Split (1)

train · 861k rows

text stringlengths 16 352k	source stringclasses 2 values
Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle is an avenue in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris, France, named after Charles de Gaulle. The avenue forms part of the Route nationale 13. Until 1971, it was called Avenue de Neuilly, a rare case in France where the road bears the name of the commune in which it is found. Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle continues along Paris's axe historique, which stretches from the original Palais des Tuileries to Porte Maillot, and which finishes at Pont de Neuilly. It forms a segment of the axe majeur, which links Paris and La Défense. It is used by a daily flow of 160,000 vehicles. Since 1992, part of the avenue passed underground for , at the exit of Neuilly-sur-Seine. This was due to the completion of the couverture Madrid. References External links 1971 establishments in France Avenues (landscape) in Paris Neuilly-sur-Seine Charles de Gaulle	wiki
General Carrington may refer to: Frederick Carrington (1844–1913), British Army major general Harold Carrington (1882–1964), British Army lieutenant general Henry B. Carrington (1824–1912), Union Army brigadier general	wiki
Batrachylidae is a family of frogs from southern South America (Argentina and Chile). Before being recognized as a family, Batrachylidae was included as a subfamily (Batrachylinae) in the family Ceratophryidae; this is the taxonomy still suggested by the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Species There are four genera in the family: Atelognathus Lynch, 1978 (5 species) Batrachyla Bell, 1843 (5 species) Chaltenobatrachus Basso, Úbeda, Bunge, and Martinazzo, 2011 (1 species) Hylorina Bell, 1843 (1 species) References	wiki
16th Regiment or 16th Infantry Regiment may refer to: 16th Air Defence Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery 16th Alpini Regiment, a short lived light Infantry training regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in Mountain Combat 16th Punjab Regiment (Pakistan) 16th Infantry Regiment (South Korea) 16th Regiment Royal Artillery, a regiment of the Royal Artillery in the British Army 16th The Queen's Lancers, a cavalry regiment in the British Army, first raised in 1759 16th Infantry Regiment (United States), a regiment in the United States Army Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment, British Army regiment formerly designated the 16th Regiment of Foot United States American Revolutionary War regiments 16th Massachusetts Regiment, a unit of the American Massachusetts Line American Civil War regiments 16th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, nicknamed "The Twins", an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War 16th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War 16th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War 16th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment, an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War 16th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment, an infantry regiment 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War See also 16th Army (disambiguation) 16th Wing (disambiguation) 16th Group (disambiguation) 16th Division (disambiguation) 16th Brigade (disambiguation) 16th Squadron (disambiguation)	wiki
This is a list of released and upcoming video games that are developed in Belgium. The list is sorted by game title, platform, year of release and their developer. This list does not include serious games. References Belgium Video games developed	wiki
IOTA IOTA (криптовалюта) Внутрішньо-європейська організація податкових адміністрацій	wiki
Elena or Yelena Volkova may refer to: Yelena Volkova (volleyball) (born 1960), Soviet volleyball player and Olympic gold medalist Yelena Volkova (swimmer) (born 1968), Soviet swimmer and world champion Elena Volkova (painter) (1915–2013), Ukrainian painter Elena Volkova (basketball) (born 1983), Russian basketball player	wiki
A bill of costs is an itemized list of expenses a prevailing party in a lawsuit or action needs to pay for services procured from a lawyer. It can have varying levels of detail, and should describe the nature of the work done by the lawyer for the client, and any other expenses incurred. Recoverable costs vary by jurisdiction, but often include copying fees, filing fees, travel expenses, court reporter fees, and electronic legal research costs.(example checklist of expenses recoverable in a bill of costs) In some cases, particularly those in which attorney's fees are part of the relief demanded by the plaintiff, a bill of costs may be submitted to the court, in order to determine how much of the prevailing party's costs the losing party must pay. Legal costs Legal documents	wiki
Methylenedioxyphencyclidine (3',4'-MD-PCP, MDPCP) is a recreational designer drug with dissociative effects. It is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative, with similar effects to related drugs such as 3-MeO-PCP and 4-MeO-PCP. See also 3-F-PCP 3-Methyl-PCPy MXiPr MDMAR Methylenedioxyphenmetrazine Methylenedioxypyrovalerone 1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane References Arylcyclohexylamines Designer drugs Benzodioxoles	wiki
The Coast may refer to: The Coast (newspaper), a weekly newspaper in Halifax, Canada The Coast, Newark, New Jersey, a neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey, USA "The Coast", a song by Paul Simon from his 1990 album The Rhythm of the Saints "The Coast", a 2010 song by Court Yard Hounds The Coast (band), an indie rock band from Toronto, Ontario, Canada The Coast (EP), the 2006 self-titled debut EP by The Coast The Coast 89.7, the branding of CKOA-FM, a radio station in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada The Coast (radio station), a regional radio station based in Southampton, England Radio stations KOST-FM WMNX-FM WFLC-HD2 See also Coast (disambiguation)	wiki
The 111th edition of the Paris–Tours cycling classic was held on 8 October 2017. The race was part of the 2017 UCI Europe Tour, ranked as a 1.HC event. Matteo Trentin won in a time of 5hr22'51", two bike lengths ahead of Søren Kragh Andersen. Niki Terpstra was third. Route The race started in Brou, 70 km west of Paris, and finished in Tours, in the center-west of France, after 234.5 km of racing. References External links Official website 2017 UCI Europe Tour Paris–Tours Paris-Tours Paris-Tours	wiki
Vacanze al mare è un documentario del 2013 diretto da Ermanno Cavazzoni. Note Collegamenti esterni Film documentari italiani	wiki
Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy, which goes by the name CURE Epilepsy, is a nonprofit organization based in Chicago, Illinois. The organization is focused on raising awareness and funds for research targeting a cure for epilepsy. It was founded in September 1998 by Susan Axelrod and other parents who were searching for answers to protect their children from seizures and the side effects of epilepsy medications. CURE Epilepsy raises money through gala events. By 2021 it had raised over $78 million and had funded over 260 research projects in 16 countries around the globe. References External links Epilepsy organizations Non-profit organizations based in Chicago Scientific organizations established in 1998 1998 establishments in the United States	wiki
Thambi may refer to: Thambi (2006 film) Thambi (2019 film)	wiki
Fruit whips are desserts made from puréed fruit and whipped egg whites. They are usually uncooked, but some variants are cooked; they may be served plain, or with a sauce of fruit juice, custard, or cream, and possibly over a sponge cake or ladyfingers. The uncooked variants are similar to mousse, while the cooked variants are similar to soufflé. There are also variants using whole eggs, gelatin, or farina. A common kind of fruit whip is prune whip, but almost any raw, dried, or cooked fruit may be used, mashed or sieved, for example apple, strawberry, raspberry, apricot, cherry, fig, pineapple, or rhubarb. Fruit whips are normally made by whipping the egg white then mixing in the puréed and sweetened fruit pulp. Some modern recipes call for using a blender. See also List of desserts References External links Cream Whippers Fruit dishes Desserts	wiki
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an alternative or complementary type of therapy that includes the use of animals in a treatment. The goal of this animal-assisted intervention is to improve a patient's social, emotional, or cognitive functioning. Studies have documented some positive effects of the therapy on subjective self-rating scales and on objective physiological measures such as blood pressure and hormone levels. The specific animal-assisted therapy can be classified by the type of animal, the targeted population, and how the animal is incorporated into the therapeutic plan. Various animals have been utilized for animal-assisted therapy, with the most common types being canine-assisted therapy and equine-assisted therapy. Use of these animals in therapies has shown positives results in many cases, such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, sexual abuse victims, dementia, autism, and more. It can be used in many different facilities, like hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes, to aid in the therapy provided. Some studies have shown that animal-assisted therapy can improve many aspects of a patient's life, such as improving their overall mood or reducing feelings of isolation. Description Animal-assisted therapy is an alternative or complementary type of therapy that includes the use of animals in a treatment. It falls under the realm of animal-assisted intervention, which encompasses any intervention in the studio that includes an animal in a therapeutic context such as emotional support animals, service animals trained to assist with daily activities, and animal assisted activity. The goal of animal-assisted therapy is to improve a patient's social, emotional, or cognitive functioning and literature reviews state that animals can be useful for educational and motivational effectiveness for participants. History Research has found that animals can have an overall positive effect on health and improve mood and quality of life. Studies have documented some positive effects of the therapy on subjective self-rating scales and on objective physiological measures such as blood pressure and hormone levels. The positive effect has been linked to the human-animal bond. In a variety of settings, such as prisons, nursing homes, and mental institutions, these animals are used to assist people with different disabilities or disorders. In modern times animals are seen as "agents of socialization" and as providers of "social support and relaxation". The earliest reported use of the therapy for the mentally ill took place in the late 18th century at the York Retreat in England, led by William Tuke. Patients at this facility were allowed to wander the grounds which contained a population of small domestic animals. These were believed to be effective tools for socialization. In 1860, the Bethlem Hospital in England followed the same trend and added animals to the ward, greatly influencing the morale of the patients living there. However, in other pieces of literature it states that animal-assisted therapy was used as early as 1792 at the Quaker Society of Friends York Retreat in England. Velde, Cipriani & Fisher also state "Florence Nightingale appreciated the benefits of pets in the treatment of individuals with illness." Examples of historical uses The US military promoted the use of dogs as a therapeutic intervention with psychiatric patients in 1919 at St Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, DC. Sigmund Freud kept many dogs and often had his chow Jofi present during his pioneering sessions of psychoanalysis. He noticed that the presence of the dog was helpful because the patient would find that their speech would not shock or disturb the dog and this reassured them and so encouraged them to relax and confide. This was most effective when the patient was a child or adolescent. Modern animal-assisted therapy may have been influenced by attachment theory. Increased recognition of the value of human–pet bonding was noted by Dr. Boris M. Levinson in 1961. Levinson accidentally used animals in therapy with children when he left his dog alone with a difficult child, and upon returning, found the child talking to the dog. Physiological effects Edward O. Wilson's (1984) biophilia hypothesis is based on the premise that our attachment to and interest in animals stems from the strong possibility that human survival was partly dependent on signals from animals in the environment indicating safety or threat. The biophilia hypothesis suggests that if we see animals at rest or in a peaceful state, this may signal to us safety, security and feelings of well-being which in turn may trigger a state where personal change and healing are possible. Six neurotransmitters that influence mood have been documented to release after a 15-minute or more interaction with animals. Mirror neuron activity and disease-perception through olfactory (smelling) ability in dogs may also play important roles in helping dogs connect with humans during therapeutic encounters. Medical uses Animals can be used in settings such as prisons, nursing homes, mental institutions, and in the home. The techniques used depend on the needs and condition of the patient. Assistance dogs can support certain life activities and help people navigate outside the home. Assessing whether a program is effective as far as its outcomes are concerned is easier when the goals are clear and are able to be specified. There are a range of goals for animal assisted therapy programs relevant to children and young people, including enhanced capacity to form positive relationships with others. It is understood that pets provide benefits to those with mental health conditions, but further research is required to test the nature and extent of this relationship with an animal as a pet and how it differs between pets, emotional support animals, service animals, and animal-assisted therapy. Cognitive rehabilitation treatment Acquired Brain Injury survivors with cognitive impairments can benefit from animal-assisted therapy as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation treatment plan. Pediatric care Animals can be used as a distraction method when it comes to various situations or pain, and animals can also help bring happiness, pleasure, and entertainment to the pediatric population. Animals can also help improve children's moods and reinforce positive behaviors while helping to decrease negative ones. Behavioral health Therapists rely on techniques such as monitoring a child's behavior with the animal, their tone of voice, and indirect interviewing. Animal-assisted therapy can be used in children with mental health problems, as a stand-alone treatment, or along with conventional methods. Hospital setting Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) is often used in hospital settings with children to try to improve their overall well-being and mood during. Most commonly reported research results are decreased anxiety and pain within the pediatric population. One area of pediatric hospital care in which the use of AAT has been studied is MRI procedures which can trigger negative emotions in children, causing them to move and require procedural sedation. After AAT intervention, the anxiety levels of the subjects decreased significantly when compared to controls. Dogs have been shown to increase comfort and decrease pain in pediatric palliative care. Specific tactics have not been researched, but collective reviews of varied techniques displayed similar results of increased comfort reports by children and guardians. Though meta-analysis has determined that children receiving AAT have seen a reduction in pain when compared to control groups, further quantitative research is needed to confirm this conclusion. Potential risks Though AAT has existed and been in practice for decades, the lack of standardization creates potential risks for both the animals and humans involved. As the use among pediatric populations continues to climb, another concern that has been raised about the use of animals in a hospital setting is the spread of germs. Many children in hospital settings have weakened immune systems and are already at risk of contracting hospital-borne infections. It has been found that both the patients and dogs participating in therapy experienced changes to their biome after their sessions. Whether these changes pose a long term benefit or risk has yet to be proven, and more in depth studies are needed to make this determination. Additionally researchers are working to find an accurate way to determine the effects of AAT on both the service animal and the human participating in therapy. Prisons Animal-assistance programs may be useful in prisons to relieve stress of the inmates and workers, or to provide other benefits, but further study is needed to confirm the effectiveness of such programs in these settings. Internal file data reviews, anecdotal stories, and surveys of inmate and staff perceptions have been used to gauge the effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy in prisons, but these methods are limited and have resulted in an inadequate assessment. Researchers have, however, begun to find methods of gauging the effectiveness of prison animal programs (PAPs) by using Propensity Score Watching. One study using this method found that PAPs positively impact reductions in severe or violent infractions. A reduction in offenses statistically may reduce recidivism rates and increase former inmate job marketability and societal reintegration. Training and being responsible for an animal can foster empathy, emotional intelligence, communication, and self-control in inmates; however, the results of studies done so far must be taken with caution as the methodological quality of existing studies is limited. PAPs also benefit the animals involved as many come from situations where they faced abuse, neglect or euthanasia. Nursing homes The findings offer proof of the concept that canine-assisted therapies are feasible and can elicit positive quality-of-life experiences in institutionalized people with dementia. Researchers and practitioners need to elucidate the theoretical foundations of animal-assisted therapies. The Lived Environment Life Quality Model may serve as a guide for client-centered, occupation-focused, and ecologically valid approaches to animal-assisted occupational therapy beyond people with dementia. When elderly people are transferred to nursing homes or long-term care facilities, they often become passive, agitated, withdrawn, depressed, and inactive because of the lack of regular visitors or the loss of loved ones. Supporters of animal-assisted therapy say that animals can be helpful in motivating the patients to be active mentally and physically, keeping their minds sharp and bodies healthy. A significant difference has been seen among verbal interactions among nursing home residents with a dog present. Therapists or visitors who bring animals into their sessions at the nursing home are often viewed as less threatening, which increases the relationship between the therapist/visitor and patient. Occupational therapy Occupational therapists can use animal