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Reviewing the book in Peace and Conflict, William H. Long described the book as "straight from the heart", and suggested "like your grandfather's advice, it's best to pay it some mind."Other works
Mystics and Militants: A Study of Awareness, Identity and Social Action (1972) deals with similar themes to Making Peace and examines the personal beliefs, qualities and skills of peace makers. It also considers the psychological aspects of social action, social awareness and identity, and the inner and outer, or private and public, aspects of peacemaking. <mask>'s interest in the concepts of awareness and identity was based on his observation of people in conflict situations. Like Making Peace, Mystics and Militants contributed to <mask>'s reputation as an influential figure in the field of peace research. Both books contributed to the emergence of peace studies. Peacemaking Public and Private (1978) continued to explore the question of the inner and outer aspects of peacemaking first taken up in Mystics and Militants. True Justice (1981) draws on Quaker theology and <mask>'s own experiences as a peacemaker, and focuses on personal solutions rather than structural ones.It explores the question of human nature in relation to religion, and continues to consider public and private levels of peacemaking. <mask> argues here that feelings of hatred, anger, jealousy and the like are not unchangeable features of any individual, but rather the result of failures to understand and develop their own potential. Michael Hare Duke, in his review for the New Internationalist, acknowledged the importance of the interpersonal phenomena on which Curle focuses, but argued that the book lacked "a clear recognition of the economic realities which lie
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behind any justice in the distribution of the world's resources." In the Middle (1986) argues for the importance of mediation and reconciliation in both peace research and peacemaking practice. In it, <mask> introduces his account of mediation as a four-part process, and identifies three types of activity as central to peacemaking: the development of co-operative economic and social systems, nonviolent opposition to violent and oppressive regimes, and the achievement of reconciliation between conflicting parties, including through mediation. In concluding, Curle proposes the creation of an international organisation within the United Nations dedicated to mediation, which would conduct research and provide mediation, training and resources. Tools for Transformation (1990), like Making Peace and Mystics and Militants, frames conflict as a dynamic force capable of effecting changes in individuals and social structures.Barbara Mitchels and Tom Woodhouse argue that this perspective influenced the development of peace studies by providing a holistic account of conflict that goes beyond merely ending or preventing wars. In To Tame the Hydra (1999), <mask> describes a global situation in which violence, successfully subdued, immediately flares up elsewhere, akin to the Hydra, a mythological monster which grew a new head each time one was cut off. Curle saw these outbreaks of violence as fuelled by the pursuit of money and power, and argued for the continuing necessity of peacemaking techniques. <mask> also wrote poetry and fiction. His collection Recognition and Reality: Reflections & Prose Poems was published in 1987. Norbert Koppensteiner described the volume as "a poetic transrationality." His poem "Indra's Net" (1999), named for
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the metaphor used in Buddhist philosophy, reflects on the ideas of human interconnection that also formed part of his work on peace.Personal life
<mask> married Pamela Hobson in 1939. They had two daughters and divorced after the end of <mask>'s military service. In 1958 he married Anne Edie, a New Zealander who he had met in Dhaka during his travels. They had one daughter. Later in life he lived with Anne in London. Death and legacy
<mask> died from acute leukaemia on 28 September 2006 in Wimbledon, London. Barbara Mitchels' study of <mask>, Love in Danger, was published in 2006.It was followed in 2016 by <mask>: Radical Peacemaker, a collection of <mask>'s writings edited by Tom Woodhouse and John Paul Lederach. In a 2003 article Mitchels described <mask> as "one of the pioneers of the academic study of peace". In his obituary in The Guardian, Tom Woodhouse wrote that "the legitimacy and growth of peace studies" would be <mask>'s "greatest and enduring legacy". Mitchels and Woodhouse argue <mask>'s works "were instrumental in establishing the legitimacy of peace studies in universities worldwide and in advancing the scholarly agenda of peace research." Lederach described <mask> as "a beacon of orientation" for his own work and "one of the most important influences relevant to many of our contemporary debates" in peace
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Pierre-<mask> (11 June 1758 – 3 March 1796) was a French Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Congregation of the Mission – also known as the "Vincentians". <mask> exercised his pastoral duties in his hometown of Vannes and was known for his short stature and devotion to the faith. He was killed after he refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new French government. The townsfolk of Vannes nicknamed him "the wee priest" due to his short stature. His death at the guillotine as being in hatred of the faith allowed for Pope Pius XI to preside over the late priest's beatification in 1934 in Saint Peter's Basilica. Life
Pierre-<mask> was born on 11 June 1758 as the sole child to <mask> (d. c. 1758) and Francisca Loisea (d. 1812). His mother nicknamed him as "Renotte".He was born at the same time his father was absent on a business trip and died before he could return home. <mask> was baptized on 12 June and suffered from six bouts of pneumonia before the age of twelve. After he completed his studies at the age of seventeen in Saint-Yves college in 1775 he moved to Bourges with maternal relatives and then returned home before he decided to commence his studies for the priesthood. He commenced his studies in 1776. The Congregation of the Mission staffed it and oversaw the education of the prospective priests. He received tonsure and the minor orders in 1779 while receiving the subdiaconate in 1780 and the diaconate in 1781. <mask> received his ordination on 21 September 1782 from the Bishop of Vannes Sébastien-Michel Amelot.He celebrated his first Mass the following 22 September. <mask> entered the Vincentians and after he spent time at the Paris mother-house was
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professed as a member on 25 October 1786. He became a professor of theological studies in 1787. The French Revolution saw the overthrow of King Louis XVI and the Kingdom of France after its outbreak in 1789. The oath of allegiance that the new government proposed caused consternation for the Catholic Church for it required priests to pledge themselves to the government rather than to the church itself. <mask> was one of the priests who rallied in 1791 to the call of Pope Pius VI to refuse the oath despite Bishop Amelot fleeing to Switzerland. Monsignor Le Masne – Amelot's successor – was appointed on 27 March 1791 but dispersed seminaries in the area and fled to Spain despite high hopes he would promote the call of the pope.The parish he exercised his duties in was abolished on 30 April 1791. It was around this time he sought refuge with his mother on 2 January 1792 though soon fled and continued moving from place to place while changing clothes to continue his pastoral mission without being noticed. His mother's home was monitored at all times in order to see if <mask> would return so that the authorities could arrest him. His refusal to take the oath came on 14 August 1792 and <mask> went unnoticed for the most part during the Terror. Vannes authorities granted a full pardon to all priests who hid after refusing to take the oath in March 1795. This also halted the monitoring of his mother's home. It also allowed him to resume his pastoral duties.A man named Le Meut who found work due to <mask>'s mother – and still received financial aid from her – alerted the authorities to <mask> and his "opposition" to the new French government which would result in <mask>'s arrest. On the
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evening of 24 December 1795 he went to give the Viaticum to a sick man but was arrested and jailed in Vannes. He comforted other inmates and fellow jailed priests for two months. His first interrogation was held on 29 February 1796 despite the reluctance of officials who did not want to interrogate nor list him in a future trial. <mask>'s mother was present at the tribunal of 2 March 1796 that condemned him to death while a citizen said to her: "You reared a monster!" upon her responding to his question of whether or not the priest was her son. The trial was conducted in the church that <mask> was ordained in.On 3 March 1796 at 3:00pm he and another priest were led out of the prison with their collars cut and their hair shaved from the neck with their hands tied behind their back. The pair were to be taken to the guillotine in the market square and he sang a song he wrote in prison on the path to the scaffold. He arrived at the scaffolding and noticed Le Meut there and so gave him his watch. The executioner was in fact one of <mask>'s former pupils and was unsure of what he should do – but he nevertheless followed his orders. After he died a soldier present said: "He was not a man: he was an angel!" His mother was present at his death. Believers rushed to the guillotine to collect his blood on cloth brought forward.He was exhumed in 1934 and reinterred under the altar of the Vannes Cathedral. Appearance
<mask> stood at four feet ten inches tall in his lifetime. He had brown hair around a bald pate with brown brows above weak-sighted blue eyes. He also had dimpled chin with a beard. Beatification
The beatification proceedings commenced in an informative process that started on 22
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February 1908 and closed after the conclusion of its business on 9 January 1912. The process was tasked with collecting available evidence on <mask>'s life and attesting to his potential saintliness. The process was conducted in the Diocese of Vannes where <mask> lived and worked.Theologians garnered all of his writings and issued their approval in a decree dated 22 March 1922. The role of the theologians was to compile a dossier on all of his letters and other writings in order to ascertain whether or not such texts remained inline with the magisterium of the Roman Catholic Church. The approval of <mask>'s works allowed for the cause to continue to the next stage despite the fact that an apostolic process was dispensed. These processes occurred despite the fact that the formal introduction of the cause did not come until 12 June 1929 in a move that bestowed the title of Servant of God on the late priest. The processes that had occurred were ratified before it could proceed to the Congregation of Rites for further assessments and received the approval of the historical commission on 1 June 1933 in a move that clarified no obstacles existed to the cause. Pope Pius XI approved the beatification of <mask> on 22 April 1934 and beatified him on 10 May 1934 in Saint Peter's Basilica. References
External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
1758 births
1796 deaths
18th-century venerated Christians
18th-century French Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Beatifications by Pope Pius XI
Congregation of the Mission
French beatified people
People executed for treason against France
Publicly executed people
Religion and the French Revolution
Vincentians
Breton beatified
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<mask> (born March 11, 1973) is a Japanese American writer of romance novels. She also writes under the pseudonyms S.J<mask> and Livia Dare. She is a number one bestselling author in 28 countries. Career
<mask> writes romance novels, speculative/paranormal fiction, historical fiction, and futuristic fiction (under the pseudonym Livia Dare). She has also published fiction under the pseudonym S. J<mask>, and non-fiction.She is the co-founder of Passionate Ink, a special interest chapter of Romance Writers of America (RWA), and served on RWA's Board of Directors from 2009-13. She was the 22nd President of RWA. <mask> presently serves on the Authors Guild Board of Directors. She presents workshops for writing groups and has been a speaker at events such as the RT Booklovers Convention, Romance Writers of America's National Convention, and Comic-Con. In March 2013, Harlequin Enterprises and Hearst Corporation announced the signing of <mask> to a seven-figure contract to write two novellas to launch "Cosmo Red Hot Reads from Harlequin," a new collaboration between the publisher and communications giant. In June 2013, Penguin USA agreed on an eight-figure deal for two more "Crossfire" books, with Penguin UK acquiring UK and Commonwealth rights for an additional seven-figures. In January 2014, Macmillan's St. Martin's Press announced a two-book, eight-figure agreement with <mask> for a new "Blacklist" series.Penguin UK acquired UK and Commonwealth rights to the series for an additional seven-figures. In April 2019, Amazon Publishing announced a deal for a new novella from <mask> for seven figures. Crossfire
Day's Crossfire series has 13 million English-language copies in print and international rights licensed in over 40 territories as of January 2014. Bared to You was #4 on the Amazon.com's list of top 10
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best-selling books of 2012, #5 on iTunes' Top Ten Books of the Year, and #7 on Bookscan's Top 10 Print Book Sales of 2012 – Adult Fiction. Bared to You spent forty-five weeks on The New York Times trade paperback bestseller list and sixty-seven weeks on the USA Today bestseller list. The Crossfire series was acquired by Lionsgate Television Group for television adaptation, but <mask> declined a third renewal of the option and the rights have reverted to her. Beyond Words
In September 2015, <mask> launched the digital lifestyle magazine Beyond Words, which publishes daily articles covering travel, entertainment, style, wellness, and philanthropy.Honors
<mask> has been honored with the Romantic Times Reviewers' Choice Award, the EPPIE Award, the National Readers' Choice Award, and several nominations for Romance Writers of America's RITA Award. 2007 RITA Award nominee ("Her Mad Grace")
2007 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award nominee (Passion for the Game)
2008 RITA Award nominee ("Mischief and the Marquess")
2008 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award Winner (Don't Tempt Me)
2008 National Readers' Choice Award Winner (Heat of the Night)
2009 Romantic Times Magazine Reviewers' Choice Award Nominee (In the Flesh)
2009 National Readers Choice Award Winner (In the Flesh)
2010 Readers' Crown Award Winner (In the Flesh and Eve of Darkness)
2012 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Bared to You)
2012 Goodreads Choice Award Best Goodreads Author Nominee
2012 Amazon's Best Books of the Year in Romance editors' selection (Bared to You)
2013 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Entwined with You)
2014 Amazon's Best Books of the Year in Romance editors' selection (The Stranger I Married)
2015 Goodreads Choice Award Best Romance Nominee (Captivated by
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(2007)
Lustfully Ever After: Fairy Tale Erotic Romance (Foreword - 2011)
Fifty Writers on Fifty Shades of Grey (2012)
Story of O (Introduction - 2013)
Writing New Adult Fiction (Foreword - 2014)
Media
In April 2013, HeroesAndHeartbreakers.com broke the news that Day's Crossfire series had been optioned for television adaptation. Lions Gate Entertainment secured the rights.Kevin Beggs, President of the Lionsgate Television Group, confirmed the acquisition on August 5, 2013 in a press release. Lionsgate TV Executive Vice President Chris Selak, who was to oversee development for the studio, said, "The Crossfire series is an incredible property and it is a thrill to bring it to Lionsgate. <mask> has created an enduring, sexy and edgy story, and we're looking forward to working with her to create a show that both excites and connects with audiences as her books have done." However, <mask> declined a third renewal of the option and the rights have reverted to her. In June 2017, startup streaming entertainment company Passionflix began production of <mask>'s Afterburn/Aftershock film adaptation. Principal photography concluded on July 29, 2017. The film debuted in November 2017.Beyond Words: <mask>, a documentary covering the world tour supporting the release of <mask>’s One with You, was released on October 9, 2018. References
External links
<mask> Official website
Tor Books Press Release for Eve of Darkness
Berkley Books Press Release for Bared to You
<mask>'s lifestyle magazine, Beyond Words
1973 births
Living people
Writers from California
American romantic fiction writers
21st-century American novelists
American women bloggers
American bloggers
<mask>, S.J. Defense Language Institute alumni
American women novelists
21st-century American women writers
Women romantic fiction writers
Women science
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<mask> Vechta of the German ProA. He played college basketball for the University of Notre Dame before playing professionally in Germany, France, Dominican Republic, Israel, Turkey and Lithuania. Early life and college career
<mask> attended Lawrence Woodmere Academy in Woodmere, New York, where he averaged 17 points, 14 rebounds, 5 assists and 3 blocks during his senior season. <mask> helped lead his team to three consecutive regional championships during his sophomore, junior and senior campaigns and earned All-Long Island first-team honors. <mask> played college basketball for University of Notre Dame's Fighting Irish, where he averaged 9.5 points and 5.9 rebounds and 2.6 assists per game in his senior year. Professional career
Tübingen (2011–2014)
<mask> went undrafted in the 2011 NBA Draft. On July 6, 2011, <mask> signed with the German team Walter Tigers Tübingen for the 2011–2012 season.That season, on March 21, 2012, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with Tübingen. In his second season with the team, <mask> participated in the 2013 BBL Slam Dunk Contest. Rouen (2014–2015)
On June 22, 2014, <mask> signed with the French team SPO Rouen Basket for the 2014–2015 season, alongside his former teammate Daequan Cook. However, on August 24, 2014, he parted ways with Rouen due to a leg injury that occurred while playing for the New Orleans Pelicans in the 2014 NBA Summer League. On January 19, 2015, <mask> returned to Rouen for the remainder of the season. Braunschweig (2015–2016)
On August 10, 2015, <mask> returned to Germany for a second stint, signing with Löwen Braunschweig for the 2015–2016 season. On December 6, 2015, <mask> recorded a season-high 26 points, shooting 9-of-12 from the field, along with eight rebounds in 90–83 win over Mitteldeutscher.Ironi Nahariya (2016–2017)
On September 15, 2016, <mask> signed with the Israeli team Ironi Nahariya for the 2016–17 season. On April 9, 2017, <mask>
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recorded a career-high 28 points, shooting 12-of-13 from the field, along with seven rebounds, four assists and two steals in a 105–80 blowout win over Hapoel Tel Aviv. <mask> helped Nahariya reach the 2017 FIBA Europe Cup Quarterfinals, as well as reaching the 2017 Israeli League Quarterfinals, where they eventually lost to Hapoel Jerusalem 2–3 in a playoff series. Akhisar Belediyespor (2017)
