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Canarreos Archipelago () is an archipelago of Cuba.
It is located south of the main island of Cuba, in the Caribbean Sea, at . It is bordered to the east by the Gulf of Cazones, to the north by the Gulf of Batabano and to the west by the Los Indios Channel.
It comprises roughly 350 islets, and is almost as long as the Florida Keys.
By far the largest island of the archipelago is Isla de la Juventud, while the second largest is Cayo Largo del Sur.
List of Islands
1) The Islands area and population data retrieved from the 2012 census.
See also
Geography of Cuba
List of Caribbean islands
References
Islands of Cuba
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The skuas are a group of predatory seabirds with seven species forming the genus Stercorarius, the only genus in the family Stercorariidae. The three smaller skuas, the long-tailed skua, the Arctic skua, and the pomarine skua are called jaegers in North American English.
The English word "skua" comes from the Faroese name for the great skua, , with the island of Skúvoy renowned for its colony of that bird. The general Faroese term for skuas is . The word "jaeger" is derived from the German word , meaning "hunter". The genus name Stercorarius is Latin and means "of dung"; because the food disgorged by other birds when pursued by skuas was once thought to be excrement.
Skuas nest on the ground in temperate and Arctic regions, and are long-distance migrants. They have even been sighted at the South Pole.
Biology and habits
Outside the breeding season, skuas take fish, offal, and carrion. Many practice kleptoparasitism, which comprises up to 95% of the feeding methods of wintering skuas, by chasing gulls, terns and other seabirds to steal their catches, regardless of the size of the species attacked (up to three times heavier than the attacking skua). The larger species, such as the great skua, also regularly kill and eat adult birds, such as puffins and gulls, and have been seen killing birds as large as a grey heron. On the breeding grounds, the three, more slender northern breeding species commonly eat lemmings. Those species that breed in the southern oceans largely feed on fish that can be caught near their colonies. The eggs and chicks of other seabirds, primarily penguins, are an important food source for most skua species during the nesting season.
In the southern oceans and Antarctica region, some skua species (especially the south polar skua) will readily scavenge carcasses at breeding colonies of both penguins and pinnipeds. Skuas will also kill live penguin chicks. In these areas, the skuas will often forfeit their catches to the considerably larger and very aggressive giant petrels. Skuas have also been observed to directly pilfer milk from the elephant seal's teat.
They are medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. The skuas range in size from the long-tailed skua, Stercorarius longicauda, at , to the brown skua, Stercorarius antarcticus, at . On average, a skua is about long, and across the wings. They have longish bills with a hooked tip, and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible.
The skuas are strong, acrobatic fliers. They are generally aggressive in disposition. Potential predators approaching their nests will be quickly attacked by the parent birds, which usually target the heads of intruders – a practice known as 'divebombing'.
Taxonomy
The genus Stercorarius was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the parasitic jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus) as the type species.
Skuas are related to gulls, waders, auks, and skimmers. In the three smaller species, all nesting exclusively in the Holarctic, breeding adults have the two central tail feathers obviously elongated, and at least some adults have white on the underparts and pale yellow on the neck. These characteristics are not shared by the larger species, all native to the Southern Hemisphere except for the great skua. Therefore, the skuas are often split into two genera, with only the smaller species retained in Stercorarius, and the large species placed in Catharacta. However, based on genetics, behavior, and feather lice, the overall relationship among the species is best expressed by placing all in a single genus. The pomarine and great skuas' mitochondrial DNA (inherited from the mother) is in fact more closely related to each other than it is to either Arctic or long-tailed skuas, or to the Southern Hemisphere species. Thus, hybridization must have played a considerable role in the evolution of the diversity of Northern Hemisphere skuas.
Species
The genus contains seven species:
References
External links
Great Skua videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Seabirds
Taxa named by Mathurin Jacques Brisson
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Hereke carpets are Turkish handmade carpets produced and sold in Hereke, a coastal town in Turkey. For a long time, they used to be produced only in Hereke, 60 km from Istanbul. The materials used are silk, a combination of wool and cotton, and sometimes gold or silver threads.
The Ottoman sultan Abdülmecid I founded the Hereke Imperial Manufacture in 1841 to produce all the textiles for his Dolmabahçe Palace on the Bosphorus. He gathered the best artists and carpet weavers of the Ottoman Empire in Hereke, where they began producing high-quality rugs and large carpets with unique patterns.
After completing work on the Dolmabahçe Palace, the Ottoman sultans used to give Hereke carpets as gifts to selected visiting royalty, noblemen and statesmen. It was not until 1890 that some traders in Istanbul were allowed to sell some of the pieces made at Hereke. With the end of the Ottoman Empire, the production of Hereke carpets was restricted until the middle of the 20th century, when some master-weavers in Hereke began once more to produce the carpets in continuation of the tradition of the Ottoman palace carpets.
As of 1920, Hereke was home to a carpet-making school which was run by the state. Both Muslim and Christian women and children attended classes.
Hereke carpets typically are very large, palace-sized carpets, and they are made with wool on cotton, camel hair on cotton, silk on cotton, as well as silk on silk, which are knotted in small sizes. The precision of their double knots (Turkish or Ghiordes knots), which allows the clear display of patterns, together with the colour combinations and the harmonious patterns, have made them highly collectible. Today, Hereke carpets and rugs are still made with the traditional patterns of the Ottoman sultan, Abdülmecid I, as well as both traditional Anatolian and contemporary figurative patterns.
Manufacturing information
The Hereke carpet is woven in two ways: wool on cotton yarn and silk on silk. There are 3600 loops per dm² of wool carpets. Its quality is called 60x60. In silk carpets, there are 10.000 loops per dm². Its quality is called 100x100. This is the standard of real Hereke carpets, even though they are woven more often.
Pile heights are 1.5-2.0 mm for silk carpets and 4.0-5.0 mm for wool carpets. Since Hereke carpets are frequently woven, the patterns are quite detailed. Hereke carpets are geographically registered with patents. Since Hereke carpets are woven with a Turkish knot (called a double knot or Gördes knot), they are much more durable than Persian rugs (single knot or sini knot). Hereke carpets have come to life with the original designs of the palace engravers, which have not been affected by the Iranian carpet patterns until today, even when they were first woven. Unfortunately, the wool quality used today is much lower than the wool quality used in carpets in the past.
The reason for this is that while the wool used was completely live animal wool in the past, nowadays cut animal wool is used, moreover, the wool used has a duller color than the old ones due to the dye quality and non-compliance with the shearing seasons. But today, especially the wool produced by Sümerhalı is given a mothproof property with a special finish before the fleece is dyed. Paint is done later. This increases the durability and quality of the carpet. Apart from this, it is woven in Isparta region, Sivas (Sivas Prison carpet is also a hereke carpet) and Diyarbakır. The carpets woven on these looms are trimmed at appropriate height in special pile machines in the Isparta Sümer carpet factory, washed, their backs are cleaned from excess lengths with flame and classified according to their quality and released to the market. When buying a Hereke carpet, care should be taken that the wool does not gush out from weft and warp on the back, and the pattern does not slip. In addition, the pile height and the cut shape also affect the quality.
The most known and classic pattern of this carpet is "The Flower of Seven Mountains". However, there are also very beautiful patterns such as burucie and polonez. If we compare the Hereke carpet with the Persian carpets, the thousands of dollars worth of Bidjar rugs can be considered as a precedent even if not as much as hereke. However, the way of weaving, pattern and color variety, and being a hard carpet always highlight the Hereke carpet.
References
Bibliography
Oktay Aslanapa, Ayşe Fazlıoğlu. The Last Loop of the Knot; Ottoman Court Carpets. TBMM, Istanbul, 2006.
Uğur Ayyıldız. Hereke and Kayseri: Pure silk Turkish carpets. NET Turizm Ticaret ve Sanayi A.S (1983). ASIN B0007B1NHG
External links
Encyclopædia Britannica | Hereke
The Ottomans
Turkish rugs and carpets
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Crime Scene: The Times Square Killer is a 2021 American limited docu-series made for Netflix and directed by Joe Berlinger. It is the second installment in the Crime Scene documentary series, following Crime Scene: The Vanishing at the Cecil Hotel. Its story focuses on the series of 1970s-1980s murders that were carried out by American serial killer Richard Cottingham, also known as the Times Square Killer and the Torso Killer. The series was released on December 29, 2021.
Episodes
References
External links
2021 American television series debuts
2021 American television series endings
2021 American television seasons
2020s American documentary television series
Documentary television series about crime in the United States
English-language Netflix original programming
Netflix original documentary television series
Television series based on actual events
Television series created by Joe Berlinger
Times Square
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Venomous mammals are animals of the class Mammalia that produce venom, which they use to kill or disable prey, to defend themselves from predators or conspecifics or in agonistic encounters. Mammalian venoms form a heterogeneous group with different compositions and modes of action, from three orders of mammals: Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, and Chiroptera. It has been proposed that some members of a fourth order, Primates, are venomous. To explain the rarity of venom delivery in Mammalia, Mark Dufton of the University of Strathclyde has suggested that modern mammalian predators do not need venom because they are able to kill quickly with their teeth or claws, whereas venom, no matter how sophisticated, requires time to disable prey.
In spite of the rarity of venom among extant mammals, venom may be an ancestral feature among mammals, as venomous spurs akin to those of the modern platypus are found in most non-therian Mammaliaformes groups.
Venom is much more common among other vertebrates; there are many more species of venomous reptiles (e.g. venomous snakes) and fish (e.g. stonefish). Some birds are poisonous to eat or touch (e.g. hooded pitohui) though no bird species is known to be venomous. There are only a few species of venomous amphibians; certain salamandrid salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs.
Definitions
Several definitions of venomous animals have been proposed.
Bücherl states that venomous animals must possess at least one venom gland, a mechanism for excretion or extrusion of the venom, and apparatus with which to inflict wounds.
Mebs writes that venomous animals produce venom in a group of cells or gland, and have a tool, the venom apparatus, which delivers the venom by injection during a bite or sting. The venom apparatus in this definition encompasses both the gland and the injection device, which must be directly connected.
Fry et al. found that a venom is a secretion produced in a specialized gland in one animal and delivered to a target animal through the infliction of a wound. This secretion must contain molecules that disrupt normal physiological processes so as to facilitate feeding or defense by the producing animal. Additionally, the feeding secretion of hematophagous specialists (e.g. vampire bats) may be regarded as a specialized subtype of venom.
Evolutionary history and paleontology
Venomous mammals may have been more common in the past. Most non-therian mammals possess tarsal spurs akin to those of the modern platypus, suggesting that this feature was very widespread, with gobiconodontids and Zhangheotherium being among the clearer examples. The absence of venom spurs in non-Mammaliaformes cynodonts suggests that venom was an ancient mammalian synapomorphy and ancestral characteristic.
Canine teeth dated at 60 million years old from two extinct species, the shrew-like Bisonalveus browni and another unidentified mammal, show grooves that some palaeontologists have argued are indicative of a venomous bite. However, other scientists have questioned this conclusion given that many living non-venomous mammals also have deep grooves down the length of their canines (e.g., many primates, coatis and fruit bats), suggesting that this feature does not always reflect an adaptation to venom delivery.
Examples
Eulipotyphla (previously known as insectivores)
With the exception of vampire bats, the Eulipotyphla are the only mammals so far observed to produce toxic saliva. These species have significantly enlarged and granular submaxillary salivary glands from which the toxic saliva is produced.
The Cuban solenodon (Atopogale cubana) and Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus) look similar to large shrews. They both have venomous bites; the venom is delivered from modified salivary glands via grooves in their second lower incisors. Recent study has identified the gene regulatory network responsible for the development of venom delivery systems in these small mammals. Due to the overexpression of kallikreins in their saliva, solenodon bites cause vasodilation and may result in circulatory shock. It was reported that death was frequent among Hispaniolan solenodons kept together in the same enclosure, with bite marks on their feet being the only observable cause. Such use in competition may be a secondary aspect of the insectivore venom.
The northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), Mediterranean water shrew (Neomys anomalus), and Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens) are capable of delivering a venomous bite. Other American short-tailed shrews: the southern short-tailed shrew (Blarina carolinensis), Elliot's short-tailed shrew (Blarina hylophaga), and Everglades short-tailed shrew (Blarina peninsulae) and the Transcaucasian water shrew (Neomys teres) possibly also have a venomous bite. Shrews cache various prey in a comatose state, including earthworms, insects, snails, and to a lesser extent, small mammals such as voles and mice. This behaviour is an adaption to winter. In this context, the shrew venom acts as a tool to sustain a living hoard, thus ensuring food supply when capturing prey is difficult. This is especially important considering the high metabolic rate of shrews. Arguments against this suggest that the venom is used as a tool to hunt larger prey. Insectivores have an enhanced dependence on vertebrate food material, which is larger and more dangerous than their power to weight ratio would allow, thus requiring an extra asset to overcome these difficulties. Extant shrews do not have specialized venom delivery apparatus. Their teeth do not have channels, but a concavity on the first incisors may collect and transmit saliva from the submaxillary ducts, which open near the base of these teeth.
The European mole (Talpa europaea), and possibly other species of mole, have toxins in their saliva that can paralyze earthworms, allowing the moles to store them alive for later consumption.
Male platypus
Both male and female platypuses (Ornithorhyncus anatinus) hatch with keratinised spurs on the hind limbs, although the females lose these during development. The spurs are connected to the venom-producing crural glands, forming the crural system. During the mating season these glands become highly active, producing venom to be delivered by the channeled spur. Echidnas, the other monotremes, have spurs but no functional venom glands. Although not potent enough to be lethal to humans, platypus venom is nevertheless so excruciating that victims may sometimes be temporarily incapacitated. Platypus envenomation was fairly common when the animal was still hunted for its fur. Nowadays any close contact with the animal is rare and restricted to biologists, zookeepers and anglers (who occasionally catch them in fishing lines or nets).
When platypuses attack, they drive their hind legs together with considerable force so that the spurs are embedded in the flesh caught between and if venom is being produced, a few milliliters are injected by repeated jabbing. The spurs have enough strength to support the weight of the platypus, which often hangs from the victim, requiring assistance for removal.
Most of the evidence now supports the proposition that the venom system is used by males on one another as a weapon when competing for females, taking part in sexual selection. During this season, males become more aggressive and are found with punctures in their bodies, especially in the tail region. Adult male platypuses largely avoid each other, outside of this mating rivalry.
Platypus venom is likely retained from its distant non-monotreme ancestors, being the last living example of what was once a common characteristic among mammals. Fossil records show that venom delivery systems were not sexually dimorphic in ancestral monotremes. It has been hypothesized that venom spurs were once used for defense against predators. Proteins derived from platypus venom are being studied for potential analgesic properties.
Vampire bats
The definition of venom by Fry et al. (see Definitions) regards the feeding secretions of hematophagous (blood eating) specialists as a particular subtype of venom. In this context, the subfamily Desmodontinae represents the venomous mammals from the order Chiroptera. This group comprises the most well known venomous bat, the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and two other rare species, the hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) and the white-winged vampire bat (Diaemus youngi). These bats produce toxic saliva with anticoagulant properties and have a series of anatomical and physiological adaptations to allow nourishment based solely on blood. The majority of their prey do not perish from the attack or contact with the venom.
Primates
Slow lorises (of the genera Nycticebus and Xanthonycticebus) are accepted as the only known venomous primate. Slow loris venom was known in folklore in their host countries throughout southeast Asia for centuries; but dismissed by Western science until the 1990s. There are nine recognised species of this small-bodied nocturnal primate. They possess a dual composite venom consisting of saliva and brachial gland exudate, a malodourous fluid forming from an apocrine sweat gland on the animal's forearm. Both fluids have been demonstrated as being venomous individually and creating a more potent venom when mixed. Slow loris brachial gland exudate (BGE) has been shown to possess up to 142 volatile components, and possesses a variant of the cat allergen protein Fel-D1. The BGE has several ecological functions including anti-parasitic defence and communication. Slow loris saliva has been shown to be cytotoxic to human skin cells in laboratory experiments without the administration of BGE.
The venom is administered through morphologically distinct dentition in the form of an adapted toothcomb. In the wild envenomation occurs from intraspecific competition; whereby two slow lorises fight for mates, food or territory. Slow loris inflicted wounds are a major cause of premature death in zoo and wildlife slow loris populations; often resulting in festering and necrotic wounds. Slow loris envenomation in humans is rare, but can result in near fatal anaphylactic shock. A suite of additional effects of the venom have been documented including mild to permanent disfigurement and mobility loss. The study of slow loris venom was brought to the public attention in 2012 by the research of the primatologist Prof. K.A.I Nekaris and in her BBC documentary The Jungle Gremlins of Java.
Arguably venomous mammals
Eulipotyphla (previously known as insectivores)
Hedgehogs (Erinaceinae) anoint their spines with a range of toxic and irritating substances. They will sometimes kill toads (Bufo sp.), bite into the toads' poison glands and smear the toxic mixture on their spines.
Tenrecs, which are similar in appearance to hedgehogs but from a different line of evolutionary descent, may also have separately evolved self-anointing behaviour.
Rodentia
The African crested rat (Lophiomys imhausi) has a mane of long, coarse black-and-white banded hairs which extends from the top of the animal's head to just beyond the base of the tail. This mane is bordered by a broad, white-bordered strip of hairs covering an area of glandular skin on the flank. When the animal is threatened or excited, the mane erects and this flank strip parts, exposing the glandular area. The hairs in this flank area are highly specialised; at the tips they are like ordinary hair, but are otherwise spongy, fibrous, and absorbent. The rat is known to deliberately chew the roots and bark of the poison-arrow tree (Acokanthera schimperi), so-called because human hunters extract a toxin, ouabain, to coat arrows that can kill an elephant. After the rat has chewed the tree, it deliberately slathers the resulting mixture onto its specialised flank hairs which are adapted to rapidly absorb the poisonous mixture, acting like a lamp wick. It thereby creates a defense mechanism that can sicken or even kill predators which attempt to bite it.
Chemical defence
Skunks (Mustelidae) can eject a noxious fluid from glands near their anus. It is not only foul smelling, but can cause skin irritation and, if it gets in the eyes, temporary blindness. Some members of the mustelid family, such as the striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus), also have this capacity to an extent. Pangolins can also emit a noxious smelling fluid from glands near the anus. The greater long-nosed armadillo can release a disagreeable musky odor when threatened.
See also
Venomous fish
Toxicofera
Toxic birds
List of venomous animals
Venomous snakes
Poisonous amphibians
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Shrew handbook
Shrew venom
Northern short-tailed shrew venom
Platypus venom
Slow Loris Research by a toxicologist - includes photos.
Slow loris venom
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Zétrud-Lumay Castle is a castle located in Wallonia in the village of Zétrud-Lumay, which is part of the municipality Jodoigne, Walloon Brabant, Belgium.
See also
List of castles in Belgium
Castles in Belgium
Castles in Walloon Brabant
Jodoigne
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The Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds. The family is a large one and includes 185 species divided into 54 genera. It was formerly broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae and the Perdicinae. However, this treatment is now known to be paraphyletic and polyphyletic, respectively, and more recent evidence supports breaking it up into two subfamilies: Rollulinae and Phasianinae, with the latter containing multiple tribes within two clades. The New World quail (Odontophoridae) and guineafowl (Numididae) were formerly sometimes included in this family, but are now typically placed in families of their own; conversely, grouse and turkeys, formerly often treated as distinct families (Tetraonidae and Meleagrididae, respectively), are now known to be deeply nested within Phasianidae, so they are now included in the present family.
Description
Phasianids are terrestrial. They range in weight from in the case of the king quail to in the case of the Indian peafowl. If turkeys are included, rather than classified as a separate family, then the considerably heavier wild turkey capably reaches a maximum weight of more than . Length in this taxonomic family can vary from in the king quail up to (including the elongated train) in green peafowl, thus they beat even the true parrots in length diversity within a family of birds. Generally, sexual dimorphism is greater in larger-sized birds, with males tending to be larger than females. They are generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings and powerful legs. Many have a spur on each leg, most prominently with junglefowl (including chickens), pheasants, turkeys, and peafowl. Some, like quails, partridges, and grouse, have reduced spurs to none at all. A few have two spurs on each of their legs instead of one, including peacock-pheasants and spurfowl. The bill is short and compact, particularly in species that dig deep in the earth for food such as the Mearns quail. Males of the bigger galliform species often boast brightly-coloured plumage, as well as facial ornaments such as combs, wattles, and/or crests.
Distribution and habitat
The Phasianidae are mostly an Old World family, with a distribution that includes most of Europe and Asia (except the far north), all of Africa except the driest deserts, and south into much of eastern Australia and (formerly) New Zealand. The Meleagridini (turkeys) are native to the New World, while the Tetraonini (grouse) are circumpolar; both of these are members of Phasianinae. The greatest diversity of species is in Southeast Asia and Africa. The Congo peacock is specific to the African Congo.
Overall, Rollulinae is restricted to the tropics of East & Southeast Asia and the mountains of Tanzania, Phasianinae have a circumpolar range in the temperate zones of both Eurasia and North America (but also range into the tropics of east and southeast Asia), and Pavoninae have a wide range across Africa, Eurasia, and Australasia in both temperate and tropical zones.
The family is generally sedentary and resident, although some members of the group undertake long migrations, like ptarmigans and Old World quail. Several species in the family have been widely introduced around the world, particularly pheasants, which have been introduced to Europe, Australia, and the Americas, specifically for hunting purposes. Captive populations of peafowl, domestic chickens, and turkeys have also escaped or been released and became feral.
Behaviour and ecology
The phasianids have a varied diet, with foods taken ranging from purely vegetarian diets of seeds, leaves, fruits, tubers, and roots, to small animals including insects, insect grubs, and even small reptiles. Most species either specialise in feeding on plant matter or are predatory, although the chicks of most species are insectivorous.
In addition to the variation in diet, a considerable amount of variation exists in breeding strategies among the Phasianidae. Compared to birds in general, a large number of species do not engage in monogamy (the typical breeding system of most birds). The francolins of Africa and some partridges are reportedly monogamous, but polygamy has been reported in the pheasants and junglefowl, some quail, and the breeding displays of peacocks have been compared to those of a lek. Nesting usually occurs on the ground; only the tragopans nest higher up in trees or stumps of bushes. Nests can vary from mounds of vegetation to slight scrapes in the ground. As many as 20 eggs can be laid in the nest, although 7-12 are the more usual numbers, with smaller numbers in tropical species. Incubation times can range from 14–30 days depending on the species, and is almost always done solely by the hen, although a few involve the male partaking in caring for the eggs and chicks, like the willow ptarmigan and bobwhite quail.
