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Hornung that there are parallels between Christianity and ancient Egypt, as do the writings of biblical expert Thomas L. Thompson.Theologian Stanley E. Porter has pointed out that <mask>'s analogies include a number of errors. For example, <mask> stated that 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus was selected based on the birth of Horus, but the New Testament does not include any reference to the date or season of the birth of Jesus. The earliest known source recognizing 25 December as the date of birth of Jesus is by Hippolytus of Rome, written around the beginning of the 3rd century, based on the assumption that the conception of Jesus took place at the Spring equinox. Hippolytus placed the equinox on 25 March and then added 9 months to get 25 December, thus establishing the date for festivals. The Roman Chronography of 354 then included an early reference to the celebration of a Nativity feast in December, as of the fourth century. Porter states that <mask>'s serious historical errors often render his works nonsensical. For example, <mask> states that the biblical references to Herod the Great were based on the myth of "Herrut" the evil hydra serpent, while the existence of Herod the Great can be well established without reliance on Christian sources.See also
Alvin Boyd Kuhn
Christ myth theory
The Pagan Christ
Tom Harpur
References
External links
Ancient Egypt, Light of the World, 12 books on Egypt. Works by <mask>, edited by Jon Lange. Africa Within, many of <mask>'s articles and poems relating to Egypt. 1828 births
1907 deaths
Chartists
Christ myth theory proponents
Critics of religions
English male poets
English socialists
English
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<mask> (5 July 1886 – 23 November 1945) was a Dutch scholar, best known for his contributions to Celtic and Germanic studies, especially those relating to literature, linguistics, philology and mythology. He is not to be confused with his uncle, <mask> (1842 – 1907), who was a theologian, professor of French and editor of De Gids. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 5 July 1886 in Hilversum. Having completed secondary education at the municipal grammar school (now Barlaeus Gymnasium) in Amsterdam, <mask> went on to study Dutch language and literature at the University of Amsterdam (UvA) between 1904 and 1908. In addition, he attended colleges and private schools in Ireland and Germany. An avid student, he published articles in Propria Cures on (early) Germanic and Celtic studies, subjects which would later become his special field of expertise. In 1911, he was awarded a doctorate, cum laude, for his research on De oudste Keltische en Angelsaksische geschiedbronnen (‘The oldest Celtic and Anglo-Saxon historical sources’) under the supervision of R.C.Boer. Early career (1910–1923)
<mask>'s early career was characterised by a number of ebbs and flows, in which his ambition to obtain an academic chair of his preference was thwarted by either controversy or misfortune. In 1910, Van Hamel taught Dutch at the municipal grammar school in Middelburg, but felt unhappy about his position and low pay. In 1912, an attempt to obtain the chair of English professor at the UvA failed as he was openly accused of a poor
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grasp of English. The same year, he was teaching Dutch again, then at the Erasmiaansch Gymnasium in Rotterdam. New prospects emerged during the First World War, when he received the post of extraordinary professor of Dutch language and literature at the University of Bonn. However, troublesome experiences with the German government led <mask> to return to The Netherlands — ostensibly in order to visit his ill father, but he did not return to Germany.In 1917, he found a position as librarian at the Netherlands School of Commerce (Nederlandsche Handels-Hoogeschool) in Rotterdam. His nomination in 1918 for the chair of Dutch language and literature held by Jan te Winkel at the UvA projected him unfavourably into the spotlight, as several linguists voiced their objections, often in favour of another scholar of their choice. <mask> remained librarian, though he saw opportunity to combine his work with a private teaching position of Celtic at Leiden University. In 1921, he moved from Rotterdam to Den Haag, being appointed librarian of the Peace Palace. Chair of early Germanic and Celtic studies (1923)
1923 finally saw a breakthrough in <mask>'s career. After eleven years of fruitless endeavours and cul-de-sacs, he obtained the Chair of early Germanic studies at the State University of Utrecht. Significantly, Celtic studies were added to the chair's curriculum at his special request, as he was convinced, and convinced others, that the two disciplines were closely related.His improved situation enabled him to devote
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his time and energy more fully to the publication of text editions and critical studies. In 1925, <mask> became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen). Late 1930s – Second World War
A new personal crisis unfolded towards the close of the 1930s, when <mask>'s writing output came to a standstill. The interruption was related to political developments which were spreading over Europe, but possibly also to his homosexual nature. During the Second World War and the German occupation of the Netherlands, A.G<mask> <mask> came to be active again, but the new situation stood in the way of communication with foreign contacts and greatly limited his prospects at publication. After the academic crisis of 1943, when the Germans had unsuccessfully attempted to impose a ‘declaration of loyalty’ on all students and faculty members, <mask>'s work for the university was quickly slimmed down and he therefore focused on his publications instead. Death
About six months after the liberation of The Netherlands, <mask> was suddenly hospitalised for an emergency surgery due to an intestinal disease.He died on 23 November 1945 in Utrecht, in narcosis, aged 59. Select bibliography
1911. De oudste Keltische en Angelsaksische geschiedbronnen. Middelburg (dissertation)
1912. “On Anglo-Irish Syntax.” Englische Studien 45. 1914. “On Lebor <mask>.” Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 10.1915-16. E.M. Post en Hirschfeld (Tds. N.T.L. dl. 34)
1915-6. “The foreign notes
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in the three Fragments of Irish Annals.” Revue Celtique 36. 1–22.1923. Het Gotisch handboek. Haarlem. 1925-1945 Editorial work for Neophilologus
1926. “De accentuatie van het Munster-Iersch.” In: Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, afdeling Letterkunde, 61 A. Amsterdam. 287–324. 1927."The battle of Leitir Ruide." Revue Celtique 44. 59–67. 1929. “Hengest and his namesake.” In Studies in English philology: a miscellany in honor of Frederick Klaeber, eds. Kemp Malone and Martin B. Ruud. Minneapolis.159–71. 1929. "On Vọlundarkviða." In: Arkiv för nordisk filologi 45: 150–67. 1930. "The Celtic Grail." Revue Celtique 47.340–82. 1932. Ed. Lebor Bretnach: the Irish version of the Historia Britonum ascribed to Nennius. Edited from all the manuscripts. Dublin. 1932."Ođin Hanging on the Tree." Acta philologica Scandinavica 7. 200–88. 1933. Compert con Culain and other stories. Mediaeval and Modern Irish 3. Dublin: DIAS.1936 for 1934. Aspects of Celtic mythology. Sir John Rhys Memorial Lecture. Proceedings of the British Academy 20. 207–48. 1935-1936. "The Saga of Sorli the Strong."Acta philologica Scandinavica. Tidsskrift for nordisk sprogforskning 10. 265–95. 1936. "Gods, Skalds and Magic." Saga-book of the Viking Society 11. 129–52.1936. "The Conception of Fate in Early Teutonic and Celtic Religion." Saga-book of the Viking Society 11. 202–14. 1936. “The Old-Norse version of the Historia Regum Britanniae and the text of <mask> of Monmouth.” Études Celtiques 2: 197–247. 1938.“The text of Immram
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Curaig Maíldúin.” Études Celtiques 3: 1-20. 1940. Ed. De tuin der goden. Retellings of a wide variety of myths, intended for a wide audience. 1941. Immrama.Mediaeval and Modern Irish 10. Dublin. 1943. “<mask> Britannië en Aneirin.” Neophilologus 28:3: 218–28. 1944. “Keltische letterkunde.” In Algemene literatuurgeschiedenis. Part 2.1946. Primitieve Ierse taalstudie. Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. Stichting A.G. van Hamel voor Keltische studies
A Dutch organisation founded in 1991 for the promotion of Celtic studies, particularly in The Netherlands, has named itself after and in honour of the Dutch scholar: Stichting A.G. <mask>el voor Keltische studies ('A.G. van Hamel Foundation for Celtic studies'). Its regular activities include the organisation of lectures, notably the 'Van Hamel Lecture' and an annual colloquium, and the publication of a Dutch quarterly called Kelten. Notes
References
Marc Schneiders, biography at Inghist, Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis.From Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 5 (Den Haag 2002)
In Memoriam by Maartje Draak (in Dutch)
Further external links
Stichting A.G. van Hamel voor Keltische studies (A.G. van Hamel Foundation for Celtic studies)]
1886 births
1945 deaths
Celtic studies scholars
University of Amsterdam alumni
Linguists from the Netherlands
Dutch philologists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mythographers
Utrecht University faculty
People from Hilversum
20th-century linguists
20th-century
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<mask> (August 18, 1803 – July 25, 1881) was an American statesman, diplomat and jurist. <mask> is one of the few people who have served in all three branches of the U.S. federal government. He represented Maine in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1839 to 1843, then served in the administration of President James K. Polk as the U.S. Attorney General from 1846 to 1848 and as the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico from 1848 to 1849. In the latter office, he signed the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo. In 1858, President James Buchanan appointed <mask> to be an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. <mask> served on the Supreme Court until his death in 1881.Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 18, 1803 in Rumney, New Hampshire to Deacon <mask> and his wife Lydia (née Simpson). He was the eldest and only son of seven children. His family were of old Yankee stock. As a young girl in 1672, his great-great-grandmother Ann Smith was an accuser of Goody Cole, the only woman in New Hampshire convicted of witchcraft. He attended the public schools of that town, then the Haverhill Academy in New Hampshire, and finally the New Hampton Literary Institute (now known as the New Hampton School). Early career
After teaching school for a time, he studied law in the offices of Josiah Quincy III and was admitted to the bar in Maine in 1827, establishing his first practice in Newfield, Maine. He served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1830–34 and served as Speaker of the House from 1833–34.He was then Maine Attorney General from 1834–38, when he entered national politics. U.S. House of Representatives (1839–43)
Initially, <mask> ran for the Senate and lost. Then, <mask> was elected as a Democratic Representative to the 26th and 27th Congresses, serving March 4, 1839 through March 3, 1843. In Washington, he followed the Democratic party line on policies, and was a strong supporter of the Van Buren administration. <mask> was opposed to a high tariff,
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supported internal improvements, endorsed state banking, and was in favor of federal retrenchment. He also criticized abolition, saying that its supporters were well intentioned but denounced the "mean and incendiary schemes of political Abolitionists." Due to re-redistricting and political infighting, <mask> was not a candidate for re-election in 1842.Polk administration
U.S. Attorney General (1846–48)
In 1846, President James K. Polk appointed him 20th Attorney General of the United States after his predecessor, John Y. Mason, returned to being Naval Secretary. <mask> served in Polk's Cabinet from October 17, 1846, to March 17, 1848. Ambassador to Mexico (1848–49)
<mask> resigned his post with the Justice Department to become the U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico, serving from March 18, 1848, to September 6, 1849. It was through <mask> that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was arranged with Mexico, by which California became a part of the United States. A Whig Presidential victory meant that <mask> was recalled to the United States. Following his service in the diplomatic corps, <mask> resumed the practice of law in Portland, Maine.Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1858–81)
Appointment
On December 9, 1857, President James Buchanan nominated <mask> as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, to a seat vacated by Benjamin R. Curtis. <mask>'s nomination came in the immediate wake of the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision and was hotly contested. As a longtime partisan Democrat, the opposition labeled <mask> a political hack and a "doughface" — a Northern man with Southern sympathies. Anti-slavery representatives in the United States Senate fiercely opposed <mask> due to his pro-slavery record. After a 34 day-long confirmation process, the U.S. senate narrowly confirmed <mask> on January 12, 1858, by a vote. He was sworn into office on January 21, 1858. At the time <mask> joined the Court, all but one
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of the justices were affiliated with the Democratic Party.By 1872, <mask> had outlived his Democratic colleagues, and his new Republican colleagues tended to outvote him for his remaining nine years on the Court. Therefore, about one-fifth of all his opinions were in dissent. He wrote the majority opinion in 398 cases. His opinions were comprehensive essays on law and have sometimes been criticized as overly lengthy and digressive. Legal philosophy
<mask> rarely declared any legal philosophy about the Constitution, but believed in a sharp dividing line between federal and state authority. One admirer, United States Senator James Bradbury, said <mask>'s view was that the Constitution was not an "elastic instrument to be enlarged or impaired by construction, but to be fairly interpreted according to its terms, and sacredly maintained in all its provisions and limitations, as the best guaranty for the perpetuity of our republican institutions." <mask> supported a mechanical jurisprudence adhering to the strict text of the Constitution.<mask>'s fields of expertise were commercial and maritime law, Mexican land grants, and procedure and practice. <mask>'s major contribution to constitutional interpretation may have been his dissent in Loan Association v. Topeka rejecting "natural law" or any ground other than clear constitutional provision as a basis for the Court to use to strike down legislative acts. Civil War
During the Civil War, <mask> remained loyal to the Union. He distrusted federal authority, but generally upheld federal power as far as was necessary to prosecute the war. Some exceptions were the Prize Cases, where he joined the dissent in arguing that the blockade of the Confederacy was illegal without a declaration of war, and Ex parte Milligan, where he joined the majority to limit the use of military tribunals to prosecute citizens when civilian courts were available. Reconstruction
During Reconstruction, <mask> continued his skepticism of
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the federal government, now unrestrained by any consideration for the exigencies of wartime emergency powers. He more readily voted to limit federal power and make it easier for the South to rejoin the Union.In Cummings v. Missouri and Ex parte Garland, <mask> joined the majority in outlawing test oaths as part of the conditions of returning to the Union. Legal Tender cases
Perhaps <mask>'s most prominent declaration against exercise of federal authority came in the Legal Tender cases. The cases dealt with the Legal Tender Act of 1862, passed to permit the issuance of paper money to pay war debts and establishing that paper currency would be valid as legal tender. In Hepburn v. Griswold (1870), a debtor whose note was made prior to the Act's passage challenged its application to her debt. <mask> joined the majority in a 5–3 decision holding that the Legal Tender Act could not constitutionally apply to preexisting debts. Almost immediately after Griswold, the composition of the Supreme Court changed. Terminally ill Justice Robert Grier, who had joined the majority in Hepburn, resigned.President Ulysses S. Grant filled his seat with William Strong. The Court was also expanded by an Act of Congress from eight to nine members, with Joseph Bradley filling the new seat. This change had an immediate impact on the pending case Knox v. Lee (1871). The case dealt with remuneration for goods confiscated by the Confederate Army. The lower court ruled that the plaintiff must be repaid in paper money and that the defendant had to pay the difference in the valuation of the goods in gold to greenbacks. <mask>, joined by Justices Field and Nelson, dissented from the grant of certiorari, stating publicly, "I dissent from the order of the Court in these cases, especially from that part of it which opens for re-argument the question whether... the Legal Tender Act is constitutional as to contracts made before its passage—as I hold that the question is conclusively
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settled by the case of Hepburn vs Griswold..."
