previn, Phil Spector, Roger Daltrey, Yoko Ono and Jackie Lomax. Continuing his interest in Indian music, <mask> released an album with sarodya Aashish Khan in 1973, Jugalbandi, and contributed to Shankar's final collaboration with Harrison, Chants of India, in 1996. Among his educational
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positions, he has taught at Trinity College of Music, London, and in Ghana at the Achimota School. Early recognition and work with Ravi Shankar
Born in London in the 1940s, <mask> studied piano, trumpet and music composition at the Royal College of Music. He then attended London University's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), where he developed an interest in Indian classical music. Among English classical musicians of the mid 1960s, <mask>'s piano compositions based on Indian ragas were unprecedented and brought him to the attention of members of India's cultural community in London.Some of his works were first performed and recorded for radio broadcast by British pianist <mask> (Reflections and Piano Concerto). <mask> became a student of Indian sitarist and composer Ravi Shankar, whose international popularity by 1966 had grown to include Western rock audiences. In June that year, <mask> attended the Bath Music Festival in the west of England, where Shankar and American violinist Yehudi Menuhin were due to perform an historic duet. At Shankar's request, <mask> transcribed the sitarist's adaptation of Raga Tilang into Western musical annotation for Menuhin's benefit, after Shankar had been dissatisfied with German musician Peter Feuchtwanger's attempt to adapt the same raga. Later in 1966, on Menuhin and Shankar's Grammy Award-winning album West Meets East, <mask> supplied liner notes, explaining the various musical terms particular to Indian music. He served as musical annotator on several subsequent East–West collaborations by Shankar, who described him as "a brilliant young pianist". One such project was Shankar's score for Alice in Wonderland (1966), a BBC TV film directed by Jonathan Miller.Association with George Harrison
During this period, <mask> met George Harrison of the Beatles through Shankar, who had adopted the guitarist as his sitar student. Harrison
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was fascinated by <mask>'s interpretations of ragas, and based his 1967 song "Blue Jay Way" on a piano piece that <mask> had derived from Raga Marwa. In March 1967, <mask> attended the recording session for Harrison's Indian-styled composition "Within You, Without You", released on the Beatles' seminal album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. <mask> later wrote the choral arrangements for Phil Spector's controversial production of "The Long and Winding Road" and "Across the Universe", issued on the band's final album, Let It Be (1970). Several commentators credit Harrison as the person most responsible for Indian music's surge in popularity in the West from 1966 onwards, via his work with the Beatles and his public endorsement of Shankar. Among these, author Simon Leng has described <mask> as both a "birth partner" and the "closest confidant and fellow traveler" to Harrison during the latter's immersion in the genre.Harrison solo albums
<mask> played a key collaborative role on Harrison's soundtrack to the Joe Massot-directed film Wonderwall (1968). In addition to participating in recording sessions held at London's Abbey Road Studios in late 1967, <mask> transcribed Harrison's melodies into an annotation that the Beatle was then able to share with Indian musicians in Bombay, where part of the album was recorded in January 1968. Released as Wonderwall Music, and described by author Peter Lavezzoli as "a charming potpourri of Indian and Western sounds", it features <mask> on piano, harmonium and flugelhorn, and in the role of orchestral arranger. Following the Beatles' break-up in April 1970, <mask> supplied the orchestral arrangements on Harrison's acclaimed triple album All Things Must Pass (1970). The album was co-produced by Spector, whose "distant and authoritarian" style <mask> says he found difficult to adapt to after the "intimate, friendly atmosphere" typical of
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Harrison sessions. The songs to which <mask> contributed include the international hits "My Sweet Lord" and "What Is Life", the album's title track, and "Isn't It a Pity". The last of these, Leng writes, "captures the depth of the musical understanding between George Harrison and <mask>", in the interplay between slide guitar, orchestra and choir.<mask> provided the orchestration for Harrison's successful follow-up to All Things Must Pass, Living in the Material World (1973). His arrangements on that album include the string, brass and choral parts on "The Day the World Gets 'Round", "Who Can See It" and "That Is All". Other Beatles-related recordings
<mask> also worked on Harrison's projects with acts signed to the Beatles' Apple record label. Among these releases was Is This What You Want? (1969) by Jackie Lomax, That's the Way God Planned It (1969) by Billy Preston, and Radha Krishna Temple (London)'s 1970 hit single "Govinda". The latter was a musical adaptation of a sacred Hindu poem from the Satya Yuga. Through his connection with Harrison, <mask> also played harpsichord on Yoko Ono's "Who Has Seen the Wind?", released in February 1970 as the B-side to <mask>'s Spector-produced single "Instant Karma!" Following the success of All Things Must Pass, <mask> contributed to Ronnie Spector's "Try Some, Buy Some" single, Lennon's song "Jealous Guy" (from Imagine) and Gary Wright's album Footprint, all recorded in 1971. He has said of working with Wright and Harrison that "there was a strong [musical] rapport among the three of us" and describes Wright's song "Love to Survive" as "one of the most emotionally powerful love songs that I have ever worked on". In his book Phil Spector: Out of His Head, music journalist Richard Williams writes of <mask>'s orchestration on "Try Some, Buy Some": "[The strings and mandolins] sweep and soar in great blocks of sound, pirouetting around each
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other like a corps de ballet in slow motion. The closing portions of the orchestral arrangement are breathtaking, displaying a geometrical logic which makes use of suspended rhythms drawn out to screaming point." Production for Quintessence and Jugalbandi album
Barham became involved in music production in the late 1960s, working with Quintessence. The latter were a Notting Hill-based progressive rock band who, like Harrison, incorporated a Hindu-aligned spiritual message in their music.<mask> produced and provided arrangements on the band's first three albums – In Blissful Company, Quintessence and Dive Deep – all released on Island Records between 1969 and 1971. Reviewing Quintessence (1970) in Melody Maker, Richard Williams described Barham's production as "quite superb". In a 2014 feature article on Quintessence, for Record Collector, Colin Harper praised <mask>'s contributions to the band's work, labelling him "their very own George Martin … honing their onstage magic into sublime studio sculptures". Following singer Shiva Shankar Jones's departure from Quintessence, <mask> produced his new band's eponymous album, Kala (1972). In 1973, <mask> and Indian sarod player Aashish Khan released an album on Elektra Records, titled Jugalbandi – the word commonly used for duets in Hindustani classical music. Produced by <mask>, with tabla accompaniment from Zakir Hussain, the album featured a piece called "Piano Solos", on which he combined the ragas Nat Bhairav, Brindavani Tilang, Marwa and Mishra-Kalavati. Asked in a 2009 online interview about the long-unavailable Jugalbandi, <mask> said: "I haven't composed any more music like that, although I still do compose regularly, but in a more Western style."Work on film soundtracks and in music education
Among his work in films, <mask> provided the soundtrack for El Topo (1970), directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky. In 1979, he arranged
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Richard and Gary Logan's score for The Human Factor, the final film by director Otto Preminger. <mask>'s Indian compositions have featured in BBC documentaries by director Manjira Dhatta. He also supplied the musical score for one of Katharine Hepburn's last screen appearances, before her retirement from acting in 1994. His teaching activities have included a role as tutor in Schenkerian analysis at Trinity College of Music, London. <mask> also taught at the Achimota School in Ghana, where William Chapman Nyaho was among his students. Later projects
In 1996, <mask> collaborated again with Shankar and Harrison on the album Chants of India (1997), providing Western annotation for some of the musicians at Harrison's Friar Park studio, in Henley, Oxfordshire.Chants of India was one of Shankar's favourite releases among his six decades of recordings, and <mask> has said of his own role in the project: "it was a pleasure working on this beautiful record." In August 2000, just over a year before Harrison's death, he and <mask> met at a local performance of a choral work by Jon Lord, which <mask> was conducting, where Harrison asked him to supply an orchestral arrangement for a new song he had recorded. <mask> has played or collaborated with a number of other significant figures in the entertainment industry, including <mask>, André Previn, Roger Daltrey, Gene Pitney and Badfinger. With Simon Leng and former Splinter songwriter Bob Purvis, he formed Inscribe Music in 2007, a company providing services in composing and producing music. Late that year, as part of an initiative by Inscribe, <mask> worked with Newcastle College in the north-east of England on a recording of Purvis's song "Sail Away", for release as a single to benefit Cancer Research UK. In line with his past achievements in promoting Indian music, the company sought to establish partnerships in the Indian film industry. In
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June 2010, <mask> reunited with Quintessence when the band performed at the 40th Anniversary Glastonbury Festival.He subsequently produced their live album Rebirth: Live at Glastonbury 2010, for which he is also credited as a composer and liner-note writer. Citations
Sources
Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ). Alan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ). Joshua M. Greene, Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison, John Wiley & Sons (Hoboken, NJ, 2006; ). Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ). Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ). Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Chronicle: The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide to the Beatles' Entire Career, Chicago Review Press (Chicago, IL, 2010; ).Mojo: The Beatles' Final Years Special Edition, Emap (London, 2003). Nat Segaloff, Final Cuts: The Last Films of 50 Great Directors, BearManor Media (Duncan, OK, 2013; ). Ravi Shankar, Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar, Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; ). Bruce Spizer, The Beatles Solo on Apple Records, 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; ). Richard Williams, Phil Spector: Out of His Head, Omnibus Press (London, 2003; ). World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific), Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; ). English classical pianists