Relationship with humans
The red junglefowl of Southeast Asia is the undomestic ancestor of the domesticated chicken, the most important bird in agriculture, and the wild turkey similarly is the ancestor of the domestic turkey. Several species of pheasants and partridges are extremely important to humans. Ring-necked pheasants, several partridge and quail species, and some francolins have been widely introduced and managed as game birds for hunting. Several species are threatened by human activities.
Systematics and evolution
The clade Phasianidae is the largest of the branch Galliformes, comprising 185 species divided into 54 genera. This group includes the pheasants and partridges, junglefowl chickens, quail, and peafowl. Turkeys and grouse have also been recognized as having their origins in the pheasant- and partridge-like birds.
Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two subfamilies: the Phasianinae, including pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls; and the Perdicinae, including partridges, Old World quails, and francolins. Molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies are not each monophyletic, but actually constitute only one lineage with one common ancestor. For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.
The earliest fossil records of phasianids date to the late Oligocene epoch, about 30 million years ago.
Recent genera
Taxonomy and ordering is based on Kimball et al., 2021, which was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe incertae sedis.
Subfamily Rollulinae
Xenoperdix Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges)
Caloperdix Blyth, 1861 (ferruginous partridge)
Rollulus Bonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges)
Melanoperdix Jerdon, 1864 (black partridge)
Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges)
Subfamily Phasianinae
Phasianinae "Erectile clade"
Lerwa Hodgson, 1837 (snow partridge)
Ithaginis Wagler, 1832 (blood pheasant)
Tribe Lophophorini
Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
Tetraophasis Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges)
Lophophorus Temminck, 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals)
Pucrasia Gray, 1841 (koklass pheasant)
Tribe Tetraonini
Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 (turkeys)
Bonasa Stephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse)
Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse)
Centrocercus Swainson, 1832 (sage-grouse)
Dendragapus Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse)
Tympanuchus Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
Lagopus Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans)
Falcipennis Elliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse)
Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies)
Lyrurus Swainson, 1832 (black grouse)
Rhizothera Gray, 1841
Perdix Brisson, 1760 (true partridges)
Tribe Phasianini
Syrmaticus Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
Chrysolophus Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants)
Catreus Cabanis, 1851 (cheer pheasant)
Crossoptilon Hodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants)
Lophura Fleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants)
Phasianinae "Nonerectile clade"
Tribe Pavonini
Rheinardia Maingonnat, 1882 (crested arguses)
Argusianus Rafinesque, 1815 (great argus)
Afropavo Chapin, 1936 (African peafowl)
Pavo Linnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
Tropicoperdix Blyth, 1859
Haematortyx Sharpe, 1879 (crimson-headed partridge)
Galloperdix Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
Tribe Polyplectronini
Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
Tribe Gallini
Bambusicola Gould, 1863 (bamboo partridges)
Gallus Brisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
Peliperdix Bonaparte, 1856 (Latham's francolin)
Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852
Francolinus Stephens, 1819
Campocolinus Crowe et al., 2020
Scleroptila Blyth, 1852
Tribe Coturnicini
Tetraogallus Gray, 1832 (snowcocks)
Ammoperdix Gould, 1851 (see-see and sand partridges)
Synoicus Bosc, 1792
Margaroperdix Reichenbach, 1853
Coturnix Garsault, 1764 (typical Old World quails)
Alectoris Kaup, 1829 (rock partridges)
Perdicula Hodgson, 1837 (bush-quails)
Ophrysia Bonaparte, 1856 (Himalayan quail)
Pternistis Wagler, 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
Past taxonomy
This is the paraphyletic former ordering of Phasianidae, which primarily grouped genera based on appearance and body plans.
Subfamily Perdicinae Horsfield, 1821
Xenoperdix Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges)
Caloperdix Blyth, 1861
Rollulus Bonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges)
Melanoperdix Jerdon, 1864
Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges)
Rhizothera Gray, 1841
Lerwa Hodgson, 1837
Tropicoperdix Blyth, 1859
Ammoperdix Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridges)
Synoicus Bosc 1792
Margaroperdix Reichenbach 1853
Coturnix Garsault 1764 (typical Old World quails)
Tetraogallus Gray 1832 (snowcocks)
Alectoris Kaup 1829 (rock partridges)
Pternistis Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
Ophrysia Bonaparte 1856
Perdicula Hodgson 1837 (bush-quails)
Bambusicola Gould 1863 (bamboo partridges)
Scleroptila Blyth 1852
Peliperdix Bonaparte 1856
Francolinus Stephens 1819 (true francolins)
Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852
Campocolinus Crowe et al 2020
Perdix Brisson, 1760 (true partridges)
Haematortyx Sharpe, 1879
Galloperdix Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
Tetraophasis Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges)
Subfamily Meleagridinae
Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 (turkeys)
Subfamily Phasianinae (pheasants, peafowl, junglefowl, monals, and tragopans)
Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
Gallus Brisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
Ithaginis Wagler, 1832
Pucrasia Gray, 1841 (koklass pheasant)
Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
Lophophorus Temminck, 1813 non Agassiz, 1846 (monals)
Rheinardia Maingonnat 1882
Argusianus Rafinesque 1815 (argus pheasants)
Afropavo Chapin, 1936 (African peafowl)
Pavo Linnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
Syrmaticus Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants)
Chrysolophus Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
Lophura Fleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants)
Catreus Cabanis, 1851
Crossoptilon Hodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants)
Subfamily Tetraoninae (grouse)
Bonasa Stephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse)
Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse)
Centrocercus Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse)
Dendragapus Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse)
Tympanuchus Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
Lagopus Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans)
Falcipennis Elliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse)
Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies)
Lyrurus Swainson, 1832 (black grouse)
Fossil genera
Extinct genus assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and Paleofile.com websites.
†Alectoris” pliocaena Tugarinov, 1940
†Bantamyx Kuročkin, 1982
†Centuriavis Ksepka, Early, Dzikiewicz & Balanoff, 2022
†Diangallus Hou, 1985
†“Gallus” beremendensis Jánossy, 1976
†“Gallus” europaeus Harrison, 1978
†Lophogallus Zelenkov & Kuročkin, 2010
†Megalocoturnix Sánchez Marco, 2009
†Miophasianus Brodkorb, 1952 [Miophasianus Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum ; Miogallus Lambrecht 1933]
†Palaeocryptonyx Depéret, 1892 [Chauvireria Boev 1997; Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940b non Gaillard 1939; Lambrechtia Janossy, 1974 ]
†Palaeortyx Milne-Edwards, 1869 [Palaeoperdix Milne-Edwards, 1869]
†Panraogallus Li et al., 2018
†Plioperdix Kretzoi, 1955 [Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940 non Gaillard 1939]
†Rustaviornis Burchak-Abramovich & Meladze, 1972
†Schaubortyx Brodkorb, 1964
†Shandongornis Yeh, 1997
†Shanxiornis Wang et al., 2006
†Tologuica Zelenkov & Kuročkin, 2009
Tribe Tetraonini (grouse)
†Cynchramus Zelenkov Bonaparte, 1828
†Palaealectoris Zelenkov Wetmore, 1930
†Proagriocharis Zelenkov Martin & Tate, 1970
†Rhegminornis Zelenkov Wetmore, 1943
Phylogeny
Cladogram based on a 2021 study by De Chen and collaborators that sequenced DNA flanking ultra-conserved elements. The extinct Himalayan quail (genus Ophrysia) was not included in the study. The species numbers and the inclusion of the genera Canachites, Ortygornis, Campocolinus and Synoicus follows the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.
References
External links
Phasianidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Bird families
Extant Rupelian first appearances
Taxa named by Thomas Horsfield
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Delnaz is a feminine Indian Parsi name meaning "loved of the heart". Many variations in the spelling of the name such as Dilnaz, Delnaaz, etc. exist but the pronunciation is the same.
People named Delnaz
Delnaaz Irani - Indian Actress
Dilnaz Akhmadieva - Kazakhastani Actress and pop singer
Dilnaz Irani- Indian Actress
Delnaaz Irani - Indian-Australian Journalist
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Zeebroeck Castle is a castle in Nethen, Wallonia in the municipality of Grez-Doiceau, in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium.
See also
List of castles in Belgium
References
Castles in Belgium
Castles in Walloon Brabant
Grez-Doiceau
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The Argyll Highland jacket is a shorter than regular jacket with gauntlet cuffs and pocket flaps and front cutaway for wearing with a sporran and kilt. It can be of tweed, tartan or solid colour material. The Argyll is the standard day wear jacket.
Other jackets of the same cutaway for the sporran and kilt are known by other names, such as Crail and Braemar but they are generally often just referred to as an Argyll jacket.
Gallery
References
Jackets
Scottish clothing
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QOF may refer to:
Qoph, a letter
Quality and Outcomes Framework, in UK primary health care.
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Cape Verde–Guinea Bissau relations refers to the bilateral relationship between the Republic of Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) and the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. Cape Verde is an island country about 900 km north-west of Guinea-Bissau, a coastal West African country. Both were colonies of the Portuguese Empire and they campaigned together for independence with a plan for unification, but the countries separated after 1980.
Colonial history
The area on the mainland under Portuguese rule now containing Guinea-Bissau was originally called "Guiné de Cabo Verde". Cape Verde was a site of transit in the slave trade from Guinea-Bissau to the Americas. Portuguese Cape Verde supplied many colonial officials for the mainland Portuguese Guinea, later Guinea-Bissau, at one point making up three-quarters of the civil service.
Independence
Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau campaigned together for independence from Portugal, chiefly led by Amílcar Cabral's Marxist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) from 1956. Cape Verde provided the bourgeoisie that led the anti-colonial movement in Portuguese Guinea. An ideology of unity was key to Cabral's theory of African liberation, and Cabral was himself Cape Verdean Guinea-Bissauan, though the call for unity was partly a tactic to avoid Guinea-Bissau becoming independent without Cape Verde, as the latter had closer ties to Portugal. The PAIGC then fought the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence (part of the wider Portuguese Colonial War), and declared independence in 1973, being formally granted independence in September 1974. Cape Verde joined Guinea-Bissau in independence from Portugal when it peacefully negotiated independence on 5 July 1975, following the April 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal, and Aristides Pereira of the PAIGC became president. The intent was unification, as written into the two countries' constitutions. The PAIGC viewed them as "sister republics" with "two bodies with only one heart", and the countries shared a flag and national anthem.
However, the elites in Cape Verde opposed unification, there were constitutional and legal differences, and the trade between them was minor. On November 14, 1980, a coup d'état by João Bernardo Vieira against "foreign" mestiços overthrew the government of Luís Cabral (half-brother of Amílcar) in Guinea-Bissau, leading to Cape Verde separating under Pedro Pires on January 20, 1981 and forming the ruling African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV).
1980s–2000s
From 1980 to 2000, during the Vieira presidency in Guinea-Bissau, the countries were less closely involved. Guinea-Bissau experienced a lack of development and periods of violence while Cape Verde was relatively stable. Guinea-Bissau was, like other "non-aligned" African states, closer to the Soviet Union, while Cape Verde, nominally Marxist, formed relations with Western countries due to a dependence on food imports following drought. Diplomatic relations were restored after the presidents met in June 1982, and an ambassador from Cape Verde was received by Guinea-Bissau in July 1983.
After multi-party politics was introduced in Cape Verde in 1990, the victorious Movimento para Democracia changed the flag and national anthem away from being similar to that of Guinea-Bissau. They were both founder members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) in 1996, and are each members of the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
In the 1998 Guinea-Bissau Civil War, triggered by a crackdown on Senagelese separatists in Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde called for the withdrawal of troops from Senegal and Guinea-Conakry from Guinea-Bissau, there to support Viera. Cape Verde also opposed Viera's request for ECOWAS to send peacekeepers. Cape Verde took in refugees from Guinea-Bissau and helped to negotiate peace as part of the CPLP, with Cape Verdean foreign minister José Luís de Jesus chairing the discussions on a Portuguese warship that led to a ceasefire agreement. The Cape Verde president Peres also mediated during the violent 2005 presidential election campaign in Guinea-Bissau, and following the 2009 assassination of Vieira.
Bilateral relations post 2010
Relations have improved since the election of Malam Bacai Sanhá in Guinea-Bissau in 2009. The air connection between the countries operated by TACV, which had been suspended following the April 2012 coup in Guinea-Bissau, was restored in June 2015 during a visit of Cape Verdean Prime Minister José Maria Neves to Bissau to meet Domingos Simões Pereira and discuss economic and business relations. Neves had last visited in 2011. The countries signed an agreement on avoiding double taxation that September.
Cultural relations
Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau share the Portuguese language as their official language, and the Portuguese creole Crioulo language as a recognised language.
Cape Verdean Guinea-Bissauans have formed an Associação dos Filhos e Descendentes de Cabo Verde, and Guinea-Bissauan Cape Verdeans, who number around 8–9000, have formed an Associacao dos Guineeneses Residentes em Cabo Verde. Despite their shared language and culture, immigrants from Guinea-Bissau are often viewed as "manjacos", a derogatory term used for people from mainland Africa and the legalisation of Guinea-Bissauans in Cape Verde has been long delayed.
Resident diplomatic missions
Cape Verde has an embassy in Bissau.
Guinea-Bissau has an embassy in Praia.
See also
Conference of Nationalist Organizations of the Portuguese Colonies
History of Guinea-Bissau
History of Cape Verde
Cape Verdean Guinea-Bissauan
:Category:Ambassadors of Cape Verde to Guinea-Bissau
References
External links
News on Cape Verde–Guinea-Bissau relations on Macau Hub
Guinea-Bissau
Cape Verde
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Ashiya may refer to:
Ashiya, Hyōgo, Japan
Ashiya University, Hyōgo
Ashiya, Fukuoka, Japan
Ashiya, a subcaste of Charans from Rajasthan, India
Mizuki Ashiya, the lead character in the manga series Hana-Kimi
Ashiya Station (disambiguation)
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This is a list of individual aircraft which are notable in their own right.
References
Individual aircraft
Lists of aircraft
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The NBA Sportsmanship Award is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given to a player who most "exemplifies the ideals of sportsmanship on the court with ethical behavior, fair play, and integrity." It is directly analogous to the Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award, which has been awarded by the NBA's sister league, the WNBA, with neither award demanding excellence of play.
Every year, each of the 30 NBA teams nominates one of its players to compete for this award. From these nominees, one player from each NBA division are selected by a panel as the divisional Sportsmanship Award winners. At the end of the regular season, players in the league cast votes for the award, with eleven points given for each first-place vote, nine for second-place vote, seven points for third, five points for fourth, three points for fifth and one point for each sixth place vote received. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award and presented with the Joe Dumars Trophy, named after the former Detroit Pistons player and the award's inaugural recipient.
Grant Hill and Mike Conley have won the award three times; the most in NBA history. Kemba Walker and Jason Kidd have both won it twice.
Winners
Multi-time winners
Teams
See also
Notes
References
External links
Sportsmanship
National Basketball Association lists
Awards established in 1996
Sportsmanship trophies and awards
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DMO est un code qui peut signifier :
.
DMO est un sigle qui peut signifier :
densité minérale osseuse.
Densitométrie minérale osseuse
Code
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Canada Stream () is a small meltwater stream flowing east-southeast from the front of Canada Glacier into Lake Fryxell, in Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was named in association with Canada Glacier by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1983.
References
Rivers of Victoria Land
McMurdo Dry Valleys
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Ostroff may refer to:
Aviva Armour-Ostroff, Canadian actress, writer and filmmaker
Dawn Ostroff, Chief Content Officer at Spotify
Eugene Ostroff (1928–1999), American Historian
Stephen Ostroff, acting commissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration from 2015 to 2016
Ostroff, a terrorist in the American television series 24
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The Siberian Tiger Introduction Project involves reestablishing populations of the Siberian tiger, also known as the Amur tiger, in their former range and also expanding their range by introducing them as replacements of their genetically similar relative, the extinct Caspian tiger, which inhabited Central and Western Asia. Currently, the Siberian tiger inhabits the cold mountains of the Russian Far East and northern China.
History
Genetic studies have revealed that Siberian and Caspian tigers are descended from the tiger population that colonized Central Asia about 10,000 years ago. After the end of the last ice age, the common ancestor of Siberian and Caspian Tiger migrated through the path which later became the silk route path, to colonise the steppes and Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest.
Siberian tigers used to be common on either side of the Amur River in Russia and China, as well as in northeastern Mongolia and South Korea. Caspian tigers lived around the Caspian sea in Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan, and also further away in Armenia, Georgia and Turkey and Kazakhstan all the way to the Altai Mountains in the East. Caspian tigers reportedly became extinct in the 1970s after many years of hunting, poaching and habitat loss. Siberian tigers lost most of their ranges in Siberia and China and became extinct in the wild of Korea and Mongolia.
Siberian Tiger Project
The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) began working in the Russian Far East in 1992 to help conserve rare umbrella species like Siberian tigers, Amur leopards and Blakiston's fish owls, whose survival ultimately requires the conservation of the forest ecosystem as a whole. The WCS founded the Siberian Tiger Project in cooperation with the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve at the same time.
The goal of the Siberian Tiger Project is to collect the best possible scientific information on tiger behavior and ecology for use in conservation plans. The project has studied Siberian tigers by radio-tracking more than 60 individuals since 1992.
The Siberian Tiger Project combines traditional Russian and international approaches to conduct field research and is the world's longest running radio-telemetry based tiger research and conservation effort.
Introduction efforts
Introduction projects for Siberian tigers have been proposed for the Middle East, Central Asia and North Asia.
Kazakhstan
Siberian tigers are set to be introduced to areas in Kazakhstan where Caspian tigers once lived. A national park tentatively known as Caspian Tiger National Park for introduced tigers might be opened in 2019.
The Amu Darya river delta was suggested as a potential site. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area was suitable and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least 5,000 km2 (1,930 sq mi) of large tracts of contiguous habitat with rich prey populations. Such a habitat is not available at this stage and also cannot be provided in the short term. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for introduction at this stage.
The southeastern shore of Lake Balkhash where the Ili River discharges and forms a large delta was also chosen as a suitable habitat. Igor Chestin, director of the Russian branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), hopes to reintroduce tigers into the region within the next few years, though there is a need to enlarge the potential prey base by increasing the existing populations of saiga antelope, roe deer and wild boar the area.
On 8 September 2017, the government of Kazakhstan announced the outline of its tiger reintroduction program and signed a memorandum with the WWF for assistance. Tigers will be introduced in the extensive riparian forest along the southeastern shore of Lake Balkhash. On 1 January 2018, the government will designate a new nature reserve in the area to restore the degraded habitat and protect it thereafter. The restoration will include the reintroduction of the locally extinct Asiatic wild ass and Bactrian deer. It will also help protect Lake Balkhash. Conservationist hope to engage local communities in the program to help tackle poaching and other illegal activities.
Iran
Siberian tigers might be introduced to areas in northern Iran where Caspian tigers once lived. In 2010, a pair of Siberian tigers sent by Russia to Iran's Tehran Zoological Garden (Eram Zoo) in exchange for a pair of Persian leopards were set to be introduced to the Miankaleh peninsula along the southeasternmost shore of the Caspian Sea within the next five years.
In December 2010, one of the Siberian tigers at the Eram Zoo died due to a feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. In 2011, Iran requested four more Siberian tigers and invited conservation experts from Russia to support the introduction project for the Caspian Sea coast. Iran received two pairs of Siberian tigers in 2012.
Siberia
The future introduction of Siberian tigers is planned as part of the ambitious rewilding project at Pleistocene Park in the Kolyma river basin in northern Yakutia, Russia, provided the population of herbivores reaches a size capable of supporting large predators.
A Siberian tiger cub orphaned by poachers was rescued at Primorsky Krai in February 2012. The cub which turned out to be a female was rehabilitated and eventually released back into the wild in May 2013. In 2015, she gave birth to two cubs at Bastak Nature Reserve, becoming the first rehabilitated Siberian tiger to give birth in the wild.
Korea
North Korea was urged to join Russia and China in saving the Siberian tiger after the latest census revealed that only 562 individuals live in the wild. According to the director of the Amur branch of the WWF, analysis of satellite imagery of North Korea has shown that the northern part of the country has suitable conditions for releasing Siberian tigers. This is supported by the fact that a tigress with two cubs had once crossed the border between Russia and North Korea.
References
Wildlife conservation
Conservation projects
Conservation-reliant species
Animal reintroduction
Fauna of Siberia
Siberian Tiger Re-population Project
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On-board scales are devices for determining the approximate loaded weight of a truck. For many types of trucks, knowing the loaded weight is important for operating safely and maximising payload whilst avoiding fines for overloading. On-board scales use either load cell technology or pressure readings from air suspension to calculate the weight on the vehicle axles. Operating the truck at its optimal payload ensures that the owner minimises his running costs whilst maximising his profit.
The convenience of being able to weigh at the loading site is a key factor in the popularity of on-board scales. This ability eliminates the costs associated with using an in-ground scale, such as lost hours of service, scale fees, and driver wages.
Types
There are four types of on-board scales in use:
Load-cell scales
Load-cell scales are based on electronic load cell transducers, and can be mechanical or strain-gauge. There is a wide variety of scale types that can be built with load cell technology. Typically load cells are used in payload scales for vehicles with spring suspension.
Air-suspension PSI gauges
Air-suspension PSI gauges are used on commercial trucks and semi-trailers where accurate weights are not as critical.
Air-suspension load scales
Load scales for air-ride applications that show on-the-ground weight in pounds (LBS) or kilograms (KG) instead of standard PSI. These non-electric gauges are analog (dial-face) with versions that can calibrate for accuracy.
Electronic scales with PSI sensors
Electronic scales with PSI sensors measure temperature and pressure changes in a vehicle's air suspension. It relays this data to a receiver hardwired into the cab, or wirelessly to a handheld unit, which interprets the data and displays an approximate axle weight or gross vehicle weight.
Wheel Loader Weighing
References
MOBA Onboard scale for garbage trucks
Weighing instruments
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Incadronic acid (INN, trade name Bisphonal) is a bisphosphonate.
References
Bisphosphonates
Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitors
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A church tax is a tax collected by the state from members of some religious denominations to provide financial support of churches, such as the salaries of its clergy and to pay the operating cost of the church.