On July 4, 2017, <mask> signed with the Turkish team Akhisar Belediyespor for the 2017–18 season. In November 2017, he parted ways with the team after appearing in five league games. Return to Nahariya (2017–2018)
On November 10, 2017, <mask> returned to Ironi Nahariya for a second stint, signing for the rest of the 2017–18 season. Prienai (2018)
On October 29, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year deal with BC Prienai of the Lithuanian Basketball League.In December 2018, he parted ways with Prienai after appearing in two league games. Rasta Vechta (2018–2019)
On December 8, 2019, <mask> Vechta, he finished the season as the league third-leading in field goal percentage (70.8), along with 10 points and 5.1 rebounds per game. <mask> helped Rasta Vechta reach the 2019 BBL Playoffs as the fourth seed, but they eventually were eliminated by Bayern Munich in the Semifinals. CD Valdivia (2021)
On January 9, 2021, he has signed with CD Valdivia of the LNB Chile. Return to Rasta Vechta (2021–present)
On October 14, 2021, he has signed second time with Rasta Vechta of the German ProA. The Basketball Tournament
<mask> was a member of the Notre Dame Fighting Alumni team that competed in the inaugural The Basketball Tournament, a winner-take-all competition, winning the 2014 tournament, with <mask> being named MVP.In TBT 2018, <mask> suited up for Team Sons of Westwood. In three games, he averaged 11.0 points per game and 5.7 rebounds per game on 83 percent shooting. Team Sons of Westwood ALS made it to the Super 16 before falling to Team
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Major-General <mask> CMG VD (1 October 1875 – 2 December 1954) was a noted mountaineer, Conservative Party politician, businessman, and chief constable in British Columbia, Canada, in addition to his distinguished military career. Early life
Known as Billy to friends and family, <mask> was born in Bristol, England. He studied engineering at Wycliffe College before he emigrated to British Columbia in 1894, where he became involved in the lucrative lumber business. He served with the Canadian Pacific Railway as a superintendent and police magistrate in Revelstoke, manager for the Globe Lumber Company on Vancouver Island, President of the Conservative Party of British Columbia, provincial Member of the Legislative Assembly, and Minister of Public Works prior to the Great War. <mask> was an avid mountaineer and was on the first expeditions to climb Mount Robson and Canada's highest peak, Mount Logan. <mask> served as the president of the Alpine Club of Canada and has a mountain on Vancouver Island named in his honour, Mount <mask>, as well as Foster Peak in the Canadian Rockies. He was also an honorary initiate of the BC Alpha chapter of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity at the University of British Columbia.In World War I, he fought in the Somme and Vimy Ridge battles and reached the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the DSO. He was twice wounded and mentioned in dispatches five times. Industrial relations
<mask> worked as the managing director of Evans, Coleman and Evans, a timber exporting company on Vancouver's waterfront after the war that was a constituent member of the Shipping Federation of British Columbia, established by railway, stevedoring, and storage companies to manage commercial operations on the Port of Vancouver. In 1923, <mask> headed the Shipping Federation's Protection
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Committee, and organised a group of 144 special constables, who were sworn in and given badges and guns by the Vancouver Police Department. Their job was to protect over 1000 strikebreakers, composed mainly of high school and University of British Columbia students to break a longshoremen's strike and crush the Vancouver local of the International Longshoremen's Association. The strike and the union were broken, and the longshoremen were organised into a new company union, the Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association. Within a decade, however, communist organisers would transform the union into a militant union, which again would come into conflict with Colonel <mask>.Chief Constable
<mask> probably gained his greatest local notoriety in Vancouver when he was appointed Chief Constable of the Vancouver Police Department on 3 January 1935. He came in during a shake-up and purge of the police to prepare the civic government forces for a showdown with the local communist movement. The Communist Party of Canada's trade union umbrella, the Workers' Unity League, was planning a general strike for May 1935, and the local big business interests claimed that it was to be the beginning of a Bolshevik revolution in Canada. The general strike and revolution never happened, but the city was flooded in the spring of 1935 with striking relief camp workers, which metamorphosed into the On-to-Ottawa Trek that left Vancouver atop boxcars in early June. <mask> restructured the police department significantly, and led an effort to eradicate crime and vice from the city. He initiated the first training of Vancouver police officers, updated police uniforms, added tear gas to the police arsenal, and established a "Communist Activities Branch" to gather intelligence. On one occasion, he used his influence
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to have a bylaw passed banning white women from working in Chinatown restaurants on the assumption that they were being lured into prostitution, or "white slavery" as it was known at the time, with Chinese clients.The move sparked a backlash from Chinese businessmen and from women who had lost their jobs from restaurants, which had their business licences revoked. Business licences were restored only when the owners agreed not longer employ white women any longer, and at least thirty women were forced to seek other employment. Battle of Ballantyne Pier
<mask> had somewhat of a showdown with communism during the Battle of Ballantyne Pier on 18 June 1935 when a group of about 1000 longshoremen and supporters marched behind a contingent of war veterans carrying the Union Jack headed towards the waterfront, where strikebreakers were unloading ships. <mask> and contingents from the city, provincial, and federal police forces drove the protesters back with truncheons and tear gas. Protestors fought back, and for three hours, police and demonstrators clashed in the streets of Vancouver's East End. One youth was shot in the back of his legs by a police shot gun, and many protesters and police required hospital treatment after the riot. Later life
<mask> remained active in veteran affairs during peacetime and was the president of the Royal Canadian Legion from 1938 to 1940.His career as chief constable was cut short when he was called off to war in 1939. During the Second World War, he was promoted to major general. In April 1943, <mask> was enlisted by Prime Minister Mackenzie King to serve as Commissioner of Defense Projects in Canada's northwest. King described him in his diary as "A very fine fellow with lots of tact. I think he will be an ideal man for the position; also an ex-President of the war
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veterans. He has knowledge and carries with him authority and has fine organizing ability." Canada was then co-operating with the United States on infrastructure projects in the Northwest that would have implications on postwar bilateral relations.<mask>'s role was to make sure "that no commitments are made and no situation allowed to develop as a result of which the full Canadian control of the area would be in any way prejudiced or endangered." After the war, <mask> was appointed the head of BC Hydro, where he again attempted to fight off the forces of unionisation. References
S. M. Carter, Who's Who in British Columbia: 1937-38-39: A Record of British Columbia Men and Women of Today.''' Vancouver: S. M. Carter, 1939. Lindsay Elms, "<mask> (Billy) Wasbrough <mask>, 1875–1954", http://members.shaw.ca/beyondnootka/biographies/w_foster.html
Victor Howard, We Were the Salt of the Earth: A Narrative of the On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, 1985. Andrew Parnaby, "On the Hook: Welfare Capitalism on the Vancouver Waterfront, 1919–1939," PhD thesis, Memorial University, 2001.John Stanton, Never Say Die! : The Life and Times of a Pioneer Labour Lawyer, Vancouver, Steel Rail Publishing, 1987. Joe Swan, A Century of Service: The Vancouver Police 1886–1986,'' Vancouver: Vancouver Police Historical Society and Centennial Museum, 1986. British Columbia Conservative Party MLAs
1875 births
1954 deaths
Canadian anti-communists
Vancouver police chiefs
Canadian generals
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Legion of Frontiersmen members
Canadian mountain climbers
People educated at Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire
English emigrants to
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<mask> (Korean: 남인순, born 5 November 1958) is a South Korean activist and feminist politician, currently a member of National Assembly representing Songpa C constituency. In August 2018, she was elected as one of the Vice Presidents of Democratic Party of Korea. Known as a notable feminist activist in South Korea, <mask> began her involvement the late 1980s. She has been a member of the National Assembly since 2012. She also served as a Vice President of the Democratic Unionist Party and deputy parliamentary leader of New Politics Alliance for Democracy, parties which were predecessors of the Democratic Party. Early life
Born in Incheon, <mask> attended for Songlim Primary School, Soongduck Women Secondary School, and Inil Women High School. She studied Korean language at Capital Women College of Education (currently Sejong University) in the late 1970s.During this time, her dream career changed from a Korean lecturer to a labour activist after she saw serious suppression of women's trade unions. She joined a protest against the university's management, after which her education was suspended. For a while, she learned to sew and temporarily worked at a factory before she was readmitted to university, finally earning her bachelor's degree. She also earned a master's degree in Social Welfare from Anglican Church University in Seoul. Activist career
<mask> began her activist career in the Korean labour and feminist movement in 1988, when she joined and became the assistant administrator for the House of Sharing for Working Women in Incheon. Then, she became a co-founder of the Women Labour Committee of Incheon and served as the secretary-general and vice president. Since 1994, she also held roles of secretary-general and executive director in Korean Women's Associations United, where she worked for 17 years.As a feminist activist, she contributed in various establishments, including the enactment of Anti-Domestic Violence Act and Anti-Prostitution Act, amendment of Infant Care Act and Maternity Protection Act, introduction of gender quota
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system, establishment of Ministry of Women, and the abolition of patriarchal family system. Organizations that she has worked for include: Citizens' Solidarity for General Election, Solidarity Congress of Civil Society Organisations, Seoul Metropolitan Government, The Ombudsman of Korea, the Supreme Court of South Korea, National Human Rights Commission, Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), and the Ministry of Women. Political career
19th Parliament (2012-2016)
<mask> began her political involvement in 2011, while she was a Co-President of Innovation and Unity. The organisation then merged with the Democratic Party and reorganised as the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP; then Democratic Party), therefore she automatically became a member of the newly formed DUP. Before the election, she briefly served as one of the party's Vice Presidents. In 2012 election, she ran 9th in the DUP list and was elected for the National Assembly. As a member of the Assembly, <mask> was a member of several parliamentary committees, such as the Committee of Women and Family, the Health and Welfare Committee (including Subcommittee for Improvement of Childcare Services), and the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts.She was also a co-leader of the Gender Equality Policy Research Forum and the Civil Politics Forum within the National Assembly. Outside of parliament, she also held party positions within Democratic Party and its successors, the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (NPAD) and the Democratic Party of Korea. The positions include the President of Foreign Cooperation Committee, National Women Committee, and Special Committee on Childcare. She was also the deputy parliamentary leader of NPAD from May 2014 to 2015. <mask> was also a member of the Special Committee for the Enhancement of Military Human Rights and Army Life in the National Assembly from October 2014 to July 2015. As a committee member, she contributed to enrich human rights of soldiers including the prohibition of sexual harassment and the improvement of medical treatment system within
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military camps. Before this, she was also the President of Committee for Fact Finding and System Improvement of Lee Seo-hyun Incident.20th Parliament (2016-present)
In 2016 election, <mask> ran for the Songpa District 3rd constituency. She received 44.88% and narrowly defeated the incumbent, Kim Eul-dong of Saenuri Party (then Liberty Korea Party). After the opening of the 20th Parliament, she was elected as the President of Committee of Women and Family, but also worked for Health and Welfare Committee, and Special Committee on Budget and Accounts. During the presidential election in 2017, <mask> was appointed as the women chief for the Democratic presidential candidate Moon Jae-in. After Moon was elected and inaugurated as the President, she was one of the possible figure to be the Minister of Women and Family, although Chung Hyun-back was actually selected for the position. <mask> ran as a vice presidential candidate for the Democratic Party leadership election in 2018. She received 8.42% and came to 6th, just behind of Park Jung.As the party has 5 Vice Presidents, she couldn't actually be elected for the position. However, according to the party constitution, since no female was within the top 5, <mask> was subsequently elected, instead of Park. Personal life
<mask> is married to Seo Joo-won, who is the President of Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation. They have a daughter named Seo Ha-nui. <mask> used an unofficial name, <mask>on In-soon (Korean: 남윤인순), for her activist career. This was a part of double-barrelled name (similar to Spanish naming customs) campaign from the late 1990s, but she also used this name during the 2012 election. She reverted to her original name in 2015, because of systems issues and to relate more closely to people.References
External links
<mask>-soon on Twitter
Nam In-soon on Facebook
<mask>-soon on Instagram
Nam In-soon on YouTube
1958 births
Living people
21st-century South Korean women politicians
South Korean feminists
South Korean activists
20th-century South Korean women
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<mask>, CM (born March 21, 1928 in Wyndham, Southland, New Zealand) was a Canadian journalist, author and filmmaker. While he was a boy his family moved to Invercargill, New Zealand. <mask> died two weeks shy of his 92nd birthday on March 7th, 2020. He leaves behind 4 children. Journalistic career
It was in Invercargill that <mask> began his career in journalism at the Southland Times and later the Southland Daily News. After a brief stint as a reporter in Australia, he went to India to live and work at Nilokheri, a co-operative community north of New Delhi. In 1951 he moved to Britain, where he had great difficulty finding any kind of employment as a result of the depressed, still rationed, postwar economy.Of this period in his life he subsequently wrote in his autobiography:
"I suppose this experience of unemployment was valuable for me. I discovered that it is almost the most debilitating experience a person can have in life, totally sapping one's self-esteem, and plunging one into a maelstrom of depressive thoughts and feelings from which, eventually, one despairs of ever emerging. It certainly gave me a respect for the problems of laid-off workers, so airily dismissed by the media and their consulting economists, during times of what they nowadays call 'economic downturn'. Full employment should be the first social good of any decent government." He answered an ad in the New Statesman that landed him at Newbattle Abbey College where he studied writing under the Scottish poet, Edwin Muir. In 1954 <mask> emigrated to Canada, first joining the Winnipeg Free Press then the Montreal Star . From 1960 to 1968 he was the newspaper's correspondent in London.He returned to Montreal but as noted in his Memoirs:
"I had also come to some conclusions about my profession. I had a strong distaste for the myths that most journalists seemed to believe about their importance. I had found journalists motivated more by vanity than by a lust for public service, and they tended to be childishly susceptible to flattery from men of power. So far as they believed they were free to write what they wanted, and that they were
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who she gave it to. Mrs. McConnell did no one any harm, and no discernible good. Let that be her epitaph." Freelance career
His outrage at the Star'''s failure to support civil liberties and journalists harassed and arrested during the October Crisis, as well as his increasing disenchantment with corporate media in general eventually caused him to resign and become a freelancer in 1971. <mask> supported aboriginal peoples seeking justice in their struggle against the massive James Bay Project. In films made with the National Film Board of Canada (Cree Hunters of Mistassini, 1974 ) and books (Strangers Devour the Land, 1976) he created "a chronicle of the assault upon the last coherent hunting culture in North America, the Cree Indians of Quebec, and their vast primeval homelands".He did prescient work on anti-globalization like the NFB documentary Super-Companies in 1987. This explored the role of multinational corporations such as Alcan; scooping films like The Corporation by more than a decade. When an article he wrote: Corporations: How Do We Curb Their Obscene Power? was rejected by a "progressive" periodical he posted it to the Internet in 1996, to worldwide interest. It was an early instance of distributing writing which might not otherwise see the light of day in mass media. Indeed, in that same year <mask> began what he described as his "sounding off pages": Boyce'sPaper as an alternative means of publishing his views. Decades later it may be one of the oldest continuing examples of what has become the ubiquitous Blog.In the words of Catherine Dunphy, journalist and author:
"Before there was a Naomi Klein and before there was an international anti-globalization movement, filmmaker and journalist <mask> <mask> was taking on the multinationals, his own bosses in the media, and the culture of greed and hypocrisy. He still is..."
Later life
Prior to his death, he lived in Montreal. His wife of 56 years, Shirley (née Norton) teacher and poet who "kept the home fires burning and the wolf from the door" died in 2007. His Memoirs are dedicated to her. He was the father of three boys and a girl.