English classical composers
British music arrangers
English record producers
British music educators
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Living people
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
21st-century British conductors (music)
21st-century pianists
21st-century British male
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<mask> (born April 7, 1931) is an American economist, political activist, and former United States military analyst. While employed by the RAND Corporation, <mask> precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of the U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times, The Washington Post and other newspapers. On January 3, 1973, <mask> was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years. Because of governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11, 1973. <mask> was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2006. He is also known for having formulated an important example in decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox, his extensive studies on nuclear weapons and nuclear policy, and for having voiced support for WikiLeaks, Chelsea Manning, and Edward Snowden. <mask>f Palme Prize for his "profound humanism and exceptional moral courage."Early life and career
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on April 7, 1931, the son of Harry and Adele (Charsky) <mask>. His parents were Ashkenazi Jews who had converted to Christian Science, and he was raised as a Christian Scientist. He grew up in Detroit and attended the Cranbrook School in nearby Bloomfield Hills. His mother wanted him to be a concert pianist, but he stopped playing in July 1948, two years after both his mother and sister were killed when his father fell asleep at the wheel and crashed the family car into a bridge
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abutment. <mask> entered Harvard College on a scholarship, graduating summa cum laude with an A.B. in economics in 1952. He studied at the University of Cambridge for a year on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, then returned to Harvard for graduate school.In 1954, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and earned a commission. He served as a platoon leader and company commander in the 2nd Marine Division, and was discharged in 1957 as a first lieutenant. <mask> returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows for two years. RAND Corporation and PhD
Ellsberg began working as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation for the summer of 1958 and then permanently in 1959. He concentrated on nuclear strategy and the command and control of nuclear weapons. <mask> completed a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1962. His dissertation on decision theory was based on a set of thought experiments that showed that decisions under conditions of uncertainty or ambiguity generally may not be consistent with well-defined subjective probabilities.Now known as the Ellsberg paradox, this formed the basis of a large literature that has developed since the 1980s, including approaches such as Choquet expected utility and info-gap decision theory. <mask> worked in the Pentagon from August 1964 under Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara as special assistant to Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs John McNaughton. [At this point of Lyndon Johnson's escalation into the Vietnam War, <mask> would later discover the lies and subsequent cover-up of the "non-attacks" upon the USS Maddox, in the Gulf of Tonkin ("by North Vietnam"), which led to bombing raids into North Vietnam on August 2 and 4, 1964, under orders
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by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This unprovoked attack upon North Vietnam followed Senator Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign statement where he stated that Johnson was soft on Communism, "no matter where it is!" Johnson's actions risked bringing Chinese forces into the war.] He then went to South Vietnam for two years, working for General Edward Lansdale as a member of the State Department. On his return from South Vietnam, <mask> resumed working at RAND.In 1967, he contributed to a top-secret study of classified documents on the conduct of the Vietnam War that had been commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara. These documents, completed in 1968, later became known collectively as the "Pentagon Papers" (named after the "Pumpkin Papers" of the Hiss-Chambers Case). Through study of this body of US government records, <mask> came to understand about the Vietnam War that:
It was no more a "civil war" after 1955 or 1960 than it had been during the U.S.-supported French attempt at colonial reconquest. A war in which one side was entirely equipped and paid by a foreign power – which dictated the nature of the local regime in its own interest – was not a civil war. To say that we had "interfered" in what is "really a civil war," as most American academic writers and even liberal critics of the war do to this day, simply screened a more painful reality and was as much a myth as the earlier official one of "aggression from the North." In terms of the UN Charter and of our own avowed ideals, it was a war of foreign aggression, American aggression. Disaffection with Vietnam War
By 1969, <mask> began attending anti-war events while still remaining in his position at RAND.In April 1968, <mask> attended a Princeton conference
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on "Revolution in a Changing World," where he met Gandhian peace activist Janaki Tschannerl from India, who had a profound influence on him, and Eqbal Ahmed, a Pakistani fellow at the Adlai Stevenson Institute later to be indicted with Rev. Philip Berrigan for anti-war activism. <mask> particularly recalls Tschannerl saying "In my world, there are no enemies", and that "she gave me a vision, as a Gandhian, of a different way of living and resistance, of exercising power nonviolently." He experienced an epiphany attending a War Resisters League conference at Haverford College in August 1969, listening to a speech given by a draft resister named Randy Kehler, who said he was "very excited" that he would soon be able to join his friends in prison. Ellsberg described his reaction:
Decades later, reflecting on Kehler's decision, <mask> said:
After leaving RAND, <mask> was employed as a senior research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Center for International Studies from 1970 to 1972. The Pentagon Papers
In late 1969, with the assistance of his former RAND Corporation colleague Anthony Russo, <mask> secretly made several sets of photocopies of the classified documents to which he had access; these later became known as the Pentagon Papers. They revealed that, early on, the government had knowledge that the war as then resourced could most likely not be won.Further, as an editor of The New York Times was to write much later, these documents "demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress, about a subject of transcendent national interest and significance". Shortly after <mask> copied the documents, he resolved to
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meet some of the people who had influenced both his change of heart on the war and his decision to act. One of them was Randy Kehler. Another was the poet Gary Snyder, whom he had met in Kyoto in 1960, and with whom he had argued about U.S. foreign policy; <mask> was finally prepared to concede that Gary Snyder had been right, about both the situation and the need for action against it. Release and publication
Throughout 1970, <mask> covertly attempted to persuade a few sympathetic U.S. Senators—among them J. William Fulbright, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and George McGovern, a leading opponent of the war—to release the papers on the Senate floor, because a Senator could not be prosecuted for anything he said on the record before the Senate. <mask> allowed some copies of the documents to circulate privately, including among scholars at the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS). <mask> also shared the documents with The New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan, who wrote a story based on what he had received both directly from Ellsberg and from contacts at IPS.On Sunday, June 13, 1971, The New York Times published the first of nine excerpts from, and commentaries on, the 7,000 page collection. For 15 days, The New York Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the Nixon administration. Meanwhile, while eluding an FBI manhunt for thirteen days, <mask> leaked the documents to The Washington Post. On June 30, the US Supreme Court ordered free resumption of publication by The New York Times (New York Times Co. v. United States). Two days prior to the Supreme Court's decision, <mask> publicly admitted his role in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the press. On June 29, 1971,
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U.S. Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska entered 4,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds—pages which he had received from <mask> via Ben Bagdikian, then an editor at The Washington Post.Fallout
The release of these papers was politically embarrassing not only to those involved in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, but also to the incumbent Nixon administration. Nixon's Oval Office tape from June 14, 1971, shows H. R. Haldeman describing the situation to Nixon:
Rumsfeld was making this point this morning... To the ordinary guy, all this is a bunch of gobbledygook. But out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing.... You can't trust the government; you can't believe what they say; and you can't rely on their judgment; and the—the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is badly hurt by this, because It shows that people do things the president wants to do even though it's wrong, and the president can be wrong. John Mitchell, Nixon's Attorney General, almost immediately issued a telegram to The New York Times ordering that it halt publication. The New York Times refused, and the government brought suit against it. Although The New York Times eventually won the case before the Supreme Court, prior to that, an appellate court ordered that New York Times temporarily halt further publication. This was the first time the federal government was able to restrain the publication of a major newspaper since the presidency of Abraham Lincoln during the U.S. Civil War.Ellsberg released the Pentagon Papers to seventeen other newspapers in rapid succession. The right of the press to publish the papers was upheld in The New York Times Co.