The constitution of a number of countries could be and have been interpreted as both supporting and prohibiting the levying of taxes unto churches; prohibiting church tax could separate church and state fiscally, but it could also be favorable treatment by the government.
Austria
Every recognized religious group in Austria can collect church tax at a rate of 1.1%, though currently only the Catholic and Protestant Church make use of that opportunity. Church tax is compulsory for Catholics in Austria. This tax was introduced by Adolf Hitler in 1939. After World War II, the tax was retained in order to keep the Church independent of political powers.
Denmark
The members of the national Church of Denmark pay a church tax, called "kirkeskat". The rate varies among municipalities with a minimum of 0.4% and a maximum of 1.3% of taxable income in 2019. The tax is generally around 0.7% of taxable income. The collection of the church tax is administered by the Danish tax authorities, but the church tax is not considered as a genuine tax by, for example, Statistics Denmark, but as a "voluntary transfer from households to the state".
The church tax does not cover the entire budget of the Church of Denmark. An additional 9% is paid by the government through block grants ("bloktilskud"), which means that people who are not members of the Church of Denmark also finance its activities through taxes.
England
Excerpts from Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England:
Definition and classification and those liable to pay tithes
. . . tithes; which are defined to be the tenth part of the increase, yearly arising and renewing from the profits of lands, the stock upon lands, and the personal industry of the inhabitants:
the first species being usually called predial, as of corn, grass, hops, and wood;
the second mixed, as of wool, milk, pigs, &c, consisting of natural products, but nurtured and preserved in part by the care of man; and of these the tenth must be paid in gross:
the third personal, as of manual occupations, trades, fisheries, and the like; and of these only the tenth part of the clear gains and profits is due.
...
in general, tithes are to be paid for every thing that yields an annual increase, as corn, hay, fruit, cattle, poultry, and the like; but not for any thing that is of the substance of the earth, or is not of annual increase, as stone, lime, chalk, and the like; nor for creatures that are of a wild nature, or ferae naturae, as deer, hawks, &c, whose increase, so as to profit the owner, is not annual, but casual.
History
We cannot precisely ascertain the time when tithes were first introduced into this country. Possibly they were contemporary with the planting of Christianity among the Saxons, by Augustin the monk, about the end of the fifth century. But the first mention of them, which I have met with in any written English law, is in a constitutional decree, made in a synod held A.D. 786, wherein the payment of tithes in general is strongly enjoined. This canon, or decree, which at first bound not the laity, was effectually confirmed by two kingdoms of the heptarchy, in their parliamentary conventions of estates, respectively consisting of the kings of Mercia and Northumberland, the bishops, dukes, senators, and people. Which was a few years later than the time that Charlemagne established the payment of them in France, and made that famous division of them into four parts; one to maintain the edifice of the church, the second to support the poor, the third the bishop, and the fourth the parochial clergy.
Beneficiaries
And upon their first introduction (as hath formerly been observed), though every man was obliged to pay tithes in general, yet he might give them to what priests he pleased; which were called arbitrary consecrations of tithes: or he might pay them into the hands of the bishop, who distributed among his diocesan clergy the revenues of the church, which were then in common. But, when dioceses were divided into parishes, the tithes of each parish were allotted to its own particular minister; first by common consent, or the appointment of lords of manors, and afterwards by the written law of the land.
...It is now universally held, that tithes are due, of common right, to the parson of the parish, unless there be a special exemption. This parson of the parish, we have formerly seen, may be either the actual incumbent, or else the appropriator of the benefice: appropriations being a method of endowing monasteries, which seems to have been devised by the regular clergy, by way of substitution to arbitrary consecrations of tithes.
Exemptions
We observed that tithes are due to the parson of common right, unless by special exemption: let us therefore see, thirdly, who may be exempted from the payment of tithes ... either in part or totally, first, by a real composition; or secondly, by custom or prescription.
First, a real composition is when an agreement is made between the owner of the lands, and the parson or vicar, with the consent of the ordinary and the patron, that such lands shall for the future be discharged from payment of tithes, by reason of some land or other real recompence given to the parson, in lieu and satisfaction thereof.
Secondly, a discharge by custom or prescription, is where time out of mind such persons or such lands have been, either partially or totally, discharged from the payment of tithes. And this immemorial usage is binding upon all parties, as it is in its nature an evidence of universal consent and acquiescence; and with reason supposes a real composition to have been formerly made. This custom or prescription is either de modo decimandi, or de non-decimando.
A modus decimandi, commonly called by the simple name of a modus only, is where there is by custom a particular manner of tithing allowed, different from the general law of taking tithes in kind, which are the actual tenth part of the annual increase. This is sometimes a pecuniary compensation, as twopence an acre for the tithe of land : sometimes it is a compensation in work and labour, as that the parson shall have only the twelfth cock of hay, and not the tenth, in consideration of the owner's making it for him: sometimes, in lieu of a large quantity of crude or imperfect tithe, the parson shall have a less quantity, when arrived to greater maturity, as a couple of fowls in lieu of tithe eggs; and the like. Any means, in short, whereby the general law of tithing is altered, and a new method of taking them is introduced, is called a modus decimandi, or special manner of tithing.
A prescription de non-decimando is a claim to be entirely discharged of tithes, and to pay no compensation in lieu of them. Thus the king by his prerogative is discharged from all tithes. So a vicar shall pay no tithes to the rector, nor the rector to the vicar, for ecclesia decimas non-folvit ecclesiae. But these personal to both the king and the clergy; for their tenant or lessee shall pay tithes of the same land, though in their own occupation it is not tithable. And, generally speaking, it is an established rule, that in lay hands, modus de non-decimando non-valet. But spiritual persons or corporations, as monasteries, abbots, bishops, and the like, were always capable of having their lands totally discharged of tithes, by various ways: as
By real composition :
By the pope's bull of exemption :
By unity of possession; as when the rectory of a parish, and lands in the same parish, both belonged to a religious house, those lands were discharged of tithes by this unity of possession :
By prescription; having never been liable to tithes, by being always in spiritual hands :
By virtue of their order; as the knights templars, cistercians, and others, whose lands were privileged by the pope with a discharge of tithes. Though, upon the dissolution of abbeys by Henry VIII, most of these exemptions from tithes would have fallen with them, and the lands become tithable again; had they not been supported and upheld by the statute 31 Hen. VIII. c. 13. which enacts, that all persons who should come to the possession of the lands of any abbey then dissolved, should hold them free and discharged of tithes, in as large and ample a manner as the abbeys themselves formerly held them. And from this original have sprung all the lands, which, being in lay hands, do at present claim to be tithe-free: for, if a man can shew his lands to have been such abbey lands, and also immemorially discharged of tithes by any of the means before-mentioned, this is now a good prescription de non-decimando. But he must shew both these requisites; for abbey lands, without a special ground of discharge, are not discharged of course; neither will any prescription de non-decimando avail in total discharge of tithes, unless it relates to such abbeylands.
Finland
All members of either the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the Finnish Orthodox Church (the two state churches of Finland) pay an income-based church tax of between 1% and 2%, depending on the municipality. On average the tax is about 1.4%.
Formerly, to stop paying church tax, one had to formally leave the church by personally going to local register office and waiting during an allowance of time for reflection. This requirement was removed in 2003 and currently a written (but not signed) statement to the church suffices. The majority of resignations since 2005 are now handled through a web site, Eroakirkosta.fi. If one is a member of the church when the year begins, they will pay taxes for the whole year. Studies show that church membership resignations in Finland are mainly due to the general secularization of society, not because of tax avoidance.
Germany
About 70% of church revenues come from church tax (Kirchensteuer), also called worship tax (Kultussteuer) when referring to non-Christian religious bodies such as Jewish synagogues. This is about €9.2 billion (in 2010).
Article 137 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and article 140 of the German Basic Law of 1949 form the legal bases for this practice.
In Germany, on the basis of tax regulations passed by the religious communities and within the limits set by state laws, communities may either
require the taxation authorities of the state to collect the fees from the members on the basis of income tax assessment (then, the authorities withhold a collection fee), or
choose to collect the church tax themselves.
In the first case, membership in the religious community is stored in a database at the Federal Tax Office which employers receive excerpts of for the purpose of withholding tax on paid income. If an employee's data indicate membership in a tax-collecting religious community, the employer must withhold church tax prepayments from their income in addition to other tax prepayments. In connection with the final annual income tax assessment, the state revenue authorities also finally assess the church tax owed. In the case of self-employed persons or of unemployed taxpayers, state revenue authorities collect prepayments on the church tax together with prepayments on the income tax.
If, however, religious communities choose to collect church tax themselves, they may demand that the tax authorities reveal taxation data of their members to calculate the contributions and prepayments owed. In particular, some smaller communities (e.g., the Jewish Community of Berlin) choose to collect taxes themselves to save collection fees the government would charge otherwise.
Collection of church tax may be used to cover any church-related expenses such as funding institutions and foundations or paying ministers.
The church tax is only paid by members of the respective church, although the concept of “membership” is far from clear, and it may be asked what right the secular state has to tell the faithful what contribution they should make to their own denomination. People who are not members of a church tax-collecting denomination do not have to pay it. Members of a religious community under public law may formally declare their wish to leave the community to state (not religious) authorities. The obligation to pay church taxes ends once such a declaration has been made. Some communities refuse to administer marriages and burials of (former) members who had declared to leave it.
The money flow of state and churches is distinct at all levels of the procedures. The church tax is not meant to be a way for the state to directly support churches, but since expenses for church tax are fully deductible (as are voluntary expenses for the Church, for charity or a bundle of other privileged aims) in fact such support occurs on a somewhat large scale. The effort of collecting itself, done by the State, is entirely paid for by the Churches with a part of the tax income.
The church tax is historically rooted in the pre-Christian Germanic custom where the chief of the tribe was directly responsible for the maintenance of priests and religious groups. During the Christianization of Western Europe, this custom was adopted by the Christian churches (Arian and Catholic) in the concept of "Eigenkirchen" (churches owned by the landlord) which stood in strong contrast to the central church organization of the Roman Catholic Church. Despite the resulting medieval conflict between emperor and pope, the concept of church maintenance by the ruler remained the accepted custom in most Western European countries. In Reformation times, the local princes in Germany became officially heads of the church in Protestant areas and were legally responsible for the maintenance of churches. Not until the 19th century, were the finances of churches and state regulated to a point where the churches became financially independent. At this point, the church tax was introduced to replace the state benefits the churches had obtained previously.
The church tax was reaffirmed in Article 13 of the Reichskonkordat between Nazi Germany and the Vatican, where it is understood that the right of the Church to levy taxes is guaranteed. Taxpayers, whether Roman Catholic, Protestant or members of other tax-collecting communities, pay an amount equal to between 8% (in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg) and 9% (in the rest of the country) of their income tax to the church or other community to which they belong.
For example, a single person earning €50,000 may pay an average income-tax of 20%, thus €10,000. The church tax is then an additional 8% (or 9%) of that €10,000 (€800 or €900) for a total of €10,800 or €10,900 in taxes.
In 2017, Germany’s Catholic church recorded approximately €6 billion split across its 27 different dioceses, also known as church districts. This is in spite of the massive dip in attendance. According to the national German newspaper Handelsblatt, church attendance has dropped by more than 2.2 million attendees since the start of the millennium. Contrasted to 50 years prior, where attendance totaled over 11 million, the numbers are now a mere 2.5 million Catholics. The German Church also has a total fortune of at least €20 billion. The three highest profiting dioceses are Paderborn, at €3.5 billion, Munich at €2.8 billion, and Cologne at €2.6 billion. Despite the extreme success of this bill on forcing tax payment, many citizens still find ways to stay away from paying for it. When moving to Germany, one must fill out a form declaring religious affiliation and denomination. One can also manage to opt out of the tax at a later date, if they are a non-practicing member of their faith. This has led to many people declaring they have abandoned the religion of their birth. There is currently no data available regarding what proportion of those making such a declaration have in fact abandoned their religion, or whether they make the claim only to avoid paying the tax.
Iceland
Taxpayers in Iceland who belong to an officially registered religious group or secular humanist organization must pay a congregation tax (Icelandic: sóknargjald, plural sóknargjöld) which is deducted from income taxes and goes to the individual's respective organization. In the past, the sóknargjald of those who do not belong to any recognized religious organization went to the University of Iceland, but this was changed in 2009. In cases of individuals not belonging to a registered religious group or secular humanist organization, the amount that would otherwise be used for the sóknargjald remains now part of the income tax budget. In 2015, the monthly sóknargjald amounted to 824 Icelandic krónur, about $US6. In March 2021, Judaism was added to Iceland’s list of state-recognised religious groups.
The Church of Iceland receives governmental support beyond the congregation taxes paid by its members.
Italy
Taxpayers in Italy pay a mandatory eight per thousand tax, and have the option to choose to whom they will assign the funds. This tax amounts to 0.8% of the total income tax (IRPEF) and every taxpayer can choose the recipient of the contribution on their tax form. Regardless of whether the taxpayer expresses a preference or not, the 0.8% is already included in their tax levy.
Currently the choices are:
Italian State
Roman Catholic Church
Waldensian Evangelical Church
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Assemblies of God in Italy
Union of the Jewish Communities in Italy
Lutheran Evangelical Church in Italy
Baptist Evangelical Christian Union of Italy
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy
Apostolic Church in Italy (Pentecostalism)
Italian Buddhist Union
Italian Hindu Union
If the choice is not expressly declared on the tax form, the tax is distributed according to the percentages of the taxpayers who have declared their choice of beneficiary. While it was intended that the state should use its own share of the 0.8% tax for social or cultural purposes, in practice it has employed it for general purposes including its military mission in Iraq in 2004 and the upgrading of prison infrastructure in 2011.
Spain
The Spanish tax declation form has one checkbox for the Catholic Church, none for other religious groups and a second checkbox for activities of social interest. These checkboxes don't influence the total tax amount, but make that for each ticked checkbox 0.7% of the total amount are used as indicated.
Sweden
The members of Church of Sweden pay church fee, which varies between municipalities, but can be as much as 2%. Church and state are separated as of 2000; however, the burial tax (begravningsavgift) is paid by everyone regardless of membership.
In a recent development, the Swedish government has agreed to continue collecting from individual taxpayers the annual payment that has always gone to the church. But now the fee will be an optional checkoff box on the tax return. The government will allocate the money collected to Catholic, Muslim, Jewish and other faiths as well as the Lutherans, with each taxpayer directing where his or her taxes should go.
Switzerland
There is no official state church in Switzerland. However, except Geneva and Neuchâtel, each canton (state) financially supports at least one of the three traditional denominations – Roman Catholic, Old Catholic (in Switzerland Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland), or Evangelical Reformed – with funds collected through taxation. Each canton church tax may formally have to leave the church. In some cantons private companies are unable to avoid payment of the church tax.
In Geneva and Neuchâtel there is no church tax : each taxpayer is free to make a voluntary tax deductible contribution or gift to his church, either directly to the beneficiary or using the canton (state) tax system.
United States
In the United States, churches are generally exempt from paying taxes. The United States Supreme Court has held that tax exemption for churches is constitutional under the Establishment Clause and that churches and religious organizations may be subject to a general sales and use tax; however, the Court has not addressed whether government may enact a specific "church tax". The Establishment Clause of the US Constitution prohibits the US federal government and (through incorporation doctrine) the 50 state governments from establishing a state religion or favoring one religion over another.
Prior to American independence, most of the original colonies supported religious activities with taxes, with each colony often choosing a single church as their official religion. These official churches enjoyed privileges not granted to other religious groups. Massachusetts and Connecticut supported the Congregational church through tax. In colonial South Carolina, the Anglican Church benefited from church taxes. Other colonies would more generally support religion by requiring taxes that would partially fund religious institutions - taxpayers could direct payments to the Protestant denomination of their choosing. Only the colonies of Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island did not require a tax to support religion. During and after the American Revolution, religious minorities, such as the Methodists and the Baptists, argued that taxes to support religion violated freedoms won from the British. Defenders of the practice argued that government needed to fund religious institutions because public virtue depended on these institutions which could not survive purely on private support.
See also
Concordat
501(c)(3) recognition, federal tax code exemptions for churches, similar religious entities, and other recognized non-profit groups in the United States
Clergy housing allowance, income not subject to federal tax that is paid to ordained ministers in both Canada and the United States
Otto per mille
Peter's Pence
State religion
Tithe
References
Christianity and government
Personal taxes
Religious taxation
Catholic Church and finance
Religious law
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Janine Hauser (born 6 May 2001) is a Swiss ice hockey player and member of the Swiss national team, currently playing in the Swiss Women's League (SWHL A) with the ZSC Lions Frauen.
Hauser represented Switzerland at the IIHF Women's World Championship in 2021 and 2022. As a junior player with the Swiss national under-18 team, she participated in the IIHF Women's U18 World Championships in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. At the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, she won a bronze medal with Switzerland in the girls' ice hockey tournament.
References
External links
Living people
2001 births
Ice hockey players at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics
People from Dietikon District
Sportspeople from the canton of Zürich
Swiss women's ice hockey defencemen
Swiss Women's League players
Youth Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland
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Sqwurm is a 1979 card game designed by Merle M. Rasmussen and published by Game Time Productions.
Gameplay
Sqwurm is a fantasy card game where the players use cards to create a dragon while preventing anyone else from conjuring their dragon first.
Reception
Jerry Epperson reviewed Sqwurm in The Space Gamer No. 29. Epperson commented that "Sqwurm is a game that you will either love or hate. It is simple enough that an 8-year-old can play it, but the strategies that are possible in the game rival those of a boardgame."
References
Card games introduced in 1979
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Neal Musser, né le à Otterbein (Indiana), est un joueur américain de baseball évoluant en Ligue majeure de baseball chez les Kansas City Royals. Après la saison 2007, il compte 17 matchs joués en MLB pour une moyenne de points mérités de 4,38.
Carrière
Liens externes
Fiche de Neal Musser sur mlb.com
Statistiques de Neal Musser sur baseball-reference.com
Joueur américain de baseball
Joueur des Royals de Kansas City
Naissance en août 1980
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Tamron Co., Ltd. is a Japanese company manufacturing photographic lenses, optical components and commercial/industrial-use optics.
Tamron is also a given name. It may refer to:
Tamron Hall (born 1970), American broadcast journalist and television talk show host
The Tamrons, American garage rock band in the 1960s
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Diamocaine is a local anesthetic that was developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals in the 1970s. It is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative, structurally related to opioid drugs such as piminodine and antipsychotics such as haloperidol, but in this series only local anesthetics were produced.
See also
Dimethocaine
Procaine
Tetracaine
References
Anilines
Ethers
Piperidines
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Кузмиці — село в окрузі Топольчани Нітранського краю [[Словаччина|Словаччини];
Кузмиці — село в окрузі Требишів Кошицького краю Словаччини.
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Shwe htamin (; , ) is a traditional Burmese dessert or mont.
The dessert consists of glutinous rice cooked with pandan leaves, coconut milk, and jaggery, and garnished with fresh coconut shavings.
References
Burmese cuisine
Sesame dishes
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Target range may refer to:
Shooting range
Optimal health range, in medicine diagnostics, concentration ranges for optimal health as alternative to reference range based on normal distribution.
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Khanon dok (; ; also spelt khanon htok) is a traditional Burmese snack or mont. The word khanon htok is a portmanteau of Thai khanom () and Burmese htok (). The snack is essentially a stuffed crepe-like omelette filled with sautéed chicken or shrimp, and rolled like an eggroll.
Khanon dok is a popular delicacy in Mandalay, where it was considered a favorite snack of the Mandalay Palace royals during tea time or supper. A series of Burmese–Siamese wars beginning with Hsinbyushin's reign resulted in the emergence of Thai-inspired delicacies, including khanon dok, shwe yin aye, mont let hsaung, and mont di.
References
Burmese cuisine
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May Company California was a chain of department stores operating in Southern California and Nevada, with headquarters in North Hollywood, California. It was a subsidiary of May Department Stores and merged with May's other Southern California subsidiary, J. W. Robinson's, in 1993 to form Robinsons-May.
May Company California was established in 1923 when May acquired A. Hamburger & Sons Inc.. (founded in 1881 by Asher Hamburger). The company operated exclusively in Southern California until 1989 when May Department Stores had dissolved Goldwater's, based in Scottsdale, Arizona, and transferred its Las Vegas, Nevada store to May Company California.
Two well-known stores were the flagship Downtown store on 8th Street between Broadway and Hill streets, and the May Company Wilshire at Wilshire Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue. The 1926 garage building at 9th and Hill Streets was one of the nation's first parking structures (Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 1001). The Wilshire location has been featured in several vintage films, including Behave Yourself!
History
A. Hamburger & Sons "The People's Store"
Main St. store
May Company California can trace its roots to the store that Asher Hamburger and his sons Moses, David and Solomon had established in Los Angeles after their recent move from Sacramento. This store first opened on October 29, 1881, in a 20-by-75-foot room on Main Street near Requena Street and was original known as The People's Store.
Spring St. store
In 1882, only one year later, Hamburger's moved to the Ponet-Bumiller Block at 45 N. Spring St. (post-1890 numbering: 145 N. Spring), SW corner of Temple, in a space of 46 by 100 ft. Later, it expanded into the north half of the ground floor of the newly built Phillips Block, NW corner of Spring and Franklin, then in 1887 into the south half. In April 1899 it added the Ponet store 20 ft to the north of the Bumiller Block.
Phillips Block — largest store in the West
In 1899, Hamburger's renovated and took over the entire Phillips Block, all four floors plus the cellar. The space officially opened June 1, 1899 and the store claimed at that time to have of floor space and to be the largest retail store in the Western United States. Later Hamburger's added an additional onto its back side on New High St.