On May 1, 1871, the Court ruled 5–4 to overturn Hepburn v. Griswold and find the Legal Tender Act constitutional — facially and as applied to pre-existing debt. The four justices who formed the majority in Hepburn (minus the late Justice Grier) all dissented in Knox.The new justices, Bradley and Strong, were the deciding factor. <mask> submitted an 18,000 word dissent, angered that the Court would reverse its opinion in such a short amount of time. He also argued that the Legal Tender Act was facially unconstitutional, arguing that only hard money (gold and silver) with intrinsic value could serve as legal tender. Reconstruction amendments
<mask> held to a limited interpretation of the Reconstruction amendments. He joined the majority in the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), which distinguished state and federal citizenship and held that the Fourteenth Amendment only protects the narrower rights of federal citizens. In Hall v. DeCuir (1878), <mask> wrote a separate concurrence to uphold segregation on steamships, coining the phrase "equality is not identity." His concurrence may have foreshadowed the principle of "separate but equal" laid down after his death, in Plessy v. Ferguson (1893).Compromise of 1877
<mask> was president of the Electoral Commission convened in 1877 to determine the outcome of the 1876 presidential election. <mask> voted for fellow Democrat Samuel Tilden, but Rutherford B. Hayes won by a single vote. <mask> believed that the commission erred in nullifying Tilden's apparent victory and never accepted Hayes as the lawful president. Still, he signed off on Hayes' order for inauguration. In this instance <mask> put the country before his strong party beliefs, and his personal hope of having a Democratic president choose his successor. By 1877, <mask>'s mental faculties had declined and impaired his ability to be an effective Justice. Justice Samuel Miller wrote that <mask>'s mental
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deterioration was "obvious to all of the Court" and "in the work we do, no man ought to be there after 70."(<mask> was 74.) In 1880, <mask> experienced a stroke that, according to Miller, "rendered him a babbling idiot." He did not participate in any cases during that year, but still refused to step down, hoping that a Democratic president would be elected in 1880 and appoint a successor. He died on July 25, 1881, his successor on the bench, Horace Gray, instead being appointed by Republican president Chester Arthur. Personal life
As a young lawyer in Newfield, <mask> met his wife, Hannah Ayer. They had six children. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 25, 1881, in Cornish, Maine, and is interred in Evergreen Cemetery in Portland.The <mask> Elementary School in Portland is named for him. <mask>'s son, William Henry <mask>, was a successful lawyer and an unsuccessful candidate for the Maine State House of Representatives. His grandson, also named <mask>, was also a lawyer and briefly president of the Maine State Senate. See also
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
References
Further reading
<mask>, Philip G., <mask>, Democrat from 1803 to 1881, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922. External links
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1803 births
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19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American judges
19th-century American politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico
American Congregationalists
American Unitarians
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Portland, Maine)
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Maine Attorneys General
Maine Democrats
Maine lawyers
People from Rumney, New Hampshire
People from Newfield, Maine
Polk administration cabinet members
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
Speakers of the Maine House of Representatives
United States federal judges appointed by James Buchanan
United States Attorneys General
Justices of the Supreme Court of the
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<mask> (born 22 January 1985), known mononymously as Orianthi, is an Australian musician, singer and songwriter who rehearsed in 2009 with Michael Jackson in preparation for his This Is It concert series, and performed with Alice Cooper's touring band. Her 2009 debut single "According to You" peaked at No. 3 in Japan, No. 8 in Australia and No. 17 in the US; her second album, Believe, received a worldwide release in late 2009. The same year, she was named one of the "12 Greatest Female Electric Guitarists" by Elle magazine. She also won the "2010 Breakthrough Guitarist of the Year" award hosted by Guitar International magazine.Life and career
Early life
<mask> Penny Panagaris was born in Adelaide, Australia to Greek parents. She began playing piano at the age of three and, at the encouragement of her father, moved to acoustic guitar at the age of six. When she was eleven, she took up electric guitar and left her school, Mercedes College, enrolling at Cabra Dominican College. She also attended St Peter's Collegiate Girls' School for a short period. At the age of 15, she turned her focus to writing songs and so began her professional career. She has been playing in bands since the age of 14 and performed in her first stage show for Steve Vai at the age of 15. Orianthi met and jammed with Carlos Santana when she was 18.He invited Orianthi to get up and jam with him at soundcheck then later asked if she would join him on stage that night to jam at his Adelaide concert, Memorial Drive on 30 March 2003. Orianthi independently released her debut studio album, Violet Journey in 2005, composing all the material, contributing guitar, vocals, and drums on most cuts. She produced and mixed the final product at her home studio. Carlos Santana brought Orianthi to Paul Reed Smith's attention which led to her endorsement. Orianthi
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relocated to Los Angeles, signed with Geffen Records in late 2006 and struck a management deal with 19 Entertainment. Orianthi has made a commercial for Panasonic, featured in the song "Now or Never" for Bratz: The Movie, played at the Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Festival, appeared in The New York Times business section promoting eco-friendly acoustic guitars, and opened for Steve Vai in the US. Breakthrough
Orianthi appeared at the 51st annual Grammy Awards in February 2009 as Carrie Underwood's lead guitarist, with Underwood inviting Orianthi to become a member of her band.Following that performance (in addition to recommendations from industry professionals), Michael Jackson's management reached out to Orianthi for an audition for This Is It concerts. Orianthi was hence Michael Jackson's lead guitarist and was present on all rehearsals for his This Is It concerts before his death. In regard to being handpicked by Jackson, she stated:
She played and sang at Jackson's memorial, globally televised live on 7 July 2009. She appears in the film Michael Jackson's This Is It, which chronicles the rehearsals for the tour and shows her and Jackson on stage. She presented an award at the 2009 American Music Awards, which Jackson won posthumously. Orianthi also appears on "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" – with the original co-written and partly performed by Jackson. She plays guitar on the song "Monster" by Michael Jackson featuring 50 Cent which was released on Michael on 14 December 2010.Solo career and collaborations
<mask> started working on her major label debut Believe in 2007, which was released in October 2009. The album produced the worldwide hit "According to You", which was the Single of the Week on iTunes on 27 October 2009, reached number 2 on US radio airplay and charted to number eight in Australia, three
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<mask> (18 October 1800 – 27 March 1886) was an English dramatist and poet, Colonial Office official, and man of letters. Early life
<mask> was born on 18 October 1800 in Bishop Middleham. He was the third son of <mask>nr and Eleanor Ashworth, who died when he was an infant. His father remarried Jane Mills in 1818, and the family then moved to Witton-le-Wear. <mask>nr's friend Charles Arbuthnot found vocational positions in London for <mask> and his elder brother, <mask> Jnr. In 1817, the pair along with their second brother, William, a medical student, went to London. Soon afterwards, all three siblings contracted typhus fever, and both his brothers died within a fortnight.Following this tragedy, <mask> then accepted work in the Colonial administration of Barbados. <mask>'s place in Barbados was abolished in 1820, subsequent to which he returned to his father's house. At the Colonial Office
<mask> obtained a clerkship in the Colonial Office, where he subsequently worked from 1824 until 1872, through <mask>. In this position <mask> served under the permanent secretary Robert William Hay. <mask> was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1869 Birthday Honours. Hay's successors included James Stephen, Herman Merivale and Frederic Rogers. Hay, Stephen, <mask> and James Spedding, who also worked in the Office, each proposed reform.During the 1830s, <mask> and Stephen endorsed the abolitionist contentions of Viscount Howick, as a consequence of which Stephen replaced Hay. <mask> died on 27 March 1886. Literary connections
<mask> wrote Byronic poems and an article on Thomas Moore, which in 1822 was accepted for the Quarterly Review by William Gifford. Returning to London in October 1823, he found that Gifford had printed another article of his, on Lord John Russell. <mask> had also contributed to the London Magazine, and had an offer of the editorship. His father George was a friend of William Wordsworth. In 1823, on a visit to the Lake District, <mask>
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made the acquaintance of Robert Southey, and they became friends.<mask> had a first cousin, Isabella Fenwick (1783–1856), whom he introduced to the Wordsworth family. She became a close friend of Wordsworth in later life, as she had been of <mask> up to the time of his marriage. Though Fenwick was not herself a writer, her friendship left an enduring impression on the writings of <mask> and Wordsworth. In his autobiography, <mask> wrote, “There is a good deal of her mind in my writings. I wish there was more; and I wish that she had left her thoughts behind her in writings of her own.”
<mask>'s work also brought him literary friends: the circle of Thomas Hyde Villiers, and his colleague James Stephen. Through Villiers he became acquainted with Charles Austin, John Stuart Mill, and some of the Benthamites. He made speeches in opposition to their views, in the debating society documented by Mill.He also invited them to personal meetings with Wordsworth and Southey. Mill introduced <mask> to Thomas Carlyle in November 1831, initiating a long friendship. Carlyle's opinion of the "marked veracity" of <mask> was printed wrongly by the editor James Anthony Froude as "morbid vivacity". He also knew John Sterling, and made the acquaintance of Fanny Trollope whilst attending the court of Louis Philippe of France. <mask> aspired to become the official biographer of Southey. The family row over Southey's second marriage, to Caroline Anne Bowles, found him with the Wordsworths and others hostile to Bowles. He did become Southey's literary executor.Works
In Witton, <mask> wrote The Cave of Ceada which was accepted for the Quarterly Review. <mask> wrote a number of plays, including Isaac Comnenus (1827), and Philip van Artevelde (1834). This latter brought him fame and elicited comparisons with Shakespeare. In 1845 there followed a book of lyrical poems. His essay The Statesman (1836) caused some controversy, as a "supposedly" satirical view of how the civil service worked. <mask> published his
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Autobiography in 1885, which contains portraits of Wordsworth, Southey, Tennyson and Walter Scott. In it, on his own account, he gave Richard Whately's opinion of him as a "resuscitated Bacon", who had better things to do than write verse (which could be left to women).His poem Edwin the Fair depicted Charles Elliot as Earl Athulf. Thomas Frederick Elliot, Charles's brother, was a Colonial Office colleague. Literary reputation
In his own time, <mask> was highly esteemed as a poet and dramatist. For example, J.G. Lockhart claimed that Philip Van Artevelde secured <mask> "a place among the real artists of his time", and, as late as 1868, J.H. Stirling ranked Philip higher than anything produced by Robert Browning. Modern literary historians, however, tend to overlook <mask>'s accomplishments in verse and drama and emphasize his importance as a literary critic, pointing out that he was a strong advocate for stylistic simplicity, subject matter rooted in common life, and intellectual discipline in poetic composition, placing special importance on clear and reasoned structure.Marriage and family
<mask> married Hon. Theodosia Alice Spring Rice, daughter of Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon, on 17 October 1839. They had five children, including the biographer Ida Alice Ashworth <mask>. Sources
Selected bibliography
Plays
Poems
Chapters in books
Also available as: Preview. Essays
With an Appendix containing the original Advertisements, and the Prefatory Letter on Music. Originally published as: Preview. Available online.Money / Humility & independence / Wisdom / Choice in marriage / Children / The life poetic
Wordsworth's letter to <mask> regarding the essay:
The essay:
References
External links
1800 births
1886 deaths
English dramatists and playwrights
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
English male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century British dramatists and playwrights
19th-century male writers
People from Bishop Middleham
People from
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<mask>. is an American businessman, educator, former United States Government official, and long-standing trustee and benefactor of educational, cultural, and civic institutions. He was appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate as the nation's 19th Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) and served from 2004 to 2007. In this role, <mask> was the chief financial officer of the Department of the Navy, responsible for an annual budget of more than $130 billion and a financial management workforce of 9000 professionals, including budgeters, analysts, auditors, fiscal lawyers, Congressional relations officers, and financial operations personnel. The Department of the Navy would be equivalent to the 7th largest corporation in the world based on revenues. He also served as chairman of the Department of the Navy audit committee, a member of the Acquisition Integrity Board, and the executive committee of the United States Naval Academy. For exceptional service <mask> was twice awarded the Department of the Navy's Distinguished Public Service Medal, the highest civilian medal awarded by the Navy. In addition, <mask>'s Fiscal Year 2005 Department of the Navy Annual Financial Report was awarded the Gold Vision Award and was named one of the top 100 corporate annual reports in the world in the Overall category.During his tenure as Assistant Secretary, <mask> also served for two years as National President of the American Society of Military Comptrollers, an association of 18,000 financial professionals. <mask>'s strategic vision for financial management at the Department of the Navy, entitled Transforming Today to Win Tomorrow, continued to guide the office of the Assistant Secretary for many
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years following his tenure and included long-term initiatives such as portfolio analysis and management, human capital development, private sector technology adoption, and many others. In 2007, <mask> Jr. was named as Managing Partner of the international merchant banking firm of Filangieri Capital Partners, whose portfolio companies and clients in Italy, the United States, and emerging markets of the Middle East and Africa are in the aerospace and defense, homeland security, pharmaceuticals, medical software, intellectual property, financial data analytics and artificial intelligence, metal mechanics, and water & waste water treatment industries. In his role as Managing Partner of Filangieri Capital, <mask> has served as CEO, board chairman, and/or board member of all portfolio companies, developing an extensive experience in corporate governance, strategy, growth execution, restructuring, finance, operations, M&A, and managing complex matters of politics and international relations. <mask> also served as a member of the board of directors of the Quadrivio Investment Group based in Milan, Italy, with more than $1.4 billion of private equity assets under management in eleven distinct private equity, venture capital, alternative energy, and other funds. He serves as a senior advisor to the international business strategy firm The Scowcroft Group, based in Washington, D.C., founded and managed by former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft. He also serves as a senior advisor to the fixed-income asset manager Muzinich & Co., based in New York City, where he helped establish a corporate debt fund for small and medium-sized businesses in Italy.In 2014, <mask> was named chief executive officer and Vice Chairman of the Board of Euro Mec Water
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Group, the parent company for Euro Mec Srl, a global water and waste water treatment company based in Mantua, Italy. In February 2015 he was appointed CEO of Euro Mec Srl, the operating company of the Euro Mec Water Group (EMWG), which was in financial distress. During his tenure as CEO <mask> led an important restructuring of EMWG and successfully returned the company to profitability. In 2015 and 2016 EMWG posted revenues of 8.5 million Euros and 11.8 million Euros, up from 42,000 Euros in 2014. <mask> is a leading technical and financial expert in clean water and waste water treatment as well as the role of clean water in humanitarian assistance, emergency relief, and emerging market development as conducted by the United Nations, UNICEF, the United States Navy, the World Bank, and other leading international institutions. <mask> Jr. is also the founder and chairman of the Board of The Montfort Academy, a classical curriculum high school in the Archdiocese of New York. Widely recognized as a leader of the classical curriculum movement, The Montfort Academy has inspired other classical high schools to open around the country.Mr <mask> also serves on the board of trustees or board of advisors of other civic and not-for-profit organizations, including The Hudson River Museum and Planetarium, the Westchester County Department of Parks, Recreation, and Conservation, Untermyer Gardens, and The Navy League of the United States New York Chapter. He writes for the Longitude journal of international economy and is invited regularly to speak on matters of foreign policy, international finance, business strategy, corporate governance, business ethics, education, post-conflict reconstruction, public service, leadership, and other subjects. Early
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life
Born in the Bronx and raised in Pelham Manor, New York, <mask> Jr. attended Prospect Hill Elementary School and Pelham Memorial High School. He was ranked first in his class at Pelham Memorial High School and attended Fordham University on a full academic Presidential scholarship. He studied chemistry at Fordham and received a B.S. in 1991, graduating Summa cum laude, in cursu honorum and was class valedictorian. Later, he attended the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at The Johns Hopkins University where he received an M.A.in international economics and American Foreign Policy. He also attended the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business where he was graduated with an M.B.A. in finance. During the time between college and graduate school <mask> briefly attended medical school at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and was a high school teacher of physics, Italian, and Spanish. <mask>'s first job after graduate school was as an associate at The Scowcroft Group in Washington, DC, where he advised investment fund managers and corporate executives about emerging markets, specifically in Africa, Asia, and the former Soviet Union. While at The Scowcroft Group, <mask> assisted George H. W. Bush and Brent Scowcroft in editing A World Transformed, a book about the foreign policy of the United States in the post-Cold War era. In 1997, <mask> joined the corporate finance advisory firm of Stern Stewart & Co and became a managing director. There, he oversaw Stern Stewart's expansion into Italy, with the joint venture of Ambrosetti Stern Stewart Italia.During this period, <mask> became a regular lecturer at Bocconi University, the School of Management at the Libera Università Internazionale degli
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Studi Sociali Guido Carli, and the Italian Association of Financial Analysts. He later became manager of Stern Stewart's Government Services Division. The Montfort Academy
In 1998, during his time at Stern Stewart, <mask> founded The Montfort Academy, a Catholic high school in Mount Vernon, New York offering a classical curriculum focussing on academic excellence and character formation, with courses such as civics, geography, astronomy, rhetoric and debate, Latin, Greek, philosophy, and religion. More than 500 students have attended The Montfort Academy's full-time and part-time programs, including the special Renaissance Invitational program. The Montfort Academy has a 100% college admissions rate and an 87th percentile average SAT score. For the years 2005–2009, 2012–2013, and 2014-2015 The Montfort Academy was named one of the best 50 Catholic high schools in America by the Cardinal Newman Society. And in 2015 the website Niche K12 ranked The Montfort Academy in the top 20 private high schools in New York State and in the top 200 private high schools in America.The Montfort Academy's distinguished lecture series has featured notable persons such as former Senator Rick Santorum (a candidate in the 2012 primary season for President of the United States), former New York City Police Commissioner Howard Safir, and former Vice Chairman of Goldmas Sachs Robert Hormats, now serving as Under Secretary of State. <mask> has served as president and chairman of the Board of The Montfort Academy since its founding. In 2015, <mask> Jr. was selected by the International Organization of Catholic Education at the United Nations to represent the United States at the Holy See World Congress called "Educating Today and Tomorrow." This quadrennial conference
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on the state and future of Catholic education fell in 2015 on the 50th anniversary of Gravissimum educationis, Pope Paul VI's Declaration on Christian Education and the 25th anniversary of Ex corde Ecclesiae, Pope John Paul II's document regarding Catholic colleges and universities. <mask>'s contribution to the conference was featured in the book, Testimonios, Educar Hoy y Mañana, Una pasion que se renueva, with a foreword written by Pope Francis and published by the Holy See Congregation for Catholic Education. In 2016, <mask> addressed a roundtable of Catholic college Presidents at the Cardinal Newman Society in Washington, DC regarding classical education. Widely recognized as a leader of the classical education movement in the United States, Mr. <mask> has helped other classical elementary high schools and elementary schools throughout the country.United States Government Service
In June 2002, <mask> was appointed by the President of the United States as a White House Fellow. He was assigned by the White House as a special assistant to the Secretary of Defense. During this fellowship year, he spent six weeks in Baghdad as an advisor in the Coalition Provisional Authority, providing advice on private sector and financial markets development, foreign direct investment, and currency exchange. When his fellowship was over, <mask> was appointed acting director of Private Sector Development for Iraq, and in this capacity was a liaison between the international private sector and the Coalition Provisional Authority. On September 10, 2004, President of the United States George W. Bush nominated <mask> as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller). After confirmation by the United States Senate, <mask> served as the
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chief financial officer of the Department of the Navy from October 26, 2004, until 2007. During <mask>'s tenure as Assistant Secretary, the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps remained actively engaged in Iraqi Freedom, Enduring Freedom, and elsewhere in the Global War on Terror.In addition, the Navy and Marine Corps responded to the earthquake and tsunami in southeast Asia, the earthquake in Pakistan and India, and Hurricane Katrina. <mask> helped the Department of the Navy incorporate best practices in corporate governance and link together financial, business, and information systems. Also during his tenure, <mask> presented to Congress and inaugurated a long-term Financial Improvement, established the first-ever Audit Committee, developed a financial efficiency index, a "just-in-time" cash management system, a portfolio analysis capability based on private sector analytical techniques, and a recruiting and retention program for the financial management workforce. During his tenure the department also advanced its Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness effort and its Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) initiative. Post-government
Upon his retirement from government service in 2007, <mask> was named president and Managing Partner of Filangieri Capital Partners, a New York firm making private equity and venture capital investments and offering corporate finance and strategic advisory services. Also in 2007 <mask> was elected to the Board of Directors of Mediware Information Systems (NASDAQ: MEDW), a publicly traded medical software company. In 2008 <mask> was elected to the Board of Directors of Finmeccanica SpA (MILAN: FNC), a publicly traded global aerospace, defense, and energy company with $25 billion in revenues.In
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addition, <mask> serves on the boards of directors of several privately held companies and a global private equity investment group with more than $1.4 billion in assets under management. <mask> is a member of the Board of Advisors of the Morgan Stanley Journal of Applied Corporate Finance. In 2011 <mask> was named as a monthly contributor to Longitude, the international journal of foreign affairs and international business. In 2012 he was appointed to the Board of Advisors of the Marconi University Graduate School of Business in Rome, Italy, where he also holds the rank of Professor of Business Administration and Political Economy. He is also a senior advisor at The Scowcroft Group, a business advisory firm assisting companies in emerging markets founded and managed by General Brent Scowcroft, former National Security Advisor of the United States. <mask> Jr. is the Vice Chairman of the Board and head of Investor Relations of Euro Mec Water Group, a global water treatment and purification company with installed treatment plants in more than thirty countries, mostly in emerging economies and providing clean water to more than one million people. He also is the chief executive officer of Euro Mec's global concession and North American businesses.In 2014 <mask> was elected to the Board of Directors of AnalytixInsight, a publicly traded company offering comprehensive fundamental equity analysis on over 40,000 global companies, under the trade-names Capital Cube and Marketwall, now available on all Samsung mobile devices. Civic life
<mask> Jr. is very active in civic causes, especially education, the arts and sciences, environmental conservation, and foreign policy. He serves on the Board of Trustees of The Montfort Academy, the Board of Advisors
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of the New York Council of the United States Navy League, he has served as an advisory board member of the Boy Scouts of America Westchester Putnam Council, and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Hudson River Museum and Planetarium in Yonkers, New York. He is also a member and Vice Chairman of the Westchester County Parks, Recreation, and Conservation Board, the citizen board of the largest county parks system in the United States, and is a member of the board of trustees of the Untermyer Gardens Conservancy in Yonkers, NY. From 2007 to 2008 he served as a Trustee of the Yonkers Board of Education. <mask> also serves as a trustee of the Italian Language Foundation. He is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations.He also contributes to the website The American Town Square, writing about the major issues of foreign and domestic policy matters of the day. Distinctions and awards
Among <mask>po Mazzei Award for Public Service. In 2010 <mask> received the Order of the Sons of Italy Grand Lodge of New York Award. On April 25, 2012, <mask> was awarded the United States Navy League's Meritorious Service Award at a ceremony and dinner at New York City's Waldorf=Astoria Hotel. In 2014 he was invested into The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, also known as the Order of Malta, a Roman Catholic lay order dedicated to works of charity and goodwill throughout the world. Personal
In 1998 <mask> married Marla DeGaetano. They have six children and reside in Westchester County, New York.Publications
• Water Purification, Waste Water Treatment, and Water Re-Use. Premise in White Book presented at EXPO 2015. June 2015. • Credit Where Credit is Due, "Longitude", February 2013.