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v. United States. The Supreme Court ruling has been called one of the "modern pillars" of First Amendment rights with respect to freedom of the press. In response to the leaks, Nixon White House staffers began a campaign against further leaks and against <mask> personally. Aides Egil Krogh and David Young, under the supervision of John Ehrlichman, created the "White House Plumbers", which would later lead to the Watergate burglaries. Richard Holbrooke, a friend of <mask>, came to see him as "one of those accidental characters of history who show the pattern of a whole era" and thought that he was the "triggering mechanism for events which would link Vietnam and Watergate in one continuous 1961-to-1975 story." Fielding break-in
In August 1971, Krogh and Young met with G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt in a basement office in the Old Executive Office Building.Hunt and Liddy recommended a "covert operation" to get a "mother lode" of information about <mask>'s mental state in order to discredit him. Krogh and Young sent a memo to Ehrlichman seeking his approval for a "covert operation [to] be undertaken to examine all of the medical files still held by Ellsberg's psychiatrist", Lewis Fielding. Ehrlichman approved under the condition that it be "done under your assurance that it is not traceable." On September 3, 1971, the burglary of Fielding's office—titled "Hunt/Liddy Special Project No. 1" in Ehrlichman's notes—was carried out by White House Plumbers Hunt, Liddy, Eugenio Martínez, Felipe de Diego and Bernard Barker (the latter three were, or had been, recruited CIA agents). The Plumbers found Ellsberg's file, but it apparently did not contain the potentially embarrassing information they sought, as they left it
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discarded on the floor of Fielding's office. Hunt and Liddy subsequently planned to break into Fielding's home, but Ehrlichman did not approve the second burglary.The break-in was not known to <mask> or to the public until it came to light during <mask> and Russo's trial in April 1973. Trial and dismissal
On June 28, 1971, two days before a Supreme Court ruling saying that a federal judge had ruled incorrectly about the right of The New York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers, <mask> publicly surrendered to the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts in Boston. In admitting to giving the documents to the press, <mask> said:
I felt that as an American citizen, as a responsible citizen, I could no longer cooperate in concealing this information from the American public. I did this clearly at my own jeopardy and I am prepared to answer to all the consequences of this decision. He and Russo faced charges under the Espionage Act of 1917 and other charges including theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years for <mask>, 35 years for Russo. Their trial commenced in Los Angeles on January 3, 1973, presided over by U.S. District Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. <mask> tried to claim that the documents were illegally classified to keep them not from an enemy but from the American public. However, that argument was ruled "irrelevant".<mask> was silenced before he could begin. <mask> said, in 2014, that his "lawyer, exasperated, said he 'had never heard of a case where a defendant was not permitted to tell the jury why he did what he did.' The judge responded: 'Well, you're hearing one now'. And so it has been with every subsequent whistleblower under indictment". In spite of being
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effectively denied a defense, <mask> began to see events turn in his favor when the break-in of Fielding's office was revealed to Judge Byrne in a memo on April 26; Byrne ordered it to be shared with the defense. On May 9, further evidence of illegal wiretapping against <mask> was revealed in court. The FBI had recorded numerous conversations between Morton Halperin and <mask> without a court order, and furthermore the prosecution had failed to share this evidence with the defense.During the trial, Byrne also revealed that he personally met twice with John Ehrlichman, who offered him directorship of the FBI. Byrne said he refused to consider the offer while the Ellsberg case was pending, though he was criticized for even agreeing to meet with Ehrlichman during the case. Because of the gross governmental misconduct and illegal evidence gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge Byrne dismissed all charges against <mask> and Russo on May 11, 1973 after the government claimed it had lost records of wiretapping against <mask>. Byrne ruled: "The totality of the circumstances of this case which I have only briefly sketched offend a sense of justice. The bizarre events have incurably infected the prosecution of this case." As a result of the revelations involving the Watergate scandal, John Ehrlichman, H. R. Haldeman, Richard Kleindienst, and John Dean were forced out of office on April 30, and all would later be convicted of crimes related to Watergate. Egil Krogh later pleaded guilty to conspiracy, and White House counsel Charles Colson pleaded no contest for obstruction of justice in the burglary.Halperin case
It was also revealed in 1973, during <mask>'s trial, that
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the telephone calls of Morton Halperin, a member of the U.S. National Security Council staff suspected of leaking information about the secret bombing of Cambodia to The New York Times, were being recorded by the FBI at the request of Henry Kissinger to J. Edgar Hoover. Halperin and his family sued several federal officials, claiming the wiretap violated their Fourth Amendment rights and Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The court agreed that Richard Nixon, John Mitchell, and H. R. Haldeman had violated the Halperins' Fourth Amendment rights and awarded them $1 in nominal damages. Plumbers' Ellsberg neutralization proposal
<mask> later claimed that after his trial ended, Watergate prosecutor William H. Merrill informed him of an aborted plot by Liddy and the "Plumbers" to have 12 Cuban Americans who had previously worked for the CIA "totally incapacitate" <mask> when he appeared at a public rally. It is unclear whether they were meant to assassinate <mask> or merely to hospitalize him. In his autobiography, Liddy describes an "Ellsberg neutralization proposal" originating from Howard Hunt, which involved drugging <mask> with LSD, by dissolving it in his soup, at a fund-raising dinner in Washington in order to "have <mask> incoherent by the time he was to speak" and thus "make him appear a near burnt-out drug case" and "discredit him." The plot involved waiters from the Miami Cuban community.According to Liddy, when the plan was finally approved, "there was no longer enough lead time to get the Cuban waiters up from their Miami hotels and into place in the Washington Hotel where the dinner was to take place" and the plan was "put into abeyance pending another opportunity." Later activism
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and views
Since the end of the Vietnam War, <mask> has continued his political activism, giving lecture tours and speaking out about current events. Reflecting on his time in government, <mask> has said the following, based on his extensive access to classified material:
The public is lied to every day by the President, by his spokespeople, by his officers. If you can't handle the thought that the President lies to the public for all kinds of reasons, you couldn't stay in the government at that level, or you're made aware of it, a week. ... The fact is Presidents rarely say the whole truth—essentially, never say the whole truth—of what they expect and what they're doing and what they believe and why they're doing it and rarely refrain from lying, actually, about these matters. Release of classified documents proposing 1958 nuclear attack on China
On May 22, 2021, during the Biden administration, The New York Times reported <mask> had released classified documents revealing the Pentagon in 1958 drew up plans to launch a nuclear attack on China amid tensions over the Taiwan Strait.According to the documents, US military leaders supported a first-use nuclear strike even though they believed China's ally, the Soviet Union, would retaliate and millions of people would perish. <mask> told The New York Times he copied the classified documents about the Taiwan Strait crisis fifty years earlier when he copied the Pentagon Papers, but chose not to release the documents then. Instead, <mask> released the documents in the Spring of 2021 because he said he was concerned about mounting tensions between the U.S. and China over the fate of Taiwan. He assumed the Pentagon was involved again in contingency planning for a nuclear strike
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on China should a military conflict with conventional weapons fail to deliver a decisive victory. “I do not believe the participants were more stupid or thoughtless than those in between or in the current cabinet," said <mask>, who urged President Biden, Congress and the public to take notice. In releasing the classified documents, <mask> offered himself as a defendant in a test case challenging the Justice Department’s use of the Espionage Act of 1917 to punish whistleblowers. <mask> noted the Act applies to everyone, not just spies, and prohibits a defendant from explaining the reasons for revealing classified information in the public interest.Anti-war activism
In an interview with Democracy Now on May 18, 2018, <mask> was critical of U.S. intervention overseas especially in the Middle East, stating, "I think, in Iraq, America has never faced up to the number of people who have died because of our invasion, our aggression against Iraq, and Afghanistan over the last 30 years, since we first inspired a CIA-sponsored jihad against the Soviets there, and led to the invasion by the Soviets. What we've done to the Middle East has been hell." Activism against US-led war against Iraq
During the runup to the 2003 invasion of Iraq he warned of a possible "Tonkin Gulf scenario" that could be used to justify going to war, and called on government "insiders" to go public with information to counter the Bush administration's pro-war propaganda campaign, praising Scott Ritter for his efforts in that regard. He later supported the whistleblowing efforts of British GCHQ translator Katharine Gun and called on others to leak any papers that reveal government deception about the invasion. <mask> also testified at the 2004 conscientious