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Recognition
His work has won a number of awards, including co-winning a 1961 National Newspaper Award for a series of articles on Canada and the European Economic Community, published by the Montreal Star. Cree Hunters of Mistassini won the Flaherty Award for 1974, from the British Society for Film and Television Arts, for the best documentary in the tradition of Robert Flaherty, and a special Award from the Melbourne Film Festival, 1975.Super-Companies'' won the Golden Apple Award at the 1990 National Educational Film and Video festival in the US; and the Red Ribbon Award at the American Film and Video Festival in 1990. "I am with the Indian novelist Arundhati Roy (the finest polemicist in the English language), who wrote recently: "What we need to search for and find... is the politics of resistance. The politics of opposition. The politics of forcing accountability. The politics of slowing things down. The politics of joining hands across the world and preventing certain destruction. In the present circumstances, I'd say that the only thing worth globalizing is dissent!"<mask> <mask> was invested as a Member of the Order of Canada in 2002, his adopted country's highest civilian honour. References
External links
Boyce'sPaper Provocative progressive Weblog (one of the oldest continuously published blogs, since 1996). Boyce'sPaper Internet Archive. Memoirs of a Media Maverick Autobiography
National Film Board of Canada NFB filmography
Internet Movie Database Complete filmography
'Cree Hunters of Mistassini' Film online at the NFB
'For Future Generations' Film online at the NFB
Boyce's books available on Amazon.ca & at your local library. A classic of Internet Samizdat! An appreciation of Bubbles & The Boys. Official Citation: Order of Canada Governor General of Canada
1928 births
2020 deaths
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian male journalists
Canadian documentary filmmakers
Canadian bloggers
Film directors from Montreal
Journalists from Montreal
New Zealand emigrants to Canada
People from Wyndham, New Zealand
Writers from Montreal
Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best
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<mask> (1894–1949), also <mask>, was a Palestinian writer, translator and radio broadcaster of history and folklore in Palestine. Besides publishing original articles, travel guides and phrasebooks in English and German, and broadcasting in Arabic, <mask> also produced several translations of books and inscriptions, utilizing his fluency in all these languages, as well as Ottoman Turkish and Syriac. Educated at the Schneller School, a German Protestant orphanage that operated in Jerusalem, he worked for the Mandatory Palestine authorities, first in the Treasury, and then in the Department of Antiquities. Early life
<mask> was born in Beit Jala in 1894, during the rule of the Ottoman empire in Palestine. His family was part of the Syriac Orthodox Christian community there, but he studied at the Lutheran Schneller School in Lifta, Jerusalem, where he was baptized/confirmed by the school founder's son, Theodor Schneller, in 1908. Little is securely known of his early life, but it is believed he served in the Ottoman army in some capacity in World War I, based on his mention of having heard Kurdish folk songs while in Manbij and Jarabulus in his 1922 article on Palestinian folk songs. Career
Songs of songs
One of the earliest of <mask>'s works, "The Palestinian Parallels to the Song of Songs" (1922) documented lyrics of folk songs in Palestine and compared them to biblical, Mesopotamian and Canaanite precursors.It was featured in The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society (JPOS), and the biblical scholar and philologist William Foxwell Albright called <mask> "a young man of promise". <mask> was part of an informal school of "nativist" ethnographers, most prominent among them Tawfiq Canaan, who published their works at JPOS. The research and contributions of these mostly
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Jerusalemite Palestinians was motivated by their belief that the "native culture of Palestine", best represented in the ancient "living heritage" and traditions of the fellaheen, had to be urgently documented in the face of encroaching "colonialism and modernity". In this ethnographic work, <mask> collected and transcribed thirty-two pages of every day Palestinian folk songs centering around themes of love, and the beauty of the beloved, in the colloquial Palestinian Arabic dialect. The next fifty-three pages transcribe the songs in romanized transliteration and English translation with annotations. It is in this section that the colloquial pronunciation is most faithfully recorded (e.g. dropping the 'qaf', such that قامت becomes 'amat).In the final twenty-five pages, <mask> reviews the selected folk songs, comparing them to the main themes and motifs of "the Canticles" (the Song of Songs), as well as to Arabic literature and poetry. Another important early article <mask> published in January 1922 was in Arabic, directed at a completely different audience and topic. Mara'a ("Woman"), published by Cairo-based Sarkis magazine, named after the Lebanese family who founded it, was addressed to the Arab world and a contribution to the debates generated by the Nahda, where <mask> argued for gender equality as a means to national development in all fields. Translations
While working at the Department of Antiquities, he co-authored papers with Dimitri Baramki and published other articles and translations of Ottoman documents and inscriptions from Jerusalem in their Quarterly. The American Journal of Archaeology noted his work translating Mamluk and Ottoman documents in 1934 as an important contribution. The biases of the colonial administration against advancing the situation
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of Palestinian Arab scholars likely hindered his advancement. His signing of articles under the European sounding name of "St H <mask>" may have been a deliberate reaction to those circumstances, and is the source of misattributions of some his works to other authors.In 1934–1935, <mask> gave input to its composition, and the vocabulary included indicates it was aimed at visiting archaeological students, as well as foreign officials, tourists, and merchants. From the 17th-century ten-volume Ottoman travelogue of the Seyahatname (Book of Travels) by Evliya Çelebi, <mask> translated the rare Palestine section. This was published in six parts from 1935 to 1942 in The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities, as "Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine (1648–50)". Leo Aryeh Mayer, his colleague at the department, also contributed annotations and translations for the first four parts, though <mask> completed the translation of the last two sections alone. Irving suggests that perhaps the 1936 revolt made collaboration with Mayer, a Zionist, increasingly untenable for <mask>.<mask> engaged in many other collaborations and correspondences with Palestinian, Arab and European writers. In correspondences with Hilma Granqvist, there is familiarity and respect expressed, passing on greetings from 'Sitt Louisa' (Louise Baldensperger, 1862–1938), and offering critiques of Arabic translations and transliterations in Granqvist's work. In a letter from 1932, he describes Granqvist's work as an "important work on Palestine", implying the importance of both Palestine and ethnography to himself. Radio & museum work
Beginning in 1936, <mask> was also a broadcaster for the Palestine Broadcasting Service, Mandatory Palestine's government owned radio station. On its Arab Hour, he shared much
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of his interest in ethnography and history with the Arabic-speaking population of Palestine. Radios were not widely available at the time, but locals would hear broadcasts in village coffeehouses, and <mask>'s broadcasts celebrated and valued Palestinian folk traditions and culture, bringing the nation's rich history to the attention of the audience. After attending the founding of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in the 1930s, with his Armenian wife, Arasky Keshishian, he went on to work as assistant librarian at the Museum.Throughout the 1940s, he worked on a project to make handwritten and photostatic copies of manuscripts in private libraries in Jerusalem, including the Khalidi Library from 1941 to 1948, that are some of the only remaining copies of these works (now at Rockefeller Museum). He was promoted from Assistant Librarian to Archeological Officer in 1945. <mask> also produced two travel guides with photographer Boulos 'Afif, a fellow Jerusalemite, entitled This is Palestine and Palestine by Road and Rail, published in 1942, and the first of the two books was published as a second edition in 1947. Later life and death
In 1947, <mask> was still working for the Department of Antiquities, this time on missions to Cyprus, deciphering early Islamic inscriptions. With the Nakba of 1948, he, his wife and two sons, Arthur and Angelo, ended up as Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. His work in Cyprus, at the time a British colony, was to be continued, but he died in 1949. His widow and sons left thereafter to Brazil.Published & broadcast works
Journals & academic translations
"Al-Mar'a (Woman)" (January 1922). Sarkis. "Post-war Bibliographies of Near Eastern Mandates" Stuart C. Dodd, ed. (1930s). Collection of publications on social sciences in the Middle
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Grand Duchess <mask>na of Russia (16 February 1854 – 11 April 1912), ) was a daughter of Grand Duke Konstantine Nicholaievich of Russia. She was a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I and first cousin of Tsar Alexander III of Russia. She had a difficult childhood marked by illness and tantrums. In 1863, while her father was Viceroy of Poland, she was given away to be raised by her childless uncle and aunt, King Karl and Queen Olga of Württemberg. <mask>'s condition improved in their home and she outgrew her disruptive behavior. In 1871 she was legally adopted by Karl and Olga, who arranged her marriage in 1874 to Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1846–1877), a member of the Silesian ducal branch of the family. Her husband died suddenly three years later.<mask>, only twenty-three years old, did not remarry, dedicating herself to her twin daughters. At the death of King Karl in 1891, <mask> inherited a considerable fortune and she turned her home into a cultural gathering place. She was a popular figure in Württemberg, notable for her charitable work. Grand Duchess <mask> was known in royal circles as an eccentric both in appearance and behavior. Although she kept in touch with her Romanov relatives, visiting Russia many times, she identified more closely with her adopted country. In 1909 she abandoned Orthodox Christianity and converted to Lutheranism. She died two years later after a stroke.Early life
Grand Duchess <mask> of Russia was born in St. Petersburg on 16 February 1854, the fourth child and second daughter of the six children of Grand Duke Konstantin
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Nikolayevich of Russia and his wife Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna (born Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg). Grand Duchess <mask> spent her early years in St Petersburg and in 1861, the family moved to Warsaw when her father was appointed Viceroy of Poland. <mask> was a troubled child, prone to violent fits of anger, and suffered what was officially described as a "nervous condition". She became so unmanageable that her parents decided to send her to her aunt, Grand Duchess Olga, Queen of Württemberg, who agreed to take care of her. On 7 December 1863, Grand Duke Constantin and his wife arrived with nine-year-old <mask> in Stuttgart, entrusting her care to the childless King Karl of Württemberg and Queen Olga. Officially this was ascribed to the more advanced medical treatment the child would receive in Germany, but it was also a way for <mask>'s parents to hide her embarrassing illness from the Russian court. Queen Olga was happy to take care of her niece in spite of the difficulties, and for <mask>, her aunt eventually took the place of her mother.Queen Olga and her husband were devoted foster parents, but in the beginning, they had little success in improving the girl's condition. <mask> was homesick and continued to be extremely difficult, to the point of being physically violent towards them. Periodically, <mask> had to be brought under control by an army officer, and on more than one occasion she was locked up. Karl went for long walks with <mask> and read passages from the Bible to her in the evening. By 1866, there was still little
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improvement in <mask>'s condition, but Queen Olga persevered and with time, Grand Duchess <mask> eventually outgrew her disruptive behavior. As a young woman, she was introspective, shy, but clever with an intellectual bent. She disliked ceremony.Her physical appearance, like her personality, was rather peculiar. She had thick, curly blonde hair, but was short, stumpy and extremely plain. Marriage
King Karl and Queen Olga legally adopted Grand Duchess <mask> in 1871. They arranged her marriage to a member of the Silesian branch of their family, Duke Eugen of Württemberg (born 20 August 1846 – 27 January 1877), as in this way she would not have to leave the country after her marriage. The couple were distant cousins, as <mask> was a great-great granddaughter of Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg twice over; on her father's side and on her mother's. The engagement took place in January 1874, pleasing both families. Grand Duke Konstantine wrote to the King and Queen profusely thanking them for the help they had given to his daughter.Queen Olga wrote to her friend Marie von Kiderlen-Waechter, "My problem child is now a happy bride, loving and beloved. I never dreamed that such happiness could exist. Eugen is already like a son to the King. I fold my hands and thank God day and night for such a blessing". Even the heir to the Württemberg throne, Prince William, wrote that <mask> was the luckiest bride in the world. "While she is very ugly and will always remain so, compared to how she was as a child she is unbelievably improved. I consider her not
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to be without accomplishments, and, I believe, not without heart."<mask> was nineteen and Eugen twenty-eight. The wedding was celebrated with great pomp in Stuttgart on 4 May 1874 in the presence of <mask>'s uncle, Tsar Alexander II, who, noticing the unattractiveness of his niece, remarked ungallantly, "I confess that I do not envy the young husband". He did, however, arrange for <mask>'s father to settle a million rubles on her as a dowry. The couple settled in a large house, the "Akademie" in Stuttgart. The following year, <mask> gave birth to a son, Karl Eugen, who died only seven months later. In 1876, <mask> had twin daughters, Elsa and Olga. However, the Grand Duchess' married life was to be short-lived.Her husband, an officer in the Württemberg army, took charge of a command in Düsseldorf, where he died unexpectedly on 27 January 1877. The cause of death was officially given as, alternately, a fall from a horse, and a respiratory illness. However, many believed the Duke, a well-known bon vivant, had actually been killed in a duel, which was hushed up. The marriage had lasted three years. Only twenty-three years old, <mask> never married again. She reacted to the death of her husband in practical, not grief-stricken terms. Rather than returning to her native country, the young widow decided to stay in Württemberg, the country she felt to be her own, where she had the protection of the King.However, she traveled frequently to visit her relatives in Russia as well as her only sister, Queen Olga of the Hellenes, in Greece. At the death of King
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Karl in 1891, <mask> inherited a considerable fortune, and when Queen Olga died a year later, she received Villa Berg in Stuttgart, where she lived in considerable style. She also wrote poetry, and her home was the scene of many cultural as well as family gatherings
Bright and talkative, Grand Duchess <mask> was popular in Württemberg, where she dedicated herself to charitable work. Refuges for fallen women, called "<mask>'s Homes"; the Benevolent Institution; the Olga Clinic in Stuttgart; the Nicholas nursing station for the blind, the Mariaberg Institute near Reutlingen, the dragoon regiment of her late husband, and a Russian regiment, were among the more than thirty institutions and organizations under her patronage. She was also involved in the construction of the Orthodox Church of St Nicholas in Stuttgart. Last years
Grand Duchess <mask> visited Russia often and was present with her daughters in May 1896 during the coronation ceremonies of Tsar Nicholas II. The elder of the twins, Elsa, was first engaged in January 1895 to Hereditary Prince Alfred of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, a grandson of Queen Victoria.The engagement was quickly broken off, and Elsa married a distant cousin, Prince Albert of Schaumburg-Lippe, brother of Queen Charlotte of Württemberg. The following year, <mask>'s other daughter, Olga, married her brother-in-law's younger brother, Prince Maximilian of Schaumburg-Lippe. Olga's fate was similar to <mask>'s; she had three children and within a few years of her marriage, she lost a child and her husband, becoming a widow at an early
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age and never marrying again. Aged beyond her years, Grand Duchess <mask> was now in poor health. Some authorities now speculate that she suffered from Sydenham's chorea or Saint Vitus Dance, a neurological movement disorder characterized by abrupt, involuntary movements. In Stuttgart <mask> was assigned an officer to follow her about, to make sure that if she had an attack she would not fall and injure herself. By the turn of the century, <mask>va appeared small and dumpy with a fat, round face.She wore her hair very short, which gave her a masculine look. Extremely nearsighted, she wore a pince-nez. She was considered rather eccentric, but she had a good sense of humor and her funny remarks were remembered by her nephews and nieces. She was well liked by her family. After living in Württemberg for so long, she was at odds politically and religiously with her Russian relatives. Her political sympathies lay with Germany and she did not share the increasingly anti-German view of the Romanovs. <mask>na was very religious, but had never understood the Orthodox faith and eventually abandoned it to convert to Lutheranism in 1909, to the consternation of the Romanov family.She then commissioned the building of a Protestant church on the grounds of Villa Berg. In 1903, during the wedding dinner for Princess Alice of Battenberg to her nephew Prince Andrew of Greece in Darmstadt, Prince Christopher recalled "My brother George sat next to her, and at a pause in the proceedings, snatched off her tiara and put it on his own head. Everybody laughed, Aunt <mask>
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included, although she vowed vengeance on the culprit. Her turn came, as she thought, a little later, when the bride and bridegroom started on their honeymoon. We were all gathered at the door, throwing rice at them, when someone knocked off poor Aunt <mask>'s glasses, which were smashed to atoms on the stone steps." An unfortunate man who happened to be standing next to the Grand Duchess, then became the object of her wrath. She knocked the man's hat off and began to hit him over the head with it.Grand Duchess <mask>na suffered a stroke in October 1911. She had a slow recovery and she died in Stuttgart on 11 April 1912 of an acute renal failure, aged fifty-eight. She was deeply mourned as she was the most popular princess of the Royal house of Württemberg. Children
Grand Duchess <mask> and her husband Duke Eugene of Württemberg had three children:
Charles-Eugen of Württemberg (8 April 1875 – 11 November 1875). Elsa of Württemberg (1 March 1876 – 27 May 1936) m. 1897 Albrecht of Schaumburg-Lippe (24 October 1869 – 25 December 1942). Maximilian of Schaumburg-Lippe (28 March 1898 – 4 February 1974)
Franz Josef of Schaumburg-Lippe (1 September 1899 – 6 July 1963)
Alexander of Schaumburg-Lippe (20 January 1901 – 26 November 1923)
Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe (11 November 1903 – 29 June 1983)
Olga of Württemberg (1 March 1876 – 21 October 1932) m. 1898 Maximilian of Schaumburg-Lippe (13 March 1871 – 1 April 1904). Eugen of Schaumburg-Lippe (8 August 1899 – 9 November 1929)
Albrecht of Schaumburg-Lippe (17 October 1900 – 20 May 1984)
Bernhard of
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Sir <mask> ( ; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses, war memorials and public buildings. In his biography, the writer Christopher Hussey wrote, "In his lifetime (<mask>) was widely held to be our greatest architect since Wren if not, as many maintained, his superior". The architectural historian Gavin Stamp described him as "surely the greatest British architect of the twentieth (or of any other) century". <mask> played an instrumental role in designing and building New Delhi, which would later on serve as the seat of the Government of India. In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as "Lutyens' Delhi". In collaboration with Sir Herbert Baker, he was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the India Gate; he also designed Viceroy's House, which is now known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan.Many of his works were inspired by Indian architecture. He was elected Master of the Art Workers' Guild in 1933. Early life
<mask> was born in Kensington, London, the tenth of thirteen children of Mary Theresa Gallwey (1832/33–1906) from Killarney, Ireland, and Captain Charles Henry <mask> (1829–1915), a soldier and painter. His sister, Mary Constance Elphinstone <mask> (1868–1951), wrote novels under her married name Mrs George Wemyss. He grew up in Thursley, Surrey. He was named after a friend of his father, the painter and sculptor <mask> Landseer. <mask> studied architecture at South Kensington School of Art, London, from 1885 to 1887.After
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college he joined the Ernest George and Harold Peto architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir Herbert Baker. For many years he worked from offices at 29 Bloomsbury Square, London. Private practice
He began his own practice in 1888, his first commission being a private house at Crooksbury, Farnham, Surrey. During this work, he met the garden designer and horticulturalist Gertrude Jekyll. In 1896 he began work on a house for Jekyll at Munstead Wood near Godalming, Surrey. It was the beginning of a professional partnership that would define the look of many Lutyens country houses.The "Lutyens-Jekyll" garden had hardy shrubbery and herbaceous plantings within a structural architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, herbaceous borders, and with plants such as lilies, lupins, delphiniums and lavender, was in contrast to the formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the 19th century. This "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times. <mask>' fame grew largely through the popularity of the new lifestyle magazine Country Life created by Edward Hudson, which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a great admirer of <mask>' style and commissioned <mask> for a number of projects, including Lindisfarne Castle and the Country Life headquarters building in London, at 8 Tavistock Street. One of his assistants in the 1890s was Maxwell Ayrton. By the turn of the century, <mask> was recognised as one of architecture's coming men.In his major study of English domestic buildings, Das englische
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Haus, published in 1904, Hermann Muthesius wrote of <mask>, "He is a young man who has come increasingly to the forefront of domestic architects and who may soon become the accepted leader among English builders of houses". Works
The bulk of <mask>' early work consisted of private houses in an Arts and Crafts style, strongly influenced by Tudor architecture and the vernacular styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood, Tigbourne Court, Orchards and Goddards in Surrey, Deanery Garden and Folly Farm in Berkshire, Overstrand Hall in Norfolk and Le Bois des Moutiers in France. After about 1900 this style gave way to a more conventional Classicism, a change of direction which had a profound influence on wider British architectural practice. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new Hampstead Garden Suburb in London to Julius Drewe's Castle Drogo near Drewsteignton in Devon and on to his contributions to India's new imperial capital, New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanisation scheme on Mughal water gardens.He also designed the Hyderabad House for the last Nizam of Hyderabad, as his Delhi palace. Before the end of the First World War, he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now Commonwealth War Graves Commission) and was involved with the creation of many monuments to commemorate the dead. Larger cemeteries have a Stone