assisted therapies to work on the child's motivation. Some occupational therapy goals using animal assisted therapies include improving attention skills, social skills, participation in play, self-esteem, and reducing anxiety, loneliness, and isolation. Types Various animal species are used in animal-assisted therapy. Individual animals are evaluated with strict criteria before being used. The criteria include appropriate size, age, aptitude, typical behaviors and the correct level of training. The most commonly used species are dogs and horses. Research has been published on dolphin therapy. Canine-assisted therapy In canine-assisted therapy, therapy dogs interact with patients in animal assisted interventions, to enhance therapeutic activities and well-being including the physical, cognitive, behavioral and socio-emotional functioning of clients. Well-trained therapy dogs exhibit the behavior that human patients construe as friendly and welcoming. They comfort patients via body contact. Therapy dogs are also required to possess a calm temperament for accommodating the contact with unfamiliar clients while they serve as a source of comfort. They promote patients engaging in interactions which can help patient improve motor skills and establish trusting relationship with others. The interaction between patients and therapy dogs also aids reducing stressful and anxious feelings patients have. Due to those benefits, canine-assisted therapy is used as a complement to other therapies to treat diagnosis such as post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and dementia. Canine assistance can also be used in classroom for promoting the development of creative writing and living skills and the participation of children in group activities. There are programs called canine-assisted reading programs which facilitate children with special educational needs. These programs utilize the calm, non-judgmental, happy characteristics of canines to let the process of reading become more meaningful and enjoyable for children. With these benefits, researchers suggest to incorporating dogs into assisting learning and educational programs. Dolphin therapy Dolphin-assisted therapy refers to the controversial alternative medicine practice of swimming with dolphins. This form of therapy has been strongly criticized as having no long-term benefit, and being based on flawed observations. Psychologists have cautioned that dolphin-assisted therapy is not known to be effective for any condition and that it presents considerable risks to both human patients and the captive dolphins. The child has a one-on-one session with a therapist in a marine park of some kind. An ethical issue with data on dolphin-assisted therapy and the effectiveness of it is that most of the research is done by people who operate the dolphin-assisted therapy programs. Equine-related therapy A distinction exists between hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding. The American Hippotherapy Association defines hippotherapy as a physical, occupational, and speech-language therapy treatment strategy that utilizes equine movement as part of an integrated intervention program to achieve functional outcomes, while the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International (PATH) defines therapeutic riding as a riding lesson specially adapted for people with special needs. According to Marty Becker, hippotherapy programs are active "in twenty-four countries and the horse's functions have expanded to therapeutic riding for people with physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and behavioral problems". Hippotherapy has also been approved by the American Speech and Hearing Association as a treatment method for individuals with speech disorders. In addition, equine assisted psychotherapy uses horses for work with persons who have mental health issues. Equine assisted psychotherapy often does not involve riding. Additional information pertaining to equine assisted therapy can be seen with Laira Gold's open clinical study of EAT. Pig therapy Pigs have been used in various types of animal-assisted therapy to perform duties in facilities including airports, hospitals, nursing homes, and special-needs schools, or as emotional support animals for individuals with conditions such as autism or anxiety and veterans with PTSD. Two well-known miniature pigs named Thunder and Bolt trained by children to certified animal therapy status have been put to work in a number of nursing homes, schools and a hospital. Therapy with other animals Llamas are sometimes used in therapy. Typically, they aid elderly patients that need an animal to be more gentler and taller to help them stand up and walk. For patients that have allergies to animals that have fur, snakes have been used to provide emotional support. The texture of the snakes skin relieves stress for the patient. Effectiveness Based on current research, there are many conditions that can benefit from animal-assisted therapy in diverse settings around the world. Those conditions include psychological disorder, developmental disorder, dementia, cancer, chronic pain, advanced heart failure, etc. Animal-assisted therapy is commonly used for psychological disorders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder are among the psychological disorders that can benefit from animal-assisted therapy. In recent decades, an increased amount of research indicates the social, psychological, and physiological benefits of animal assisted therapy in health and education field. Although the effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy is still unclear due to the lack of clarity regarding the degree to which the animal itself contributes in the recovery process, there is a growing awareness that the therapy may be effective in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and dementia. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may decrease behavioral issues and improve socialization skills with the intervention of animal-assisted therapy. Compared to children who received only cognitive-behavioral therapy, children who received both canine-assisted therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy had reduced severity of ADHD symptoms. However, the dog-assisted therapy did not relieve symptoms in long-term treatment. Post-traumatic stress disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder affects people's mental health and has varying severity and forms. It is often difficult to treat due to high drop-out rates and low responses to traditional psycho-therapeutic approaches and interventions. Animals have both direct and indirect effects on a mental health spectrum including biological, psychological, and social responses, further targeting marked symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (i.e., re-experiencing, avoidance, changes in beliefs/feelings, and hyperarousal). Direct effects of animals include a decrease in anxiety and blood pressure while indirect effects result in increased social interactions and overall participation in everyday activities. Biologically, specific chemicals are released when observing human and animal interactions. Similarly, dog assistance can potentially mediate oxytocin which effects social and physical well being and decrease blood pressure.[17] The psychological benefits of animals focus mainly on dog and human interactions, the reduction of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and increased resilience. Animals in this capacity can further provide emotional and psychological assistance and support, addressing several of the disorder's symptoms. The presence of an animal can alleviate intrusion symptoms by providing a reminder that there is no danger present. Animals can further elicit positive emotions, targeting emotional numbing experiences. Animal interactions also provide social benefits, providing companionship and alleviate feelings of loneliness and isolation through everyday routines and increased social interactions in public. The incorporation and involvement of animals dates back to the earliest forms of organized combat. Dogs, in particular, were utilized in different capacities. Ancient armies employed dogs as soldiers and companions which extended to modern combat including dogs as a crucial asset in communication, detection, and intimidation. In World War II, dogs were used in therapy as emotional support during the war. While a range of animals can be utilized, dogs and horses have been the principal species studied in practice. Dog-assisted therapy and therapeutic horseback riding are non-invasive methods for treating post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans.[17] Canines can easily integrate into a multitude of environments, are highly responsive to humans, and are very intelligent. For those reasons, dogs are the species most commonly used in interventions. Dogs are typically categorized according to the level of training received and the specific needs of the individual. A service dog provides relief through specialized support related to a physical, mental, or psychological disability. Emotional support animals solely provide psychological relief and do not require specialized training. Therapy animals often provide additional support in a therapeutic environment by supporting counselors or therapists in their therapeutic duties. While service dogs, emotional support animals, and therapy dogs can support the diverse symptoms that veterans, specifically bred and selected post-traumatic stress disorder service dogs, are trained and assigned to veterans with the disorder to support with daily life activities as well as with emotional and mental health needs. Dogs provide subjective positive effects to veterans and serve as a compassionate reminder to veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder that danger is not present, creating a safe space for the veteran. They are often sensitive to humans and have the ability to adapt their behavior accordingly by doing tasks such as preventing panic, waking a veteran from a nightmare, and nudging to help the veteran "stay in the present". Dogs provide veterans with a nonjudgmental and safe environment that can help a veteran express feelings and process thoughts without interruption, criticism or advice. Interactions, such as petting, playing and walking, with the dog can increase physical activity, reduce anxiety, and provide encouragement to stay in the present moment. The interaction between dog and veterans supports social interactions for isolated veterans, reduces symptoms associated with the disorder such as depression and anxiety, and increases veterans' calmness.[17] Similar to dogs, horses have been included in the treatment of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder by providing an accepting and nonjudgmental environment, which further facilitates a veterans' ability to cope with symptoms. Because horses are social animals, they are capable of creating and responding to relationships based on the veteran's energy, providing an opportunity for veterans to regain the ability to form trusting relationships. Therapeutic work with horses varies from ground-based activities, mounted activities, or a combination of both. In the therapeutic context, horses can promote cognitive reframing as well as an increase in the use of mindfulness practice. While there is limited research and standardized instruments to measure the effects, veterans who have participated in pilot programs have better communication skills, self-awareness, and self-esteem, promoting safety and support during the transition into civilian life. Long term effects of equine based interventions with veterans include increased happiness, social support, and better sleep hygiene because they are able to process information regarding their emotions and behaviors in a nonjudgmental space. While animal-assisted interventions can be effective, they have limitations due to limited research. Furthermore, studies approved yield small sample sizes which limit the power to detect changes as well as the specific tasks that are particularly helpful to veterans. Animal-assisted therapy may also obstruct veterans from cultivating their own way of control over stressful situation. Post-traumatic stress disorder in sexual assault survivors The disorder can develop when a person experiences a sexual assault or rape. Sexual assault is the leading cause of post-traumatic stress disorder in women; an estimated 50% of women who were sexually assaulted develop the condition. Animal-assisted therapy can be an effective in treating the trauma for survivors of sexual assault. The presence of dogs have been shown to improve communication between the survivor and the therapist and to decrease survivors' anxiety and fear-responses. Animal-assisted therapy increases social interaction for those with the disorder. Studies show that animal-assisted therapy leads to an overall reduction of symptoms including anger, depression, and dissociation in survivors of sexual assault. Animal-assisted therapy has also been shown to reduce problem behavior and improves overall behavioral functioning for children survivors of sexual assault. While results are promising, further research is needed to show the effectiveness of animal-assisted interventions in treating post-traumatic stress disorder for sexual assault survivors across varying demographics. Limitations in current research include small sample sizes and reliance on anecdotal evidence. Autism spectrum disorder Animal-assisted therapy may reduce the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder such as aggressiveness, irritability, are able to be distracted, and hyperactivity. In one review, five out of nine studies reviewed showed positive effects of therapeutic horseback riding on children with autism spectrum disorder. Canine assisted intervention provides a calmer environment by reducing the stress, irritation, and anxiety that children with autism spectrum disorder experience. Playing with dogs increases the positive mood in children with autism spectrum disorder. Animals also can serve as a social catalyst. In the presence of animals, children with autism spectrum disorder are more likely to engage in social interactions with humans. However, the impact of animal-assisted therapy upon parent-child interaction is not clear. Dementia Animal-assisted therapy encourages expressions of emotions and cognitive stimulation through discussions and reminiscing of memories while the patient bonds with the animal. Studies have found that animal assisted therapies (particularly using dogs) resulted in measurable quality of life improvements for patients with dementia. Patients with dementia were also found to improve their social interactions and their scores on the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. Animal-assisted therapy has been shown to slightly reduce depressive symptoms in people with dementia in a 2019 systematic review. Limitations There is limited scientific research on the use of the therapy among adults who have been sexually assaulted. While animals do tend to comfort survivors, animal therapy may not be the catalyst that provides positive success in therapy sessions. As mentioned above, adults tend not to focus as much on having an animal companion, and therefore, animal therapy cannot be attributed as the reason for success in those types of therapy sessions.[5] There are some ethical concerns that arise when applying animal therapy to younger survivors of sexual assault. For example, if a child is introduced to an animal that is not their pet, the application of animal therapy can cause some concerns. First of all, some children may not be comfortable with animals or may be frightened which could be avoided by asking permission to use animals in therapy. Second, a special bond is created between animal and child during animal therapy. Therefore, if the animal in question does not belong to the child, there may be some negative side effects when the child discontinues therapy. The child will have become attached to the animal, which does raise some ethical issues as far as subjecting a child to the disappointment and possible relapse that can occur after therapy discontinues.[5] It is unclear to what degree the animal itself contributes in the recovery process. There are some concerns specific to dolphin-assisted therapy: First, it is potentially hazardous to the human patients, and it is harmful to the dolphins themselves; by taking dolphins out of their natural environment and putting them in captivity for therapy can be hazardous to their well-being. Second, dolphin-assisted therapy has been strongly criticized as having no long term benefit, and being based on flawed observations. Third, psychologists have cautioned that dolphin assisted therapy is not effective for any known condition. There are concerns that people may become dependent on the animal and could interfere with the recovery process for PTSD. People may feel as though they cannot do things on their own without the presence of the animal. Ethical concerns Though AAT has existed and been in practice for decades, the lack of standardization creates potential risks for both the animals and humans involved. Due to the unclear structural guidelines on the use of animals in therapeutic settings, possible impacts to the animal include stress, injury, and health complications. Research has shown that despite quality guidelines in place to ensure the health of the therapy animal, there are reports of negative interactions between human participant and therapy dogs. These reports include mistreating and teasing the dogs by patients and staff at locations in which therapy is hosted. In studies conducted, people with certain disabilities had to be excluded from the experiment due to increase in the stress of the therapy dog, and ultimately decline in overall wellbeing. There is a question as to whether bringing animals into AAT settings where the client has a history of violence is ethical, or if the benefit outweighs the risk. Equine assisted therapy showed a need for more studies of equine behavior to obtain an understanding of stress signals from horses. Through understanding the stress signals shown by horses, a safe and healthy experience during the therapy session can be held, by allowing handlers to minimize stress. For therapy animals limited time for rest, multiple sessions, and long duration of sessions were linked to higher stress. Assessing animals for signs of fatigue and stress can prevent negative experience for both humans and animals involved. Animals used should be limited to a specific duration and number of sessions, as well as given access to proper environmental conditions, food, water, and rest. See also References External links Assistance Animal State Laws - Michigan State University Disabilities and Medical Conditions - TSA (Transport Security Administration) Skloot, Rebecca (December 31, 2008) "Creature Comforts", The New York Times Medicine Horse Environmental psychology Outdoor education	wiki