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objector hearing of Camilo Mejia at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. <mask> was arrested, in November 2005, for violating a county ordinance for trespassing while protesting against George W. Bush's conduct of the Iraq War. He is a member of Campaign for Peace and Democracy.<mask> criticized the arrest of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, who had exposed American war crimes in Iraq. Activism against US military action against Iran
In September 2006, <mask> wrote in Harper's Magazine that he hoped someone would leak information about a potential U.S. invasion of Iran before the invasion happened, to stop the war. <mask> called for further leaks following the release of information on the acceleration of U.S.-sponsored anti-government activity in Iran that was leaked to journalist Seymour Hersh. In November 2007, <mask> was interviewed by Brad Friedman on his blog in regard to former FBI translator turned whistle blower Sibel Edmonds. "I'd say what she has is far more explosive than the Pentagon Papers", <mask> told Friedman. In a speech on March 30, 2008 in San Francisco's Unitarian Universalist church, <mask> observed that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi does not have the authority to declare impeachment "off the table," as she had done with respect to George W. Bush. The oath of office taken by members of congress requires them to "defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic".He also pointed out that under Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, treaties, including the United Nations Charter and international labour rights accords that the United States has signed, become the supreme law of the land that neither the states, the president, nor the congress have the power to break. For example, if
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the Congress votes to authorize an unprovoked attack on a sovereign nation, that authorization wouldn't make the attack legal. A president citing the authorization as just cause could be prosecuted in the International Criminal Court for war crimes. Support for American whistleblowers
On December 9, 2010, <mask> appeared on The Colbert Report where he commented that the existence of WikiLeaks helps to build a better government. On March 21, 2011, <mask>, along with 35 other demonstrators, was arrested during a demonstration outside the Marine Corps Base Quantico, in protest of Manning's current detention at Marine Corps Brig, Quantico. On June 10, 2013, <mask> published an editorial in The Guardian newspaper praising the actions of former Booz Allen worker Edward Snowden in revealing top-secret surveillance programs of the NSA. <mask> believes that the United States has fallen into an "abyss" of total tyranny, but said that because of Snowden's revelations, "I see the unexpected possibility of a way up and out of the abyss."In June 2013, <mask> and numerous celebrities appeared in a video showing support for Chelsea Manning. On June 17, 2010, <mask> was interviewed regarding the parallels between his actions in releasing the Pentagon Papers and those of Private First Class Chelsea Manning, who was arrested by the U.S. military in Iraq after allegedly providing to WikiLeaks a classified video showing U.S. military helicopter gunships strafing and killing Iraqis alleged to be civilians, including two Reuters journalists. Manning claimed to have provided WikiLeaks with secret videos of additional massacres of alleged civilians in Afghanistan, as well as 260,000 classified State Department cables. <mask> said that he fears
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for Manning and for Julian Assange, as he feared for himself after the initial publication of the Pentagon Papers. WikiLeaks initially said it had not received the cables, but did plan to post the video of an attack that killed 86 to 145 Afghan civilians in the village of Garani. <mask> expressed hope that either Assange or President Obama would post the video, and expressed his strong support for Assange and Manning, whom he called "two new heroes of mine". Democracy Now!devoted a substantial portion of its program July 4, 2013, to "How the Pentagon Papers Came to be Published By the Beacon Press Told by <mask>lsberg & Others." <mask> said there are hundreds of public officials right now who know that the public is being lied to about Iran. They all took an oath to protect the Constitution of the United States, not the commander-in-chief, not superior officers. If they follow orders, they may become complicit in starting an unnecessary war. If they are faithful to their oath, they could prevent that war. Exposing official lies could however carry a heavy personal cost as they could be imprisoned for unlawful disclosure of classified information. In 2012, <mask> became one of the co-founders of the Freedom of the Press Foundation.<mask> is a founding member of the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity. In September 2015 <mask> and 27 other members of VIPS steering group wrote a letter to the President challenging a recently published book, that claimed to rebut the report of the United States Senate Intelligence Committee on the Central Intelligence Agency's use of torture. In December 2015, <mask> publicly supported the Tor anonymity network, referencing its utility for whistle blowing in general for the
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maintenance of democracy via the First Amendment. In spring of 2019, WikiLeaks players Assange and Manning resurfaced in the news - with Assange being arrested and carried out from the Ecuadorian embassy in London and Manning twice subpoenaed to testify. Weeks later, Assange was indicted on 18 charges under the 1917 wartime Espionage Act. In 2020, <mask> testified in defense of Assange during Assange's extradition hearings. <mask> has spoken out vociferously against the threats to press freedom from such whistleblower prosecution.Support for Occupy Movement
On November 16, 2011 <mask> camped on the UC Berkeley Sproul Plaza as part of an effort to support the Occupy Cal movement. The Doomsday Machine
In December 2017, <mask> published The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. He said that his primary job from 1958 until releasing the Pentagon Papers in 1971 was as a nuclear war planner for US Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. He concluded that US nuclear war policy was completely crazy and he could no longer live with himself without doing what he could to expose it, even if it meant he would spend the rest of his life in prison. However, he also felt that as long as the US was still involved in the Vietnam War, the US electorate would not likely listen to a discussion of nuclear war policy. He therefore copied two sets of documents, planning to release first the Pentagon Papers and later documentation of nuclear war plans. However, the nuclear planning materials were hidden in a landfill and then lost during an unexpected tropical storm.His overriding concerns are as follows:
As long as the world maintains large nuclear arsenals, it is not a matter of if, but when, a nuclear war
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will occur. The vast majority of the population of an initiator state would likely starve to death during a "nuclear autumn" or "nuclear winter" if they did not die earlier from retaliation or fallout. If the nuclear war dropped only roughly 100 nuclear weapons on cities, as in a war between India and Pakistan, the effect would be similar to the "Year Without a Summer" that followed the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, except that it would last more like a decade, because soot would not settle out of the stratosphere as quickly as the volcanic debris, and roughly a third of the people worldwide not killed by the nuclear exchange would starve to death, because of the resulting crop failures. However, if more than roughly 2 percent of the US nuclear arsenal were used, the results would more likely be a nuclear winter, leading to the deaths from starvation of 98 percent of people worldwide not killed by the nuclear exchange. To preserve the ability of a nuclear-weapon state to retaliate from a "decapitation" attack, every country with nuclear weapons seems to have delegated broadly the authority to respond to an apparent nuclear attack. As an example of the third concern, <mask> discussed an interview he had in 1958 with a major, who commanded a squadron of 12 F-100 fighter-bombers at Kunsan Air Base, South Korea. His aircraft were equipped with Mark 28 thermonuclear weapons with a yield of 1.1 megatons each, roughly half the explosive power of all the bombs dropped by the US in World War II both in Europe and the Pacific.The major said his official orders were to wait for orders from his superiors in Osan Air Base, South Korea, or in Japan before ordering his F-100s into the air. However, the major also said that standard
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military doctrine required him to protect his forces. That meant that if he had reason to believe that a war had already begun when his communications with Osan and Japan were broken, he was required to launch his dozen F-100s with their thermonuclear weapons. They never practiced that launch, because the risk of an accident was too great. <mask> then asked what might happen if he gave such launch orders and the sixth plane succumbed to a thermonuclear accident on the runway. After some thought, the major agreed that the five planes already in the air would likely conclude that a nuclear war had begun, and they would likely deliver their warheads to their preassigned targets. The "nuclear football" carried by an aide near the US President at all times is primarily a piece of political theater, a hoax, to keep the public ignorant of the real problems of nuclear command and control, he said.In Russia, this included a semi-automatic "Dead Hand" system, whereby a nuclear explosion in Moscow, whether accidental or by a foreign state or terrorists, would induce low-level officers to launch ICBMs toward targets in the US, presumed to be the origin of such attacks. The first ICBMs launched in this way "would beep a Go signal to any ICBM sites they passed over", which would launch those other ICBMs without further human intervention. Nuclear threats by the United States