1908: An even larger “largest store in the West”
By the start of the 20th century, A. Hamburger & Sons had outgrown its Spring Street location, which had 520 employees working on five floors. The Hamburger family decided to build a much larger store at the southeast corner of Broadway and Eighth, a location that was outside of then current retail district. Construction started in 1905, with a grand opening held in 1908. This location, which was also known as the Great White Store, was the largest department store building west of Chicago at the time and would eventually become the flagship location for the May Company California. At the time that the Great White Store was opened, the store could boast of having one of the first escalators on the West Coast, several restaurants, a drug store, grocery store, bakery, fruit store, meat market, U.S. post office, telegraph office, barber shop, a dentist, a chiropractor, a medical doctor, an auditorium, an electricity and steam power plant in the basement that was large enough to support a city of 50,000 inhabitants, a private volunteer 120 men fire brigade, 13 acres of retail space (482,475 sq.ft., larger than all the department, clothing and dry goods stores in the city), and 1200 employees. The Los Angeles Public Library was also located on the third floor from 1908 until it was forced to move to a larger location when it outgrew the Hamburger space by 1913. For a short time, Woodbury Business College briefly was also located on the fifth floor. Circa 1912, there was a temporary free public menagerie on the fourth floor of 50 animals including a cassowary, a sun bear, an orangutan, a -long python, monkeys and iridescent birds.
Expansion to over one million square feet
The store continued to expand until it took up the entire block bounded by Broadway, Hill, 8th and 9th. In 1923, a nine-story addition was built on Hill Street. With the addition of a new nine-story, building in 1930 it then measured over of floor space. In the mid-1920s May Company also built a warehouse at Grand and Jefferson and in 1927 a nine-story parking garage at 9th and Hill streets.
1923: Sale to May
On March 31, 1923, the Hamburgers sold their store to the May family of St. Louis for $8.5 million. Thomas and Wilbur May, sons of the founder of the May Company, were sent to manage the former Hamburger store. One of the first things that they did was to expand the store again by building adjacent additions on the other parts of the city block. After several more years, the May Company store eventually occupied almost the entire block between Broadway and Hill and between 8th and 9th Streets. The old Hamburger store was officially renamed the May Company in 1927.
1939: first branch, Wilshire Boulevard
To keep pace with the extreme growth in population within Southern California during the Great Depression, May Company opened the first branch store in 1939 on Wilshire at Fairfax at a cost of $2 million.
1947: Crenshaw branch
After World War II, a second branch store was opened on October 10, 1947 along Crenshaw Boulevard at the northeast corner of Santa Barbara St. (now M. L. King, Jr. Blvd.). The store would later be integrated into the Broadway-anchored Crenshaw Plaza directly across the street to the south.
A proposed store in Hollywood that was planned at the same time was never built.
1952–1992: suburban expansion
From 1952 to 1992 May opened stores across suburban Los Angeles and Southern California (see table below).
The North Hollywood store, opened in 1955 and originally marketed as part of the Valley Plaza shopping district, was a very large at , and claimed to be the second-largest suburban branch department store in the country, outsized only by a branch of Hudson's in suburban Detroit.
1992: Merger into Robinsons-May
On October 17, 1992, May Company California's parent, May Department Stores, announced the merger of May Company California with its sister company J.W. Robinson's to form Robinsons-May, thus ending the May Company California existence. It was also announced that the Wilshire store along with the stores in West Covina, Buena Park, Santa Ana, and San Bernardino were scheduled to close by the end of January 1993.
Disposal of older stores
During the early part of this division existence, May Company was also the developer of some other early shopping centers and malls which grew around the initially stand-alone stores, with the Crenshaw location being the first example.
The first May Company store, the original Hamburger's, at Broadway and 8th in downtown Los Angeles was closed when it was replaced by the just opened 7th Market Place store in 1986. This building is designated as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 459. After its sale, the building was primary used by small clothing manufacturing companies. In 2013, the then current owners were trying to sell the building since the surrounding area is being actively redeveloped. It was announced in April 2014 that Waterbridge Capital agreed to purchase the property, but had not given out too many details on how they might go about to develop it, except to state it would be mixed-use.
During the 1980s, the parent corporation tried to replace the iconic Wilshire store for several years by getting involved with mall development at Farmers Market. However the development that eventually became The Grove at Farmers Market was delayed for nearly two decades. The St. Louis-based parent company eventually withdrew from the project and the Wilshire store was never replaced when May Company California was later merged with Robinson in 1993. After closing, the Streamline Moderne style building was sold to Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1994 and is currently slated to house The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures.
Store list
Gallery
References in popular culture
On the Jack Benny radio and television programs, Benny was said to have met his girlfriend Mary Livingstone (played by his real-life wife, Sadie Marks) at the May Company when she worked there in the hosiery department. This is one of the few instances in radio or television history where a real business was made part of the story. (Jack and Mary Benny actually met through friends and not at a department store.)
In Andre DeToth's 1948 film noir Pitfall, Lizabeth Scott's character, Mona Stevens, is depicted working in the fine dresses department of the May Company's Wilshire Boulevard location.
See also
May Company Building (Broadway, Los Angeles)
May Company Building (Wilshire, Los Angeles)
May Company Building (Mission Valley, San Diego)
References
American companies established in 1881
Retail companies established in 1881
Retail companies disestablished in 1993
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Desert Patrol is a 1938 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and written by Fred Myton. The film stars Bob Steele, Marion Weldon, Rex Lease, Ted Adams, Forrest Taylor and Budd Buster. The film was released on June 6, 1938, by Republic Pictures.
Plot
Cast
Bob Steele as Dave Austin
Marion Weldon as Jean Drury
Rex Lease as Dan Drury
Ted Adams as Apache Joe
Forrest Taylor as Martin Rand
Budd Buster as Hezi Watts
Steve Clark as Captain
Jack Ingram as Chet
Julian Madison as Carson
References
External links
1938 films
1930s English-language films
American Western (genre) films
1938 Western (genre) films
Republic Pictures films
Films directed by Sam Newfield
Films set in deserts
American black-and-white films
1930s American films
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Spiders () — це пісня гурту «System of a Down», яка була випущена окремим синглом у 1999 році, компанією American Recordings.
Трек-лист
Посилання
Лірика
Сингли 1999
Пісні System of a Down
Англомовні пісні
Рок-пісні
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In anatomy, cervical is an adjective that has two meanings:
of or pertaining to any neck.
of or pertaining to the female cervix: i.e., the neck of the uterus.
Commonly used medical phrases involving the neck are
cervical collar
cervical disc (intervertebral disc)
cervical lymph nodes
cervical nerves
cervical vertebrae
cervical rib
Phrases that involve the uterine cervix include
cervical cancer
cervical smear or Pap smear
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The Hartmann alligator forceps or Hartmann foreign body forceps, named after the German physician Arthur Hartmann, are medical forceps for removing foreign bodies. It is used in addition to surgery mainly in otorhinolaryngology (ENT). Their quality depends on the origin and quality of the stainless steel. Indian steel is used often for hobbyist use. FDA and CE certified instruments also veterinary instruments are normally made of Japanese or German steel.
Shaft length
The shaft length varies up to one meter, is predominantly 8 to 12 cm. Only the top mouth opens alligator-like. (in US therefore has the medical term "Alligator Mouth" or "Hartmann Alligator Forceps" enforced. A common name also is "Crocodile forceps"). The standard length of the muzzle from the front hinge implementation is 1.5 cm or 1 cm. Thus, the clamp is used where normal tweezers or fine instruments are struggling to grasp small objects. So you can even grasp objects in small tubes and position them precisely.
Clamp
The ear clamp is used wherever problems exist with normal tweezers or fine instruments to grasp small objects. It opens only a small part of the mouth. So you can even grasp objects in small tubes and position them precisely. Ideal during soldering, when it is difficult to accurately position small components. In veterinary medicine the Hartmann, ear polypus forceps is used to remove awns or epilate hairs of dogs ears. The design reduces the natural tremor (shaking).
References
Medical clamps
Surgical instruments
Veterinary equipment
Articles containing video clips
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Kiss Nikolett
Kiss Nikolett (1988–) magyar labdarúgó
Kiss Nikoletta
Kiss Nikoletta (1996–) válogatott magyar kézilabdázó
Kiss Nikoletta (1997–) magyar nyíltvízi úszó
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The mahi-mahi () or common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) is a surface-dwelling ray-finned fish found in off-shore temperate, tropical, and subtropical waters worldwide. Also widely called dorado (not to be confused with Salminus brasiliensis, a fresh water fish) and dolphin, it is one of two members of the family Coryphaenidae, the other being the pompano dolphinfish. These fish are most commonly found in the waters around the Gulf of Mexico, Costa Rica, Hawaii and the Indian Ocean.
Nomenclature
The name mahi-mahi comes from the Hawaiian language and means "very strong", through the process of reduplication. However in Māori, a sister language of Hawaiian, "mahimahi" almost exclusively refers to the verb meaning to have sex. By chance in Persian, mahi (ماهی) means fish, but the word mahi in Hawaiian has nothing to do with the Persian language. Though the species is also referred to as the common dolphinfish, the use of "dolphin" can be misleading as they are not related to dolphins; see Coryphaena for the possible etymologies of "dolphinfish". In parts of the Pacific and along the English-speaking coast of South Africa, the mahi-mahi is commonly referred to by its name in Spanish, dorado. In the Mediterranean island of Malta, the mahi-mahi is referred to as the lampuka.
Linnaeus named the genus, derived from the Greek word, κορυφή, koryphe, meaning top or apex, in 1758. Synonyms for the species include Coryphaena argyrurus, Coryphaena chrysurus, and Coryphaena dolfyn.
Description
Mahi-mahi have compressed bodies and a single long-based dorsal fin extending from the head almost to the tail. Mature males have prominent foreheads protruding well above the body proper. Females have a rounded head. Their caudal fins and anal fins are sharply concave. They are distinguished by dazzling colors - golden on the sides, and bright blues and greens on the sides and back. The pectoral fins of the mahi-mahi are iridescent blue. The flank is broad and golden.
Out of the water, the fish often change color (giving rise to their Spanish name, dorado, "golden"), going through several hues before finally fading to a muted yellow-grey upon death.
Mahi-mahi can live for up to five years, although they seldom exceed four. Females are usually smaller than males. Catches typically are and a meter in length. They rarely exceed , and mahi-mahi over are exceptional. Mahi-mahi are among the fastest-growing of fish. They spawn in warm ocean currents throughout much of the year, and their young are commonly found in rafts of Sargassum weeds. Young Mahi Mahi migrate past Malta where they are called Lampuki and Sicily where they are known as Lampuga or Capone; there they are fished using nets and floating mats of palm leaves under which they collect.
Mahi-mahi are carnivorous, feeding on flying fish, crabs, squid, mackerel, and other forage fish. They have also been known to eat zooplankton.
Males and females are sexually mature in their first year, usually by the age of 4–5 months. Spawning can occur at body lengths of . Females may spawn two to three times per year, and produce between 80,000 and 1,000,000 eggs per event. In waters at 28 °C/83 °F, mahi-mahi larvae are found year-round, with greater numbers detected in spring and fall.
Mahi-mahi fish are mostly found in the surface water. Their flesh is grey-white when raw, cooking to an attractive white with a clean, non-fishy flavour. The body is slightly slender and long, making them fast swimmers; they can swim as fast as 50 knots (92.6 km/h, 57.5 mph).
Recreational fishing
Mahi-mahi are highly sought for sport fishing and commercial purposes. Sport fishermen seek them due to their beauty, size, food quality, and healthy population. Mahi-mahi can be found in the Caribbean Sea, on the west coast of North and South America, the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic coast of Florida and West Africa, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, South China Sea and Southeast Asia, Hawaii, Tahiti, and many other places worldwide.
Fishing charters most often look for floating debris and frigatebirds near the edge of the reef in about of water. Mahi-mahi (and many other fish) often swim near debris such as floating wood, five-gallon bucket lids, palm trees and fronds, or sargasso weed lines and around fish buoys. Frigatebirds search for food accompanying the debris or sargasso. Experienced fishing guides can tell what species are likely around the debris by the birds' behavior.
gear is more than adequate when trolling for mahi-mahi. Fly-casters may especially seek frigatebirds to find big mahi-mahis, and then use a bait-and-switch technique. Ballyhoo or a net full of live sardines tossed into the water can excite the mahi-mahis into a feeding frenzy. Hookless teaser lures can have the same effect. After tossing the teasers or live chum, fishermen throw the fly to the feeding mahi-mahi. Once on a line, mahi-mahi are fast, flashy, and acrobatic, with beautiful blue, yellow, green, and even red dots of color.
Commercial fishing
The United States and the Caribbean countries are the primary consumers of this fish, but many European countries are increasing their consumption every year. It is a popular food fish in Australia, usually caught and sold as a byproduct by tuna and swordfish commercial fishing operators. Japan and Hawaii are significant consumers. The Arabian Sea, particularly the coast of Oman, also has mahi-mahi. At first, mahi-mahi were mostly bycatch in the tuna and swordfish longline fishery. Now, they are sought by commercial fishermen on their own merits.
In French Polynesia, fishermen use harpoons, using a specifically designed boat, the poti marara, to pursue it, because mahi-mahi do not dive. The poti marara is a powerful motorized V-shaped boat, optimized for high agility and speed, and driven with a stick so the pilot can hold his harpoon with his right hand. The method is also practiced by fishermen in the Philippines, especially in the northern province of Batanes, where the harpooning is called pagmamamataw.
Environmental and food safety concerns
Depending on how it is caught, mahi-mahi is classed differently by various sustainability rating systems:
The Monterey Bay Aquarium classifies mahi-mahi, when caught in the US Atlantic, as a best choice, the top of its three environmental-impact categories. The aquarium advises to avoid imported mahi-mahi harvested by long line, but rates troll and pole-and-line caught as a good alternative.
The Natural Resources Defense Council classifies mahi-mahi as a "moderate mercury" fish (its second-lowest of four categories), and suggests eating six servings or fewer per month.
The Environmental Defense Fund classifies mahi-mahi caught by line/pole in the US as "Eco-Best" in its three-category system, but classifies all mahi-mahi caught by longline as only "Eco-OK" or "Eco-Worst" due to longline "high levels [of] bycatch, injuring or killing seabirds, sea turtles and sharks."
The mahi-mahi is also a common vector for ciguatera poisoning. Although a very popular food dish in many parts of the world, there have been reports of ciguatera poisoning from human consumption of this fish. Ciguatera poisoning is caused by the accumulation of toxins (ciguatoxins and maitotoxin) in the flesh of the fish over time. These are produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus which grows together with marine algae, which causes fish like the mahi-mahi to consume them by accident.
Mahi-mahi naturally have high levels of histidine, which is converted to histamine when bacterial growth occurs during improper storage or processing. Subsequent cooking, smoking, or freezing does not eliminate the histamine. This leads to a foodborne illness known as scombroid food poisoning, which also affect other fish such as tuna, mackerel, sardine, anchovy, herring, bluefish, amberjack and marlin. Symptoms are those of histamine intolerance and may include flushed skin, headache, itchiness, blurred vision, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea., and the onset of symptoms is typically 10 to 60 minutes after eating and can last for up to two days. Rarely, breathing problems (like that of allergic asthma) or an irregular heartbeat may occur. Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms and may be supported by a normal blood tryptase.
References
Further reading
Atlantic Mahi Mahi NOAA FishWatch. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
Pacific Mahi Mahi NOAA FishWatch. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
External links
Dolphinfish Monterey Bay Aquarium
Oceana's Sustainable Seafood Guide
Dolphinfish Florida Museum
Dolphinfishes from iNaturalist
Commercial fish
mahi-mahi
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
Hawaiian cuisine
Hawaiian words and phrases
Pantropical fish
Sport fish
Cuisine of the Southern United States
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Mediastinal lymph nodes are lymph nodes located in the mediastinum.
Pathology
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Mediastinal mass
References
Lymphatics of the torso
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Ladies in Distress is a 1938 American drama film directed by Gus Meins and written by Dorrell McGowan and Stuart E. McGowan. The film stars Alison Skipworth, Polly Moran, Robert Livingston, Virginia Grey, Max Terhune and Berton Churchill. The film was released on June 13, 1938, by Republic Pictures.
Plot
Cast
Alison Skipworth as Josephine Bonney
Polly Moran as Lydia Bonney
Robert Livingston as Pete Braddock
Virginia Grey as Sally
Max Terhune as Dave Evans
Berton Churchill as Fred Morgan
Leonard Penn as Daniel J. Roman
Horace McMahon as 2nd Thug
Allen Vincent as Spade
Eddie Acuff as Horace
Charles Anthony Hughes as Lieutenant
Jack Carr as Policeman
Walter Sande as Duncan
Billy Wayne as Brown
References
External links
1938 films
American drama films
1938 drama films
Republic Pictures films
Films directed by Gus Meins
American black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
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Estremamente pericoloso (Highly Dangerous) è un film britannico del 1950 diretto da Roy Ward Baker, accreditato come Roy Baker.
Trama
Collegamenti esterni
Film di spionaggio
Film diretti da Roy Ward Baker
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Screen Actors Guild (SAG; pol. Gildia Aktorów Ekranowych) – związek zawodowy zrzeszający około 120 tys. amerykańskich aktorów. Od 1995 przyznaje on corocznie własne wyróżnienia – nagrodę Gildii Aktorów Ekranowych.
Po połączeniu z AFTRA, inną organizacją tego rodzaju, SAG przekształciło się 30 marca 2012 SAG-AFTRA.
Lista prezesów
Linki zewnętrzne
Oficjalna strona
Amerykańskie związki zawodowe
Organizacje filmowe
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The Homeland Security Advisory Council (HSAC) is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States. It was created by an Executive Order on March 19, 2002.
Council members
References
2002 establishments in the United States
Executive Office of the President of the United States
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The postal and philatelic history of Canada concerns postage of the territories which have formed Canada. Before Canadian confederation, the colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland issued stamps in their own names. The postal history falls into four major periods: French control (1604–1763), British control (1763–1841), colonial government control (1841–1867), and Canada, since 1867.
Origins
At St. John's, Newfoundland on 3 August 1527 the first known letter was sent from North America. While in St. John's, John Rut had written a letter to King Henry VIII on his findings and his planned voyage. The letter in part reads as follows: "Pleasing your Honourable Grace to heare of your servant John Rut with all his company here in good health thanks be to God." The conclusion of the letter reads: "...the third day of August we entered into a good harbour called St. John and there we found Eleuen Saile of Normans and one Brittaine and two Portugal barks all a fishing and so we are ready to depart towards Cap de Bras that is 25 leagues as shortly as we have fished and so along the Coast until we may meete with our fellowe and so with all diligence that lyes in me toward parts to that Ilands that we are command at our departing and thus Jesu save and keepe you Honourable Grace and all your Honourable Reuer. In the Haven of St. John the third day of August written in hast 1527, by your servant John Rut to his uttermost of his power."
French control
The earliest reference to a postal service is of couriers in 1705, namely the "first courier" Pedro da Silva, carrying the Governor's dispatches by boat, along with (for a fee) private letters. A regular postal system was proposed in 1721, but would have been too expensive at the time, and was not created until 1734, when a road existed between Montreal and Quebec. Post houses were established at intervals of nine miles (14 km) or so, along with ferries across the rivers. Fees were ten sols between the two major cities, and five sols to Trois-Rivières, Quebec.
British control
The British captured Montreal in 1760, and shortly thereafter established a military postal system that handled letters between Quebec and Montreal, and from Montreal to Albany, New York.
The peace treaty of 1763 inaugurated the development of a civilian post. The Postmasters General of the American colonies, Benjamin Franklin and William Foxcroft surveyed a route between New York and Quebec, and contracted Quebec-Montreal mail to a Hugh Finlay, who provided a weekly service at 8d per letter. Mail to New York took two weeks and cost about a shilling. The service was quite successful, the Quebec-Montreal route increasing to twice a week, and eventually branching out to include Skenesborough.
The American Revolutionary War disrupted mail to New York, and also showed the weakness in not having an all-British route to Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1787 a complicated route was set up through Riviere du Loup, Fredericton, Digby, and Annapolis. Upper Canada had its own semi-monthly route through Kingston, Niagara, Detroit, and as far as Michilimackinac on Lake Huron.
Finlay was succeeded in 1800 by George Heriot, then in 1816 Daniel Sutherland took over as Postmaster General. By this time dozens of post offices were being opened. 1816 was also when the postal services of Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia were separated, and not rejoined until 1868.
Postmarks had been in use since 1764, Finlay having been introduced to them by Franklin. The earliest markings were town names in a straight line. As is typical of the period, the postal service introduced ever-more-complicated systems of rates for mail, depending on destination and distance. In 1840 Rowland Hill proposed a uniform rate for Great Britain that could be prepaid by postage stamps, and on May 25, 1849, the Legislative Assembly of Canada resolved to adopt the use of stamps in the Province of Canada.
Colonial Governments
The colonies co-operated in the local control of the postal system after they assumed the administration from the General Post office in London in 1851, but each colony issued its own stamps until it joined the confederation. All colonies ceased issuing postage stamps after joining the confederation.
British Columbia
The colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island jointly issued stamps valid in both colonies in 1860. In 1865, each colony issued its own series. After the two colonies were merged in 1866, the united colony issued stamps from 1867 to 1869.
Province of Canada
The Province of Canada began issuing stamps on April 23, 1851. The first were in the values of 3d, 6d, and 12d. Designed by Sir Sandford Fleming, the Threepenny Beaver depicted a beaver in an oval frame, and is considered the first Canadian postage stamp. It was the first stamp to picture an animal and not a monarch. It was the first official postage stamp anywhere to picture an animal, though an unofficial postmaster's provisional from St. Louis, Missouri showed two bears in 1845. The 6d was a portrait of Prince Albert from a drawing by William Drummond Esq. The 12d (1 shilling) was reproduced from a full-length painting of Queen Victoria done by Alfred Edward Chalon. All three stamps were produced by the firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch and Edson of New York.
In April 1851, the rate for inland letters to Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island was 3d per ½ oz. Letters to the USA was 6d per ½ oz, excluding California and Oregon, which was 9d per ½ oz. The first issues were made on laid paper, which did not stick as well to envelopes; thus in 1852 the printers switched to wove paper. All of these early stamps were imperforate issues. These earliest issues on laid paper are quite rare; a grand total of only 1,450 copies of the 12d were ever issued. Copies today, depending on their condition, may sell for US$50,000 or more.
Between 1852 and 1857, the postal service came out with new values: ½d, 7½d, and 10d, while removing the 12d. The first two depicting Victoria, and the 10d featuring a portrait of Jacques Cartier. The 7½d was unusual in that it was also denominated "6 Pence Sterling". In 1858 the first perforated stamps were issued in ½d, 3d, and 6d values, depicting Queen Victoria, a beaver and HRH Prince Albert.