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Premium: Evidence from the United States Market. October 1999. • The Strength of EVA for the Public Sector. Il Sole 24 Ore. October 6, 1998. (with Fabio Fedel)
• The Operationalization of Economic Value Added in the Firm.Journal of the Association of Italian Financial Analysts. October 1998. • Turkey at the Crossroads. White House Weekly. Vol. 17(27) 1996. (with Arnold Kanter).• The Markets Bet on Italy: So Do We. International Political Economy. Vol. 3(9) 1996. (with Marvin Zonis). • The Markets are Making a Smart Bet on Italy. Economic Times (The Conference Board).Vol. 7(6) 1996. • Proceedings of the 1991 International Meeting of the Electrophoresis Society. Isolation of Metallothionein from Cadmium-contaminated Isopods. <mask>, Donald Clarke, Grace Vernon, & Ruth Witkus. 1991. • Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Primary Consumers. Vernon G., <mask>., Heisey R., Gonazalez G. & Witkus R. 1990. • Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America. Localization of Heavy Metals in the Hepatopancreas of the Terrestrial Isopod Oniscus asellus. Vernon G., <mask>., & Witkus R. 1989. References
U.S. Navy biography
Profile at GovernmentExecutive.com
Testimony, Senate Armed Services Committee
Department of the Navy Annual Financial Report 2005
Department of the Navy Financial Report 2006
United States Navy League New York Council
The Montfort Academy Website
Filangieri Capital Website
SPACS: A No-Brainer (with Achille Teofilatto)
Follow the Yellow Brick Road: The Return of the Gold Standard
In service of God and neighbor
Lynchpin of Stability—The Relationship between Italy and the United States
The Future of Libya May
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<mask> (born <mask>; October 27, 1920 – February 22, 2018) was an American actress, singer, and dancer. She began her career performing in vaudeville as a child and became a musical-theatre actress during the 1940s and 1950s, acclaimed for her role in High Button Shoes (1947) and winning a Tony Award in 1949 for her performance in Love Life. In the mid-1950s, she served as Sid Caesar's comedic partner on Caesar's Hour, for which she won three Emmy Awards, as well as appearing with Fred Astaire in the film musical The Band Wagon. From 1979 to 1984, she played Katherine Romano, the mother of lead character Ann Romano, on the TV series One Day at a Time. She also appeared as the mother of Christine Armstrong (played by her niece Shelley Fabares) in the television series "Coach." Fabray overcame a significant hearing impairment and was a long-time advocate for the rights of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Her honors for representing the disabled included the President's Distinguished Service Award and the Eleanor Roosevelt Humanitarian Award.Early life
<mask> was born Ruby Bernadette <mask> Theresa Fabares on October 27, 1920, in San Diego, to Lily Agnes (McGovern), a housewife, and Raoul Bernard Fabares, a train conductor. She used one of her middle names, <mask>, as her first name in honor of a beloved aunt from San Diego, whose name was also Nanette. Throughout life, she often went by the nickname Nan, and to a lesser extent, by close friends or relatives, sometimes Nanny-goat. Her family resided in Los Angeles, and <mask>'s mother was instrumental in getting her daughter involved in show business as a child. At a young age, she studied tap dance with, among others, Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. She made her professional stage debut as "Miss New Years Eve 1923" at the Million Dollar Theater at the age of three. She spent much of her childhood appearing in vaudeville
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productions as a dancer and singer under the name “Baby Nan.” She appeared with stars such as Ben Turpin.Raised by what would now likely be known as a stage mom, <mask> herself was not much interested in show business until later on, and never believed in pushing children into performing at a young age, instead wishing for them to be able to live out their childhoods as opposed to having to deal with adult concerns at a young age. Her early dance training, however, did lead her always to consider herself a tap dancer first and foremost. Contrary to popular misinformation from an undying rumor, she was never a regular or recurring guest of the Our Gang series; she did, however, appear as an extra one single time, a guest among many other children in a party scene. <mask>'s parents divorced when she was nine, but they continued living together for financial reasons. During the Great Depression, her mother turned their home into a boarding house, which <mask> and her siblings helped run, Nanette’s main job being ironing clothes. In her early teenage years, Fabray attended the Max Reinhardt School of the Theatre on a scholarship. She then attended Hollywood High School, participating in the drama program with a favorite teacher, where she graduated in 1939.She beat out classmate Alexis Smith for the lead in the school play her senior year. Fabray entered Los Angeles Junior College in the fall of 1939, but did not do well and withdrew a few months later. She had always had difficulty in school due to an undiagnosed hearing impairment, which made learning difficult. She eventually was diagnosed with a conductive hearing loss (due to congenital, progressive otosclerosis) in her twenties after an acting teacher encouraged her to get her hearing tested. <mask> said of the experience, "It was a revelation to me. All these years I had thought I was stupid, but in reality, I
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just had a hearing problem." Fabray gave many interviews over the years and much of the information known about her was revealed in these conversations.In 2004, she was interviewed for posterity in the oral history Archives of American Television as an Emmy TV legend. Career
Theatre
At the age of 19, <mask> made her feature film debut as one of Bette Davis's ladies-in-waiting in The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939). She appeared in two additional movies that year for Warner Bros., The Monroe Doctrine (short) and A Child Is Born, but was not signed to a long-term studio contract. She next appeared in the stage production Meet the People in Los Angeles in 1940, which then toured the United States in 1940–1941. In the show, she sang the opera aria "Caro nome" from Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto while tap dancing. During the show's New York run, <mask> was invited to perform the "Caro nome" number for a benefit at Madison Square Garden with Eleanor Roosevelt as the main speaker. Ed Sullivan was the master of ceremonies for the event and the famed host, reading a cue card, mispronounced her name as "Nanette Fa-bare-ass."After this embarrassing faux pas, the actress immediately legally changed the spelling of her name from Fabares to as close as possible a match to the proper pronunciation: Fabray. Artur Rodziński, conductor of the New York Philharmonic, saw Fabray's performance in Meet the People and offered to sponsor operatic vocal training for her at the Juilliard School. She studied opera at Juilliard with Lucia Dunham during the latter half of 1941 while performing in her first Broadway musical, Cole Porter's Let's Face It!, with Danny Kaye and Eve Arden. She decided that studying during the day and performing at night was too much for her and took away from her active social nightlife which she so enjoyed, and that she preferred performing in musical
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theatre over opera; thus she withdrew from the school after about five months. She became a successful musical-theatre actress in New York during the 1940s and early 1950s, starring in such productions as By Jupiter (1942), My Dear Public (1943), Jackpot (1944), Bloomer Girl (1946), High Button Shoes (1947), Arms and the Girl (1950), and Make a Wish (1951). In 1949, she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her portrayal of Susan Cooper in the Kurt Weill/Alan Jay Lerner musical Love Life. She received a Tony nomination for her role as Nell Henderson in Mr. President in 1963, after an 11-year absence from the New York stage.Fabray continued to tour in musicals for many years, appearing in such shows as Wonderful Town and No, No, Nanette. Television and film
In the mid-1940s, <mask> worked regularly for NBC on a variety of programs in the Los Angeles area. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, she made her first high-profile national television appearances performing on a number of variety programs such as The Ed Sullivan Show, Texaco Star Theatre, and The Arthur Murray Party. She also appeared on Your Show of Shows as a guest star opposite Sid Caesar. She appeared as a regular on Caesar's Hour from 1954 to 1956, winning three Emmys. <mask> left the show after a misunderstanding when her business manager, unbeknownst to her, made unreasonable demands for her third-season contract. <mask> and Caesar did not reconcile until years later.In 1961, <mask> Show or Yes, Yes Nanette. The character was mainly loosely based on herself and her own life as a newly married couple with her husband and her new stepchildren. <mask> appeared as the mother of the main character on several television series such as One Day at a Time, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and Coach, where she played mother to real-life niece Shelley Fabares. Like her aunt, Shelley Fabares also
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appeared on One Day at a Time. <mask> made 13 guest appearances on The Carol Burnett Show. She performed on multiple episodes of The Dean Martin Show, The Hollywood Palace, Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall, and The Andy Williams Show. She was a panelist on 230 episodes of the long-running game show The Hollywood Squares, as well as a mystery guest on What's My Line?and later a panelist on Match Game in 1973. Other recurring game show appearances by Fabray included participation in Password, I’ve Got a Secret, He Said, She Said, and Celebrity Bowling. She also appeared on the game shows Stump the Stars, Let's Make a Deal, All Star Secrets, and a television series families "All Star special" of Family Feud with fellow One Day at a Time cast members. She appeared in guest-starring roles on Burke's Law, Love, American Style, Maude, The Love Boat, and Murder, She Wrote. On the PBS program Pioneers of Television: Sitcoms, Mary Tyler Moore credited Fabray with inspiring her trademark comedic crying technique. In 1953, Fabray played her best-known screen role as a Betty Comden-like playwright in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical The Band Wagon with Fred Astaire and Jack Buchanan. The film in one scene featured <mask>, Astaire, and Buchanan performing the classic comedic musical number "Triplets", which was also included in That's Entertainment, Part II.<mask>'s additional film credits include The Happy Ending (1969), Harper Valley PTA (1978), and Amy (1981). <mask>'s final work was in 2007, when she appeared in The Damsel Dialogues, an original revue by composer Dick DeBenedictis, with direction/choreography by Miriam Nelson. The show, which was performed at the Whitefire Theatre in Sherman Oaks, California, focused on women's issues with life, love, loss, and the workplace. Personal life
<mask>'s first husband, David Tebet, was in television marketing and talent, and later
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became a vice president of NBC. According to Fabray, their marriage ended in divorce partially because of her depression, anxiety, and insecurities surrounding her worsening hearing loss. Her second husband was screenwriter Ranald MacDougall, whose writing credits include Mildred Pierce and Cleopatra and who, in the early 1970s, served as president of the Writers Guild of America. The couple was married from 1957 until his death in 1973.They had one son together: Jamie MacDougall. She was a resident of Pacific Palisades, California, and was the aunt of singer/actress Shelley Fabares. Her niece's 1984 wedding to M*A*S*H actor Mike Farrell was held at her home. Longtime neighbors, Fabray was associated with Ronald Reagan's campaign for the governorship of California in 1966. She was hospitalized for almost two weeks after being knocked unconscious by a falling pipe backstage during a live broadcast of Caesar's Hour in 1955. The audience in the studio heard her screams and Sid Caesar had at first been told she had been killed in the freak accident. Fabray suffered a serious concussion along with associated temporary vision impairment and photosensitivity/photophobia.Later, she realized she had only avoided being directly impaled because of the position she happened to have been in at the time (bending over as opposed to standing up straight). In 1978, during the filming of Harper Valley PTA, <mask> suffered a second major concussion when she was knocked over, hitting her neck on the sidewalk and the back of her head on a rock. The accident was caused when a live elephant appearing in the film stampeded when spooked by a drunken civilian bystander, who had bypassed the blocked-off street on the set. <mask> suffered associated memory loss and visual issues such as nystagmus, but still had to finish her scenes (namely a car chase) in the movie, for which filming had not
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yet wrapped. She had to be closely directed and coached, fed line-by-line, as she could not remember any of her lines or cues due to the concussion. She also had to be filmed only from specific angles to mask the obvious abnormal eye movements the concussion had temporarily caused. Activism
A longtime champion of hearing awareness and support of the deaf, she sat on boards and spoke at many related functions.A forward-thinking proponent of total communication and teaching the deaf language and communication in any way possible, including American Sign Language and not just the oralism method of the time, <mask> was one of, if not the first, to use sign language on [live] television, something which she continued to showcase on many programs on which she made appearances, including the Carol Burnett Show, Match Game ‘73, and I’ve Got a Secret. She even contributed the story line to an entire 1982 episode of One Day at a Time, which focused on hearing loss awareness and acceptance, treatment options, and sign language. Fabray appeared in a 1986 infomercial for hearing device and deafness support products for House Ear Institute. In 2001, she wrote to advice columnist Dear Abby to decry the loud background music played on television programs. A founding member of the National Captioning Institute, she also was one of the first big names to bring awareness to the need for media closed-captioning. Likewise, after the passing of her second husband, Randy MacDougall, Fabray also started to learn about the tribulations associated with spousal death and began to bring awareness to the need for changes in the law for widows and widowers. She focused her later years on campaigning for widows’ rights, particularly pertaining to women’s inheritance laws, taxes, and asset protection.Death
<mask> <mask> died on February 22, 2018, at the Canterbury Nursing home in California at
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the age of 97 from natural causes. Honors
A Tony and three-time Primetime Emmy award winner, <mask> Fabray has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1986, she received a Life Achievement award from the Screen Actors Guild. She won a Golden Apple award from the Hollywood Women’s Press Club in 1960 along with Janet Leigh for being a Most Cooperative actress. She was awarded the President's Distinguished Service Award and the Eleanor Roosevelt Humanitarian Award for her long efforts on behalf of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Partial filmography
Film
Television
Stage work
The Miracle (1939)
Six Characters in Search of an Author (1939)
The Servant of Two Masters (1939)
Meet the People (1940)
Let's Face It! (1941)
By Jupiter (1942) (replacement for Constance Moore)
My Dear Public (1943)
Jackpot (1944)
Bloomer Girl (1945; 1947; 1949)
High Button Shoes (1947)
Love Life (1948)
Arms and the Girl (1950)
Make a Wish (1951)
Mr. President (1962)
No Hard Feelings (1973)
Applause (1973)
Plaza Suite (1975)
Wonderful Town (1975)
The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild (1977)
Call Me Madam (1979)
Cactus Flower (1984)
Prince of Central Park (1989) (replacement for Jo Anne Worley)
The Bermuda Avenue Triangle (1997)
References
Citations
Sources
External links
1920 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American musical theatre actresses
Tony Award winners
Donaldson Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award
American women comedians
Actresses from San Diego
Vaudeville performers
Comedians from California
California Republicans
20th-century American
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<mask> (born October 23, 1974 in Brežice, Slovenia) is a Croatian super middleweight boxer. He won the title of World Boxing Foundation (WBFo) world champion on June 6, 2005 fighting against Australian Nader Hamdan. He successfully defended the title on December 2 in the same year versus Argentinian Julio Vasquez. He won the WBA intercontinental title versus Danish Lolenga Mock. After several defenses of the WBA intercontinental title, <mask> landed a shot at the WBA world title, losing to Dimitri Sartison by sixth round TKO. Personal life
<mask> married Angelina in 2005 and they had two children together, Dominik and Matej. In April 2010 <mask> announced that he was getting divorced.Professional boxing record
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|29 Wins (19 knockouts, 10 decisions), 11 Losses (8 knockouts, 3 decisions), 0 Draws
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<mask> (Avraham) ben <mask> (Hebrew אברהם בן שמואל - Avraham ben Shmuel; Karayce: Аврагъам Фиркович - <mask>) (1786–1874) was a famous Karaite writer and archaeologist, collector of ancient manuscripts, and a Karaite Hakham. He was born in Lutsk, Volhynia, then lived in Lithuania, and finally settled in Çufut Qale, Crimea. <mask> of Troki was his son-in-law. Biography
<mask> was born in 1787 into a Crimean Karaite farming family in the Lutsk district of Volhynia, then part of the Russian Empire, now Ukraine. In 1818 he was serving the local Crimean Karaite communities as a junior hazzan, or religious leader, and from there he went on to the city of Eupatoria in Crimea. In 1822, he moved to the Karaite community in Gozleve, and he was appointed as hazan, or community leader, in 1825. Together with the Karaite noble Simha Babovich, he sent memoranda to the Czar, with proposals to relieve Karaites from the heavy taxes imposed on the Jewish community.In 1828 he moved to Berdichev, where he met many Hasidism and learned more about their interpretations of Jewish Scriptures based on the Talmud and rabbinic tradition. The encounter with Rabbinical Jews brought <mask> into conflict with them. He published a book, "Massah and Meribah" (Yevpatoria, 1838) which argued against the predominant Jewish halakha of the Rabbinites. In 1830 he visited Jerusalem, where he collected many Jewish manuscripts. On his return he remained for two years in Constantinople, as a teacher in the Karaite community
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there. He then went to Crimea and organized a society to publish old Karaite works, of which several appeared in Yevpatoria (Koslov) with comments by him. In 1838 he was the teacher of the children of Sima Babovich, the head of the Russian Crimean Karaites, who one year later recommended him to Count Vorontzov and to the Historical Society of Odessa as a suitable man to send to collect material for the history of the Crimean Karaites.In 1839, <mask> began excavations in the ancient cemetery of Çufut Qale, and unearthed many old tombstones, claiming that some of them dated from the first centuries of the common era. The following two years were spent in travels through the Caucasus, where he ransacked the genizot of the old Jewish communities and collected many valuable manuscripts. He went as far as Derbent, and returned in 1842. In later years he made other journeys of the same nature, visiting Egypt and other countries. In Odessa he became the friend of Bezalel Stern and of Simchah Pinsker, and while residing in Wilna he made the acquaintance of Samuel Joseph Fuenn and other Hebrew scholars. In 1871 he visited the small Karaite community in Halych, Galicia, where he introduced several reforms. From there he went to Vienna, where he was introduced to Count Beust and also made the acquaintance of Adolph Jellinek.He returned to pass his last days in Çufut Qale, of which there now remain only a few buildings and many ruins. However, <mask>'s house is still preserved in the site. <mask>