Greater and lesser magic (known also as high and low magic or collectively Satanic magic), within LaVeyan Satanism, designate types of beliefs with the term greater magic applying to ritual practice meant as psychodramatic catharsis to focus one's emotions for a specific purpose and lesser magic applied to the practice of manipulation by means of applied psychology and glamour (or "wile and guile") to bend an individual or situation to one's will. Theory and definition Outlined in The Satanic Bible, LaVey defined magic as "the change in situations or events in accordance with one's will, which would, using normally accepted methods, be unchangeable." This definition incorporates two broadly distinguished kinds of magic: greater and lesser. According to LaVey, one of the goals of ritual magic is "to isolate the otherwise dissipated adrenal and other emotionally induced energy, and to convert it into a dynamically transmittable force." LaVey defined lesser magic as "wile and guile obtained through various devices and contrived situations, which when utilized, can create change in accordance with one's will." Within this system of magic, the terms warlock and witch are most commonly used by, and to refer to, male and female practitioners, respectively. LaVey espoused the view that there was an objective reality to magic, and that it relied upon natural forces that were yet to be discovered by science. Rather than characterising these as supernatural, LaVey expressed the view that they were part of the natural world. He believed that the successful use of magic involved the magician manipulating these natural forces using the force of their own willpower. LaVey also wrote of "the balance factor", insisting that any magical aims should be realistic. LaVey refused any division between black magic and white magic, attributing this dichotomy purely to the "smug hypocrisy and self-deceit" of those who called themselves "white magicians". Such neutrality correlates with LaVey's philosophical view of an impersonal, and therefore amoral, universe. LaVey explains his reasons for writing The Satanic Bible in a short preface. He speaks skeptically about volumes written by other authors on the subject of magic, dismissing them as "nothing more than sanctimonious fraud" and "volumes of hoary misinformation and false prophecy." He complains that other authors do no more than confuse the subject. He mocks those who spend large amounts of money on attempts to follow rituals and learn about the magic shared in other occult books. He also notes that many of the existing writings on Satanic magic and ideology were created by "right-hand path" authors. He tells that The Satanic Bible contains both truth and fantasy, and declares, "What you see may not always please you, but you will see!" Much of LaVey's ideas on magic and ritual are outlined in The Satanic Bible. LaVey explains that some of the rituals are simply applied psychology or science, but that some contain parts with no scientific basis. The Satanic Rituals, published by LaVey in 1972, outlines the rituals more precisely. The third book of The Satanic Bible describes rituals and magic. According to Joshua Gunn, these are adapted from books of ritual magic such as Crowley's Magick: Elementary Theory. Greater magic Greater magic is a ritual performed in order to focus one's emotional energy for a specific purpose. These rites are based on three major psycho-emotive themes, including compassion (love), destruction (hate), and sex (lust). These rituals are often considered to be magical acts, with LaVey's Satanism encouraging the practice of magic to aid one's selfish ends. Much of Satanic ritual is designed for an individual to carry out alone; this is because concentration is seen as key to performing magical acts. The ritual is referred to as an "intellectual decompression chamber", where skepticism and disbelief are willfully suspended, thus allowing the magicians to fully express their mental and emotional needs, holding back nothing regarding their deepest feelings and desires. LaVey listed the key components to successful ritual as: desire, timing, imagery, direction, and "The Balance Factor" (awareness of one's own limitations). LaVeyan rituals sometimes include anti-Christian blasphemies, which are intended to have a liberating effect on the participants. In some of the rituals, a naked woman serves as the altar; in these cases it is made explicit that the woman's body itself becomes the altar, rather than have her simply lying on an existing altar. There is no place for sexual orgies in LaVeyan ritual. Neither animal nor human sacrifice takes place. Children are banned from attending these rituals, with the only exception being the Satanic Baptism, which is specifically designed to involve infants. Details for the various Satanic rituals are explained in The Book of Belial, and lists of necessary objects (such as clothing, altars, and the symbol of Baphomet) are given. LaVey described a number of rituals in his book, The Satanic Rituals; these are "dramatic performances" with specific instructions surrounding the clothing to be worn, the music to be used, and the actions to be taken. This attention to detail in the design of the rituals was intentional, with their pageantry and theatricality intending to engage the participants' senses and aesthetic senses at various levels and enhancing the participants' willpower for magical ends. LaVey prescribed that male participants should wear black robes, while older women should wear black, and other women should dress attractively in order to stimulate sexual feelings among many of the men. All participants are instructed to wear amulets of either the upturned pentagram or the image of Baphomet. According to LaVey's instructions, on the altar is to be placed an image of Baphomet. This should be accompanied by various candles, all but one of which are to be black. The lone exception is to be a white candle, used in destructive magic, which is kept to the right of the altar. Also to be included are a bell which is rung nine times at the start and end of the ceremony, a chalice made of anything but gold, and which contains an alcoholic drink symbolizing the "Elixir of Life", a sword that represents aggression, a model phallus used as an aspergillum, a gong, and parchment on which requests to Satan are to be written before being burned. Although alcohol was consumed in the Church's rites, drunkenness was frowned upon and the taking of illicit drugs was forbidden. The final book of The Satanic Bible emphasizes the importance of spoken word and emotion to effective magic. An "Invocation to Satan" as well as three invocations for the three types of ritual are given. The "Invocation to Satan" commands the dark forces to grant power to the summoner, and lists the Infernal names for use in the invocation. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of lust" is used for attracting the attentions of another. Both male and female versions of the invocation are provided. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of destruction" commands the dark forces to destroy the subject of the invocation. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of compassion" requests protection, health, strength, and the destruction of anything ailing the subject of the invocation. The rest of The Book of Leviathan is composed of the Enochian Keys, which LaVey adapted from Dee's original work. They are given in Enochian and also translated into English. LaVey provides a brief introduction that credits Dee and explains some of the history behind the Enochian Keys and language. He maintains that the translations provided are an "unvarnishing" of the translations performed by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in the 1800s, but others accuse LaVey of simply changing references to Christianity with those to Satan. In designing these rituals, LaVey drew upon a variety of older sources, with scholar of Satanism Per Faxneld noting that LaVey "assembled rituals from a hodgepodge of historical sources, literary as well as esoteric". LaVey openly toyed with the use of literature and popular culture in other rituals and ceremonies, thus appealing to artifice, pageantry, and showmanship. For instance, he published an outline of a ritual which he termed the "Call to Cthulhu" which drew upon the stories of the alien god Cthulhu authored by American horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. In this rite, set to take place at night in a secluded location near to a turbulent body of water, a celebrant takes on the role of Cthulhu and appears before the assembled Satanists, signing a pact between them in the language of Lovecraft's fictional "Old Ones". Lesser magic Lesser magic, also referred to as "everyday" or "situational" magic, is the practice of manipulation by means of applied psychology. LaVey wrote that a key concept in lesser magic is the “command to look”, which can be accomplished by utilizing elements of “sex, sentiment, and wonder”, in addition to the utilization of looks, body language, scents, color, patterns, and odor. LaVey wrote that the terms "fascination" and "glamour" have origins in the world of "coercive" magic. The word "fascination" comes from the Latin word "fascinare", which means "to cast a spell upon". This system encourages a form of manipulative role-play, wherein the practitioner may alter several elements of their physical appearance in order to aid them in seducing or "bewitching" an object of desire. LaVey developed “The Synthesizer Clock”, the purpose of which is to divide humans into distinct groups of people based primarily on body shape and personality traits. The synthesizer is modeled as a clock, and based on concepts of somatotypes. The clock is intended to aid a witch in identifying themselves, subsequently aiding in utilizing the “attraction of opposites” to “spellbind” the witch's object of desire by assuming the opposite role. The successful application of lesser magic is said to be built upon one's understanding of their place on the clock. Upon finding your position on the clock, you are encouraged to adapt it as seen fit, and perfect your type by harmonizing its element for better success. LaVey explains that, in order to control a person, one must first attract his or her attention. He gives three qualities that can be employed for this purpose: sex appeal, sentiment (cuteness or innocence), and wonder. He also advocates the use of odor. Dyrendal referred to LaVey's techniques as “Erving Goffman meets William Mortensen”. Drawing insights from psychology, biology, and sociology, Petersen noted that lesser magic combines occult and “rejected sciences of body analysis [and] temperaments.” Ritual and ceremonial rites In the Book of Belial, he discusses three types of rituals: lust rituals which work to entice another person, destruction rituals to destroy another person and compassion rituals to improve health, intelligence, success. Lust rituals are designed to attract the desired romantic or sexual partner and can involve masturbation, with orgasm as the goal. Destruction rituals are designed to do harm to others and involve the symbolic annihilation of an enemy through the use of "vicarious" human sacrifice often involving a customized effigy representing the intended victim which is then put through ritual fire, smashing, or other representation of obliteration. Compassion rituals are designed with the intent of helping people (including oneself), to evoke overwhelming pathos or sadness, and crying is strongly encouraged. In The Satanic Rituals, LaVey makes a distinction between the ritual and the ceremony, stating that rituals "...are directed for a specific end that the performer desires", and that ceremonies are "...pageants paying homage to or commemorating an event, aspect of life, admired personage, or declaration of faith [...] a ritual is used to attain, while a ceremony serves to sustain". LaVey emphasized that in his tradition, Satanic rites came in two forms, neither of which were acts of worship; in his terminology, "rituals" were intended to bring about change, whereas "ceremonies" celebrated a particular occasion. A satanic baptism is a ceremony for a child is intended to be a symbolic recognition of the infant as being born a Satanist and is only to be performed for those under the age of four, as LaVey claimed that beyond this age, the child has already begun to be influenced by "alien" ideas. Adult baptisms serve as a declaration of "faith", where "falsehoods, hypocrisy and shame of the past" are symbolically cast away. In 1967, LaVey performed the first publicly recorded Satanic baptism in history for his youngest daughter Zeena, which garnered worldwide publicity and was originally recorded on The Satanic Mass LP. The Satanic Baptisms were written by LaVey and published in The Satanic Rituals. In February 1967, LaVey officiated the first Satanic wedding, the much publicized marriage of Judith Case and journalist John Raymond. The first Satanic funeral was for U.S. naval machinist-repairman, third-class, and Church of Satan member Edward Olsen. It was performed by LaVey at the request of Olsen's wife, complete with a chrome-helmeted honor guard. Both ceremonies were written by LaVey, but were never officially published until 2007, when The Satanic Scriptures released to the public an adapted version of them by the current High Priest of the Church, Peter H. Gilmore. Along with the wedding and funeral ceremonies, Gilmore's The Satanic Scriptures also published a minor rite of dedication of ceremonial objects, which satirizes the 'cleasing' rituals of other religions, and the Ragnarök Rite, a ritual written by Gilmore in the 1980's inspired by the ancient Norse myth of Ragnarök intended to purge its participants from the anguish and hatred aroused after being victim of religious fanaticism. The Black Mass LaVey also developed his own Black Mass, which was designed as a form of deconditioning to free the participant from any inhibitions that they developed living in Christian society. He noted that in composing the Black Mass rite, he had drawn upon the work of Charles Baudelaire and Joris-Karl Huysmans. Symbolism Four Crown Princes of Hell LaVey utilized the symbolism of the Four Crown Princes of Hell in The Satanic Bible, with each chapter of the book being named after each Prince. The Book of Satan: The Infernal Diatribe, The Book of Lucifer: The Enlightenment, The Book of Belial: Mastery of the Earth, and The Book of Leviathan: The Raging Sea. This association was inspired by the demonic hierarchy from The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage. Satan (Hebrew) "Lord of the Inferno": The adversary, representing opposition, the element of fire, the direction of the south, and the Sigil of Baphomet during ritual. Lucifer (Roman) "The Morning Star": The bringer of light, representing pride and enlightenment, the element of air, the direction of the east, and candles during ritual. Belial (Hebrew) "Without a Master": The baseness of the earth, independence and self-sufficiency, the element of earth, the direction of the north, and the sword during ritual. Leviathan (Hebrew) "Serpent of the Abyss": The great dragon, representing primal secrecy, the element of water, the direction of the west, and the chalice during ritual. Phrases "Hail Satan" a common greeting and ritual term in the Church of Satan, both in its English form, Hail Satan, as well as in the original Latin version of it, Ave Satanas. When Ave Satanas is used, it is often preceded by the term Rege Satanas ("Reign, Satan"). (Rege Satanas can be heard in the video of a widely publicized Church of Satan wedding performed by LaVey on February 1, 1967.) The combination "Rege Satanas, Ave Satanas, Hail Satan!" is found as a greeting in early Church of Satan correspondence, as well as in their 1968 recording The Satanic Mass, and ultimately in their 1969 book The Satanic Bible. The phrase is used in some versions of the Black Mass, where it often accompanies the phrase Shemhamforash and is said at the end of each prayer. This rite was performed by the Church of Satan appearing in the documentary Satanis in 1969. See also Psychological theories of magic Satanic ritual abuse References Satanism Magic (supernatural)	wiki
Apolonio Castillo Díaz (23 May 1921 – 11 March 1957) was a Mexican swimmer who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and 1952 Summer Olympics in butterfly stroke. Castillo was a close friend of Ramón Bravo, he taught the photographer and underwater filmmaker to dive. This great athlete died in Acapulco, at the age of 35, after making several dives in the waters of the bay trying to rescue the bodies of Joseph Arthur Mitchel and Edith Hallock, two elder Americans tourists who were victimized by the Texan Rudy Fenton Cavalzono and the boatman Daniel Ríos Ozuna days before in the bay of Acapulco and whose approximate depth is . In the last search Castillo floated but suffered a decompression accident and three days later he was taken to the hyperbaric chamber of the Naval Base, where at dawn on March 11, 1957, the great Polo Castillo ceased to exist. References 1921 births 1957 deaths Mexican male swimmers Sportspeople from Guerrero Mexican male breaststroke swimmers Olympic swimmers of Mexico Swimmers at the 1948 Summer Olympics Competitors at the 1946 Central American and Caribbean Games Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in swimming	wiki
Megapenthes tristis is een keversoort uit de familie kniptorren (Elateridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1942 door Fleutiaux. tristis	wiki
In today's society every individual is overwhelmed by different types of media. Studying the decision making process has led to the Theories of Media Exposure. Specific Theories Uses and Gratifications Theory One of the most popular theories, Uses and Gratifications Theory, is based on users actively attempting to satisfy their media needs. Elihu Katz is often credited with being one of the original creators of this theory. This theory states that an individual will choose the media or form of media that will satisfy their desires most completely. There are a number of different desires involved with this theory, such as a desire for information or social interaction. When seeking to fulfill these desires, an individual will need to make a decision. This decision making process if the primary interest for the theorists. When comparing social networking websites, it is simply a matter of preference at the time. However the decision making process becomes more convoluted when deciding between watching a movie, playing a game online, or reading a newspaper. The same fundamental principle applies however, the person will make the decision based on what brings the most gratification. Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory, similar to Uses and Gratifications Theory, is based on the gratification of an individual, but differs in that it is based more on behaviour rather than decision making. Albert Bandura is said to be the forerunner of this theory. Each individual will make decisions based on anticipation. There is a heavy reliance on previous experience knowing what leads to gratification and what will not. If one receives joy from watching comedies, then an individual will seek out comedies in the future. If horror films leave a person with nightmares then they will most likely attempt to avoid them. This theory also states that the experience of others can be used in the decision making process. If a family member recommends a book then an individual is more likely to pick up the book and read it themselves. This theory does address more thoroughly media avoidance than does Uses and Gratifications Theory. Cultivation Theory Cultivation theory was proposed by George Gerbner in the 1960s. This theory focuses on how the amount of television that is taken in impacts the watcher. Gerbner argued that the more television taken in by the viewer, the more their views of the world reflect what they are shown through the media. He compared his studies between two groups of people who were similar when it came to demographics, but the main difference between the groups was that one regularly watched television and the other did not. This theory focuses on the long-term effects of television and how the messages being portrayed can cultivate in people's lives. Gerbner believed that television has the ability to impact how people think about certain concepts but he did not believe that television has the ability to alter the concepts that people believe in. He states that people have preconceived notions about certain concepts and that they utilize the content viewed on television to build on these notions and confirm the truth of them. Criticisms Gerbner's theory of cultivation has been criticized for being too simplistic. Certain critics believe that the major issue with this theory is that Gerbner does not take content differences into account. He also focused his studies mainly on the fictional side of television which is leaving out a large portion of the content shown on television. Another criticism related to this one is that it is somewhat inapplicable in the 21st century. Since this theory was originally adapted in the 1960s, the content that was shown while he conducted his studies differ greatly from the content shown in the year 2020. References External links Uses and Gratifications Theory Video Social Learning Theory Video Mass media theories	wiki