In 1859 the province standardized on a single decimal monetary system, which also meant new stamps would be needed. Between 1859 and 1864, the American Bank Note Company, New York produced seven new stamps in: 1¢, 2¢, 5¢, (two) 10¢, 12½¢, and 17¢ values. In general, existing designs were used. These were the last stamps produced for the Province of Canada.
New Brunswick
New Brunswick first issued stamps in 1851; they were imperforate and denominated in pence. They consisted of a 3d red, 6d olive yellow, 1/- bright red violet and a 1/- dull violet issues, all on bluish paper. All four stamps were diamond-shaped and bore the New Brunswick coat of arms. In 1860, six new stamps, denominated in cents, were issued. The 1¢ depicted a steam locomotive, the 2¢, 5¢, and 10¢ values showed a young Queen Victoria, while the 12½¢ depicted a steamship and the 17¢ showed the Prince of Wales in Highland regalia.
Newfoundland
The colony and later the dominion of Newfoundland had a 90-year history of issuing postage stamps. The first issues were in 1857. The last issue was in 1947, two years before Newfoundland joined the confederation. Newfoundland stamps remain valid for mail posted anywhere in Canada.
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia's first issue was from 1851 to 1857, in pence. The second issue, in cents, was from 1861 to 1863.
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island issued stamps in pence from 1862 to 1865, and a second series from 1868 to 1870. The third series, in cents, was issued in 1872.
Canada
Victorian period
The Dominion came into existence July 1, 1867, assembled from colonies each of which had their own stamps, so the new government issued a new series of stamps on April 1, 1868, superseding all previous issues. These featured a profile of Queen Victoria, based on an engraving by Charles Henry Jeens and became known to philatelists as the "Large Queens". They ranged in value from ½¢ to 15¢. While mostly printed on wove paper, a few of the 1¢, 2¢, and 3¢ values were also printed on laid paper; only three examples of the Canada 2c Large Queen on laid paper are known, making it Canada's rarest stamp.
Except for the 15c value which was in use as late as 1897, the Large Queens had a relatively short life, being replaced in 1870 by the "Small Queens", smaller stamps of the same basic design, adopted to be able to produce more stamps more quickly. The Small Queens came in a number of printings between 1870 and 1897. In 1893 20¢ and 50¢ stamps came out with a 3/4 portrait of Victoria.
When Prince Edward Island became a Canadian province in 1873, it sold off all its remaining pre-Canadian stamps at discounted prices, flooding the market with over 1.5 million cheap stamps. Since these stamps had next to no value, forgers had no compelling reason to make copies. Today, since forged versions of Prince Edward Island stamps are harder to find than the original, the forgeries are more valuable. Library and Archives Canada holds a forged, lithographed version of a stamp from 1870 that features an engraving of Queen Victoria.
In 1897, the American Bank Note Company secured the contract to print stamps for Canada, which lasted until 1923. The company's first job was to print a series for the Diamond Jubilee celebrating the 60th year of Queen Victoria and the 30th year of confederation, the first commemorative stamps of Canada. The design was a side-by-side of the Chalon vignette of the young Victoria and the likeness photographed by Alexander Bassano in 1887. The series included 16 denominations ranging from ½¢ to five dollars, a princely sum in those days, and more aimed at collectors than mailers. Only 9,937 of the $4 value were ever sold, and unsurprisingly they are rare and expensive today.
1897 also saw the Maple Leaf Issue, regular stamps with the central design based on a Jubilee portrait for Victoria, with maple leaves in each corner. It was in use for only a few months before being replaced by a modified design that replaced the lower leaves with numerals of value, motivated by the French-speaking population who found it difficult to read the textual denomination on the original design. (The Universal Postal Union would require the use of Arabic numerals in 1907.)
In 1898, a first step towards Imperial Penny Postage happened when a number of Dominions agreed on a uniform rate of 1d (2¢ in Canada). Canada issued an interesting stamp depicting a map of the entire world, with British possessions marked in red, inscribed "XMAS 1898" (the rate took effect on Christmas Day), and "WE HOLD A VASTER EMPIRE THAN HAS BEEN" underneath, a line extracted from "A Song of Empire" composed by Sir Lewis Morris in 1887. The stamp was notable as the first multi-colour stamp of Canada, and also for the tremendous variability of the red highlighting, resulting in amusing geographical incongruities.
Edward VII
Upon the accession of King Edward VII, the basic maple leaf was retained but updated with a portrait of Edward wearing the ermine Robes of State. Seven stamps bearing Edward VII based upon his coronation painting were issued between 1903 and 1908. In addition, a commemorative tricentennial of Quebec stamp was issued in 1908 featuring Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. Canada's first experiments with coil stamps occurred during this period.
George V
King George V was depicted in 1911 as Admiral of the Fleet in a widely admired design that continued in use until 1928.
1928 saw the "Scroll Issue", so-called because "CANADA" appeared in a scroll across the top. This was the first issue to be bilingual. The pictorials are among the finest stamps ever produced, especially the 50¢ value Bluenose stamp portraying the legendary schooner Bluenose.
The "Arch Issue" of 1930 was similarly elegant. The last issue for George V, in 1935, was called the "Dated Die Issue" because the year appeared in very small print in the design.
Edward VIII
No stamps were issued during the reign of Edward VIII since he abdicated the throne before the Coronation Ceremony took place.
George VI
The dated die concept was used in 1937 as well, in the stamps issued for newly crowned King George VI. A group of three stamps in May 1939 marked the royal visit and a commemorative cover was available postmarked from the Royal Train.
Soon after the Empire was plunged into war; the War issue of 1942 highlighted Canada's contributions. While the low values showed the King wearing the uniforms of the different services, the higher values showed Canada's role in growing food and the production of munitions, including a Ram tank, a corvette, and a destroyer.
In 1946, the "Peace issue" showed scenes and economic activities around the country. From the late 1940s on, the issuance of commemoratives became a regular event, with two in 1947, but gradually increasing. The last regular stamps of George VI came out in 1951.
Elizabeth II
The first definitive issue for Elizabeth II's reign was based on a portrait by Yusuf Karsh, and was issued on a plain background in five values on May 1 1953.
The Karsh series was replaced in the following year by a new design based on the portrait by Dorothy Wilding that was also used in the United Kingdom. The 5¢ value was issued on April 1 with the introduction of the new domestic first class letter rate. Five more values in this series were introduced on June 10. With this series the post office began experimenting with fluorescence on stamps, resulting in a number of challenging varieties over the life of this and the next two series.
The Wilding series was replaced by the "Cameo" series, a horizontal design by Ernst Roch. The series began with the 5¢ value on 10 March 1962. The 1¢ and 4¢ values were released on 2 April 1963, and the 2¢ and 3¢ values followed on May 2.
From the 1960s on, Canadian stamp policies have favoured issuing a relatively large number of single commemoratives valued at the prevailing first-class rate. In its commemorative issues Canada has made extensive use of works by well-known artists and until very recently has not used images of living people on its stamps.
Definitive series have tended to be combinations of design types, each applying to a range of values. For instance, the definitives of the late 1980s featured native wildlife for values up to 80 cents, and Canadian architecture for the dollar values, while those of the early 1990s used berries for the lowest values, and fruit trees for the higher values, and continuing with architecture for the highest values.
In December 2003, Canada Post issued a new 49 cent definitive stamp bearing the image of Queen Elizabeth II using a photograph taken by rock star Bryan Adams. A similar redenominated stamp was issued in 2005 as a 50 cent denomination, and a 51 cent denomination in 2006 (see Queen Elizabeth II definitive stamp (Canada)).
See also
Canadian definitive postage stamps
History of Canada
List of people on stamps of Canada
People on stamps of Canadian provinces
Revenue stamps of Canada
References and sources
References
Sources
Stanley Gibbons: various catalogues.
Encyclopaedia of Postal Authorities
Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986.
Winthrop Smillie Boggs. (1945, reprinted 1974) The Postage Stamps and Postal History of Canada. Lawrence, Mass: Quarterman Publications.
Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
Dwight, Robin Harris. (1998) 1952-53 Karsh, 1954-62 Wilding, 1962-66 Cameo definitives.
Further reading
BNA Topics from the British North America Philatelic Society 1944 to 2005 online journals.
Hillson, John. (1989) Small Queens of Canada. 2nd Revised edition. London: Christie's-Robson Lowe.
Holmes' specialized philatelic catalogue of Canada and British North America published from 1935 to 1968.
Jarrett, Fred. Stamps of British North America.
Jarrett, Fred. (1929) Standard British North America Catalogue. Toronto.
Lowe, Robson. (1973) The Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps 1639-1952; Vol V North America. London: Robson Lowe.
Prest, Stephen F. (2008) A Study of the Plates, Papers & Gums of the 1937 1¢, 2¢ & 3¢ Mufti Issues of Canada.
Publications from: The Vincent Graves Greene Philatelic Research Foundation.
External links
Canadian stamps values and prices.
The British North American Philatelic Society.
The Canadian Philatelic Society of Great Britain.
The Canadian Philatelist Searchable Database.
The Canadian Postal System in the Canadian Encyclopedia.
The Large Queen Issue of Canada.
The Canadian Stamps Gallery.
The Royal Philatelic Society of Canada (RPSC).
The Stamps of Canada, by Bertram Poole, c. 1914.
Philately of Canada
Postal history of Canada
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Within the field of electronics Level-sensitive scan design (LSSD) is part of an integrated circuit manufacturing test process. It is a DFT scan design method which uses separate system and scan clocks to distinguish between normal and test mode. Latches are used in pairs, each has a normal data input, data output and clock for system operation. For test operation, the two latches form a master/slave pair with one scan input, one scan output and non-overlapping scan clocks A and B which are held low during system operation but cause the scan data to be latched when pulsed high during scan.
| |
Sin ----|S |
A ------|> |
| Q|---+--------------- Q1
D1 -----|D | |
CLK1 ---|> | |
|| |
| | |
+---|S |
B -------------------|> |
| Q|------ Q2 / SOut
D2 ------------------|D |
CLK2 ----------------|> |
||
In a single latch LSSD configuration, the second latch is used only for scan operation. Allowing it to be used as a second system latch reduces the silicon overhead.
See also
Boundary scan
In-circuit test
JTAG
References
Hardware testing
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Toes are the digits (fingers) of the foot of a tetrapod. Animal species such as cats that walk on their toes are described as being digitigrade. Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are described as being plantigrade; unguligrade animals are those that walk on hooves at the tips of their toes.
Structure
There are normally five toes present on each human foot. Each toe consists of three phalanx bones, the proximal, middle, and distal, with the exception of the big toe (). For a minority of people, the little toe also is missing a middle bone. The hallux only contains two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal. The joints between each phalanx are the interphalangeal joints. The proximal phalanx bone of each toe articulates with the metatarsal bone of the foot at the metatarsophalangeal joint. Each toe is surrounded by skin, and present on all five toes is a toenail.
The toes are, from medial to lateral:
the first toe, also known as the hallux ("big toe", "great toe", "thumb toe"), the innermost toe;
the second toe, ("Index toe", "pointer toe"),
the third toe, ("middle toe");
the fourth toe, ("fore toe"); and (fourth toe)
the fifth toe, ("baby toe", "little toe", "pinky toe", "small toe"), the outermost toe.
Muscles
Toe movement is generally flexion and extension (movement toward the sole or the back of the foot, resp.) via muscular tendons that attach to the toes on the anterior and superior surfaces of the phalanx bones.
With the exception of the hallux, toe movement is generally governed by action of the flexor digitorum brevis and extensor digitorum brevis muscles. These attach to the sides of the bones, making it impossible to move individual toes independently. Muscles between the toes on their top and bottom also help to abduct and adduct the toes. The hallux and little toe have unique muscles:
The hallux is primarily flexed by the flexor hallucis longus muscle, located in the deep posterior of the lower leg, via the flexor hallucis longus tendon. Additional flexion control is provided by the flexor hallucis brevis. It is extended by the abductor hallucis muscle and the adductor hallucis muscle.
The little toe has a separate set of control muscles and tendon attachments, the flexor and abductor digiti minimi. Numerous other foot muscles contribute to fine motor control of the foot. The connective tendons between the minor toes account for the inability to actuate individual toes.
Blood supply
The toes receive blood from the digital branches of the plantar metatarsal arteries and drain blood into the dorsal venous arch of the foot.
Nerve supply
Sensation to the skin of the toes is provided by five nerves. The superficial fibular nerve supplies sensation to the top of the toes, except between the hallux and second toe, which is supplied by the deep fibular nerve, and the outer surface of the fifth toe, supplied by the sural nerve. Sensation to the bottom of the toes is supplied by the medial plantar nerve, which supplies sensation to the great toe and inner three-and-a-half toes, and the lateral plantar nerve, which supplies sensation to the little toe and half of the sensation of the fourth toe.
In humans, the hallux is usually longer than the second toe, but in some individuals, it may not be the longest toe. There is an inherited trait in humans, where the dominant gene causes a longer second toe ("Morton's toe" or "Greek foot") while the homozygous recessive genotype presents with the more common trait: a longer hallux. People with the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva characteristically have a short hallux which appears to turn inward, or medially, in relation to the foot.
Variation
Humans usually have five toes on each foot. When more than five toes are present, this is known as polydactyly. Other variants may include syndactyly or arachnodactyly. Forefoot shape, including toe shape, exhibits significant variation among people; these differences can be measured and have been statistically correlated with ethnicity. Such deviations may affect comfort and fit for various shoe types. Research conducted for the U.S. Army indicated that larger feet may still have smaller arches, toe length, and toe-breadth.
Function
The human foot consists of multiple bones and soft tissues which support the weight of the upright human. Specifically, the toes assist the human while walking, providing balance, weight-bearing, and thrust during gait.
Clinical significance
A sprain or strain to the small interphalangeal joints of the toe is commonly called a stubbed toe. A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called turf toe.
Long-term use of improperly sized shoes can cause misalignment of toes, as well as other orthopedic problems.
Morton's neuroma commonly results in pain and numbness between the third and fourth toes of the sufferer, due to it affecting the nerve between the third and fourth metatarsal bones.
The big toe is also the most common locus of ingrown nails, and its proximal phalanx joint is the most common locus for gout attacks.
Deformity
Deformities of the foot include hammer toe, trigger toe, and claw toe. Hammer toe can be described as an abnormal contraction or “buckling” of a toe. This is done by a partial or complete dislocation of one of the joints, which form the toes. Since the toes are deformed further, these may press against a shoe and cause pain. Deformities of the foot can also be caused by rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus. Deformities may predispose to ulcers and pain, especially when shoe-wearing.
A common problem involving the big toe is the formation of bunions. These are structural deformities of the bones and the joint between the foot and big toe, and may be painful. Similar deformity involving the fifth toe is described as tailor's bunion or bunionette.
In polydactyly (which can also affect the fingers) one or more extra toes are present.
In reconstruction
A favourable option for the reconstruction of missing adjacent fingers/multiple digit amputations, i.e. such as a metacarpal hand reconstruction, is to have a combined second and third toe transplantation. Third and fourth toe transplantation to the hand in replacing lost fingers is also a viable option.
History
Etymology
The Old English term for toe is (plural ). This is a contraction of , and derives from Proto-Germanic (cognates: Old Norse , Old Frisian , Middle Dutch , Dutch (perhaps originally a plural), Old High German , German ), perhaps originally meaning 'fingers' as well (many Indo-European languages use one word to mean both 'fingers' and 'toes', e.g. digit), and thus from PIE root — 'to show'.
In classical Latin , , and , with genitive and , are used to refer to the big toe. The form (genitive, ) currently in use is however a blend word of the aforementioned forms. Compare pollex, the equivalent term for the thumb.
Evolution
Haeckel traces the standard vertebrate five-toed schema from fish fins via amphibian ancestors.
Other animals
In birds with anisodactyl or heterodactyl feet, the hallux is opposed or directed backwards and allows for grasping and perching.
While the thumb is often mentioned as one of the signature characteristics in humans, this manual digit remains partially primitive and is actually present in all primates. In humans, the most derived digital feature is the hallux.
See also
Ainhum
Finger, for the hand digits
Morton's toe
Nail (anatomy)
Polydactyly and Syndactyly
Runner's toe
Toe cleavage
Toe tag
Toecuffs
Webbed toes
References
Foot
Podiatry
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Wirtinger's inequality is either of two inequalities named after Wilhelm Wirtinger:
Wirtinger's inequality for functions
Wirtinger inequality (2-forms)
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The term TV-out is commonly used to label the connector of equipment providing an analog video signal acceptable for a television AV input. TV-out is different from AV-out in that it only provides video, no audio.
Types of signals and their respective connectors include:
Composite video
S-video
Component video
See AV input for more information.
Television technology
Graphics cards
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Buthalital sodium (INN; Bayinal, Baytinal, Thialbutal, Transithal, Ulbreval), or buthalitone sodium (BAN), is a barbiturate derivative which was under development as a short-acting anesthetic. However, development was discontinued, perhaps due to its extremely rapid elimination rate, and buthalital sodium was never marketed.
See also
Barbiturate
References
General anesthetics
Thiobarbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Abandoned drugs
Allyl compounds
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77th Street – stacja metra w Nowym Jorku na Fourth Avenue Line
77th Street – stacja metra w Nowym Jorku na Lexington Avenue Line
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Homoptera is a suborder of order Hemiptera that is considered by some taxonomists to be paraphyletic, and therefore deprecated (obsolete). It was therefore split into the suborders Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha. The earlier work was based on nuclear DNA, but more recent phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA suggest that Homoptera may be a monophyletic group after all, a sister group of Heteroptera. The cause of the disparity in the analyses is suggested to be the long branch attraction effect in phylogenetic analysis, due to rapidly evolving DNA regions.
The Homoptera include the aphids, scale insects, cicadas, and leafhoppers, which all have sucking mouthparts.
References
Insect suborders
Hemiptera
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The term Mullo may refer to:
Mullo (vampire), a type of vampire in Roma folklore
Mullo (god), in Celtic mythology
5164 Mullo, an asteroid - see List of minor planets: 5001–6000
See also
Mulo (disambiguation)
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Encrypted filesystem may refer to:
Filesystem-level encryption, a form of disk encryption where individual files or directories are encrypted by the file system itself
Encrypting File System, the Microsoft Windows encryption subsystem of NTFS
See also
Disk encryption, which uses encrypts every bit of data that goes on a disk or disk volume
Disk encryption hardware
Disk encryption software
Hardware-based full disk encryption
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Fenerbahçe (wijk), een wijk in Istanboel
Fenerbahçe SK, een voetbalclub uit Turkije
Fenerbahçe (historisch), samenvatting van de prestaties van deze voetbalclub
Fenerbahçe (basketbal), een basketbalclub uit Turkije
Fenerbahçe (volleybal), een volleybalclub uit Turkije
Fenerbahce (vissengeslacht), een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen
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Case Closed is a Japanese comic and media franchise created by Gosho Aoyama.
Case Closed may also refer to:
Case Closed (film), a 1988 TV film directed by Dick Lowry
Case Closed, a 1993 book by Gerald Posner about the assassination of John F. Kennedy
"Case Closed", a 1995 episode of Walker, Texas Ranger
"Case Closed", a 2012 song by Little Mix song from DNA
"Case Closed", a 2015 episode of Bad Judge
Caso Cerrado, a Spanish-language court show broadcast by Telemundo
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Idyl or idyll or variation, may refer to:
Idyll or idyl, a type of poem
Lake Idyl, Winter Haven, Florida, USA; a lake
Idyll Farms, Northport, Michigan, USA; a goat farm
Idyl (musician), Nigerian singer Daniel Diongoli
Idylls (album), 1992 album by Love Spirals Downwards
See also
Idyll XI (bucolic poem #11) by Theocritus
Idyll VI (bucolic poem #6) by Theocritus
Idyllic school (The Idyllists), 19th century British art movement
Ideal (disambiguation)
Idol (disambiguation)
Idle (disambiguation)
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A manualist is a person who does:
Manualism (hand music)
Sign Language
Manual communication
Signing Exact English
French Sign Language
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Dickens (renamed Uncovering the Real Dickens upon its DVD release) was a 2002 BBC docudrama on the life of the author Charles Dickens. It was presented by Peter Ackroyd, on whose biography of Dickens it was based, and Dickens was played by Anton Lesser. It was broadcast in three hour-long episodes.
References
External links
Official website at PBS
2002 British television series debuts
2002 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
Works about Charles Dickens
BBC television docudramas
2000s British television miniseries
English-language television shows
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Mämmi (; ) is a traditional Finnish dessert, eaten around Easter.
Mämmi is traditionally made of water, rye flour, powdered malted rye, seasoned salt and dried, powdered Seville orange zest. The mixture is then left to sweeten naturally, before being baked in an oven until set, by which time the colour and flavour has developed due to the Maillard reaction. After baking, the mämmi is chilled for three to four days before serving. Unlike traditional mämmi, which is left to sweeten naturally, commercially made mämmi is usually seasoned with dark molasses. Traditional mämmi has an aromatic and sweet flavour, consisting of just 2% sugar or less, whereas commercially produced mämmi can contain as much as 20% sugar and is therefore much different in flavour. Mämmi has up to 10% protein and is rich in trace elements. Traditionally, mämmi was stored in small boxes made of birch bark called tuokkonen or rove, the appearance of which is now mimicked by commercial packaging.
Typically, mämmi is eaten cold, with either milk or cream and sugar, and less commonly with vanilla sauce. Traditionally, it was also eaten on sliced bread as a spread. There is a Finnish society for mämmi founded by Ahmed Ladarsi, the former chef at the Italian Embassy in Helsinki, who has developed around fifty recipes containing mämmi. There are a number of websites with recipes using mämmi, most of them Finnish. Mämmi is also used as a minor ingredient in a mämmi beer by Laitilan Wirvoitusjuomatehdas.
History
Mämmi was first mentioned during the 16th century, in a dissertation (in Latin). It is claimed that it has been eaten in southwestern Finland ever since the 13th century.
Traditionally mämmi is eaten during the Easter season. From 1700s to 1800s mämmi was eaten in sauna as a tradition, but during Russian terror the tradition has slowly faded away. Finnish saying Mämmi is eaten in sauna is one of the only remaining evidences of the old tradition.
Today, Finns seldom make mämmi at home and most modern mämmi is factory-made. Traditional versions of mämmi are sold in Finland with the labels perinteinen (traditional) or luomu (organic). Some people of Finnish descent in North America and Australia still make mämmi at home.