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collected a vast number of Hebrew, Arabic and Samaritan manuscripts during his many travels in his search for evidence concerning the traditions of his people. These included thousands of Jewish documents from throughout the Russian Empire in what became known as the First Firkovich Collection. His Second Collection contains material collected from the Near East. His visit took place about thirty years before Solomon Schechter's more famous trip to Egypt. This "Second Firkovich Collection" contains 13,700 items and is of incredible value.As a result of his research he became focused on the origin of the ancestors of the Crimean Karaites who he claimed had arrived in Crimea before the common era. The Karaites, therefore, could not be seen as culpable for the crucifixion of Jesus because they had settled in Crimea at such an early date. His theories persuaded the Russian imperial court that Crimean Karaites cannot be accused in Jesus' Crucifixion and they were excluded from the restrictive measures against Jews. Many of his findings were disputed immediately after his death, and despite their important value there is still controversy over many of the documents he collected. The Russian National Library purchased the Second Firkovich Collection in 1876, a little more than a year after <mask>'s death. Among the treasures in the <mask> collection is a manuscript of the Garden of Metaphors, an aesthetic appreciation of Biblical literature written in Judeo-Arabic by one of the greatest of
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the Sephardi poets, Moses ibn Ezra. <mask>'s life and works are of great importance to Karaite history and literature.His collections at the Russian National Library are important to biblical scholars and to historians, especially those of the Karaite and Samaritan communities. Controversy continues regarding his alleged discoveries and the reliability of his works. Works
<mask>'s chief work is his "Abne Zikkaron," containing the texts of inscriptions discovered by him (Wilna, 1872). It is preceded by a lengthy account of his travels to Daghestan, characterized by Strack as a mixture of truth and fiction. His other works are "Ḥotam Toknit," antirabbinical polemics, appended to his edition of the "Mibḥar Yesharim" by Aaron the elder (Koslov, 1835); "Ebel Kabod," on the death of his wife and of his son Jacob (Odessa, 1866); and "Bene Reshef", essays and poems, published by Peretz Smolenskin (Vienna, 1871). Collections
<mask> collected several distinct collections of documents. In sum the <mask> collection contains approximately 15,000 items, of which many are fragmentary.His collections represent 'by far the greatest repository of all Judaeo-Arabic manuscripts' and are today held in the National Library of Russia in St Petersburg, while microfilm reproductions of all the manuscripts are held in the Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew manuscripts at the Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem. The Odessa Collection
This collection contains material from the Crimea and the
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Caucasus. It was largely collected between 1839 and 1840, but with additions from <mask> as late as 1852. It was originally owned by the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities and was stored in the Odessa museum. Some of these documents deteriorated due to chemical treatment performed by <mask>. Other documents which were suspected forgeries disappeared; <mask> claimed they had been stolen. The collection was moved to the Imperial Public Library in 1863.In 1844 the Russian historian Arist Kunik, a leading anti-Normanist, and Bezalel Stern, an influential Russian Maskil, would study and partly describe the discovery. Briefly stated, the discoveries include the major part of the manuscripts described in Pinner's "Prospectus der Odessaer Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Alterthum Gehörenden Aeltesten Hebräischen und Rabbinischen Manuscripte" (Odessa, 1845), a rather rare work which is briefly described in "Literaturblatt des Orients" for 1847, No. 2. These manuscripts consist of:
Fifteen scrolls of the Law, with postscripts which give, in Karaite fashion, the date and place of writing, the name of the writer or corrector or other interesting data. Twenty copies of books of the Bible other than the Pentateuch, some complete, others fragmentary, of one of which, the Book of Habakkuk, dated 916, a facsimile is given. Nine numbers of Talmudical and rabbinical manuscripts. The First Collection
Contains material from the Crimea and the Caucasus largely collected between 1839 and 1841.It was
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purchased by the Imperial Public Library in 1862. The Samaritan Collection
Another collection of 317 Samaritan manuscripts, acquired in Nablus, arrived in the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy in 1867 (see Fürst, "Geschichte des Karäerthums", iii. pp. 176, Leipsic, 1869)
In 1864 <mask> acquired a large collection of Samaritan documents in Nablus. He sold the documents to the Imperial Public Library in 1870. In sum the collection contains 1,350 items. The Second Collection
Contains material collected from the Near East.The material was collected between 1863 and 1865. <mask> collected in Jerusalem, Aleppo and also in Cairo. <mask> concealed where he obtained the documents. He possibly collected from the Cairo Geniza thirty years before Solomon Schechter discovered it. <mask> sold this collection to the Imperial Public Library in 1873. Forgery Accusations
<mask> has come to be regarded as a forger, acting in support of Karaite causes. He wished to eliminate any connection between Rabbinic Judaism and the Karaites by declaring that the Karaites were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes.<mask> successfully petitioned the Russian government to exempt the Karaites from anti-Jewish laws on the grounds that Karaites had immigrated to Europe before the crucifixion of Jesus and thus could not be held responsible for his death. S. L. Rapoport has pointed out some impossibilities in the inscriptions (Ha-Meliẓ, 1861, Nos. 13-15, 37); A. Geiger in his Jüdische Zeitschrift (1865, p. 166), Schorr in
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He-Ḥaluẓ, and A. Neubauer in the Journal Asiatique (1862–63) and in his Aus der Petersburger Bibliothek (Leipzig, 1866) have challenged the correctness of the facts and the theories based upon them which Jost, Julius Fürst, and Heinrich Grätz, in their writings on the Karaites, took from Pinsker's Liḳḳuṭe Ḳadmoniyyot, in which the data furnished by <mask> were unhesitatingly accepted. Further exposures were made by Strack and Harkavy (St. Petersburg, 1875) in the Catalog der Hebr. Bibelhandschriften der Kaiserlichen Oeffentlichen Bibliothek in St. Petersburg; in Harkavy's Altjüdische Denkmäler aus der Krim (ib. 1876); in Strack's A. Firkowitsch und Seine Entdeckungen (Leipsic, 1876); in Fränkel's Aḥare Reshet le-Baḳḳer (Ha-Shaḥar, vii.646 et seq. ); in Deinard's Massa' Ḳrim (Warsaw, 1878); and in other places.In contradiction, <mask>'s most sympathetic critic, Chwolson, gives as a résumé of his belief, after considering all controversies, that <mask> succeeded in demonstrating that some of the Jewish tombstones from Chufut-Kale date back to the seventh century, and that seemingly modern forms of eulogy and the method of counting after the era of creation were in vogue among Jews much earlier than had been hitherto suspected. Chwolson alone defended him, but he also was forced to admit that in some cases Firkovich had resorted to forgery. In his Corpus Inscriptionum Hebraicarum (St. Petersburg, 1882; Russian ed., ib. 1884) Chwolson attempts to prove that the <mask> collection,
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especially the epitaphs from tombstones, contains much which is genuine. In 1980, V. V. Lebedev investigated the Firkovich collection and came to the conclusion that forgery cannot be attributed to <mask>, but rather it was done by the previous owners, in an attempt to increase the price of the manuscripts. For many years the manuscripts were not available to Western scholars. The extent of <mask>’s forgeries is still being determined.<mask>’s materials require careful examination on a case by case basis. His collection remains of great value to scholars of Jewish studies. See also
Seraya Shapshal, Philosophical disciple of <mask> also carrying the Bashyazi Sevel ha Yerushah. References
Sources
Ben-Sasson, M. (1991). "<mask>'s Second Collection: Notes on historical and Halakhic material." Jewish Studies, 31: 47-67 (Hebrew). Josephs, Susan."Fact from Fantasy" The Jewish Week January 12, 2001. Markon, I. “Babowitsch, Simcha ben Salamo.” Encyclopaedia Judaica 3: 857-58.
. “Firkowitsch, (Firkowitz), <mask> ben Samuel.” Encyclopaedia Judaica 6: 1017-19. Miller, Philip E. Karaite Separatism in Nineteenth-Century Russia. Cincinnati, 1993
Harkavy, Albert. Altjudische Denkmaller aus der Krim mitgetheilt von <mask>, 1839-1872. In Memoires de l’Academie Imperiale de St.-Peterboug, VIIe Serie, 24, 1877; reprinted Wiesbaden, 1969.Кизилов, Михаил. “Караим Авраам Фиркович: прокладывая путь тюркскому национализму.” Историческое наследие Крыма 9 (2005): 218-221. Кизилов М., Щеголева T. Осень
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караимского патриарха. Авраам Фиркович по описаниям очевидцев и современников // Параллели 2-3 (2003). С.319-362. Shapira, Dan. “Remarks on Avraham Firkowicz and the Hebrew Mejelis 'Document'.” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59:2 (2006): 131-180.Shapira, Dan. Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (1830–1832). Paving the Way for Turkic Nationalism. Ankara: KaraM, 2003. Shapira, Dan. “Yitshaq Sangari, Sangarit, Bezalel Stern and Avraham Firkowicz: Notes on Two Forged Inscriptions.” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 12 (2002–2003): 223-260. Kizilov, Mikhail.Karaites through the Travelers’ Eyes. Ethnic History, Traditional Culture and Everyday Life of the Crimean Karaites According to Descriptions of the Travelers. New York: al-Qirqisani, 2003. The book “Masa UMriva”, an essay by the Karaite scholar <mask> <mask> with an explanatory essay to him “Tzedek veShalom” by D-r hazzan Avraam Kefeli, in two volumes (Ashdod 5780, 2019), D.A.N.A. 800-161008
1786 births
1874 deaths
Book and manuscript collectors
History of Crimea
Rabbis of the Russian Empire
Crimean Karaites
Karaite rabbis
Khazar studies
Forgery controversies
Religious leaders from
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<mask> (; born May 6, 1990) is a Venezuelan professional baseball second baseman for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Astros signed <mask> as an amateur free agent in 2007, and he made his major league debut in 2011. A right-handed batter and thrower, as of 2017 he was the shortest active MLB player, at . His listed weight is . From 2014 to 2017, <mask> recorded at least 200 hits each season and led the American League (AL) in the category. He won three batting championships in that span. A seven-time MLB All-Star, <mask> has been voted the starting second baseman for the AL in the All-Star Game four times.In 2017, he won the AL Most Valuable Player Award, the Hank Aaron Award, and became a World Series champion with the Astros, each for the first time. In the same year, <mask> was Sports Illustrated co-Sportsperson of the Year with J. J. Watt of the NFL's Houston Texans for helping to lead relief efforts in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. Other awards <mask> received in 2017 were the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year, The Sporting News Major League Player of the Year (making him the fifth player to be selected in consecutive years), and Baseball America Major League Player of the Year. He has also won five Silver Slugger Awards and one Rawlings Gold Glove. After hitting an epic, pennant-winning walk-off two-run home run off Yankees closer Aroldis Chapman to end the 2019 American League Championship Series and send the Astros to their second World Series in three years, <mask> was awarded
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his first ALCS MVP. In 2014, he became the first player in over 80 years to reach 130 hits and 40 stolen bases before the All-Star Game. That same season, he became the first Astro to win a batting title, leading the AL with a .341 average.He has twice led the AL in stolen bases. From Maracay, Venezuela, <mask> played for the Venezuelan national team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic (WBC). He holds the record for postseason home runs among second basemen and infielders with 23, which is second all-time in postseason history while being the fastest to do so in games played. He had 31 games with four hits from 2011 to 2021, the most among any player in that span in MLB. Early life
<mask> is a native of Maracay, Venezuela, and grew up there. At age seven, he met fellow future major leaguer Salvador Pérez, who became a catcher for the Kansas City Royals. The two competed together beginning in Maracay and many times in American League games.Professional career
Minor leagues
At age 16, <mask> attended a Houston Astros' tryout camp in Maracay. However, the team's scouts declined to allow him to participate because they decided he was too short and they suspected that he had lied about his age. The next day, with encouragement from his father, <mask> returned to the camp and produced his birth certificate. Al Pedrique, then a special assistant for the Astros, asked <mask>, "Can you play?" <mask> looked him in the eye and said, "I'll show you." Pedrique championed him to the front office, convincing them that he had the talent
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and strength to eventually play in the major leagues. The club gave him an evaluation, and, after he impressed team officials, they signed him to a contract as an undrafted free agent on March 6, 2007, with a $15,000 (USD, $ today) bonus.After a strong 2007 season in the Venezuelan Summer League in which he hit .343, <mask> moved to the United States in 2008 and hit .284 in 40 games for the Greeneville Astros in the Rookie-level Appalachian League. He returned to Greeneville in 2009 and hit .324 with 21 stolen bases in just 45 games, earning him a spot on the league All-Star team, team most valuable player (MVP) honors, and a promotion to the Tri-City ValleyCats of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League for which he played in 21 games. He began 2010 with the Lexington Legends of the Class A South Atlantic League, hitting .308 with 39 steals and 11 home runs, earned a spot on the league all-star team, and then moved up to the Lancaster JetHawks in the Class A-Advanced California League and hit .276. Returning to Lancaster for 2011, he hit .408 with 19 steals in 52 games. After being promoted to the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Class AA Texas League, he hit .361, giving him an overall line of .389 with 24 steals, 26 walks, and 40 strikeouts in 357 minor league at-bats that year. He was named the second baseman on Baseball Americas 2011 Minor League All Star Team as well as the Houston Astros Minor League Player of the Year. <mask> was called up to the major league club in mid-summer, bypassing Class AAA level.Houston
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Astros
2011
The Astros promoted <mask> to the major leagues for the first time on July 19, 2011. He represented the Astros at the 2011 All-Star Futures Game. He was named the second baseman on Baseball America 2011 Minor League All-Star team. On July 27, 2011, <mask> tied Russ Johnson for the Astros record for most consecutive games with a hit to start a career with 7. On August 20, 2011, <mask> hit an inside-the-park home run, his first major league home-run. He became the first Astros player since Adam Everett in 2003 to hit an inside-the-park home run, the first Astros player to get his first major league home run on an inside-the-park home run since pitcher Butch Henry in 1992, and the first Astros player to lead off a game with an inside-the-park home run since Bill Doran in 1987. He batted .346 over his first 21 games before slumping a bit and ended the year with a .276 average.He also hit two home runs, stole seven bases, and posted a .358 slugging percentage in 221 at-bats. <mask> returned to Venezuela to play for Navegantes del Magallanes, based in Valencia, Carabobo, in the Venezuelan Winter League. He hit .339 with a .381 on-base percentage and a .455 slugging percentage. <mask> finished 2011 with 898 aggregated plate appearances, including 391 in the minors, 234 with Houston, and 273 with the Magallanes. <mask> had 82 hits in winter league, bringing his cumulative year-end count to 282. 2012
On May 1, 2012, <mask> faced New York Mets reliever Jon Rauch, the tallest player in major league history at . The
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height difference is believed to be the biggest between pitcher and batter with the exception of a 1951 publicity stunt in which a Eddie Gaedel had one plate appearance for the St. Louis Browns.<mask> was the Astros' representative at the All-Star Game, played at Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri. This was his first career selection. 2013
On July 13, 2013, <mask> signed a four-year, $12.5 million extension that included two club options for 2018 and 2019 worth $6 and $6.5 million, respectively. The deal also included a $750,000 bonus to be received in 2013. At the time of the extension, <mask> was hitting .280 with 21 stolen bases, 15 doubles, and 28 RBI. 2014
On June 29, 2014, <mask> stole two bases in a game against the Detroit Tigers. This made him the first MLB player since Ray Chapman in 1917 to steal two or more bases in four consecutive games.<mask> became the first MLB player since 1933 to have 130 hits and 40 stolen bases before the All-Star Break. <mask> was named to the 2014 All-Star Game. Coupled with his 2012 All-Star appearance in the Astros' final season as a National League team, <mask> is the only player in Major League history to represent both the American and National Leagues in the All-Star Game while still being a member of the same team. On September 16, <mask> hit a single up the middle to break Craig Biggio's franchise single-season hit record of 210 hits. The Astros had 11 games remaining in the season at the time that <mask> broke the record. In 158 games, <mask> totaled 225 hits and a
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.341 batting average, both of which led the major leagues, and 56 stolen bases, which led the American League. He also hit 47 doubles, seven home runs, and 59 RBI.He became the first Astros player to win a batting title. After the 2014 season, <mask> traveled to Japan to participate in the 2014 Major League Baseball Japan All-Star Series. He was named the GIBBY/This Year in Baseball Award winner as the Breakout Everyday Player of the Year. He won the first Silver Slugger Award of his career, as the top hitter among American League second basemen. He was also bestowed his first iteration of the Luis Aparicio Award, annually given to the Venezuelan judged to produce the best individual performance. 2015
<mask> was voted as the AL's starting second baseman for the MLB All-Star Game, edging Kansas City's Omar Infante by more than 600,000 votes. <mask> became the third Astro second baseman to be voted a starter, following Biggio and Jeff Kent.On September 11, 2015, <mask> recorded his 800th career hit, surpassing Biggio for the fastest Astro player to reach 800 hits. In the final game of the season, <mask> went 3-for-5 to reach 200 hits for the second season in a row, which led the American League, while becoming both the first player in Astros history and Venezuelan to accumulate multiple 200-hit seasons. He also led the AL in stolen bases (38), and his .313 batting average was third best in the majors. He reached then-career highs with each of 15 home runs, .459 SLG, 86 runs scored, and 66 RBI. He led American League second
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basemen in fielding percentage (.993). The Astros clinched a playoff berth on the final day of the season, securing their place in the AL Wild Card Game versus the New York Yankees. Thus, <mask> made the MLB playoffs for the first time in his career.The Astros defeated the Yankees, 3−0. <mask> drove in Jonathan Villar in the seventh inning versus Yankee reliever Dellin Betances for the final run of the contest. Next, the Astros faced the Royals in the American League Division Series (ALDS), but were eliminated in five games. <mask> was awarded his first career Rawlings Gold Glove Award for second base on November 10, 2015. He also received his second consecutive Silver Slugger Award. 2016