Nero Wolfe escogita uno stratagemma (Home to Roost) – novella di Rex Stout del 1952 Home to Roost – album degli Atomic Rooster del 1980 Home to Roost – serie televisiva britannica	wiki
Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. One example of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Each pathway generates different waste products. Aerobic respiration When in the presence of oxygen, cells use aerobic respiration to obtain energy from glucose molecules. Simplified Theoretical Reaction: C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) + ~ 30ATP Cells undergoing aerobic respiration produce 6 molecules of carbon dioxide, 6 molecules of water, and up to 30 molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is directly used to produce energy, from each molecule of glucose in the presence of surplus oxygen. In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the recipient of electrons from the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration is thus very efficient because oxygen is a strong oxidant. Aerobic respiration proceeds in a series of steps, which also increases efficiency - since glucose is broken down gradually and ATP is produced as needed, less energy is wasted as heat. This strategy results in the waste products H2O and CO2 being formed in different amounts at different phases of respiration. CO2 is formed in Pyruvate decarboxylation, H2O is formed in oxidative phosphorylation, and both are formed in the citric acid cycle. The simple nature of the final products also indicates the efficiency of this method of respiration. All of the energy stored in the carbon-carbon bonds of glucose is released, leaving CO2 and H2O. Although there is energy stored in the bonds of these molecules, this energy is not easily accessible by the cell. All usable energy is efficiently extracted. Anaerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration is done by aerobic organisms when there is not sufficient oxygen in a cell to undergo aerobic respiration as well as by cells called anaerobes that selectively perform anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen. In anaerobic respiration, weak oxidants like sulfate and nitrate serve as oxidants in the place of oxygen. Generally, in anaerobic respiration sugars are broken down into carbon dioxide and other waste products that are dictated by the oxidant the cell uses. Whereas in aerobic respiration the oxidant is always oxygen, in anaerobic respiration it varies. Each oxidant produces a different waste product, such as nitrite, succinate, sulfide, methane, and acetate. Anaerobic respiration is correspondingly less efficient than aerobic respiration. In the absence of oxygen, not all of the carbon-carbon bonds in glucose can be broken to release energy. A great deal of extractable energy is left in the waste products. Anaerobic respiration generally occurs in prokaryotes in environments that do not contain oxygen. Fermentation Fermentation is another process by which cells can extract energy from glucose. It is not a form of cellular respiration, but it does generate ATP, break down glucose, and produce waste products. Fermentation, like aerobic respiration, begins by breaking glucose into two pyruvate molecules. From here, it proceeds using endogenous organic electron receptors, whereas cellular respiration uses exogenous receptors, such as oxygen in aerobic respiration and nitrate in anaerobic respiration. These varied organic receptors each generate different waste products. Common products are lactic acid, lactose, hydrogen, and ethanol. Carbon dioxide is also commonly produced. Fermentation occurs primarily in anaerobic conditions, although some organisms such as yeast use fermentation even when oxygen is plentiful. Lactic Acid Fermentation Simplified Theoretical Reaction: C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP (120 kJ) Lactic Acid Fermentation is commonly known as the process by which mammalian muscle cells produce energy in anaerobic environments, as in instances of great physical exertion, and is the simplest type of fermentation. It starts along the same pathway as aerobic respiration, but once glucose is converted to pyruvate proceeds down one of two pathways and produces only two molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose. In the homolactic pathway, it produces lactic acid as waste. In the heterolactic pathway, it produces lactic acid as well as ethanol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation is relatively inefficient. The waste products lactic acid and ethanol have not been fully oxidized and still contain energy, but it requires the addition of oxygen to extract this energy. Generally, lactic acid fermentation occurs only when aerobic cells are lacking oxygen. However, some aerobic mammalian cells will preferentially use lactic acid fermentation over aerobic respiration. This phenomenon is called the Warburg effect and is found primarily in cancer cells. Muscles cells under great exertion will also use lactic acid fermentation to supplement aerobic respiration. Lactic acid fermentation is somewhat faster, although less efficient, than aerobic respiration, so in activities like sprinting it can help quickly provide needed energy to muscles. Secretion and effects of waste products Cellular respiration takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria within cells. Depending on the pathways followed, the products are dealt with in different ways. CO2 is excreted from the cell via diffusion into the blood stream, where it is transported in three ways: Up to 7% is dissolved in its molecular form in blood plasma. About 70-80% is converted into hydrocarbonate ions, The remainder binds with haemoglobin in red blood cells, is carried to the lungs, and exhaled. H2O also diffuses out of the cell into the bloodstream, from where it is excreted in the form of perspiration, water vapour in the breath, or urine from the kidneys. Water, along with some dissolved solutes, are removed from blood circulation in the nephrons of the kidney and eventually excreted as urine. The products of fermentation can be processed in different ways, depending on the cellular conditions. Lactic acid tends to accumulate in the muscles, which causes pain in the muscle and joint as well as fatigue. It also creates a gradient which induces water to flow out of cells and increases blood pressure. Research suggests that lactic acid may also play a role in lowering levels of potassium in the blood. It can also be converted back to pyruvate or converted back to glucose in the liver and fully metabolized by aerobic respiration. See also Aerobic respiration Lactic acid fermentation References Cell biology	wiki
A wheeze is a clinical symptom of a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing. For wheezes to occur, some part of the respiratory tree must be narrowed or obstructed (for example narrowing of the lower respiratory tract in an asthmatic attack), or airflow velocity within the respiratory tree must be heightened. Wheezing is commonly experienced by persons with a lung disease; the most common cause of recurrent wheezing is asthma, though it can also be a symptom of lung cancer, congestive heart failure, and certain types of heart diseases. The differential diagnosis of wheezing is wide, and the reason for wheezing in a given patient is determined by considering the characteristics of the wheezes and the historical and clinical findings made by the examining physician. The term "wheeze" is also used as a clinical condition describing wheezing in preschool children, termed as "preschool wheeze". Clinical symptom Wheeze Wheezes occupy different portions of the respiratory cycle depending on the site of airway obstruction and its nature. The fraction of the respiratory cycle during which a wheeze is produced roughly corresponds to the degree of airway obstruction. Bronchiolar disease usually causes wheezing that occurs in the expiratory phase of respiration. As a rule, extrathoracic airway obstruction produce inspiratory sounds. Intrathoracic major airway obstruction produces inspiratory as well as expiratory sounds. Distal airway obstruction predominantly produces expiratory sounds. The presence of expiratory phase wheezing signifies that the patient's peak expiratory flow rate is less than 50% of normal. Wheezing heard in the inspiratory phase, on the other hand, is often a sign of a stiff stenosis, usually caused by tumors, foreign bodies or scarring. This is especially true if the wheeze is monotonal, occurs throughout the inspiratory phase (i.e. is "holoinspiratory"), and is heard more proximally, in the trachea. Inspiratory wheezing also occurs in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Wheezes heard at the end of both expiratory and inspiratory phases usually signify the periodic opening of deflated alveoli, as occurs in some diseases that lead to collapse of parts of the lungs. The location of the wheeze can also be an important clue to the diagnosis. Diffuse processes that affect most parts of the lungs are more likely to produce wheezing that may be heard throughout the chest via a stethoscope. Localized processes, such as the occlusion of a portion of the respiratory tree, are more likely to produce wheezing at that location, hence the sound will be loudest and radiate outwardly. The pitch of a wheeze does not reliably predict the degree of narrowing in the affected airway. Stridor A special type of wheeze is stridor. Stridor — the word is from the Latin, strīdor — is a harsh, high-pitched, vibrating sound that is heard in respiratory tract obstruction. Stridor heard solely in the inspiratory phase of respiration usually indicates an upper respiratory tract obstruction, "as with aspiration of a foreign body (such as the fabled pediatric peanut)." Stridor in the inspiratory phase is usually heard with obstruction in the upper airways, such as the trachea, epiglottis, or larynx; because a block here means that no air may reach either lung, this condition is a medical emergency. Biphasic stridor (occurring during both the inspiratory and expiratory phases) indicates narrowing at the level of the glottis or subglottis, the point between the upper and lower airways. Preschool wheeze Preschool wheezing is a clinical condition that describes wheezing preschool children that do not fulfill the criteria of "asthma" fully as asthma would require a person to demonstrate a history of at least three episodes of exacerbations (worsening of symptoms) or chronic cough or wheeze for the past six months. Besides, a number of wheezing preschool children would have their symptoms resolved after they had grown up, unlike asthma which persists into adulthood. Preschool wheezing can be divided into "viral-induced wheeze" and "multi-trigger wheeze". Viral-induced wheezing accounts for about two-thirds of all preschool wheezes. The wheezing symptom is episodic and the child is completely normal in between wheezing episodes. It has a good prognosis and only supportive treatment is required. Meanwhile, multi-trigger wheezing is associated with allergy and a family history of asthma. Symptoms occur in between wheezing episodes and are likely to persist beyond early childhood. Due to difficulty in differentiating both types of wheeze, the diagnosis of viral-induced versus multi-trigger wheeze may be delayed for a period of time until its clinical course has become clear. See also Crackles (also called "crepitations" or "rales") Rhonchi Squawk (sound) References Further reading External links Audio Breath Sounds - Multiple case studies with audio files of lung sounds. R.A.L.E. Repository - sound files of breath sounds Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system	wiki
The Nuova Famiglia (Italian: "New Family") was an Italian Camorra confederation created in the 1970s and headed by the most powerful Camorra bosses of the time, Carmine Alfieri, the Nuvoletta brothers, Michele Zaza, Luigi Giuliano and Antonio Bardellino, to face Raffaele Cutolo's Nuova Camorra Organizzata, and affiliated with the Sicilian Mafia. History The Nuova Famiglia was created on 8 December 1978, to oppose to the rising power of the Nuova Camorra Organizzata created by Raffaele Cutolo. The confederation included: Michele Zaza, boss of the powerful Zaza clan, and affiliated with Cosa Nostra. Carmine Alfieri, head of the Alfieri clan from Nola. Lorenzo, Angelo and Ciro Nuvoletta, bosses of the Nuvoletta clan from Marano, close linked with the Cosa Nostra, specifically with the Corleonesi. Luigi Giuliano, boss of the Giuliano clan, from the historic centre of Naples. Antonio Bardellino, boss of the Casalesi clan, from San Cipriano d'Aversa also linked to Cosa Nostra. Michele D'Alessandro, head of the D'Alessandro clan from Castellammare di Stabia. Angelo Moccia, boss of the Moccia clan, from Afragola. Pasquale Galasso, head of the Galasso clan, from Poggiomarino. Valentino Gionta, boss the Gionta clan, from Torre Annunziata. Luigi Vollaro, head of the Vollaro clan from Portici. Umberto Ammaturo, responsible for the cocaine trafficking from South America to Campania. The war against Cutolo The war that ensued between the Nuova Camorra Organizzata and the Nuova Famiglia caused a huge number of victims. This caused in turn a greater attention from the Italian police organizations, pushing Cosa Nostra to accommodate an agreement between the two warring clans, hopefully favouring the Nuova Famiglia, which included a lot of former allies. It appears that Alfieri had already decided to eliminate the senior NCO leaders, in revenge for the murder of his brothers during the war. In November 1982, the NCO's financier, Alfonso Ferrara Rosanova, was murdered. When his deputy and main 'military' chief, Vincenzo Casillo was killed via car bomb in January 1983 by Alfieri's ally, Pasquale Galasso, it was clear that Raffaele Cutolo had lost the war. His power declined considerably. Not only Cutolo but many other Camorra gangs understood the shift in the balance of power caused by the death of Casillo. They abandoned the NCO and allied themselves with Alfieri. The elimination of the key NCO figures not only marked the end of the NCO's defeat as a political and criminal force, but also the rise of Carmine Alfieri and the NF who, by now, virtually unopposed, replaced them as the main contact of the politicians and businessmen in Campania as well as other criminal organizations. These chain of killings, including that of Cutolo's son, Roberto Cutolo who was shot dead by members of the Fabbrocino clan on 24 December 1990, aged 28, coupled with the incarceration of many of its members brought an end to the Nuova Camorra Organizzata. Internal war After the defeat of Cutolo, war broke out among the anti-NCO coalition, in particular between the Nuvoletta clan from Marano and Antonio Bardellino at the end of 1983. With Carmine Alfieri siding with Bardellino’s Casalesi clan. The war culminated in the Torre Annunziata's massacre of August 1984, which left eight people killed and 24 wounded among the Gionta clan allied with Nuvoletta. After the massacre and the murder of Ciro Nuvoletta two months earlier, the balance of power shifted in favour of Alfieri and Bardellino. The end On May 26, 1988, Antonio Bardellino was murdered by his right-hand man, Mario Iovine in his Brazilian home at Búzios, a beach side resort for the rich and famous in the State of Rio de Janeiro, as part of an internal feud within the Casalesi clan. In 1992, Pasquale Galasso decided to turn state's evidence, becoming the most important pentito inside the Camorra organization. After him, Carmine Alfieri was arrested and following Galasso, also decided to cooperate with the state. Lorenzo Nuvoletta, because of a serious illness, after a time in jail, was granted house arrest. He died on April 7, 1994, from liver cancer. Marking the end of the Nuova Famiglia. Historical leadership Bosses 1970s-1985 - Antonio Bardellino, Michele Zaza, Lorenzo Nuvoletta, Carmine Alfieri 1985-1988 - Antonio Bardellino (murdered) 1988-1994 - Lorenzo Nuvoletta See also Nuvoletta clan Camorra Sicilian mafia Antonio Bardellino Nuova Camorra Organizzata Lorenzo Nuvoletta Carmine Alfieri Michele Zaza References Behan, Tom (1996). The Camorra, London: Routledge, 1970s establishments in Italy 1990s disestablishments in Italy Camorra clans	wiki