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of Remembrance, designed by him. The best known of these monuments are the Cenotaph in Whitehall, Westminster, and the Memorial to the Missing of the Somme, Thiepval. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by David Lloyd George as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a catafalque, a low empty platform, but it was <mask>' idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete.<mask> also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by <mask>' designs. Examples of <mask>' other war memorials include the War Memorial Gardens in Dublin, the Tower Hill memorial, the Manchester Cenotaph and the Arch of Remembrance memorial in Leicester. <mask> also refurbished Lindisfarne Castle for its wealthy owner. One of <mask>' smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is The Salutation, a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a garden, it was commissioned by Henry Farrer, one of three sons of Sir William Farrer. He was knighted in 1918 and elected a Royal Academician in March 1920. In 1924, he was appointed a member of the newly created Royal Fine Art Commission, a position he held until his death.While work continued in New Delhi, <mask> received other commissions including several commercial buildings in London and the British Embassy in Washington, DC. In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: Queen Mary's Dolls' House. This four-storey Palladian villa was built in 1/12 scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of Windsor
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Castle. It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children; its goal was to exhibit the finest British craftsmanship of the period. <mask> was commissioned in 1929 to design a new Roman Catholic cathedral in Liverpool. He planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a dome, with commissioned sculpture work by Charles Sargeant Jagger and W. C. H. King. Work on this building started in 1933, but was halted during World War II.After the war, the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of <mask>' unrealised building was given to and restored by the Walker Art Gallery in 1975 and is now on display in the Museum of Liverpool. The architect of the present Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built over part of the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir Frederick Gibberd. In 1945, a year after his death, A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull was published. <mask> worked on the plan with Sir Patrick Abercrombie and they are credited as its co-authors. Abercrombie's introduction in the plan makes special reference to <mask>' contribution. The plan was, however, rejected by the City Council of Hull.He was also involved in the Royal Academy's planning for post-war London, an endeavour dismissed by Osbert Lancaster as "... not unlike what the new Nuremberg might have been had the Fuhrer enjoyed the inestimable advantage of the advice and guidance of the late Sir Aston Webb". Recognition
<mask> received the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1921, and the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1925. In November 2015 the British government announced
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that all 44 of <mask>' First World War memorials in Britain had now been listed on the advice of Historic England, and were therefore all protected by law. This involved the one remaining memorial—the Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in Buckinghamshire—being added to the list, plus a further fourteen having their statuses upgraded. The architectural critic Ian Nairn wrote of Lutyen's Surrey "masterpieces" in the 1971 Surrey volume of the Buildings of England series, while noting that; "the genius and the charlatan were very close together in Lutyens". In the introduction to the catalogue for the 1981 Lutyens exhibition at the Hayward Gallery, the architectural writer Colin Amery described Lutyens as "the builder of some of our finest country houses and gardens". In 2015 a memorial to Lutyens by the sculptor Stephen Cox was erected in Apple Tree Yard, Mayfair, London, adjacent to the studio where Lutyens prepared the designs for New Delhi.New Delhi
Largely designed by <mask> over 20 or so years (1912 to 1930), New Delhi, situated within the metropolis of Delhi, popularly known as 'Lutyens' Delhi', was chosen to replace Calcutta as the seat of the British Indian government in 1912; the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, <mask> invented his own new order of classical architecture, which has become known as the Delhi Order and was used by him for several designs in England, such as Campion Hall, Oxford. Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian
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architecture—something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of Viceroy's House, now Rashtrapati Bhavan. This palatial building, containing 340 rooms, is built on an area of some and incorporates a private garden also designed by <mask>. The building was designed as the official residence of the Viceroy of India and is now the official residence of the President of India. The Delhi Order columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them, which, it has been suggested, <mask> had designed with the idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end. At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to care for the building and serve the Viceroy's household.The new city contains both the Parliament buildings and government offices (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was built distinctively of the local red sandstone using the traditional Mughal style. When composing the plans for New Delhi, <mask> planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of Shahjahanbad. His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues. Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the place where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market. It was there that <mask> imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the D-shaped market seen today. Many of the garden-ringed villas in the <mask>' Bungalow Zone (LBZ)—also known as <mask>' Delhi—that were part of <mask>' original scheme for
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New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi. The LBZ was placed on the 2002 World Monuments Fund Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites.None of the bungalows in the LBZ were designed by <mask>—he only designed the four bungalows in the Presidential Estate surrounding Rashtrapati Bhavan at Willingdon Crescent, now known as Mother Teresa Crescent. Other buildings in Delhi that <mask> designed include Baroda House, Bikaner House, Hyderabad House, and Patiala House. In recognition of his architectural accomplishments for the British Raj, <mask> was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) on 1 January 1930. As a chivalric order, the KCIE knighthood held precedence over his earlier bachelor knighthood. A bust of <mask> in the former Viceroy's House is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi. <mask>' work in New Delhi is the focus of Robert Grant Irving's book Indian Summer. In spite of his monumental work in India, Lutyens views on the peoples of the Indian sub-continent, although not uncommon for people of his time, would now be considered racist.Ireland
Works in Ireland include the Irish National War Memorial Gardens in Islandbridge in Dublin, which consists of a bridge over the railway and a bridge over the River Liffey (unbuilt) and two tiered sunken gardens; Heywood House Gardens, County Laois (open to the public), consisting of a hedge garden, lawns, tiered sunken garden and a belvedere; extensive changes and extensions to Lambay Castle, Lambay Island, near Dublin, consisting of a circular battlement enclosing the restored and
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extended castle and farm building complex, upgraded cottages and stores near the harbour, a real tennis court, a large guest house (The White House), a boathouse and a chapel; alterations and extensions to Howth Castle, County Dublin; the unbuilt Hugh Lane gallery straddling the River Liffey on the site of the Ha'penny Bridge and the unbuilt Hugh Lane Gallery on the west side of St Stephen's Green; and Costelloe Lodge at Casla (also known as Costelloe), County Galway (that was used for refuge by J. Bruce Ismay, the Chairman of the White Star Line, following the sinking of the R.M.S. Titanic). In 1907, <mask> designed Tranarossan House, located just north of Downings on the Rosguill Peninsula on the north coast of County Donegal. The house was built of local granite for Mr and Mrs Phillimore, from London, as a holiday home. In 1937, Mrs Phillimore donated it to An Óige (Irish Youth Hostels Association) for the "youth of Ireland", and it has been a hostel ever since. Spain
In Madrid, <mask>' work can be seen in the interiors of the Liria Palace, a neoclassical building which was severely damaged during the Spanish Civil War. The palace was originally built in the 18th century for The 1st Duke of Berwick, and still belongs to his descendants.<mask>' reconstruction was commissioned by The 17th Duke of Alba. The Duke had been in contact with <mask> while he was the Spanish ambassador to the Court of St. James's. Between 1915 and 1928, <mask> also produced designs of a palace for the Duke of Alba's younger brother, The 18th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero. The palace of El Guadalperal, as it was to be called, would have been, if built,
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<mask>'s largest country house. Marriage and later life
<mask> married Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton (1874–1964) on 4 August 1897 at Knebworth, Hertfordshire. She was third daughter of Edith (née Villiers) and the 1st Earl of Lytton, a former Viceroy of India. Lady Emily had proposed to <mask> two years before the wedding, and her parents disapproved of the marriage.They had five children, but their marriage was largely unsatisfactory, practically from the start, with Lady Emily developing interests in theosophy, Eastern religions, and being drawn both emotionally and philosophically to Jiddu Krishnamurti. Children
<mask> (1898–1981), second wife of Euan Wallace (1892–1941), Minister of Transport. <mask> (1901–1971), interior designer. Designed the façade used for over 40 Marks & Spencer stores. <mask> (1904–1967), wife of the 3rd Viscount Ridley. They were the parents of the 4th Viscount Ridley (1925–2012), and of the Cabinet Minister Nicholas Ridley (1929–1993). Nicholas Ridley was the father of <mask>' biographer, Jane Ridley.(Agnes) <mask> (1906–1983), a well-known composer. Second marriage to the conductor Edward Clark. (Edith Penelope) <mask> (1908–1999), a writer known for her books about the philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti. During the later years of his life, <mask> suffered with several bouts of pneumonia. In the early 1940s he was diagnosed with cancer. He died on 1 January 1944 and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium where he had designed the Philipson Mausoleum in 1914–1916. His ashes were buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, beneath a memorial designed by his friend and fellow architect William Curtis
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Green.Major buildings and projects
1897: Munstead Wood, Surrey
1899: Orchards, Surrey
1900: Goddards, Surrey
1901: Tigbourne Court, Surrey
1901: Deanery Garden, Sonning, Berkshire
1903: Papillon Hall, Lubenham, Leicestershire
1911: British Medical Association in Tavistock Square, London
1912: Great Dixter, Northiam, East Sussex
1928: Hyderabad House, New Delhi
1929: Rashtrapathi Bhavan, New Delhi
1930: Castle Drogo, Drewsteignton, Devon
1935: The Midland Bank, Manchester
1936: Baroda House, New Delhi
1936—1938: Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial, Somme, France
Publications
Edwin Lutyens & Charles Bressey, The Highway Development Survey, Ministry of Transport, 1937
<mask>tyens & Patrick Abercrombie, A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull, Brown (London & Hull), 1945. Gallery
See also
Herbert Tudor Buckland, a contemporary Arts & Crafts architect
Butterfly plan
History of gardening
Landscape design history (category)
Footnotes
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
The Lutyens Trust
Jane Ridley, "Architect for the metropolis", City Journal, Spring 1998
The creations of Sir <mask> @ Ward's Book of Days
The cathedral that never was – exhibition of Lutyens' cathedral model at the Walker Art Gallery
– An 1898 house in France designed by <mask> and its garden designed by <mask> and Gertrude Jekyll. Collection of over 2000 photos of <mask>' work on Flickr
1869 births
1944 deaths
Artists from London
People of the Victorian era
Architects from London
Neoclassical architects
Arts and Crafts movement artists
Arts and Crafts architects
Fellows of the Royal Institute
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<mask><mask> was the first Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence within the United States Department of the Treasury. He was sworn in on July 21, 2004 as a political appointee of President George W. Bush. President Barack Obama asked Levey to remain in his position and <mask> was one of only a small number of Senate-confirmed Bush appointees who served in the Obama Administration. Education and Career
<mask> grew up in a Jewish family near Akron, Ohio, where his father had practiced dentistry. <mask> attended Harvard College, graduating summa cum laude in 1986, and in 1989 he graduated magna cum laude from Harvard Law School. After law school, Levey clerked for Judge Laurence Silberman on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1989 through 1990.Prior to joining the Justice Department in 2001, <mask> spent 11 years in private practice at the Washington law firm Miller, Cassidy, Larroca & Lewin LLP (which merged into Baker Botts LLP). He had a litigation practice with a special emphasis on white collar criminal defense. Beginning in 2001, <mask> served in several senior positions in the U.S. Department of Justice, including as Principal Associate Deputy Attorney General for Deputy Attorney General Larry Thompson and Deputy Attorney General James Comey. In that role, <mask> was the Deputy Attorney General's primary advisor for coordinating the Department's counterterrorism and national security activities, including investigations, intelligence collection and prosecutions. Prior to serving in that role, <mask> was an Associate Deputy Attorney General and Chief of Staff to the Deputy Attorney General. <mask> was sworn in on July 21, 2004 as the Under Secretary of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence at the U.S. Department of the Treasury in the administration of President George W. Bush. President Barack Obama asked <mask> to remain in his position and Levey was one of only a small number of Senate-confirmed Bush appointees who served in the Obama Administration.<mask> served until March 2011. He was succeeded by David S. Cohen. <mask> played a central role in the efforts to combat North Korea's and Iran's allegedly illicit conduct in the
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international financial system. In January 2012, <mask> joined HSBC as the bank's Chief Legal Officer. In August 2020, he became CEO of the Diem Association. Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence
As the first Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI), from July 2004, <mask> was responsible for creating a new office to lead the Treasury Department's revitalized post-9/11 national security mission. <mask> is credited with developing and executing financial strategies to counter threats to U.S. national security and protect the integrity of the international financial system.He has also been recognized for leading the U.S. government's efforts to disrupt financial networks supporting terrorist organizations; developing and implementing financial measures against proliferators of weapons of mass destruction; and playing a central role in U.S. strategies to pressure the regimes in North Korea, Iran and Libya. He is credited, in particular, with designing the financial strategy that resulted in tremendous pressure on Iran's economy and its isolation from the international financial system. One of <mask>'s key initiatives was harnessing the private sector to enhance the effectiveness of government-imposed financial measures. He "led an effort to convince foreign banks to cease conducting business with Iran until that country agreed to comply with international banking standards. By showing companies and banks that doing business in Iran has financial and diplomatic repercussions, he has convinced corporations to cut off business with Iran." TFI's efforts received support from both Republicans and Democrats. <mask>, an appointee of the George W. Bush administration, was asked to remain in his position by the Obama Administration.TFI, through its implementation of economic sanctions and other financial measures, put pressure on the regimes in North Korea, Iran, and Libya. TFI was responsible for leading the U.S. government's efforts to cut off financing to terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda, Hamas and Hezbollah. In pursuing that effort against al Qaeda, <mask> focused attention on wealthy Gulf-based donors,
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particularly from Saudi Arabia. He was once quoted as saying,"If I could somehow snap my fingers and cut off the funding from one country, it would be Saudi Arabia." No one identified by the United States and the United Nations as a terror financier has been prosecuted by the Saudis, he elaborated. He later acknowledged significant improvement in the partnership between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia in targeting al-Qaeda financing. In June 2006, the New York Times reported that counterterrorism officials had gained access to financial records from a vast international database of banking transactions involving Americans and others in the United States.In response to concerns about privacy issues, <mask> said that the Terrorist Financing Tracking Program (TFTP) "has provided us with a unique and powerful window into the operations of terrorist networks and is, without doubt, a legal and proper use of our authorities." Since the creation of the TFTP, the United States and European Union (EU) have entered into a long-standing and comprehensive information sharing agreement to thwart the financing of terrorism around the world and gain timely, accurate, and reliable information about activities associated with suspected acts of terrorist planning and financing. A 2019 EU evaluation of the TFTP found that “over 70,000 leads were generated, some of which brought forward investigations into terrorist attacks on EU territory, such as those in Stockholm, Barcelona, and Turku. The number of leads increased considerably compared to almost 9,000 in the previous reporting period (1 March 2014 to 31 December 2015).” In November 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that EU member countries widely use the TFTP to monitor global financial ties to terrorism and thwart terrorist actors. In July 2010, <mask> said that <mask> al-<mask> "has proven that he is extraordinarily dangerous, committed to carrying out deadly attacks on Americans and others worldwide ... [and] has involved himself in every aspect of the supply chain of terrorism—fundraising for terrorist groups, recruiting and training operatives, and planning and ordering attacks on innocents." Acting Treasury Secretary
On
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January 15, 2009 President-elect Barack Obama designated <mask> to serve as Acting Treasury Secretary until Obama nominee Timothy Geithner was confirmed to the post. Geithner was confirmed on January 26.Chief Legal Officer, HSBC Holdings plc
After leaving the U.S. Department of the Treasury, <mask> served as the Chief Legal Officer and a Group Managing Director of HSBC Holdings plc, a global bank with 257,000 employees across 67 jurisdictions in 2014. <mask> joined HSBC in 2012 as the bank was seeking to resolve investigations into past anti-money laundering and sanctions compliance failures and to re-build its reputation. <mask> led a legal department made up of more than 800 lawyers in more than 50 countries, and re-focused the mission of the department to help the bank do what is legal and what is right. In a speech to The Economist’s General Counsel summit, <mask> said that helping a business navigate the external environment requires its senior lawyers to be conscious not only of what the law is in any particular jurisdiction, but also of how the law might evolve in the future. <mask> said that businesses must also be aware of how the company might be judged based on the application of broad standards, by several regulators, in numerous jurisdictions, all while acting with the benefit of hindsight. He said that for senior lawyers in a multinational corporation the questions of what is legal and what is right are inextricably linked. In May of 2016, <mask> wrote an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal in response to an effort by then-Secretary of State John Kerry to persuade major non-US banks to do business with Iran.In the op-ed, <mask> stated that HSBC’s “decisions will be driven by the financial-crime risks and the underlying conduct,” and “[f]or these reasons, HSBC has no intention of doing any new business involving Iran.” He further noted that”[g]overnments can lift sanctions, but the private sector is still responsible for managing its own risk and no doubt will be held accountable if it falls short.” He explained that the conduct that was the basis for Iran-related sanctions, including activities related to terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass
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destruction, had not changed. Upon <mask>’s departure from HSBC in 2020, HSBC chief executive Noel Quinn sent an email to staff in which he said that <mask> had been an “exemplary” chief legal officer after joining “at one of the most challenging moments in the Group’s history”. Quinn further noted that Levey “was a driving force behind the bank’s transformation in how we fight financial crime and helped us to rebuild our reputation, as well as the trust of our regulators and other government stakeholders.”
<mask>, the former chief executive of HSBC, said that Levey was “the most important key hire” he made during his tenure. Diem Association and Diem Networks US
In May of 2020, <mask> was appointed the CEO of the Diem Association, a member-based association dedicated to building a blockchain-based payment system that supports financial innovation, inclusion, and integrity and is designed with robust controls to protect consumers and fight financial crime. <mask> is also the CEO of Diem Networks US. On becoming the Diem Association’s CEO, <mask> said that the project “charts a bold path forward to harness the power of technology to transform the global payments landscape,” and that Diem will “empower more than a billion people who have been left on the sidelines of the financial system, all with robust controls to detect and deter illicit financial activity.”
Former US Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson, said: “The fact that <mask> is an expert at countering abuses of our financial system by terrorists [and] money launderers . . . gives me confidence that this digital currency is highly likely to set a standard for safety.”
In May 2020, the Financial Times reported that Levey was reviewing Diem's plans for financial crime compliance and other critical controls to deter illegal and illicit use of the Diem blockchain and currency ahead of its launch, as well as to protect the privacy of users.Under <mask>'s leadership, the Diem Association has made significant changes to the project that was initially rolled out as Libra in 2019, incorporating feedback from regulators. <mask> has steered the Diem project to work “with regulators, central bankers, elected
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officials, and various stakeholders around the world to determine the best way to marry blockchain technology with accepted regulatory frameworks.” <mask> has also said that a key objective of Diem is to promote the inclusion of billions of unbanked and underbanked people in the formal financial system. In 2020, <mask> pointed to high-cost remittance fees in the developing world as a motivator for the Diem project. Speaking to the American Banker, <mask> emphasized how critical getting the protections right for the new payment system would be: “I personally want to build a project that has the type of financial crime controls that can even go beyond the effectiveness of the traditional banking system. We’re going to have world-class anti-money-laundering and sanctions controls.”