See also
List of desserts
Samanu
References
External links
Nutrition of Mämmi (with malt), Sweetened Malt Porridge, Finnish Easter Pudding
Mämmi Maestro. Ahmed Ladarsi is an expert on a Finnish "delicacy"
Mämmi at Easter
Finnish desserts
Easter food
Rye-based dishes
Malt
National dishes
Citrus dishes
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George Meade (1815–1872) was a U.S. Army major general. General Meade may also refer to:
David C. Meade (1940–2019), U.S. Army major general
Henry J. Meade (1925–2006), U.S. Air Force major general
John Meade (British Army officer) (c. 1775–1849), British Army lieutenant general
Richard John Meade (1821–1894), British Indian Army general
See also
Owen Mead (1892–1942), New Zealand Military Forces major general
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The Battle of Omdurman was fought during the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan between a British–Egyptian expeditionary force commanded by British Commander-in-Chief (sirdar) major general Horatio Herbert Kitchener and a Sudanese army of the Mahdist Islamic State, led by Abdullah al-Taashi, the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. The battle took place on 2 September 1898, at Kerreri, north of Omdurman in Sudan.
Following the establishment of the Mahdist Islamic State in Sudan, and the subsequent threat to the regional status quo and to British-occupied Egypt, the British government decided to send an expeditionary force with the task of overthrowing the Khalifa. The commander of the force, Sir Herbert Kitchener, was also seeking revenge for the death of General Gordon, killed when a Mahdist army had captured Khartoum thirteen years earlier. On the morning of 2 September, some 35,000–50,000 Sudanese tribesmen under Abdullah attacked the British lines in a disastrous series of charges; later that morning the 21st Lancers charged and defeated another force that appeared on the British right flank. Among those present was 23-year-old soldier and reporter Winston Churchill as well as a young Captain Douglas Haig.
The victory of the British–Egyptian force was a demonstration of the superiority of a highly disciplined army equipped with modern rifles, machine guns, and artillery over a force twice its size armed with older weapons, and marked the success of British efforts to re-conquer Sudan. Following the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat a year later, the remaining Mahdist forces were defeated and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established.
Background
On 13 September 1882, the British established their control over Egypt following the Battle of Tel el Kebir. In 1883 Muhammad Ahmad ibn as-Sayyid Abd Allah who called himself the Mahdi appeared in Sudan followed by thousands of Islamic warriors known as Dervishes or Ansar. At El Obeid on 3 November 1883, an Egyptian force under General William Hicks, sent by the Egyptian government to put down the uprising, was defeated by the Mahdi’s army during the Battle of Shaykan. Another force, this time sent by the British government, and led by Major General Charles Gordon proceeded to Khartoum where it was besieged by the Mahdists. On 26 January 1885, the Dervishes overcame Gordon’s troops and massacred the entire garrison. After the Mahdi died in 1885, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad known as Khalifa ’Abdullahi' became the new ruler. The Mahdist state, the Mahdia, built on slavery and holy war, enforced a strict Islamic code imposing a reign of terror over the regions of Sudan.
In 1896 to protect British interests, in particular the Suez Canal, and to suppress the slave trade, the British government decided to reconquer Sudan. An Anglo-Egyptian army under British Commander-in-Chief of Egyptian Army major general Herbert Kitchener marched south from Egypt. Kitchener captured Dongola on 21 September 1896, and Abu Hamed on 7 August 1897. At the Battle of the Atbara River on 7 April 1898 he defeated Mahdist forces led by Osman Dinga and Khalifa Abdullah opening a line of march up the Nile. On 1 September 1898 Kitchener, supported by a powerful flotilla of gunboats, arrived to face the main Mahdist army at Omdurman, near Khartoum.
Battle
The battle took place at Kerreri, north of Omdurman. Kitchener commanded a force of 8,000 British regulars and a mixed force of 17,000 Sudanese and Egyptian troops. He arrayed his force in an arc around the village of Egeiga, close to the bank of the Nile, where a twelve gunboat flotilla waited in support, facing a wide, flat plain with hills rising to the left and right. The British and Egyptian cavalry were placed on either flank.
Abdullah's followers, calling themselves the Ansar and known to the British as Dervish warriors, numbered around 50,000, including some 3,000 cavalry. They were split into five groups—a force of 8,000 under Osman Azrak was arrayed directly opposite the British, in a shallow arc along a mile (1.6 km) of a low ridge leading onto the plain, and the other Mahdist forces were initially concealed from Kitchener's force. Abdullah al-Taashi and 17,000 men were concealed behind Surkab Hill (in older sources often distorted to "Surgham" Hill) to the west and rear of Osman Azrak's force, with 20,000 more positioned to the north-west, close to the front behind the Kerreri hills, commanded by Ali wad Hilu and Osman Sheikh ed-Din. A final force of around 8,000 was gathered on the slope on the right flank of Azrak's force.
The battle began in the early morning, at around 6:00 a.m. After the clashes of the previous day, the 8,000 men under Osman Azrak advanced straight at the waiting British, quickly followed by about 8,000 of those waiting to the northwest, a mixed force of rifle and spear-men. The 52 quick firing guns of the British artillery opened fire at around , inflicting severe casualties on the Mahdist forces before they even came within range of the Maxim guns and volley fire. The frontal attack ended quickly, with around 4,000 Mahdist forces casualties; none of the attackers got closer than 50 m to the British trenches. A flanking move from the Ansar right was also checked, and there were bloody clashes on the opposite flank that scattered the Mahdist forces there.
While the Anglo-Egyptian infantry were able to make use of their superior firepower from behind a zariba barricade without suffering significant casualties, the cavalry and camel corps deployed to the centre-north of the main force found themselves under threat from the Mahadist Green Standard force of about 15,000 warriors. The commander of the Anglo-Egyptian mounted troops Lieutenant Colonel R.G. Broadwood used his cavalry to draw off part of the advancing Ansar attackers under Osman Digna but the slower-moving camel troops, attempting to regain the protection of the zariba, found themselves being closely pursued by Green Standard horsemen. This marked a crucial stage of the battle but Kitchener was able to deploy two gunboats to a position on the river where their cannon and Nordenfelt guns broke up the Mahadist force before it could destroy Broadwood's detachment and possibly penetrate the flank of the Anglo-Egyptian infantry.
Kitchener was anxious to occupy Omdurman before the remaining Mahdist forces could withdraw there. He advanced his army on the city, arranging them in separate columns for the attack. The British light cavalry regiment, the 21st Lancers, was sent ahead to clear the plain to Omdurman. They had a tough time of it. In what has been described as the last operational cavalry charge by British troops, and the largest since the Crimean War, the 400-strong regiment attacked what they thought were only a few hundred dervishes, but in fact there were 2,500 infantry hidden behind them in a depression. After a fierce clash, the Lancers drove them back (resulting in three Victoria Crosses being awarded to Lancers who helped rescue wounded comrades). One of the participants of this fight was Lieutenant Winston Churchill commanding a troop of twenty-five lancers. On a larger scale, the British advance allowed the Khalifa to re-organize his forces. He still had over 30,000 men in the field and directed his main reserve to attack from the west while ordering the forces to the northwest to attack simultaneously over the Kerreri Hills.
Kitchener's force wheeled left in echelon to advance up Surkab ridge and then southwards. To protect the rear, a brigade of 3,000 mainly Sudanese, commanded by Hector MacDonald, was reinforced with Maxims and artillery and followed the main force at around . Curiously, the supplies and wounded around Egeiga were left almost unprotected.
MacDonald was alerted to the presence of around 15,000 enemy troops moving towards him from the west, out from behind Surkab. He wheeled his force and lined them up to face the enemy charge. The Mahdist infantry attacked in two prongs. Lewis's Egyptian Brigade managed to hold its own but MacDonald was forced to repeatedly re-order his battalions. The brigade maintained a punishing fire. Kitchener, now aware of the problem, "began to throw his brigades about as if they were companies". MacDonald's brigade was soon reinforced with flank support and more Maxim guns and the Mahdist forces were forced back; they finally broke and fled or died where they stood. The Mahdist forces to the north had regrouped too late and entered the clash only after the force in the central valley had been routed. They pressed Macdonald's Sudanese brigades hard, but Wauchope's brigade with the Lincolnshire Regiment was quickly brought up and with sustained section volleys repulsed the advance. A final desperate cavalry charge of around 500 Dervish horsemen was utterly destroyed. The march on Omdurman was resumed at about 11:30.
Awards
Four awards were made of the Victoria Cross, all for gallantry shown on 2 September 1898.
Thomas Byrne, Private, 21st Lancers
Raymond de Montmorency, Lieutenant, 21st Lancers
Paul Aloysius Kenna, Captain, 21st Lancers
Nevill Smyth, Captain, 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays), attached to the Egyptian Army.
Queen's Sudan Medal, British campaign medal awarded to British and Egyptian forces which took part in the Sudan campaign between 1896 and 1898.
Khedive's Sudan Medal (1897), Egyptian campaign medal awarded to British and Egyptian forces which took part in the Sudan campaign between 1896 and 1898.
Aftermath
Around 12,000 Muslim warriors were killed, 13,000 wounded and 5,000 taken prisoner. Kitchener's force lost 47 men killed and 382 wounded, the majority from MacDonald's command. One eyewitness described the appalling scene:
The battle was the first time that the Mark IV hollow point bullet, made in the arsenal in Dum Dum, was used in a major battle. It was an expanding bullet, and the units that used it considered them to be highly effective.
Controversy over the killing of the wounded after the battle began soon afterwards. The debate was ignited by a highly critical article published by Ernest Bennett (present at the battle as a journalist) in the Contemporary Review, which evoked a fierce riposte and defence of Kitchener by Bennet Burleigh (another journalist also present at the battle). Winston Churchill privately agreed with Bennett that Kitchener was too brutal in his killing of the wounded. This opinion was reflected in his own account of the battle when it was first published in 1899. However, mindful of the effect that patriotic public opinion could have on his political career, Churchill significantly moderated criticism of Kitchener in his book's second edition in 1902. The Khalifa, Abdullah al-Taashi, escaped and survived until 1899, when he was killed in the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat. Several days after the battle, Kitchener was sent to Fashoda, due to the developing Fashoda Incident. Kitchener was ennobled as a baron, Kitchener of Khartoum, for his victory.
Winston Churchill was present at the battle and he rode with the 21st Lancers. He published his account of the battle in 1899 as "The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan". Present as a war correspondent for The Times was Colonel Frank Rhodes, brother of Cecil, who was shot and severely wounded in the right arm. For his services during that battle he was restored to the army active list.
The Battle of Omdurman has also lent its name to many streets in British and Commonwealth cities, for example 'Omdurman Road' in Southampton and 'Omdurman Street' in Freshwater, Sydney, Australia.
Cultural depictions
Contemporary responses
The subject of the battle made its appearance in several oil paintings later exhibited in Britain. In particular, the charge of the 21st Lancers held special appeal and several artists portrayed the scene including Stanley Berkeley, Robert Alexander Hillingford, Richard Caton Woodville, William Barnes Wollen, Gilbert S. Wright, Edward Mathew Hale, Capt. Adrian Jones, Major John C. Mathews, and Allan Stewart. The pictorial press covered the campaign extensively and employed several artists to record the events.
Although some among the press corps accompanying the army had film cameras, no footage was shot of the actual fighting. What pretended to be films of the battle, or preparations for it, were in fact spliced footage of barracks training or troop movements far from the front. Such films maintained their popularity for months in Britain and were succeeded by short features such as the fictional How Tommy Won the Victoria Cross: an Incident of the Soudan War (1899) in which English soldiers survive a 'dervish' ambush.
The victory, and especially the cavalry charge of the 21st Lancers, was soon celebrated by songs on the popular stage, including "What Will They Say in England? A Story of the Gallant 21st" by Orlando Powell (1867-1915 ) and Léonard Gautier's "The Heroic Charge of the 21st Lancers at the Battle of Omdurman", published complete with piano score (London: E. Donajowski, 1898). William McGonagall was also among those inspired to doggerel patriotism in a hastily produced broadside, "The battle of Omdurman: a new poem: composed September 1898", soon to be joined by the equally spontaneous verse of Henry Surtees, one of the uniformed participants, in his The March to Khartoum and Fall of Omdurman (1899). In the following year there appeared a more polished performance in Annie Moore's poetry collection, Omdurman and other verses.
In Sudan itself, the Khalifa had poets among his entourage, not all of whom were killed in the fighting, but much of their work was either destroyed by the British during systematic searches after the battle, or even by the poets themselves in fear of reprisal. Nevertheless, as part of the oral tradition there survived a lamentation by Wad Sa’d, who was an eye-witness of the defeat.
Later fiction
It was not long before a fictional account of the British military expedition appeared in G.A. Henty's series of adventure stories for boys. It was titled With Kitchener in the Soudan (1903) and included a description of the battle in chapter 14. The battle also figured as a short episode in the 1972 film Young Winston and included the charge of the 21st Lancers in which Churchill took part. About that period too, Lance Corporal Jones mentions his own participation in the battle during the comedy series Dad's Army.
The battle was later made an incident in a few 21st century novels. The Triumph of the Sun (2005) by Wilbur Smith concentrates mainly on the siege of Khartoum and the fate of the defeated, but carries the story through to Kitchener's campaign. The 2008 novel After Omdurman by John Ferry is also partly set during the 1898 re-conquest of Sudan, with the book's lead character, Evelyn Winters, playing a peripheral role in the fighting. The main focus of Jake Arnott's The Devil's Paintbrush (2009) is the life of Hector MacDonald but also includes the battle and Kitchener's railway-building drive through Sudan.
See also
Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Brighton, Terry (1998). The Last Charge: the 21st Lancers and the Battle of Omdurman. Marlborough: Crowood.
Featherstone, Donald (1993). Omdurman 1898: Kitchener's Victory in the Sudan. London: Osprey. .
Harrington, Peter, and Frederic A. Sharf (ed.) (1998). Omdurman 1898: The Eyewitnesses Speak. London: Greenhill. .
Meredith, John (1998). Omdurman Diaries 1898: Eyewitness Accounts of the Legendary Campaign. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
External links
Battle of Omdurman Original reports from The Times
Om Der Man! – an overview of the battle by the War Nerd
Sudanese honour warriors who fell fighting British – A report from battle commemoration, originally by Reuters
Bennet Burleigh, Khartoum Campaign or the Re-conquest of the Soudan, 1898
1898 in Sudan
Conflicts in 1898
Battles of the Mahdist War
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving Sudan
Battle of Omdurman
Cavalry charges
September 1898 events
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1 Samuel 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the account of David's escape from Saul's repeated attempts to kill him. This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.
Text
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 24 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q52 (4QSam; 250 BCE) with extant verses 10–13, 15–17.
Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).
Places
Naioth in Ramah
Analysis
David became a member of Saul's household with his marriage to Michal, but that did not stop Saul trying to kill David as Saul openly shared this plan with his trusted servants (verse 1). Ironically the loyalty of Saul's own children, Jonathan and Michal, saved David from Saul's further attempts.
Saul tried to kill David (19:1–10)
Saul's renewed plans to kill David were now brought into the open (verse 1), but Jonathan became David's conciliator, reminding Saul that David was innocent and his success was YHWH's victory, so Saul should not kill a person endowed with divine power like David. Saul listened and promised under divine oath not to kill David (verse 5), then accepted David again in his court. However, after David achieves another victory over the Philistines, Saul's anger was aroused again (verses 8–10), that he again tried to pin David to the wall with javelin, but one more time David managed to escape.
Verse 9
And the evil spirit from the LORD was upon Saul, as he sat in his house with his javelin in his hand: and David played with his hand.
"Played with his hand": that is, played on some instrument of music with hand, particularly a harp or a lyre, to drive away the evil spirit from Saul. This shows David's humility, that, being a successful officer in the army, he was still willing to be a musician to Saul.
Michal saved David's life (19:11–24)
After an unsuccessful attempt to kill David with his spear, Saul set guard around David's residence with the order to kill David the next morning (verse 11). David's wife, Michal, warned him of her father's evil plan (verse 11), helped him to escape (verse 12), and to give him time using a makeshift mannequin consisting of a "teraphim", a garment and goats' hair (as a 'wig') to confirm the impression that he was sick in bed (verses 13–17). A point is made that David was saving his own life (verse 11) and that Michal, so as not to displease her father, was not participating in the escape, but in obedience to David only assisted him in executing it (verse 17), thus she was loyal to both sides.
David went to meet Samuel in his home base (1 Samuel 7:17) and they journeyed together to Naioth in Ramah area, which was a prophetic center, just like Nob was a priestly center. Saul sent three groups of messengers but each was 'seized by prophetic frenzy', which also happened to Saul himself when he decided to go to Naioth, in a deliberate act to defy YHWH, even when he had the same experience before (1 Samuel 10:12; 11:6).
Verse 13
And Michal took an image and laid it in the bed, put a cover of goats’ hair for his head, and covered it with clothes.
"An image": from Hebrew: "teraphim", a plural noun that appears 15 times in the Hebrew Bible and is generally meant "household gods" ("household idols") or "statue of ancestors". Clearly varying in size, Rachel, Jacob's wife, could hide the teraphim she stole from Laban, her father, beneath her saddle (Genesis 31:19), whereas Michal could use the teraphim at her house to be disguised as David's sleeping body. Biblical texts condemn the use of teraphim as idols (Exodus 15:23; 2 Kings 23:24) or divination (Ezekiel 21:21; Zechariah 10:2). It is ironical that Saul's plan to kill David was thwarted by a (disguised) teraphim, while Samuel previously had likened Saul's disobedience to teraphim use (1 Samuel 15:23).
Verse 24
And he stripped off his clothes also, and prophesied before Samuel in like manner, and lay down naked all that day and all that night. Wherefore they say, Is Saul also among the prophets?
"Stripped off his clothes": may be symbolic to the loss of his kingdom, just as Saul's tearing of Samuel's clothes signifying the tearing away of Saul's kingdom (1 Samuel 15:27–28) and Jonathan giving his clothes to David signifying the acceding of his throne to the latter (1 Samuel 18:1).
"All that day and all that night": the length of time Saul was immobilized certainly gave David enough time to escape.
"Is Saul also among the prophets?": This saying is explained differently than the one in 1 Samuel 10:5-12: in the present context the incident demonstrates how Saul's possession by the spirit is used by YHWH to protect David. This, the spirit has become 'a sign of disfavor and a means of protecting God's chosen one'.
See also
Related Bible parts: 1 Samuel 15, 1 Samuel 17, 1 Samuel 18
Notes
References
Sources
Commentaries on Samuel
General
External links
Jewish translations:
Shmuel I - I Samuel - Chapter 19 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
Christian translations:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
1 Samuel chapter 19. Bible Gateway
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The second season of Dynasty originally aired in the United States on ABC from November 11, 1981 through May 5, 1982. The series, created by Richard and Esther Shapiro and produced by Aaron Spelling, revolves around the Carringtons, a wealthy family residing in Denver, Colorado.
Season two stars John Forsythe as millionaire oil magnate Blake Carrington; Linda Evans as his wife Krystle; Pamela Sue Martin as Blake and Alexis's headstrong daughter Fallon; Al Corley as Blake and Alexis's earnest son Steven; John James as Fallon's ex-husband Jeff Colby; Lloyd Bochner as Jeff's uncle, Cecil Colby; Pamela Bellwood as Claudia Blaisdel, the widow of Krystle's former lover; Heather Locklear as Krystle's troublemaking niece Sammy Jo; Lee Bergere as Carrington majordomo Joseph Anders; and James Farentino as psychologist Dr. Nicholas Toscanni. The season also introduced Joan Collins as Alexis Carrington, Blake's ex-wife and the mother of Fallon and Steven.
Development
In the first episode of the second season, titled "Enter Alexis", the mysterious witness from the season one finale removes her sunglasses to reveal British actress Joan Collins as a new arrival to the series. Series creators Richard and Esther Shapiro conceived the character as Blake's ex-wife Madeline, who they intended to be played by Sophia Loren for four to six episodes. Writers Eileen and Robert Mason Pollock, brought in for season two, renamed her Alexis, told Aaron Spelling that Loren was not right for the part, and warned him that "If you get rid of this character in four episodes, you are throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars." Collins said in 2018 that in addition to Loren, producers pursued Elizabeth Taylor and Jessica Walter. According to Collins, "They were waiting for Jessica until the very last minute, so they didn't cast me until two weeks before we started shooting."
Collins's Alexis Carrington blazed a trail across the show and its story lines. The additions of Collins and the Pollocks are generally credited with Dynastys subsequent rise in the Nielsen ratings. Esther Shapiro said the season one DVD commentary, "When Alexis came into it, it changed the tenor...And that's the way they are now on television: you have your traditional villain, and I think that plays to a different denominator." The Pollocks "soft-pedaled the business angle" of the show and "bombarded viewers with every soap opera staple in the book, presented at such a fast clip that a new tragedy seemed to befall the Carrington family every five minutes." The second season was ranked #19 in the United States.
Corley left Dynasty at the end of the second season in 1982, after complaining publicly in Interview that "Steven doesn't have any fun... He doesn't laugh; he has no humor". Corley also lamented Steven's "ever-shifting sexual preferences", and stated that he wanted "to do other things".
Plot
The surprise witness at Blake's murder trial is his ex-wife Alexis, Fallon and Steven's mother. Her testimony about his character is damaging, and while Fallon is icy to the mother she feels abandoned her, Steven is drawn to Alexis. The former Mrs. Carrington's testimony notwithstanding, Krystle is immediately put off by Alexis's condescending attitude and manipulations. Later, Krystle's discovery that Alexis had caused her miscarriage by intentionally startling her horse with a gunshot settles Alexis as Krystle's implacable nemesis. Other new characters of the season are the psychiatrist Nick Toscanni, who tries to seduce Krystle while bedding Fallon and plotting against Blake; and Krystle's greedy niece Sammy Jo Dean (Heather Locklear), who marries Steven for his money. The season finale sees Blake left for dead on a mountain after a fight with Nick.
