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La détrempe est le mélange pâteux de farine et d’un liquide aqueux servant de base à la confection de pâtisseries comme la pâte feuilletée ou la pâte à choux.
Références
Pâtisserie
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In finance, a loan is the lending of money by one or more individuals, organizations, or other entities to other individuals, organizations, etc. The recipient (i.e., the borrower) incurs a debt and is usually liable to pay interest on that debt until it is repaid, as well as to repay the principal amount borrowed.
The document evidencing the debt (e.g., a promissory note) will normally specify, among other things, the principal amount of money borrowed, the interest rate the lender is charging, and the date of repayment. A loan entails the reallocation of the subject asset(s) for a period of time, between the lender and the borrower.
The interest provides an incentive for the lender to engage in the loan. In a legal loan, each of these obligations and restrictions is enforced by contract, which can also place the borrower under additional restrictions known as loan covenants. Although this article focuses on monetary loans, in practice, any material object might be lent.
Acting as a provider of loans is one of the main activities of financial institutions such as banks and credit card companies. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a typical source of funding.
Personal loan
Secured
A secured loan is a form of debt in which the borrower pledges some asset (i.e., a car, a house) as collateral.
A mortgage loan is a very common type of loan, used by many individuals to purchase residential or commercial property. The lender, usually a financial institution, is given security a lien on the title to the property until the mortgage is paid off in full. In the case of home loans, if the borrower defaults on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to repossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it.
Similarly, a loan taken out to buy a car may be secured by the car. The duration of the loan is much shorter often corresponding to the useful life of the car. There are two types of auto loans, direct and indirect. In a direct auto loan, a bank lends the money directly to a consumer. In an indirect auto loan, a car dealership (or a connected company) acts as an intermediary between the bank or financial institution and the consumer.
Other forms of secured loans include loans against securities – such as shares, mutual funds, bonds, etc. This particular instrument issues customers a line of credit based on the quality of the securities pledged. Gold loans are issued to customers after evaluating the quantity and quality of gold in the items pledged. Corporate entities can also take out secured lending by pledging the company's assets, including the company itself. The interest rates for secured loans are usually lower than those of unsecured loans. Usually, the lending institution employs people (on a roll or on a contract basis) to evaluate the quality of pledged collateral before sanctioning the loan.
Unsecured
Unsecured loans are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets. These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages:
Credit cards
Personal loans
Bank overdrafts
Credit facilities or lines of credit
Corporate bonds (may be secured or unsecured)
Peer-to-peer lending
The interest rates applicable to these different forms may vary depending on the lender and the borrower. These may or may not be regulated by law. In the United Kingdom, when applied to individuals, these may come under the Consumer Credit Act 1974.
Interest rates on unsecured loans are nearly always higher than for secured loans because an unsecured lender's options for recourse against the borrower in the event of default are severely limited, subjecting the lender to higher risk compared to that encountered for a secured loan. An unsecured lender must sue the borrower, obtain a money judgment for breach of contract, and then pursue execution of the judgment against the borrower's unencumbered assets (that is, the ones not already pledged to secured lenders). In insolvency proceedings, secured lenders traditionally have priority over unsecured lenders when a court divides up the borrower's assets. Thus, a higher interest rate reflects the additional risk that in the event of insolvency, the debt may be uncollectible.
Demand
Demand loans are short-term loans that typically do not have fixed dates for repayment. Instead, demand loans carry a floating interest rate, which varies according to the prime lending rate or other defined contract terms. Demand loans can be "called" for repayment by the lending institution at any time. Demand loans may be unsecured or secured.
Subsidized
A subsidized loan is a loan on which the interest is reduced by an explicit or hidden subsidy. In the context of college loans in the United States, it refers to a loan on which no interest is accrued while a student remains enrolled in education.
Concessional
A concessional loan, sometimes called a "soft loan", is granted on terms substantially more generous than market loans either through below-market interest rates, by grace periods, or a combination of both. Such loans may be made by foreign governments to developing countries or may be offered to employees of lending institutions as an employee benefit (sometimes called a perk).
Target markets
Loans can also be categorized according to whether the debtor is an individual person (consumer) or a business.
Personal
Common personal loans include mortgage loans, car loans, home equity lines of credit, credit cards, installment loans, and payday loans. The credit score of the borrower is a major component in and underwriting and interest rates (APR) of these loans. The monthly payments of personal loans can be decreased by selecting longer payment terms, but overall interest paid increases as well. A personal loan can be obtained from banks, alternative (non-bank) lenders, online loan providers and private lenders.
Commercial
Loans to businesses are similar to the above but also include commercial mortgages and corporate bonds and government guaranteed loans Underwriting is not based upon credit score but rather credit rating.
Loan payment
The most typical loan payment type is the fully amortizing payment in which each monthly rate has the same value over time.
The fixed monthly payment P for a loan of L for n months and a monthly interest rate c is:
For more information, see monthly amortized loan or mortgage payments.
Abuses in lending
Predatory lending is one form of abuse in the granting of loans. It usually involves granting a loan in order to put the borrower in a position that one can gain advantage over them; subprime mortgage-lending and payday-lending are two examples, where the moneylender is not authorized or regulated, the lender could be considered a loan shark.
Usury is a different form of abuse, where the lender charges excessive interest. In different time periods and cultures, the acceptable interest rate has varied, from no interest at all to unlimited interest rates. Credit card companies in some countries have been accused by consumer organizations of lending at usurious interest rates and making money out of frivolous "extra charges".
Abuses can also take place in the form of the customer defrauding the lender by borrowing without intending to repay the loan.
United States taxes
Most of the basic rules governing how loans are handled for tax purposes in the United States are codified by both Congress (the Internal Revenue Code) and the Treasury Department (Treasury Regulations another set of rules that interpret the Internal Revenue Code).
1. A loan is not gross income to the borrower. Since the borrower has the obligation to repay the loan, the borrower has no accession to wealth.
2. The lender may not deduct (from own gross income) the amount of the loan. The rationale here is that one asset (the cash) has been converted into a different asset (a promise of repayment). Deductions are not typically available when an outlay serves to create a new or different asset.
3. The amount paid to satisfy the loan obligation is not deductible (from own gross income) by the borrower.
4. Repayment of the loan is not gross income to the lender. In effect, the promise of repayment is converted back to cash, with no accession to wealth by the lender.
5. Interest paid to the lender is included in the lender's gross income. Interest paid represents compensation for the use of the lender's money or property and thus represents profit or an accession to wealth to the lender. Interest income can be attributed to lenders even if the lender doesn't charge a minimum amount of interest.
6. Interest paid to the lender may be deductible by the borrower. In general, interest paid in connection with the borrower's business activity is deductible, while interest paid on personal loans are not deductible. The major exception here is interest paid on a home mortgage.
Income from discharge of indebtedness
Although a loan does not start out as income to the borrower, it becomes income to the borrower if the borrower is discharged of indebtedness. Thus, if a debt is discharged, then the borrower essentially has received income equal to the amount of the indebtedness. The Internal Revenue Code lists "Income from Discharge of Indebtedness" in Section 61(a)(12) as a source of gross income.
Example: X owes Y $50,000. If Y discharges the indebtedness, then X no longer owes Y $50,000. For purposes of calculating income, this is treated the same way as if Y gave X $50,000.
For a more detailed description of the "discharge of indebtedness", look at Section 108 (Cancellation-of-debt income) of the Internal Revenue Code.
See also
US specific:
References
Loans
Banking terms
Notary
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Roast lamb with laver sauce is a recipe associated with Wales and Welsh cuisine.
Lamb and mutton dishes are traditional throughout Wales with all regions having their own variations, and the various sheep breeds make lamb dishes worthy of being the national dish.
Mountain lamb is sweet,
Valley lamb is fatter,
I therefore deemed it meet
To carry off the latter!
(Traditional Welsh ditty).
The meal is a contender for the national dish of Wales, and has a long tradition. "A capital dinner! You don't get moor mutton with laver sauce every day!" (Collins 1875). The dish was eaten by George Borrow and is mentioned in Wild Wales in 1856.
Salt marsh lamb from the River Towy is also popular in South Wales.
See also
List of lamb dishes
References
External links
Roast lamb with laverbread recipe
Wales the true taste website Wales food & drink awards info and recipes
Lamb, roast with laver sauce
Lamb dishes
National dishes
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Nutation is a rocking, swaying, or nodding motion in the axis of rotation of a largely axially symmetric object, such as a gyroscope or the Earth (see astronomical nutation).
It may also refer to:
In biology:
Nutation (botany), bending movements executed by some plant organs
In human anatomy, movement of the sacrum vis-a-vis the ilia
The same as precession in spacecraft dynamics
Nutation (engineering)
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One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com is a book by Richard L. Brandt. It profiles the influential role of Amazon CEO and founder, Jeff Bezos, in the company's historic rise from start-up to the market leader of ecommerce.
Synopsis
In One Click, Brandt describes Bezos's upward journey from computer nerd to world-changing technology entrepreneur. In parallel, Brandt also charts Amazon's original market specialization in book sales and the retailer's evolution to selling almost everything, under the mission of making online shopping easy and convenient.
External References
"Goodreads"
"Amazon"
"washingtonindependentreviewofbooks"
2011 non-fiction books
Amazon (company)
Books about companies
Portfolio (publisher) books
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Thallium(III) hydroxide, Tl(OH)3, also known as thallic hydroxide, is a hydroxide of thallium. It is a white solid.
Thallium(III) hydroxide is a very weak base; it dissociates to give the thallium(III) ion, Tl3+, only in strongly acidic conditions.
Preparation
Thallium(III) hydroxide can be produced by the reaction of thallium(III) chloride with sodium hydroxide or the electrochemical oxidation of Tl+ in alkaline conditions.
References
Hydroxides
Thallium(III) compounds
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Thiocyanic acid is a chemical compound with the formula HSCN and structure , which exists as a tautomer with isothiocyanic acid (). The iso- form tends to dominate with the material being about 95% isothiocyanic acid in the vapor phase.
It is a moderately strong acid, with a pKa of 1.1 at 20 °C and extrapolated to zero ionic strength.
HSCN is predicted to have a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. It has been observed spectroscopically but has not been isolated as a pure substance.
The salts and esters of thiocyanic acid are known as thiocyanates. The salts are composed of the thiocyanate ion (−SCN) and a suitable metal cation (e.g., potassium thiocyanate, KSCN). The esters of thiocyanic acid have the general structure R–SCN.
Isothiocyanic acid, HNCS, is a Lewis acid whose free energy, enthalpy and entropy changes for its 1:1 association with a variety of Lewis bases in carbon tetrachloride solution at 25 °C have been reported. HNCS acceptor properties are discussed in the ECW model.
References
Mineral acids
Thiocyanates
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The Securities Act of 1933, also known as the 1933 Act, the Securities Act, the Truth in Securities Act, the Federal Securities Act, and the '33 Act, was enacted by the United States Congress on May 27, 1933, during the Great Depression and after the stock market crash of 1929. It is an integral part of United States securities regulation. It is legislated pursuant to the Interstate Commerce Clause of the Constitution.
It requires every offer or sale of securities that uses the means and instrumentalities of interstate commerce to be registered with the SEC pursuant to the 1933 Act, unless an exemption from registration exists under the law. The term "means and instrumentalities of interstate commerce" is extremely broad and it is virtually impossible to avoid the operation of the statute by attempting to offer or sell a security without using an "instrumentality" of interstate commerce. Any use of a telephone, for example, or the mails would probably be enough to subject the transaction to the statute.
History
The 1933 Act was the first major federal legislation to regulate the offer and sale of securities. Prior to the Act, regulation of securities was chiefly governed by state laws, commonly referred to as blue sky laws. When Congress enacted the 1933 Act, it left existing state blue sky securities laws in place. It was originally enforced by the FTC, until the SEC was created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
The original law was separated into two titles. Title I is formally entitled the Securities Act of 1933, while title 2 is the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders Act, 1933. In 1939, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 was added as Title 3. The original Title I contained 26 sections. In 1980, the Small Business Issuers' Simplification Act of 1980 amended section 4. In 1995, section 27 was added by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act.
The '33 Act is based upon a philosophy of disclosure, meaning that the goal of the law is to require issuers to fully disclose all material information that a reasonable shareholder would need in order to make up his or her mind about the potential investment. This is very different from the philosophy of the blue sky laws, which generally impose so-called "merit reviews". Blue sky laws often impose very specific, qualitative requirements on offerings, and if a company does not meet the requirements in that state then it simply will not be allowed to do a registered offering there, no matter how fully its faults are disclosed in the prospectus. The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 added a new Section 18 to the '33 Act which preempts blue sky law merit review of certain kinds of offerings.
Part of the New Deal, the Act was drafted by Benjamin V. Cohen, Thomas Corcoran, and James M. Landis, and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Purpose
The primary purpose of the '33 Act is to ensure that buyers of securities receive complete and accurate information before they invest in securities. Unlike state blue sky laws, which impose merit reviews, the '33 Act embraces a disclosure philosophy, meaning that in theory, it is not illegal to sell a bad investment, as long as all the facts are accurately disclosed. A company that is required to register under the '33 act must create a registration statement, which includes a prospectus, with copious information about the security, the company, the business, including audited financial statements. The company, the underwriter and other individuals signing the registration statement are strictly liable for any inaccurate statements in the document. This extremely high level of liability exposure drives an enormous effort, known as "due diligence", to ensure that the document is complete and accurate. The law bolsters and helps to maintain investor confidence which in turn supports the stock market.
Registration process
Unless they qualify for an exemption, securities offered or sold to a United States Person must be registered by filing a registration statement with the SEC. Although the law is written to require registration of securities, it is more useful as a practical matter to consider the requirement to be that of registering offers and sales. If person A registers a sale of securities to person B, and then person B seeks to resell those securities, person B must still either file a registration statement or find an available exemption.
The prospectus, which is the document through which an issuer's securities are marketed to a potential investor, is included as part of the registration statement. The SEC prescribes the relevant forms on which an issuer's securities must be registered. The law describes required disclosures in Schedule A and Schedule B; however, in 1982, the SEC created Regulation S-K to consolidate duplicate information into an "integrated disclosure system". Among other things, registration forms call for:
a description of the securities to be offered for sale;
information about the management of the issuer;
information about the securities (if other than common stock); and
financial statements certified by independent accountants.
Registration statements and the incorporated prospectuses become public shortly after they are filed with the SEC. The statements can be obtained from the SEC's website using EDGAR. Registration statements are subject to SEC examination for compliance with disclosure requirements. It is illegal for an issuer to lie in, or to omit material facts from, a registration statement or prospectus. Furthermore, when some true fact is disclosed, even if disclosing the fact would not have been required, it is illegal to not provide all other information required to make the fact not misleading.
Exemptions
Not all offerings of securities must be registered with the SEC. Section 3(a) outlines various classes of exempt securities, and Section 3(b) allows the SEC to write rules exempting securities if the agency determines that registration is not needed due to "the small amount involved or the limited character of the public offering". Section (4)(a)(2) exempts "transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering" which has historically created confusion due to the lack of a specific definition of "public offering"; the Supreme Court provided clarification in SEC v. Ralston Purina Co.
Some exemptions from the registration requirements include:
private offerings to a specific type or limited number of persons or institutions;
offerings of limited size;
intrastate offerings; and
securities of municipal, state, and federal governments.
Regardless of whether securities must be registered, the 1933 Act makes it illegal to commit fraud in conjunction with the offer or sale of securities. A defrauded investor can sue for recovery under the 1933 Act.
Rule 144
Rule 144, promulgated by the SEC under the 1933 Act, permits, under limited circumstances, the public resale of restricted and controlled securities without registration. In addition to restrictions on the minimum length of time for which such securities must be held and the maximum volume permitted to be sold, the issuer must agree to the sale. If certain requirements are met, Form 144 must be filed with the SEC. Often, the issuer requires that a legal opinion be given indicating that the resale complies with the rule. The amount of securities sold during any subsequent three-month period generally does not exceed any of the following limitations:
1% of the stock outstanding
the average weekly reported volume of trading in the securities on all national securities exchanges for the preceding 4 weeks
the average weekly volume of trading of the securities reported through the consolidated transactions reporting system (NASDAQ)
Notice of resale is provided to the SEC if the amount of securities sold in reliance on Rule 144 in any three-month period exceeds 5,000 shares or if they have an aggregate sales price in excess of $50,000. After one year, Rule 144(k) allows for the permanent removal of the restriction except as to 'insiders'. In cases of mergers, buyouts, or takeovers, owners of securities who had previously filed Form 144 and still wish to sell restricted and controlled securities must refile Form 144 once the merger, buyout, or takeover has been completed.
SIFMA, the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association, issued "SIFMA Guidance: Procedures, Covenants, and Remedies in Light of Revised Rule 144" after revisions were made to Rule 144.
Rule 144A
Rule 144 is not to be confused with Rule 144A. Rule 144A, adopted in April 1990, provides a safe harbor from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 for certain private (as opposed to public) resales of restricted securities to qualified institutional buyers. Rule 144A has become the principal safe harbor on which non-U.S. companies rely when accessing the U.S. capital markets.
Regulation S
Regulation S is a "safe harbor" that defines when an offering of securities is deemed to be executed in another country and therefore not be subject to the registration requirement under Section 5 of the 1933 Act. The regulation includes two safe harbor provisions: an issuer safe harbor and a resale safe harbor. In each case, the regulation demands that offers and sales of the securities be made outside the United States and that no offering participant (which includes the issuer, the banks assisting with the offer, and their respective affiliates) engage in "directed selling efforts". In the case of issuers for whose securities there is substantial U.S. market interest, the regulation also requires that no offers and sales be made to U.S. persons (including U.S. persons physically located outside the United States).
Section 5 of the 1933 Act is meant primarily as protection for United States investors. As such, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission had only weakly enforced regulation of foreign transactions, and had only limited Constitutional authority to regulate foreign transactions. This law applies to its own unique definition of United States person.