Criticism
According to The New York Times, the failure of the United States to carry out sanctions against many Iranian companies and individuals is cited by European diplomats as an example of America failing to do what it has promised. Valerie Lincy of Iran Watch has said, "The United States now lags many other countries in enforcing sanctions that the United Nations has already voted." The Tehran Times wrote that the U.S. Treasury has increased pressure on foreign banks not to deal with sanctions against Iran, including performing "U-turn transactions," which allow U.S. banks to process payments involving Iran that begin and end with a non-Iranian foreign bank.In reply to Lincy's comments, <mask> said that the United States has tougher sanctions on Iran than any other country. He said that because their list of organizations and individuals involved in financial crime is accurate, it is America's list that "is by and large used by financial institutions around the world." References
External links
20th-century births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American politicians
Acting United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Obama administration cabinet members
Place of birth missing (living people)
Politicians from Akron, Ohio
United States Department of the Treasury officials
Year of birth
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Mark Ellis (born 16 August 1960), known by his professional pseudonym <mask>, is a British post-punk and alternative rock record producer and audio engineer. <mask>'s list of work includes projects with New Order, U2, Nine Inch Nails, Marc and the Mambas, Depeche Mode, Gary Numan, Sneaker Pimps, King, Ministry, The Charlatans, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Erasure, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, PJ Harvey, Foals, a-ha, Orbital, Sigur Rós, The Jesus And Mary Chain,The Smashing Pumpkins, The Killers, White Lies, Pop Will Eat Itself, Warpaint and EOB. His co-production collaborations have included projects with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois, Steve Lillywhite, and longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, with whom he co-founded the Assault & Battery studio complex. In 2006, his work with U2 led to his sharing of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb. He is not to be confused with Mark Ellis, the bassist from the British mod revival band The Lambrettas from the late 1970s and early 1980s. Early years
Mark Ellis was born in London, England. As a child, Ellis attended St Olave's Grammar School in Orpington, England.He began his music career as the vocalist for the band Seven Hertz. During that same time, he began his professional studio career as a runner at Morgan Studios in London, where he also served as Tape Operator on 1984 by Rick Wakeman. Ellis also was a runner at Battery Studios in London and held apprenticeships at Marcus Studios and Trident Studios. Freelance and Some Bizzare
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Records
<mask> moved up to house engineer before going freelance in 1981, the same year he worked as assistant engineer on New Order's debut album, Movement. The following year, he engineered Ministry's debut album, With Sympathy. He then became associated with Stevo's Some Bizzare Records label, leading to work with Cabaret Voltaire, Psychic TV, and Marc Almond's side project, Marc and the Mambas, among others. Mute Records
Following his work with Some Bizzare Records, <mask> began working with Mute Records as one of their preferred producers, heralding his first production project with Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on From Her to Eternity (1983–1984) and the follow-up album, The Firstborn Is Dead (1984).His work at Mute was as producer, co-producer or engineer with each of the label's major acts, including Depeche Mode, Vince Clarke and Erasure, whose debut album Wonderland (1986) and its followup The Circus (1987) he engineered. Mainstream commercial success
<mask>'s first mainstream commercial break came in 1987 when he engineered U2's The Joshua Tree, alongside producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois. In that same year, he gave up mixing U2's album to produce Erasure's The Circus - which was the duo's second album and the first one to have great commercial success. Shortly thereafter, he co-produced Nine Inch Nails on debut Pretty Hate Machine, along with John Fryer, Adrian Sherwood, and Keith LeBlanc. He also worked with Depeche Mode on their 1990 album, Violator. In 1991, he returned to work again
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with U2 on Achtung Baby, along with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois and Steve Lillywhite. The following year, he also returned to work with Depeche Mode to record the album Songs of Faith and Devotion and co-produced three tracks of Nine Inch Nails' Broken EP.In 1993, <mask> shifted from engineering U2's albums to producing them, sharing duties with Brian Eno and The Edge on Zooropa. In 1994, he worked again with Nine Inch Nails, this time on The Downward Spiral. In 1995, <mask> co-produced The Smashing Pumpkins' album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness with longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, and PJ Harvey's album To Bring You My Love. Shortly thereafter, he assisted producer Nellee Hooper on Sneaker Pimps' Becoming X. He also collaborated with Dave Bessell, Gary Stout and Ed Buller to create Node; an analogue synth heavy project that produced a single album, Node. In 1996 <mask> teamed up with U2 once again to produce Pop, released the next year. The following year, he assisted Billy Corgan and Brad Wood on The Smashing Pumpkins's 1998 album Adore and co-produced PJ Harvey's album Is This Desire?.2000 to 2005
In 2000, he co-produced Machina/The Machines of God by The Smashing Pumpkins with Corgan. He also co-produced Erasure's Loveboat with Vince Clarke and Andy Bell of Erasure. The following year <mask> worked again with Depeche Mode, remixing the single version of "Freelove", and in 2002 he produced Richard Warren's Echoboy album Giraffe. He also co-produced I To Sky, by JJ72. In 2003, <mask> re-worked
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Cars for Gary Numan's album Hybrid. The following year he produced London based The Duke Spirit's debut album Cuts Across The Land. In the same year he co-produced U2's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb.In 2004 he produced Soulwax's album Any Minute Now and in mid-2005 he mixed a-ha's eighth album, Analogue, and produced Yourcodenameis:Milo's debut album Ignoto. Later that year, <mask> also mixed Placebo's album Meds. 2006 to 2013
<mask> co-produced The Killers' album Sam's Town in 2006 with fellow English producer/engineer Alan Moulder. Later that year he remixed the debut single by Dark Room Notes, Love Like Nicotine. At the beginning of 2007, he co-produced PJ Harvey's album White Chalk with John Parish and PJ Harvey. He also co-produced a couple of songs on the Goldfrapp album Seventh Tree, which was released in February 2008. In late 2007/early 2008, he produced Sigur Rós's Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust in Iceland.<mask> and Paul Hartnoll of Orbital co-produced the 2008 album by The Music, Strength in Numbers. He produced the 2009 album by The Hours, See the Light. He joined Steve Lillywhite again in 2008 to work with Thirty Seconds to Mars, on This Is War. And then worked with Editors on In This Light and on This Evening. He also collaborated with Nitzer Ebb again to finish up their first new release in over a decade, Industrial Complex. In 2010, he produced Belong by The Pains of Being Pure at Heart and Let England Shake by PJ Harvey. In 2013, <mask> worked again with Depeche Mode, being
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responsible for the mixing process of their album "Delta Machine", which was produced by Ben Hillier.Studios
<mask> had a studio in Kilburn called The Bedroom. He later opened the Assault & Battery studio complex with longtime recording partner Alan Moulder. In 2008, Miloco Studios opened Assault & Battery 2, a tracking and mix studio in Willesden Green. Assault & Battery 1 came under the Miloco umbrella in Summer 2009, and both Flood and Moulder remain involved with the studios. Production style
Billy Corgan, who worked with <mask> on three albums, said, "<mask>'s incredible. <mask> is a tremendous producer. <mask> is very masterful with the sonics, but where he really shines is he's a great idea person.And I don't mean like he tells you, "Oh, put this chorus here." It's more like he can see an ambiance of the song that you don't necessarily see and he would really fight with us – not negative a fight, just he would really kind of push us to say there's another vibe here that you can get to." Pseudonym
According to producer Mark Freegard, Ellis' pseudonym, "<mask>," was given to him by producer Chris Tsangarides during Ellis' early days at Morgan Studios and while The Cure was there recording. As a young studio runner, Ellis was responsible for responding to numerous requests from the recording artists and staff for tea and bacon sandwiches. Ellis kept up with the numerous requests for tea while the other runner remained largely unavailable, leading to Tsangarides nicknaming them "<mask>" and "Drought,"
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<mask> (January 28, 1784 – March 22, 1842) was the first chargé d'affaires from the United States to Brazil and a noted politician and free trade advocate from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Of French descent, Raguet was educated at the University of Pennsylvania. After graduating he began studying law but had to give up his studies after the death of his father. He briefly worked as supercargo for a counting house, before going into business for himself. He later worked as manager or president for several companies, the most notable being the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society. In 1816 Raguet read about the growth of savings banks in Great Britain and liked the idea; he approached other Philadelphia business associates and together they created the Society, the first savings bank in the United States. As a member of the Federalist Party Raguet was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1815 and to the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1818.In 1821 President James Monroe made Raguet consul to Brazil. After Brazil became independent, President John Quincy Adams made Raguet the chargé d'affaires to Brazil. In this post, Raguet became increasingly frustrated with Brazil's lack of response to complaints by the United States of its citizens being forced to work on Brazilian warships against their will. Raguet's communications with the Brazilian government became increasingly forceful and undiplomatic to the point that he once wrote to the U.S. State Department that he was so frustrated he could hardly consider the Brazilians a civilized people. Despite urges from Washington, D.C. to improve his approach to Brazil, Raguet abruptly left the country after the Brazilian Navy seized a former U.S. warship. Adams
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would later write that, despite having good intentions, Raguet's "rashness and intemperance" nearly "brought this country and Brazil to the very verge of war." After Adams rejected any possibility of Raguet's returning to diplomatic work, Raguet returned to business in Philadelphia.Having his economic views shaped by the Panic of 1819, he became one of the most prominent advocates of free trade in the United States. He edited numerous journals relating to free trade and wrote and published works on the subject. The most notable was On Currency and Banking; published in 1839, Samuel J. Tilden called it "the best treatise on banking ever published in the country". Biography
<mask> <mask> was born on January 28, 1784 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Of French descent, Raguet was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and for eighteen months after graduating he studied law. He had to give up his studies after the death of his father and became a merchant for a counting house. In 1804 he was sent to Santo Domingo as supercargo for a ship.He spent four months there and on his return he wrote and published A Short Account of the Present State of Affairs in St. Domingo. Raguet returned for eight months in 1805 and again published a book about events on the island. On December 23, 1807, Raguet was married to Catherine S. Simmons. In 1806, Raguet went into business and soon became the president and manager of several companies. During the War of 1812 he served as a colonel and took a prominent role in preparing defenses for Philadelphia. In 1815 Raguet went into politics when he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a member of the Federalist Party. In 1818 he was elected to the Pennsylvania State
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through appointment of a chargé d'affaires, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams recommended Raguet for the post. Despite urges to complete formalizing relations between the United States and Brazil, President James Monroe did not appoint anyone before the end of his term.Almost immediately after taking office, President Adams appointed Raguet chargé d'affaires to Brazil on March 9, 1825. Raguet became the first chargé d'affaires from the United States to Brazil on October 29, 1825. One of the first issues he dealt with was the blockade of Argentine ports by the Brazilian navy during the Cisplatine War. Argentina was a growing trade partner of the United States and <mask> and his counterpart in Argentina worked to convince Brazil to restrict its blockade to only certain ports and that ships approaching the blockade should be given warning before being seized by Brazil. After negotiations, Brazil restricted its blockade to only ports in the Río de la Plata, but the blockade still encompassed more ports than the United States was pressing for. Brazil never made it a policy to give ships warning, but many ships were warned and let go. Relations between Brazil and the United States were strained over the recruiting of United States seamen for Brazilian warships through fraud and coercion.United States citizens were enticed onto Brazilian ships and after the end of their voluntary enlistment period were forced to stay. Raguet became exhausted with how the Brazilian government never followed up its promises to investigate the complaints. The issue only got worse as United States merchant ships were seized by Brazil for attempting or intending to bypass the blockade. The crews of the ships were often manipulated into
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Brazilian service or imprisoned. Tensions over the issue continued to rise particularly after a US Navy commander, backed by force, procured the release of two detained Americans. Eventually the Brazilian Navy ordered all ships to immediately surrender all improperly detained United States citizens. Despite the order, Raguet was increasingly frustrated with what he felt was Brazil's purposeful delay in processing detained United States ships and citizens.After receiving approval from Secretary of State Henry Clay on his efforts, Raguet was emboldened and his notes to the Brazilian government became more forceful and undiplomatic. After a letter from a Brazilian foreign minister requested that Raguet use more moderation in his communications, he wrote to Clay that the Brazilian government was offended by his communications, that he had lost his patience with them, and that he hardly considered the Brazilians a civilized people. By the end of 1826 copies of letters of <mask>'s communications to the Brazilian government had reached the State Department in Washington, D.C. Henry Clay wrote back indicating it would be best to use "language firm and decisive, but at the same time temperate and respectful. No cause is ever benefited by the manifestation of passion, or by the use of harsh and uncourtious language." Responding to a request Raguet made to threaten to sever diplomatic relations with Brazil if they did not release their ships, Clay said "war or threats of war ought not to be employed as instruments of redress until after the failure of every peaceful experiment." By early 1827 relations with Brazil improved after a new foreign minister took office, but that quickly changed in March when Brazil seized the USS
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Spark, a recently decommissioned U.S. warship. After a rebuffed offer to the sell the Spark to Brazil, the ship headed for Montevideo.On the way, the ship was seized by a Brazilian man-of-war and its crew imprisoned. Brazil demanded an explanation for what it said were irregularities in the Spark'''s activities and suspected the ship was a privateer going to join Argentina. Raguet didn't believe the Brazilians actually believed the Spark was a privateer, and felt that what he called "the most deliberate and high handed insult" against the United States was planned days in advance. The incident with the Spark was the last straw for Raguet. He sent a letter to the Brazilian government saying "that recent occurrences induce him to withdraw from the court of Brazil, and he therefore requests that his excellency will furnish him the necessary passports." He left his position as chargé d'affaires ended on April 16, 1827. Once Washington found out that Raguet had left Brazil, the State Department quickly worked to appoint someone new to repair any damage caused by Raguet and to continue working on solving the issues with Brazil that had led Raguet to leave.Adams would later write that relations between the United States and Brazil were "aggravated by the rashness and intemperance of <mask> Raguet, ... [who had] brought this country and Brazil to the very verge of war." On Raguet's return to the United States he held a meeting with Clay and Adams who said "I told him that my opinion of his integrity, patriotism, and zeal was unimpaired; that I was convinced of the purity of his motives to the step he had taken; but that I thought it would have been better if he had, before taking that step, consulted his government."