For his performance in the month of June 2016, <mask> was named AL Player of the Month for the first time in his career. He had batted .420, six doubles, four home runs, 15 RBI, six stolen bases and 1.112 OPS (.492 OBP/.620 SLG) in 26 games.He became an All-Star selection for the fourth time of his career, and started for the second consecutive time. On August 16, <mask> collected his 1,000th hit, setting the Astros' franchise record for fewest games to do so (786) after a three-hit night versus the St. Louis Cardinals. He also was the second-fastest among active players to do so, following Ichiro Suzuki (696 games). In 161 games, <mask> had an MLB-leading 216 hits, an AL-leading .338 batting average, 30 stolen bases. He also found a power surge with 42 doubles (the second most of his career and his third straight season with 40+
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doubles), a career-high 24 home runs, and a career-high 96 RBI. This marked his second batting title, the last being in 2014. At the end of the season, <mask> was named The Sporting News Player of the Year, and the MLBPA Players Choice Awards for Major League Player of the Year, AL Outstanding Player, and Majestic Athletic Always Game Award.He placed third in the AL MVP voting, behind winner Mike Trout and Mookie Betts. 2017
Voted as a starter in the All-Star Game at Marlins Park in Miami, <mask> batted leadoff and played second base. He served as the Astros' number three hitter during the 2017 season. Over two games versus the Baltimore Orioles and Philadelphia Phillies on July 23–24, he set the club record for hits in consecutive plate appearances with eight. In July, <mask> hit .485 for the fifth-highest average in one month since 1961. Over 23 games, he accumulated 48 hits, 10 doubles, one triple, four home runs, 21 RBI, and 1.251 OPS. He carried a 19-game hitting streak from July 2 to 23.He also recorded five consecutive multi-hit games during the week of July 3–9, becoming the ninth player in MLB history to do so. His average set the Astros record for one calendar month—surpassing Richard Hidalgo's .476 average in September of 2000—and he won his second AL Player of the Month Award. <mask> concluded the 2017 campaign by playing in 153 contests with an MLB-leading and career-best .346 batting average, an AL-leading 204 hits, a major-league leading 30 infield hits, 39 doubles, 32 stolen bases, 24 home runs, and 84
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RBI. He led all MLB hitters (140 or more plate appearances) in batting average against right-handers, at .344. The Astros finished with a 101−61 record, clinching the AL West division. <mask> became just the fifth hitter since integration in 1947 to record four straight 200-hit seasons, following Wade Boggs (1983−89), Kirby Puckett (1986−89), Suzuki (2001−2010), and Michael Young (2003−07). He also became the first hitter in Major League history to solely lead his respective league in hits for four years in a row while also collecting his third career batting title.Suzuki technically led the AL in hits from 2006 to 2010, but tied with Dustin Pedroia in 2008. <mask> led MLB in Wins Above Replacement (WAR, 8.3) for the first time in his career. He also led the American League in power-speed number (27.4). On September 19, he was announced as the recipient of MLB's Lou Gehrig Memorial Award for 2017, as the player "who best exemplifies the giving character" of Gehrig. With 1,250 career hits at the end of 2017, only Ty Cobb, Hank Aaron, and Pete Rose had accumulated more hits through their age-27 season. In Game 1 of the ALDS against the Boston Red Sox, <mask> hit three home runs in a single game for the first time of his career while becoming the tenth player to hit three home runs in a single postseason game. The Astros faced the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series (ALCS).After taking the first two games in Houston, with <mask> scoring the winning run in Game 2, <mask> and the Astros offense slumped
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as they lost all three middle games at Yankee Stadium. He hit a solo home run in a 4−0, Game 7 win in which the Astros advanced to their second World Series in franchise history, to face the National League pennant-winning Los Angeles Dodgers. In Game 2 of the World Series, <mask>, along with two Astros teammates–Carlos Correa and George Springer—and two Dodgers players–Charlie Culberson and Yasiel Puig—all homered in extra innings as the Astros prevailed, 7−6. The five home runs accounted for the most hit in extra innings of any single game in major league history. <mask> homered in the bottom of the fifth inning of Game 5, tying the score 7–7, and hit a game-tying double in the eighth, before the Astros prevailed 13–12 in the bottom of the 10th inning with a walk-off single from Alex Bregman. The World Series went on for seven games, and the Astros prevailed for the first title in franchise history. In the Astros' 18-game championship run, <mask> batted .310/.388/.634, 22 hits, 14 runs scored, seven home runs, 14 RBI, and nine extra-base hits.He established a franchise record for total hits in a postseason. Further, he tied the record for home runs by a second baseman in a single postseason, and hit the fourth-most among all players. Along with pitcher Justin Verlander, <mask> was named winner of the Babe Ruth Award as MVP of the 2017 postseason. Prior to Game 2 of the World Series, <mask> was presented with the Hank Aaron Award, the first of his career, as the "most outstanding offensive performer" in the American
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League. It was the first time a Houston Astros player had won the prize. Next, he was named The Sporting News Major League Player of the Year for the second consecutive season, following Ted Williams (1941−42), Joe Morgan (1975−76), Albert Pujols (2008−09), and Miguel Cabrera (2012−13) as repeat winners in consecutive years of the honor given out since 1936. Other awards <mask> received in 2017 included Baseball America'''s Major League Player of the Year award, becoming the first Venezuelan since Johan Santana in 2006 to receive the award bestowed since 1998.He was also the first second baseman and first Astro ever to win it. For the second consecutive season, he won the Players Choice Awards for Major League Player of the Year and AL Outstanding Player. He won his fourth consecutive and overall Silver Slugger Award at second base. In 2019, <mask>'s role in the 2017 World Series gained nationwide attention in the Houston Astros sign stealing scandal. With regard to his accused role of wearing a wire and stealing signs, <mask> said, "I'm not going to say to you that it was good — it was wrong. We feel bad, we feel remorse, like I said, the impact on the fans, the impact on the game — we feel bad." The Astros selected <mask>'s option for 2018, worth a reported $6 million, on November 3, 2017.On November 16, <mask> was conferred the AL Most Valuable Player Award, only the second Astro to win the award, following Jeff Bagwell in 1994. <mask> became the tenth second baseman to be granted MVP, and was the shortest player to
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win since Phil Rizzuto, also 5' 6", in 1950. <mask> became the first player since Buster Posey in 2012—and the eighth player overall—to win a batting title, MVP and World Series in the same season. On December 5, <mask> and Houston Texans defensive end J. J. Watt were named co-winners of the Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year Award for his efforts in leading the Astros to their first World Series title and aiding in the recovery of the Greater Houston area in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. <mask> became the 18th Major League Baseball player to win the award in its 64-year history, and both the first Houston Astro and first Venezuelan player. He was also selected the 2017 Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year. 2018
Prior to the 2018 season, Sports Illustrated'' ranked <mask> as the #2 player in baseball, trailing only Trout.On March 16, 2018, <mask> and the Astros agreed to a five-year, $151 million contract extension that would span the 2020–24 seasons. His current contract included a $6 million salary in 2018 and a $6.5 million team option in 2019. It was the largest contract in team history, and he became the sixth player to agree to a contract with an average annual value of $30 million per season or greater. <mask> reached 1,000 games played in his career on April 17, 2018, versus the Seattle Mariners. He became the 20th player to appear in 1,000 games for the Astros. Over three games versus the Cleveland Indians spanning May 25–27, he realized a base hit in each of 10 consecutive at bats, breaking
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his own club record of eight which he had set the year prior. The streak included three doubles, one triple, and one home run.On July 8, 2018, <mask> was selected as the starting second baseman for the American League in the All-Star Game, collecting the most votes of any player with 4,849,630 votes. It was his 6th All-Star selection overall and his 5th consecutive appearance and 4th straight start. On July 29, <mask> was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his MLB career due to right knee discomfort. Plagued with a right knee injury, the Astros announced that <mask> would serve as the designated hitter for the remainder of the season. In 137 games, <mask> finished with a .316 average, 13 home runs, and 61 RBI. With the Astros finishing the year 103-59, the team clinched the AL West again, sweeping the Cleveland Indians in 3 games before eventually falling to the Red Sox in the ALCS. On October 19, 2018, <mask> officially underwent surgery to repair a patella avulsion fracture in his right knee.On November 8, <mask> was awarded his fifth career Silver Slugger Award and his fifth consecutive award. Having won his fifth award at second base, it tied him with Robinson Canó for most awards for an American League second baseman and second most all-time behind Ryne Sandberg. 2019
On April 9, 2019, <mask> hit his 100th career home run off New York Yankees pitcher Jonathan Loáisiga. He became the 16th player in Astros history to reach 100 home runs. On April 12, <mask> connected for his second career grand slam, and
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first since 2014, in a 10–6 win over the Seattle Mariners. <mask> would hit another home run off of Félix Hernández the next night, making it the fifth consecutive game with a home run and sixth home run in that span. <mask> was the first Astro to hit a home run in five consecutive games since Morgan Ensberg's franchise-record six consecutive games in 2006.<mask> was placed on the injured list on May 12 with a left hamstring strain, missing 35 games until returning versus the Cincinnati Reds on June 19. At the time, he had hit nine home runs, though his overall batting line was down from his career norm, at .243/.329/.472 (117 wRC+). On July 2, 2019, <mask> doubled in the top of the seventh for his third of four hits in a 9–8 victory over the Colorado Rockies. His 142nd career three-hit game, <mask> passed Jeff Bagwell for second-most in Astros history, behind Craig Biggio (225). It was also <mask>'s second straight game with at least three hits, a 6–1 victory over the Seattle Mariners on June 30. He hit his third career grand slam and second of the season on July 14, yielding the Astros a franchise record-breaking ninth grand slam in a single season. During a contest versus the St. Louis Cardinals on July 28, <mask> homered off Dakota Hudson for his 1,500th career hit, one of three hits in a 6–2 win that afternoon, in his 1,190th career game.The only players in the divisional play era to reach the milestone faster were Suzuki, Wade Boggs, Kirby Puckett, Nomar Garciaparra, Tony Gwynn and Derek Jeter. <mask> finished the
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regular season batting .298/.353/.550 with 31 home runs and 74 RBIs in 500 at bats. <mask> continued his hot hitting in October. During the ALDS <mask> hit 3 home runs en route to a 3–2 series victory over the Tampa Bay Rays. With his 3rd home run of the series in Game 5, <mask> hit his 11th career postseason home run, the most by any second baseman in baseball history and drew him into a tie with George Springer for most postseason home runs by a Houston Astros player. <mask>'s ninth-inning walk-off home run off Aroldis Chapman in Game 6 of the ALCS sent Houston back to the World Series. <mask> received the ALCS MVP award for his performance in the series, batting .348 with 2 home runs, 3 RBIs, 6 runs scored, and a 1.097 OPS.He also set the record for the most career postseason homers by a second baseman (13). He hit .303 with no home runs and one RBI in the 2019 World Series, which the Astros lost to the Washington Nationals. 2020
In 2020, he batted .219/.286/.344 with 5 home runs and 18 RBI in 192 at bats. On July 27, 2020, <mask> hit his 300th double in his MLB career. On October 7, 2020, <mask> became the Venezuelan with the most home runs in postseason history; he is tied with Mickey Mantle and Reggie Jackson for 5th-most home runs in postseason history. In Game 4 of the ALCS, <mask> took a four-seam fastball from Tampa Bay Rays starter Tyler Glasnow and hit the fastest pitches hit for home runs in 2020. On October 15, 2020, <mask> became the Venezuelan with the most RBI in the playoffs.In the postseason, he batted
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.306/.378/.565 with 5 home runs and 11 RBI in 48 at bats. 2021
On June 15, 2021, <mask> hit a walk-off grand slam versus the Texas Rangers. The next day, he continued with a lead-off home run against Texas; <mask> is the first player in major league history to have hit a walk-off grand slam and then hit a lead-off home run in the following game. On June 23, <mask> hit his 150th career home run, doing so off Thomas Eshelman of the Baltimore Orioles. On July 4, 2021, after finishing as the runner-up AL second baseman in fan voting, <mask> was named to his seventh All-Star Game, tying the Astros franchise record with Craig Biggio for the most career All-Star game selections. On September 17, 2021, <mask> hit a home run off Madison Bumgarner of the Arizona Diamondbacks at Minute Maid Park to collect his 849th career hit in the stadium, which tied him with Lance Berkman for most hits by an Astro in the venue. He then passed Berkman the next night with a double.In Game 6 of the 2021 World Series, <mask> made his 73rd postseason start as part of the infield unit of Alex Bregman, Carlos Correa, and Yuli Gurriel, which was more postseason starts than any quartet of teammates in major league history, surpassing the Yankees' Derek Jeter, Tino Martinez, Paul O’Neill, and Bernie Williams, who had started 68 postseason contests together. Awards
Personal life
Originally listed at , <mask> is now listed at his correct height of , making him the shortest active player in Major League Baseball, and the shortest since Freddie Patek
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retired following the 1981 season. Inspired by broadcasters debating how many "Altuves" a particular home run traveled, Bryan Trostel created a simple web-based calculator to calculate distance in Official Standard Listed Altuves (OSLA). Although Altuve's listed height is 5 feet 6 inches (5.5 feet), one OSLA = 5.417 feet (5 feet 5 inches). <mask> himself has been receptive of the idea, saying "It's funny, man... When they told me how many 'Altuves' was a home run, I just laughed." Trostel, who published his calculator at How Many Altuves, has expanded it to include speed (Altuves per second) as well as cubic and squared Altuves for volume and area.On November 1, 2016, <mask>'s wife Nina gave birth to their first child, a daughter. They reside in Pearland, Texas. <mask> has cited fellow Venezuelan designated hitter and catcher Víctor Martínez as a mentor. <mask> is a born-again Christian and has spoken about his faith in videos released by the Astros for faith day events. See also
Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
List of Houston Astros team records
List of Major League Baseball career assists as a second baseman leaders
List of Major League Baseball career games played as a second baseman leaders
List of Major League Baseball hit records
List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Major League Baseball titles leaders
Major League Baseball titles streaks
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
American League batting champions
American League
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<mask><mask> (August 9, 1929 – February 13, 2014) was an American linguist and Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. He received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan in 1961. Fillmore spent ten years at Ohio State University and a year as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University before joining Berkeley's Department of Linguistics in 1971. <mask> was extremely influential in the areas of syntax and lexical semantics. A three–day conference was held at UC Berkeley in celebration of his 80th birthday in 2009. <mask> received the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics. He died in 2014.Early years
Fillmore spent three years in the U.S. Army stationed in Japan, where he intercepted coded Russian conversations on short-wave radio and taught himself Japanese. Following his discharge, he taught English at a Buddhist girls' school while also taking classes at Kyoto University. He returned to the US, receiving his doctorate at the University of Michigan and then teaching at The Ohio State University in Columbus. At the time, he was still a proponent of Noam Chomsky's theory of generative grammar during its earliest transformational grammar phase. In 1963, his seminal article The position of embedding transformations in a Grammar introduced the transformational cycle. The central idea is to first apply rules to the smallest applicable unit, then to the smallest unit containing that one, and so on. This principle has been a foundational insight for theories of syntax since that time.Cognitive linguistics
By 1965, Fillmore had
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come to acknowledge that semantics plays a crucial role in grammar. In 1968, he published his theory of Case Grammar (Fillmore 1968), which highlighted the fact that syntactic structure can be predicted by semantic participants. An action can have an agent, a patient, purposes, locations, and so on. These participants were called "cases" in his original paper, but later came to be known as semantic roles or thematic relations, which are similar to theta roles in generative grammar. Following his move to the University of California, Berkeley, in 1971, this theory eventually evolved into a broader cognitive linguistic theory called Frame Semantics (1976). A commercial event, for instance, crucially involved elements such as a seller, a buyer, some good, and some money. In language, such an event can be expressed in a variety of different ways, e.g.using the verb 'to sell' or the verb 'to buy'. According to frame semantics, meaning is best studied in terms of the mental concepts and participants in the minds of the speaker and addressee. Around the same time, <mask>'s Santa Cruz Lectures on Deixis, delivered in 1971 and published in 1975, contributed to establishing the field of linguistic pragmatics, which studies the relationship between linguistic form and the context of utterance. In all of this research, he illuminated the fundamental importance of semantics, and its role in motivating syntactic and morphological phenomena. His collaboration with Paul Kay and George Lakoff was generalized into the theory of Construction Grammar. This work aimed at developing a complete theory of grammar that would fully acknowledge the role of semantics right from the
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start, while simultaneously adopting constraint-based formalisms as popular in computer science and natural language processing. This theory built on the notion of construction from traditional and pedagogical grammars rather than the rule-based formalisms that dominate most of generative grammar.One of <mask>'s most widely noticed works of the time (with Paul Kay and Cathy O'Connor) appeared in 'Language' in 1988 as "Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone". Their paper highlighted the merits of such a theory of by focusing on the 'let alone' construction. Over time, construction grammar developed into a research area of its own, and a number of variants have been proposed over the years by different researchers. <mask> is now widely recognized as one of the founders of cognitive linguistics. The first chapter of “Cognitive Linguistics” by Cruse and Croft (2004), for instance, begins with a summary of <mask>'s work. <mask> served as President of the Linguistic Society of America in 1991 and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Chicago in 2000. His legacy continues with his many notable students, including Adele Goldberg, Laura Michaelis, <mask>, Miriam R. L. Petruck, Len Talmy, and Eve Sweetser.FrameNet
In 1988, <mask> taught classes in computational lexicography at a summer school at the University of Pisa, where he met Sue Atkins, who was conducting frame-semantic analyses from a lexicographic perspective. In their subsequent discussions and collaborations, <mask> came to acknowledge the importance of considering corpus data. They discussed the "dictionary of the future", in which every word