<mask> also claimed that every president since Truman, with the possible exception of Ford, threatened the use of nuclear weapons. Some of these threats were implicit; many were explicit. Many governmental officials and authors claimed that those threats made major contributions to achieving important policy objectives. <mask>'s examples are summarized in the
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following table:
Awards and honors
<mask> is the recipient of the Inaugural Ron Ridenhour Courage Prize, a prize established by The Nation Institute and the Fertel Foundation. In 1978 he accepted the Gandhi Peace Award from Promoting Enduring Peace.On September 28, 2006 he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "putting peace and truth first, at considerable personal risk, and dedicating his life to inspiring others to follow his example". He received the Dresden Peace Prize in 2016. He received the Olof Palme Prize in 2018. Ellsberg Papers
The University of Massachusetts Amherst has acquired the papers of <mask>. Personal life
<mask> has been married twice. His first marriage was in 1952 to Carol Cummings, a graduate of Radcliffe (now Harvard College) whose father was a Marine Corps brigadier general. It lasted 13 years before ending in divorce (at her request, as he stated in his memoir Secrets).They have two children, <mask> and <mask>. In 1970, he married Patricia Marx, daughter of toy maker Louis Marx. They lived for some time afterward in Mill Valley, California. They have a son, <mask>, who is an author and journalist. Books
<mask>, <mask> (2002). Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking Press.Ann Wright, Susan Dixon (2008). Dissent: Voices of Conscience, Foreword by <mask>. Hawaii: Koa Books. Made Love, Got War: Close Encounters with America's Warfare State By Norman Solomon, Foreword by <mask>, September 2007 – Publisher: Polipoint Press
E. P. Thompson, Dan Smith (ed.) (1981). Protest and Survive, Introduction by <mask>. New York: Monthly Review Press.Films
The Pentagon Papers (2003) is a historical film directed by Rod Holcomb about the Pentagon Papers and <mask>'s
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involvement in their publication. The movie, in which he is portrayed by James Spader, documents <mask>'s life, starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the day on which the judge declared his espionage trial a mistrial. The Most Dangerous Man in America: <mask> and the Pentagon Papers (2009) a feature-length documentary by Judith Ehrlich and Rick Goldsmith traced the decision-making processes by which <mask> came to leak the Pentagon Papers to the press, The New York Times decision to publish, the fallout in the media after publication, and the Nixon Administration's legal and extra-legal campaign to discredit and incarcerate <mask>. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and won a Peabody Award after its 2010 POV broadcast on PBS. Hearts and Minds, a 1974 documentary film about the Vietnam War with extensive interviews with Ellsberg. The Post is a 2017 historical drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg from a script written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer about a pair of The Washington Post employees who battle the federal government over their right to publish the Pentagon Papers. In the movie, <mask> is portrayed by Matthew Rhys.The film also stars Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee and Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham. The Boys Who Said NO!, a 2020 documentary film about the draft resistance movement during the Vietnam War, including interviews with Ellsberg where he talks about the impact resisters had on his decision to risk life in prison for releasing the Pentagon Papers. Directed by Oscar-nominated filmmaker Judith Ehrlich. See also
Jack Anderson
Thomas Andrews Drake
Edward Snowden
Chelsea Manning
Julian Assange
List of peace activists
Tran Ngoc Chau
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Reality Winner
Katharine Gun
References
7a. ^ PBS Bio on LBJ, part 1
Further reading
Official name of the Pentagon Papers: History of United States Decision-Making Process on Vietnam Policy, 1945–1967
The New York Times version of the Pentagon Papers: June 13, 14, 15 and July 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 1971. Late in this year this edited version was published in the book The Pentagon Papers as published by N.Y. Times, Bantam Books, Toronto – New York – London, 1971
United States-Vietnam Relations 1945–67, Department of Defense Study, 12 vols., Government Printing Office, Washington, 1971. This is the official and complete edition of the Pentagon Papers, published by the Government after the release by the press
UNGAR, Sanford, The Papers and the Papers: An Account of the Legal and Political Battle over the Pentagon Papers, E.P.Dutton & Co, New York, 1972
External links
The Pentagon Papers
Espionage Act 1917
The Truth-Telling Project – Project formed by <mask> for whistleblowers
2006 Right Livelihood Award Recipient <mask>
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
1931 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American anti–Iraq War activists
American anti–nuclear weapons activists
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American anti-war activists
American Book Award winners
American male non-fiction writers
American memoirists
American people of Jewish descent
American people of the Vietnam War
American political activists
American political writers
American whistleblowers
Articles containing video clips
American Ashkenazi Jews
Cranbrook Educational Community
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<mask> (born <mask> on 19 February 1968) is an Australian writer and academic noted for poetry, short stories and travel writing whose work deals with themes of alienation, otherness and sexuality. He is also known as <mask>, the name he used as a performance poet beginning in the 1980s. He has been repeatedly compared to Truman Capote and to David Sedaris. Angguish, who is openly gay, has also written plays and screenplays some of which have been produced. He is known for a lyrical style that foregrounds feeling and the use of powerful descriptive passages. Due to his evocative short stories, he has been variously described as Truman Capote's literary heir and as reminiscent of Carson McCullers, the much lauded Southern Gothic writer. His prose poetry has appeared in the journals Text, Lodestar Quarterly, Retort Magazine and Polari journal.His short stories have appeared in the book anthologies "Dumped", "Bend, Don't Shatter","Sensual Travels" and others. His collection of memoir and travel writing "Anywhere But Here", released in February 2006, received very strong reviews. In particular Graeme Aitken of Australian gay magazine DNA wrote:
<mask> <mask> "was born in Toowoomba, Queensland and this collection of stories is a mix of travel tales, memoir and fiction. The first section of the book, set in America’s Deep South, confirm [his] talent. The stories are highly atmospheric, off-beat and absorbing. Some have gay content, but not all of them. Local readers will be interested in the final section of stories, set in Australia with locales ranging from Byron Bay to the Darling Downs.It’s refreshing to read new gay-themed Australian work that isn’t set in Melbourne or Sydney." The review also noted that <mask> <mask> "demonstrates an enviable flair for storytelling." <mask> published a second book of travel writing in 2011 titled 'America Divine:
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Travels in the Hidden South'. This book focuses on travel in the South of the US, particularly New Orleans. The book explores folk religion practices of the South including voodoo, Southern Hoodoo and snake-handling among other things. America Divine has been described as 'what you'd get if Victor Frankenstein made a new monster by splicing together body parts of David Sedaris, Truman Capote, Bruce Chatwin and just a bit of Djuna Barnes'. Another reviewer wrote that Angguish is 'an impressively skilled writer' and 'something of a strange genius'.The same reviewer later hailed Angguish as Truman Capote's literary heir. Poetic style
In the eighties and nineties, under the nom de plume <mask>, <mask> performed at many spoken word events in Australia garnering a reputation as one of Australia's most enigmatic, queer spoken word performers. A recording of his spoken word piece "The Pugilist", set to music by composer Luke Monsour, was played on Australia's national youth radio broadcaster Triple J. <mask>'s poetry is in the tradition of queer poetics initiated by Walt Whitman and consolidated by Allen Ginsberg, a tradition that foregrounds the colloquial voice, a first person, personal point of view and the expression of an erotic and mystical vision. <mask>'s poetry is often highly evocative and self-reflexive, as in the passage below:
I am part libertine, part priest. I have dual yearnings. On the one hand I like solitude and introspection. I am a sky-gazer whose goals are universal.I crave the freedom of simplicity. On the other hand I am drawn to the communion of skin. I yearn to abandon myself, and thereby become free, in physical delight. These two impulses have often been at odds with each other. I struggle to find a balance. Much of <mask> <mask>'s poetry, written primarily to be spoken, deals with themes of eroticism, alienation and
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mysticism. The excerpt below, from his poem 'Embrace', is a good example:
As I walk away from your embrace I feel the cold shadow of your pupils falling on the small of my back where I have that tattoo which is an emblem against you and you fire those daggers from your eyes which embed themselves like anchors under the skin of my shoulder-blades and hook me to you with long tethers that are desire not wanting to let go, that are thin streams of poison, and when, in the night as I try to arm myself against you by whispering the long and perfect names of all of my Buddhist saints, you slip your arm under my head like a pillow and your breath comes in close to me like a breeze which has on it all the saltiness of sex and the sea...This passage illustrates <mask>'s use of the Beat Generation inspired flowing stream-of-consciousness style he deployed in a series of poems that fuse the paradigms of eroticism and (Tantric Buddhist) mysticism. <mask> spent five years as a Buddhist monk and is still committed to Buddhist practice. He has recently published papers in the scholarly journals Colloquy: Text, Theory, Critique, Creative Industries Journal, Text and Postscripts. These works are published under the name <mask> J. <mask>. Published works
I Go Far Away Sometimes (), published in 2014