Civil liability; Sections 11 and 12
Violation of the registration requirements can lead to near-strict civil liability for the issuer, underwriters, directors, officers, and accountants under §§ 11, 12(a)(1), or 12(a)(2) of the 1933 Act. However, in practice the liability is typically covered by directors and officers liability insurance or indemnification clauses.
To have "standing" to sue under Section 11 of the 1933 Act, such as in a class action, a plaintiff must be able to prove that he can "trace" his shares to the registration statement and offering in question, as to which there is alleged a material misstatement or omission. In the absence of an ability to actually trace his shares, such as when securities issued at multiple times -- and not all under the same registration statement which contains the alleged defect -- are held together by the Depository Trust Company in its nominee name in a fungible bulk, the plaintiff may be barred from pursuing his claim for lack of standing.
Class action complaints involving federal Section 11 claims and state claims under the '33 Act rose 43% in 2022. Over a fifth of all core federal filings included Section 11 allegations.
Additional liability may be imposed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Rule 10b-5) against the "maker" of the alleged misrepresentation in certain circumstances.
See also
Chicago Stock Exchange
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Financial regulation
New York Stock Exchange
Regulation D (SEC)
Securities commission
Securities regulation in the United States
Stock exchange
Related legislation
1934 – Securities Exchange Act of 1934
1939 – Trust Indenture Act of 1939
1940 – Investment Advisers Act of 1940
1940 – Investment Company Act of 1940
1968 – Williams Act (Securities Disclosure Act) of 1968
1975 – Securities Acts Amendments of 1975
1982 – Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982
1999 – Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999
2000 – Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000
2002 – Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002
2006 – Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006
2010 – Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010
References
Further reading
External links
Securities Act of 1933 from SEC (pdf)
Introduction to the Federal Securities Laws by seclaw.com Copyright 2010. VGIS Communications LLC accessed March 13, 2014
sec.gov SEC Proposed changes
1933 in law
New Deal legislation
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
United States federal securities legislation
73rd United States Congress
1933 in economics
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Glacial squid is a common name for several squids and may refer to:
Galiteuthis glacialis, a species of glass squid from the Antarctic Convergence
Psychroteuthis glacialis, the only known species in the monotypic genus Psychroteuthis
Squid
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Mill Park, Victoria, is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia.
Mill Park may also refer to:
Mill Park, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood in the United States
Mill Park (Portland, Oregon), a public park in the Portland, Oregon neighborhood of the same name
Mill Park, Bathgate, a former association football venue in Scotland
Mill Park station, a former railroad station on the Colebrookdale Railroad in Pennsylvania, United States
See also
Millpark Cricket Club, a former cricket team from Northern Ireland
Milpark, an area of Johannesburg, South Africa
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Altoids are a brand of mints, sold primarily in distinctive metal tins. The brand was created by the London-based Smith & Company in the 1780s, and became part of the Callard & Bowser company in the 19th century. Their advertising slogan is "The Original Celebrated Curiously Strong Mints", referring to the high concentration of peppermint oil used in the original flavour lozenge. The mints were originally conceived as a lozenge intended to relieve intestinal discomfort.
Marketing
Marks & Spencer produces a near identical product called "Curiously Strong Mints". Callard & Bowser-Suchard once manufactured Altoids at a plant in Bridgend, Wales, but has since moved production to a Mars Wrigley plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States, in order to manufacture the products closer to where they are primarily marketed. They were marketed for a brief period in the 1990s under the "Nuttall's" brand when Callard and Bowser was under the ownership of Terry's.
Flavours and varieties
Mints
, Altoids mints are available in five flavours: peppermint, wintergreen, spearmint, cinnamon, and strawberry. "Sugar-Free Smalls", tiny square mints sweetened with sorbitol and sucralose, are also available in peppermint, wintergreen, and cinnamon. In 2007, dark chocolate-dipped mints were introduced in three flavours: peppermint, cinnamon and ginger and in 2008, dark chocolate-dipped mints were introduced in crème de menthe. The chocolate-dipped varieties were discontinued in 2010. Also historically made but no longer available were liquorice, cool honey, and (non-chocolate dipped) ginger and crème de menthe varieties. Circa early 2011, Altoids altered the ingredients of their wintergreen mints, adding blue food colouring. Altoid mints other than those labelled "sugar-free smalls" contain gelatin.
Sours
Sour hard candies in round tins were introduced in 2001 but were discontinued in 2010 due to low sales. Flavours included raspberry, citrus, apple, tangerine, and mango. Limited edition passion fruit sours were also released around Valentine's Day in 2005 in a larger 2.3 oz tin instead of the standard 1.76 oz sours tins that had been released up until then.
Gum
The sugar-free chewing gum, introduced in 2003, was made in the United States. Flavors include peppermint, cinnamon, spearmint, wintergreen and two sour flavours, cherry and apple. The gum has not been seen in stock in US stores since January 2010 and has been discontinued.
Altoids Strips
In 2003, breath strips in peppermint and cinnamon flavors were introduced. They were discontinued.
Altoids Arctic
In 2014, Eclipse Mints, another Wrigley product, were rebranded as Altoids Arctic, with the tin remaining identical save for labelling. The rebranded mints were released in only Peppermint, Wintergreen, and Strawberry, doing away with the wider varieties of Eclipse such as Cinnamon, Winterfrost, and several other flavors, as well as the chewable. As before, each tin contains 1.2 oz (34g), or about 50 mints.
Tins
The distinctive tins in which Altoids mints are packaged are often reused for other purposes. They have long been used as containers for household items like paper clips, coins, sewing materials and other small items.
Altoids tins have also been popular with outdoor enthusiasts for many years as first-aid or mini survival kit containers. A name for these kits is Bug-Out Altoids Tins, or BOATs.
The tins are sometimes used to house electronics projects. BeagleBone, a single-board computer made by Texas Instruments, is deliberately shaped with rounded corners to fit inside the tin.
A Retrocomputing hobbyist computer, the Membership Card is a series of 1802/8080/Z80 based microcomputer kits, designed to fit in an Altoids tin, and CMoy pocket headphone amplifiers often use the containers as an enclosure.
The mintyPi is a kit that uses an Altoids tin to house a portable retro gaming machine.
Altoids Award
At the grand opening of The New Museum of Contemporary Art in 2007, Altoids announced the biennial Altoids Award, in which cash prizes of are awarded to four artists from around the US. Winners have their art exhibited at the museum after the rigorous selection process is completed. The first winners were chosen by Paul McCarthy, Cindy Sherman and Rirkrit Tiravanija.
See also
Fisherman's Friend
List of breath mints
Victory V
Nigroids
References
Further reading
Grant, Jeremy. "New brands take a toll on Wrigley" Financial Times, London Ed. 26-Oct-2005, pg 27.
Terdiman, Daniel. "Altoids, the curiously strong tin; The container stylishly stores battery chargers, iPods and more." New York Times 2-Feb-2005.
"Wrigley to buy Altoids and Life Savers from Kraft." Candy Industry ISSN 0745-1032; Volume 169; Issue 11 1-Nov-2004.
What's News. The Wall Street Journal, Business and Finance, pg A1. 15-Nov-2004.
Pare, Mike. "Wrigley to invest $14M to make Altoids in its Chattanooga, Tenn., plant." Chattanooga Times/Free Press, Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. 23-Aug-2005.
External links
Former site (redirects)
The Altoids Curiously Strong Awards Video Clip
Wrigley Company brands
Breath mints
Mars confectionery brands
British confectionery
1780s introductions
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A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption. An example is carbon-based fossil fuels. The original organic matter, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-renewable resources, though individual elements are always conserved (except in nuclear reactions, nuclear decay or atmospheric escape).
Conversely, resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) and wind (used to power energy conversion systems) are considered renewable resources, largely because their localized replenishment can occur within time frames meaningful to humans as well.
Earth minerals and metal ores
Earth minerals and metal ores are examples of non-renewable resources. The metals themselves are present in vast amounts in Earth's crust, and their extraction by humans only occurs where they are concentrated by natural geological processes (such as heat, pressure, organic activity, weathering and other processes) enough to become economically viable to extract. These processes generally take from tens of thousands to millions of years, through plate tectonics, tectonic subsidence and crustal recycling.
The localized deposits of metal ores near the surface which can be extracted economically by humans are non-renewable in human time-frames. There are certain rare earth minerals and elements that are more scarce and exhaustible than others. These are in high demand in manufacturing, particularly for the electronics industry.
Fossil fuels
Natural resources such as coal, petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas take thousands of years to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are being consumed. Eventually it is considered that fossil-based resources will become too costly to harvest and humanity will need to shift its reliance to other sources of energy such as solar or wind power, see renewable energy.
An alternative hypothesis is that carbon based fuel is virtually inexhaustible in human terms, if one includes all sources of carbon-based energy such as methane hydrates on the sea floor, which are vastly greater than all other carbon based fossil fuel resources combined. These sources of carbon are also considered non-renewable, although their rate of formation/replenishment on the sea floor is not known. However their extraction at economically viable costs and rates has yet to be determined.
At present, the main energy source used by humans is non-renewable fossil fuels. Since the dawn of internal combustion engine technologies in the 19th century, petroleum and other fossil fuels have remained in continual demand. As a result, conventional infrastructure and transport systems, which are fitted to combustion engines, remain prominent throughout the globe.
The modern-day fossil fuel economy is widely criticized for its lack of renewability, as well as being a contributor to climate change.
Nuclear fuels
In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) classified fission reactors that produce more fissile nuclear fuel than they consume (i.e. breeder reactors) among conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar and falling water. The American Petroleum Institute likewise does not consider conventional nuclear fission as renewable, but rather that breeder reactor nuclear power fuel is considered renewable and sustainable, noting that radioactive waste from used spent fuel rods remains radioactive and so has to be very carefully stored for several hundred years. With the careful monitoring of radioactive waste products also being required upon the use of other renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy.
The use of nuclear technology relying on fission requires Naturally occurring radioactive material as fuel. Uranium, the most common fission fuel, is present in the ground at relatively low concentrations and mined in 19 countries. This mined uranium is used to fuel energy-generating nuclear reactors with fissionable uranium-235 which generates heat that is ultimately used to power turbines to generate electricity.
As of 2013 only a few kilograms (picture available) of uranium have been extracted from the ocean in pilot programs and it is also believed that the uranium extracted on an industrial scale from the seawater would constantly be replenished from uranium leached from the ocean floor, maintaining the seawater concentration at a stable level. In 2014, with the advances made in the efficiency of seawater uranium extraction, a paper in the journal of Marine Science & Engineering suggests that with, light water reactors as its target, the process would be economically competitive if implemented on a large scale.
Nuclear power provides about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity. Nuclear energy production is associated with potentially dangerous radioactive contamination as it relies upon unstable elements. In particular, nuclear power facilities produce about 200,000 metric tons of low and intermediate level waste (LILW) and 10,000 metric tons of high level waste (HLW) (including spent fuel designated as waste) each year worldwide.
Issues entirely separate from the question of the sustainability of nuclear fuel, relate to the use of nuclear fuel and the high-level radioactive waste the nuclear industry generates that if not properly contained, is highly hazardous to people and wildlife. The United Nations (UNSCEAR) estimated in 2008 that average annual human radiation exposure includes 0.01 millisievert (mSv) from the legacy of past atmospheric nuclear testing plus the Chernobyl disaster and the nuclear fuel cycle, along with 2.0 mSv from natural radioisotopes and 0.4 mSv from cosmic rays; all exposures vary by location. Natural uranium in some inefficient reactor nuclear fuel cycles becomes part of the nuclear waste "once through" stream, and in a similar manner to the scenario were this uranium remained naturally in the ground, this uranium emits various forms of radiation in a decay chain that has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years, the storage of this unused uranium and the accompanying fission reaction products have raised public concerns about risks of leaks and containment, however the knowledge gained from studying the natural nuclear fission reactor in Oklo Gabon, has informed geologists on the proven processes that kept the waste from this 2 billion year old natural nuclear reactor that operated for hundreds of thousands of years.
Land surface
Land surface can be considered both renewable and non-renewable resource depending on the scope of comparison. Land can be reused but new land cannot be created on demand so from economic perspective it's a fixed resource with perfectly inelastic supply.
Renewable resources
Natural resources, known as renewable resources, are replaced by natural processes and forces persistent in the natural environment. There are intermittent and reoccurring renewables, and recyclable materials, which are utilized during a cycle across a certain amount of time, and can be harnessed for any number of cycles.
The production of goods and services by manufacturing products in economic systems creates many types of waste during production and after the consumer has made use of it. The material is then either incinerated, buried in a landfill or recycled for reuse. Recycling turns materials of value that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources again.
In the natural environment water, forests, plants and animals are all renewable resources, as long as they are adequately monitored, protected and conserved. Sustainable agriculture is the cultivation of plant and animal materials in a manner that preserves plant and animal ecosystems and that can improve soil health and soil fertility over the long term. The overfishing of the oceans is one example of where an industry practice or method can threaten an ecosystem, endanger species and possibly even determine whether or not a fishery is sustainable for use by humans. An unregulated industry practice or method can lead to a complete resource depletion.
The renewable energy from the sun, wind, wave, biomass and geothermal energies are based on renewable resources. Renewable resources such as the movement of water (hydropower, tidal power and wave power), wind and radiant energy from geothermal heat (used for geothermal power) and solar energy (used for solar power) are practically infinite and cannot be depleted, unlike their non-renewable counterparts, which are likely to run out if not used sparingly.
The potential wave energy on coastlines can provide 1/5 of world demand. Hydroelectric power can supply 1/3 of our total energy global needs. Geothermal energy can provide 1.5 more times the energy we need. There is enough wind to power the planet 30 times over, wind power could power all of humanity's needs alone. Solar currently supplies only 0.1% of our world energy needs, but there is enough out there to power humanity's needs 4,000 times over, the entire global projected energy demand by 2050.
Renewable energy and energy efficiency are no longer niche sectors that are promoted only by governments and environmentalists. The increasing levels of investment and that more of the capital is from conventional financial actors, both suggest that sustainable energy has become mainstream and the future of energy production, as non-renewable resources decline. This is reinforced by climate change concerns, nuclear dangers and accumulating radioactive waste, high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support for renewable energy. These factors are commercializing renewable energy, enlarging the market and growing demand, the adoption of new products to replace obsolete technology and the conversion of existing infrastructure to a renewable standard.
Economic models
In economics, a non-renewable resource is defined as goods, where greater consumption today implies less consumption tomorrow. David Ricardo in his early works analysed the pricing of exhaustible resources, where he argued that the price of a mineral resource should increase over time. He argued that the spot price is always determined by the mine with the highest cost of extraction, and mine owners with lower extraction costs benefit from a differential rent. The first model is defined by Hotelling's rule, which is a 1931 economic model of non-renewable resource management by Harold Hotelling. It shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, under otherwise stable conditions, lead to a depletion of the resource. The rule states that this would lead to a net price or "Hotelling rent" for it that rose annually at a rate equal to the rate of interest, reflecting the increasing scarcity of the resources. The Hartwick's rule provides an important result about the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable source.
See also
Clean technology
Energy conservation
Eurosolar
Fossil fuel
Fossil water
Green design
Hartwick's rule
Hermann Scheer
Hotelling's rule
Hubbert's peak
Liebig's law of the minimum
Natural resource management
Overfishing
Peak oil
Reserves-to-production ratio
Sustainability
References
Natural resources
Environmental conservation
Space
it:Energie non rinnovabili
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Noon (or midday) is 12 o'clock in the daytime. It is written as 12 noon, 12:00 m. (for meridiem, literally 12:00 midday), 12 p.m. (for post meridiem, literally "after midday"), 12 pm, or 12:00 (using a 24-hour clock) or 1200 (military time).
Solar noon is the time when the Sun appears to contact the local celestial meridian. This is when the Sun reaches its apparent highest point in the sky, at 12 noon apparent solar time and can be observed using a sundial. The local or clock time of solar noon depends on the longitude and date, with Daylight Saving Time tending to place solar noon closer to 1:00pm.
Etymology
The word noon is derived from Latin nona hora, the ninth canonical hour of the day, in reference to the Western Christian liturgical term none, one of the seven fixed prayer times in traditional Christian denominations. The Roman and Western European medieval monastic day began at 6:00 a.m. (06:00) at the equinox by modern timekeeping, so the ninth hour started at what is now 3:00 p.m. (15:00) at the equinox. In English, the meaning of the word shifted to midday and the time gradually moved back to 12:00 local time - that is, not taking into account the modern invention of time zones. The change began in the 12th century and was fixed by the 14th century.
Solar noon
Solar noon, also known as the local apparent solar noon and Sun transit time (informally high noon), is the moment when the Sun contacts the observer's meridian (culmination or meridian transit), reaching its highest position above the horizon on that day and casting the shortest shadow. This is also the origin of the terms ante meridiem (a.m.) and post meridiem (p.m.), as noted below. The Sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the Equator on the equinoxes, at the Tropic of Cancer (latitude N) on the June solstice and at the Tropic of Capricorn ( S) on the December solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, north of the Tropic of Cancer, the Sun is due south of the observer at solar noon; in the Southern Hemisphere, south of the Tropic of Capricorn, it is due north.
The elapsed time from the local solar noon of one day to the next is exactly 24 hours on only four instances in any given year. This occurs when the effects of Earth's obliquity of ecliptic and its orbital speed around the Sun offset each other. These four days for the current epoch are centered on 11 February, 13 May, 25 July, and 3 November. It occurs at only one particular line of longitude in each instance. This line varies year to year, since Earth's true year is not an integer number of days. This event time and location also varies due to Earth's orbit being gravitationally perturbed by the planets. These four 24-hour days occur in both hemispheres simultaneously. The precise UTC times for these four days also mark when the opposite line of longitude, 180° away, experiences precisely 24 hours from local midnight to local midnight the next day. Thus, four varying great circles of longitude define from year to year when a 24-hour day (noon to noon or midnight to midnight) occurs.