Packing problems are a class of optimization problems in mathematics that involve attempting to pack objects together into containers. The goal is to either pack a single container as densely as possible or pack all objects using as few containers as possible. Many of these problems can be related to real-life packaging, storage and transportation issues. Each packing problem has a dual covering problem, which asks how many of the same objects are required to completely cover every region of the container, where objects are allowed to overlap. In a bin packing problem, you are given: A container, usually a two- or three-dimensional convex region, possibly of infinite size. Multiple containers may be given depending on the problem. A set of objects, some or all of which must be packed into one or more containers. The set may contain different objects with their sizes specified, or a single object of a fixed dimension that can be used repeatedly. Usually the packing must be without overlaps between goods and other goods or the container walls. In some variants, the aim is to find the configuration that packs a single container with the maximal packing density. More commonly, the aim is to pack all the objects into as few containers as possible. In some variants the overlapping (of objects with each other and/or with the boundary of the container) is allowed but should be minimized. Packing in infinite space Many of these problems, when the container size is increased in all directions, become equivalent to the problem of packing objects as densely as possible in infinite Euclidean space. This problem is relevant to a number of scientific disciplines, and has received significant attention. The Kepler conjecture postulated an optimal solution for packing spheres hundreds of years before it was proven correct by Thomas Callister Hales. Many other shapes have received attention, including ellipsoids, Platonic and Archimedean solids including tetrahedra, tripods (unions of cubes along three positive axis-parallel rays), and unequal-sphere dimers. Hexagonal packing of circles These problems are mathematically distinct from the ideas in the circle packing theorem. The related circle packing problem deals with packing circles, possibly of different sizes, on a surface, for instance the plane or a sphere. The counterparts of a circle in other dimensions can never be packed with complete efficiency in dimensions larger than one (in a one-dimensional universe, the circle analogue is just two points). That is, there will always be unused space if you are only packing circles. The most efficient way of packing circles, hexagonal packing, produces approximately 91% efficiency. Sphere packings in higher dimensions In three dimensions, close-packed structures offer the best lattice packing of spheres, and is believed to be the optimal of all packings. With 'simple' sphere packings in three dimensions ('simple' being carefully defined) there are nine possible definable packings. The 8-dimensional E8 lattice and 24-dimensional Leech lattice have also been proven to be optimal in their respective real dimensional space. Packings of Platonic solids in three dimensions Cubes can easily be arranged to fill three-dimensional space completely, the most natural packing being the cubic honeycomb. No other Platonic solid can tile space on its own, but some preliminary results are known. Tetrahedra can achieve a packing of at least 85%. One of the best packings of regular dodecahedra is based on the aforementioned face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice. Tetrahedra and octahedra together can fill all of space in an arrangement known as the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb. Simulations combining local improvement methods with random packings suggest that the lattice packings for icosahedra, dodecahedra, and octahedra are optimal in the broader class of all packings. Packing in 3-dimensional containers Different cuboids into a cuboid Determine the minimum number of cuboid containers (bins) that are required to pack a given set of item cuboids. The rectangular cuboids to be packed can be rotated by 90 degrees on each axis. Spheres into a Euclidean ball The problem of finding the smallest ball such that disjoint open unit balls may be packed inside it has a simple and complete answer in -dimensional Euclidean space if , and in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space with no restrictions. It is worth describing in detail here, to give a flavor of the general problem. In this case, a configuration of pairwise tangent unit balls is available. Place the centers at the vertices of a regular dimensional simplex with edge 2; this is easily realized starting from an orthonormal basis. A small computation shows that the distance of each vertex from the barycenter is . Moreover, any other point of the space necessarily has a larger distance from at least one of the vertices. In terms of inclusions of balls, the open unit balls centered at are included in a ball of radius , which is minimal for this configuration. To show that this configuration is optimal, let be the centers of disjoint open unit balls contained in a ball of radius centered at a point . Consider the map from the finite set into taking in the corresponding for each . Since for all , this map is 1-Lipschitz and by the Kirszbraun theorem it extends to a 1-Lipschitz map that is globally defined; in particular, there exists a point such that for all one has , so that also . This shows that there are disjoint unit open balls in a ball of radius if and only if . Notice that in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space this implies that there are infinitely many disjoint open unit balls inside a ball of radius if and only if . For instance, the unit balls centered at , where is an orthonormal basis, are disjoint and included in a ball of radius centered at the origin. Moreover, for , the maximum number of disjoint open unit balls inside a ball of radius is . Spheres in a cuboid Determine the number of spherical objects of given diameter that can be packed into a cuboid of size . Identical spheres in a cylinder Determine the minimum height of a cylinder with given radius that will pack identical spheres of radius . For a small radius the spheres arrange to ordered structures, called columnar structures. Polyhedra in spheres Determine the minimum radius that will pack identical, unit volume polyhedra of a given shape. Packing in 2-dimensional containers Many variants of 2-dimensional packing problems have been studied. See the linked pages for more information. Packing of circles You are given unit circles, and have to pack them in the smallest possible container. Several kinds of containers have been studied: Packing circles in a circle - closely related to spreading points in a unit circle with the objective of finding the greatest minimal separation, , between points. Optimal solutions have been proven for , and . Packing circles in a square - closely related to spreading points in a unit square with the objective of finding the greatest minimal separation, , between points. To convert between these two formulations of the problem, the square side for unit circles will be . Optimal solutions have been proven for . Packing circles in an isosceles right triangle - good estimates are known for . Packing circles in an equilateral triangle - Optimal solutions are known for , and conjectures are available for . Packing of squares You are given unit squares and have to pack them into the smallest possible container, where the container type varies: Packing squares in a square: Optimal solutions have been proven for from 1-10, 14-16, 22-25, 33-36, 62-64, 79-81, 98-100, and any square integer. The wasted space is asymptotically . Packing squares in a circle: Good solutions are known for . Packing of rectangles Packing identical rectangles in a rectangle: The problem of packing multiple instances of a single rectangle of size , allowing for 90° rotation, in a bigger rectangle of size has some applications such as loading of boxes on pallets and, specifically, woodpulp stowage. For example, it is possible to pack 147 rectangles of size (137,95) in a rectangle of size (1600,1230). Packing different rectangles in a rectangle: The problem of packing multiple rectangles of varying widths and heights in an enclosing rectangle of minimum area (but with no boundaries on the enclosing rectangle's width or height) has an important application in combining images into a single larger image. A web page that loads a single larger image often renders faster in the browser than the same page loading multiple small images, due to the overhead involved in requesting each image from the web server. The problem is NP-complete in general, but there are fast algorithms for solving small instances. Related fields In tiling or tessellation problems, there are to be no gaps, nor overlaps. Many of the puzzles of this type involve packing rectangles or polyominoes into a larger rectangle or other square-like shape. There are significant theorems on tiling rectangles (and cuboids) in rectangles (cuboids) with no gaps or overlaps: An a × b rectangle can be packed with 1 × n strips if and only if n divides a or n divides b. de Bruijn's theorem: A box can be packed with a harmonic brick a × a b × a b c if the box has dimensions a p × a b q × a b c r for some natural numbers p, q, r (i.e., the box is a multiple of the brick.) The study of polyomino tilings largely concerns two classes of problems: to tile a rectangle with congruent tiles, and to pack one of each n-omino into a rectangle. A classic puzzle of the second kind is to arrange all twelve pentominoes into rectangles sized 3×20, 4×15, 5×12 or 6×10. Packing of irregular objects Packing of irregular objects is a problem not lending itself well to closed form solutions; however, the applicability to practical environmental science is quite important. For example, irregularly shaped soil particles pack differently as the sizes and shapes vary, leading to important outcomes for plant species to adapt root formations and to allow water movement in the soil. The problem of deciding whether a given set of polygons can fit in a given square container has been shown to be complete for the existential theory of the reals. See also Set packing Bin packing problem Slothouber–Graatsma puzzle Conway puzzle Tetris Covering problem Knapsack problem Tetrahedron packing Ellipsoid packing Cutting stock problem Kissing number problem Close-packing of equal spheres Random close pack Strip packing problem Notes References External links Optimizing Three-Dimensional Bin Packing API for 3D bin packing 3D Boxes and Cylinders packing with telescoping Many puzzle books as well as mathematical journals contain articles on packing problems. Links to various MathWorld articles on packing MathWorld notes on packing squares. Erich's Packing Center www.packomania.com A site with tables, graphs, calculators, references, etc. "Box Packing" by Ed Pegg, Jr., the Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007. Best known packings of equal circles in a circle, up to 1100 Circle packing challenge problem in Python	wiki
Haupia is a traditional coconut milk-based Hawaiian dessert often found at luaus and other local gatherings in Hawaii. Since the 1940s, it has become popular as a topping for white cake, especially at weddings. Although technically considered a pudding, the consistency of haupia closely approximates gelatin dessert, and it is usually served in blocks like gelatin. It is also served in local ice cream parlors as Haupia Ice Cream. History The traditional Hawaiian recipe for haupia calls for heated coconut milk to be mixed with ground pia (Polynesian arrowroot, Tacca leontopetaloides) until the mixture thickens. Due to the lack of availability of arrowroot starch, some modern recipes for haupia substitute cornstarch. Haupia is very similar to the European dessert blancmange. In the typical modern recipe, diluted coconut milk, sugar, and salt are mixed with arrowroot or cornstarch and heated until thickened and smooth, then poured into a rectangular pan and chilled with gelatin. It is traditionally cut into small blocks and served on squares of ti leaf or plain. A popular variation is haupia pie, where the haupia is set in a crust as one layer, then usually accompanied by another layer of either chocolate or purple sweet potato. Some coconut dessert recipes call for unflavored gelatin in place of the cornstarch, but it would be erroneous to call them haupia. Many local confections that contain coconut or coconut flavoring are advertised as haupia flavored. Currently, McDonald's across Hawaii sell "Haupia Pies," similar to their better-known apple pies. See also Coconut bar Maja blanca Nata de coco Rēti'a Tembleque References . Notes External links Kau Kau Kitchen column on Haupia traditional Hawaiian haupia recipe. Puddings Hawaiian cuisine Hawaiian desserts Foods containing coconut	wiki
A hollow core slab, also known as a voided slab, hollow core plank or simply a concrete plank is a precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used in the construction of floors in multi-story apartment buildings. The slab has been especially popular in countries where the emphasis of home construction has been on precast concrete, including Northern Europe and former socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Precast concrete popularity is linked with low-seismic zones and more economical constructions because of fast building assembly, lower self weight (less material), etc. The precast concrete slab has tubular voids extending the full length of the slab, typically with a diameter equal to the 2/3–3/4 the thickness of the slab. This makes the slab much lighter than a massive solid concrete floor slab of equal thickness or strength. The reduced weight also lowers material and transportation costs. The slabs are typically 120 cm wide with standard thicknesses normally between 15 cm and 50 cm. Reinforcing steel wire rope provides bending resistance. Slabs in prestressed concrete are usually produced in lengths of up to 200 meters. The process involves extruding wet concrete along with the prestressed steel wire rope from a moving mold. The continuous slab is then cut to required lengths by a large diamond circular saw. Factory production provides the obvious advantages of reduced time, labor and training. Another fabrication system produces hollow-core floor slabs in reinforced concrete (not prestressed). These are made on carousel production lines, directly to exact length, and as a stock product. However, the length is limited to about 7-8 meters. Especially in Belgium, this method is widely used in private housing. To meet modern standards (both hollow-core and massive slab) of soundproofing the floor needs to be covered with a soft floor covering that is able to dampen the sound of footsteps or a floating floor screed should be installed. An alternative is to put a strip of rubber underneath the floor slabs. Hollow-core slabs and wall elements without prestressed steel wire can be formed by extruders. The size of these elements will typically range in width from 600 to 2400 mm, in thickness from 150 to 500 mm, and can be delivered in lengths of up to 24 m. The voids of the hollow core can be used as conduit for installations. The interior of the core can be coated in order to use it as a ventilation duct. Bridges Hollow-core slabs are also used in the construction of bridges. In many cases the slab is molded in situ. See also Hollow structural section References Concrete Building materials Prestressed concrete construction	wiki
Maria Strong may refer to: Maria Strong (athlete), Australian shot put Paralympian Maria Strong (attorney), American attorney and Associate Register of Copyrights	wiki
A speedrun is a play-through of a video game (or a selected part of it) performed with the intent of completing it as fast as possible. Speedrun or Speed Run or Speedrunner may also refer to: Tool-assisted speedrun, a speedrun performed using special tools Speed Run (video game), a video game played on Atari 8-bit computers Mos Speedrun, an 8-bit video game played on mobile devices SpeedRunners, a video game MDV 1200-class fast ferry vessels (includes a list of HSC Speedrunner vessels)	wiki
Scarus festivus, the festive parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish in the family Scaridae. This species has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution and is found from the coast of East Africa east as far as the Tuamotu islands and north to the Ryukyu Islands of Japan and south to Lord Howe Island, Australia. This is an uncommon species which is found in clear lagoons and off seaward reefs where it grazes on benthic algae. References festivus Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes Fish described in 1840	wiki
Chelydra is one of the two extant genera of the snapping turtle family, Chelydridae, the other being Macrochelys, the much larger alligator snapping turtle. The snapping turtles are native to the Americas, with Chelydra having three species, one in North America and two in Central America, one of which is also found in northwestern South America. Species The genus Chelydra has the following species: Chelydra acutirostris (W. Peters, 1862) – South American snapping turtle Chelydra rossignonii (Bocourt, 1868) – Central American snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) – common snapping turtle (North America) Chelydra floridana† Chelydra laticarinata† Chelydra sculpta† The three extant Chelydra species were once all considered to be several subspecies of Chelydra serpentina, along with a fourth subspecies in Florida, Chelydra serpentina osceola. C. s. osceola is now considered to be synonymous with C. serpentina. References Turtle genera Taxa named by August Friedrich Schweigger	wiki
Alexandra of Russia may refer to: Empress consorts of Russia Irina Godunova (1557–1603), wife of Feodor I of Russia, who adopted the name Alexandra when she took the monastic vow Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia) (1798–1860), wife of Nicholas I of Russia Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) (1872–1918), wife of Nicholas II of Russia Grand Duchesses of Russia by birth Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia (1783–1801), daughter of Paul I of ; first wife Archduke Joseph of Austria Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia (1825–1844), daughter of Nicholas I of Russia; first wife of Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia (1831–1832), daughter of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (1842–1849), daughter of Alexander II of Russia Grand Duchesses of Russia by marriage Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia, Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark, (1870–1891), daughter of George I of Greece; wife of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia as Grand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of Russia Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg (1830–1911), daughter of Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg; wife of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia as Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Russia Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg (1838–1900), daughter of Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg; wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaievich of Russia as Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Russia See also Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (disambiguation)	wiki