Cast
Main
John Forsythe as Blake Carrington
Linda Evans as Krystle Carrington
Pamela Sue Martin as Fallon Carrington
Pamela Bellwood as Claudia Blaisdel
Al Corley as Steven Carrington
John James as Jeff Colby
Lloyd Bochner as Cecil Colby
Heather Locklear as Sammy Jo Carrington
Lee Bergere as Joseph Anders
Joan Collins as Alexis Carrington
James Farentino as Dr. Nick Toscanni
Recurring
Peter Mark Richman as Andrew Laird
Betty Harford as Hilda Gunnerson
Virginia Hawkins as Jeanette Robbins
Lance LeGault as Ray Bonning
Hank Brandt as Morgan Hess
Tim O'Connor as Thomas Crayford
Paul Keenan as Tony Driscoll
Notable guest stars
Lloyd Haynes as Judge Horatio Quinlan
Brian Dennehy as Jake Dunham
Diana Douglas as Mother Blaisdel
John Saxon as Rashid Ahmed
Viveca Lindfors as Adriana
Christine Belford as Susan Farragut
Cast notes
Episodes
Reception
In season two, Dynasty was ranked #19 in the United States with a 20.2 Nielsen rating.
References
External links
1981 American television seasons
1982 American television seasons
Dynasty (1981 TV series) seasons
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Large aquaria exhibit a large number of species and animals in a large range of tanks. These tend to be public aquaria and may also be oceanaria and dolphinaria, in order to exhibit a wide range of different marine animals for the public. Some have even come to attain world records for their capacities.
In operation
Only aquaria with a total capacity of more than 10 million litres and/or a tank larger than 5 million litres are included in the list. The list is not necessarily complete; aquaria that may meet the criteria but do not have published sources on their capacity may not be reflected in the list.
Under construction
See also
List of aquaria
List of former zoos and aquariums
List of dolphinariums
List of zoos by country
References
Lists of aquaria
Lists of largest buildings and structures
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A prankster is a person who enjoys playing pranks.
Prankster may also refer to:
Prankster (Charlton Comics), a short-lived comic book super hero
Prankster (comics), a DC Comics supervillain
The Prankster (film), a 2010 teen comedy
See also
Trickster (disambiguation)
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Mireia García Sánchez (born 31 July 1981 in Viladecans, Catalonia) is a former butterfly swimmer from Spain, who competed for her native country at 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Prior to that tournament she won the bronze medal in the women's 200 m butterfly at the 2000 European Aquatics Championships in Helsinki, Finland.
References
Spanish Olympic Committee
1981 births
Living people
Spanish female butterfly swimmers
Olympic swimmers of Spain
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Spain
Swimmers at the 2001 Mediterranean Games
Swimmers at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
21st-century Spanish women
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West Oneonta is a hamlet in Otsego County, New York, United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, West Oneonta had a population of 319.
The community is located along New York State Route 23, west-northwest of Oneonta. West Oneonta has a post office with ZIP code 13861.
References
Hamlets in Otsego County, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
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Holism is a philosophical concept.
Holism may also refer to:
-holism, a general suffix pertaining to addiction
See also
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This is a list of National Football League kickoff returners who have led the regular season in kickoff return yards each year.
Kick return yards leaders
As per Pro Football Reference and The Football Database.
New NFL Record
See also
List of National Football League career kickoff return yards leaders
References
Kickoff return yards leaders
National Football League records and achievements
List of National Football League annual kickoff return yards leaders
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Othello () is a character in Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–1604). The character's origin is traced to the tale "Un Capitano Moro" in Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. There, he is simply referred to as the Moor.
Othello is a brave and competent soldier of advanced years and Moorish background in the service of the Venetian Republic. He elopes with Desdemona, the beautiful daughter of a respected Venetian senator. After being deployed to Cyprus, Othello is manipulated by his Ancient (pronounced Ensign) Iago into believing Desdemona is an adulteress. Othello murders her and, upon discovering Iago's deceit, kills himself.
Othello was first mentioned in a Revels account of 1604 when the play was performed on 1 November at Whitehall Palace with Richard Burbage almost certainly Othello's first interpreter. Modern notable performers of the role include Paul Robeson, Orson Welles, Richard Burton, James Earl Jones, Laurence Fishburne, Laurence Olivier, and Avery Brooks.
Role
Othello is a Moorish prince living in Venice as an ambassador of the Moors. After time in Venice, Othello is appointed general in the Venetian Army. His officer Iago tricks him into believing that his wife Desdemona is having an affair with his Lieutenant, Michael Cassio. Othello kills his wife out of jealousy by strangling her, only to realize that his wife was faithful after Emilia reveals the truth, at which point he commits suicide.
Sources
Othello has its source in the 1565 tale "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. While no English translation of Cinthio was available in Shakespeare's lifetime, it is probable that Shakespeare knew both the Italian original and Gabriel Chappuy's 1584 French translation. Cinthio's tale may have been based on an actual incident occurring in Venice about 1508. It also resembles an incident described in the earlier tale of "The Three Apples", one of the stories narrated in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights). Desdemona is the only named character in Cinthio's tale, his other characters being identified as the Moor, the squadron leader, the ensign, and the ensign's wife.
While Shakespeare closely followed Cinthio's tale in composing Othello, he departed from it in some details, particularly in the tale's depiction of Desdemona's death. In Cinthio, the Moor commissions his ensign to bludgeon Desdemona to death with a sand-filled stocking. In gruesome detail, Cinthio follows each blow, and, when the lady is dead, the Moor and his ensign place her lifeless body upon her bed, smash her skull, and then cause the cracked ceiling above the bed to collapse upon her, giving the impression the falling rafters caused her death. The two murderers escape detection. The Moor then misses his wife greatly, and comes to loathe the sight of his ensign. He demotes him, and refuses to have him in his company. The ensign then seeks revenge by disclosing to "the squadron leader" (the tale's Cassio counterpart), the Moor's involvement in Desdemona's death. The two men denounce the Moor to the Venetian Seignory. The Moor is arrested, transported from Cyprus to Venice, and tortured, but refuses to admit his guilt. He is condemned to exile; Desdemona's relatives eventually put him to death. The ensign escapes any prosecution in Desdemona's death but engages in other crimes and dies after being tortured.
Ethnicity
There is no final consensus over Othello's ethnicity; whether of Maghrebi origin as in the generally accepted definition of "Moor", or of Sub-Saharan African.
E. A. J. Honigmann, the editor of the Arden Shakespeare edition concluded that Othello's ethnic background is ambiguous. "Renaissance representations of the Moor were vague, varied, inconsistent, and contradictory. As critics have established, the term 'Moor' referred to dark-skinned people in general, used interchangeably with similarly ambiguous terms as 'African', 'Ethiopian' and even 'Indian' to designate a figure from Africa (or beyond)." Various uses of the word "black" (for example, "Haply for I am black") are insufficient evidence for any accurate racial classification, Honigmann argues, since "black" could simply mean "swarthy" to Elizabethans. In 1911, James Welton argued more evidence points to him being Sub-Saharan, though Shakespeare's intention is unknown. He cites Brabantio's description of Othello's "sooty bosom", a racial stereotype during this time, and Othello's contrast between his "begrimed" features and the purity of the goddess Diana. He argues that interpretations attempting to change Othello from "black to brown" were due to racial prejudice during Reconstruction in the US and notes that Othello is described using similar language to Aaron in Titus Andronicus. Virginia Mason Vaughan suggests that the racial identity of the character of Othello fits more clearly as a man from Sub-Saharan Africa than from North Africa (Barbary), as north Africans were more easily accepted into society. She states that by 1604, accounts of Othello as deriving from farther south were not uncommon. She notes Roderigo's description of Othello having "thick lips" was a racial stereotype used by 16th century explorers for Sub-Saharan Africans. Modern-day readers and theatre directors lean away from a North African Moorish interpretation but Shakespeare's textual references are unclear. Iago twice uses the word "Barbary" or "Barbarian" to refer to Othello, seemingly referring to the Barbary coast inhabited by the "tawny" Moors. Roderigo calls Othello "the thicklips", which seems to refer to European conceptions of Sub-Saharan African physiognomy, but Honigmann counters that, as these comments are all intended as insults by the characters, they need not be taken literally.
Michael Neill, editor of the Oxford Shakespeare edition, notes that the earliest known critical references to Othello's colour, (Thomas Rymer's 1693 critique of the play, and the 1709 engraving in Nicholas Rowe's edition of Shakespeare), assume him to be a black man, while the earliest known North African interpretation was not until Edmund Kean's production of 1814. It has been suggested that Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, Moorish ambassador of the Arab King of Barbary to Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, may have been an inspiration for Othello. He stayed with his retinue in London for several months and occasioned much discussion, and thus might have inspired Shakespeare's play, written only a few years afterwards. The exact date that Othello was written is unknown, though sources indicate that it was written between 1601 and 1610, sometime after the Moorish delegation. However, Honigmann questions the view that ben Messaoud inspired Othello.
Othello is referred to as a "Barbary horse" (1.1.113), a "lascivious Moor" (1.1.127), and "the devil" (1.1.91). In III.III, he denounces Desdemona's supposed sin as being "black as mine own face". Desdemona's physical whiteness is otherwise presented in opposition to Othello's dark skin; V.II "that whiter skin of hers than snow". Iago tells Brabantio that "an old black ram / is tupping your white ewe" (1.1.88). In Elizabethan discourse, the word "black" could suggest various concepts that extended beyond the physical colour of skin, including a wide range of negative connotations.
Ira Aldridge pioneered the prominence of black actors in the role, beginning in 1825 in London. Othello was also frequently performed as an Arab Moor during the 19th century. In the past, Othello would often have been portrayed by a white actor in theatrical makeup. Black American actor Paul Robeson played the role from 1930 to 1959. Recent actors who chose to "blacken up" include Laurence Olivier (1965) and Orson Welles. Black English actor Wil Johnson, known for his roles in Waking the Dead and Emmerdale, played Othello on stage in 2004. Since the 1960s it has become commonplace to cast a black actor in the character of Othello, although the casting of the role now can come with a political subtext. Patrick Stewart took the role in the Shakespeare Theatre Company's 1997 staging of the play and Thomas Thieme, also white, played Othello in a 2007 Munich Kammerspiele staging at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre; both played without blackface, their performances critically acclaimed.
20th-century Othellos
The most notable American production may be Margaret Webster's 1943 staging starring Paul Robeson as Othello and José Ferrer as Iago. This production was the first ever in America to feature a black actor playing Othello with an otherwise all-white cast (there had been all-black productions of the play before). It ran for 296 performances, almost twice as long as any other Shakespearean play ever produced on Broadway. Although it was never filmed, it was the first nearly complete performance of a Shakespeare play released on records. Robeson played Othello in three separate productions between 1930 and 1959. He first played it opposite a cast that included Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona and Ralph Richardson as Roderigo, and would return to it in 1959 at Stratford on Avon.
The American actor William Marshall performed the title role in at least six productions. His Othello was called by Harold Hobson of the London Sunday Times "the best Othello of our time", continuing: "nobler than Tearle, more martial than Gielgud, more poetic than Valk. From his first entry, slender and magnificently tall, framed in a high Byzantine arch, clad in white samite, mystic, wonderful, a figure of Arabian romance and grace, to his last plunging of the knife into his stomach, Mr Marshall rode without faltering the play's enormous rhetoric, and at the end the house rose to him." Marshall also played Othello in a jazz musical version, Catch My Soul, with Jerry Lee Lewis as Iago, in Los Angeles in 1968. His Othello was captured on record in 1964 with Jay Robinson as Iago and on video in 1981 with Ron Moody as Iago. The 1982 Broadway staging starred James Earl Jones as Othello and Christopher Plummer as Iago.
When Laurence Olivier gave his acclaimed performance of Othello at the Royal National Theatre (UK) in 1964, he had developed a case of stage fright that was so profound that when he was alone onstage, Frank Finlay (who was playing Iago) would have to stand offstage where Olivier could see him to settle his nerves. This performance was recorded complete on LP, and filmed by popular demand in 1965 (according to a biography of Olivier, tickets for the stage production were notoriously hard to get). The film version still holds the record for the most Oscar nominations for acting ever given to a Shakespeare film – Olivier, Finlay, Maggie Smith (as Desdemona) and Joyce Redman (as Emilia, Iago's wife) were all nominated for Academy Awards.
Actors have alternated the roles of Iago and Othello in productions to stir audience interest since the nineteenth century. Two of the most notable examples of this role swap were William Charles Macready and Samuel Phelps at Drury Lane (1837) and Richard Burton and John Neville at the Old Vic Theatre (1955). When Edwin Booth's tour of England in 1880 was not well attended, Henry Irving invited Booth to alternate the roles of Othello and Iago with him in London. The stunt renewed interest in Booth's tour. James O'Neill also alternated the roles of Othello and Iago with Booth.
White actors have continued to take the role. These include British performers Paul Scofield at the Royal National Theatre in 1980, Anthony Hopkins in the BBC Shakespeare television production (1981), and Michael Gambon in a stage production at Scarborough directed by Alan Ayckbourn in 1990. In 1997, Patrick Stewart took the role with the Shakespeare Theatre Company (Washington, D.C.) in a race-bending performance, in a "photo negative" production of a white Othello with an otherwise all-black cast. Stewart had wanted to play the title role since the age of 14, so he and director Jude Kelly inverted the play so Othello became a comment on a white man entering a black society. Two Indian adaptations of Othello has been released. In 1997, Kaliyattam the Malayalam film adaptation starred Suresh Gopi playing the Othello part in the role of Kannan Perumalayan. In 2006, Omkara, the Bollywood version of Othello, Othello née Omkara 'Omi' Shukla was played by Ajay Devgan. In 2016, baritone and actor David Serero took the role in a Moroccan adaptation in New York.
Performance history
Ira Aldridge
Edwin Booth
Avery Brooks
Richard Burbage
Richard Burton
Keith Hamilton Cobb
Billy Crudup (as Ned Kynaston playing Othello in Stage Beauty)
Ajay Devgn (as Omkara Shukla in Omkara 2006 which was bollywood adoption of Othello)
Chiwetel Ejiofor
Laurence Fishburne
Colin McFarlane
Mark Holden
Johnston Forbes-Robertson
Suresh Gopi (as Kannan Perumalayan in Kaliyattam)
Moses Gunn
John Gielgud
Lenny Henry
Anthony Hopkins
Emil Jannings
Wil Johnson
James Earl Jones
Paterson Joseph
Raúl Juliá
Yaphet Kotto
Adrian Lester
Art Malik
William Marshall
John Neville
Cyril Nri
James O'Neill
Laurence Olivier
Mekhi Phifer (as Odin in O)
Hugh Quarshie
Paul Robeson
Tommaso Salvini
Paul Scofield
Patrick Stewart
Eamonn Walker
Orson Welles
References
External links
Articles containing video clips
Literary characters introduced in 1603
Fictional suicides
Fictional generals
Fictional Italian people in literature
Fictional Arabs
Male Shakespearean characters
Othello
Fictional uxoricides
Fictional princes
Fictional characters with epilepsy and seizures
Fictional war veterans
Race-related controversies in theatre
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Diplomatic relations between Cuba and Suriname were established on 23 March 1979. Suriname has an embassy in Havana since 2003. Cuba has an embassy in Paramaribo since 1981.
History
After the 1980 Surinamese coup d'état, Fidel Castro was the first head of state to offer his congratulations to Desi Bouterse. Cuba established an embassy in Paramaribo in 1981 which developed into the largest diplomatic mission in Suriname. The murder of Maurice Bishop in 1983, and subsequent invasion of Grenada, was followed by the downgrading of the Cuban embassy to a diplomatic post with a chargé d'affaires, and the expulsion of 105 Cuban diplomats and advisors. The National Military Council denied that there was a correlation between the expulsion and the events in Grenada.
In 1998, President Wijdenbosch made a state visit to Cuba, and promised to renew diplomatic relations. In 2006, the Cuban embassy was re-established. In 2011, there was a state visit by President Bouterse to Cuba to discuss trade.
Cuba has sent many medical doctors to Suriname. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, 50 doctors were dispatched to Suriname. Cuba also provided scholarships and medical education, however the program was cancelled in August 2020. In the 2020s, Cuban refugees increasingly used Suriname as a transit country to the United States. In January 2021, a group of 500 Cubans stranded in South Drain where they were denied access to Guyana from where they had hoped to catch a flight to the United States.
Trade
Trade between Suriname and Cuba is negligible. In 2019, Suriname exported US$242,000 worth of goods to Cuba with the main product being wood. Cuba exported US$318,000 worth of goods with the main product being detonating fuses.
References
Bilateral relations of Suriname
Suriname
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Robert Bowes may refer to:
Robert Bowes (lawyer) (1495–1554), English Master of the Rolls and warden on the Scottish border
Robert Bowes (diplomat) (1535–1597), English diplomat, MP for Knaresborough, Carlisle, Appleby and Cumberland
Robert Bowes (died 1600) (1553–1600), MP for Thirsk and Richmond
Robert Bowes (publisher) (1835–1919), Scottish bookseller, publisher, and bibliographer
Bob Bowes (1922–1979), English teacher and actor
Robert Bowes (surgeon) (died 1803), president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
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Tina Grassow (born 1 May 1988) is a German former short track speed skater. She competed in the women's 3000 metre relay event at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
German female short track speed skaters
Olympic short track speed skaters of Germany
Short track speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
People from Sebnitz
Sportspeople from Saxony
21st-century German women
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Skyline Trail can refer to at least six different nature trails:
the trail in Jasper National Park in Alberta or
the trail in the Berkeley-Oakland hills, part of Skyline Gardens Project.
the trail that is part of the Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Nova Scotia or
the trail that is located in the Pecos Wilderness of the Carson and Santa Fe National Forests in New Mexico, or
the lower portion of the Cactus to Clouds Trail in California or
the trail in Mount Rainier National Park, or
the trail in the Malheur National Forest in Oregon or
the Oregon Skyline Trail, the predecessor trail to the Pacific Crest Trail in Oregon
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In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of fusion of a substance, also known as (latent) heat of fusion, is the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, at constant pressure.
It is the amount of energy required to convert one mole of solid into liquid. For example, when melting 1 kg of ice (at 0 °C under a wide range of pressures), 333.55 kJ of energy is absorbed with no temperature change. The heat of solidification (when a substance changes from liquid to solid) is equal and opposite.
This energy includes the contribution required to make room for any associated change in volume by displacing its environment against ambient pressure. The temperature at which the phase transition occurs is the melting point or the freezing point, according to context. By convention, the pressure is assumed to be unless otherwise specified.
Overview
The 'enthalpy' of fusion is a latent heat, because, while melting, the heat energy needed to change the substance from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure is latent heat of fusion, as the temperature remains constant during the process. The latent heat of fusion is the enthalpy change of any amount of substance when it melts. When the heat of fusion is referenced to a unit of mass, it is usually called the specific heat of fusion, while the molar heat of fusion refers to the enthalpy change per amount of substance in moles.
The liquid phase has a higher internal energy than the solid phase. This means energy must be supplied to a solid in order to melt it and energy is released from a liquid when it freezes, because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and so have a higher potential energy (a kind of bond-dissociation energy for intermolecular forces).
When liquid water is cooled, its temperature falls steadily until it drops just below the line of freezing point at 0 °C. The temperature then remains constant at the freezing point while the water crystallizes. Once the water is completely frozen, its temperature continues to fall.
The enthalpy of fusion is almost always a positive quantity; helium is the only known exception. Helium-3 has a negative enthalpy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium-4 also has a very slightly negative enthalpy of fusion below . This means that, at appropriate constant pressures, these substances freeze with the addition of heat. In the case of 4He, this pressure range is between 24.992 and .
These values are mostly from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62nd edition. The conversion between cal/g and J/g in the above table uses the thermochemical calorie (calth) = 4.184 joules rather than the International Steam Table calorie (calINT) = 4.1868 joules.
Examples
Solubility prediction
The heat of fusion can also be used to predict solubility for solids in liquids. Provided an ideal solution is obtained the mole fraction of solute at saturation is a function of the heat of fusion, the melting point of the solid and the temperature of the solution:
Here, is the gas constant. For example, the solubility of paracetamol in water at 298 K is predicted to be:
Since the molar mass of water and paracetamol are and and the density of the solution is , an estimate of the solubility in grams per liter is:
which is a deviation from the real solubility (240 g/L) of 11%. This error can be reduced when an additional heat capacity parameter is taken into account.
Proof
At equilibrium the chemical potentials for the solute in the solution and pure solid are identical:
or
with the gas constant and the temperature.
Rearranging gives:
and since
the heat of fusion being the difference in chemical potential between the pure liquid and the pure solid, it follows that
Application of the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation:
ultimately gives:
or:
and with integration:
the end result is obtained:
See also
Enthalpy of vaporization
Heat capacity
Thermodynamic databases for pure substances
Joback method (Estimation of the heat of fusion from molecular structure)
Latent heat
Lattice energy
Heat of dilution
Notes
References
Thermodynamic properties
Enthalpy
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The D73/74 Beijing-Jilin Through Train () is a railway running between Beijing and Jilin City. It carries express passenger trains for the Shenyang Railway Bureau. The Jilin passenger segment is responsible for passenger transport. CRH5 Type Passenger trains run along the Jingha Railway, Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway and Changchun–Jilin Intercity Railway across Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other areas. The route spans 1248 km. Beijing railway station to Jilin railway station requires 7 hours and 5 minutes. Jilin railway station to Beijing railway station runs 7 hours and 21 minutes.
See also
Z117/118 Beijing-Jilin Through Train
G383/384 Beijing-Jilin Through Train
References
Passenger rail transport in China
Rail transport in Beijing
Rail transport in Jilin
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This is a list of notable dedicated footwear designers.
See also
List of fashion designers
Fashion occupations
Lists of people by occupation
Fashion-related lists
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Hibernian Magazine may refer to the following periodicals:
Walker's Hibernian Magazine (1771–1812; called The Hibernian Magazine until 1786)
Duffy's Hibernian Magazine (1864–1866)
The Hibernia Magazine (1937–1980)
The Hibernian (2006–2008)
See also
Hibernian (disambiguation)
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Flight 9268 may refer to:
Red Wings Airlines Flight 9268, crashed in Moscow, Russia on 29 December 2012
Metrojet Flight 9268, crashed in Egypt on 31 October 2015
9268
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The Happy Prince may refer to:
The Happy Prince and Other Tales, a collection of stories for children by Oscar Wilde
"The Happy Prince" (story), the title story of the collection
The Happy Prince (Bing Crosby and Orson Welles album), a 1946 studio album of phonograph records by Bing Crosby and Orson Welles of the Oscar Wilde short story "The Happy Prince"
The Happy Prince (The La De Das album), a 1969 album by New Zealand rock band The La De Das
The Happy Prince (1974 film), an animated short film adaptation of the short story by Oscar Wilde
The Happy Prince (2018 film), a British biographical drama film about Oscar Wilde
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Post-Soviet studies, also known as post-Soviet area studies or Former Soviet Union (FSU) studies, is a field of study within sociology and political science that emerged out of Soviet studies and Sovietology following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The field encompasses a broad range of studies in the area of the former Soviet Union, including within Slavic studies and Central Eurasian studies, and the study of specific post-Soviet states, including: Armenianology, Baltic studies, Belarusian studies, Central Asian studies, Georgian studies, Russian studies, Ukrainian studies, and others.