America Divine: Travels in the Hidden South (), published in 2011
Anywhere But Here (), published in 2006
Irezumi (ASIN: B007TQEPKY), published in 2011
Cherry Blossom Bicycle Crazy (ASIN B007ZK7O5M), published in 2011
Bridge of Sighs (ASIN B007WN4P8G), published in 2012
References
External links
1968 births
Australian male short story writers
21st-century Australian poets
Australian gay writers
Living people
Australian male poets
Australian LGBT poets
21st-century Australian short story writers
21st-century Australian male writers
Gay academics
21st-century LGBT
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<mask> (surname pronounced ), better known as Baron Corvo, and also calling himself <mask> (22 July 1860 – 25 October 1913), was an English writer, artist, photographer and eccentric. Life
<mask> was born in Cheapside, London, the son of a piano manufacturer. He left school at the age of fourteen and became a teacher. He taught briefly at The King's School, Grantham, where the then headmaster, Ernest Hardy, later principal of Jesus College, Oxford, became a lifelong friend. He converted to Roman Catholicism in 1886 and was confirmed by Cardinal Manning. With his conversion came a strongly-felt vocation to the priesthood, which persisted throughout his life despite being constantly frustrated and never realised. In 1887 he was sponsored to train at St Mary's College, Oscott, near Birmingham and in 1889 was a student at the Pontifical Scots College in Rome, but was thrown out by both due to his inability to concentrate on priestly studies and his erratic behaviour.At this stage he entered the circle of the Duchess Sforza Cesarini, who, he claimed, adopted him as a grandson and gave him the use of the title of "Baron Corvo". This became his best-known pseudonym; he also called himself "Frank English", "<mask>" and "A. Crab Maid", among others. More often he abbreviated his own name to "Fr. <mask>" (an ambiguous usage, suggesting he was the priest he had hoped to become). Rolfe spent most of his life as a freelance writer, mainly in England but eventually in Venice. He lived in the era before the welfare state, and relied on benefactors for support but he had an argumentative nature and a tendency to fall out
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spectacularly with most of the people who tried to help him and offer him room and board. Eventually, out of money and out of luck, he died in Venice from a stroke on 25 October 1913.He was buried on the Isola di San Michele, Venice. <mask>'s life provided the basis for The Quest for Corvo by A. J. A. Symons, an "experiment in biography" regarded as a minor classic in the field. This same work reveals that Rolfe had an unlikely enthusiast in the person of Maundy Gregory. Homosexuality
Rolfe was entirely comfortable with his homosexuality and associated and corresponded with a number of other homosexual Englishmen. Early in his life he wrote a fair amount of idealistic but mawkish poetry about boy martyrs and the like. These and his Toto stories contain pederastic elements, but the young male pupils he was teaching at the time unanimously recalled in later life that there had never been any hint of impropriety in his relations with them.As he himself matured, Rolfe's settled sexual preference was for late adolescents. Towards the end of his life he made his only explicit reference to his specific sexual age preference, in one of the Venice letters to Charles Masson Fox, in which he declared: "My preference was for the 16, 17, 18 and large." Grant Richards, in his Memories of a Misspent Youth (1932), recalls "<mask> Corvo" at Parson's Pleasure in Oxford – where scholars could bathe naked – "surveying the yellow flesh tints of youth with unbecoming satisfaction". Those of whom it is either speculated or surmised that they had sexual relations with Rolfe – Aubrey Thurstans, Sholto Osborne Gordon Douglas, John
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as In His Own Image (1901), in which ‘Don Friderico’ and his teenage acolytes embark on long walking tours in the Italian countryside, even as far from Rome as the eastern coast of Italy.The youths’ leader, the sixteen-year-old Toto, recounts tales of saints behaving like pagan gods. The stories are richly Catholic and unashamedly superstitious, and the saints who figure in them are hedonistic, vengeful and (though not licentious) entirely comfortable with nudity, diametrically opposite to any Protestant ideal of sainthood. Hadrian the Seventh (1904), with an original and compelling plot, is Rolfe's most famous novel. Rolfe portrays himself as an Englishman with a quintessentially English name, 'George Arthur Rose,' (after Saint George, King Arthur, and England's national flower) who, having originally been rejected for the priesthood, finds himself the object of a spectacular and highly improbable change of mind on the part of the church hierarchy, who then elect him to the papacy. Rose takes the name Hadrian VII and embarks upon a programme of ecclesiastical and geopolitical reform; the only English pope was Hadrian IV, and the last non-Italian pope had been Hadrian VI. More self-indulgently, he takes the opportunity to review his past life and to reward or punish his friends and acquaintances according to what he believes to be their just deserts. Hadrian is thus essentially an exercise in wish-fulfilment.Nicholas Crabbe (written 1900–1904, published 1958) tells the story of <mask>'s first attempts to achieve publication, with starring roles for Henry Harland, John Lane and Grant Richards. In this novel
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<mask> has given himself a new fictional name, 'Nicholas Crabbe,' and its plot is a blow-by-blow chronicle of events, reproducing many of the publishers' letters and Rolfe's replies to them. Nicholas Crabbe is an undistinguished novel, but it is rich in autobiographical detail. The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole (written 1910–1913, thought lost, found in Chatto & Windus's safe, published 1934) is set in Venice and reintroduces the reader to 'Nicholas Crabbe.' It has three interlocking plots: Crabbe’s efforts to get his books published, in the face of obstacles placed in their way by his friends and agents in England, and his consequent economic difficulties; his rescue of a sixteen-year-old girl from the Messina earthquake and employment of her as his assistant and gondolier, dressed in male garments to avoid scandal; and the transcendent beauty of Venice itself and the role it plays in the lives of its votaries. Extracts from the novel’s beautiful descriptions of Venice appear regularly in guidebooks and modern anthologies. Unlike <mask>’s other novels, this one ends happily, with a lucrative book contract and a declaration of love."The desire and pursuit of the whole" is the definition of love, according to Aristophanes in Plato's Symposium. In 1912, the year before his death, Rolfe began to write another autobiographical novel, The Freeing of the Soul, or The Seven Degrees (written 1912–1913, published 1995), of which only a few pages have survived. Set in the fifth century, the novel was to have as its protagonist a middle-aged Byzantine bishop named Septimius, preoccupied with the likelihood of
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principal characters in Rolfe's Toto stories, published first in The Yellow Book in 1895–96 and later collected in Stories Toto Told Me in 1898 and In His Own Image in 1901. Rolfe continued to indulge his interest in photography in Christchurch in Dorset in 1890–91, upon his return from Rome, and experimented with colour and underwater pictures. He began to lose interest, however, and really only took photography up again when he returned to Italy in 1908. His photographic career has been fully documented in Donald Rosenthal's book The Photographs of <mask> Baron Corvo 1860–1913, which was published in 2008. Painting
Rolfe never lost his conviction that he had been called to the Catholic priesthood.When he worked in his late teens and early twenties as a schoolmaster, and later when he tried his hand at painting and photography, he saw these as stop-gap occupations, means of earning an income until the Church authorities came to their senses and agreed with his own firm view that he had a priestly vocation. It was for this reason that Rolfe never undertook any formal training in either painting or photography. His paintings and designs, including several for the covers of his own books, were bold and surprisingly accomplished amateur efforts. He executed some of the most impressive of them when he was living in Christchurch in 1890 and 1891, including a small but striking oil painting of St Michael. From 1895 to 1899 he lived in Holywell in Flintshire in North Wales, where he painted some fourteen processional banners, commissioned by the parish priest there, Fr Charles Sidney Beauclerk. Rolfe painted the
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Henry Harland, Ronald Firbank, Graham Greene, and Alexander Theroux, and in his coinage of neologisms and use of the Ulysses story there is some perhaps coincidental prefiguring of the work of James Joyce. Bibliography
Rolfe's works include:
Tarcissus the Boy Martyr of Rome in the Diocletian Persecution [c.1880]
Stories Toto Told Me (John Lane: The Bodley Head, London, 1898)
The Attack on St Winefrede's Well (Hochheimer, Holywell, 1898; only two copies extant)
In His Own Image (John Lane: The Bodley Head, London, 1901. One Hundred Letters From <mask> <mask> to John Lane (Privately printed for Allen Lane, London, 1963)
A Letter to Claud (University of Iowa School of Journalism, Iowa City, 1964)
The Venice Letters A Selection (Cecil Woolf, London, 1966 [actually 1967])
The Armed Hands (Cecil Woolf, London, 1974)
Collected Poems (Cecil Woolf, London, 1974)
The Venice Letters (Cecil Woolf, London, 1974)
References
Further reading
Benkovitz, Miriam. <mask>e: Baron Corvo.Putnam, New York, 1977. SBN: 399-12009-2. Benson, R. H., The Sentimentalists (1906), where the central figure is closely modelled on <mask> (who in turn pillories the novel as "The Sensiblist" in The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole)
Bradshaw, David. "<mask>, <mask>" in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (consulted online). Connell, Brendan. The Translation of Father Torturo. Prime Books, 2005.Dedicated to Rolfe, this book is a clear homage to Hadrian the Seventh. Miernik, Mirosław Aleksander. <mask>, Rose, Corvo, Crabbe: The Literary Images of <mask>. Peter Lang Verlag, 2015. Johnson, Pamela Hansford. The Unspeakable Skipton.