The two longest time spans from noon to noon occur twice each year, around 20 June (24 hours plus 13 seconds) and 21 December (24 hours plus 30 seconds).
The shortest time spans occur twice each year, around 25 March (24 hours minus 18 seconds) and 13 September (24 hours minus 22 seconds).
For the same reasons, solar noon and "clock noon" are usually not the same. The equation of time shows that the reading of a clock at solar noon will be higher or lower than 12:00 by as much as 16 minutes. Additionally, due to the political nature of time zones, as well as the application of daylight saving time, it can be off by more than an hour.
Nomenclature
In the US, noon is commonly indicated by 12 p.m., and midnight by 12 a.m. While some argue that such usage is "improper" based on the Latin meaning (a.m. stands for ante meridiem and p.m. for post meridiem, meaning "before midday" and "after midday" respectively), digital clocks are unable to display anything else, and an arbitrary decision must be made. An earlier standard of indicating noon as "12M" or "12m" (for "meridies"), which was specified in the U.S. GPO Government Style Manual, has fallen into relative obscurity; the current edition of the GPO makes no mention of it. However, due to the lack of an international standard, the use of "12 a.m." and "12 p.m." can be confusing. Common alternative methods of representing these times are:
to use a 24-hour clock (00:00 and 12:00, 24:00; but never 24:01)
to use "12 noon" or "12 midnight" (though "12 midnight" may still present ambiguity regarding the specific date)
to specify midnight as between two successive days or dates (as in "midnight Saturday/Sunday" or "midnight December 14/15")
to avoid those specific times and to use "11:59 p.m." or "12:01 a.m." instead. (This is common in the travel industry to avoid confusion to passengers' schedules, especially train and plane schedules.)
See also
Afternoon
Analemma
Dipleidoscope
Hour angle
Solar azimuth angle
Notes
References
External links
Generate a solar noon calendar for your location
U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008), 30th edition
Shows the hour and angle of sunrise, noon, and sunset drawn over a map.
Real Sun Time - gives you an exact unique time to the sun, with yours GPS coordinates position.
Parts of a day
Time in astronomy
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The M Financial Group is a life insurance company based in Portland, Oregon, US. It offers life insurance and other financial services to "the ultra-affluent and corporate markets."
History
The company was co-founded by Peter W. Mullin, Mark Solomon, Carl Mammel, and Eli Morgan in 1978.
Over the years, the M Financial Group partnered with many insurance companies. Five years after its creation, in 1983, it partnered with Pacific Life. Three years later, in 1986, it partnered with Unum. By 1987, it had also partnered with Prudential Financial. Five years later, in 1992, it partnered with John Hancock Financial. By 2006, it had partnered with the Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. In 2011, it partnered with TIAA–CREF.
By 2008, its annual sales had grown by 75%, up to US$2 billion.
In 2014, the company established the M Center of Excellence at The American College of Financial Services, in partnership with the USC Davis School of Gerontology.
Its chief executive officer and president is Russell Bundschuh.
In 2019, M Financial Group partnered with PNC Financial Services Group in providing insurance products and services.
References
External links
Life insurance companies of the United States
Companies based in Portland, Oregon
American companies established in 1978
Financial services companies established in 1978
1978 establishments in Oregon
Privately held companies based in Oregon
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Bulbophyllum spadiciflorum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Pierre Tixier em 1966.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1966
Bulbophyllum
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Coffee and doughnuts is a common food and drink pairing in the United States and Canada (where doughnuts are sometimes spelled donuts). The pairing is often consumed as a simple breakfast, and is often consumed in doughnut shops as well as coffeeshops. The pairing may also be served and consumed as a refreshment.
Coffee breaks are sometimes taken as a work break during the mid-morning or mid-afternoon "to consume coffee and doughnuts (or rolls)." In 1989, Harry Balzer, the chief industry analyst of the market research company NPD Group, stated that in the United States, 41–42% of all breakfasts included coffee and that 14.2% of all breakfasts included a doughnut.
Coffee and doughnuts are sometimes provided as a part of events and fundraisers for various organizations, charities, groups and companies.
History
The pairing of doughnuts and coffee is said to date back to after World War II as doughnut shops were one of the few businesses open after midnight. Some doughnut shops would give coffee and doughnuts to police officers in exchange for free policing.
Companies
Some companies use the phrase "coffee and doughnuts" in their business name, such as Bob's Coffee and Doughnuts in Los Angeles, California. Krispy Kreme has provided free coffee and doughnuts in commemoration of National Coffee Day, and other companies have offered discounts or special offers in commemoration of the day. Tim Hortons is a Canadian multinational fast casual restaurant chain known for its coffee and doughnuts.
In September 2015, Dunkin' Donuts, a doughnut and coffee shop chain, announced plans to move forward with a delivery program that includes delivery of coffee, doughnuts and other foods, to begin sometime in 2016. The delivery program is devised to use a mobile application for ordering products, and will be launched when the company updates its mobile application. The program was under consideration in June 2015. The New York Post reported that this was done in efforts to increase competition with Starbucks Coffee.
Properties
Coffee and doughnuts provide caffeine, and large amounts of fat and sugar.
Venues
In March 2013, it was reported that U.S. taxpayer money was funding the consumption of coffee, doughnuts, and other foods by U.S. lawmakers. Coffee and doughnuts are commonly served at twelve-step meetings, such as Alcoholics Anonymous.
In language
The English slang language terms "coffee-and" and "coffee-an" have been used in the 20th century as a noun to denote a cup of coffee and cakes or doughnuts, such as that being the most affordable meal available in a diner or café, and commonly considered to be 'the office diet'. As an adjective, the term "coffee-and" was used in the 1930s relating to money, as in "just enough to buy coffee and doughnuts", and in the 20th century as a term referring to things that are "cheap, minimal" or "second rate".
The 20th century English language slang term "coffee-and-doughnut gun" can refer to a "small, relatively powerless gun", and was also used in the 1920s as a slang term for "a second-rate, unthreatening gangster".
Police are often described as favoring coffee and doughnuts for their rather inexpensive meals, especially in mornings, owing to the generally low pay they may receive for their work. This is common enough for a trope dealing with "cops in doughnut shops" to have arisen.
Others have speculated that the association police have with coffee and doughnuts arose as officers on night shifts used doughnut shops (one of the few businesses open all night in the 1940s) to write up notes, use the bathroom, and have a snack.
References
Further reading
External links
Doughnuts
Food combinations
Fast food
Snack foods
Coffee culture
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A timing or valve chest is a compartment on an internal or external combustion engine (e.g. gasoline or steam engine) which provides access to the tappets and valves. The chest is fitted with an inspection cover sealed with a gasket.
Engine components
Combustion engineering
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Musica
Bottom Line – album di John Mayall del 1979
Bottom Line – singolo di Diana Ross del 1989
Bottom Line – album dei Sinner del 1995
Televisione
WWE Bottom Line – programma televisivo statunitense
Pagine correlate
The Bottom Line
Live at the Bottom Line
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Satar Bayee is a variety of almonds, grown mainly in Afghanistan. The river valleys of the Khulm River in northern Afghanistan, particular Balkh Province and Samangan Province grow Satar Bayee almonds in abundance and is said to grow the finest Satar Bayee almonds in the world. Satar Bayee is governed by the Mazar Dried Fruit Association.
References
Agriculture in Afghanistan
Almond production
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Superbowl may refer to:
A misspelling of Super Bowl, U.S. American football championship game of the NFL
Superbowl of Debate is a program by the University of Louisville Debate Society to increase minority participation in debate
Superbowl of Wrestling held in the 1970s
Super Bowl of Poker held in the 1980s
The championship game of the Italian Football League was known as the Superbowl italiano until 2014
A performance venue at the Sun City resort located in South Africa
The Super Dave Superbowl of Knowledge, a 1994 TV special by Super Dave Osborne
See also
super cup
Super League (disambiguation)
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The Kenya Records in Swimming are the fastest times ever swum by an individual representing Kenya. These national records are maintained by the Kenya Swimming Federation (KSF).
KSF keeps records for both for men and women, for long course (50m) and short course (25m) events. Records are kept in the following events (by stroke):
freestyle: 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500;
backstroke: 50, 100 and 200;
breaststroke: 50, 100 and 200;
butterfly: 50, 100 and 200;
individual medley: 100 (25m only), 200 and 400;
relays: 4×50 free, 4×100 free, 4×200 free, 4×50 medley, and 4 × 100 medley.
Long course (50m)
Men
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Short Course (25m)
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Mixed relay
References
External links
KSF official website
All-time bests Kenya swimrankings.net 15 November 2022 updated
Kenya
Records
Swimming
Swimming
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A contradiction is a logical incompatibility between two or more propositions
Contradiction may also refer to:
Contradiction (album), a 1976 album by The Ohio Players
Contradictions, a 1999 album by One Gud Cide
Contradiction: Spot the Liar!, a 2015 detective FMV game by Tim Follin
See also
Contradictions of the bible
Contradictories, or the square of opposition
Proof by contradiction
Paradox
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This is a list of notable numbers and articles about notable numbers. The list does not contain all numbers in existence as most of the number sets are infinite. Numbers may be included in the list based on their mathematical, historical or cultural notability, but all numbers have qualities which could arguably make them notable. Even the smallest "uninteresting" number is paradoxically interesting for that very property. This is known as the interesting number paradox.
The definition of what is classed as a number is rather diffuse and based on historical distinctions. For example, the pair of numbers (3,4) is commonly regarded as a number when it is in the form of a complex number (3+4i), but not when it is in the form of a vector (3,4). This list will also be categorised with the standard convention of types of numbers.
This list focuses on numbers as mathematical objects and is not a list of numerals, which are linguistic devices: nouns, adjectives, or adverbs that designate numbers. The distinction is drawn between the number five (an abstract object equal to 2+3), and the numeral five (the noun referring to the number).
Natural numbers
The natural numbers are a subset of the integers and are of historical and pedagogical value as they can be used for counting and often have ethno-cultural significance (see below). Beyond this, natural numbers are widely used as a building block for other number systems including the integers, rational numbers and real numbers. Natural numbers are those used for counting (as in "there are six (6) coins on the table") and ordering (as in "this is the third (3rd) largest city in the country"). In common language, words used for counting are "cardinal numbers" and words used for ordering are "ordinal numbers". Defined by the Peano axioms, the natural numbers form an infinitely large set. Often referred to as "the naturals", the natural numbers are usually symbolised by a boldface (or blackboard bold , Unicode ).
The inclusion of 0 in the set of natural numbers is ambiguous and subject to individual definitions. In set theory and computer science, 0 is typically considered a natural number. In number theory, it usually is not. The ambiguity can be solved with the terms "non-negative integers", which includes 0, and "positive integers", which does not.
Natural numbers may be used as cardinal numbers, which may go by various names. Natural numbers may also be used as ordinal numbers.
Mathematical significance
Natural numbers may have properties specific to the individual number or may be part of a set (such as prime numbers) of numbers with a particular property.
Cultural or practical significance
Along with their mathematical properties, many integers have cultural significance or are also notable for their use in computing and measurement. As mathematical properties (such as divisibility) can confer practical utility, there may be interplay and connections between the cultural or practical significance of an integer and its mathematical properties.
Classes of natural numbers
Subsets of the natural numbers, such as the prime numbers, may be grouped into sets, for instance based on the divisibility of their members. Infinitely many such sets are possible. A list of notable classes of natural numbers may be found at classes of natural numbers.
Prime numbers
A prime number is a positive integer which has exactly two divisors: 1 and itself.
The first 100 prime numbers are:
Highly composite numbers
A highly composite number (HCN) is a positive integer with more divisors than any smaller positive integer. They are often used in geometry, grouping and time measurement.
The first 20 highly composite numbers are:
1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 720, 840, 1260, 1680, 2520, 5040, 7560
Perfect numbers
A perfect number is an integer that is the sum of its positive proper divisors (all divisors except itself).
The first 10 perfect numbers:
Integers
The integers are a set of numbers commonly encountered in arithmetic and number theory. There are many subsets of the integers, including the natural numbers, prime numbers, perfect numbers, etc. Many integers are notable for their mathematical properties. Integers are usually symbolised by a boldface (or blackboard bold , Unicode ); this became the symbol for the integers based on the German word for "numbers" (Zahlen).
Notable integers include −1, the additive inverse of unity, and 0, the additive identity.
As with the natural numbers, the integers may also have cultural or practical significance. For instance, −40 is the equal point in the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales.
SI prefixes
One important use of integers is in orders of magnitude. A power of 10 is a number 10k, where k is an integer. For instance, with k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., the appropriate powers of ten are 1, 10, 100, 1000, ... Powers of ten can also be fractional: for instance, k = -3 gives 1/1000, or 0.001. This is used in scientific notation, real numbers are written in the form m × 10n. The number 394,000 is written in this form as 3.94 × 105.
Integers are used as prefixes in the SI system. A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or fraction of the unit. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to the unit symbol. The prefix kilo-, for example, may be added to gram to indicate multiplication by one thousand: one kilogram is equal to one thousand grams. The prefix milli-, likewise, may be added to metre to indicate division by one thousand; one millimetre is equal to one thousandth of a metre.
Rational numbers
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction of two integers, a numerator and a non-zero denominator . Since may be equal to 1, every integer is trivially a rational number. The set of all rational numbers, often referred to as "the rationals", the field of rationals or the field of rational numbers is usually denoted by a boldface (or blackboard bold , Unicode ); it was thus denoted in 1895 by Giuseppe Peano after quoziente, Italian for "quotient".
Rational numbers such as 0.12 can be represented in infinitely many ways, e.g. zero-point-one-two (0.12), three twenty-fifths (), nine seventy-fifths (), etc. This can be mitigated by representing rational numbers in a canonical form as an irreducible fraction.
A list of rational numbers is shown below. The names of fractions can be found at numeral (linguistics).
Irrational numbers
The irrational numbers are a set of numbers that includes all real numbers that are not rational numbers. The irrational numbers are categorised as algebraic numbers (which are the root of a polynomial with rational coefficients) or transcendental numbers, which are not.
Algebraic numbers
Transcendental numbers
Irrational but not known to be transcendental
Some numbers are known to be irrational numbers, but have not been proven to be transcendental. This differs from the algebraic numbers, which are known not to be transcendental.
Real numbers
The real numbers are a superset containing the algebraic and the transcendental numbers. The real numbers, sometimes referred to as "the reals", are usually symbolised by a boldface (or blackboard bold , Unicode ). For some numbers, it is not known whether they are algebraic or transcendental. The following list includes real numbers that have not been proved to be irrational, nor transcendental.
Real but not known to be irrational, nor transcendental
Numbers not known with high precision
Some real numbers, including transcendental numbers, are not known with high precision.
The constant in the Berry–Esseen Theorem: 0.4097 < C < 0.4748
De Bruijn–Newman constant: 0 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.2
Chaitin's constants Ω, which are transcendental and provably impossible to compute.
Bloch's constant (also 2nd Landau's constant): 0.4332 < B < 0.4719
1st Landau's constant: 0.5 < L < 0.5433
3rd Landau's constant: 0.5 < A ≤ 0.7853
Grothendieck constant: 1.67 < k < 1.79
Romanov's constant in Romanov's theorem: 0.107648 < d < 0.49094093, Romanov conjectured that it is 0.434
Hypercomplex numbers
Hypercomplex number is a term for an element of a unital algebra over the field of real numbers. The complex numbers are often symbolised by a boldface (or blackboard bold , Unicode ), while the set of quaternions is denoted by a boldface (or blackboard bold , Unicode ).
Algebraic complex numbers
Imaginary unit:
nth roots of unity: , while , GCD(k, n) = 1
Other hypercomplex numbers
The quaternions
The octonions
The sedenions
The dual numbers (with an infinitesimal)
Transfinite numbers
Transfinite numbers are numbers that are "infinite" in the sense that they are larger than all finite numbers, yet not necessarily absolutely infinite.
Aleph-null: א: the smallest infinite cardinal, and the cardinality of , the set of natural numbers
Aleph-one: א: the cardinality of ω1, the set of all countable ordinal numbers
Beth-one: ב the cardinality of the continuum 2
ℭ or : the cardinality of the continuum 2
Omega: ω, the smallest infinite ordinal
Numbers representing physical quantities
Physical quantities that appear in the universe are often described using physical constants.
Avogadro constant:
Electron mass:
Fine-structure constant:
Gravitational constant:
Molar mass constant:
Planck constant:
Rydberg constant:
Speed of light in vacuum:
Vacuum electric permittivity:
Numbers representing geographical and astronomical distances
, the average equatorial radius of Earth in kilometers (following GRS 80 and WGS 84 standards).
, the length of the Equator in kilometers (following GRS 80 and WGS 84 standards).
, the semi-major axis of the orbit of the Moon, in kilometers, roughly the distance between the center of Earth and that of the Moon.
, the average distance between the Earth and the Sun or Astronomical Unit (AU), in meters.
, one light-year, the distance travelled by light in one Julian year, in meters.
, the distance of one parsec, another astronomical unit, in whole meters.
Numbers without specific values
Many languages have words expressing indefinite and fictitious numbers—inexact terms of indefinite size, used for comic effect, for exaggeration, as placeholder names, or when precision is unnecessary or undesirable. One technical term for such words is "non-numerical vague quantifier". Such words designed to indicate large quantities can be called "indefinite hyperbolic numerals".
Named numbers
Eddington number, ~1080
Googol, 10100
Googolplex, 10(10100)
Graham's number
Hardy–Ramanujan number, 1729
Kaprekar's constant, 6174
Moser's number
Rayo's number
Shannon number
Skewes's number
TREE(3)
See also
Absolute Infinite
English numerals
Floating-point arithmetic
Fraction
Integer sequence
Interesting number paradox
Large numbers
List of mathematical constants
List of prime numbers
List of types of numbers
Mathematical constant
Metric prefix
Names of large numbers
Names of small numbers
Negative number
Numeral (linguistics)
Numeral prefix
Order of magnitude
Orders of magnitude (numbers)
Ordinal number
The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers
Power of two
Power of 10
Surreal number
Table of prime factors
References
.