An heir apparent, often shortened to heir, is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person; a person who is first in the order of succession but can be displaced by the birth of a more eligible heir is known as heir presumptive. Today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles (e.g. titles of nobility) or offices, especially when only inheritable by a single person. Most monarchies refer to the heir apparent of their thrones with the descriptive term of crown prince or crown princess, but they may also be accorded with a more specific substantive title: such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Duke of Brabant in Belgium, Prince of Asturias in Spain (also granted to heirs presumptive), or the Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom; former titles include Dauphin in the Kingdom of France, and Tsesarevich in Imperial Russia. The term is also used metaphorically to indicate an expected successor to any position of power, e.g. a political or corporate leader. This article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture—it may be less applicable to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir (performed either while alive, e.g. crowning the heir as a , or through the monarch's will). Heir apparent versus heir presumptive In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture, an heir apparent is easily identifiable as the person whose position as first in the line of succession to a title or office is secure, regardless of future births. An heir presumptive, by contrast, can always be "bumped down" in the succession by the birth of somebody more closely related in a legal sense (according to that form of primogeniture) to the current title-holder. The clearest example occurs in the case of a childless bearer of a hereditary title that can only be inherited by one person. If at any time the title bearer were to produce children, those children would rank ahead of any person who had formerly been heir presumptive. Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health. In such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Indeed, when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle King William IV, the wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat: This provided for the possibility that William's wife, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, was pregnant at the moment of his death, since such a posthumous child, regardless of its sex, would have displaced Victoria from the throne. Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was possible even if unlikely. Daughters in male-preference primogeniture Daughters (and their lines) may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, but only in default of sons (and their heirs). That is, both female and male offspring have the right to a place somewhere in the order of succession, but when it comes to what that place is, a female will rank behind her brothers regardless of their ages or her age. Thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive. For example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI, because at any stage up to nine to ten months after his death, George could have fathered a legitimate son. However, a granddaughter could for example be heir apparent if she were the only daughter of the deceased eldest son of the sovereign (e.g. Queen Elizabeth II would have been heir apparent to George V if her oldest uncle and father both had died before their father). Women as heirs apparent In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur. As succession to titles, positions, or offices in the past most often favoured males, females considered to be an heir apparent were rare. Absolute primogeniture was not practised by any modern monarchy for succession to their thrones until the late twentieth century, with Sweden being the first to adopt absolute primogeniture in 1980 and other Western European monarchies following suit. Since the adoption of absolute primogeniture by contemporary Western European monarchies, examples of female heirs apparent include Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, and Princess Elisabeth of Belgium; they are, respectively, the oldest children of Kings Carl XVI Gustaf, Willem-Alexander, and Philippe. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, who is heir apparent to the Norwegian throne, and Victoria herself has a female heir apparent in her oldest child, Princess Estelle. Victoria was not heir apparent from birth (in 1977), but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession. Her younger brother Carl Philip (born 1979) was thus heir apparent for a few months (and is a rare example of an heir apparent losing this status without a death occurring). In 2015, pursuant to the 2011 Perth Agreement, the Commonwealth realms changed the rules of succession to the 16 thrones of Elizabeth II to absolute primogeniture, except for male heirs born before the Perth Agreement. The effects are not likely to be felt for many years; the first two heirs at the time of the agreement (Charles, Prince of Wales, later Charles III, and his son William, Prince of Wales) were already eldest born children, and in 2013 William's first-born son Prince George of Wales became the next apparent successor. In one special case, however, England and Scotland had a female heir apparent. The Revolution settlement that established William and Mary as joint monarchs in 1689 only gave the power to continue the succession through issue to Mary II, elder daughter of the previous king, James II. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, and his (hypothetical) children by a wife other than Mary would be placed in his original place (as Mary's first cousin) in the line of succession—after Mary's younger sister Anne. Thus, although after Mary's death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs, and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of William's reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Displacement of heirs apparent The position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable: it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene. People who lost heir apparent status Al-Mufawwid on 30 April 892, al-Muwaffad was removed from the succession (heir apparent) completely, and when al-Mu'tamid died in October 892, he was succeeded by Al-Mu'tadid. Parliament deposed James Francis Edward Stuart, the infant son of King James II & VII (of England and Scotland respectively) whom James II was raising as a Catholic, as the King's legal heir apparent—declaring that James had, de facto, abdicated—and offered the throne to James II's elder daughter, the young prince's much older Protestant half-sister, Mary (along with her husband, Prince William of Orange). When the exiled King James died in 1701, his Jacobite supporters proclaimed the exiled Prince James Francis Edward as King James III of England and James VIII of Scotland; but neither he nor his descendants were ever successful in their bids for the throne. Crown Prince Gustav (later known as Gustav, Prince of Vasa), son of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, lost his place when his father was deposed and replaced by Gustav IV Adolf's aged uncle, the Duke Carl, who became Charles XIII of Sweden in 1809. The aged King Charles XIII did not have surviving sons, and Prince Gustav was the only living male of the whole dynasty (besides his deposed father), but the prince was never regarded as heir of Charles XIII, although there were factions in the Riksdag and elsewhere in Sweden who desired to preserve him, and, in the subsequent constitutional elections, supported his election as his grand-uncle's successor. Instead, the government proceeded to have a new crown prince elected (which was the proper constitutional action, if no male heir was left in the dynasty), and the Riksdag elected first August, Prince of Augustenborg, and then, after August's death, the Prince of Ponte Corvo (Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, who acceded as Charles XIV John in 1818). The two lines united later, when Charles XIV John's great-grandson Crown Prince Gustaf (who acceded as Gustaf V in 1907) married Gustav IV Adolf's great-granddaughter Victoria of Baden, who became Crown Princess of Sweden. Thus, from Gustav VI Adolf onwards, the kings of Sweden are direct descendants of both Gustav IV Adolf and his son's replacement as crown prince, Charles XIV John. Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, at his birth in 1979, was heir apparent to the throne of Sweden. Less than eight months later, a change in that country's succession laws instituted absolute primogeniture, and Carl Philip was supplanted as heir apparent by his elder sister Victoria. Muqrin bin Abdulaziz became Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia in January 2015 upon the death of his half-brother King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and the accession of another half-brother, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, to the Saudi throne. In April of that year, Salman removed Muqrin as Crown Prince, replacing him with their nephew Muhammad bin Nayef. Muhammad bin Nayef himself was later replaced as Crown Prince by the king's son Mohammad bin Salman. Breaching legal qualification of heirs apparent In some jurisdictions, an heir apparent can automatically lose that status by breaching certain constitutional rules. Today, for example: A British heir apparent would lose this status if he or she became a Catholic. This is the only religion-based restriction on the heir-apparent. (Previously, marrying a Catholic also equated to losing this status, however, in October 2011, the governments of the then-16 Commonwealth realms—now 15, of which King Charles III is monarch—agreed to remove the restriction on marriage to a Catholic. All of the Commonwealth realms subsequently passed legislation to implement the change, which fully took effect in March 2015.) Swedish Crown Princes and Crown Princesses would lose heir apparent status, according to the Act of Succession, if they married without approval of the monarch and the Government, abandoned the "pure Evangelical faith", or accepted another throne without the approval of the Riksdag. Dutch Princes and Princesses of Orange would lose status as heir to the throne if they married without the approval of the States-General, or simply renounced the right. Spanish Princes and Princesses of Asturias would lose status if they married against the express prohibition of the monarch and the Cortes. Belgian Dukes and Duchesses of Brabant would lose heir apparent status if they married without the consent of the monarch, or became monarch of another country. Danish Crown Princes and Princesses would lose status if they married without the permission of the monarch. When the monarch grants permission for a dynast to enter marriage, he may set conditions that must be met for the dynasts and/or their children to gain or maintain a place in the line of succession; this also applies for Crown Princes and Princesses. Current heirs apparent Heirs apparent who never inherited the throne Heirs apparent who predeceased the monarch Heirs apparent who were forced to abandon their claim Heirs apparent of monarchs who themselves abdicated or were deposed See also List of heirs apparent President-elect Prime minister-designate Heads of former ruling families Notes and references Notes References Monarchy Inheritance	wiki
In poetry, a trimeter (Greek for "three measure") is a metre of three metrical feet per line. Examples: When here // the spring // we see, Fresh green // upon // the tree. See also Anapaest Dactyl Tristich Triadic-line poetry References Types of verses	wiki
A wrench or spanner is a type of hand tool. Wrench may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Wrench (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Universe The Wrench, a 1978 novel by Primo Levi Mr. Wrench, a fictional character in the American TV series Fargo "Wrench", a song by The Almighty from Crank "Wrench", a song by Apparatus from their self-titled album "Wrench", a song by Funeral for a Friend from Your History Is Mine: 2002–2009 Other uses Wrench (surname) (including a list of people with the name) Wrench (screw theory), in applied mathematics and physics See also Wrench fault, in geology Winch, a mechanical device used mostly for (un)winding of ropes	wiki
Hückel or Huckel may refer to: Erich Hückel (1896-1980), German physicist and chemist Debye–Hückel equation (named after Peter Debye and Erich Hückel), in chemistry, a method of calculating activity coefficients Hückel method (named after Erich Hückel), a method for the determination of energies of molecular orbitals Extended Hückel method, considers also sigma orbitals (whereas the original Hückel method only considers pi orbitals) Hückel's rule (named after Erich Hückel), a method of determining aromaticity in organic molecules (1895-1973), German chemist (born 1936), German diplomat, Ambassador of the GDR in Chad	wiki
Two People may refer to: Two People (1924 film), a German silent film by Hanns Schwarz Two People (1930 film), a German film by Erich Waschneck Two People (1952 film), a West German film by Paul May Two People (1973 film), a 1973 American film by Robert Wise Two People (band), a 1980s UK musical duo "Two People" (song), a 1986 song by Tina Turner Two People (novel), a 1911 work by Richard Voss	wiki
Vyron Brown is an American football coach. He is the head football coach at Lane College in Jackson, Tennessee, a position he has held since February 2020. After the 2020 football season was cancelled, Brown led Lane to a 6–4 season in 2021. Brown was a member of the last recruiting class of the legendary Eddie Robinson at Grambling State University. He then played for Grambling coach Doug Williams after Robinson's retirement. Brown played for Grambling from 1997 to 2000 and was a two-time captain. Head coaching record College References External links Lane profile Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Alabama State Hornets football coaches Lane Dragons football coaches Grambling State Tigers football coaches Grambling State Tigers football players Shaw Bears football coaches Texas Southern Tigers football coaches High school football coaches in Louisiana Coaches of American football from Louisiana Players of American football from Shreveport, Louisiana African-American coaches of American football African-American players of American football	wiki
Colomba pasquale or colomba di Pasqua ("Easter Dove" in English) is an Italian traditional Easter bread, the counterpart of the two well-known Italian Christmas desserts, panettone and pandoro. The dough for the colomba is made in a similar manner to panettone, with flour, eggs, sugar, natural yeast and butter; unlike panettone, it usually contains candied peel and no raisins. The dough is then fashioned into a dove shape (colomba in Italian) and finally is topped with pearl sugar and almonds before being baked. Some manufacturers produce other versions including a popular bread topped with chocolate. The colomba was commercialised by the Milanese baker and businessman Angelo Motta as an Easter version of the Christmas speciality panettone that Motta foods were producing. See also Easter bread List of sweet breads References Sweet breads Yeast breads Easter bread Italian breads Italian desserts Almond dishes Easter traditions in Italy	wiki
The Brass era Robie cyclecar was manufactured by the Robie Motor Car Company in Chicago, Illinois in 1914. History The Robie used a 4-cylinder Perkins engine of 1.6 liters. It was a side-by-side two-seater. It had a rounded radiator with a streamline body and disc wheels. The Robie was priced at $450, . The car was guaranteed to go 45mph and 45mpg of gasoline. Fred G. Robie had been in the automobile accessories business before building his cyclecar. The Robie was built by Massnick-Phipps Manufacturing company in Detroit Michigan. Robie planned to have a second generation of his cyclecar built by Pullman in York, Pennsylvania, but his money ran out. References Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Illinois Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1914 Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1915 Cyclecars Brass Era vehicles 1910s cars Cars introduced in 1914	wiki
Bhakti Marga (Sanskrit: "Weg der Hingabe" {Bhakti}) ist die Bezeichnung für: den indischen Weg der Gottesliebe, siehe Bhakti-Yoga Bhakti Marga (Religionsgemeinschaft)	wiki
Sulfur sticks are used in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems to detect minor ammonia leaks. A sulfur stick is made from a wick which contains particles of sulfur. The sulfur stick is lit and smolders, something like the taper that is used to light fireworks. The color of the sulfur smoke is used to find the leak. When there is no ammonia the smoke is colorless but when ammonia is present the combined sulfur and ammonia vapors produce a white smoke. Sulfur sticks have been used to find ammonia leaks for at least 100 years. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning	wiki
The 1993 UCI Road World Cup was the fifth edition of the UCI Road World Cup. It was won by Italian classics specialist Maurizio Fondriest of the team. Races Final standings Individual Team References External links Complete results from Cyclingbase.com Final classification for individuals and teams from memoire-du-cyclisme.eu UCI Road World Cup (men)	wiki
The Will o' the Wisp – film del 1914 prodotto dalla Balboa Amusement Producing Company The Will o' the Wisp – film del 1921 diretto da Robert C. Bruce	wiki
Monterey Jack, sometimes shortened to Jack, is a US white, semi-hard cheese made using cow's milk, with a mild flavor and slight sweetness. It has been called "an American original" and "as a vestige of Spanish rule in the early nineteenth century, derives from a Franciscan monastic style of farmer's cheese." In addition to being eaten by itself, it is frequently marbled with Colby to produce Colby-Jack, or with yellow cheddar to produce cheddar-Jack. Pepper Jack is a version flavored with chili peppers and herbs. Dry Jack is a harder cheese with a longer aging time. Origins In its earliest form, Monterey Jack was made by 18th-century Franciscan friars of Monterey, Alta California. California businessman David Jacks sold the cheese commercially. He produced a mild white cheese that came to be known eponymously as "Jacks' Cheese" and eventually "Monterey Jack". Other ranchers in the area likewise produced the cheese, among them Andrew Molera, who built a successful dairy operation in Big Sur and whose Monterey Jack was especially well regarded. Aging Although most of the softer varieties found in American supermarkets are aged for only one month, "dry Jack" is a harder variety aged for up to six months. Uses The cheese is commonly used as an interior melting cheese for quesadillas, California-style burritos, and also some Mexican-style burritos ("bean and cheese"). It can also be used on cheeseburgers or for grilled cheese sandwiches. It has a mild flavor and good melting quality for some pasta dishes. Variants Dry Jack Dry Jack was created by accident in 1915, when a San Francisco wholesaler forgot about a number of wheels of fresh Jack he had stored. As World War I intensified and shipments of hard cheese from Europe were interrupted, he rediscovered the wheels, which had aged into a product his customers found to be a good substitute for classic hard cheeses like Parmesan. Pepper Jack Pepper Jack is a derivative of Monterey Jack flavored with spicy chili peppers, bell peppers, and herbs. Blends Additional flavor and visual appeal is created by marbling with Colby (making Colby-Jack) or a yellow cheddar cheese. Headaches safety Because of its low content of tyramine, an organic compound thought to be associated with headaches, Monterey Jack is frequently recommended as one of the few cheeses that is safe to eat for migraine sufferers. See also Mallorca cheese Mahón cheese List of cheeses References External links Bibliography of Dairying in California 1770 to 1945 Archival Materials - Dairying In California 1770 to 1945 American cheeses Cow's-milk cheeses Tex-Mex cuisine Agriculture in California	wiki