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When <mask> was suggested for another ambassadorial position in 1828 Adams felt that while Raguet's motives were good he felt putting someone with "such a temper and want of judgment, who took blustering for bravery and insolence for energy, was too dangerous." In 1836 he returned to the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society where he worked until his death a few years later. Raguet died in Philadelphia on March 22, 1842 and was interred at Lower Burial Ground (Hood Cemetery) in Philadelphia. Economic views
Since the end of the War of 1812, Raguet was a leading inflationist, supporting deliberate inflation through increasing the available supply of currency and credit. However, his position changed after the Panic of 1819.The Panic also converted Raguet from a protectionist to a leading promoter of free trade. While a state senator, Raguet sent a questionnaire to legislators and prominent citizens in each county of the state to determine the extent of the depression. One of the questions was "Do you consider that the advantages of the banking system outweigh its evils?" Sixteen out of nineteen counties answered in the negative. Raguet concluded that the depression was a result of bank credit expansion and the subsequent contraction as physical money was drained from the bank's vaults. He promoted restrictions on banks and of granting bank charters. After returning to the United States from Brazil, he became a publicist on free trade doctrines contributing to the Port-Folio and other periodicals.He also edited several journals relating to free trade, including The Free-Trade Advocate, The Examiner and The Financial Register. In the late 1830s he continued writing, authoring The Principals of Free Trade (1835) and On
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Currency and Banking (1839). On Currency and Banking, which was called "the best treatise on banking ever published in the country" by Samuel J. Tilden, was republished in Great Britain in 1839 and translated into French in 1840. Published worksA Short Account of the Present State of Affairs in St. Domingo (1804)A Circumstantial Account of the Massacre in St. Domingo (1805)An Inquiry into the Causes of the Present State of the Circulating Medium of the United States (1815)The Principals of Free Trade (1835)On Currency and Banking'' (1839)
References
External links
<mask> Raguet entry at The Political Graveyard
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1784 births
1842 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to Brazil
American people of French descent
Pennsylvania state senators
Politicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American
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<mask> (22 January 1873 – 6 November 1934) was a British influential figure in socialist politics and modernist culture, now best known for editing the magazine The New Age before the First World War. While he was working as a schoolteacher in Leeds he pursued various interests, including Plato, the Independent Labour Party and theosophy. In 1900 he met Holbrook Jackson and three years later they co-founded the Leeds Arts Club, which became a centre of modernist culture in Britain. After 1924, <mask> went to France to work with George Gurdjieff and was then sent to the United States by Gurdjieff to raise funds and lecture. He translated several of Gurdjieff's works. Early life
<mask> was born in Dacre, near Harrogate in the West Riding of Yorkshire, into a Nonconformist family, with one sister. He was generally known as Dickie, and he eventually dropped the name James and adopted the middle name <mask> as his first name, and <mask> as his second.His father, William, died when <mask> was one years old, and his mother, Sarah Anne, who had little financial means, returned to the family village of Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire. <mask> excelled at school and was sent to Culham training college in Oxfordshire where he also taught himself editorial skills and obtained a teaching post in Leeds, returning to Yorkshire in autumn 1893. Leeds: socialism, theosophy and the Leeds Arts Club
In 1894 he became a schoolteacher in an elementary school in Leeds and helped to found the Leeds branch of the Independent Labour Party (ILP). He wrote a weekly literary column for the ILP's paper, the Labour Leader, from 1895 to 1897. He brought a philosophical outlook to the paper, including in particular the thought of Plato and the theosophist Edward Carpenter who was <mask>'s mentor for a time. <mask> devoted seven years of study to Plato, from 1893 to 1900. He set up a philosophical discussion circle called the Plato Group, including the architect
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Thomas Butler Wilson who was a friend of <mask>'s wife Jean.By the late 1890s <mask> was disillusioned with conventional socialism and turned for a while to theosophy. In 1896, <mask> married Jean Walker, an art student at the Royal College of Art who was a passionate member of the Theosophical Society. The couple frequented the Northern Federation headquarters in Harrogate where <mask> first met Annie Besant and other leading theosophists and began to lecture on mysticism, occultism and idealism in Manchester and Leeds as well as publishing material in the Theosophical Review. Orage was influenced by Edward Carpenter's belief that women were behind the new force that would bring change to society. <mask> and Jean opened a theosophist branch in Leeds called the Alpha Centre, even though a regular lodge already existed in the city, and Jean represented it in Harrogate until 1900 when the Leeds lodge was re-founded by the Orages as well as Jean's cousin Miss A. K. Kennedy. Jean lectured at the Northern Federation Conference in 1904. Jean also helped <mask> with the council meetings of the Leeds lodge.Jean was an excellent needlewoman and sharp debater; she finally left <mask> to pursue her textile career in Haslemere and later working on the looms for William Morris's firm in Oxford Street, London. In 1900 he met Holbrook Jackson in a Leeds bookshop and lent him a copy of the Bhagavad-Gita. In return Jackson lent him Friedrich Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra, which led <mask> to study Nietzsche's work in depth. <mask> devoted seven years of his life to the study of Nietzsche's philosophy, from 1900 to 1907, and from 1907 to 1914 he was a student of the Mahabharata. In 1903 <mask>, Jackson and the architect Arthur J. Penty helped to found the Leeds Arts Club with the intention of promoting the work of radical thinkers including G. B. Shaw, whom Orage had met in 1898, Henrik Ibsen and Nietzsche. During this period <mask> returned
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to socialist platforms, but by 1906 he was determined to combine Carpenter's socialism with Nietzsche's thought and theosophy. In 1906 Beatrice Hastings, whose real name was Emily Alice Haigh and who hailed from Port Elizabeth, became a regular contributor to the New Age.By 1907 she and <mask> had developed an intimate relationship. As Beatrice Hastings herself later put it, ″Aphrodite amused herself at our expense.″ <mask> appears to have had a magnetic effect on many women who frequented his lectures and both Mary Gawthorpe and Millie Price have left accounts of their sexual relationships with him. Orage explored his new ideas in several books. He saw Nietzsche's Übermensch as a metaphor for the "higher state of consciousness" sought by mystics and attempted to define a route to this higher state, insisting that it must involve a rejection of civilisation and conventional morality. He moved through a celebration of Dionysus to declare that he was in favour, not of an ordered socialism, but of an anarchic movement. In 1906 and 1907 Orage published three books: Consciousness: Animal, Human and Superhuman, based on his experience with theosophy; Friedrich Nietzsche: The Dionysian Spirit of the Age; and Nietzsche in Outline and Aphorism. <mask>'s rational critique of theosophy evoked an editorial rebuttal from The Theosophical Review and in 1907 he terminated his association with the Theosophical Society.The two books on Nietzsche were the first systematic introductions to Nietzschean thought to be published in Britain. Editor in London
In 1906 <mask> resigned his teaching post and moved to London, following Arthur Penty, another friend from the Leeds Art Club. In London <mask> attempted to form a league for the restoration of the guild system, in the spirit of the decentralised socialism of William Morris. The failure of this project spurred him to buy the weekly magazine The New Age in 1907, in partnership with Holbrook Jackson
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and with the support of George Bernard Shaw. <mask> transformed the magazine to fit with his conception of a forum for politics, literature and the arts. Although many contributors were Fabians, he distanced himself from their politics to some extent and sought to have the magazine represent a wide range of political views. He used the magazine to launch attacks on parliamentary politics and argued the need for utopianism.He also attacked the trade union leadership, while offering some support to syndicalism, and tried to combine syndicalism with his ideal of a revived guild system. Combining these two ideas resulted in guild socialism, the political philosophy <mask> began to argue for from about 1910, though the specific term "guild socialism" seems not to have been mentioned in print until Bertrand Russell referred to it in his book Political Ideals (1917). Between 1908 and 1914 The New Age was the premier little magazine in Britain. It was instrumental in pioneering the British avant-garde, from vorticism to imagism, and its contributors included T.E. Hulme, Wyndham Lewis, Katherine Mansfield, Ezra Pound and Herbert Read. <mask>'s success as an editor was connected with his talent as a conversationalist and a ″bringer together″ of people. The modernists of London had been scattered between 1905 and 1910, but largely thanks to Orage a sense of a modernist ″movement″ was created from 1910 onwards.Orage's politics
<mask> declared himself a socialist and followed Georges Sorel in arguing that trade unions should pursue an increasingly aggressive policy on wage deals and working conditions. He approved of the increasing militancy of the unions in the era before the First World War and seems to have shared Sorel's belief in the necessity of a union-led General Strike leading to a revolutionary situation. However, for Orage economic power precedes political power, and political reform was useless without economic reform. In the
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early issues of The New Age Orage supported the women's suffrage movement, but he became increasingly hostile to it as the Women's Social and Political Union became more prominent and more militant. Pro-suffragette articles were not published after 1910, but heated debate on this subject took place in the correspondence columns. During the First World War Orage defended what he saw as the interests of the working class. On 6 August 1914 he wrote in Notes of the Week in The New Age: ″We believe that England is necessary to Socialism, as Socialism is necessary to the world.″ On 14 November 1918 Orage wrote of the coming peace settlement (embodied in the Treaty of Versailles): "The next world war, if unhappily there should be another, will in all probability be contained within the clauses and conditions attaching to the present peace settlement."By then Orage was convinced that the hardships of the working class were the result of the monetary policies of banks and governments. If Britain could remove the pound from the gold standard during the war and re-establish the gold standard after the war, then the gold standard was not as necessary as the monetary oligarchs wanted the proletariat to believe it was. On 15 July 1920 Orage wrote: ″We should be the first to admit that the subject of Money is difficult to understand. It is 'intended' to be, by the minute oligarchy that governs the world by means of it." After the First World War Orage was influenced by C. H. Douglas and became a supporter of the social credit movement. On 2 January 1919 Orage published the first article by C. H. Douglas to appear in The New Age: ″A Mechanical View of Economics″. With Gurdjieff
<mask> had met P. D. Ouspensky for the first time in 1914.Ouspensky's ideas had left a lasting impression and when he moved to London in 1921 <mask> began attending his lectures on "Fragments of an Unknown Teaching", the basis of his book In Search of the Miraculous. From
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this time onwards <mask> became less and less interested in literature and art, and instead focused most of his attention on mysticism. His correspondence with Harry Houdini on this subject moved him to explore ideas of the afterlife. He returned to the idea that there are absolute truths and concluded that they are embodied in the Mahabharata. In February 1922 Ouspensky introduced <mask> to G. I. Gurdjieff. <mask> sold The New Age and moved to Paris to study at the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man. In 1924 Gurdjieff appointed him to lead study groups in the United States, which he did for seven years.Soon after Gurdjieff arrived in New York from France, on 13 November 1930, he deposed <mask> and disbanded his study groups, believing that Orage had been teaching them incorrectly: they had been working under the misconception that self-observation could be practised in the absence of self-remembering or in the presence of negative emotions. Members were allowed to continue their studies with Gurdjieff himself, after taking an oath not to communicate with <mask>. Upon hearing that <mask> had also signed the oath Gurdjieff wept. Gurdjieff had once considered <mask> as a friend and brother, and thought of Jessie as a bad choice for a mate. <mask> was a chain smoker and Jessie was a heavy drinker. In the privately published Third Series of his writings Gurdjieff wrote of <mask> and his wife Jessie: ″his romance had ended in his marrying the saleswoman of 'Sunwise Turn,' a young American pampered out of all proportion to her position...″
<mask>, Ouspensky and C. Daly King emphasised certain aspects of the Gurdjieff System while ignoring others. According to Gurdjieff, Orage emphasised self-observation.In Harlem, New York City, Jean Toomer, one of Orage's students at Greenwich Village used Gurdjieff's work to confront the problem of racism. In 1927 <mask>'s first wife, Jean, granted him a divorce and in September he
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married <mask> Dwight (1901–1985), the co-owner of the Sunwise Turn bookshop where Orage first lectured on the Gurdjieff System. <mask> and Jessie had two children, <mask> and Ann. While they were in New York Orage and Jessie often catered to celebrities such as Paul Robeson, fresh from his London tour. In 1930 Orage returned to England and in 1931 he began publishing the New English Weekly. He remained in London until his death on 6 November 1934. The Orages sailed back to New York from England on the S.S. Washington on 29 December 1930, and arrived on Thursday 8 January 1931.The next day, while they were staying at the Irving Hotel, <mask> wrote a letter to Gurdjieff unveiling a plan for the publication of All and Everything before the end of the year and promising a substantial amount of money. At lunch in New York City on 21 February 1931 Achmed Abdulla, a.k.a. Nadir Kahn, told the Orages that he had met Gurdjieff in Tibet and that Gurdjieff had been known there as Lama Dordjieff, a Tsarist agent and tutor to the Dalai Lama. Orage also helped Gurdjieff to translate Meetings with Remarkable Men from Russian to English, but it was not published in their lifetimes. Last years
In London <mask> became involved in politics again through the social credit movement. He returned to New York on 8 January 1931 in an attempt to meet Gurdjieff's new demands, but he told his wife that he would not be teaching the Gurdjieff System to any group past the end of the Spring. <mask> was on the pier on 13 March 1931 to bid Gurdjieff farewell on his way back to France and the Orages sailed back to England on 3 July.In April 1932 <mask> founded a new journal, The New English Weekly. Dylan Thomas's first published poem, And Death Shall Have No Dominion, appeared in its issue dated 18 May 1933, but by then the magazine was not selling well and <mask> was experiencing financial difficulties. In September 1933 Jessie gave birth to a daughter, Ann. In
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January 1934 Senator Bronson M. Cutting presented <mask>'s Social Credit Plan to the United States Senate, proposing that it become one of the tools of Roosevelt's economic policy. At the beginning of August 1934 Gurdjieff asked <mask> to prepare a new edition of The Herald of Coming Good. On 20 August <mask> wrote his last letter to Gurdjieff: "Dear Mr Gurdjieff, I've found very little to revise ..."
Towards the end of his life <mask> was attacked by severe pain below the heart. This ailment had been diagnosed a couple of years before as simply functional and he did not again seek medical advice.While he was broadcasting a speech, "Property in Plenty", once again expounding the doctrine of social credit, he experienced excruciating pain, but he continued as if nothing was happening. After leaving the studio he spent the evening with his wife and friends, and made plans to see the doctor next day, but he died in his sleep that night. <mask>'s former students of the Gurdjieff System arranged for the enneagram to be inscribed on his tombstone. The man himself preferred a French-like pronunciation: . The British may prefer the former variant; Americans, the latter. References
External links
A. R. <mask>: A Memoir (1936) Philip Mairet
<mask>age and the Leeds Arts Club (1893–1923) (Scolar Press 1990) Tom Steele
Gurdjieff and Orage: Brothers in Elysium (2001) Paul Beekman Taylor,
English 480/680: Modernism In and Beyond the "Little Magazines", Winter 2007, Professor Ann Ardis, Brown University
"Orage and the History of the New Age Periodical," Brown University, Modernist Journals Project
Brown University, Modernist Journals Project main index
Encyclopædia Britannica article on Orage
Complete archive of The New Age under Orage's editorship
Archival Material at
1873 births
1934 deaths
People from Nidderdale
English male journalists
English socialists
Independent Labour Party politicians
British social crediters
Fourth Way
Students
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<mask> (韋執誼) was a Chinese historian and politician during the Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as chancellor in 805, during the brief reign of Emperor Shunzong and then briefly into the reign of Emperor Shunzong's son Emperor Xianzong. He came to power due to his association with Emperor Shunzong's close associate Wang Shuwen but later broke with Wang; he was nevertheless exiled once Emperor Xianzong became emperor due to his prior association with Wang and died in exile. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born, but it is known that his family was from Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the region of the Tang Dynasty capital Chang'an). HIs family traced its ancestry to a line of officials of Han Dynasty, Northern Zhou, and Tang Dynasty. HIs grandfather <mask> () served as a deputy mayor of Jingzhao, and his father <mask> () served as a prefectural prefect. <mask> himself was said to be handsome and talented in his youth. During Emperor Dezong's reign
During the reign of Emperor Dezong, <mask> passed the imperial examinations and was particularly rated highly in the matter of offering strategies.He was made You Shiyi (), a low-level consultant at the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng), and was subsequently made an imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi). At that time, he was in his 20s, and he was particularly favored by Emperor Dezong, who favored his writing; they often wrote poems that responded to each other. He became a part of a group of officials who were favored by Emperor Dezong — Pei
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Yanling, Li Qiyun (), Wang Shao (), Li Shi (), <mask>ou (), and <mask> himself and had easy access to the palace. On one occasion, on Emperor Dezong's birth, Emperor Dezong's son and crown prince Li Song offered a Buddharupa as a birthday gift to Emperor Dezong. Emperor Dezong had <mask>yi write a text praising the statue, and under Emperor Dezong's direction, Li Song in turn gave <mask> a gift of linen. When <mask> went to the Crown Prince's palace to thank him, Li Song introduced him to a close associate, Wang Shuwen. Thereafter, <mask> and Wang became friends.Later, <mask>'s mother died and he left governmental service to observe a mourning period for her. After the mourning period was over, he returned to government service to serve as a supervisorial official. In 803, there was an occasion when an official, Zhang Zhengyi () had offered suggestions to Emperor Dezong and received an audience with the emperor. Several of his colleagues visited him to congratulate him on this showing of imperial favor. Someone, however, informed <mask> that Zhang was criticizing his association with Wang. <mask> believed the informant and accused Zhang and his colleagues of partisanship. When Emperor Dezong sent an imperial guard to spy on Zhang and his colleagues, the guard saw that Zhang and his colleagues were feasting beyond their usual proper diet.As a result, Emperor Dezong exiled them, but at that time, no public reason was stated. During Emperor Shunzong's and Emperor Xianzong's reigns
In spring 805, Emperor
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Dezong died, and Li Song succeeded him (as Emperor Shunzong). At that time, Li Song was seriously ill, and a group of his close associates, headed by Wang Shuwen and Wang Pi, in association with his concubine Consort Niu and the eunuch Li Zhongyan (), became very powerful. Wang Shuwen, in order that his reform policies could be carried out, recommended <mask> as chancellor. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shunzong made <mask>, who was then Libu Langzhong (), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu), was promoted to be Shangshu Zuo Cheng (), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng) and given the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), making him a chancellor. It was said that when important decisions were to be made, they would be given to Wang Shuwen to be decided at the office of the imperial scholars (翰林院, Hanlin Yuan) and then given to <mask> to be executed. On an occasion, when the chancellors, as per custom, were having lunch together, Wang wanted to see <mask> and went to the office of the chancellors to do so.When a guard refused to let Wang in, Wang rebuked the guard and ordered him away. <mask> rose from his seat and walked away to confer with Wang. <mask>'s colleagues Zheng Xunyu, Du You, and Gao Ying stopped dining and waited for <mask> to return. After a while, they sent the guard to see what the situation was, and the guard stated, "Wang Shuwen had requested food, and Chancellor <mask> is dining with him." Neither