Further reading
Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001.
External links
The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+
What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500
Name of a Number
See how to write big numbers
Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page
Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney
Names for Large Numbers, in How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement by Russ Rowlett
What's Special About This Number? (from 0 to 9999)
Mathematical tables
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The 1926–27 season was the first year for the Prairie Hockey League (PHL). The PHL was, in essence, a reorganisation of the Western Hockey League after it folded the previous year. Five teams each played 32 games.
Regular season
Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points
Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold
Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes
League championship
The Calgary Tigers won the Prairie Hockey League championship by forfeit over the Saskatoon Sheiks. Saskatoon refused to continue the playoff series after complaining about the referee in game one, won by the Tigers 2–1.
See also
List of NHL seasons
1926 in sports
1927 in sports
Western Canada Hockey League seasons
WCHL
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In the Domain Name System (DNS), a vanity domain is a domain name whose purpose is to express the individuality of the person on whose behalf it is registered. This contrasts with domain names which resolve to an organisation (e.g. a company) or a service that organisation offers. Vanity domains may be compared with vanity car registration plates, which similarly identify their owner as an individual and not just someone relying on another organisation's services.
A subdomain of an ISP's domain that is aliased to an individual user account is a vanity domain. Other definitions include:
the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing defines it as "A domain you register for the sole purpose of having your own domain so you can have an easily remembered URL and e-mail address",
while the Jargon File defines it as "An Internet domain, particularly in the .com or .org top-level domains, apparently created for no reason other than boosting the creator's ego."
The Sun iPlanet Messaging Server uses msgVanityDomain to set up a domain name for e-mail use which is not fully hosted.
These uses apply primarily to regular domain names registered at the highest allowed level rather than subdomains (although, technically speaking, a second-level domain is actually a subdomain of its top-level domain).
Because vanity domains are operated for or on behalf of individuals, they typically will not offer the full complement of services an organisational domain name (or rather, the host that it points to) would be expected to honour; for example, the DNS record may contain only an MX record identifying a mail server accepting e-mail for that domain (which may itself be an e-mail forwarding server) and an A record identifying a shared web hosting service only offering HTTP (which may itself be a URL redirection service).
As well as being easily remembered, vanity domains (especially when registered at the highest level allowed by the registrar) offer the advantage of personal mobility; they continue to be associated with a person even when that person switches service providers.
Use of top-level domains
A top-level domain does not refer to the cost of a website domain. It means how appropriate your domain is for your website or website topic. A top-level domain can become part of a vanity URL. Taking advantage of countries that do not ask for proof of residence to register their country-specific TLDs (Top Level Domains) can allow a user to incorporate the two or three letters following the dot, using them to help spell out the desired name, word or phrase.
See also
Domain hack
Vanity number
References
Domain Name System
Internet terminology
URL
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The office of United States Attorney for the Wisconsin Territory came into being when the Wisconsin Territory was created from the remnants of the Michigan Territory. When Wisconsin became the 30th state in 1848, the United States Attorney for the District of Wisconsin was established. In 1870, the state was split into two jurisdictions, the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Wisconsin and the United States Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin.
Wisconsin Territory
District of Wisconsin
Eastern and Western District
References
Wisconsin Territory
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Malleable iron is cast as white iron, the structure being a metastable carbide in a pearlitic matrix. Through an annealing heat treatment, the brittle structure as first cast is transformed into the malleable form. Carbon agglomerates into small roughly spherical aggregates of graphite, leaving a matrix of ferrite or pearlite according to the exact heat treatment used. Three basic types of malleable iron are recognized within the casting industry: blackheart malleable iron, whiteheart malleable iron and pearlitic malleable iron.
History
Malleable iron was used as early as the 4th century BCE, and archaeologists have found malleable iron artifacts made in China between 4th century BCE and 9th century CE. By the Tang Dynasty, the use of malleable iron in China waned, although there are malleable iron artifacts dating to the 9th century. Malleable iron is mentioned in England in a patent dating to the 1670s. Réaumur conducted extensive research on malleable iron in 1720. He discovered that iron castings which were too hard to be worked could be softened by packing them into iron ore or hammer slag and exposing them to high temperature for a number of days. Creating malleable iron began in the United States in 1826 when Seth Boyden started a foundry for the production of harness hardware and other small castings.
Castability, heat treating and post-casting operations
Like similar irons with the carbon formed into spherical or nodular shapes, malleable iron exhibits good ductility. Incorrectly considered by some to be an "old" or "dead" material, malleable iron still has a legitimate place in the design engineer's toolbox. Malleable iron is a good choice for small castings or castings with thin cross sections (less than 0.25 inch, 6.35 mm). Other nodular irons produced with graphite in the spherical shape can be difficult to produce in these applications, due to the formation of carbides from the rapid cooling.
Malleable iron also exhibits better fracture toughness properties in low temperature environments than other nodular irons, due to its lower silicon content. The ductile to brittle transition temperature is lower than many other ductile iron alloys.
In order to properly form the spherical-shaped nodules of graphite (called temper graphite nodules or temper carbon nodules) in the annealing process, care must be taken to ensure that the iron casting will solidify with an entirely white iron cross section. Thicker sections of a casting will cool slowly, allowing some primary graphite to form. This graphite forms random flake-like structures and will not transform to carbide during heat treatment. When stress is applied to such a casting in application, the fracture strength will be lower than expected for white iron. Such iron is said to have a 'mottled' appearance. Some countermeasures can be applied to enhance the formation of the all white structure, but malleable iron foundries often avoid producing heavy sections.
After the casting and heat treatment processes, malleable iron can be shaped through cold working, such as stamping for straightening, bending or coining operations. This is possible due to malleable iron's desirable property of being less strain rate sensitive than other materials.
Applications
It is often used for small castings requiring good tensile strength and the ability to flex without breaking (ductility). Uses include electrical fittings, hand tools, pipe fittings, washers, brackets, fence fittings, power line hardware, farm equipment, mining hardware, and machine parts.
Before the widespread use of malleable iron in everyday items, heavy-duty bench vises were made from cast steel. The use of cast steel has rapidly declined in most application due to its poor castability, and hence high-quality cast vises (as opposed to forged ones), among other tools and machine elements, are now almost exclusively made of malleable iron.
See also
Ductile iron
Wrought iron
References
Cast iron
Ferrous alloys
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Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants.
Grassland or Grasslands may also refer to:
Cypress Hills—Grasslands, a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada
Grasslands Entertainment, a Canadian television production and distribution company
Grasslands National Park, one of Canada's newer national parks
Grassland (Annapolis Junction, Maryland), listed on the NRHP in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, USA
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The Golden Reel Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Sound Effects and Foley for Non-Theatrical Documentary Broadcast Media is an annual award given by the Motion Picture Sound Editors. It honors sound editors whose work has warranted merit in the field of television; in this case, their work in the field of sound effects and foley work in non-theatrical documentary broadcast media.
The category was first presented as two different categories, Best Sound Editing - Long Form Documentary (2010-2016) and Best Sound Editing - Short Form Documentary (2011-2016), the two categories were renamed in 2014 to Best Sound Editing - Long Form Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in Television Documentary and Best Sound Editing - Short Form Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in Television Documentary, respectively. In 2017, the categories were merged into the current category.
Winners and nominees
2010s
Best Sound Editing - Long Form Documentary
Best Sound Editing - Short Form Documentary
Best Sound Editing - Long Form Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in Television Documentary
Best Sound Editing - Short Form Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in Television Documentary
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Sound Effects, Foley, Music, Dialogue and ADR for Non-Theatrical Documentary Broadcast Media
2020s
References
Golden Reel Awards (Motion Picture Sound Editors)
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Timeline
Systems
Hurricane One
Hurricane Two
Hurricane Three
Hurricane Four
Hurricane San Martín of 1889
Hurricane Five
Hurricane Six
Tropical Storm Seven
Tropical Storm Eight
Tropical Storm Nine
See also
List of Atlantic hurricanes
Atlantic hurricane season
References
External links
HURDAT Data for the 1889 Atlantic hurricane season
Articles which contain graphical timelines
1889 natural disasters
1889 meteorology
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Drafting Tape, also known as artist's tape, is similar to masking tape in that it has a wide variety of uses, but differs in several key areas.
Drafting tape should not leave a sticky residue behind
Drafting tape is easily removable, even from delicate surfaces like paper. Drafting tape should not tear the paper during removal. This is the main reason engineers and architects use this kind of tape in their blueprints.
Drafting tape should have a neutral pH.
Drafting tape is slightly more water-resistant to help with masking for paint.
While the obvious use of drafting tape is for drawing, drafting tape, like masking tape, can also be used for labeling and hanging posters. Its white or cream coloring goes well with many other colors, and it can be written on easily with any felt-tipped marker. In addition, drafting tape costs less than conventional labels, and its low cost also makes it more forgiving of errors. Drafting tape can also be used in Technical Drawing to help keep the paper well positioned and ensure no residue is left behind when removed. Drafting tape is designed to be temporary, so it may disintegrate over time.
Drafting tape is not nearly as strong as duct tape or Gaffer tape; it will break with minimal effort, it has very little odor, smelling like glue and paper, and it is not waterproof.
Painter's Tape, or "blue tape," behaves similarly to artist's tape however painter's tape is not acid free and is meant for household use instead of art use.
See also
List of adhesive tapes
References
Further reading
Pressure sensitive draft tape and label surface
Portrait zeichnen lassen (in German)
Visual arts materials
Drawing
Adhesive tape
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Fixity may refer to:
MV Fixity, an Empire F type coaster in service with F T Everard & Sons 1946–61.
USS Fixity (AM-235), an Admiral Class minesweeper.
File fixity, a digital preservation term referring to the property of a digital file being fixed, or unchanged.
Precedence and associativity of operators in computer programming languages; see Order of operations
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The Plow that Broke the Plains (film); de film;
The Plow that Broke the Plains (muziek); de muziek;
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Point Foundation may refer to:
Point Foundation (environment)
Point Foundation (LGBT)
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The Wells Fargo Building also known as Wells Fargo Center is an office building located at 1500 Broadway Street in Lubbock, Texas. According to Emporis the building is the 2nd tallest in Lubbock, behind only the Metro Tower. The building's basement is one of the largest fallout shelters in Texas and reportedly could shelter occupants from a 10-megaton nuclear weapon air burst over Reese AFB (now closed) 11 miles to the West. The building's roof is capable of supporting a helicopter landing pad. A water main break in January 2009 caused the building to have to be evacuated and temporarily closed.
References
Office buildings in Lubbock, Texas
Skyscrapers in Lubbock, Texas
Wells Fargo buildings
Skyscraper office buildings in Texas
Office buildings completed in 1968
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Cinema
United We Stand – cortometraggio muto del 1912 prodotto dalla Nestor Film Company
United We Stand – documentario del 1942 prodotto dalla 20th Century Fox
United We Stand – documentario del 2003 diretto da Matteo Barzini
Musica
United We Stand/Say a Prayer – singolo dei Brotherhood of Man del 1970
United We Stand – album dei Brotherhood of Man del 1970
United We Stand – album dal vivo degli Hillsong United del 2006
United We Stand – album dei Brad del 2012
United We Stand: What More Can I Give – concerto benefico organizzato da Michael Jackson nel 2001
Altro
United we stand, divided we fall – motto in lingua inglese, spesso abbreviato in United we stand
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Scarlett is a female name that originated from the color scarlet. It may refer to:
People
Scarlett (given name), a feminine name
Scarlett (surname)
Scarlett (gamer) (Sasha Hostyn), professional video game player
Fictional characters
Scarlett (comics)
Scarlett McCain, a main character in The Outlaws Scarlett and Browne series by Jonathan Stroud
Places
Scarlett Point, a location on Montagu Island, in the South Sandwich Islands
Scarlett Point, near Castletown, Isle of Man
Scarlett Road, a street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Arts and entertainment
Scarlett (musical), a 1970 musical based on the novel Gone with the Wind
Scarlett (Cassidy novel), a 2006 novel by Cathy Cassidy
Scarlett (Ripley novel), a 1991 novel by Alexandra Ripley
Scarlett (miniseries), a 1994 television adaptation loosely based on the novel Scarlett by Alexandra Ripley
Scarlett (2006 film), a TV movie starring Rebecca Gayheart directed by Steve Miner
Scarlett (2018 film), an Italian thriller film directed by Luigi Boccia
"Scarlett" (song), a 1995 song by Closterkeller off the album Scarlet (Closterkeller album)
Project Scarlett, working name of the Xbox Series X
Scarlett Pictures, an Australian film production company
Other uses
Scarlett (cat) (1995–2008), a feline who received worldwide media attention for saving her kittens
Scarlett, a product line of audio USB-interfaces by Focusrite
See also
Scarlet (disambiguation)
Scarlett Martínez International Airport, international airport serving Río Hato, Mexico
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The Battle-Road is a vertically scrolling vehicular combat game released in arcades by Irem in 1984. The player controls a car armed with two types of guns (frontal and side) and drives on a road full of other dangerous vehicles such as cars, motorcycles, trucks and helicopters. It has branching paths resulting in 32 possible routes.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed The Battle-Road on their November 15, 1984 issue as being the seventh most-successful table arcade unit of the month.
References
1984 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Irem games
Top-down racing video games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in Japan
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21 (twenty-one) is the natural number following 20 and preceding 22.
The current century is the 21st century AD, under the Gregorian calendar.
In mathematics
21 is:
a composite number, its proper divisors being 1, 3 and 7, and a deficient number as the sum of these divisors is less than the number itself.
a Fibonacci number as it is the sum of the preceding terms in the sequence, 8 and 13.
the fifth Motzkin number.
a triangular number, because it is the sum of the first six natural numbers (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21).
an octagonal number.
a Padovan number, preceded by the terms 9, 12, 16 (it is the sum of the first two of these) in the padovan sequence.
a Blum integer, since it is a semiprime with both its prime factors being Gaussian primes.
the sum of the divisors of the first 5 positive integers (i.e., 1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 3) + (1 + 2 + 4) + (1 + 5))
the smallest non-trivial example of a Fibonacci number whose digits are Fibonacci numbers and whose digit sum is also a Fibonacci number.
a Harshad number.
a repdigit in quarternary (1114).
the smallest natural number that is not close to a power of 2, 2n, where the range of closeness is ±n.
the smallest number of differently sized squares needed to square the square.
the largest n with this property: for any positive integers a,b such that a + b = n, at least one of and is a terminating decimal. See a brief proof below.
Note that a necessary condition for n is that for any a coprime to n, a and n - a must satisfy the condition above, therefore at least one of a and n - a must only have factor 2 and 5.
Let denote the quantity of the numbers smaller than n that only have factor 2 and 5 and that are coprime to n, we instantly have .
We can easily see that for sufficiently large n, , but , as n goes to infinity, thus fails to hold for sufficiently large n.
In fact, For every n > 2, we have
and
so fails to hold when n > 273 (actually, when n > 33).
Just check a few numbers to see that '= 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 21.
In science
The atomic number of scandium.
It is very often the day of the solstices in both June and December, though the precise date varies by year.
Age 21
In thirteen countries, 21 is the age of majority. See also: Coming of age.
In eight countries, 21 is the minimum age to purchase tobacco products.
In seventeen countries, 21 is the drinking age.
In nine countries, it is the voting age.
In the United States:
21 is the minimum age at which a person may gamble or enter casinos in most states (since alcohol is usually provided).
21 is the minimum age to purchase a handgun or handgun ammunition under federal law.
21 is the age at which one can purchase multiple tickets to an R-rated film.
In some states, 21 is the minimum age to accompany a learner driver, provided that the person supervising the learner has held a full driver license for a specified amount of time. See also: List of minimum driving ages.
In sports
Twenty-one is a variation of street basketball, in which each player, of which there can be any number, plays for himself only (i.e. not part of a team); the name comes from the requisite number of baskets.
In three-on-three basketball games held under FIBA rules, branded as 3x3, the game ends by rule once either team has reached 21 points.
In badminton, and table tennis (before 2001), 21 points are required to win a game.
In AFL Women's, the top-level league of women's Australian rules football, each team is allowed a squad of 21 players (16 on the field and five interchanges).
In NASCAR, 21 has been used by Wood Brothers Racing and Ford for decades. The team has won 99 NASCAR Cup Series races, a majority with 21, and 5 Daytona 500’s. Their current driver is Harrison Burton.
In other fields
21 is:
The Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, thereby ending Prohibition.
The number of spots on a standard cubical (six-sided) die (1+2+3+4+5+6)
The number of firings in a 21-gun salute honoring royalty or leaders of countries
"Twenty One", a 1994 song by an Irish rock band The Cranberries
"21 Guns", a 2009 song by the punk-rock band Green Day
Twenty One Pilots, an American musical duo
There are 21 trump cards of the tarot deck if one does not consider The Fool to be a proper trump card.
The standard TCP/IP port number for FTP connection
The Twenty-One Demands were a set of demands which were sent to the Chinese government by the Japanese government of Okuma Shigenobu in 1915
21 Demands of MKS led to the foundation of Solidarity in Poland.
In Israel, the number is associated with the profile 21 (the military profile designation granting an exemption from the military service)
Duncan MacDougall reported that 21 grams is the weight of the soul, according to an experiment.
The number of the French department Côte-d'Or
Twenty-One (card game), an ancient card game in which the key value and highest-winning point total is 21
Blackjack, a modern version of Twenty-One played in casinos
The number of shillings in a guinea.
The number of solar rays in the flag of Kurdistan.
Twenty-One, an American game show that became the center of the 1950s quiz show scandals when it was shown to be rigged.
The number on the logo for the American game show Catch 21
Twenty-One, a 1991 British-American drama film directed by Don Boyd and starring Patsy Kensit.