Quiche ( ) is a French tart consisting of pastry crust filled with savoury custard and pieces of cheese, meat, seafood or vegetables. A well-known variant is quiche Lorraine, which includes lardons or bacon. Quiche may be served hot, warm or cold. Overview Etymology The word is first attested in French in 1805, and in 1605 in Lorrain patois. The first English usage—"quiche Lorraine"—was recorded in 1925. The further etymology is uncertain but it may be related to the German meaning "cake" or "tart". History Quiche is considered a French dish; however, using eggs and cream in pastry was practised in English cuisine at least as early as the 14th century and Italian cuisine at least as early as the 13th century. Recipes for eggs and cream baked in pastry containing meat, fish and fruit are referred to Crustardes of flesh and Crustade in the 14th-century The Forme of Cury and in 15th-century cookbooks, such as the Italian . Varieties A quiche usually has a pastry crust and a filling of eggs and milk and/or cream. It may be made with vegetables, meat or seafood, and be served hot, warm or cold. Types of quiche include: In her French Country Cooking (1951), Elizabeth David gives a recipe for a quiche aux pommes de terre, in which the case is made not from shortcrust but from mashed potato, flour and butter; the filling is cream, Gruyère and garlic. Gallery Notes References Sources See also Pie Bacon and egg pie List of pies, tarts and flans External links Savoury pies French cuisine Egg dishes	wiki
Rescue Diver is a scuba diving certification level provided by several diver training agencies, such as PADI, SSI, SDI, and NAUI, which emphasises emergency response and diver rescue. The certification level is loosely equivalent the CMAS ** Diver qualification and the BSAC sports diver, although the European courses tend to be longer and more intensive than their U.S. counterparts. Most organizations have a minimum age requirement of 15 to undertake the Rescue Diver course, although PADI does permit certification of "Junior" Rescue Divers. Background The Rescue Diver course is the third level qualification in the American international system, following the Advanced Open Water Diver qualification (AOWD). Historically the course was treated as a separate "speciality" rather than a mainstream certification in itself (and arguably it still is in many organization's certification structure), but most advanced training is contingent upon having previously completed the Rescue Diver certification, and thus it effectively becomes a tier in the training. The European International dive education system CMAS recognises only three main levels of dive education indicated by a one star, two star, or three star system. One star indicates an ability to dive, two star indicates additional skill of rescuing divers, and three star indicates the additional skill in leading a group of divers. Training The course usually covers most of the following topics: Self-rescue and diver stress Emergency management and equipment Panicked diver response In-water rescue breathing protocols Egress (exits) Dive accident scenarios In many training agencies, these dives represent introductory knowledge and skills that may be further refined in a speciality course. Sources PADI Rescue Diver Manual, ASIN:B0000DYV1X PADI Rescue Diver Course Description, Footnotes Diving qualifications	wiki
An iced tea spoon, also called a soda spoon or a latte spoon, is a thin spoon with a very long handle. It is used primarily in the United States, for stirring sugar or other sweeteners into iced tea, which is traditionally served in a tall glass. This is why the spoon has a very long handle. Originally known as a parfait spoon, it is also commonly used for eating ice cream, especially floats and sundaes. As these desserts are usually served in tall glasses, regular teaspoons or dessert spoons become inconvenient choices due to their limited reach. See also List of types of spoons Bar spoon Demitasse spoon Soda jerk References Spoons Teaware Cuisine of the Southern United States	wiki
Xserve, rackmonterad server från Apple Computer. Xserve G4 Den första modellen lanserades 14 maj 2002 och hade en eller två PowerPC 7400-processorer på 1,0 GHz. Xserve G5 6 januari 2005 uppgraderades Xserve till G5-processorer på 2,0 GHz. Xserve Intel 7 augusti 2006 fick Xserve Xeon-processorer från Intel på 2,0, 2,66 eller 3,0 GHz. Externa länkar Apple Server Documentation Apple Xserve G5 Developer Note Apple Xserve G4 Developer Note Apple Xserve G5 Memory Upgrade Guide Apple Datorer	wiki
Shopping Spree is a 1996–1998 TV game show. Shopping Spree may also refer to: Shopping spree, a period of intensive shopping "Shopping Spree" (The Price Is Right), pricing game featured on unrelated TV game show "Shopping Spree" (Chowder episode), 2009 episode of the TV series See also Spree (disambiguation)	wiki
Donald Stringer may refer to: Donald Stringer (canoeist) (1933–1978), Canadian Olympic canoer Donald Stringer (fencer) (born 1928), British Olympic fencer	wiki
A referendum on joining the Union of South Africa was held in the Colony of Natal on 10 June 1909. It was approved by 75% of voters, and Natal became part of the Union when it was established on 31 May 1910. Results References 1909 referendums Referendums in Natal 1909 in the Colony of Natal	wiki
Ashtanga (Patanjali), de classificatie van Patanjali Raja-yoga Ashtanga-vinyasa-yoga Ayurveda, bestaande uit acht onderdelen	wiki
Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule is a spin-off of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! starring John C. Reilly as Dr. Steve Brule. The series premiered on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim, on May 16, 2010. The series has completed four seasons with six episodes each. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2010) Season 2 (2012) Season 3 (2014) Season 4 (2016) Special (2017) See also Bagboy (TV special) References Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule Tim & Eric	wiki
The third season of Dynasty originally aired in the United States on ABC from October 27, 1982 through April 20, 1983. The series, created by Richard and Esther Shapiro and produced by Aaron Spelling, revolves around the Carringtons, a wealthy family residing in Denver, Colorado. Season three stars John Forsythe as millionaire oil magnate Blake Carrington; Linda Evans as his wife Krystle; Pamela Sue Martin as Blake and Alexis's headstrong daughter Fallon; Jack Coleman as Blake and Alexis's earnest son Steven; Gordon Thomson as Blake and Alexis's eldest son Adam; John James as Fallon's ex-husband Jeff Colby; Lloyd Bochner as Jeff's uncle, Cecil Colby; Pamela Bellwood as Claudia Blaisdel, the widow of Krystle's former lover; Heather Locklear as Krystle's niece and Steven's ex-wife Sammy Jo; Geoffrey Scott as Krystle's ex-husband Mark Jennings; Lee Bergere as Carrington majordomo Joseph Anders; Kathleen Beller as Joseph's daughter Kirby; and Joan Collins as Alexis Colby, Blake's ex-wife and the mother of Adam, Fallon, and Steven. Development In season three, Dynasty introduced Gordon Thomson in the role of Adam Carrington, Blake and Alexis's eldest child, who had been kidnapped as an infant ever never found. According to Thomson, "They had planned on Adam being an impostor but they liked him so much they decided to keep him on. They tested me for 13 shows, then extended that to 24." Steven Carrington was recast with Jack Coleman in 1983, the change in appearance attributed to plastic surgery after an oil rig explosion. Dynasty was ranked #5 in the United States for season three. The April 1983 episode "The Threat", which features the first use of the word "bitch" in a prime time network series as well as a catfight between Krystle and Alexis in a lily pond, was ranked #67 on the 2009 TV Guide list of "Top 100 Episodes". Plot In the third season, Alexis marries Cecil on his deathbed and acquires his company, ColbyCo. In the meantime, Adam, the long-lost son of Alexis and Blake who had been kidnapped in infancy, reappears in Denver and almost starts an affair with Fallon before they discover they are siblings. Also introduced are Krystle's ex-husband, tennis pro Mark Jennings, and Kirby Anders, the daughter of longtime Carrington majordomo Joseph. Kirby catches Adam's eye but weds Jeff after his divorce from Fallon. In the middle of the season, news that Steven has been killed in an accident in Indonesia comes to the Carringtons; he survives, but undergoes plastic surgery and returns to Denver. In the third-season cliffhanger, Alexis lures Krystle to Steven's cabin and the two are locked inside while the cabin is set ablaze by an unseen arsonist. Cast Main John Forsythe as Blake Carrington Linda Evans as Krystle Carrington Pamela Sue Martin as Fallon Carrington Pamela Bellwood as Claudia Blaisdel John James as Jeff Colby Lloyd Bochner as Cecil Colby Gordon Thomson as Adam Carrington Kathleen Beller as Kirby Anders Geoffrey Scott as Mark Jennings Heather Locklear as Sammy Jo Carrington Jack Coleman as Steven Carrington Lee Bergere as Joseph Anders Joan Collins as Alexis Carrington Recurring Paul Burke as Neal McVane James Hong as Dr. Chen Ling Christine Belford as Susan Farragut Virginia Hawkins as Jeanette Robbins Betty Harford as Hilda Gunnerson Hank Brandt as Morgan Hess Grant Goodeve as Chris Deegan Notable guest stars Peter Mark Richman as Andrew Laird David Hedison as Sam Dexter Joanne Linville as Claire Maynard Simon MacCorkindale as Billy Dawson Tim O'Connor as Thomas Crayford Kabir Bedi as Farouk Ahmed Cast notes Episodes Reception In season three, Dynasty was ranked #5 in the United States with a 22.4 Nielsen rating. References External links 1982 American television seasons 1983 American television seasons Dynasty (1981 TV series) seasons	wiki
Musica Wipeout – EP dei Crossfaith del 2018 Televisione Wipeout – programma televisivo statunitense Videogiochi Wipeout – videogioco del 1995 Wipeout – serie di videogiochi Wipeout – videogioco del 1972 per la console Magnavox Odyssey	wiki
Ryan McDonald may refer to: Ryan MacDonald (author) (born 1977), American writer, sound and visual artist Ryan MacDonald (rugby league), English rugby league player Ryan McDonald (American actor) (1930-2020), American actor Ryan McDonald (Canadian actor) (born 1984), Canadian actor Ryan McDonald (American football) (born 1985), American football center See also Ran McDonald (1889–1950), Canadian professional ice hockey player	wiki
Fledging is the stage in a flying animal's life between hatching or birth and becoming capable of flight. This term is most frequently applied to birds, but is also used for bats. For altricial birds, those that spend more time in vulnerable condition in the nest, the nestling and fledging stage can be the same. For precocial birds, those that develop and leave the nest quickly, a short nestling stage precedes a longer fledging stage. All birds are considered to have fledged when the feathers and wing muscles are sufficiently developed for flight. A young bird that has recently fledged but is still dependent upon parental care and feeding is called a fledgling. People often want to help fledglings, as they appear vulnerable, but it is best to leave them alone. The USA National Phenology Network defines the phenophase (or life cycle stage) of fledged young for birds as "One or more young are seen recently departed from the nest. This includes young incapable of sustained flight and young which are still dependent on adults." In many species, parents continue to care for their fledged young, either by leading them to food sources, or feeding them. Birds are vulnerable after they have left the nest, but before they can fly, though once fledged their chances of survival increase dramatically. One species, the ancient murrelet, fledges two days after hatching, running from its burrow to the ocean and its calling parents. Once it reaches the ocean, its parents care for it for several weeks. Other species, such as guillemots and terns, leave the nesting site while they are still unable to fly. The fledging behavior of the guillemot is spectacular; the adult leads the chick to the edge of the cliff, where the colony is located, and the chick will then launch itself off, attempting to fly as far as possible, before crash landing on the ocean. References External links USA National Phenology Network Ornithology Bird breeding Animal developmental biology	wiki
Karen Lynch may refer to: Karen S. Lynch (born 1963), president and chief executive officer of CVS Health Karen Lynch (author) (born 1967), author of young adult urban fantasy novels	wiki
Mr. Magoo, kitalált karakter Mr. Magoo, (1997) amerikai film Stanley Tong rendezésében Mr. Magoo, (2019–) francia televíziós sorozat Olivier Jean-Marie alkotásában	wiki
The coccyx (: coccyges or coccyxes), commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in all apes, and analogous structures in certain other mammals such as horses. In tailless primates (e.g. humans and other great apes) since Nacholapithecus (a Miocene hominoid), the coccyx is the remnant of a vestigial tail. In animals with bony tails, it is known as tailhead or dock, in bird anatomy as tailfan. It comprises three to five separate or fused coccygeal vertebrae below the sacrum, attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx. Structure The coccyx is formed of three, four or five rudimentary vertebrae. It articulates superiorly with the sacrum. In each of the first three segments may be traced a rudimentary body and articular and transverse processes; the last piece (sometimes the third) is a mere nodule of bone. The transverse processes are most prominent and noticeable on the first coccygeal segment. All the segments lack pedicles, laminae and spinous processes. The first segment is the largest; it resembles the lowest sacral vertebra, and often exists as a separate piece; the remaining ones diminish in size rostrally. Most anatomy books incorrectly state that the coccyx is normally fused in adults. It has been shown that the coccyx may, in some people, consist of up to five separate bony segments, the most common configuration being two or three segments. Surfaces The anterior surface is slightly concave and marked with three transverse grooves which indicate the junctions of the different segments. It gives attachment to the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament and the levatores ani and supports part of the rectum. The posterior surface is convex, marked by transverse grooves similar to those on the anterior surface, and presents on either side a linear row of tubercles – the undeveloped articular processes of the coccygeal vertebrae. Of these, the superior pair are the largest, and are called the coccygeal cornua they project caudally, and articulate with the cornua of the sacrum, and on either side complete the foramen for the transmission of the posterior division of the fifth sacral nerve. Borders The lateral borders are thin and exhibit a series of small bony protrusions, which represent the transverse processes of the coccygeal vertebrae. Of these, the first is the largest; it is flattened anteriorly, and often extends to join the lower part of the thin lateral edge of the sacrum, thus completing the foramen for the transmission of the anterior division of the fifth sacral nerve; the others diminish in size from caudally, and are often lacking. The borders of the coccyx are narrow, and give attachment on either side to the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments, to the coccygeus and levator ani in front of the ligaments, and to the gluteus maximus behind them. Apex The apex is rounded, and has attached to it the tendon of the external anal sphincter; it may be divided in two. Coccygeal fossa The coccygeal fossa is a shallow depression on the posterior surface between the sacrum and the perineum, located in the intergluteal cleft that runs from just below the sacrum to the perineum. It is not consistently present in all humans. The coccygeal fossa marks the deepest part of the pelvic floor, next to the coccyx. The levator ani has its origin here. Extensor coccygis The extensor coccygis is a slender muscle fascicle, which is not always present. It extends over the caudal portion of the posterior surface of the sacrum and coccyx. It arises by tendinous fibers from the last segment of the sacrum, or first piece of the coccyx, and passes downward to be inserted into the lower part of the coccyx. It is an evolutionary relic of the extensor muscle of the caudal vertebrae of other animals, enabling limited coccygeal motion. Sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints The joints are variable and may be: (1) synovial joints; (2) thin discs of fibrocartilage; (3) intermediate between these two; (4) ossified. Attachments The anterior side of the coccyx has attachments to the levator ani muscle, coccygeus, iliococcygeus, and pubococcygeus, anococcygeal raphe. Attached to the posterior side is the gluteus maximus, which extends the thigh at the hip joint. The ligaments attached to the coccyx include the anterior and posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments which are the continuations of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments that extend along the entire spine. The lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments complete the foramina for the last sacral nerve. Some fibers of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments (arising from the spine of the ischium and the ischial tuberosity respectively) also attach to the coccyx. An extension of the pia mater, the filum terminale, extends from the apex of the conus, and inserts on the coccyx. Function The coccyx is not entirely useless in humans, based on the fact that the coccyx has attachments to various muscles, tendons and ligaments. However, these muscles, tendons and ligaments are also attached at many other points, to stronger structures than the coccyx. It is doubtful that the coccyx attachments are important to the well-being of humans, given the large number of coccygectomy procedures performed annually to treat coccydynia. Reviews of studies covering more than 700 coccygectomies found the operation was successful in relieving pain in 84% of cases. 12% of the time, the only major complication faced was infection due to the proximity to the anus. One notable complication of coccygectomy is an increased risk of perineal hernia. Clinical significance Injuring the coccyx can give rise to a painful condition called coccydynia and one or more of the bones or the connections thereof may be broken, fractured tailbone. A number of tumors are known to involve the coccyx; of these, the most common is sacrococcygeal teratoma. Both coccydynia and coccygeal tumors may require surgical removal of the coccyx (coccygectomy). One very rare complication of coccygectomy is a type of perineal hernia known as a coccygeal hernia. History Etymology The term coccyx is derived from the ancient Greek word "cuckoo"; the latter is attested in the writings of the Greek physician Herophilus to denote the end of the vertebral column. This Greek name for the cuckoo was applied as the last three or four bones of the coccyx resemble the beak of this bird, when viewed from the side. This established etymological explanation can also be found in the writings of the 16th century anatomist Andreas Vesalius who wrote: os cuculi, a similitudine rostri cuculi avis (the cuckoo bone shows a likeness to the beak of the cuckoo bird). Vesalius used the Latin expression os cuculi, with os, bone and cuculus, the Latin name for the cuckoo. The 16th/17th century French anatomist Jean Riolan the Younger gives a rather hilarious etymological explanation, as he writes: quia crepitus, qui per sedimentum exeunt, ad is os allisi, cuculi vocis similitudinem effingunt (because the sound of the farts that leave the anus and dash against this bone, shows a likeness to the call of the cuckoo). The latter is not considered as potential candidate. Besides os cuculi, os caudae, with caudae, of the tail is attested. This Latin expression might be the source of the English, French language, German and Dutch terms tailbone, , and . In the current official anatomic Latin nomenclature, Terminologia Anatomica, coccyx and os coccygis is used. Additional images See also Bone terminology Ganglion impar Human vestigiality Perineum Pygostyle References Further reading External links Coccydynia (coccyx pain, tailbone pain) at eMedicine (Peer-reviewed medical chapter, available free online) Bones of the thorax Bones of the vertebral column Vestigial organs	wiki