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would be linked to example sentences from corpora. After 23 years at the University of California, Berkeley, <mask> retired in 1994 and joined Berkeley's International Computer Science Institute. There, he started a project called FrameNet, an on-line structured description of the English lexicon implementing much of what he had earlier proposed more theoretically in his theory of Frame semantics, while implementing the idea of emphasizing example sentences from corpora. In FrameNet, words are described in terms of the frames they evoke. Data is gathered from the British National Corpus, annotated for semantic and syntactic relations, and stored in a database organized by both lexical items and Frames.FrameNet has inspired parallel projects, which investigate other languages, including Spanish, German, and Japanese. Due to the project's influence, issue 16 of the International Journal of Lexicography was devoted entirely to FrameNet. The project has been highly influential in computational linguistics and natural language processing as well. FrameNet led to the establishment of the task of shallow semantic parsing or automatic semantic role labelling (SRL). The first automatic SRL system was developed by Berkeley graduate student Daniel Gildea. Semantic Role Labelling has since become one of the standard NLP tasks. In recognition of his contributions to computational linguistics, Fillmore received the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics.Together with Collin F. Baker, he also received the 2012 Antonio Zampolli Prize, awarded by the European Language Resources Association. Publications
His seminal publications
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include:
"The Position of Embedding Transformations in a Grammar" (1963). In Word 19:208-231. "The Case for Case" (1968). In Bach and Harms (Ed. ): Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1-88."Frame semantics and the nature of language" (1976): . In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech. Volume 280: 20-32. "Frame semantics" (1982). In Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Seoul, Hanshin Publishing Co., 111-137. (with Paul Kay and Mary Catherine O'Connor) "Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone" (1988).Language. Vol. 64, No. 3 (Sep., 1988), 501-538
(with Sue Atkins) "Starting where the dictionaries stop: The challenge for computational lexicography". (1994). In Atkins, B. T. S. and A. Zampolli (Eds.) Computational Approaches to the Lexicon.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 349-393. (with Paul Kay) "Construction Grammar" (1995). Stanford: CSLI
Lectures on Deixis (1997). Stanford: CSLI Publications. (originally distributed as Fillmore (1975/1971) Santa Cruz Lectures on Deixis by the Indiana University Linguistics Club)
Personal life
Fillmore was married to Lily Wong <mask>, a linguist and professor emeritus at Berkeley. References
External links
Official website
1929 births
2014 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Ohio State University faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Linguists from the United States
Cognitive scientists
Syntacticians
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows
Linguistic Society of America presidents
Computational linguistics
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<mask>, known as J<mask>, is an American photojournalist who won a Pulitzer Prize for his portfolio showing the brutal treatment of prisoners by Rhodesian Security Forces in the fall of 1977. Early life and photographic career
<mask> was born in Dearborn, Michigan to Charles T<mask>, an executive for the Ford Motor Company and <mask>. He attended Marion L. Steele High School in Amherst, Ohio, where he worked on the school newspaper staff and was the salutatorian of his graduating class in 1971. After graduating from Kent State University in 1975, where in his junior year he became editor of the school yearbook, The Chestnut Burr, Baughman started work as a photojournalist for The Lorain Journal of Lorain, Ohio, about 30 miles west of Cleveland (now The Morning Journal). In 1976, while at The Journal, he infiltrated a branch of the American Nazi Party in Cleveland called the United White People's Party, and spent seven months recording both its activities and those of an affiliated group in Chicago called the National Socialist Party of America, headed by Frank Collin. The resulting investigative series "Nazis in America" was initiated June 4, 1977, with a front page story on the murder of Chicago-area businessman Sydney Cohen by Raymond Lee Schultz, who had ties to the American Nazi Party in the 1960s and then became affiliated with the National States' Rights Party. The story also contained details about possible other murders and bombings being planned by Nazi groups.A series of five more front-page stories ran from
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Lebanon conducted by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a Marxist guerilla group. Baughman worked for AP until the end of May 1978. In June he and two partners, Mark Greenberg and Stephen Schneider, founded the Visions photo agency as part of Independent Visions International in New York City. Visions specialized in investigative photo features which were mainly published by premier news magazines. While working for Visions, Baughman completed a number of assignments for Newsweek, Life magazine, and other major magazines.He remained with the agency as a senior partner until 1996. Injury in El Salvador
On March 3, 1982, while Baughman and photojournalist <mask> were on assignment in El Salvador covering the Salvadoran Civil War for Newsweek, he tripped a land mine while trying locate guerrilla forces. The accident resulted in severe injuries to Baughman's left leg and minor injuries to Nachtwey. Baughman would later call for changes in the way journalists were assigned to cover such wars, after the death of another photojournalist, <mask>. He suggested that editors assign journalists to cover only one side of the conflict at a time, thus eliminating the risks of traveling between enemy lines. Leaving the press pool in Grenada
On October 28, 1983, while on assignment for Newsweek during the invasion of Grenada, Baughman left the press pool that had been formed by the U.S. Government as a means of protesting the tight restrictions that had been placed on journalists covering the invasion. He called
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leaving the pool a "matter of civil disobedience" and spent three days on the island.On October 29, a spokesman for the Joint Information Bureau announced that Newsweek would no longer be included in the press pool. Editor Maynard Parker, while stating that he felt the press restrictions were "totally outrageous and unnecessary", also said that Newsweek would curtail further dealings with Baughman on the assignment. Nevertheless Baughman's photo of a visit to the island by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff <mask> Vessey <mask>. did appear in Newsweek. Work for Life magazine
From 1980 to 1996 while with Visions, Baughman was assigned a number of investigative photo essay projects for Life magazine, including the following:
"No Haven for the Last of Cuba's Outcasts" (November 1980, with reporter Steve Robinson), which examined the issues surrounding the Marielito boat refugees from Cuba being detained at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. "Saturday Night in El Barrio" (May 1982, with reporter David Friend), which focused on the lives of members of the 18th Street Gang in Los Angeles. "The Double Closet" (May 1983, with writer Anne Fadiman), about two gay fathers raising their four children in a combined household. "A Haven for AIDS Outcasts" (January 1984, self-reported with later writing by Dianna Waggoner), covering the first hospice for terminally ill AIDS patients in San Francisco."Hunting Parole Violators" (July 1984 with reporter Ed Barnes), following undercover detectives in New York City hunt for parole violators in
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possible, even in circumstances where there is danger to the subject.In 2003 while at The Washington Times, he assisted in revising the National Press Photographers Association Code of Ethics, which was officially adopted by the NPPA Board in July 2004. Teaching
<mask> was on the faculty of the photo department at the New School for Social Research and Parson's School of Design in New York City from 1979 to 1997. He was an adjunct professor for the University of Missouri Graduate Program in Journalism in New York City from 1984 to 1986, and also taught at New York University from 1980 to 1982. In addition he was a co-founder and program director for the Focus Photography Symposiums in New York City from 1981 to 1988. Gallery
Other interests
From 1989 to 2005, Baughman wrote five non-fiction history books on topics ranging from folk art to the Protestant Reformation and the American colonial era. Until April 2009, he also served as curator of colonial history collections at the Bachmann Publick House, a museum in Easton, Pennsylvania. This same collection of family artifacts is now exhibited at the Woodstock Museum of Shenandoah County, Virginia.In addition, he was one of the earliest proponents and administrators of Y-chromosome genetic testing for genealogical purposes. Books by J. <mask>man
Graven Images: a Thematic Portfolio, 1976. A series of individual images depicting themes of childhood, courtship, marriage, old age and death. ASIN B0006CVB2S. Forbidden Images: a Secret Portfolio, 1977. A series of photo
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essays depicting people on the fringes of society (Ku Klux Klan members, transvestites, carnival sideshow workers, the institutionalized mentally ill). ASIN B0006CP7FA .Some Ancestors of the <mask> Family in America: tracing back twelve generations from Switzerland through Virginia, & c. growing along with the nation, across its heartland, 1989. Genealogical history of the Baughman family. . Harvest Time: being several essays on the history of the Swiss, German & Dutch folk in early America named Baughman, Layman, Moyer, Huff, and others across New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, and four centuries, 1994. Family history focused on colonial American history in New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.worldcat.org/title/harvest-time-being-several-essays-on-the-history-of-the-swiss-german-dutch-folk-in-early-america-named-baughman-layman-moyer-huff-and-others-across-new-york-pennsylvania-virginia-tennessee-missouri-arkansas-and-four-centuries/oclc/031204535 |title=Harvest Time: being several essays on the history of the Swiss, German & Dutch folk in early America named Baughman, Layman, Moyer, Huff, and others across New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, and four centuries |publisher=WorldCat |accessdate=February 26, 2016}}</ref> .Apart from the World: an account of the origins and destinies of various Swiss Mennonites who fled from their homelands in remote parts of Cantons Zurich, Aargau and Bern, 1997. Centers on histories of medieval
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<mask> (born January 25, 1971), better known mononymously as Joi, is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer associated with the Dungeon Family collective based in Atlanta, Georgia, and as such often performs with OutKast, Organized Noize, and Goodie Mob (her ex-husband, Big Gipp, is a member of the latter group). Her signature songs include "Sunshine & the Rain", "Lick", and "Freedom". Biography
Joi is the daughter of NFL Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Joe Gilliam and granddaughter of Tennessee State Tigers football coach Joe Gilliam, Sr.
Music career
The Pendulum Vibe (1994)
In 1994, Joi released her debut album, The Pendulum Vibe, on EMI with Dallas Austin as the executive producer. While the lead single "Sunshine & the Rain" received heavy airplay on video outlets such as VH1 and MTV, the single failed to become a hit and album sales were disappointing, selling only 76,000 copies in the U.S. Even though album sales were low, Joi received widespread praise from critics, some calling her the new "Madonna". Madonna herself was so impressed with Pendulum Vibe that she changed the direction of her 1994 album Bedtime Stories. Madonna was also responsible for assisting <mask> in becoming the first black model in a major Calvin Klein print ad campaign.While Joi was receiving heavy media attention she released two more singles: "I Found My Niche" and "Freedom". During this time, Joi's personal and musical style was the first to be dubbed as "neo soul". The track "Freedom" from Pendulum Vibe was later used for the Mario Van Peebles film Panther in a re-record featuring Aaliyah, Mary J. Blige, En Vogue, Me'shell Ndegeocello, TLC, Queen Latifah, Vanessa Williams, SWV, Brownstone and many more. Amoeba Cleansing Syndrome (1997)
In 1997, Joi prepared for the
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<mask> (4 May 1927 – 16 March 2009) was an Australian psychologist and author, best known for his sociological works of the 1970s and 1980s, including The Great Australian Stupor which sold around 70,000 copies (a considerable number by Australian standards), and The Land of the Long Weekend (1978). Among other books by him were The End of Stupor? (1984), Being Male (1985), The Rage for Utopia (1994) and a memoir, Conway's Way (1988). <mask> was born in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh, the second son of <mask> and his wife Elizabeth, and grew up as an only child (his brother Keith having died before <mask> was born). In later years, he said that his love of books came from his father and his mother taught him to stand up to the world (his Who's Who entry does not mention her). He also suggested that single-child families should be banned by governments. His early education was constrained by the Great Depression and the family's limited finances, as well as his parents' alleged lack of interest in his abilities.He went to both state and Catholic schools, including Hawksburn state school (where he won a prize for his essay about The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen) and later, when the fees for Christian Brothers College were too much his family, he attended St Joseph's Technical College in the Melbourne suburb of Abbotsford, which he left aged 15 for a job at the well-renowned Hill of Content bookshop in Bourke Street, in Melbourne's central business district. During the final years of the Second World War, <mask> progressed to electrical fitting in the Royal Australian Air Force which he had joined in late 1944. He was later employed as a psychologist by Melbourne's St Vincent's Hospital, from 1961 until his retirement. He also maintained a busy private practice at his homes in the Melbourne suburbs of Canterbury and (later) Hawthorn, specialising in male difficulties and personal issues. Many of <mask>'s articles appeared in The Age, The Australian, Quadrant
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and the now defunct National Times. He had a long-standing association with the National Civic Council (NCC), led by right-wing Catholic activist B. A. Santamaria; at times Santamaria published <mask> in the NCC's flagship journal, News Weekly.This association ended when an impassioned censure by <mask> of the NCC, particularly concerning the issues of contraception, homosexuality and the parameters of papal infallibility ("Mr Santamaria - And Goodbye To All That", Quadrant, December 1990), led to a lasting estrangement between the two men. <mask> also regretted the 1980s' split in the NCC which saw industrial elements of the organisation ejected. He believed Santamaria to have been the guiding force behind the split. <mask> also worked as a consultant for the Melbourne Catholic archdiocese, assessing seminary candidates. His admirers included Tony Abbott, Prime Minister 2013-15 (and Catholic). In his books and essays (as the above-mentioned reference to the Quadrant piece implies) <mask> questioned Catholic teaching on sexual matters, allying himself with Freud, with Jung (both Freud and Jung are openly praised in The Great Australian Stupor as great pioneers in the study of the human psyche) and, periodically, with Eastern mysticism. This was chiefly because of <mask>'s interest in world religions and human belief systems in general.He emphasised the importance of wider human experience as an antidote to the "psychophobia" present in so many public exchanges. <mask> questioned the validity of Catholic teaching on artificial contraception, pointing to the misery of Africa and South America and maintaining that women had the right to regulate the size of their families in an acceptable fashion. He saw contraception as a "morally neutral" issue that the Church had no reason or right on which to opine. He also believed the church over-emphasised sexual sin above all others, which bemused him. One staunch defence of Freud by <mask> was an article published in The
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Australian on 22 June 1994: "Integrity Attack Ignores Fruit of Freud's Genius". <mask> also praised the psychotherapeutic use of LSD in the 1960s and 1970s, under the guidance of trained practitioners, and was critical of its withdrawal from use in the early 1970s. In his opinion the ban on LSD was caused largely by the questionable professional machinations of Timothy Leary in the US.<mask> was also friends with Stanislav Grof, an early pioneer in the use of LSD as an aid in his consulting practice. He never changed his opinion that LSD was the most useful tool available for psychotherapists. Politically, <mask> saw himself as an "old-time Whig conservative" with "gnostic" leanings and professionally "eclectic". Others saw him broadly as a neo-Freudian. After the 1996 accession to Melbourne's archiepiscopate of George Pell, <mask> grew less prominent in the media, although now and then he wrote for the Sydney Catholic magazine Annals Australasia, and Melbourne's Herald Sun newspaper, as well as periodically appearing on television. <mask> died at St Vincent's Hospital after suffering from Parkinson's disease and peripheral brain damage. He was farewelled in a Funeral Mass at St Patrick's Cathedral, attended by many prominent friends and former clients.His ashes were then interred at the cemetery in Brighton alongside the remains of his parents. Following his death, accusations that he had sexually interfered with male patients were published by Broken Rites and, in 2019, by The Age. Bibliography
The End of Stupor? : Australia Towards the Third Millennium (Melbourne: Sun Books, 1984)
Being Male: A Guide for Masculinity in a Time of Change (South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1985)
<mask>'s Way: Memories, Endeavours and Reflections (Blackburn, Victoria: Collins Dove, 1988)
The Rage for Utopia (St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin, 1992)
References
1927 births
2009 deaths
Australian psychologists
Quadrant (magazine) people
Writers from Melbourne
20th-century
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<mask> (April 29, 1871 – March 27, 1938), born <mask>, was a German psychologist and philosopher. He is known for the development of personalistic psychology, which placed emphasis on the individual by examining measurable personality traits as well as the interaction of those traits within each person to create the self. <mask> also coined the term intelligence quotient, or IQ, and invented the tone variator as a new way to study human perception of sound. <mask> studied psychology and philosophy under Hermann Ebbinghaus at the University of Berlin, and quickly moved on to teach at the University of Breslau. Later he was appointed to the position of professor at the University of Hamburg. Over the course of his career, <mask> wrote many books pioneering new fields in psychology such as differential psychology, critical personalism, forensic psychology, and intelligence testing. <mask> was also a pioneer in the field of child psychology.Working with his wife, Clara Joseephy <mask>, the couple kept meticulous diaries detailing the lives of their 3 children for 18 years. He used these journals to write several books that offered an unprecedented look into the psychological development of children over time. Biography
Personal life
<mask> was born on April 29, 1871 in Berlin, Germany to Rosa and <mask> (1837-1890). The couple named their only child <mask>, but he later dropped his first name and was known simply as <mask>. <mask>'s father owned a small design studio in Berlin, although the business was not very successful. When Joseph died in 1890, he left his family very little money, and <mask>, who was studying at university, had to take up tutoring to support his sickly mother until her death in 1896.