References
Integers
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Moseley Forum is a neighbourhood forum of local Moseley residents who represent a geographic area of Birmingham, England. The city has a number of neighbourhood forums, bodies recognised by the City Council, which allow local residents (non-politicians) to help shape local policies and local services.
External links
moseleyforum.org.uk
Community organisations in Birmingham, West Midlands
Moseley
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The Elk City Wagon Road-Vicory Gulch-Smith Grade Segment in the Nez Perce National Forest in Idaho County, Idaho, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It is located in the vicinity of Elk City.
The Elk City Wagon Road was a road built during 1894 to 1895 from Harpster southeast to the mining town of Elk City. It was built mainly along the route of a pack trail, the Southern Nez Perce Trail, which had been established by 1861, but the wagon trail differed in that it included switchbacks up steep sections and included corduroy road through swamps.
References
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
Idaho County, Idaho
Roads in Idaho
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Alan Hagman (January 11, 1964 – November 11, 2019) was an American photojournalist for the Los Angeles Times from 1987 to his death. He covered many topics, including the Mexican Drug War.
References
1964 births
2019 deaths
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
People from Long Beach, California
University of Kansas alumni
Photographers from California
Photographers from Indiana
American photojournalists
Los Angeles Times people
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers
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Epistolary means "in the form of a letter or letters", and may refer to:
The adjectival form of epistle
Epistolary (), a Christian liturgical book containing set readings for church services from the New Testament Epistles
Epistolary novel
Epistolary poem
See also
Epistulae (disambiguation)
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Uplander or Uplanders may refer to:
Uplander, another name for a highlander
Polish Uplanders, a subethnic group of Poles that mostly live in the Central Beskidian Range of the Subcarpathian highlands
Chevrolet Uplander, a minivan manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet for the model years of 2005 to 2009
See also
Upland (disambiguation)
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This is a complete list of operational, offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea and connected areas such as Kattegat and Danish straits.
This information is gathered from multiple Internet sources, and primarily the 4C Offshore's Global Offshore Wind Farm Map and Database and is current up to February 2015. The name of the Wind Farm is the name used by the Energy Company when referring to the Farm and is usually related to a shoal or the name of the nearest town on shore. The Wind Farm part is implied and hence removed for clarity.
The list is sorted by capacity, but it can be sorted in any way by clicking the symbol >< at the top in each column.
Wind farm home pages
See also
Wind power in Europe
List of wind farms
List of offshore wind farms
Lists of offshore wind farms by country
Lists of offshore wind farms by water area
List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea
Wind power in Denmark
Wind power in Sweden
Wind power in Finland
Wind power in Germany
References
Baltic Sea
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Prelude to Axanar é um fan film baseado na franquia Star Trek.
Ligações externas
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2014
Fan films baseados em Star Trek
Prequências de filmes
Filmes ambientados no século XXIII
Filmes gravados em Los Angeles
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Movie Juice is an Australian film review television series which screened between 2014 and 2018. The first two seasons screened on Network Ten at 2.30pm on Saturdays with repeats on its digital channels Eleven and One. It was revived by the Nine Network for a third season on 25 October 2017 at 11.30pm on Wednesdays with repeats on 9Go!.
Presenters
Jessica Tovey
Scott Tweedie
Alicia Marone
Carissa Walford
References
External links
IMDb
Australian non-fiction television series
Network 10 original programming
Nine Network original programming
Film criticism television series
2014 Australian television series debuts
2015 Australian television series endings
2017 Australian television series debuts
English-language television shows
Cinema of Australia
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A back office in most corporations is where work that supports front office work is done. The front office is the "face" of the company and is all the resources of the company that are used to make sales and interact with customers and clients. The back office is all the resources of the company that are devoted to actually producing a product or service such as data entry, payroll, accounting and all the other labor that is not seen by customers, such as administration or logistics. Broadly speaking, back office work includes roles that affect the costs side of a business's trading statement and front office work includes roles that affect the income side of a business's trading statement.
Although the operations of a back office are seldom prominent, they are a major contributor to a business's success. They can include functions such as accounting, planning, inventory management, supply-chain management, human resources and logistics.
Back offices are often located somewhere other than company headquarters. Many are in areas and countries with cheaper rent and lower labor costs. Some office parks provide back offices for tenants whose front offices are in more expensive neighborhoods. Back office functions can be outsourced to consultants and contractors, including ones in other countries.
See also
Front office
Middle office
References
Business terms
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In folklore, the witching hour or devil's hour is a time of night that is associated with supernatural events, whereby witches, demons and ghosts are thought to appear and be at their most powerful. Definitions vary, and include the hour immediately after midnight, and the time between 3:00am and 4:00am. The term now has a widespread colloquial and idiomatic usage that is associated with human physiology and behaviour to more superstitious phenomena such as luck.
Origins
The phrase "witching hour" began at least as early as 1775, in the poem "Night, an Ode." by Rev. Matthew West, though its origins may go further back to 1535 when the Catholic Church prohibited activities during the 3:00 am and 4:00 am timeframe due to emerging fears about witchcraft in Europe.
In the Western Christian tradition, the hour between 3:00 am and 4:00 am was considered a period of peak supernatural activity – this time is also referred to as the "Devil's hour" due to it being a mocking inversion of the time in which Jesus supposedly died, which was at 3:00 pm.
Time
There are multiple times that can be considered the witching hour. Some claim the time is between 12:00 am and 1:00 am, while others claim there is increased supernatural activity between sunset and sunrise. The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary identifies midnight as the time when witches are supposedly active.
During the time in which this term originated, many people had sleeping schedules that meant they were awake during the middle of the night. Nonetheless, there is psychological literature suggesting that apparitional experiences and sensed presences are most common between the hours of 2:00 am and 4:00 am, corresponding with a 3:00 am peak in the amount of melatonin in the body.
Physiology
The witching hour may stem to a human's sleep cycle and circadian rhythm – the body is going through REM sleep at that time, where the heart rate is slower, body temperature reduced, breathing pattern and blood pressure irregular. Sudden awakening from REM sleep could cause agitation, fear and disorientation in an individual.
Also, during REM sleep, which usually occurs within the witching hour, unpleasant and frightful sleep disturbances such as parasomnias can be experienced, which include nightmares, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, night terrors, sleepwalking, homicidal sleepwalking and sleep paralysis.
Moreover, during the night and well into the witching hour, symptoms of illnesses and conditions such as lung disease, asthma, flu and common cold seem to exacerbate because there is less cortisol in the blood late at night and especially during sleep. As such, the immune system becomes very active and white blood cells fight infections in the body during sleep, and this would thereby worsen the symptoms of fever, nasal congestion, cough, chills and sweating.
Colloquial usage
The term may be used colloquially to refer to any period of bad luck, or in which something bad is seen as having a greater likelihood of occurring.
In investing, it is the last hour of stock trading between 3:00 pm (when the U.S. bond market closes) and 4:00 pm EST (when the U.S. stock market closes), a period of above-average volatility.
The term can also refer to a phenomenon where infants or young children who cry for an extended period of time during the hour (or two) before their bedtime, where they would usually be irritable and unwieldy with no known cause.
To reduce gun violence, curfew hours in Washington D.C. have been in force between 11:00 pm and 12:00 am to lower juvenile gunfire incidents. Influenced by the idea of "witching hour", this occurs between 11:00 pm and 11:59 pm on weekdays and is referred to as the "switching hour". Furthermore, violent crimes like rape and sexual assault would peak at midnight on average and DUI police incidents would usually tend to occur at around 2:00 am.
See also
Brahmamuhurtha
Canonical hours
Exorcism in Christianity
Sacramentals
Ushi no toki mairi
References
Witchcraft in folklore and mythology
Demons in Christianity
Sleep in mythology and folklore
Canonical hours
Supernatural
Night in culture
English-language idioms
Sleep
Circadian rhythm
Human behavior
Superstitions
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Fight Fire with Fire may refer to:
"Fight Fire With Fire", a single by Mai Tai (band) 1987
"Fight Fire with Fire" (Kansas song)
"Fight Fire with Fire" (Metallica song)
"Fight Fire with Fire" (The Prodigy song)
Fighting Fire with Fire may refer to:
Fighting Fire with Fire (album), an album by Davis Daniel
"Fighting Fire with Fire" (song), the title song by Davis Daniel
"Fighting Fire with Fire" (Arrow), an episode of Arrow
Fire with Fire may refer to:
Fire with Fire (1986 film), a romantic drama film starring Craig Sheffer and Virginia Madsen
Fire with Fire (2012 film), an action film starring Joshua Duhamel, Rosario Dawson, and Bruce Willis
Fire with Fire, a 2013 book by Charles Gannon
"Fire with Fire" (song), a song by the Scissor Sisters from Night Work
"Fire with Fire" (Gossip song)
Fire with Fire, a 1993 feminist book by Naomi Wolf
See also
Controlled burn
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"Tricked (That's the Way I Like It)" is a song by the band God Lives Underwater. It was originally released on their album Up Off The Floor in 2004, resulting in significant airplay.
Track listing
Tricked (That's the Way I Like It) (3:49)
God Lives Underwater songs
2004 singles
2004 songs
Megaforce Records singles
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A camping chair, or camp chair, is a lightweight folding chair with a canvas seat and backrest, which is suitable for use in temporary quarters, typically outdoor setting like camping on holiday, by being portable and easy to set up.
A camping stool is similar to a camping chair, but lacks back support.
Gallery
See also
List of chairs
Deckchair
Backpack chair, a combination of a backpack and a chair, sometimes used for camping, hiking or short hunting trips
References
Folding chairs
History of furniture
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William Wilson — jornalista inglês
William Wilson Morgan — astrônomo estadunidense
William Wilson (conto) — de Edgar Alan Poe
William Wilson (físico)
Desambiguações de antropônimos
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The Target Sprint is a summer shooting sport discipline that combines running and air rifle shooting. It is treated as a race, with contestants running 3 x 400 meters with two rifle shooting sessions in between. The shooting rounds are not timed per se, but missed shots result in time being added to the contestant's total. The athletic sports is run under ISSF
See also
IBU Summer Biathlon
Nordic shooting with cross-country running, a Nordic combined running and shooting sport using fullbore rifles
Biathlon orienteering
Modern pentathlon
Roller skiing
References
External links
Target Sprint | British Shooting
Multisports
Shooting sports
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The Marvel Universe is the fictional universe that serves as a setting for Marvel Comics stories.
Marvel Universe may also refer to:
Marvel Universe Online, an online RPG based on the Marvel Universe
Marvel Universe Roleplaying Game, a role-playing game based on the Marvel Universe
Marvel Action Universe, an animated series featuring Marvel characters
Marvel Universe (toyline), an action figure line produced by Hasbro
Marvel Universe (TV), a block on Disney XD that features Marvel animated series
Marvel Cinematic Universe, an American media franchise and shared universe that is centered on a series of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios
Sony Pictures Universe of Marvel Characters, an American media franchise and shared universe centered on a series of superhero films produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel Entertainment and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing
See also
The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe, a comic-book-format encyclopedia of Marvel Comics characters
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Chun Shui Tang () is an international teahouse chain based in Taichung, Taiwan. The restaurants specializes in serving bubble tea, but also serve other entrees and snacks. Founded in 1983 as Yanghsien Tea Shop, Chun Shui Tang is one of two Taiwanese restaurant chains that claim to have invented bubble milk tea, the other being Hanlin Tea Room.
Aside from restaurants, Chun Shui Tang also owns TP Tea, another chain of take-out stores that only sell bubble tea.
History
Chun Shui Tang was founded as Yangmu Tea Shop (陽羨茶館) on May 20, 1983 by Han-chieh Liu (劉漢介) on Siwei Street in Taichung. Fascinated by formalities of Chinese tea culture, Liu was very insistent on his decor and placed old paintings and burnt incense in his shop. In the summer months, hot tea doesn't sell as well, so Liu began experimenting with cold tea drinks using a cocktail shaker, which sold unexpectedly well. He was inspired to serve cold tea by a trip to Japan on which he saw coffee being served cold. The chain claims to have invented bubble milk tea in March 1987 when Hsiuhwei Lin (林秀慧) poured tapioca into a tea drink on a whim.
In 2013, Chun Shui Tang established their first store outside Taiwan in Daikanyama, an upscale shopping district in Tokyo, Japan. Since then, more stores have opened in Japan, causing a boom in bubble tea's popularity in Japan. In 2018, Chun Shui Tang opened another store in Hong Kong's West Kowloon railway station. Till late 2020, Chun Shui Tang has already opened 8 branches in Hong Kong, including Causeway Bay and Mong Kok.
Menu
Chun Shui Tang specializes in bubble tea, but they also serve a wide variety of Taiwanese food, including gaifan dishes, beef noodle soup, lu wei, dougan, pig's blood cake, mochi, and more. It takes six months for a bar worker to learn to make the 80 or so drinks on the menu. Chun Shui Tang offers different seasonal products by time to time, e.g. Uji Matcha series, Herbal Jelly series etc.
References
External links
Companies based in Taichung
Restaurants established in 1983
Taiwanese companies established in 1983
Restaurant chains in Taiwan
Tea companies of Taiwan
Bubble tea brands
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Neoshirakia, known as milktree, is a genus of plants in the Euphorbiaceae, native to east Asia. It is part of a group first described in 1954 with the name Shirakia, but this proved to be an illegitimate name, unacceptable under the Code of Nomenclature. The genus was later divided, with its species distributed amongst three genera: Neoshirakia, Shirakiopsis , and Triadica. Neoshirakia contains only one known species, Neoshirakia japonica, known as tallow tree, native to China, Korea, and Japan (including Nansei-shotō). The name Shirakia thus became a synonym of Neoshirakia because S. japonica was the type species for that genus, the species now renamed N. japonica.
References
Hippomaneae
Flora of China
Flora of Eastern Asia
Monotypic Euphorbiaceae genera
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General Hart may refer to:
Charles E. Hart (1900–1991), U.S. Army lieutenant general
Franklin A. Hart (1894–1967), U.S. Marine Corps four-star general
George Vaughan Hart (British Army officer) (1752–1832), British Army general
Henry George Hart (1808–1878), British Army lieutenant general
Herbert Hart (general) (1882–1968), New Zealand Military Forces brigadier general
Reginald Hart (1848–1931), British Army general
See also
William Wright Harts (1866–1961), U.S. Army brigadier general
Attorney General Hart (disambiguation)
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TP Tea (short for Taiwan Professional Tea, ), formerly known as Tea Pa Tea, is a subsidiary of Chun Shui Tang. Similar to most bubble tea shops in Taiwan, TP Tea only sells bubble tea, though snacks are sold occasionally for a limited time.
History
The chain was founded in 2005, and has since spread to China, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand and the United States.
The first TP Tea shop in Hong Kong was opened in 2016, which is located in Tin Hau. The brand began operating in Singapore in 2018. The first U.S. shop opened in Cupertino, California, in 2018. The business has also operated in Seattle's Chinatown–International District.
References
External links
2005 establishments in Taiwan
Bubble tea brands
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Denumirea de Ceaika se poate referi la una din următoarele localități din Bulgaria:
Ceaika, un sat în comuna Momcilgrad, regiunea Kărdjali;
Ceaika, un sat în comuna Provadia, regiunea Varna.
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Forty Acres may be:
40 Acres (album), the 1999 release from Caedmon's Call
Forty acres and a mule, a term for compensation that was supposedly to be awarded to freed slaves after the American Civil War
RKO Forty Acres, a former film studio backlot
Forty Acres is the nickname of the original "College Hill" located within the Campus of The University of Texas at Austin
The Forty Acres, the United Farm Workers compound founded by Cesar Chavez and designated a National Historic Landmark
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L’absorption atmosphérique est le transfert d’énergie de rayonnement en une forme d’énergie différente par réaction entre des composants de l’atmosphère. La nouvelle forme d’énergie peut être calorifique, électrique, mécanique…
Notes et références
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
glossaire de la météorologie
Thermodynamique atmosphérique
en:Extinction (astronomy)#Atmospheric extinction
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The Perseids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift–Tuttle. The meteors are called the Perseids because the point from which they appear to hail (called the radiant) lies in the constellation Perseus.
Etymology
The name is derived from the word Perseidai (), the sons of Perseus in Greek mythology.
Characteristics
The stream of debris is called the Perseid cloud and stretches along the orbit of the comet Swift–Tuttle. The cloud consists of particles ejected by the comet as it travels on its 133-year orbit. Most of the particles have been part of the cloud for around a thousand years. However, there is also a relatively young filament of dust in the stream that was pulled off the comet in 1865, which can give an early mini-peak the day before the maximum shower. The dimensions of the cloud in the vicinity of the Earth are estimated to be approximately 0.1 astronomical units (AU) across and 0.8 AU along the Earth's orbit, spread out by annual interactions with the Earth's gravity.
The shower is visible from mid-July each year, with the peak in activity between 9 and 14 August, depending on the particular location of the stream. During the peak, the rate of meteors reaches 60 or more per hour. They can be seen all across the sky; however, because of the shower's radiant in the constellation of Perseus, the Perseids are primarily visible in the Northern Hemisphere. As with many meteor showers the visible rate is greatest in the pre-dawn hours, since more meteoroids are scooped up by the side of the Earth moving forward into the stream, corresponding to local times between midnight and noon, as can be seen in the accompanying diagram. While many meteors arrive between dawn and noon, they are usually not visible due to daylight. Some can also be seen before midnight, often grazing the Earth's atmosphere to produce long bright trails and sometimes fireballs. Most Perseids burn up in the atmosphere while at heights above .
Peak times
Historical observations and associations
Some Catholics refer to the Perseids as the "tears of Saint Lawrence", suspended in the sky but returning to Earth once a year on August 10, the canonical date of that saint's martyrdom in 258 AD. The saint is said to have been burned alive on a gridiron. His manner of death is almost certainly the origin of the Mediterranean folk legend which says that the shooting stars are the sparks of Saint Lawrence's martyrdom. The folk legend also says that during the night of August 9–10 cooled embers appear in the ground under plants, and which are known as the "coal of Saint Lawrence".