Broader themes in post-Soviet studies include the role of postcolonial analysis, and the relevance of analysis in context of the former Soviet Union as studies of the region progress into the post-Soviet era.
See also
Europe-Asia Studies
References
Subfields of political science
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
History of the Soviet Union by period
Historiography of the Soviet Union
Politics of the Soviet Union
Russian studies
Slavic studies
European studies
Indo-European studies
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The 'Golden Reinette' is a cultivar of domesticated apple that is also known as the 'English Pippin'.
References
Apple cultivars
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A royal family is the immediate family of kings/queens, emirs/emiras, sultans/sultanas, or raja/rani and sometimes their extended family. The term imperial family appropriately describes the family of an emperor or empress, and the term papal family describes the family of a pope, while the terms baronial family, comital family, ducal family, archducal family, grand ducal family, or princely family are more appropriate to describe, respectively, the relatives of a reigning baron, count/earl, duke, archduke, grand duke, or prince. However, in common parlance members of any family which reigns by hereditary right are often referred to as royalty or "royals". It is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of a deposed monarch and their descendants as a royal family. A dynasty is sometimes referred to as the "House of ...". In July 2013 there were 26 active sovereign dynasties in the world that ruled or reigned over 43 monarchies.
, while there are several European countries whose nominal head of state, by long tradition, is a king or queen, the associated royal families, with the notable exception of the British royal family, are non-notable ordinary citizens who may bear a title but are not involved in public affairs.
Members of a royal family
A royal family typically includes the spouse of the reigning monarch, surviving spouses of a deceased monarch, the children, grandchildren, brothers, sisters, and paternal cousins of the reigning monarch, as well as their spouses. In some cases, royal family membership may extend to great grandchildren and more distant descendants of a monarch. In certain monarchies where voluntary abdication is the norm, such as the Netherlands, a royal family may also include one or more former monarchs. In certain instances, such as in Canada, the royal family is defined by who holds the styles Majesty and Royal Highness. There is often a distinction between persons of the blood royal and those that marry into the royal family. Under most systems, only persons in the first category are dynasts, that is, potential successors to the throne (unless the member of the latter category is also in line to the throne in their own right, a frequent occurrence in royal families which frequently intermarry). This is not always observed; some monarchies have operated by the principle of jure uxoris.
In addition, certain relatives of the monarch (by blood or marriage) possess special privileges and are subject to certain statutes, conventions, or special common law. The precise functions of a royal family vary depending on whether the polity in question is an absolute monarchy, a constitutional monarchy, or somewhere in between. In certain monarchies, such as that found in Saudi Arabia or Kuwait, or in political systems where the monarch actually exercises executive power, such as in Jordan, it is not uncommon for the members of a royal family to hold important government posts or military commands. In most constitutional monarchies, however, members of a royal family perform certain public, social, or ceremonial functions, but refrain from any involvement in electoral politics or the actual governance of the country.
The specific composition of royal families varies from country to country, as do the titles and royal and noble styles held by members of the family. The composition of the royal family may be regulated by statute enacted by the legislature (e.g., Spain, the Netherlands, and Japan since 1947), the sovereign's prerogative and common law tradition (e.g., the United Kingdom), or a private house law (e.g., Liechtenstein, the former ruling houses of Bavaria, Prussia, Hanover, etc.). Public statutes, constitutional provisions, or conventions may also regulate the marriages, names, and personal titles of royal family members. The members of a royal family may or may not have a surname or dynastic name (see Royal House).
In a constitutional monarchy, when the monarch dies, there is always a law or tradition of succession to the throne that either specifies a formula for identifying the precise order of succession among family members in line to the throne or specifies a process by which a family member is chosen to inherit the crown. Usually in the former case the exact line of hereditary succession among royal individuals may be identified at any given moment during prior reigns (e.g. United Kingdom, Sark, Nizari Ismailis, Japan, Balobedus, Sweden, Kingdom of Benin) whereas in the latter case the next sovereign may be selected (or changed) only during the reign or shortly after the demise of the immediately preceding monarch (e.g. Cambodia, KwaZulu Natal, Buganda, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, Yorubaland, The Kingitanga). Some monarchies employ a mix of these selection processes (Malaysia, Monaco, Tonga, Jordan, Morocco), providing for both an identifiable line of succession as well as authority for the monarch, dynasty or other institution to alter the line in specific instances without changing the general law of succession.
Some countries have abolished royalty altogether, as in post-revolutionary France (1870), post-revolutionary Russia (1917), Portugal (1910), post-war Germany (1918), post-war Italy (1946) and many ex European colonies.
Current royal families
Africa
Lesotho royal family
Moroccan royal family
Swazi royal family
List of current constituent African monarchs
Middle East
Bahraini royal family
Emirati princely families
Jordanian royal family
Kuwaiti princely family
Omani sultanic family
Qatari princely family
Saudi royal family
Asia
Bruneian royal family
Bhutanese royal family
Cambodian royal family
Japanese imperial family
Malaysian royal families
Johor royal family
Kedah royal family
Kelantan royal family
Negeri Sembilan royal family
Pahang royal family
Perak royal family
Perlis royal family
Selangor royal family
Terengganu royal family
Thai royal family
List of current constituent Asian monarchs
Europe
Belgian royal family
British royal family
Danish royal family
Dutch royal family
Liechtenstein princely family
Luxembourg grand ducal family
Monegasque princely family
Norwegian royal family
Spanish royal family
Swedish royal family
Oceania
Australian royal family
New Zealander royal family
Papuan royal family
Solomon Islands royal family
Tongan royal family
Tuvaluan royal family
North America
Antiguan royal family
Bahamian royal family
Belizean royal family
Canadian royal family
Grenadian royal family
Jamaican royal family
Miskito royal family
Saint Kitts and Nevis royal family
Saint Lucian royal family
Vincentian royal family
Deposed royal families
Africa
Central African imperial family
Egyptian royal family
Ethiopian imperial family
Gambian royal family
Ghanaian royal family
Kenyan royal family
Lybian royal family
Malawian royal family
Mauritian royal family
Nigerian royal family
Rwandan royal family
Rhodesian (Zimbabwean) royal family
Sierra Leonean royal family
South African royal family
Tanganykan (Tanzanian) royal family
Tunisian royal family
Ugandan royal family
Umurundi royal family
Middle East
Ottoman (Turkish) imperial family
Iranian imperial family
Iraqi royal family
Yemeni royal family
Asia
Afghan royal family
Bengali royal family
Burmese royal family
Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) royal family
Chinese imperial family
Indian imperial family
Baroda royal family
Royal family of Dhaka
Jodhpur royal family
Mysore roya Family (Wadiyar dynasty)
Korean imperial family
Laotian royal family
Maldivian sultanic family
Nepalese royal family
Pakistani royal family
Singaporean sultanic family
Khiva (Turkmen) royal family
Bhukaran (Uzbek) royal family
Vietnamese imperial family
Europe
Albanian royal family
Austrian imperial family
Bohemian (Czech) royal family
Bulgarian royal family
Croatian royal family
Finnish royal family
Georgian royal family
French imperial family
German imperial family
Bavarian royal family
Saxon royal family
Württemberg royal family
Baden grand ducal family
Hessian grand ducal family
Mecklenburg (Schwerin and Strelitz) grand ducal family
Oldenburg grand ducal family
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach grand ducal family
Anhalt ducal family
Brunswick ducal family
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ducal family
Saxe-Meiningen ducal family
Lippe-Detmold princely family
Greek royal family
Irish royal family
Italian royal family
Hungarian royal family
Lithuanian royal family
Maltese royal family
Montenegrin royal family
Polish royal family (Congress Poland)
Portuguese royal family
Romanian royal family
Russian imperial family
Serbian royal family
Oceania
Fijian royal family
Hawaiian royal family
North America
Barbadian royal family
Haitian imperial family
Mexican imperial family
Miskito royal family
Trinidad and Tobago royal family
South America
Brazilian imperial family
Mask of Ferdinand VII context
Argentine royal family (United Provinces of the Río de la Plata)
Chilean royal family (Kingdom of Chile)
Colombian royal family (Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca)
Venezuelan royal family (Supreme Junta)
Guyanese royal family
Mediatised princely families
Whilst mediatization occurred in other countries such as France, Italy and Russia, only the certain houses within the former Holy Roman Empire are collectively called the Mediatized Houses.
Arenberg ducal family (Belgium)
Fürstenberg princely family (Germany)
Ligne princely family (Belgium)
Merode princely family (Belgium)
Schwarzenberg princely family (Bohemia)
Thurn und Taxis princely family (Germany)
Dynasties
See also
Abolished monarchy
Born in the purple
Chief of the Name
Crown prince
Divine right of kings
Dynasty
First Family (in some republican states)
Family trees of royal families
Nobility
Palace
Prince
Prince consort
Princeps
Princess
Raja
Rana (title)
Rani (disambiguation)
Princess Royal
Queen consort
Regicide
Royal and noble styles
Royal descent
Rao (Indian surname)
Royal prerogative
References
External links
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Mega Q: The Party Quiz Game (Party Quiz: Mega Q) est un jeu vidéo de quiz sorti en 1993 sur Mega Drive. Le jeu a été édité par Sega.
Système de jeu
Lien externe
Jeu vidéo de quiz
Jeu vidéo sorti en 1993
Jeu Mega Drive
Jeu vidéo développé au Japon
Jeu Sega CS
Jeu Mega Drive Mini
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The London Cabbie Game or Cabbie is a board game designed by David Drakes and first published by Intellect Games in 1971. Players drive taxicabs through the streets of London, with the winner being the player who accumulates the most tips and fares in a specified time limit.
Gameplay
London Cabbie is played on a board showing a map of the major streets of central London, which shows the one-way and two-way roads and simulates traffic jams. Five face-up passenger cards are laid out, which can be taken and replaced when a passenger is picked up by a player's taxi.
Players start with one taxi token which they can move each turn by spending up to 20 movement points. Later, players can acquire a second taxi, although it shares movement points with the first. Cabs cannot move through other cabs, which can block one-way streets, and the rules of the road (denoted by arrows on the board) must be followed.
Upon picking up a passenger, a player must draw a destination card and drop off the passenger at that location. Depending on the distance of the journey, a fare is paid to the player from a chart listed on the game board. Additionally, the player draws a tip card when the trip is completed. Each taxi can only have one passenger at a time.
The winner is the player with the most money earned in a specified time, with this time limit is decided by the players.
Reception
Barty Philips, reviewing for The Observer, said that London Cabbie has "excellent design [and a] remarkably good quality board." In a review for Games & Puzzles magazine, Eric Solomon described the game as "a really beautiful concept which is not used to full."
The game is on display at the Museum of Brands, Packaging and Advertising.
References
Board games introduced in 1971
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XRDS (eXtensible Resource Descriptor Sequence) est un format XML de requête et découverte de métadonnées liées à une ressource. En particulier, la découverte de services liés à une ressource.
Voir aussi
OpenID
XML
Langage de requête
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is a fishing-themed medal game based on the Antarctic Adventure series released by Konami in 1991 in Japan along with Ballon Penta and Imo Hori Penta. It also was made as a Redemption game named Super Fisherman Penta and the mobile-based game Penta no Tsuri Bōken, which was available only on Konami's now defunct KonamiNet DX service. All of these were released in Japan only as well.
See also
Penta no Tsuri Bōken
References
External links
Arcade Flyer Game at The Arcade Flyer Archive
Gameplay Video at YouTube
1991 video games
Konami games
Fishing video games
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Omniplan may refer to
OmniPlan, management software created by The Omni Group
Omniplan (architects), an American architecture design firm
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Mamma mia (; an Italian interjection, literally "my mom"), Mammamia, Mamamia or Mumma Mia may refer to:
Music
Works associated with ABBA
"Mamma Mia" (ABBA song), a 1975 ABBA song
Mamma Mia! (musical), a stage play based on ABBA songs, which premiered in London in 1999
Mamma Mia! (film), a 2008 film based on the musical
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, 2018 film sequel
Other artists
¡Mamma Mia!, a 1988 album by Mexican pop singer Verónica Castro
"Mamma Mia" (Darin song), 2014
"Mamma Mia (He's Italiano)", 2014 song by Elena Gheorghe
"Mama Mia" (In-Grid song), 2005
"Mamma Mia" (Kara song), 2014
Mamma Mia! (SF9 EP), 2018
"Mama Mia", a song by Lil Wayne from the album Funeral
"Mammamia" (Måneskin song), 2021
Film and television
"Mamma Mia" (30 Rock), a third-season episode of the NBC television series 30 Rock
"Mamma Mia" (Frasier), a seventh-season episode of the American television series Frasier
"Mamma Mia" (Supernatural), a twelfth-season episode of the American television series Supernatural
Mammamia!, an Italian television program
Mamma Mia (1995 film), a Ghanaian film
Other
Mamamia (website), an Australian opinion and lifestyle website targeted at women
Mammamia, a genus of Italian cave-dwelling millipedes
Mama Mia Trattoria, an Italian restaurant housed in Portland, Oregon
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Vertige de l'amour est une chanson d'Alain Bashung de 1981.
Vertige de l'amour est un film court-métrage de Laetitia Masson, de la série 3000 scénarios contre un virus.
Vertiges de l'amour est un film long-métrage de Laurent Chouchan.
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King Street Bridge may refer to:
King Street Bridge (Melbourne), Australia
King Street Bridge (Toronto), Canada
King Street Overhead Bridge, Kings Mountain, Cleveland County, North Carolina, US
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Green furniture, often symbolized by a tree, are products that use materials from sustainable forests, that have low toxic material levels, are locally manufactured, and durable enough to last.
References
Furniture
Sustainable products
Sustainable design
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The following is the filmography for actor, director, producer and screenwriter Kenneth Branagh.
As actor
Film
Television
Narrator
As director
References
External links
Male actor filmographies
Director filmographies
British filmographies
Filmography
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A collins glass is a glass tumbler which typically will contain . It is commonly used to serve sparkling cocktails, especially long drinks like the Tom Collins or John Collins. Its cylindrical shape, narrower and taller than a highball glass, keeps the drink carbonated longer by reducing the surface area of the drink.
See also
Old fashioned glass
References
Drinking glasses
Drinkware
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A barista (; ; from the Italian/Spanish for "bartender") is a person, usually a coffeehouse employee, who prepares and serves espresso-based coffee drinks.
Etymology and inflection
The word barista comes from Italian and Spanish where it means a male or female "bartender" who typically works behind a counter, serving hot drinks (such as espresso), cold alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, and snacks. Prieto (2021) shows that the word barista has been documented since 1916 in both Spanish and Italian. The native plural in English and Spanish is baristas, while in Italian the plural is baristi for masculine (literally meaning "barmen", "bartenders") or bariste for feminine (literally meaning "barmaids").
Application of the title
While the title is not regulated, most coffee shops use the title to describe the preparer of coffee and operator of an espresso machine.
Baristas generally operate a commercial espresso machine, and their role is preparing and pulling the shot; the degree to which this is automated or done manually varies significantly, ranging from push-button operation to an involved manual process. Espresso is a notoriously finicky beverage, and good manual espresso making is considered a skilled task. Further, preparation of other beverages, particularly milk-based drinks such as cappuccinos and lattes, but also non-espresso coffee such as drip or press pot, requires additional work and skill for effective frothing, pouring and most often latte art. In Starbucks, over the counter employees are referred to as "baristas", although the preparation process is fully automated.
The barista usually has been trained to operate the machine and to prepare the coffee based on the guidelines of the roaster or shop owner, while more experienced baristas may have discretion to vary preparation or experiment.
To make the coffee well, there is a series of steps needing attention, including grinding the beans, extracting the coffee, frothing the milk and pouring.
Beyond the preparation of espresso and other beverages and general customer service, skilled baristas acquire knowledge of the entire process of coffee to effectively prepare a desired cup of coffee, including maintenance and programming of the machine, grinding methods, roasting, and coffee plant cultivation, similar to how a sommelier is familiar with the entire process of wine making and consumption. A barista can acquire these skills by attending training classes, but they are more commonly learned on the job.
There are a lot of myths and misinformation about coffee varieties. Every type of coffee holds many different characteristics when it comes to flavor, acidity, caffeine content, and more. A frequent misconception about coffee is that the darker the roast, the more caffeine, or the “stronger” it is. This, however, is not at all true. Although every variety of coffee has different levels of caffeine, if you were to roast one single variety as a light roast, a medium roast, and a dark roast, the lighter roast will always have more caffeine. This is because as the coffee beans get exposed to more heat and higher temperatures, more caffeine molecules burn off or combust and therefore deteriorate. Although it is often not a substantial difference, lightly roasted coffee generally contains more caffeine. Another misconception about light roast coffee is that it does not have as bold of a flavor. This could not be further from the truth, many light roast coffees can have very bold, in-depth, and unique flavor profiles, as do medium or dark roasts. Each coffee variety can be roasted to any temperature but will taste best in a specific range. Some coffee varieties taste best as a lighter roast, some taste best as a medium, and some taste best as dark as they can get. There are also many ranges between light and medium, and medium and dark, that coffee specialists can dial into and procure perfect, delicious results with.
Competition
Formal barista competitions originated in Norway, and one such is the World Barista Championships, held annually at varied international locations. Baristas worldwide compete, though they must first compete in a competition held in their own country to qualify to enter in the WBC, such as the United States Barista Championship.
See also
Bikini barista
Barista (film)
Milkman
Soda jerk
Sommelier
Cafe latte
References
Coffee culture
Hospitality occupations
Food services occupations
Coffee in Italy
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Plastic Ono Band may refer to:
Plastic Ono Band, the band in its various incarnations
John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, the debut solo album by English rock musician John Lennon
Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band, the avant-garde debut album by Yoko Ono
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This article is a list of community currencies that are, or have been, used in the United Kingdom. There are various models such as complementary currencies, local currencies, Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) and Time-based currency:
See also
Barter
List of community currencies in Canada
List of community currencies in the United States
References
United Kingdom, List of community currencies in the
Local currencies of the United Kingdom
Currencies of the United Kingdom
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Rapid phase transition or RPT is a phenomenon realized in liquefied natural gas (LNG) incidents in which LNG vaporizes violently upon coming in contact with water causing what is known as a physical explosion
or cold explosion. During such explosions there is no combustion but rather a huge amount of energy is transferred in the form of heat from the room-temperature water to the LNG at a temperature difference of about .
LNG Properties
Liquefied natural gas or LNG is a natural gas that gets liquefied at atmospheric pressure and −161.5 °C. It is odorless, tasteless, colorless, and not poisonous but causes asphyxia. It can cause frostbite due to its cryogenic temperature. If this extremely cold LNG is mixed with water(e.g. sea water, which has an average temperature of 15 °C), heat energy is transferred from the water to the LNG, rapidly vaporizing it from its liquefied state back into its original gaseous state. This results in an explosion because the volume occupied by natural gas in its gaseous form is 600 times greater than when its liquefied. This is the phenomenon of rapid phase transition.
See also
Dry ice bomb
BLEVE
Explosive boiling or phase explosion
External links
Latest developments in rapid-phase-transition modeling
Glossary of LNG-Related Terms & Definitions
References
Phase transitions
Explosions
Liquefied natural gas
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Samsung Galaxy Core Prime (также известный как Galaxy Prevail LTE на Boost Mobile) - Android - смартфон, спроектированный, разработанный и продаваемый Samsung Electronics. Galaxy Core Prime оснащен WVGA дисплеем и Android Kitkat 4.4.4. Некоторые варианты могут быть обновлены до ОС Lollipop 5.0.2 или Lollipop 5.1.1. 4G-версия Samsung Galaxy Core Prime (SM-360FY/DS) была представлена 2 июня 2015 года..
Варианты
В Бразилии Core Prime продается под названием Win 2, модель, опционально оснащенная цифровым телевидением..
Samsung Galaxy Core Prime Value Edition был выпущен с Marvell PXA1908..
Спецификации
Одна или две SIM-карты
4,5" 480 x 800 TFT дисплей с разрешением 207 точек на дюйм (xdpi: 197, ydpi: 192)
Поставляется с ОС Android версии 4.4.4 KitKat. Доступно обновление до операционной системы Lollipop OS 5.0.2 или 5.1.1 с пользовательским интерфейсом "TouchWiz".
Четырехъядерный процессор Cortex-A53 с частотой 1,2 ГГц.
Графический процессор Adreno 306/Mali 400MP
1 ГБ оперативной памяти
чипсет Snapdragon 410/Spreadtrum SC8830
8 ГБ встроенной памяти, слот для карт microSD (до 128 ГБ)
5-мегапиксельная камера со светодиодной вспышкой, запись видео 720p, 2-мегапиксельная фронтальная камера
Cat. 4 LTE (150/50 Мбит/с); Wi-Fi b/g/n; Bluetooth 4.0; NFC; GPS; microUSB, FM-радио
Аккумулятор емкостью 2000 мАч.
Прием
PCMag отметил компактность телефона. TechRadar не считает его хорошим соперником в нижнем ценовом диапазоне рынка..
Споры
Samsung Galaxy Core Prime взорвался, когда мальчик держал его в руках. Он был срочно доставлен в больницу после звонка в 911, а после выздоровления страдал от фобия мобильных телефонов. Это вызвало некоторую путаницу, поскольку предполагалось, что это был Samsung Galaxy Note 7, печально известный взрывами..
Смотрите также
Samsung Galaxy Core
Samsung Galaxy Star 2 Plus
Ссылки
Внешние ссылки
Аппаратные ревизии Samsung Galaxy Core Prime - postmarketOS
Samsung Galaxy
Устройства на базе Android
Galaxy Core Prime
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James Malcolm Green – lottatore statunitense
James Patrick Green – arcivescovo cattolico statunitense
James L. Green – scienziato e amministratore alla NASA
Pagine correlate
James Greene
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