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Macmillan, 1959; Penguin Books (No.1529) 1961.<mask>'s life as source for the characterisation of Daniel Skipton. Norwich, John Julius. Paradise of Cities: Venice and its Nineteenth Century Visitors. Penguin, 2004. Reade, Brian (ed.). Sexual Heretics; Male Homosexuality in English literature from 1850–1900 – an anthology. London, Routledge, Keegan and Paul, 1970.Rosenthal, Donald, The Photographs of <mask> Baron Corvo 1860–1913, Asphodel Editions, 2008. Scoble, Robert. The Corvo Cult: The History of An Obsession, Strange Attractor, London, 2014;
Scoble, Robert. Raven: The Turbulent World of Baron Corvo, Strange Attractor, London, 2013,
Symons, A.J.A. The Quest for Corvo. Cassell, London, 1934. Donald Weeks.Corvo. Michael Joseph, London, 1971. Woolf, Cecil. A Bibliography of <mask> Baron Corvo The Soho Bibliographies, Rupert Hart-Davis, London, 1972 (Second Edition)
Woolf, Cecil and Sewell, Brocard (eds). New Quests for Corvo. Icon books, London, 1965. External links
Archival material at
Finding aid to David Roth Martyr Worthy collection of <mask> Rolfe papers at Columbia University.Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Finding aid to Stuart B. Schimmel collection of <mask> papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Finding aid to Columbia University collection of <mask>e papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. 1860 births
1913 deaths
Burials at Isola di San Michele
Translators of Omar Khayyám
19th-century English novelists
20th-century English novelists
English short story writers
English historians
English historical novelists
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<mask> is an American choreographer, performer and teacher of contemporary dance. Early life and education
<mask> (née <mask>) was born in Las Vegas, Nevada on November 15, 1954. She is the youngest of three children born to Eileen Allison Walker and <mask>. At the age of six months <mask> and her family moved to Ithaca, NY where her father was a professor of Agricultural Extension at Cornell University. At the age of six, her family moved to Ibadan, Nigeria where her father worked for the US State Department's USAID program. <mask> attended high school in Spain, and at 16 returned to the US where she received her BA in Dance from Mills College in 1975. Immediately after graduating from Mills, <mask> moved to New York City to begin her career as a choreographer and dancer.Career
Early career
Upon arriving in New York City in 1975, Fenley trained with Merce Cunningham, Viola Farber and studied at the Erick Hawkins School. During her first years in New York Fenley danced for several choreographers including Carol Conway and Andrew deGroat. She began creating her own work and formed Molissa Fenley and Dancers in 1977. After a tour of European festivals in 1980 her work began to receive more critical attention in the United States and abroad. Her early career (1977–1987) was focused on presenting ensemble work. Fenley and her dancers displayed remarkable stamina through complex patterning and sustained passages of intense speed, exemplified in works such as Energizer (1980). In addition to more traditional dance classes, Fenley and her dancers did workouts that included running, calisthenics and weight training in order to achieve the strength and endurance needed to execute her physically demanding choreography.<mask> has maintained this aesthetic of athletic virtuosity throughout her career. Solo Work
In 1987 she disbanded her ensemble and made a shift to performing solo works, often in collaboration with visual artists including Kiki Smith, Richard Long
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and Tatsuo Miyajima and composers such as Philip Glass, Laurie Anderson, Pauline Oliveros. It was during this period that she created her seminal work, State of Darkness (1988), which was commissioned by the American Dance Festival in Durham, N.C. Set to Igor Stravinsky's Le Sacre du Printemps, this 35 minute solo received critical acclaim for both its physical rigor, innovative use of Stravinsky's score and intense sense of ritual drama. Fenley reconstructed State of Darkness in 1999 at the request of New York City Ballet principal dancer Peter Boal, and again in 2007 for Pacific Northwest Ballet. State of Darkness received a Bessie Award for both Fenley's original performance in 1989 and for Boal's reconstruction in 1999. Current Work
After a decade of solo work, Fenley began creating ensemble pieces performed by herself and her company. She continues to create and perform in the United States and abroad.<mask> has maintained a long-time collaboration with composer Philip Glass and continues to collaborate with visual artists, composers and writers. Recent works include The Vessel Stories (2011), choreographed to music by Glass and featured at the Days and Nights Festival in Carmel, CA, and Credo in Us (2011) set to the John Cage piece of the same name and performed at the Mills College Art Museum and the Judson Memorial Church in New York City. Over the course of her career <mask> has created over 90 works, which have been presented in the United States, South America, Europe, Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Her work has been commissioned by the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company, Seattle Dance Project, Marymount Manhattan College, The American Dance Festival, Deutsche Opera Ballet of Berlin, Robert Moses' Kin, The Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, the William Hale Harkness Foundation, The New National Theater, Tokyo, The Ohio Ballet, Australian Dance Theater, The Brooklyn Academy of Music,
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Barnard/Columbia, Repertory Dance Theater, Oakland Ballet, and Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival. In 2015 Seagull Press/University of Chicago published Rhythm Field: The Dance of <mask> <mask> about her life and work. She has created over 90 works since founding her company Molissa Fenley and Dancers in 1977. Recent works in include: Archeology in Reverse and Artifact in 2018, Untitled (Haiku) and Some phrases I'm hoping Andy would like in 2019, and The Cut Outs (Matisse) in 2020 with longtime collaborator and poet Bob Holman on In 2020, Fenley revisited her 1988 work State of Darkness, setting the solo on Jared Brown, Lloyd Knight, Sara Mearns, Shamel Pitts, Annique Roberts, Cassandra Trenary and Michael Trusnovec.Recognition and Professional Affiliations
<mask>'s contribution to her field has been recognized with awards in the United States and internationally. She is an eleven-time recipient of the National Endowment for the Arts Choreography Fellowship. <mask> received a Bessie Award for Choreography in 1985 for her work Cenotaph and again in 1988 for State of Darkness. <mask> received a 2000 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. She is a Guggenheim Fellow (2008), a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome (2008) and recipient of the American Masterpieces Initiative from the National Endowment of the Arts (2010). <mask> is a member of many professional arts organizations such as the Atlantic Center for the Arts, American Dance Guild, Asian Cultural Council, CHIME Mentorship program, Dance USA, International Dance Council and New York Live Arts. She is the Executive Director of the Momenta Foundation which she founded in 1986.Mills College and Higher Education Teaching
In addition to being one of Mills College's most esteemed alumna, Fenley worked as a professor in Mills College Dance Department faculty from 1999 to 2020. She began as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in 1999 and became an Associate Professor of Dance in 2006. She
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was made Full Professor in 2013. Fenley taught courses in technique, choreography and oversaw MFA candidates' thesis projects. Additionally, Fenley often set work on Mills College's Repertory Dance Company. She was awarded the Mills College Sarlo Excellence in Teaching Award in 2011. Extensive archives from Fenley's career are held at the F.W.Olin Library's Special Collections on Mills campus. <mask> has taught as a Visiting Lecturer at New York University's Experimental Theater Wing, University of Georgia at Athens and University of Utah. She worked as a Resident Artist for the Baryshnikov Arts Center, The Atlantic Center for the Arts, The American Academy in Rome, Bard College, The Hotchkiss School, The Asian Cultural Council in Tokyo, Yaddo, the Bogliasco Foundation, Djerassi, and Harvard University. She has taught repertory workshops at Bennington College, Barnard/Columbia and Hunter College. Personal life
<mask> resides in New York, NY and Ventura County, CA. She is married to painter Roy Fowler. Major works
The Cut-Outs (Matisse) (2020), Created in collaboration with poet Bob Holman and composer Keith Patchell
Some phrases I'm hoping Andy would like (2019), Choreographed as a tribute to the late choreographer Andrew de Groat
Untitled (Haiku) (2019), Created in collaboration with poet Joy Harjo and composer Larry Mitchell
Artifact (2018), Created for dancer Peiling Kao.This work premiered as part of Kao's solo works concert Honolulu, HI. Archeology in Reverse (2018), Created in collaboration with artist Catherine Wagner. Video and sound by Michael Mersereau. Commissioned by the Mills College Art Museum