The transition in favor of the Catholic saint and his feast day on August 10 and away from pagan gods and their festivals, known as Christianization, was facilitated by the phonetic assonance of the Latin name Laurentius with Larentia.
In 1836 Adolphe Quetelet wrote, "J'ai cru remarquer aussi une fréquence plus grande de ces météores au mois d'août (du 8 au 15)." - "I think I noticed also a greater frequency of these meteors in the month of August (from 8 to 15 )." After studying historical records, he predicted a peak on 10 August. He then wrote to other astronomers who confirmed this prediction on the night of 10 August 1837. Quetelet missed the shower due to bad weather.
In 1866, after the perihelion passage of Swift-Tuttle in 1862, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli discovered the link between meteor showers and comets. The finding is contained in an exchange of letters with Angelo Secchi.
In popular culture
In his 1972 song "Rocky Mountain High", American singer-songwriter John Denver refers to his experience watching the Perseid meteor shower during a family camping trip in the mountains near Aspen, Colorado, with the chorus lyric, "I've seen it raining fire in the sky."
In the 1998 song "Hoshi no Furu Oka" (Starry Hill) from her debut album, Misia sings about finding herself alone atop a starry hill and reminiscing on watching the Perseid meteor showers the previous year in the company of her lover.
In his 2006 novel Against the Day, American novelist Thomas Pynchon refers to the Perseid meteor showers being watched by three characters west of the Dolores Valley after playing a game of tarot.
In the popular Japanese band Sandaime J Soul Brothers's 2013 song "R.Y.U.S.E.I" (Meteor), they describe the Perseid meteor as falling like an evening rain shower – its shooting stars like raindrops pulling their tails behind them.
In the 2014 song “RPG,” by Japanese band Sekai no Owari, the narrator mentions watching the Perseid meteor shower on the night something “precious to them fell apart.”
The 2014 pop song "Meteorites" by Canadian musician LIGHTS uses Perseids as a metaphor for escaping financial hardship.
In the popular TV Series Curious George, season 7 episode 1b, George and his friends Allie and Bill hunt for the Perseids, which they believe are creatures that look like purses. At the end of the episode, Allie's grandfather Mr. Renkins says that the Perseids is a meteor shower happening in early August.
Also referenced, in Netflix Original series Puffin Rock.
See also
Leonids, associated with the comet Tempel–Tuttle
Asteroid impact prediction
Earth-grazing fireball
List of asteroid close approaches to Earth
Meteoroid
References
General and cited references
Littman, Mark, The Heavens on Fire: The Great Leonid Meteor Storms, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998. . Chapter 6, "The Discovery of the August Meteors", pp. 83–100.
External links
Where to see the Perseids and public stargazing events in the UK (Go Stargazing)
Worldwide viewing times for the 2016 Perseids meteor shower
All you need to know about the Perseid meteor shower (Paul Sutherland)
How to photograph the Perseid meteor shower (Skymania)
Perseid Observing Conditions (The International Project for Radio Meteor Observation)
2014 Perseids Radio results (RMOB)
Perseid Visibility Map (2014 NASA Meteoroid Environment Office)
2009 Perseid Meteor Fireball
NASA website on the Perseid shower of 2009
Sky & Telescope Magazine – Perseids at Their Prime
2012 Image of Perseids emanating from the radiant
What are the perseids?
July events
August events
Meteor showers
Perseus (constellation)
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The vast majority of states in the United States employ a system of recording legal instruments (otherwise known as deeds registration) that affect the title of real estate as the exclusive means for publicly documenting land titles and interests. This system differs significantly from land registration systems, such as the Torrens system that have been adopted in a few states. The principal difference is that the recording system does not determine who owns the title or interest involved, which is ultimately determined through litigation in the courts. The system provides a framework for determining who the law will protect in relation to those titles and interests when a dispute arises.
Creation
The recording systems are established by state statute. They usually provide for the office of a recorder in each county or other jurisdiction. The names of these offices are usually the "Recorder of Deeds" or something similar. State statutes also prescribe the following elements:
What instruments are entitled to be recorded, usually deeds, mortgages (whether or not in the form of deeds of trust), leases (usually longer term varieties), easements, and court orders. There is generally added to these a catch-all category of "other instruments affecting the title to real estate". These statutes also list technical requirements, such as whether acknowledgements before a notary public are required (the great majority) or witnesses must also sign the document (rarer).
The effect of failure to record. This is usually stated: Deeds (etc.) that are not recorded are void as against purchasers for valuable consideration without knowledge of their existence.
The procedure for indexing instruments presented for recording.
Grantor-grantee indices. Overwhelmingly, this is the creation of an index based on the names of the grantors (the persons conveying the interest) and of the grantees (those receiving the interest). This is called the grantor-grantee index. Also included are the dates the instruments are recorded. Many, if not most, such systems keep separate indexes for deeds and mortgages. There are also systems for indexing judgment liens in which the judgment debtor and the judgment creditor are listed in the same way as grantors and grantees, respectively.
Tract indices. A few state laws require the creation of a tract index. This requires the employees in the recorder's office to make a determination of which property is affected by the instrument and to index it by the legal description of that property. This is not widely practiced because of the increased cost, the greater probability of error and, possibly, the abstractors' and title insurers' lobbies in the legislatures. (Abstractors and title insurers have spent vast amounts of money creating "title plants" that reindex the recorded documents according to the tracts they affect for greater efficiency in title searching.)
Title searching
Grantor/grantee
A grantor/grantee title search attempts to locate records by searching the parties listed on a recorded instrument. One approach to conducting a full grantor/grantee title search starts by searching the grantor index in the County records and determining the name of the first recorded owner of title. This is usually the sovereign, which is the federal government or the Crown of the nation which owned a former colony now located within the United States. The search finds the grant from the sovereign to the first grantee. This is usually in the form of a patent. Then, the grantee's name is searched in the grantor index to find the deed by which it has subsequently conveyed the title, and so forth until no more grants are found. Liens or encumbrances granted by any of the parties shown on recorded instruments are also found in the search. Though theoretically accurate, this approach has practical difficulties due to there often being numerous grants from the sovereign. Therefore, an alternative method is to reverse the process, i.e. to search backward in the grantee index. This is done by beginning with the name of the person or entity who is thought to own the land to find the grantor to it. Then the grantee index is searched again to find the source of that grantor's title, and so on until you reach the grant from the sovereign. These linkages from grantor to grantee are called the "chain of title". The last grantee found is the "record title holder".
Geographic index
In municipalities with a large population and states that do not support tract indices, the Grantor/Grantee method can be time-consuming and difficult altogether due to common names within the index. In these municipalities, a geographic index is often created to aid in title searching. In this system, each document is posted in both a Grantor and Grantee index in addition to being posted to indexes describing attributes of the property's location such as a lot number, subdivision name or Parcel Identification Number (PIN). With a functioning geographic index, a search can be done with a combination of a grantor/grantee, legal description or PIN search.
How the system works
The record title holder is not necessarily the actual owner of the land if there are previous unrecorded deeds to it to others. The principal legal theory is that once a person has conveyed the title to his or her property (or some aspect of it) to someone, he or she has nothing left to transfer to any subsequent person. However, as a result of the various state recording acts, the courts will protect a bona fide purchaser who pays valuable consideration and does not have knowledge of the prior unrecorded deed from the claims of a prior grantee under that deed. The same is true respecting most types of unrecorded liens or encumbrances. For example, purchasers of the land from the record title holder who pay valuable consideration and have no knowledge of unrecorded mortgages will be protected against those mortgages by the courts. All of this flows from the statement in most recording statutes that the unrecorded instruments are void against such purchasers. Also, U.S. law permits the bankruptcy trustee of a debtor to set aside property interests the debtor has conveyed if a bona fide purchaser of the real estate, who properly perfected its interest, would be protected against the conveyance. Therefore, it behooves purchasers and mortgage lenders to record their deeds or mortgages, respectively, to prevent this outcome.
Once an instrument affecting the title to real estate has been recorded, the law holds that everyone is deemed to know of its existence, even if they have not searched the records in the recorder's office. This is the doctrine of "constructive notice" and it is nearly universal in the various states of the U.S. So, for example, after a deed or mortgage has been recorded by someone in the chain of title, no subsequent purchaser will be protected against it. The reason is that the recording laws deem everyone to know of its existence once it is recorded.
Effect of the recording act
Each U.S. state has a recording act, a statute which dictates the legal procedure by which an individual claiming an interest in real property (real estate) formally establishes their claim to that property. The recordation of property rights becomes particularly significant where an unscrupulous dealer in land purports to sell the same tract of land multiple times. With other kinds of property, the first buyer would be the owner of the property, and later owners would have no interest in the property and would instead have a cause of action against the original seller for fraud. With real property, however, the first buyer is not necessarily the owner, depending on the kind of statute under which the recording of such property interests operates. There are three basic kinds of statutory schemes in recording acts: race, notice, and race/notice.
Even though a recording act does not require recordation, the law does create strong incentive for a buyer to record. Recordation provides constructive notice to any subsequent purchasers that a prior conveyance occurred and therefore protects the prior purchaser in the event of a subsequent conveyance.
Race statutes
Under a race statute, whoever records first wins. Thus, if Oscar purports to sell a piece of land to Alice for $100,000, and the next day purports to sell exactly the same piece of land to Bob for another $100,000, then whichever of the two buyers is the first to reach the recording office and have the sale recorded will be deemed the owner of the property. Thus, if Bob is the first to record the conveyance, he will be the owner even if he knew about the prior conveyance to Alice. Race statutes are extremely rare because it is generally viewed as unfair to protect a party who had actual notice of a prior conveyance. Currently, Delaware, North Carolina, and Louisiana are the only jurisdictions where a race statute is in effect. The benefit of a pure race statute is that it encourages all grantees to record their interest quickly.
Notice statutes
Under a notice statute, a subsequent purchaser for value wins if, at the time of conveyance, that subsequent purchaser had no actual or constructive notice of the prior conveyance. In short, a subsequent bona fide purchaser wins. Thus, if Oscar purports to sell a piece of land to Alice for $100,000, and the next day purports to sell exactly the same piece of land to Bob for another $100,000, then Bob will own the land so long as he was not aware of the prior sale to Alice. However, note that if Alice records her interest before Bob's purchase, this recordation will be deemed to give Bob constructive notice. If Bob purchases the land without notice, and Alice then records her prior purchase before Bob records his own purchase, then Bob will still prevail in ownership of the land. The benefit of a pure notice statute is that it encourages Alice to record quickly, but if Alice records after Bob's purchase, Bob has only limited incentive to record his conveyance immediately. This can leave the land records incomplete for an indeterminate amount of time and could cause Alice to make improvements of which she might be divested by Bob's later recorded deed.
Currently, Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, and West Virginia are the jurisdictions where a notice statute is in effect.
Race/notice statutes
Under a race/notice statute, a subsequent purchaser for value wins if (1) at the time of conveyance, that subsequent purchaser had no actual or constructive notice of the prior conveyance, and (2) the subsequent purchaser records before the prior purchaser. In short, a subsequent purchaser in good faith wins only if he records before the prior purchaser does. In this type of system, if Oscar purports to sell a piece of land to Alice for $100,000, and the next day purports to sell exactly the same piece of land to Bob for another $100,000, then Bob will own the land only if he was not aware of the prior sale to Alice, and if Bob actually records his interest before Alice does. In the hybrid race/notice statute, all grantees have a strong incentive to record early, thereby making the land records complete.
Currently, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio (regarding mortgages, Ohio follows the race statute), Oregon, Pennsylvania (regarding mortgages, Pennsylvania follows Race), South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming are the jurisdictions where a race/notice statute is in effect.
Limitations
As can be seen from above, there are limitations to the protection of most recording laws, some of which are noted below.
Those who pay no valuable consideration for their interest in the property are not protected against unrecorded interests. Examples are those getting the property as a gift and heirs. Also, those who purchase ownership interests in the owners of the property, such has shares of stock in a corporation owning the land, have not purchased an interest in the property itself and so are unprotected. Also, recording laws generally do not protect purchasers against real estate taxes because notice of them is usually not required to be recorded for them to be effective. Finally, certain classes of nongovernmental liens such as mechanic's liens are often made effective for a certain period of time even if they are unrecorded.
See also
Land registration
Shelter rule
Deeds registration
References
Real property law
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Cyclopteropsis mcalpini, also known as the Arctic lumpsucker, is a species of lumpfish known only from the Arctic Ocean. It has been found in the Barents Sea and off the coast of northwestern Greenland, where it occurs at a depth range of 109 to 329 m (358 to 1079 ft). It is a small fish, growing to 7.5 cm (3 inches) in total length. Arctic lumpsuckers are reported to usually lay between 60 and 70 eggs (each with a diameter of 5 mm), which are deposited in protected areas such as empty shells.
References
mcalpini
Fish described in 1914
Fish of Greenland
Fish of the Arctic Ocean
Taxa named by Henry Weed Fowler
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Blu-code is a professional Blu-ray authoring software, supporting H.264 and MPEG-2 encoding. Blu-code can support a large-scale distributed processing system deploying a number of PCs for real-time encoding or run on a single PC.
See also
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
MPEG-4
MPEG-2
Codec
x264
References
External links
http://www.sonycreativesoftware.com/blucode
http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-editing/cat-encodingandauthoring/product-BAEVX1000/
https://web.archive.org/web/20090527235612/http://www.sonic.com/products/Professional/SonyBlucode/quicklook.aspx
http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=2801
http://www.governmentvideo.com/article/83240
https://web.archive.org/web/20091006133857/http://www.digitalmedia.com.au/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1306%3Asony-updates-blu-code-for-blu-ray-compliant-hd&catid=35%3Adigital-video&Itemid=30
http://www.sonycreativesoftware.com/products/pdf/Blu-code_Brochure.pdf
Video codecs
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End, END, Ending, or variation, may refer to:
End
In mathematics:
End (category theory)
End (topology)
End (graph theory)
End (group theory) (a subcase of the previous)
End (endomorphism)
In sports and games
End (gridiron football)
End, a division of play in the sports of curling, target archery and pétanque
End (dominoes), one of the halves of the face of a domino tile
In entertainment:
End (band) an American hardcore punk supergroup formed in 2017.
End key on a modern computer keyboard
End Records, a record label
"End", a song by The Cure from Wish
Ends (song) (1998 song) song by Everlast, off the album Whitey Ford Sings the Blues
In other areas:
End, in weaving, a single thread of the warp
Ends (short story collection) (1988 book) anthology of Gordon R. Dickson stories
END
European Nuclear Disarmament
Endoglin, a glycoprotein
Equivalent narcotic depth, a concept used in underwater diving
Environmental noise directive
Ending
Ending (linguistics), a linguistic morpheme
Alternate ending
End of a part of a baseball game
Chess endgame
Ending credits
Post-credits scene
False ending
Happy ending
Multiple endings
Twist ending
Endings (film), a 2012 film
The Ending (Song), a 2012 song by Ellie Goulding off the album Halcyon
This Ending (band) Swedish extreme metal band
A repeat sign, in music theory
ENDS
ENDS, electronic nicotine delivery system; see electronic cigarette
See also
The End (disambiguation)
Telos (philosophy), a goal or final state
Conclude (disambiguation)
End of the world (disambiguation)
Finale (disambiguation)
Front end (disambiguation)
Terminate (disambiguation)
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Chikwawa est une ville du Malawi, de en 2018, capitale du district du même nom. Elle est située sur la rive ouest de la rivière Shire, à de la ville de Blantyre.
Notes et références
Bibliographie
.
.
.
Ville au Malawi
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Cerencea (în ) este un sat în comuna Șumen, regiunea Șumen, Bulgaria.
Demografie
La recensământul din 2011, populația satului Cerencea era de locuitori. Din punct de vedere etnic, majoritatea locuitorilor (%) erau turci, existând și minorități de bulgari (%) și romi (%). Pentru % din locuitori nu este cunoscută apartenența etnică.
Note
Sate din regiunea Șumen
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In mathematics, the either–or topology is a topological structure defined on the closed interval [−1, 1] by declaring a set open if it either does not contain {0} or does contain (−1, 1).
References
General topology
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Julia Sergeyevna Novikova (, née Sedina; born November 9, 1980) is a Russian orienteering competitor. She was member of the Russian relay team that received a silver medal in the 2008 European Orienteering Championships, together with Natalia Korzhova and Tatiana Ryabkina.
Novikova is the second best Russian woman behind Riabkina. She is normally very safe on the first leg in relays.
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Russian orienteers
Female orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists
World Games gold medalists
Competitors at the 2009 World Games
World Games medalists in orienteering
21st-century Russian women
Junior World Orienteering Championships medalists
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The Sibley-Monroe checklist is a list of bird species based on a study conducted by Charles Sibley and Burt Monroe. It drew on extensive DNA-DNA hybridisation studies to reassess the relationships between modern birds. It was considered a landmark in ornithology on its release. The Sibley-Monroe assignment of individual species to families, and of families to orders remains controversial. Critics maintain that while it marks a great leap forward so far as the evidence from DNA-DNA hybridisation goes, it pays insufficient attention to other forms of evidence, both molecular and on a larger scale. There is no true consensus, but the broad middle-ground position is that the Sibley-Monroe classification, overall, is "about 80% correct". Research and debate concerning bird classification continue. There are 9994 species on the checklist.
See also
Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds
References
Ornithological checklists
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In mathematics, the compact complement topology is a topology defined on the set of real numbers, defined by declaring a subset open if and only if it is either empty or its complement is compact in the standard Euclidean topology on .