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<mask> met his future wife, Clara Joseephy, while on a bicycle ride through Berlin.Joseephy's parents were unhappy with the match, as <mask> had little money, but Clara persisted despite her parents’ disapproval and the two married early in 1899. They had their first daughter, Hilde, on April 7, 1900, which began the Stern's 18-year long project in child development. The couple also had a son, Günther, in 1902 and another daughter, Eva, in 1904. <mask> spent the final five years of his life in exile due to the increased antisemitism in Germany. He spent one year in Holland before moving to America to accept a job as a professor at Duke University, despite knowing little English. <mask> died suddenly on March 27, 1938 of coronary occlusion. Academic career
<mask> studied at the University of Berlin under the guidance of Hermann Ebbinghaus.He received his PhD in 1893. He then taught at the University of Breslau for 19 years, from 1897 to 1916. From 1916 to 1933 he was appointed Professor of Psychology at University of Hamburg. After the rise of the Nazi power he left to teach at Duke University, where he was appointed Lecturer and Professor until he died of a heart attack in 1938. Major contributions
Work in Child Development
<mask> greatly influenced the area of child development with the work he did with his wife, Clara. They used his three children, Hilde, Gunther, and Eva, as subjects, studying the development of language as well as other aspects of child development that they observed. His children were born in 1900, 1902, and 1904 respectively, and <mask> and his wife started the journaling from the day each were born up until they were 12, 10, and 7, respectively.The data that they recorded
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included reactions, babbling, the ability to recall events, lying, moral judgement, and even systematic recording sessions where the child would elicit story narratives and descriptions with one parent while the other jotted down the notes. Through their observations <mask> found what is called "game theory", which is that child's play is necessary for the personal development of a child. Intelligence Quotient
During <mask>'s time, many other psychologists were working on ways to qualitatively assess individual differences. Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon, for instance, were developing tests to assess the mental age of children in order to identify learning disabilities, but lacked a standardized way to compare these scores across populations of children. <mask> suggested a change in the formula for intelligence, which has previously been calculated using the difference between an individual's mental age and chronological age. Instead, <mask> proposed dividing an individual's mental age by their chronological age to obtain a single ratio. This formula was later improved by Lewis Terman, who multiplied the intelligence quotient by 100 to obtain a whole number.<mask>, however, cautioned against the use of this formula as the sole way to categorize intelligence. He believed individual differences, such as intelligence, are very complex in nature and there is no easy way to qualitatively compare individuals to each other. Concepts such as feeble mindedness cannot be defined using a single intelligence test, as there are many factors that the test does not examine, such as volitional and emotional variables. Tone Variator
<mask> invented the tone variator in 1897, which allowed him to study human sensitivity
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to changes in sound. Whereas his predecessors had limited themselves to studying thresholds and noticeable differences using constant, discrete stimuli, <mask> studied the continuous change of one stimulus into the next. Forensic Psychology
<mask> was a pioneer in the field that would become forensic psychology. Like Hugo Münsterberg, <mask> explored the psychology of eyewitness testimony with particular attention to its accuracy.A student of memory research pioneer, Hermann Ebbinghaus, <mask> had participants look at photographs and later asked them to recall details. He collaborated with criminologist, Franz v. Liszt, and in 1901 conducted a study in which law students witnessed a staged classroom argument in which one protagonist drew a revolver at which point the professor stopped the mock fight. Students were then asked to give written and oral reports of the event. <mask> and Franz found that, in such demonstrations, the subsequent recall was poor when tension was high, leading them to conclude that emotional states could affect eyewitness testimony. Other studies investigated the impact of questioning techniques, differences between children and adult witnesses, differences between male and female witnesses, and the way events occurring between the time of an event and the time of recall can affect the accuracy of testimony. <mask> noted that memory was fallible and sought ways to differentiate between intentional and unintentional falsification of testimony. These findings had the potential to improve the criminal justice system and illustrated practical applications of psychological research.<mask> also noted the effects that the courtroom could have on children and advocated for the consultation
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of a professional psychologist whenever child testimony was used. <mask> also hypothesized that men were more reliable witnesses than women but subsequent work has challenged this suggestion. The study found there to be no significant sex differences among the participants concerning recall accuracy and resistance to false information. <mask>'s early work in forensic psychology has allowed for follow-up and scrutiny. Publications
<mask>, W. (1900). Über Psychologie der individuellen Differenzen: Ideen zu einer 'differentiellen Psychologie’ (On the psychology of individual differences: Toward a ‘differential psychology’). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1906). Person und Sache: System der philosophischen Weltanschauung. Erster Band: Ableitung und Grundlehre (Person and thing: System of a philosophical worldview (Rationale and basic tenets, Vol. one). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, C., & <mask>, W. (1907). Die Kindersprache (Children's speech).Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, C., & <mask>, W. (1909). Erinnerung, Aussage und Lüge in der ersten Kindheit (Recollection, testimony, and lying in early childhood). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1911). Die Differentielle Psychologie in ihren methodischen Grundlagen (Methodological foundations of differential psychology). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1914). Psychologie der frühen Kindheit bis zum sechsten Lebensjahr (The psychology of early childhood up to the sixth year of age). Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. <mask>, W. (1916). Der Intelligenzquotient als Maß der kindlichen Intelligenz, insbesondere der Unternormalen (The intelligence quotient as measure of intelligence in children, with special reference to the subnormal). Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie. <mask>, W. (1917).Die
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Psychologie und der Personalismus (Psychology and Personalism). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1918). Person und Sache: System der philosophischen Weltanschauung. Zweiter Band: Die menschliche Persönlichkeit (Person and thing: System of a philosophical worldview. Volume two: The human personality). Leipzig: Barth.<mask>, W. (1924). Person und Sache: System der kritischen Personalismus. Dritter Band: Wertphilosophie (Person and thing: The system of critical personalism. Volume three: Philosophy of value). Leipzig: Barth. <mask>, W. (1924). The psychology of early childhood up to the sixth year of age (trans: Barwell, A.).London: Allen & Unwin. <mask>, W. (1927). Selbstdarstellung (Self-portrait). In R. Schmidt (Ed. ), Philosophie der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellung (Vol. 6, pp. 128–184).Barth: Leipzig. <mask>, W. (1930). Eindrücke von der amerikanischen Psychologie: Bericht über eine Kongreßreise (Impressions of American psychology: Report on travel to a conference). Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, experimentelle Pädagogik und jugendkundliche Forschung. <mask>, W. (1938). General psychology from a personalistic standpoint (idem) (trans: Spoerl, H. D.). New York: Macmillan.References
Bibliography
Werner Deutsch (1991), "Über die verbogene Aktualität W. <mask>s"
Lamiell, J. T. (2012). Introducing <mask> (1871–1938). History of Psychology, 15(4), 379–384. Kreppner, K. (1992). <mask><mask>, 1871-1938: A neglected founder of developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 539–547. Lamiell, James T. (2012)."6". In Wertheimer, Michael; Kimble, Gregory A.; Boneau, Alan. Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, Volume 2. Psychology Press. pp. 73–85. .
"Tone variator". Brass Instrument
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<mask> (February 26, 1837 – October 19, 1910) was an American Baptist minister, military officer, and politician. Shortly after graduating from seminary and taking his first job as a pastor, he left his church to lead a company during the American Civil War. Injuries sustained on the battlefield eventually led to his discharge from the military. Following the war, <mask> moved to Kansas where he grew one church and established several others. He continued in ministerial and evangelical efforts in Colorado and California before becoming an U.S. Army chaplain. After retiring from the army, <mask> moved to the Salt River Valley where he founded and was active in the early promotion of Scottsdale, Arizona. Despite being an ordained minister, <mask> preferred the style "Chaplain, U.S.A." to "Reverend".Biography
<mask> was born to James Burt and Margaret E. (Covert) <mask> in West Novi, Michigan, on February 26, 1837. His family moved to Interlaken, New York when he was a child. <mask> was baptized into the Baptist church in February 1853. He graduated from the University of Rochester in 1859 and Rochester Theological Seminary in 1861. <mask> married Helen Louise Brown on July 13, 1859. The union produced four daughters. <mask>'s daughter Minnie was the wife of brigadier general Frank Herman Albright.A Baptist church in Syracuse, New York called <mask> as their pastor following his graduation from seminary. He left this position in 1862 to raise a company to fight in the American Civil War and was commissioned a captain in the U.S. Volunteers. <mask> became known as the "Fighting Parson" while he commanded Company C, 126th New York Volunteers. He was wounded during Battle of Harpers Ferry and twice each during the battles at Gettysburg and Spotsylvania Court House. As a result of his injuries, <mask> was medically discharged from the military on September 23, 1864. Following the war, <mask> became pastor for the First Baptist Church of Leavenworth, Kansas.During his 6 years in Leavenworth, his church grew from 19 to 250 members
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and he organized churches in three nearby communities. The city of Winfield, Kansas, was named in <mask>'s honor after he promised to build a church there. <mask> moved to Denver, Colorado, where he served as a pastor January 1872 to September 1875. He moved to California in late 1875 and was editor of Evangel from February through October 1876. <mask> was called to the pastorate of a church in Los Angeles in 1877. In 1878 he was Associate Pastor Metropolitan Church in San Francisco. The year he was in San Francisco also saw him receive a Doctor of Divinity from a California university.<mask> served at churches in Petaluma and Oakland before becoming pastor of a church in San Jose, California, in February 1880. <mask> became an U.S. Army Chaplain in 1882, a position he held til 1893. He was initially served at Fort Canby and Fort Stevens before transferring to Angel Island in 1885. In February 1888, <mask> visited the Salt River Valley. Valley leaders hoped the chaplain would help promote the area. <mask> was so impressed he purchased of land in the valley for US$2.50/acre. The plot he chose was abutted the soon to be completed Arizona Canal.<mask> transferred to Fort Huachuca in 1893 and made frequent visits to his property. His brother, George Washington <mask>, meanwhile moved to Arizona Territory. There he cleared the land of brush and began planted citrus orchards. <mask> moved to his homestead in 1893 on terminal leave. Health problems caused by his old war wounds prompted his retirement. Formal retirement occurred on March 26, 1889. As the first person to grow peanuts, citrus trees, and grapes in the Salt River Valley, <mask> advocated the area's potential as a health resort as well as its agricultural potential.A couple years after <mask>'s arrival there were a number of families living near his ranch. <mask> and his wife founded the Arizona Baptist Foundation and became part of the area's local leadership. In 1896 the area added a school and the settlement around <mask>'s ranch was officially named Scottsdale.