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Du nor Gao dared to say anything, but Zheng stated, "How can I remain here still?" He had his attendants fetch horses, and he went home and refused to return to office. Meanwhile, as a result of <mask>'s rise to power, his father-in-law Du Huangchang, who had been trapped in positions with few actual powers, was made the minister of worship.On one occasion, Du Huangchang suggested that <mask> lead some other officials in suggesting that Emperor Shunzong make his crown prince Li Chun regent. <mask> refused, as his and Wang Shuwen's partisans at the time were apprehensive of Li Chun. Around this time, however, <mask> and Wang began to break with each other, as <mask> wanted not to be seen as a puppet of Wang's. For example, when Yang Shi'e (), a messenger from Xuanshe Circuit (宣歙, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui), and Liu Pi, a messenger from Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), made demands on behalf of their superiors, Wang angrily wanted to execute both of them, but <mask> opposed, and Yang was only exiled, while Liu fled back to Xichuan. <mask> further threw himself off Wang's policies when Wang had to leave governmental service to observe a mourning period for his mother in summer 805. With several important eunuchs (including Ju Wenzhen () and Liu Guangqi (), in addition to Li Zhongyan) then in control of the very ill Emperor Shunzong, Wang Shuwen's party lost power quickly. Soon thereafter, Emperor Shunzong passed the throne to Li Chun, who took the throne as
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Emperor Xianzong, and thereafter, all associates of Wang Shuwen's were purged, and Wang Shuwen himself was soon thereafter ordered to commit suicide.<mask> remained as chancellor for some time, and in fall 805, as the official in charge of editing the imperial history, had his subordinates draft a new calendar. By this point, though, he was constantly in fear of being exiled. Emperor Xianzong, who made Du Huangchang chancellor, did not immediately carry out any actions against <mask> on Du's account, but in winter 805 demoted him to be the military advisor to the prefect of Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern Sanya, Hainan). <mask> died there of natural causes — as while Du was unable to save him from exile, Du made certain that he was not prosecuted further. After <mask>'s death, Du requested Emperor Xianzong to allow his casket to be returned, and Du gave him a proper burial. Grave and statue
<mask> is buried around 20 km south of Haikou, the capitol city of Hainan province. His grave is located at the top of a small hill facing rice paddies.A little less than 1 km to the north () is a temple and statue commemorating him. Notes and references
Old Book of Tang, vol. 135. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 235, 236. External links
8th-century births
800s deaths
9th-century Chinese historians
Chancellors under Emperor Shunzong of Tang
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Historians from Shaanxi
Politicians from Xi'an
Tang dynasty historians
Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi
Wei clan of Jingzhao
Writers
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<mask> (November 2, 1903 – July 27, 1987) was an American baseball shortstop. In Major League Baseball (MLB), <mask> played for the New York Giants from 1922 through 1936, winning the 1933 World Series, and representing the Giants in the MLB All-Star Game in 1934. After his retirement as a player, <mask> managed in minor league baseball through to the 1960 season. <mask> was discovered by Kid Elberfeld at a minor league baseball game at the age of 14. Elberfeld signed <mask> to his first professional contract, and recommended him to John McGraw, manager of the Giants. His exceptional range at shortstop led to the nickname "Stonewall." <mask> was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982.Early life
<mask> was born in Waldo, Arkansas, on November 2, 1903. He was the only child of <mask>, a wholesale grocer, and his wife Etta, who named their son after William B<mask>, a lieutenant colonel who died at the Battle of the Alamo. <mask>'s father bought him a baseball when he was three years old, and they often played catch together. <mask>'s uncle took him to a Little Rock Travelers minor-league game when he was 14 years old. At the game, <mask>'s uncle introduced him to Kid Elberfeld, telling Elberfeld that his nephew was a talented baseball player. Elberfeld observed <mask> in an impromptu workout, and asked <mask> to contact him when he was ready to begin his professional career. <mask> attended Ouachita Baptist University in Arkadelphia, Arkansas, where he starred on the college baseball team.While there, he injured his knee, and this injury would recur during <mask>'s career. Professional career
Playing career
Following <mask>'s collegiate career, Elberfeld signed <mask> to his first contract, and he played for Little Rock in 1921 and 1922. <mask> committed 72 errors during
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the 1922 season, which he considered the "world record for errors". Despite this, Elberfeld recommended <mask> to John McGraw, manager of the New York Giants of the National League (NL), who was entitled to a Travelers player as he had lent a player to the team in 1922. McGraw signed <mask> to a contract on June 30, effective at the end of the Southern Association's 1922 season. <mask> debuted with the Giants on September 22, 1922, appearing in three games. With Dave Bancroft and Heinie Groh, the Giants' starting shortstop and third baseman respectively, sidelined with injuries incurred during the 1923 season, <mask> drew notice as a fill-in.McGraw was confident enough in <mask>'s abilities to trade Bancroft before the 1924 season, choosing <mask> to be the Giants' starting shortstop. Though there was doubt that <mask> could adequately replace Bancroft, <mask> played in 151 games during the 1924 season and hit .302 with 11 home runs. The Giants lost the 1924 World Series to the Washington Senators, with <mask> committing a key error in Game 7. <mask> was considered one of the best shortstops of his era, and he led NL shortstops with a .970 fielding percentage in 1931. However, he missed considerable playing time in his career resulting from injuries and illnesses. <mask> reinjured his knee in 1925, missed significant time during the 1926 season and had surgery for appendicitis during the 1927 season. He missed time with mumps in 1930 and influenza in 1932, and he continued to battle knee problems, missing much of the 1932 and 1933 seasons.<mask> was said to "at 28, already [have] one foot in the minors". Despite this, manager Bill Terry said that <mask> would "make or break" the 1933 season. Though <mask> fell behind Blondy Ryan on the team's depth chart during the season, he returned
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in the 1933 World Series, which the Giants won over the Senators. Terry stayed with <mask> as the Giants' starting shortstop for the 1934 season, in which he drove in 101 runs and was chosen to appear in the 1934 MLB All-Star Game. <mask> played third base in his final two seasons, serving as team captain, although he struggled in the 1936 World Series, which the Giants lost to the New York Yankees. After the season, the Giants requested waivers on <mask> to assign him to the minor leagues. <mask> batted over .300 six times, including a career-high .339 in the 1930 season, and hit 21 home runs in 1929.He was on four NL pennant-winning teams and a World Series champion (1933). <mask> finished his MLB career with 135 home runs, 929 RBI and a .291 batting average. Coaching and managing career
<mask> signed a three-year contract with the Jersey City Giants of the Class-AA International League after the 1936 season. The team, which the Giants had purchased to become their farm team that offseason, was moved from Albany, New York, with <mask> to serve as player-manager. <mask>'s knees prevented him from appearing in many games with Jersey City as a player, but he remained as the team's manager until July 1938, when he was replaced with Hank DeBerry. The Giants brought <mask> back to the majors as a coach for the remaining 18 months on his contract, succeeding Tommy Clarke, who became a scout. <mask> missed the next five seasons as he battled tuberculosis, eventually returning to manage in the Boston / Milwaukee Braves system for the Jackson Senators in the Class-B Southeastern League in 1946.<mask> returned to the Giants to coach in 1947 and 1948, receiving his unconditional release following the 1948 season. Returning to the Braves' minor league system, <mask> managed the Tampa Smokers of
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the Class-B Florida International League in 1949, but resigned in July during a losing streak. He managed the Owensboro Oilers of the Class-D Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League in 1950, and began the 1951 season managing the Bluefield Blue-Greys of the Class-D Appalachian League, but was reassigned to the Hartford Chiefs of the Class-A Eastern League when Hartford manager Tommy Holmes was named the Braves' manager. <mask> managed the Appleton Papermakers of the Class-D Wisconsin State League in 1952 and 1953, the Lawton Braves of the Class-D Sooner State League from 1954 through 1957, the Midland Braves of the Class-D Sophomore League in 1958, the Eau Claire Braves of the Class-C Northern League in 1959 and the Davenport Braves of the Class-D Midwest League in 1960. Personal life
<mask> and his wife, Mary, had two children, Dorothy Fincher and <mask> <mask>, six grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. <mask> died of Alzheimer's disease in 1987. Honors
As defensive standouts have historically been overshadowed by power hitters in Baseball Hall of Fame voting, <mask> was not elected through the annual balloting process despite his record and achievements.But in 1982, he was inducted into the Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee. He was also inducted in the Arkansas Hall of Fame. See also
List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
References
External links
<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
1903 births
1987 deaths
Baseball players from Arkansas
Major League Baseball shortstops
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
New York Giants (NL) coaches
New York Giants (NL) players
People from Waldo, Arkansas
Baseball player-managers
Ouachita Baptist Tigers baseball
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<mask> (born 6 May 1952) is a German artist, painter and inventor. Life
<mask> grew up in Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig, Amsterdam and Berlin. He started his artistic career in Amsterdam. There he sold his pictures he had painted during the day on the street every night at Club Paradiso (Amsterdam). One focus of his work is the development of scientific models by looking at the aesthetics, and the implementation of scientific models in objects. In 1985 he calls his art direction "Objectivism". May 31.1990
Another focus of his work is the documentation of physical processes through their aesthetic.The German philosopher Thomas Metzinger, manager of the workspace Neurophilosophy at Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies. Science Arts writes in the catalogue Transparency of Consciousness that "Its crystal panels were probably the reason why so much attention, because they work in a particular object, the quasi-spiritual principles of order in nature itself to turn aesthetic intuition accessible." (See Figure Crystal Object Objectivism)
Since 1985 he has worked with computers as a design tool. Two of his paintings are exhibited at the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe. 1990/1991 Spokesman of the Federal Association of Artists BBK Frankfurt. 1990 <mask> served as authorized negotiators, negotiations for unification of the Federal Association of Artists with the GDR - Artists Association. He was one of the four founders of the East Side Gallery, Berlin Wall, Berlin.in March 1990. In May 2011 he filed with other artists of the "founding Initiative East Side" complaint
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before the District Court of Berlin, due to destruction of art and infringement of copyright. The redevelopment of the East Side Gallery in 2009 destroyed most of a listed building images, and their conceptual artistic Character of 1990. Sperling 1992 installed on the 1st Total German artist Congress in Potsdam, a five-meter high mobile, which, illuminated by slides, the impression of a constantly changing 3-D film produced. From 1980 the first pictures emerged from crystals and crystal panels. Sperling describes his artistic work as Objectivism. In 1991 he created at the national exhibition in Kassel, a video installation that confronted the viewer with the objective documentation of Spacetime.It was installed on a several tons of stone altar on which stood a steel basin. In this steel basin formed over time crystals from a boiling solution. The entire process has been documented over several weeks by an automatic camera. The basis of his work, he sees in line with research by Rupert Sheldrake and his theory of Morphic field. 2016 <mask> received the 4th International André Evard Audience Award of the Messmer Foundation. His Award-winning work titled: obj 1586 is the first from the work series, folded realities. In this series, the focus is on the referentiality between the entities.So the colors depending on the angle of the surfaces with respect to the scalar light source. Sperling makes reference to a philosophical approach of the philosopher Nagarjuna. Exhibitions
1983 Gustav-Siegle-Haus / Stuttgart
1986 Frankfurter Kunstverein, Das AKTFOTO (The nude photo)
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ideology - aesthetic - history, Museum of the 20th Century Vienna. 1990, Berlin, Germany
Museum of Contemporary Art ZKM Karlsruhe, "B3", 1991, Computer painting on silver photo canvas, 100 x 140 cm · "B7", 1991, Computer painting on silver photo canvas, 100 x 140 cm, Karlsruhe, Germany
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, implementation of the "Cathedral of Siena", acrylic on canvas 2.20mx 90 cm, Frankfurt / Siena - Italy
Messmer Foundation, Riegel, Germany, Painting: 'job 1586', 55.11"x 55.11" pigments on canvas
Awards
1992 Art Prize of the German Salaried Employees Academy
2016 Audience Award 4. International André Evard-Award
References
Literature
Oberbaum: East Side Gallery Berlin 1991 (catalog) (catalog)
Landeskunstausstellung ´94, National Art Exhibition,Wiesbaden, Germany, 1994 (catalog)
Thomas Metzinger: The Artistic Work of Bodo Sperling in: transparency of consciousness, Digital Art Gallery, Frankfurt, 10. 31. 1997 (catalog)
Hessiale `94, National Art Exhibition Kassel, (catalog)
Zylvia Auerbach (ed. ): The Pleasures within distance, Sydney, 1990,
DuMont: 365 Orte - Eine Reise zu Deutschlands Zukunftsmachern.messmer foundation: 4. International André Eward - Award for concrete-constructive art. 02.13.2016 - 04.24.2016 (catalog)
External links
Website <mask> Sperling
Bodo Sperling in the National Libraries Australia
Bodo Sperling by artfacts.net
1952 births
20th-century German painters
20th-century male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century male artists
German conceptual artists
Artists from
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<mask> OBE (9 July 1918 – 26 December 2006) was an English poet and translator. He is known for verse influenced by classical myths, and for a long Arthurian poem, Artorius (1972). Biography and works
Heath-Stubbs was born at Streatham, London. The family later lived in Hampstead. His parents were Francis Heath-Stubbs, a non-practising, independently wealthy solicitor, and his wife Edith Louise Sara, a concert pianist under her maiden name, Edie Marr. His boyhood was largely spent near the New Forest. The Stubbs family were gentry from Staffordshire; Heath-Stubbs's great-great-grandfather Joseph, a younger son, married Mary, the only child of a judge named Heath, this eventually becoming part of the family name.Heath-Stubbs stated in his autobiography Hindsights (1993), "In my grandfather's day, the last of the Heaths made us Stubbses her heirs, so long as we changed our name to Heath-Stubbs." Furthermore, "according to family tradition", they were related to the pamphleteer <mask>, who was sentenced to the loss of his right hand by Queen Elizabeth I for his opposition to negotiations for her marriage to Francis, Duke of Anjou, and yet remained a staunch royalist. "Family pride, combining with a poised self-irony" marked Heath-Stubbs's poem Epitaph, beginning, "Mr Heath-Stubbs as you must understand/Came of a gentleman's family out of Staffordshire/Of as good blood as any in England/But he was wall-eyed and his legs too spare." Heath-Stubbs was educated at Bembridge School on the Isle of Wight and at the age of 21 entered Queen's College, Oxford, where he read English, finding the lectures of Nevill Coghill and C. S. Lewis particularly rewarding. He became a poetry adviser to the firm of Routledge,
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co-editing Eight Oxford Poets in 1941, with Sidney Keyes and Michael Meyer, and helping to edit Oxford Poetry in 1942–1943. By that time Heath-Stubbs had recognized his homosexuality, though his love for the poet and artist Philip Rawson was returned only in the form of strong friendship. Heath-Stubbs in the early 1940s reverted to regular Anglican worship.Heath-Stubbs held the Gregory Fellowship of Poetry at Leeds University in 1952–1955, followed by professorships in Alexandria, Egypt in 1955–1958 and Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1960–1961, and teaching posts at the College of St Mark and St John in Chelsea in 1962–1972 and at Merton College, Oxford for twenty years from 1972. He lived for a time in the 1950s at Zennor in Cornwall. Heath-Stubbs's translations include work by Sappho, Horace, Catullus, Hafiz, Verlaine and Giacomo Leopardi. He was a central figure in British poetry in the early 1950s, editing, for example, the poetry anthology Images of Tomorrow (1953) and with David Wright the Faber Book of Twentieth Century Verse. He was elected to the RSL in 1954, awarded the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 1973, and appointed OBE in 1989. Although diagnosed with glaucoma at the age of 18, a condition he inherited from his father, he was able to read with his left eye until 1961, but was completely blind from 1978. Nonetheless, he continued to write almost to the end.A documentary film about him, entitled Ibycus: A Poem by <mask>-Stubbs, was made by the Chilean director Carlos Klein in 1997. <mask>-Stubbs died in London on 26 December 2006, aged 88. Writing style
As a Romantic poet, Heath-Stubbs's diction was strong, yet subtle. Running through his work was a nostalgia for "classicism". He was consciously
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<mask> (2 July 1922 – 5 September 2013) was a British journalist, broadcaster and writer. Following periods on the News Chronicle and the Daily Herald, he was a senior journalist on the Daily Mirror from 1969 to 1986. <mask> was known as "the doyen of industrial correspondents" for his extensive contacts and prominent role covering British industrial disputes. He was close to leading left-wing politicians including Harold Wilson, Frank Cousins, Aneurin Bevan and Michael Foot. He briefly served as an economic adviser to Wilson in 1975. After retiring from the Daily Mirror, <mask> was the founding editor of the quarterly British Journalism Review in 1989, and remained its editor until 2002. In 2020, The Sunday Times uncovered his role as an agent of the StB, the intelligence agency of communist Czechoslovakia, with whom he had contact between 1955 and 1972.The newspaper reported on declassified intelligence archives stating that he received payments in return for providing information and analysis about the Labour Party, trade unions and Harold Wilson's government during his first term. Early life and career
He was born in Stockport, Cheshire (now Greater Manchester), and was the only child of Edythe (née Bowman) and <mask>, whose Jewish parents had emigrated to Britain from Poland and Russia. His father spent long periods unemployed, and the family moved to Camden Town, London, in 1935 in an attempt to change their situation. <mask> was influenced in his choice of becoming a political journalist by overhearing current affairs being discussed in the local dairy, and a shopkeeper reporting that the newspapers refused to print stories about the Prince of Wales with Wallis Simpson, "despite most of us knowing exactly what is going on". After adding a year to his age, he enlisted at the beginning of the Second World War. An RAF pilot during his war service (1941–46), he ended the war as a Flight Lieutenant flying Mosquito planes on photography missions. <mask> studied at the London School of Economics under Harold Laski.In January 1947, he married Margit
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Freudenbergova, who as a child just before the war had been on the final train of the Kindertransport, a means of rescuing Jewish children from Czechoslovakia. The couple had a son and a daughter. Early career in journalism
After the end of hostilities, he briefly worked on the Manchester Guardian (1946–47) before joining the Daily Mirror, but was sacked at Christmas 1948. He then joined the News Chronicle. A one-time member of the Communist Party, he left it in 1951, and henceforward supported the Labour Party. As a friend of Aneurin Bevan, whom he had first met in 1948 outside St Pancras Town Hall, <mask> gave support to Tribune, the newspaper Bevan had founded just before the war, and helped new staff writer Ian Aitken. For the News Chronicle, following the 1954 docks strike, he visited all the workplaces over a three-week period.He discovered "astonishing inefficiencies, poor management bordering on the absurd, corrupt trade union practices and a bewildered workforce". Arthur Deakin, the leader of the TGWU, read the articles by the journalist before publication at <mask>'s own insistence, and thought the articles were "scandalous inventions". <mask> supported the decision of editor Michael Curtis to oppose the Suez intervention, a stance which split the paper's staff. Slightly later though, until his close friend Michael Foot, he was unconvinced by unilateralism when CND first emerged. <mask> wrote about the socioeconomic makeup of the small town of Sellafield in 1959, around the UK's first nuclear power station. At the Herald, Sun and the Mirror
After the closure of the News Chronicle in 1959, he joined the Daily Herald and remained working for IPC when the Herald was turned into The Sun in 1964, where his employer was Hugh Cudlipp, whom he once described as the greatest popular journalist of the 20th Century. <mask> joined the Daily Mirror for a second time in 1969, following Rupert Murdoch's purchase of The Sun.He became industrial editor of Mirror Group Newspapers, a columnist and assistant editor of the Mirror (1976–86). Friends with prime minister