References
Topology
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Liberty cuffs are a form of unauthorized personal decoration applied to the inside of the cuffs of military uniforms, which became popular in the United States Navy in the early 1900s and were imitated by other U.S. military branches starting around World War I. Liberty cuffs were embroidered patches sewn on the inside cuffs of sailors’ uniform shirts or jackets; the patches could only be seen when the cuffs were rolled up, which the sailor would do while on "liberty" or shore leave away from his ship.
Decorative stitching on Navy uniform cuffs was banned in 1910, forcing sailors to switch to a covert form of embroidered decoration. The cuffs were noted as popular prior to World War II in the United States Asiatic Fleet, including dragons and other popular regional symbols. Popular World War II imagery included dragons, mermaids, as well as dolphins for those working on submarines and birds for those working with aircraft.
References
External links
Military slang and jargon
United States military uniforms
United States Navy traditions
United States Navy
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OutRun 2006: Coast 2 Coast är titeln på ett spel utvecklad av Sumo Digital avsett att köras på Xbox, Playstation 2 och Playstation Portable.
Datorspel 2006
Playstation 2-spel
Xbox-spel
Playstation Portable-spel
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Kiwi Travel International Airlines was a New Zealand based airline which pioneered discount flights between secondary airports in Australia and New Zealand in the mid-1990s. The airline was established by Ewan Wilson and several associates. Wilson served as CEO and was later convicted on four counts of fraud. It was reported in March 2015 that he was looking at restarting an airline, under the name Kiwi Regional Airlines.
Charter services
The airline began as Kiwi Travel Air Charters in July 1994, operating weekly charters between Hamilton, New Zealand and Brisbane, Australia, using a leased Air Nauru Boeing 737-400. In December 1994, charters were operated to Brisbane, Tonga and Western Samoa. The network was expanded in April 1995 to include Queensland coastal cities, including the Gold Coast, Cairns, Townsville and Rockhampton. The last charter flight was operated on 27 August 1995, following the commencement of scheduled services.
Scheduled flights
Following the issue of the necessary government permits, Kiwi Travel International Airlines commenced scheduled flights between Hamilton and Sydney using a leased Boeing 727-200 on 23 August 1995. The 727 aircraft was operated on behalf of Kiwi by AvAtlantic of the United States, who also held the air operator's certificate on behalf of the airline. Flights were operated from the New Zealand cities of Hamilton and Dunedin. Due to the short runways at these airports the aircraft could only take on limited fuel due to weight restrictions and needed to land in Auckland and Christchurch respectively to take on more fuel before making the trans-Tasman crossing. The airline offered full economy services as well as no frills "Peanuts and Cola"-class fares.
Competition, route expansion and fleet changes
By the end of 1995, Air New Zealand had established Freedom Air via its subsidiary Mount Cook Airline and operated in direct competition with Kiwi, offering the same routes and a similar fare structure. In early 1996, Kiwi replaced its Boeing 727 with a leased Boeing 757 from the UK-based company Air 2000, later replaced by a Boeing 737. Freedom Air also operated a Boeing 737. Kiwi added a second aircraft, an Airbus A320, and expanded its network to include Christchurch and the Australian city of Melbourne. By September 1996, trans-Tasman fares reached historic lows of $199 for return tickets between Melbourne/Christchurch and Melbourne/Hamilton.
Both Kiwi and Freedom operated with ad hoc liveries based on those of their lessors; Kiwi used a stylised Kiwi bird, while Freedom Air used a stylised sun.
Financial troubles and liquidation
Following intense competition with Freedom Air and a series of financial difficulties, Kiwi Travel International Airlines went into voluntary liquidation on 9 September 1996. Passengers on both sides of the Tasman Sea were stranded. In Brisbane, the company's Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 were taken by Airservices Australia in lieu of unpaid aviation fees. They were eventually returned to their owners.
Freedom Air ceased operations in March 2008, with its routes being taken over by its parent company, Air New Zealand. Air New Zealand stopped all international flights out of Hamilton and Palmerston North as of mid-April 2009. Flights from Dunedin have been reduced to a seasonal basis.
See also
List of defunct airlines of New Zealand
History of aviation in New Zealand
Further reading
Wilson, Ewan: Dogfight: the inside story of the Kiwi Airlines collapse. Auckland: Howling at the Moon, 1996. .
References
Defunct airlines of New Zealand
Defunct low-cost airlines
Airlines established in 1994
Airlines disestablished in 1996
1996 disestablishments in New Zealand
New Zealand companies established in 1994
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The Country Doctor (1909), een film van D.W. Griffith
The Country Doctor (1927), een film van Rupert Julian
The Country Doctor (1936), een film van Henry King
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Bergey may refer to:
Bill Bergey (born 1945), a former American collegiate and Professional Football player
David Hendricks Bergey (1860–1937), an American bacteriologist
Earle K. Bergey (1901–1952), an American illustrator who painted cover art for magazines and paperback books
Jake Bergey (born 1974), a retired lacrosse player
Josyane De Jesus-Bergey, a Franco/Portuguese poet who was born in La Rochelle, France in 1941
See also
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, the main resource for determining the identity of bacteria species, utilizing every characterizing aspect
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Federal Council may refer to:
Governmental bodies
Federal Council of Australasia, a forerunner to the current Commonwealth of Australia
Federal Council of Austria, the upper house of the Austrian federal parliament
Federal Council of Germany, the representation of the 16 Federal States of Germany at the federal level
Federation Council (Russia), the upper house of the Russian federal parliament
Federal Executive Council (Australia), the formal body holding executive authority under the Australian Constitution
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, a formal inter-agency body of the United States government
Federal Legislative Council (Malaya), the legislative body of Federation of Malaya
Federal National Council (United Arab Emirates), the legislature of the United Arab Emirates
Federal Advisory Council, a body composed of representatives chosen by each of the twelve Federal Reserve Banks that "consults with and advises the Board on all matters within the Board's jurisdiction"
Federal Salary Council, an advisory body of the executive branch of the United States Government
Federal Supreme Council (United Arab Emirates), the highest constitutional authority in the United Arab Emirates
Swiss Federal Council, the federal government of Switzerland
Syrian Federal Council, a body of the Syrian Federation under the French Mandate
Others
Democratic Alliance Federal Council, the governing and policy-making body of the Democratic Alliance, the official opposition party in South Africa
Federal Bar Council, a U.S. lawyers' organization who practice in federal courts within the Second Circuit
Federal Networking Council, chartered by the US National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Computing, Information and Communications (CCIC) to act as a forum for networking collaborations among US federal agencies
See also
Central Executive Committee (disambiguation)
Federation Council (disambiguation)
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Clinus rotundifrons, the kelp klipfish, is a species of clinid that occurs in subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean from Namibia to South Africa where it inhabits kelp beds. This species can reach a length of greater than .
References
rotundifrons
Fish described in 1937
Marine fish of Africa
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The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act) () is a federal law intended to check the U.S. president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States congressional joint resolution. It provides that the president can send the U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, "statutory authorization", or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces".
The War Powers Resolution requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30-day withdrawal period, without congressional authorization for use of military force (AUMF) or a declaration of war by the United States. The resolution was passed by two-thirds each of the House and Senate, overriding the veto of President Richard Nixon.
It has been alleged that the War Powers Resolution has been violated in the past – for example, by George W. Bush invading Iraq in 2003 or by President Bill Clinton in 1999, during NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Congress has disapproved all such incidents, but none has resulted in any successful legal actions being taken against the president for alleged violations.
Background
Under the United States Constitution, war powers are divided. Under Article I, Section 8, Congress has the power to:
declare war
grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal (i.e., license private citizens to capture enemy vessels)
raise and support Armies (for terms up to two years at a time)
provide and maintain a Navy
make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces
provide for calling forth the Militia
make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water
provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia; and
govern such Part of [the militia] as may be employed in the Service of the United States.
Section 8 further provides that the states have the power to:
Appoint the Officers of the militia; and
train the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.
Article II, Section 2 provides that:
"The president shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States"
It is generally agreed that the commander-in-chief role gives the President power to repel attacks against the United States and makes the President responsible for leading the armed forces. The President has the right to sign or veto congressional acts, such as a declaration of war, and Congress may override any such presidential veto. Additionally, when the president's actions (or inactions) provide "Aid and Comfort" to enemies or levy war against the United States, then Congress has the power to impeach and remove (convict) the president for treason. For actions short of treason, they can remove the president for "Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors", the definition of which the Supreme Court has left up to Congress. Therefore, the war power was intentionally split between Congress and the Executive to prevent unilateral executive action that is contrary to the wishes of Congress, and require a super-majority for legislative action that is contrary to the wishes of the president.
History
Background and passage
During the Vietnam War, the United States found itself involved for many years in situations of intense conflict without a declaration of war. Many members of Congress became concerned with the erosion of congressional authority to decide when the United States should become involved in a war or the use of armed forces that might lead to war. It was prompted by news leaking out that President Nixon conducted secret bombings of Cambodia during the Vietnam War without notifying Congress.
The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon. By a two-thirds vote in each house, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on November 7, 1973.
Implementation, 1993–2002
Presidents have submitted 130 reports to Congress as a result of the War Powers Resolution, although only one (the Mayagüez incident) cited Section 4(a)(1) and specifically stated that forces had been introduced into hostilities or imminent danger.
Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution in the Multinational Force in Lebanon Act (P.L. 98-119), which authorized the Marines to remain in Lebanon for 18 months during 1982 and 1983. In addition, the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 (), which authorized United States combat operations against Iraqi forces during the 1991 Gulf War, stated that it constituted specific statutory authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution.
On November 9, 1994, the House used a section of the War Powers Resolution to state that U.S. forces should be withdrawn from Somalia by March 31, 1994; Congress had already taken this action in appropriations legislation. More recently, under President Clinton, war powers were at issue in former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, and Haiti, and under President George W. Bush in responding to terrorist attacks against the U.S. after September 11, 2001. "[I]n 1999, President Clinton kept the bombing campaign in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed. Even then, however, the Clinton legal team opined that its actions were consistent with the War Powers Resolution because Congress had approved a bill funding the operation, which they argued constituted implicit authorization. That theory was controversial because the War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization." Clinton's actions in Kosovo were challenged by a member of Congress as a violation of the War Powers Resolution in the D.C. Circuit case Campbell v. Clinton, but the court found the issue was a non-justiciable political question. It was also accepted that because Clinton had withdrawn from the region 12 days prior the 90-day required deadline, he had managed to comply with the act.
After the 1991 Gulf War, the use of force to obtain Iraqi compliance with United Nations resolutions, particularly through enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones, remained a war powers issue. In October 2002 Congress enacted the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq , which authorized President George W. Bush to use force as necessary to defend the United States against Iraq and enforce relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions. This was in addition to the Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001.
Libya, 2011
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton testified to congress in March 2011 that the Obama administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya or for further decisions about it, despite congressional objections from members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution. During that classified briefing, she reportedly indicated that the administration would sidestep the Resolution's provision regarding a 60-day limit on unauthorized military actions. Months later, she stated that, with respect to the military operation in Libya, the United States was still flying a quarter of the sorties, and the New York Times reported that, while many presidents had bypassed other sections of the War Powers Resolution, there was little precedent for exceeding the 60-day statutory limit on unauthorized military actions – a limit which the Justice Department had said in 1980 was constitutional. The State Department publicly took the position in June 2011 that there was no "hostility" in Libya within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution, contrary to legal interpretations in 2011 by the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel.
May 20, 2011, marked the 60th day of US combat in Libya (as part of the UN resolution) but the deadline arrived without President Obama seeking specific authorization from the US Congress. President Obama notified Congress that no authorization was needed, since the US leadership had been transferred to NATO, and since US involvement was somewhat "limited". In fact, as of April 28, 2011, the US had conducted 75 percent of all aerial refueling sorties, supplied 70 percent of the operation's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, and contributed 24 percent of the total aircraft used in the operation. By September, the US had conducted 26 percent of all military sorties, contributing more resources to Operation Unified Protector than any other NATO country. The State Department requested (but never received) express congressional authorization.
On Friday, June 3, 2011, the US House of Representatives voted to rebuke President Obama for maintaining an American presence in the NATO operations in Libya, which they considered a violation of the War Powers Resolution. In The New York Times, an opinion piece by Yale Law Professor Bruce Ackerman stated that Obama's position "lacks a solid legal foundation. And by adopting it, the White House has shattered the traditional legal process the executive branch has developed to sustain the rule of law over the past 75 years."
Syria, 2012–2017
In late 2012 or early 2013, at the direction of U.S. President Barack Obama, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was put in charge of Timber Sycamore, a covert program to arm and train the rebels who were fighting against Syrian President Bashar Assad, while the State Department supplied the Free Syrian Army with non-lethal aid. Following the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War on several occasions, including the Ghouta chemical attack on 21 August 2013, Obama asked Congress for authorization to use military force in Syria, which Congress rejected. Instead, Congress passed a bill that specified that the Defense Secretary was authorized "...to provide assistance, including training, equipment, supplies, and sustainment, to appropriately vetted elements of the Syrian opposition and other appropriately vetted Syrian groups and individuals...." The bill specifically prohibited the introduction of U.S. troops or other U.S. forces into hostilities. The bill said: "Nothing in this section shall be construed to constitute a specific statutory authorization for the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein hostilities are clearly indicated by the circumstances."
In spite of the prohibition, Obama, and later U.S. President Trump, introduced ground forces into Syria, and the United States became fully engaged in the country, though these troops were primarily for training allied forces. On April 6, 2017, the United States launched 59 BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airbase in Syria in response to Syria's alleged use of chemical weapons. Constitutional scholar and law professor Stephen Vladeck has noted that the strike potentially violated the War Powers Resolution.
Yemen, 2018–2019
In 2018, Senators Bernie Sanders (I–VT), Chris Murphy (D–CT), and Mike Lee (R–UT) sponsored a bill to invoke the War Powers Resolution and to end U.S. support for the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen, which has resulted in thousands of civilian casualties and "millions more suffering from starvation and disease."
Sanders first introduced the bill in the 115th Congress in February 2018, but the Senate voted to table the motion in March 2018. Interest grew in the bill after the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi in October 2018, with the Senate also approving a resolution holding Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman responsible for Khashoggi's death. The Senate voted 56-to-41 to invoke the War Powers Resolution in December 2018. However, the House of Representatives did not vote on the resolution before the conclusion of the 115th Congress.
The bill was introduced in the 116th Congress in January 2019 with Sanders announcing a vote to take place on March 13, 2019. The bill was approved by the Senate in a 54–46 vote and was approved by the House of Representatives 247–175.
The bill was vetoed by President Trump on April 16, 2019. On May 2, 2019, the Senate failed to reach the two-thirds majority vote in order to override the veto.
Iran, 2020
On January 4, 2020, the White House officially notified Congress that it had carried out a fatal drone strike against Iranian General Qasem Soleimani a day earlier. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said that the entire document was classified and that it "raises more questions than it answers." Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said he would set up a classified briefing for all senators.
Senator Tim Kaine (D–VA) had already introduced a resolution to prevent the U.S. Armed Forces or any part of the government to use hostilities against Iran. Senator Bernie Sanders (I–VT) and Representative Ro Khanna (D–CA) introduced an anti-funding resolution, also on January 3.
The Trump Administration stated that the attack on Qasem Soleimani was carried out in accordance with the War Powers Resolution under the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) resolution of 2001. The legalities of using the AUMF for endless conflicts has been a source of debate.
On February 13, 2020, the Senate passed a similar legally-binding privileged resolution by a vote of 55–45. Trump vetoed the Senate resolution on May 6, 2020, stating the resolution mistakenly "implies that the president’s constitutional authority to use military force is limited to defense of the United States and its forces against imminent attack." Kaine stated Trump's veto could enable "endless wars" and "unnecessary war in the Middle East". The Senate attempted to override the veto the following day. The attempt need at least 67 votes to override, with it failing by a vote of 49–44
Questions regarding constitutionality
The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it was passed. In passing the resolution, Congress specifically cites the Necessary and Proper Clause for its authority. Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
There is controversy over whether the War Powers Resolution's constraints on the President's authority as Commander-in-Chief are consistent with the Constitution. Presidents have therefore drafted reports to Congress required of the President to state that they are "consistent with" the War Powers Resolution rather than "pursuant to" so as to take into account the presidential position that the resolution is unconstitutional.
One argument for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution by Philip Bobbitt argues "The power to make war is not an enumerated power" and the notion that to "declare" war is to "commence" war is a "contemporary textual preconception". Bobbitt contends that the Framers of the Constitution believed that statutory authorization was the route by which the United States would be committed to war, and that 'declaration' was meant for only total wars, as shown by the history of the Quasi-War with France (1798–1800). In general, constitutional powers are not so much separated as "linked and sequenced"; Congress's control over the armed forces is "structured" by appropriation, while the President commands; thus the act of declaring war should not be fetishized. Bobbitt also argues that "A democracy cannot ... tolerate secret policies" because they undermine the legitimacy of governmental action.
A second argument concerns a possible breach of the 'separation of powers' doctrine, and whether the resolution changes the balance between the Legislative and Executive functions.
This type of constitutional controversy is similar to one that occurred under President Andrew Johnson with the Tenure of Office Act (1867). In that prior instance, the Congress passed a law (over the veto of the then-President) that required the President to secure Congressional approval for the removal of Cabinet members and other executive branch officers. The Act was not declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States until 1926. When Andrew Johnson violated the Act, the House of Representatives impeached him; action in the Senate to remove him failed by one vote during his impeachment trial.
Here, the separation of powers issue is whether the War Powers Resolution requirements for Congressional approval and presidential reporting to Congress change the constitutional balance established in Articles I and II, namely that Congress is explicitly granted the sole authority to "declare war", "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" (Article 1, Section 8), and to control the funding of those same forces, while the Executive has inherent authority as Commander in Chief. This argument does not address the other reporting requirements imposed on other executive officials and agencies by other statutes, nor does it address the provisions of Article I, Section 8 that explicitly gives Congress the authority to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces".