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<mask>'s influence extended beyond just Scottsdale. In 1897, Governor Myron H. McCord appointed him Chaplain of the Arizona National Guard. He was elected to represent Maricopa County in the lower house during the 1899 session of the territorial legislature. During the session, he was a leader in efforts to limit gambling and the liquor trade but was unsuccessful in efforts to pass legislation limiting either.As part of his efforts, he announced his intentions to give a three-hour speech on the evils of gambling before the legislature but the session adjourned for the day five minutes after he began his speech. Ministerially, <mask> was pastor of the Lone Star Baptist Church (now First Baptist Church) in Prescott from September 1899 till August 1900. He organized churches in Naco, Arizona and Douglas, Arizona in 1902 and was named Chaplain in chief of Grand Army of the Republic in 1903. <mask> was appointed to the Arizona Board of Regents in 1902 and served as Chancellor (board chairman) the next year. In 1906, <mask> made an unsuccessful run to the Arizona Territorial Legislature. In 1909, <mask> moved to San Diego, California. While in Phoenix, Arizona, he became ill and underwent surgery to treat a strangulated hernia shortly before his death on October 19, 1910.<mask> was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego. San Diego's Scott Memorial Baptist Church (now Shadow Mountain Community Church) is named in his honor. References
1837 births
1910 deaths
People from Oakland County, Michigan
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
University of Rochester alumni
Members of the Arizona Territorial Legislature
American city founders
19th-century Baptist ministers
Baptist ministers from the United States
United States Army chaplains
Union Army officers
Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni
19th-century American politicians
Baptists from Michigan
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (San Diego)
Grand Army of the Republic officials
19th-century American clergy
Military personnel from
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<mask> (4 July 1916 – 28 September 2006), better known as <mask>, was a British academic, known for his work in social psychology, pedagogy, development studies and peace studies. After holding posts at the University of Oxford, University of Exeter, University of Ghana and Harvard University, in 1973 he became the inaugural Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford, following the establishment of the University's Department of Peace Studies. <mask>'s works included several books on education, including Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963), and a number of books on peace and peacemaking, including Making Peace (1971). He was also, throughout his career and after his retirement in 1978, active in peacemaking and mediation, and visited Nigeria and Biafra several times as part of a Quaker contingent during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–70. Early life and education
<mask> was born in L'Isle-Adam, Val-d'Oise, France, on 4 July 1916, as the Battle of the Somme raged nearby. His father was the British author, critic and journalist Richard Curle. His mother was Cordelia Curle (née Fisher), whose siblings included the historian H. A. L. Fisher, the cricketer and academic Charles Dennis Fisher, the naval officer William Wordsworth Fisher, the banker Edwin Fisher, and Adeline Vaughan Williams, the wife of the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams.Their other relatives included the historian Frederic William Maitland, the photographer Julia Margaret Cameron, the author Virginia Woolf and the painter Vanessa Bell. He was named after three of his mother's brothers, and took the name <mask>, after his birthplace, after returning to France in 1919. He grew up in Wheatfield, Oxfordshire, where he developed an affection
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for animals and a sensitivity to landscape. <mask> was not a frequent presence in his son's childhood; <mask> did not meet his father until he was three years old. Curle later described how they became closer in Richard's later life, however, "on a man-to-man basis," having "somehow missed the father–son phase". Curle attributed his pacifism to the influence of his mother, who lost three of her brothers to war and instilled a hatred of war in her son. Woodhouse argued that Curle's mother was also responsible for the "self-confidence which was to enable him later to make a series of unconventional moves at critical turning points in his life".His "inclination to kick against convention", however, was identified by Woodhouse as closer to that of Richard Curle. Curle attended Charterhouse School, where he was unhappy, later recalling having "survived a dreadful conventional schooling ... by playing the flute (mainly Bach), writing poems and reading the mystics". From 1935 he attended New College, Oxford, at first studying history with the intention of becoming a civil servant, then switching to anthropology. He continued his studies at Exeter College, Oxford and the Oxford Institute of Social Anthropology, and in 1938 travelled to Sápmi and the Sahara Desert on field trips. Career
Britain and Pakistan
Curle served in the British Army for six years during World War II, rising to the rank of Major and becoming a research officer in the Civil Resettlement Units (CRUs). In this role he was involved in the development of a residential rehabilitation programme which provided counselling, skills training, medical and recreational facilities, and opportunities for social contact, and was tasked with evaluating the effectiveness of the
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CRUs' work. In this period he developed an interest in psychology, in particular the integration of psychological and anthropological approaches to society, and the psychological effects of traumatic experiences.He received a postgraduate degree in anthropology in 1947, having drawn on his experiences with the CRUs in his work. He began his academic career with a series of journal articles also drawing on those experiences, the first of which was a paper in Human Relations on the experiences of prisoners of war in returning to their communities and the relationship between individual and community. In 1947 <mask> took up a position at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, where he researched rural decay in South West England. This work led to his appointment, in 1950, as a lecturer in social psychology at the University of Oxford. While at Oxford in the early 1950s he developed an interest in the connections between social psychology and education policy. While he remained interested in the social psychiatry approach that Tavistock Institute emphasised, he also came to believe in the necessity of education for individuals' psychological stability and positive relationships with others, and published several articles on education policy. His work at Oxford led to his appointment in 1952 to the Chair in Education and Psychology at the University of Exeter, where he remained until 1956.While at Exeter he became involved in a project focused on development in Europe, and his work took on an international dimension. In 1956 he was invited, via Harvard University, to advise on education policy in Pakistan. Initially planning to stay in Pakistan for a year, he later decided to remain for two additional years, and resigned from
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peace. In 1964 he also became an advisor to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. Indo-Pakistani War
<mask> visited India and Pakistan as part of a Quaker contingent in the wake of the Tashkent Declaration, the January 1966 agreement which ended the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The team's roles included gathering information, facilitating communication between the Indian and Pakistani sides, offering assessments of the situation, and proposing possible measures for achieving peace. <mask> was selected for the role due to his knowledge and experience of Pakistan. His role involved presenting the case for conciliation to the younger people involved in the conflict and those sceptical of possibilities for peace. The Quakers played only a minor role in maintaining peace in India and Pakistan and did not facilitate a breakthrough in relations, but did help to maintain the less tense relations that had developed.Their report described the history of Quaker activity in the region, outlined Indian and Pakistani viewpoints, and described their own work, and concluded that the onus was on India to take conciliatory measures towards Pakistan. Nigerian Civil War
Known by this time for his work in the fields of pedagogy and development studies, <mask> was consulted by governments and charities, and provided mediation in the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–70 as part of a group of three Quakers alongside John Volkmar and Walter Martin. Prior to becoming a mediator in Nigeria Curle had been involved in establishing a model school in Ayetoro, Nigeria. On their initial trip in 1967, their intention was to listen to the parties in conflict and to aid them through conciliation or relief. Arriving before the
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war began, <mask>, Martin and Volkmar met with C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, Hamzat Ahmadu and Okoi Arikpo, and remained hopeful that peace could be maintained; a week after the team left, however, Ojukwu declared the secession of the Republic of Biafra. In early 1968 Curle and Volkmar hosted initial informal talks and met with Yakubu Gowon. In March 1967 <mask> and Martin visited Biafra, where they met with Louis Mbanefo and again with Ojukwu and Gowon.When the Commonwealth Secretariat arranged for public talks to be held in Kampala, Uganda, in May, <mask> and his wife Anne were selected to attend as a Quaker delegation. The Curles' role in the Kampala talks involved mediating between Commonwealth Secretary-General Arnold Smith and the Biafrans and proposing possible terms of settlement. In Making Peace <mask> described his and Anne's role as involving "persuasion, clarification, message carrying, listening, defusing, honest brokering, encouraging, and liaison with the Commonwealth Secretariat". The Curles then returned to Nigeria, where <mask> met again with Gowon. In August 1967 <mask> and Volkmar attended the continuing negotiations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. When Gowon announced a "final push" against Biafra, the Quakers turned their attention to relief operations. <mask>, Volkmar and Martin embarked on another series of trips in September and October 1968.In the continuing impasse, the proposal made by Hamani Diori, the president of Niger, for a Quaker-sponsored meeting was taken up. Ojukwu's representatives expressed interest in Diori's proposal, and <mask> discussed the proposal with Smith and a representative of the British government. The stalemate that continued through 1969, however, led the Quakers to once again turn their
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attention to providing relief. In October 1969, <mask> met again with Gowon alongside Volkmar and Kale Williams. In London, Curle and Williams met with Smith and a Biafran representative to discuss issues including the possibility of the Commonwealth Secretariat again becoming involved in negotiations. In January 1970, however, the war ended with the Biafrans' surrender. <mask> and Volkmar rejoined Williams on Nigeria days after the surrender, in order to observe the post-war climate and offer conciliation.C. H. Mike Yarrow, in his study of Quaker reconciliation efforts, argues that the personal qualities and personalities of the Quaker contingent played a pivotal role in their success in building connections with Nigerian and Biafran leaders, though from mid-1968 Yarrow argues the Quaker organisation and the faith it engendered came to play a similar role. While Yarrow argues their listening process was a success, he describes their effectiveness at changing the parties' perceptions of one another in more ambivalent terms. In concluding, Yarrow argued that while the negotiated peace the Quakers sought was not achieved, Yarrow argues that "the peace terms resulting after the military solution were imbued with the spirit of conciliation." <mask>'s experiences of the Indo–Pakistani and Nigerian conflicts contributed to his interest in the causes of war and informed his research on the relationships between violence, social transformation, and the goals of development. At Harvard he responded to the 1968 student protests and the emergence of the New Left by teaching history to schoolchildren in a working-class neighbourhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was struck by similarities to the "underdeveloped world". Professor of
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Peace Studies
In 1973 <mask> became the United Kingdom's first Professor of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford. Robert A. McKinlay, who was involved in the selection of the new Department of Peace Studies's inaugural professor, recalled contacting Curle after a fellow Quaker suggested <mask> would disabuse him of the viability of position, after which <mask> expressed an interest in the post.As Professor of Peace Studies he was responsible for both the department's administration and its academic development. His first year at Bradford was spent recruiting staff, seeking especially those with experience in peacemaking, and developing a postgraduate programme. Among those he appointed were Tom Stonier, who would later head Bradford's School of Science and Society; Aleksandras Štromas, a Russian lawyer and Soviet dissident; David Bleakley, a former Minister of Community Relations in the Government of Northern Ireland; Michael Harbottle, a former chief of staff of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus; Uri Davis, who had been involved in peacemaking among Jews and Arabs in the Middle East; Vithal Rajan, a Gandhian who had worked in India; Nigel Young, a political scientist formerly based at the University of Birmingham; and Tom Woodhouse, who became Curle's research assistant. While at Bradford, Curle contributed to the development of peace studies and drew on his own experiences of mediation. In his 1975 inaugural lecture, entitled "The Scope and Dilemmas of Peace Studies", he argued for the necessity not only of resolving individual conflicts but also of addressing the underlying causes of war, which he identified as injustice and inequality. Departments of peace studies, he argued, should thus seek to create
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fair, just and open societies that would not foster the resentments that ultimately lead to war. Accordingly, he sought to operate his department in a democratic, participatory and non-hierarchical manner, and saw his own role as that of a co-ordinator rather than a leader.Retirement
Towards the end of his tenure at Bradford, <mask> began to feel the need to return to more direct involvement in international reconciliation, and so left the university in 1978, after five years. After his retirement, <mask> continued to practice peacemaking and track two diplomacy, and worked with Quaker Peace and Service as a mediator in Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, the Balkans and elsewhere. In 1983 a proposal formulated by <mask> and others to assess the teaching of conflict resolution in schools was taken up by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe as part of a plan to ensure compulsory education contain a focus on non-violent behaviour. <mask> and his wife Anne visited the former Yugoslavia several times during the Yugoslav Wars of 1991–2001. In 1992 <mask> co-founded the Centre for Peace, Human Rights and Non-Violence in Osijek, Croatia, a contested area that was the site of significant violence. The organisation sought to cultivate a culture of non-violence through education, and provided civil rights education, community mediation, groups for parents, legal and practical support, peace education programmes, self-help groups, and programmes for survivors of domestic violence. In Županja, Croatia, a multi-ethnic community which had similarly seen conflict and dispossession, <mask> co-founded Mir i dobro (Peace and Good), which sought to aid the local community in adjusting to the war's aftermath and to
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build peace.In his work in Croatia, <mask> emphasised the necessity for aid workers to respond to the needs of communities and encouraged dialogue to discern what those needs were. As part of this emphasis, in 1996 he convened a workshop to explore ways to mitigate the effects of the war on Županja's children. A further workshop in 1997 sought to explore ways to develop a culture of non-violence and to facilitate reintegration as refugees returned to their homes. Barbara Mitchels has argued that these workshops combined peacemaking with aspects of counselling. <mask> continued to visit Županja into the 2000s. In his later years he was also influenced by Tibetan Buddhism and the 14th Dalai Lama. In the 1990s and 2000s he worked with the Oxford Research Group as an advisor and a patron.Later in his career he also revisited his earlier work with prisoners of war and reaffirmed his argument that efforts to heal the psychological wounds of war ought to form part of a holistic programme of interventions. In 2000 he was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award. Thought
Overview
In the 1960s Curle published work on education and development that reflected conventional views about the relationship between economic modernisation and social progress. In this work he did, however, emphasise the role of the social and cultural, and in particular the concept of human potential, in development, rather than identifying development as a solely economic phenomenon. In this period he also sought to develop new teaching methods drawing on social psychology. From the late 1960s he came to question development per se, and questions relating to violence and conflict, informed by his experiences of the Indo-Pakistani War and the Nigerian Civil
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War, came to play a greater role in his work. Around this time, informed by the movement in opposition to the Vietnam War and the 1960s counterculture, he also looked to the roots of conflict that lay in developed countries.<mask>'s turn to peace studies was the result of these experiences, which instilled a desire to understand the causes of conflict. Peace studies
In his work in peace studies, <mask> developed an approach in which peace has both negative dimensions, relating to the prevention of violence, and positive dimensions, relating to the fulfilment of human needs and the freeing of human potential. Curle viewed peace in terms of human development rather than in terms of organisations or rules that would enforce peace. Finding the word "conflict" to be too ambiguous, Curle preferred to speak of "peaceful" and "unpeaceful" relationships, defining the former as relationships in which "the various parties did each other more good than harm", and the latter as those "doing more harm than good" to those involved. The development of peaceful relationships, rather than the containment of conflict, was at the core of Curle's conception of peace. While other peace researchers have tended to analyse social, political, and military systems, Curle's work focused on the values and attitudes of individuals within those systems. Curle played an important role in the emergence of peace studies as a separate field from international relations, and in the incorporation of insights from psychology, especially humanistic psychology, into the field.Curle's work also addressed the problems of occupational burnout and apathy among peace studies scholars and practitioners. <mask> saw peace studies as an interdisciplinary endeavour benefiting
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from a variety of backgrounds and skills. From the late 1960s he was aware of the work of Johan Galtung and Kenneth Boulding, whose work he saw as sharing a common goal with his own. Curle's work in peace studies was also influenced by the Russian esotericist P. D. Ouspensky and the Russian philosopher George Gurdjieff; by Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism), Sufism and his involvement with the Quakers; and by the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, who was his colleague at Harvard. In keeping with Quaker thought, Curle saw the Inner Light as a force in each human akin to a universal mind. Drawing on Buddhist philosophy, he argued that the three poisons (ignorance, greed and hatred) caused social alienation and formed the basis of most violence. Drawing on Vajrayana and Quakerism, he viewed all living things as connected, and believed that every human action has effects on humans' environment.He also emphasised the artistic and creative aspects of peacemaking and of writing on the subject. Mediation and reconciliation
Mediation was, in <mask>'s view, the foremost tool of peacemaking. Its purpose, in Curle's account, was to eliminate misperceptions between parties in conflict and to allay violent emotions. <mask>'s proposed mediation process has four parts: first, mediators develop and improve communications; second, they provide information to, and between, the parties; third, they "befriend" the parties; and fourth, they encourage a willingness to engage in negotiations. <mask> criticised "top down" forms of mediation as ineffectual, though, and argued mediation ought to be accompanied by the transformation of attitudes and of economic and social conditions. He saw this form of mediation as applicable on conflicts at all
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scales, from wars between nations to disputes within families. His theory of mediation draws on Quaker practices, on humanistic psychology, and on his own experiences in the field.It is distinct from John Burton's approach to conflict resolution, but shares with Burton several commitments: both saw the role of the mediator as one of structuring discussions and providing information, both thought mediation involved exploring and analysing the conflict in question, both used psychological principles to mitigate against misperceptions and misunderstandings, and both envisioned new understandings resulting that feed into the development of policy. In his later works, published in the 1990s and 2000s, <mask> continued to revise his theory of reconciliation and its role in peacemaking. His work with the Osijek Centre for Peace led to the realisation that the model of peacemaking by neutral parties that he had advanced in In the Middle (1986) was insufficiently nuanced to resolve the Yugoslav Wars, and that affected communities themselves ought to play a greater role in the process. He came to favour a form of conflict resolution in which outsiders' involvement would focus on training and supporting local peacemakers, and argued that effective peacemaking processes ought not to focus on the proliferation of peace treaties by elites, but rather ought to empower communities affected by war to construct peace "from below". Works
Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963)
Curle's Educational Strategy for Developing Societies (1963) is a review of the role of education in economic growth and social and political transformation. Planning for Education in Pakistan (1966)
Planning for Education in Pakistan: A Personal Case Study
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(1966) is an account of <mask>'s experiences as an advisor to the Planning Commission of Pakistan in 1963 and 1964. In it, he assesses problems with education in Pakistan and discusses the role of foreign advisors to governments.Drawing on his experiences with the Planning Commission and with educational bodies, <mask> shows significant differences between East Pakistan and West Pakistan in education and literacy. Curle presents those involved in educational planning as complex, conflicted figures rather than aloof arbiters of objective facts. Richard S. Wheeler, reviewing the book in The Journal of Asian Studies, described <mask>'s assessment of Pakistan's educational problems as "authoritative" and the insight provided into the role of foreign advisors as "rewarding". J. A. Keats and Daphne M. Keats, writing in the Australian Journal of Education, characterised the book as "an unusual and in some ways courageous approach to a serious examination of the problems of educational planning in a newly developing country", but argued that <mask>'s subjective approach was not wholly successful and queried the omission of certain important individuals from his account. Keats and Keats concluded that while Curle "has succeeded in showing the interaction between persons and action, he has achieved this at the expense of an objectivity which might well have led to an even more valuable exposition." Educational Problems of Developing Societies (1969)
Educational Problems of Developing Societies: With Case Studies of Ghana, Pakistan, and Nigeria was first published in 1969, then in a revised and expanded edition in 1973.The book comprises 12 essays on various topics. After introducing the educational problems faced by developing
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societies, <mask> describes background conditions in these societies and factors in educational development in Pakistan. As in Educational Strategy for Developing Societies, <mask> here understands development in social psychological terms. Drawing on his experiences in Pakistan, he argues that development requires flexibility and an appreciation of cultural differences, and that solely economic approaches to development risk fomenting conflict. Woodhouse describes the book as the best illustration of "the progress of <mask>'s intellectual development toward the distinct field of peace research". Philip Foster, in his review in the International Journal of Comparative Sociology, argued that the essays show only limited awareness of broader debates in the field, and questioned <mask>'s methodology in some of the essays, but concluded "that the good far outweighs the less than satisfactory." Joseph Kivlin, meanwhile, reviewing the book in Social Forces, argued that it "does not contribute much that is new to the understanding" of developing societies' educational problems, and noted that several of its chapters are only tangentially connected to the topic of education.Making Peace (1971)
<mask>'s Making Peace (1971) applies ideas from peace studies to his own experiences, explores the definition of peacemaking and considers what constitute peaceful and non-peaceful relationships and what cause them. Education for Liberation (1973)
<mask>'s Education for Liberation was published in 1973. Drawing on his personal experiences and responding to the educational environment of the 1970s, and dealing with similar topics to Making Peace, <mask> considers how education can contribute to the achievement of peace and social change. More so
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than in his previous works, Curle is critical of existing forms of education, which he sees as contributing to authoritarianism, social hierarchy and economic materialism. He identifies this as especially problematic in developing countries, where education is "attuned to the competitive and materialistic ideologies of the rich nations". The book was strongly influenced by Paulo Freire's thought, and contains an appendix contrasting Curle's views with those of B. F. Skinner. Richard D'Aeth, reviewing the book in the British Journal of Educational Studies, described <mask>'s analysis as "humane and warmly personal" and the book as "a pleasure to study, despite its pessimism".In his review in the British Journal of Educational Psychology, Ken Pease expressed enthusiasm for the book but argued its use of the concept of awareness was too insubstantial to form "the cornerstone of an educational system". The Fragile Voice of Love (2006)
<mask>'s final book, The Fragile Voice of Love (2006), was published shortly before he died. The book, which includes aspects of memoir and travelogue, offers a personal account of the human condition and human despair at the beginning of the 21st century. Curle comments on alienation, greed, and commercialism as causes of conflict, and proposes ways to combat certain damaging illusions, such as the idea that material wealth results in happiness. Drawing on the insights of the Buddha on the ultimate emptiness of reality, denial of which he identifies as the cause of suffering, Curle proposes that suffering can be overcome first by cultivating and applying virtue, and second by acquiring wisdom. <mask> concludes by discussing globalisation, which he argues is driven by the desire for power and profit.
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