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Harold Wilson, and his successor James Callaghan, who both respected him, <mask> was also able to get on with the Conservative prime minister Edward Heath, who invited him to Chequers. From July 1975 to August 1976, he headed a counter-inflationary unit for the Labour government. The Awkward Warrior, <mask>'s biography of trade union leader and politician Frank Cousins, appeared in 1979. In 1984, Mirror Group Newspapers was acquired by Robert Maxwell, "the maniac on the ninth floor", according to <mask>. In July 1984, Maxwell interfered with one of the journalist's columns on the 1984–85 miners' strike, cutting a revelation concerning Margaret Thatcher's non-conciliatory attitude towards the 1974 miners' strike, and her vote in cabinet against Edward Heath's decision to call a general election in February 1974. <mask> threatened to resign unless given an undertaking that it would not happen again.Such an assurance was also given to his colleagues Paul Foot and John Pilger, but the three men realised that such a guarantee from Maxwell was meaningless. Along with colleague Terence Lancaster, <mask> insisted on dropping his by-line from an article both men co-wrote at Maxwell's insistence stridently attacking NUM leader Arthur Scargill at the peak of the miners' strike. <mask> retired from the Mirror in 1986. He regretted not resigning at the time Maxwell became his boss. Later years
<mask> was the founding editor of the quarterly British Journalism Review (BJR), which he edited from 1989 to 2002. In his first editorial he wrote that "the business is now subject to a contagious outbreak of squalid, banal, lazy and cowardly journalism whose only qualification is that it helps to make newspaper publishers (and some journalists) rich." His later articles for the BJR considered such issues as the role of journalism in the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s.After ceasing to be editor of the BJR in 2002, he became chairman and later emeritus chairman of its board. A memoir From Bevan to Blair: Fifty Years Reporting from the Political Frontline was published in 2003. In its
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account of the Wilson and Callaghan governments, the later volume is free, according to Dominic Wring, of the kind of "score settling" common to memoirs covering this period. When interviewed by Dan Carrier on 3 February 2011, he was asked about how the role of the Press had changed over his lifetime. While conceding that the amount of information available had greatly increased, "what we do not have is the depth of knowledge, and this translates into a lack of understanding about key current issues. In the old days you had time to reflect. This does not exist now, because of the urge to be first with a scoop, no matter how weak and spurious that scoop is".In 1998, <mask> was appointed a CBE for his services to journalism. Some years earlier he had received an honorary MA from the University of Oxford and was an associate fellow at Nuffield College (1974–76). <mask> was interviewed by National Life Stories (C467/16) in 2008 for the 'Oral History of the British Press' collection held by the British Library. Royal Commission on the Press
<mask>'s papers relating to the Royal Commission on the Press are archived at the University of Warwick. These include files relating to the Mirror Group, the Press Council, Scottish Daily News, advertising, editorial standards and journalism, newspaper distribution, the provincial and foreign press, Harold Wilson's evidence and transcripts of oral evidence, press cuttings, interim report, 1974–77, and papers relating to his biography of Frank Cousins. They also include notes from interviews with Frank Cousins, Jack Jones, Harold Wilson, Harry Nicholas, James Callaghan, Baroness (Dora) Gaitskell, Harold Macmillan and Aneurin Bevan. References
External links
Catalogue of <mask>'s papers, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
1922 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British Jews
British World War II pilots
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Daily Mirror people
English biographers
English male journalists
English radio personalities
English television personalities
People from
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<mask> (February 21, 1942 – January 17, 2013) was a Trinidad and Tobago-born scholar of Africana Studies. From 1973 to 2007 he worked at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, and over the course of his career published over ten books and a range of scholarly articles. Born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, <mask> moved to the United Kingdom, where he studied law at Gray's Inn, London, and then economics at the University of Hull. Relocating to the United States, he completed a PhD on the Jamaican political activist Marcus Garvey at Michigan State University in 1973. That year, he was employed as an associate professor at Wellesley College, where he was a founding member of its Africana Studies Department. During the latter part of the 1970s and 1980s he published several books on Garvey and Garveyism. In 1987 he sued his employer for racial discrimination and in 1991 was accused of harassing female students, although he denied the allegation.Among the subjects that <mask> pursued was the place of Jews in the Atlantic slave trade. During the 1990s, he came under public criticism for encouraging his students to read The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, a book compiled by the Nation of Islam which was widely regarded as antisemitic. That decade, he also entered into a publicized argument with Classics scholar Mary Lefkowitz, a prominent critic of historical claims made by Afrocentric scholarship. <mask> subsequently took Lefkowitz to court for libel, but the case was dismissed. In 1993 he self-published The Jewish Onslaught, a book that Wellesley distanced themselves from and which
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generated further accusations of antisemitism. In 2002 he spoke at a conference organized by a leading Holocaust denial organization, the Institute for Historical Review, alleging that Jewish organizations were trying to stifle free speech. He retired from Wellesley in 2007.Life and academic credentials
Born Anthony <mask> in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, he attended Tranquillity School, where he was a contemporary of Stokely Carmichael. After secondary school, <mask> went to England to study law at Gray's Inn, London, where he was called to the Bar in 1966. <mask> subsequently received a B.Sc. honours degree in economics at the University of Hull (1968). He taught briefly in Trinidad at Cipriani Labour College and St. Mary's College, before moving to the United States in 1969 to pursue graduate studies in African History at Michigan State University, earning an M.A. and completing his Ph.D in 1973. His doctoral dissertation, on Marcus Garvey and the UNIA, would be the basis for the book he later published as Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.<mask> was founder and chair of the Africana Studies Department at Wellesley College, where he began teaching in 1973, became tenured in 1975, and became a full professor in 1979. He also taught at the University of Michigan-Flint and was a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota, Brandeis University, Brown University, and Colorado College, and also spent a year as an honorary research fellow at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. In November 1994 he spoke at
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Harvard University at the invitation of the Black Students Association and praised its president Kristen Clarke for her courage in inviting him. <mask> was a prolific author of scholarly articles on many aspects of Black History and lectured all over the world. He received awards and honors from the American Philosophical Society, the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations and many others. <mask> also wrote, compiled or edited 14 books, most recently Caribbean History: From Pre-Colonial Origins to the Present (2012) and Amy Ashwood Garvey: Pan-Africanist, Feminist and Mrs. Marcus Garvey No. 1, Or, A Tale of Two Amies (2007).He had been working on two further biographies of Trinidadian women, of Audrey Jeffers (who was his aunt) and Kathleen Davis (also known as “Aunty Kay”). <mask> died unexpectedly on January 17, 2013, aged 70, at Westshore Medical Hospital, Cocorite, Trinidad and Tobago. Research
Marcus Garvey
<mask> was a prolific Garvey scholar - he was considered by some "the world's foremost authority on Marcus Garvey" - one of his earliest works being Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, published in 1976. He wrote a number of other books about Garvey, including Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography (1983), African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance (1991), Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts and the Harlem Renaissance (1983), The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey (1983), and The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (1984). He
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co-authored, with Wendy Ball, Rare Afro-Americana: A Reconstruction of the Adger Library (1981). Controversies
Harassment of students
In October 1991, a Wellesley student, Michelle Plantec, while on hall duty, claimed that she saw <mask> wandering in a female dorm in a restricted area, in violation of a rule requiring male guests to be escorted. When she asked him about his escort, <mask>, she claims, responded using profanity, accused her of racism and bigotry, and positioned himself so as to physically intimidate her.<mask> said: "I stopped him and said, 'Excuse me, sir, who are you with?' He looked at me and said, 'What do you mean?' I said, 'What Wellesley student are you with?' and at that point he exploded and called me a fucking bitch, a racist, and a bigot, among other things...after all this, he went back into his meeting and said the only reason I had stopped him was because he was black." <mask>, in the same interview, agreed that there was an angry exchange, but denied that he used profanity. He also said he asked permission from the dormitory desk before going to the restroom."Coming out of the restroom, I was rudely accosted by a group of women who were coming up the stairs behind me...I tried to ignore them for a short space of time...and eventually, when we got to the top of the stairs I became very annoyed, and expressed my annoyance to the people who were behind me." Lefkowitz controversy, Wellesley course controversy, and lawsuit
Mary Lefkowitz was a classics professor at Wellesley, who taught courses on ancient Greek culture. In a 1992 article for The New Republic, she challenged what
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she felt were ahistorical Afrocentric claims, such as the claim that Greek philosophy was plagiarized from African sources. Following publication of the New Republic piece, she and <mask> became engaged in a heated disagreement, with <mask> criticizing her in his department's Africana Studies Newsletter, and she criticizing him in the Wall Street Journal, the Chronicle of Higher Education, The New Republic, and elsewhere. As this controversy progressed, Lefkowitz discovered that students in <mask>'s class were assigned a book called The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, compiled by the Historical Research Department of the Nation of Islam. The book's thesis is that Jews had a disproportionately large role in the black slave trade relative to their numbers. This thesis has since been refuted by mainstream historians, including the American Historical Association (AHA).Lefkowitz ignited a controversy over the book's inclusion on the curriculum, and the controversy made national headlines in the spring of 1993. NPR, the New York Times, the Boston Globe, and the Associated Press, among others, covered the story. In <mask>'s view, In January 1993, I was minding my own business and teaching my Wellesley College survey course on African American History when a funny thing happened. The long arm of Jewish intolerance reached into my classroom. Unknown to me, three student officers of the Jewish Hillel organization (campus B'nai B'rith stablemates of the Anti-Defamation League), sat in on my class and remained for a single period only. Their purpose was to monitor my presentation. As one of them explained
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in a campus meeting later, Jewish students had noticed The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews among my offerings in the school bookstore.The book documents the considerable Jewish involvement in the Transatlantic African Slave Trade, the dissemination of which knowledge they, as Jews, considered an "anti-Semitic" and most "hateful" act. One of Lefkowitz's responses to this controversy was an article in the September/October 1993 issue of Measure, the journal of the University Centers for Rational Alternatives in Columbia University. In this article, Lefkowitz made several allegations which <mask> deemed libellous. For instance, she alleged that during the October 1991 incident discussed above, <mask> had called a student "a white, fucking bitch" and that "the young woman fell down as a result of his onslaught, and <mask> bent over to continue his rage at her." <mask> initiated a libel suit. <mask> had already sued several undergraduates for libel, as well as Wellesley College itself. The dean of Wellesley College, Nancy Kolodny, declined to pay Lefkowitz's court costs.She reportedly said to Lefkowitz: "It's your problem. The college can't help you." In the end, the Anti-Defamation League provided for Lefkowitz's defense. Three other national Jewish organizations, the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress and the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, provided assistance. The case went through six years of appeals and counter-appeals, and was finally dismissed. As the campus controversy wound down, <mask> published a book telling his side of the story: The Jewish Onslaught: Despatches
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from the Wellesley Battlefront (1993). (See section below.)Lefkowitz published her own views three years later in the book Not Out of Africa (Basic Books, 1996). In 2008 she published another book, History Lesson: A Race Odyssey, giving her version of the story of the lawsuit and the controversy with Martin. Libel lawsuit against Counterpoint
In the wake of the 1993 controversy, Counterpoint, a joint MIT-Wellesley student publication, asked MIT student Avik Roy to write a "retrospective chronicling the controversy surrounding <mask> since his arrival as associate professor in 1973." According to Roy, he was asked to write the article because the staff felt he would be less biased than a Wellesley student. The article by Roy was published in the fall 1993 issue of Counterpoint. It alleged that <mask> "gained tenure within the Africana Studies department only after successfully suing the college for racial discrimination," and that this explained a reluctance on the part of the College to censure <mask>. <mask> sued Roy for libel.Roy refused to disclose the confidential sources of his information even after the case was brought to court. A Massachusetts Superior Court Judge found that a lawsuit by <mask> against Wellesley had in fact occurred, but "well after his tenure, and thus could not have caused it." The suit in question was filed in 1987 and alleged racial discrimination over a merit increase. However, the 1991 libel suit was eventually dismissed, with the judge ruling that <mask> did not meet his burden of proof on 4 out of 5 necessary components for proving libel. The judge found that the offending
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statement was "partly false, but substantially true," though inaccurate in its "implication of timing and causation." The judge agreed that Roy's conclusion, that fear of litigation would cause Wellesley to exercise "particular restraint" when dealing with <mask>, "follows at least as strongly from the actual facts as it would from the erroneous version." The Jewish Onslaught
In 1993, <mask> published The Jewish Onslaught: Dispatches from the Wellesley Battlefront.A week after the book was self-published, it was criticized in a statement by the president of Wellesley College who stated that it "gratuitously attacks individuals and groups at Wellesley College through innuendo and the application of racial and religious stereotype", and the majority of the Wellesley faculty signed a statement condemning <mask>'s work "for its racial and ethnic stereotyping and for its anti-Semitism." The Chair of <mask>'s department at Wellesley, Selwyn Cudjoe, labelled <mask>'s book "Gangsta history, meant to demean and to defame others and to bring them into disrepute, rather than to enlighten and to lead us to a more complex and sophisticated understanding of social phenomena. It ought to be labeled anti-Semitic." The book was praised by Molefi Asante of Temple University who called the book the best polemic by an African since David Walker's 1829 classic, An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, and Raymond Winbush of Vanderbilt University who compared it to W. E. B. Du Bois' Souls of Black Folk. <mask> and Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Chair of the African and African American Studies Department
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and Director of the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research at Harvard University, was critical of <mask>'s work, leading <mask> to describe him as "Brer Gates" (an allusion to Brer Rabbit) and to write: "Whenever the other folks have wanted anybody to beat the rest of the race over the head with, Brer Gates has been on the scene, like an HNIC ["Head Negro in Charge"] machine.They gave him an unprecedented full-page op-ed in the New York Times to attack the Nation of Islam's Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews. This op-ed was actually typeset in the shape of a Star of David. There is no evidence that Gates even read the book, but he pulled together some platitudes attacking it anyway." Institute for Historical Review
In June 2002, <mask> presented a talk entitled "Tactics of Organized Jewry in Suppressing Free Speech" at the 14th IHR Conference sponsored by the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), in which he summarizes his experience of the controversy following his accusations about Jews as principal actors in the slave trade. The IHR is the world's leading Holocaust denial organization, publishing articles and holding conferences denying the extermination of European Jewry by the Third Reich. Works
Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, 1976, 421 pages ()
Rare Afro-Americana: A Reconstruction of the Adjer Library (with Wendy Ball), 1981. Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography, 1983 ().Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts and the Harlem, 1983 ()
The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey
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(compiled and edited), 1983. In Nobody's Backyard: The Grenada Revolution in Its Own Words, edited by <mask> with Dessima Williams. Vol. I, The Revolution at Home. Vol. II, Facing the World, 1984. African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance, 1991 ().The Jewish Onslaught: Despatches from the Wellesley Battlefront, Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1993 (). The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (1983), 1998 (). The Progress of the African Race Since Emancipation and Prospects for the Future (pamphlet), Port of Spain: Emancipation Support Committee / Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1998 (). Amy Ashwood Garvey, Pan-Africanist, Feminist and Mrs Marcus Garvey No. 1, Or, A Tale of Two Armies, 2007. Caribbean History: From Pre-Colonial Origins to the Present, Pearson, 2012 (). Notes
External links
Dr <mask> website.Video of <mask>'s lecture, "The Judaic Role in the Black Slave Trade"
"Professor <mask> & the Jewish Onslaught". Petamber Persuad, "Black History Month (Part I) - In tribute to Marcus Garvey and <mask>", Guyana Chronicle, February 10, 2013. Dr. Selwyn R. Cudjoe on the life of <mask>, Celebration & Remembrance of <mask>, Wellesley College, Wednesday, May 1, 2013. 1942 births
2013 deaths
American historians
American conspiracy theorists
Antisemitism in the United States
American Holocaust deniers
Wellesley College faculty
Trinidad and Tobago academics
Trinidad and Tobago non-fiction writers
Trinidad and Tobago lawyers
Trinidad and Tobago historians
Trinidad and Tobago male writers
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers
Male
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<mask><mask>, MD, FACS (born in New York in 1945) is a surgeon, clinical professor and health expert in the field of transplantation. He serves on numerous committees and is affiliated with various leading organizations and institutions. He is the chief medical officer of the New England Organ Bank (NEOB) and Professor of Surgery, Part-Time at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, where he is emeritus director of renal transplantation. He served as president of The Transplantation Society (TTS) from 2012 to 2014, an international non-profit organization based in Montreal, Canada that works with international transplantation physicians and researchers. He also served as the president of the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) in 2005, which overseas the practice of organ donation and transplantation in the United States. He was appointed and still serves as an advisor to the World Health Organization in matters of organ donation and transplantation. He was appointed by <mask> to the Pontifical Academy of Science in 2016.In 2020, he became the recipient
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patients: is premortem use of heparin ethically acceptable? Am J Crit Care. 2007 4:396-400. Saidi RF, Elias N, Kawai T, Hertl M, Farrell ML, Goes N, Wong W, Hartono C, Fishman JA, Kotton CN, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Delmonico FL, Cosimi AB, and Ko DS.Outcome of kidney transplantation using expanded criteria donors and donation after cardiac death kidneys: realities and costs. Am J Transplant. 2007 12:2769-74. Sung RS, <mask>tman AB, Greenstein SM, Distant DA, Wynn JJ, Stegall MD, Delmonico FL, Port FK. Determinants of discard of expanded criteria donor kidneys: impact of biopsy and machine perfusion. Am J Transplant. 2008 8(4):783-92.Tsoulfas G, Hertl M, Ko DS, Elias N, Delmonico FL, Romano L, Fernandes I, Schoenfeld D, Kawai T. Long-term Outcome of a Cuffed Expanded PTFE Graft for Hemodialysis Vascular Access. World J Surg. 2008 32(8):1827-31
Saidi RF, Wertheim JA, Ko DS, Elias N, Martin H, Delmonico FL, Cosimi AB, Kawai T. Impact of donor kidney recovery method on lymphatic complications in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2008 40(4):1054–1055. Delmonico FL.
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