The constitution specifically states that Congress is authorized "to provide and maintain a Navy" (Article 1 Section 8). The idea of "maintenance" of a Navy implies that Naval Forces would be a permanent fixture of national defense. Two types of Land Forces are described by the Constitution (Article 1 Section 8): the Militia (armed citizenry organized into local defense forces and state volunteer regiments) which Congress can "call forth" and prescribe the "organizing, arming, and disciplining [training]" of, as Congress did in the Militia acts of 1792; and the Army, which Congress can "raise and support", through regular appropriation acts limited to no more than two years. This division matches how the Revolutionary War was fought, by the Continental Army, raised and supported by the Continental Congress, and local Militias and Volunteer Regiments, raised by the separate Colonies. After the war, under the Articles of Confederation, a small standing Army, the First American Regiment was raised and gradually increased in size over time by Congress before, following the Constitution's ratification, being transformed into the Regular Army. The availability of a standing Army, and the President of the United States being authorized as "Commander in Chief", implies his ability as a military commander to employ forces necessary to fulfill his oath to defend the constitution.
There is also an unresolved legal question, discussed by Justice White in INS v. Chadha of whether a "key provision of the War Powers Resolution", namely 50 U.S.C. 1544(c), constitutes an improper legislative veto. (See Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 971.) That section 1544(c) states "such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution". Justice White argues in his dissent in Chadha that, under the Chadha ruling, 1544(c) would be a violation of the Presentment Clause. The majority in Chadha does not resolve the issue. Justice White does not address or evaluate in his dissent whether that section would fall within the inherent Congressional authority under Article I Section 8 to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces". A post-Chadha argument for the constitutionality of the concurrent resolution is that the War Powers Resolution does not delegate legislative authority to the President, and that the Chadha ruling applies only when Congress seeks to revoke a delegation of its authority.
A hearing was held before the Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, on June 6, 2018, on war powers and the effects of unauthorized military engagements on federal spending. The witnesses giving testimony before the subcommittee were law professors Andrew Napolitano and Jonathan Turley, and Christopher Anders of the ACLU.
References
Sources
External links
Avalon Project - War Powers Resolution
The War Powers Resolution: After Twenty-Eight Years November 15, 2001 PDF
The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice March 28, 2017 PDF
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance September 11, 2001 HTML
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance January 8, 2002 PDF
War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance March 16, 2004 PDF
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance November 15, 2004 PDF
The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years
Congressional opposition to the Vietnam War
United States federal defense and national security legislation
1973 in law
1973 in military history
1973 in the United States
Military history of the United States
Nixon administration controversies
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Game Stick är en spelkonsol som är en klon av Nintendo Entertainment System. Den såldes i Sydamerika. Game Stick hade inget hål för spelkassetter men kom med 76 inbyggda Nintendospel, varav några är dubbletter eller har ändrad grafik. Alla spel går inte att spela då exempelvis Duck Hunt kräver en Zapper som inte kan anslutas.
Nintendokloner
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Alice Anderson (born 1972) is a French-British artist.
Alice Anderson may also refer to:
Alice Anderson (writer) (born 1966), American poet
Alice Elizabeth Anderson (1897–1926), Australian mechanic and garage proprietor
Alice Anderson, one of the Breck Girls
Alice Anderson, character in FreeStyle Street Basketball
See also
Anderson (disambiguation)
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The Fender Squier Precision Bass is a bass guitar manufactured by several companies in various countries for Fender.
References
S
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Rock Hopping is an activity involving jumping from rock to rock. The most common form of this activity is probably traveling up a boulder-filled stream or brook by jumping from rock to rock, while avoiding falling in. Another common site for rock hopping is boulder fields. Rock hopping can be used as a means of getting from one place to another in combination with scrambling over rocks for the purpose of outdoor activity such as rock climbing. It has also become an extreme sport whereby participants jump over large gaps, sometimes without any form of safety device such as a securing rope to ensure they do not fall and injure themselves or worse.
References
Types of climbing
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Kujo is an American outdoor footwear company specializing in shoes made for yard work. The company is based out of Cleveland, Ohio.
History
Kujo successfully launched on Kickstarter in June 2017, and began selling in February 2018.
The name "Kujo" is in honor of the founder's late cousin.
References
Shoe companies of the United States
Companies based in Ohio
American companies established in 2016
2016 establishments in Ohio
Kickstarter-funded products
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In botany, apical dominance is the phenomenon whereby the main, central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems; on a branch the main stem of the branch is further dominant over its own side twigs.
Plant physiology describes apical dominance as the control exerted by the terminal bud (and shoot apex) over the outgrowth of lateral buds.
Overview
Apical dominance occurs when the shoot apex inhibits the growth of lateral buds so that the plant may grow vertically. It is important for the plant to devote energy to growing upward so that it can get more light to undergo photosynthesis. If the plant utilizes available energy for growing upward, it may be able to outcompete other individuals in the vicinity. Plants that were capable of outcompeting neighboring plants likely had higher fitness. Apical dominance is therefore most likely adaptive.
Typically, the end of a shoot contains an apical bud, which is the location where shoot growth occurs. The apical bud produces a plant hormone, auxin, (IAA) that inhibits growth of the lateral buds further down on the stem towards the axillary bud. Auxin is predominantly produced in the growing shoot apex and is transported throughout the plant via the phloem and diffuses into lateral buds which prevents elongation. That auxin likely regulates apical dominance was first discovered in 1934.
When the apical bud is removed, the lowered IAA concentration allows the lateral buds to grow and produce new shoots, which compete to become the lead growth.
Apex removal
Plant physiologists have identified four different stages the plant goes through after the apex is removed (Stages I-IV). The four stages are referred to as
lateral bud formation,
"imposition of inhibition" (apical dominance),
initiation of lateral bud outgrowth following decapitation, and
elongation and development of the lateral bud into a branch.
These stages can also be defined by the hormones that are regulating the process which are as follows: Stage I, cytokinin promoted, causing the lateral bud to form since cytokinin plays a role in cell division; Stage II, auxin is promoted, resulting in apical dominance ("imposition of inhibition"); Stage III, cytokinin released resulting in outward growth of the lateral bud; and Stage IV, auxin is decreased and gibberellic acid is promoted which results in cell division, enabling the bud or branch to continue outward growth.
More simply stated, lateral bud formation is inhibited by the shoot apical meristem (SAM). The lateral bud primordium (from which the lateral bud develops) is located below SAM. The shoot tip rising from the SAM inhibits the growth of the lateral bud by repressing auxin. When the shoot is cut off, the lateral bud begins to lengthen which is mediated by a release of cytokinin. Once the apical dominance has been lifted from the plant, elongation and lateral growth is promoted and the lateral buds grow into new branches. When lateral bud formation prevents the plant from growing upward, it is undergoing lateral dominance. Often, lateral dominance can be triggered by decapitating the SAM or artificially decreasing the concentration of auxin in plant tissues.
Applications
When the apical bud is removed, the lowered IAA concentration allows the lateral buds to grow and produce new shoots, which compete to become the lead growth. Pruning techniques such as coppicing and pollarding make use of this natural response to curtail direct plant growth and produce a desired shape, size, and/or productivity level for the plant. The principle of apical dominance is manipulated for espalier creation, hedge building, or artistic sculptures called topiary. If the SAM is removed, it stimulates growth in the lateral direction. By careful pruning, it is possible to create remarkable designs or patterns.
Some fruit trees have strong apical dominance, and young trees can become "leggy", with poor side limb development. Apical dominance can be reduced in this case, or in cases where limbs are broken off by accident, by cutting off the auxin flow above side buds that one wishes to stimulate. This is often done by orchardists for young trees.
Occasionally, strong apical dominance is advantageous, as in the "Ballerina" apple trees. These trees are intended to be grown in small gardens, and their strong apical dominance combined with a dwarfing rootstock gives a compact narrow tree with very short fruiting side branches.
See also
Meristem
Fruit tree pruning
References
Plant physiology
Auxin action
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Delicate steht für:
Delicate (Taylor-Swift-Lied)
Delicate (Terence-Trent-D’Arby-Lied)
Delicate Arch, Felsbogen in den USA
Siehe auch
Delicata
Delikat
Violently Delicate
The Delicate Prey
Delicate Sound of Thunder
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Shoreline Park, a long, narrow ocean-side strip of land on top of a mesa (i.e. coastal bluff), is located in Santa Barbara, California, United States. Facing the Pacific Ocean, Shoreline Park is one of Santa Barbara's most popular parks.
Park Facilities
The park includes a playground, picnic area, a whale watching area with a telescope situated next to a statue of a large concrete whale tail, as well as a sister city Japanese garden. The park also provides a clear view of the Channel Islands on a good day, and Gray Whale may be observed during their migration months, along with a number of marine mammals including dolphins and seals.
A Torii gateway atop the bluff leads to a wooden staircase descending to the tidal beach about feet below, which is completely submerged during high tide and accessible only during low tide. During the low tide periods, the adjacent Leadbetter Beach and Arroyo Burro Beach (aka Hendry's Beach) are accessible to the east and west, respectively.
History
The area of "the Mesa" where Shoreline Park is located today was utilized as farmland by the Low and Babcock farms until the 1920s. This farmland extended from Cliff Drive (from the north) to the present day Shoreline Park bluffs. When Shoreline Drive and the Marine Terrace subdivisions were constructed during the early 1950s, the present day park land was left undeveloped.
By the early 1960s, a number of attempts had been made to rezone the land to develop residential apartments. In 1963, a group of citizens had urged the City to purchase the land for use as a park, thereby preserving the viewshed and public access. By November of that year, the City Council passed a resolution condemning the land for park and recreational purposes. Subsequently, an ad hoc "Save Our Shoreline Committee" had successfully petitioned voters to approve a bond issue for park acquisition and development. On August 4, 1964, a $1,020,000 ballot proposal was carried out.
In 1966, the City purchased the land from private owners for $852,844.96. By August 1967, the City had received an additional $325,000 from their application for Federal land and Water Conservation funds in order to assist with further acquisition expenses.
Until 1967, the park had been commonly known to the public as “The Shoreline Park”. However, in June of that year, a contest (suggested by "La Mesa Improvement Association") was undertaken to select an official park name. The contest judges chose the new name to be “Shoreline Park”. On August 1, 1967, the City Council concurred with this decision. Over the years hence, a number of unsuccessful attempts have been made to change the name of the park.
Richard B. Taylor (1926-1993), a local landscape architect, was hired to design the park. The park was formally dedicated on December 14, 1968. A plaque in memory of the late Congressman Charles M. Teague was installed at the east end of Shoreline Park on January 28, 1974.
In 1995, MacGillivray Point, a sandstone lookout structure was constructed along the bluff toward the western end of the park (situated just west of the intersection of Santa Rosa Place and Shoreline Drive). The lookout point was dedicated after former City Councilor, Mayor, and State Legislator Don MacGillivray, who presided as Mayor during the period of the park's development from 1964-68. Since 2008, MacGillivray Point has been fenced off from public access due to safety risks concerning a potentially catastrophic landslide at the location.
By 2011, the City Parks and Recreation Department reported that cracks had occurred in the stone walls, which were likely to correspond with the location of a landslide. Since March of that year, the city surveyor had been monitoring the site and observed minimal movement in 2 out of the 10 total survey points. The city also considered demolishing the structure's stone wall and flagstone pavement, but determined such a project to be too costly and potentially destructive to the bluff.
Erosion Control Improvements
Studies have observed significant coastal erosion occurring along the edge of Shoreline Park since the 1970s, resulting from storm damage and geological activity.
On January 15 through April 2008, and again on June 19–24, 2008, officials closed the stairway leading down to the beach over public safety concerns from a landslide occurring east of the stairway after repeated heavy rains. A portion of the sidewalk from the bluff above had resulted in a collapse, creating a hazard area for pedestrians. The landslide measured at an estimated wide x long, and toed the beach below at an elevation of about . The landslide area, as well as MacGillivray Point (located to the west of the landslide) were fenced off until mitigation and more permanent improvements were implemented through the City-approved Shoreline Park Safety Improvement Project (e.g. Shoreline Park Project), all of which were completed by October 2012. The $237,000 project stipulated; Replacing the sidewalk, fencing, and vegetation around the landslide area; Installing permanent safety fencing around MacGillivray Point to prevent public access; Relocating two park benches away from MacGillivray point; And replacing informational signage, corroding light fixtures and their metal halide bulbs with LEDs.
An additional smaller landslide area was found in preliminary stages of development along the eastern side of the 2008 landslide.
Gallery
References
Parks in Santa Barbara, California
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Lincoln Center puede referirse a:
Toponimia
en Estados Unidos
Lincoln Center (Denver)
Lincoln Center (Kansas)
Lincoln Center (Oregón)
Lincoln Center (Nueva York)
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Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to:
Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia
Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago
Indonesian women, overview of women's history and contemporary situations
Indonesian language (Indonesian: Bahasa Indonesia), the official language of Indonesia
Indonesian languages, overview of some of the 700 languages spoken in Indonesia
Indonesian names, customs reflecting the multicultural and polyglot nature of Indonesia
Indonesian culture, a complex of indigenous customs and foreign influences
Indonesian art, various artistic expressions and artworks in the archipelago
Indonesian cinema, a struggling and developing industry
Indonesian literature, literature from Indonesia and Southeast Asia with shared language roots
Indonesian music, hundreds of forms of traditional and contemporary music
Indonesian philosophy, a tradition of abstract speculation by Indonesians
Indonesian cuisine, regional and national styles of cooking
Indonesian geography, an overview of the physical environment of Indonesia
Indonesian history, fundamentally shaped by trade
Indonesian wildlife, fauna and ecosystems of Indonesia
See also
List of islands of Indonesia, nearly 9,000 named islands
List of Indonesians, notable Indonesian people
Demographics of Indonesia, characteristics of the population
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
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Karaoke is a form of entertainment in which an amateur singer or singers sing along with recorded music.
Karaoke may also refer to:
Karaoke (album), by Swedish musician Magnus Uggla
Karaoke (TV series), a British drama written by Dennis Potter
Karaoke (1999 Canadian film), a Canadian film directed by Stéphane Lafleur
Karaoke (1999 Japanese film), a Japanese film directed by Shirō Sano
Karaoke (2009 film), a Malaysian film directed by Chris Chong Chan Fui
"Karaoke", a song by Big Freedia from the 2018 album 3rd Ward Bounce
"Karaoke", a song by T-Pain from the 2008 album Three Ringz
See also
Cairokee, an Egyptian rock band
Karaoke box, also called KTV, karaoke television, karaoke TV
Karaoke Television
KTV (disambiguation)
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Sacred wood or Sacred Woods may refer to:
Sacred grove, a mythological landscape, referenced in many traditions or religions
The Sacred Wood, a collection of essays by T.S. Eliot
Sacred Woods, a 1939 French comedy film
"Sacred Woods", a song by Varien featuring Skyelle
See also
Sacred grove (disambiguation)
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Bulbophyllum striatellum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Henry Nicholas Ridley em 1890.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1890
Bulbophyllum
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Port Blair mean time was the time zone of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India in the Bay of Bengal. The time zone was set up during the early 19th century and has been described as 17 minutes and 17 seconds (UTC+6:10:37) ahead of the Calcutta Time (UTC+5:53:20). It remained in effect until 1 January 1906 when the Indian Standard Time became the official time of India.
References
Time zones
Geography of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Time in India
Port Blair
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The British three halfpence coin was a denomination of sterling coinage worth of one pound or of one shilling. It was produced for circulation in the British colonies, mainly in Ceylon and the West Indies in each year between 1834 and 1843, and also in 1860 and 1862. Proof coins were also produced in 1870.
The coin is considered to be part of the British coinage because the territories it was struck for otherwise used standard sterling coin and had no independent monetary policy.
The coins were made of silver, weighed 0.7 grams (defined as troy ounce) and had a diameter of . The reverse of the coin, throughout its existence, showed "" beneath a crown and over the date, all contained within a wreath. The obverse of coins minted between 1834 and 1837 show the right-facing portrait of King William IV with the inscription GULIELMUS IIII D G BRITANNIAR REX F D. The obverse of the later coins bear the left-facing portrait of Queen Victoria, with the inscription VICTORIA D G BRITANNIAR REGINA F D.
For other denominations, see British coinage.
In Jamaica it was nicknamed a quatty, because it was worth one quarter of a sixpence.
See also
Three halfpence (English coin)
References
External links
British Coins - Free information about British coins. Includes an online forum.
Three Halfpence, Coin Type from United Kingdom - Online Coin Club
Coins of the United Kingdom
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The rivalry between Thai boxers in the world champion title. It's been 18 times until now (2022).
References
Boxing in Thailand
Boxing matches
Boxing rivalries
Boxers rivalry
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Watch the Birdie may refer to:
Films
Watch the Birdie (1950 film), featuring Red Skelton
Watch the Birdie (1958 film), a Woody Woodpecker short cartoon
Watch the Birdie, a 1975 short film in The Dogfather series
Television
"Watch the Birdie", a 1966 episode of I Dream of Jeannie
"Watch the Birdie", a 1999 episode of ChuckleVision
"Watch the Birdie", a 1988 episode of Allo 'Allo!
"Watch the Birdie", a 1973 episode of Bless This House
"Watch the Birdie", an episode of Hello Kitty Paradise
"Watch the Birdie / Wubbzy Tells a Whopper", an episode of Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!
Other uses
Watch the Birdie!, a 1964 play
"Watch the Birdie", a song on the soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp
"Watch the Birdie", a song from the film Hellzapoppin'
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Bradyspory is the gradual release of seed from a cone or fruit over a long period of time, as opposed to tachyspory, the more-or-less immediate release of seed as soon as they have matured.
Bradyspory may occur because seed release is spontaneous but very gradual, or because seed release does not occur until triggered to do so by some environmental event. The latter case is termed serotiny.
Plant physiology
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Bulbophyllum subligaculiferum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Jaap J. Vermeulen em 1987.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1987
Bulbophyllum
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