The Vessel Stories (2011), music by Philip Glass
The Prop Dances (2010)
Pieces of Land, props by Jene Highstein, music by Jason Hoopes
94 Feathers, props by Merrill Wagner, music by Cenk Ergün
Mass Balance, prop by Todd Richmond, music by Cenk Ergün
Planes in Air, props by Roy Fowler, music by Joan Jeanrenaud
Prop Dance #5, props by Keith
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Stravinsky. Commissioned by the American Dance Festival. Subsequently, reconstructed for Peter Boal (1999), commissioned by Lincoln Center and for the Pacific Northwest Ballet, (2007) danced in alternation by Rachel Foster, James Moore and Jonathan Porretta
In Recognition (1988), music by Philip Glass. Commissioned by Serious Fun Festival, Lincoln Center
Separate Voices (1987), a group work performed in silence. Commissioned by The Joyce Theater
A Descent into the Maelstrom (1986) music by Philip Glass, set design by Eamon D"Arcy, direction by Matthew McGuire, commissioned by the Adelaide Festival and performed by the Australian Dance Theatre
Geologic Moments (1986), with composers Philip Glass and Julius Eastman.Commissioned by the Brooklyn Academy of Music, Next Wave Festival
Feral (1986), music by Robert Lloyd, commissioned by the Ohio Ballet
Cenotaph (1985), with composer Jamaaladeen Tacuma and text by Eric Bogosian. Commissioned by Jacob's Pillow
Esperanto (1985), with composer Ryuichi Sakamoto. Commissioned by Tsurumoto Room, Tokyo
Hemispheres (1983), with composer Anthony Davis and visual artist Francesco Clemente. Commissioned by the Brooklyn Academy of Music, Next Wave Festival
Eureka (1982), with music by Peter Gordon. Commissioned by Dance Theater Workshop
Gentle Desire (1981), with music by Mark Freedman. Commissioned by the American Dance Festival
Peripheral Vision (1981), with music by Mark Freedman
Energizer (1980), with music by Mark Freedman. Commissioned by Dance Theater Workshop
Boca Raton (1980), extended dance mix by Paul Alexander of Talking Heads.Decor by Steven Keister
Mix (1979), Commissioned by The Kitchen for Video, Music and Dance
Video Clones (1979), video and performance work with Keith Haring
References
External links
<mask> Fenley
American choreographers
Living people
Mills College faculty
People from Las Vegas
Mills College alumni
Bessie Award winners
1954 births
American expatriates in
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<mask> (; 29 May 1828 – 29 October 1907) was an English poet and writer on Spiritualism and Ancient Egypt. Early life
<mask> was born near Tring, Hertfordshire in England to poor parents. When little more than a child, he was made to work hard in a silk factory, which he afterward deserted for the equally laborious occupation of straw plaiting. These early years were rendered gloomy by much distress and deprivation, against which the young man strove with increasing spirit and virility, educating himself in his spare time, and gradually cultivating his innate taste for literary work. He was attracted by the movement known as Christian socialism, into which he threw himself with whole-hearted vigour, and so became associated with Frederick Denison Maurice and Charles Kingsley. Later life
From about 1870 onwards, <mask> became increasingly interested in Egyptology and the similarities that exist between ancient Egyptian mythology and the Gospel stories. He studied the extensive Egyptian records housed in the Assyrian and Egyptology section of the British Museum in London where he worked closely with the curator, Dr. Samuel Birch, and other leading Egyptologists of his day, even learning hieroglyphics at the time the Temple of Horus at Edfu was first being excavated.Writing career
<mask>'s first public appearance as a writer was in connection with a journal called the Spirit of Freedom, of which he became editor, and he was only twenty-two when he published his first volume of poems, Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love (1850). These he followed in rapid succession with The Ballad of Babe Christabel (1854), War Waits (1855), Havelock's March (1860), and A Tale of
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Eternity (1869). In 1889, <mask> published a two-volume collection of his poems called My Lyrical Life. He also published works dealing with Spiritualism, the study of Shakespeare's sonnets (1872 and 1890), and theological speculation. It is generally understood that he was the original of George Eliot's Felix Holt. <mask>'s poetry has a certain rough and vigorous element of sincerity and strength which easily accounts for its popularity at the time of its production. He treated the theme of Sir Richard Grenville before Tennyson thought of using it, with much force and vitality.Indeed, Tennyson's own praise of <mask>'s work is still its best eulogy, for the Laureate found in him a poet of fine lyrical impulse, and of a rich half-Oriental imagination. The inspiration of his poetry is a combination of his vast knowledge based on travels, research and experiences; he was a patriotic humanist to the core. His poem "The Merry, Merry May" was set to music in 1894 by the composer Cyril Rootham and then in a popular song by composer Christabel Baxendale. <mask> was a believer in spiritual evolution; he opined that Darwin's theory of evolution was incomplete without spiritualism:The theory contains only one half the explanation of man's origins and needs spiritualism to carry it through and complete it. For while this ascent on the physical side has been progressing through myriads of ages, the Divine descent has also been going on – man being spiritually an incarnation from the Divine as well as a human development from the animal creation. The cause of the development is spiritual. Mr. Darwin's theory does not in the least militate against ours – we think it
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necessitates it; he simply does not deal with our side of the subject.He can not go lower than the dust of the earth for the matter of life; and for us, the main interest of our origin must lie in the spiritual domain. In regard to Ancient Egypt, <mask> first published The Book of the Beginnings, followed by The Natural Genesis. His most important work is Ancient Egypt: The Light of the World, published shortly before his death. Like Godfrey Higgins a half-century earlier, <mask> believed that Western religions had Egyptian roots. <mask> wrote,The human mind has long suffered an eclipse and been darkened and dwarfed in the shadow of ideas the real meaning of which has been lost to moderns. Myths and allegories whose significance was once unfolded in the Mysteries have been adopted in ignorance and reissued as real truths directly and divinely vouchsafed to humanity for the first and only time! The early religions had their myths interpreted.We have ours misinterpreted. And a great deal of what has been imposed on us as God’s own true and sole revelation to us is a mass of inverted myths. One of the more important aspects of <mask>'s writings were his assertions that there were parallels between Jesus and the Egyptian god Horus, primarily contained in the book The Natural Genesis first published in 1883. <mask>, for example, argued in the book his belief that: both Horus and Jesus were born of virgins on 25 December, raised men from the dead (<mask> speculates that the biblical Lazarus, raised from the dead by Jesus, has a parallel in El-Asar-Us, a title of Osiris), died by crucifixion and were resurrected three days later. These assertions have influenced various
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later writers such as Alvin Boyd Kuhn, Tom Harpur, Yosef Ben-Jochannan, and Dorothy M. Murdock. Christian ignorance notwithstanding, the Gnostic Jesus is the Egyptian Horus who was continued by the various sects of gnostics under both the names of Horus and of Jesus. In the gnostic iconography of the Roman Catacombs child-Horus reappears as the mummy-babe who wears the solar disc.The royal Horus is represented in the cloak of royalty, and the phallic emblem found there witnesses to Jesus being Horus of the resurrection. Criticism
Christian theologian W. Ward Gasque, a PhD from Harvard and Manchester University, sent emails to twenty Egyptologists that he considered leaders of the field – including Kenneth Kitchen of the University of Liverpool and Ron Leprohon of the University of Toronto – in Canada, the United States, Britain, Australia, Germany and Austria to verify academic support for some of these assertions. His primary targets were Tom Harpur, Alvin Boyd Kuhn and the Christ myth theory, and only indirectly <mask>. Ten out of twenty responded, but most were not named. According to Gasque, <mask>'s work, which draws comparisons between the Judeo-Christian religion and the Egyptian religion, is not considered significant in the field of modern Egyptology and is not mentioned in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt or similar reference works of modern Egyptology. Gasque reports that those who responded were unanimous in dismissing the proposed etymologies for Jesus and Christ, and one unspecified Egyptologist referred to Alvin Boyd Kuhn's comparison as "fringe nonsense." However, Harpur's response to Gasque quotes leading contemporary Egyptologist Erik
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