The Boreal Sea was a Mesozoic-era seaway that lay along the northern border of Laurasia. References Historical oceans Prehistory of the Arctic	wiki
Left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) are the practices, in bidirectional traffic, of keeping to the left side or to the right side of the road, respectively. They are fundamental to traffic flow, and are sometimes referred to as the rule of the road. The terms right- and left-hand drive refer to the position of the driver and the steering wheel in the vehicle and are, in automobiles, the reverse of the terms right- and left-hand traffic. The rule also extends to where on the road a vehicle is to be driven, if there is room for more than one vehicle in the one direction, as well as the side on which the vehicle in the rear overtakes the one in the front. For example, a driver in an LHT country would typically overtake on the right of the vehicle being overtaken. RHT is used in 165 countries and territories, with the remaining 75 countries and territories using LHT. Countries that use left-hand traffic account for about a sixth of the world's land area, with about a third of its population, and a quarter of its roads. In 1919, 104 of the world's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT. Between 1919 and 1986, 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT. Many of the countries that adopted LHT were formerly part of the British Empire, although some, such as Indonesia, Japan, Mozambique, Nepal, Suriname, Sweden (RHT since 1967), Thailand, and the city Macau were not. Similarly, many of the countries that were a part of the French colonial empire adopted RHT. In LHT, traffic keeps left and cars usually have the steering wheel on the right (RHD – right hand drive) and roundabouts circulate clockwise. RHT is the opposite of this: traffic keeps right, the driver usually sits on the left side of the car (LHD – left hand drive), and roundabouts circulate counterclockwise. In most countries, rail traffic follows the handedness of the roads, although many of the countries that switched road traffic from LHT to RHT did not switch their trains. Boat traffic on rivers is always RHT, regardless of location. Boats are traditionally piloted from the starboard side to facilitate priority to the right. History Historically, many places kept left, while many others kept right, often within the same country. There are many myths that attempt to explain why one or the other is preferred. About 90 percent of people are right-handed, and many explanations reference this. Horses are traditionally mounted from the left, and led from the left, with the reins in the right hand. So people walking horses might use RHT, to keep the animals separated. Also referenced is the need for pedestrians to keep their swords in the right hand and pass on the left as in LHT, for self-defence. It has been suggested that wagon-drivers whipped their horses with their right hand, and thus sat on the left-hand side of the wagon, as in RHT. Academic Chris McManus notes that writers have stated that in the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left; however, others suggest that he directed them to keep to the right, and there is no documented evidence to back either claim. Europe In a study of the ancient traffic system of Pompeii, Eric Poehler was able to show that drivers of carts drove in the middle of the road whenever possible. This was the case even on roads wide enough for two lanes. The wear marks on the kerbstones, however, prove that when there were two lanes of traffic, and the volume of traffic made it necessary to divide the lanes, the drivers always drove on the right-hand side. These considerations can also be demonstrated in the archaeological findings of other cities in the Roman Empire. One of the first references in England to requiring traffic direction was an order by the London Court of Aldermen in 1669, requiring a man to be posted on London Bridge to ensure that "all cartes going to keep on the one side and all cartes coming to keep on the other side". It was later legislated as the London Bridge Act 1765 (29 Geo. II c. 40), which required that "all carriages passing over the said bridge from London shall go on the east side thereof" – those going south to remain on the east, i.e. the left-hand side by direction of travel. This may represent the first statutory requirement for LHT. In the Kingdom of Ireland, a law of 1793 (1793 [33 Geo. 3] c. 56) provided a ten-shilling fine to anyone not driving or riding on the left side of the road within the county of the city of Dublin, and required the local road overseers to erect written or printed notices informing road users of the law. The Road in Down and Antrim Act of 1798 (1798 [38 Geo. 3] c. 28) required drivers on the road from Dublin to Donadea to keep to the left. This time, the punishment was ten shillings if the offender was not the owner of the vehicle, or one Irish pound (twenty shillings) if he/she was. The Grand Juries (Ireland) Act 1836 mandated LHT for the whole country, violators to be fined up to five shillings and imprisoned in default for up to one month. An oft-repeated story is that Napoleon changed the custom from LHT to RHT in France and the countries he conquered after the French Revolution. Scholars who have looked for documentary evidence of this story have found none, and contemporary sources have not surfaced, as of 1999. In 1827, long after Napoleon's reign, Edward Planta wrote that, in Paris, "The coachmen have no established rule by which they drive on the right or left of the road, but they cross and jostle one another without ceremony." Rotterdam was LHT until 1917, although the rest of the Netherlands was RHT. In Russia, in 1709, the Danish envoy under Tsar Peter the Great noted the widespread custom for traffic in Russia to pass on the right, but it was only in 1752 that Empress Elizabeth officially issued an edict for traffic to keep to the right. After the Austro-Hungarian Empire broke up, the resulting countries gradually changed to RHT. In Austria, Vorarlberg switched in 1921, North Tyrol in 1930, Carinthia and East Tyrol in 1935, and the rest of the country in 1938. In Romania, Transylvania, the Banat and Bukovina were LHT until 1919, while Wallachia and Moldavia were already RHT. Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT, while the former Austrian Partition changed in the 1920s. Croatia-Slavonia switched on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918, although Istria and Dalmatia were already RHT. The switch in Czechoslovakia from LHT to RHT had been planned for 1939, but was accelerated by the start of the German occupation of Czechoslovakia that year. Similarly, Hungary switched in 1941. West Ukraine was LHT, but the rest of Ukraine, having been part of the Russian Empire, was RHT. In Italy, it had been decreed in 1901 that each province define its own traffic code, including the handedness of traffic, and the 1903 Baedeker guide reported that the rule of the road varied by region. For example, in Northern Italy, the provinces of Brescia, Como, Vicenza, and Ravenna were RHT while nearby provinces of Lecco, Verona, and Varese were LHT, as were the cities Milan, Turin, and Florence. In 1915, allied forces of World War I imposed LHT in areas of military operation, but this was revoked in 1918. Rome was reported by Goethe as LHT in the 1780s. Naples was also LHT although surrounding areas were often RHT. In cities, LHT was considered safer since pedestrians, accustomed to keeping right, could better see oncoming vehicular traffic. Finally, in 1923 Italian Duce Benito Mussolini decreed that all LHT areas would gradually transition to RHT. In spite of this, some Italian heavy commercial vehicles were right-hand drive until the traffic code was changed in 1959. Portugal switched to RHT in 1928. Finland, formerly part of LHT Sweden, switched to RHT in 1858 as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree. Sweden switched to RHT in 1967, having been LHT from about 1734 despite having land borders with RHT countries, and approximately 90% of cars being left-hand drive (LHD). A referendum in 1955 overwhelmingly rejected a change to RHT, but, a few years later, the government ordered it and it occurred on Sunday, 3 September 1967 at 5 am. The accident rate then dropped sharply, but soon rose to near its original level. The day was known as Högertrafikomläggningen, or Dagen H for short. When Iceland switched to RHT the following year, it was known as Hægri dagurinn or H-dagurinn ("The H-Day"). Most passenger cars in Iceland were already LHD. The United Kingdom is LHT, but two of its overseas territories, Gibraltar and the British Indian Ocean Territory, are RHT. In the late 1960s, the British Department for Transport considered switching to RHT, but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built-up nation. Road building standards, for motorways in particular, allow asymmetrically designed road junctions, where merge and diverge lanes differ in length. Today, four countries in Europe continue to use LHT; they are all island nations: the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland (formerly part of the United Kingdom), Cyprus and Malta (both former British colonies). Africa LHT was introduced in British West Africa. All of the countries formerly part of this colony border with former French RHT jurisdictions and have switched to RHT since decolonization. These include Ghana, Gambia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. Britain introduced LHT to the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), Rhodesia, and the Cape Colony (now Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa). All of these have remained LHT. Sudan, formerly part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan switched to RHT in 1973, as most of its neighbours were RHT countries, with the exception of Uganda and Kenya, but since the independence of South Sudan in 2011, all of its neighbours drive on the right. Despite it sharing land borders with two LHT countries, South Sudan has retained RHT. The Portuguese Empire, then LHT, introduced LHT to Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Angola. Although Portugal itself switched to RHT in 1928, Mozambique remained LHT as they have land borders with former British colonies. Other former Portuguese colonies in Africa including Portuguese Angola, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Cape Verde switched to RHT in 1928. France introduced RHT in French West Africa and the Maghreb, where it is still used. Countries in these areas include Mali, Mauritania, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Other French former colonies that are RHT include Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo. Rwanda and Burundi are RHT but are considering switching to LHT (see "Potential future shifts" section below). North America In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no driver's seat, so the (typically right-handed) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he would have a clear view of other vehicles. The first keep-right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike. Massachusetts formalized RHT in 1821. However, the National Road was LHT until 1850, "long after the rest of the country had settled on the keep-right convention". Today the United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands, which is LHT like many neighbouring islands. Some special-purpose vehicles in the United States, including certain postal service trucks, garbage trucks, and parking-enforcement vehicles, are built with the driver's seat on the right for safer and easier access to the curb. A common example is the Grumman LLV, which is used nationwide by the US Postal Service. As former French colonies, the provinces of Quebec and Ontario were always RHT. The province of British Columbia changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, changed to RHT in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively. Newfoundland, then a British colony, changed to RHT in 1947, two years before joining Canada. In the West Indies, colonies and territories drive on the same side as their parent countries, except for the United States Virgin Islands. Many of the island nations are former British colonies and drive on the left, including Jamaica, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and The Bahamas. However, most vehicles in The Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands and both the British Virgin Islands, and the United States Virgin Islands are LHD due to them being imported from the United States. Asia LHT was introduced by the British in British India (now India, Pakistan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh), British Malaya and British Borneo (now Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore), and British Hong Kong. All are still LHT except Myanmar, which switched to RHT in 1970, although much of its infrastructure is still geared to LHT. Most cars are used RHD vehicles imported from Japan. Afghanistan was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring British India and later Pakistan. LHT was introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau (now Macau) and Portuguese Timor (now East Timor). Both places are still LHT, despite Macau now being part of RHT China, requiring a right-to-left switching interchange at the Lotus Bridge that connects the two. East Timor shares the island of Timor with Indonesia, which is also LHT, although the former (then Portuguese Timor) switched to RHT along with Portugal in 1928 before changing back to LHT in 1976 during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. China is RHT except the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau. In the 1930s, parts of China, like the British Concession of Shanghai, used LHT, as well as northeast China under the Japanese occupation. Nationalist China adopted RHT in 1946, which was preserved when the CCP took the mainland and the KMT retreated to Taiwan. Taiwan has used RHT since 1946, after the Japanese occupation, during which LHT was used. Both North Korea and South Korea uses RHT since 1946, after liberation from Japanese colonial power. The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish and American colonial periods, as well as during the Commonwealth era. During the Japanese occupation, the Philippines remained LHT, also because LHT had been required by the Japanese; but during the Battle of Manila, the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement. RHT was formalized in 1945 through a decree by then-president Sergio Osmeña. Even though RHT was formalized, RHD vehicles such as public buses were still imported in the Philippines until a law was passed that banned the importation of RHD vehicles except for special cases. These RHD vehicles are required to be converted to LHD Japan was never part of the British Empire, but its traffic also drives on the left. Although the origin of this habit goes back to the Edo period (1603–1868), it was not until 1872 – the year Japan's first railway was introduced, built with technical aid from the British – that this unwritten rule received official acknowledgment. Gradually, a massive network of railways and tram tracks was built, with all railway vehicles driven on the left-hand side. However, it took another half-century, until 1924, until left-hand traffic was legally mandated. Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 and converted back to LHT on 30 July 1978. The conversion operation was known as 730 (Nana-San-Maru, which refers to the date of the changeover). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century. Vietnam became RHT as part of French Indochina, as did Laos and Cambodia. In Cambodia, RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country. Oceania Many former British colonies in the region have always been LHT, including Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Tuvalu; and nations that were previously administered by Australia: Nauru and Papua New Guinea. New Zealand Initially traffic was slow and very sparse, but, as early as 1856, a newspaper said, "The cart was near to the right hand kerb. According to the rules of the road, it should have been on the left side. In turning sharp round a right-hand corner, a driver should keep away to the opposite side." That rule was codified when the first Highway Code was written in 1936. Samoa Samoa, a former German colony, had been RHT for more than a century, but switched to LHT in 2009, making it the first territory in almost 30 years to change sides. The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper vehicles imported from Australia, New Zealand, or Japan, and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations. A political party, The People's Party, was formed by the group People Against Switching Sides (PASS) to protest against the change, with PASS launching a legal challenge; in April 2008 an estimated 18,000 people attended demonstrations against switching. The motor industry was also opposed, as 14,000 of Samoa's 18,000 vehicles were designed for RHT and the government refused to meet the cost of conversion. After months of preparation, the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration. There were no reported incidents. At 05:50 local time, Monday 7 September, a radio announcement halted traffic, and an announcement at 6:00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT. The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat-belt laws. That day and the following were declared public holidays, to reduce traffic. The change included a three-day ban on alcohol sales, while police mounted dozens of checkpoints, warning drivers to drive slowly. South America Brazil was a colony of Portugal until the early 19th century and during this century and the early 20th century had mixed rules, with some regions still on LHT, switching these remaining regions to RHT in 1928, the same year Portugal switched sides. Other Central and South American countries that later switched from LHT to RHT include Argentina, Chile, Panama, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Suriname, along with neighbouring Guyana, are the only two remaining LHT countries in South America. Potential future shifts Rwanda and Burundi, former Belgian colonies in Central Africa, are RHT but are considering switching to LHT like neighbouring members of the East African Community (EAC). A survey in 2009 found that 54% of Rwandans favoured the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles, easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonising traffic regulations with other EAC countries. The survey indicated that RHD cars were 16% to 49% cheaper than their LHD counterparts. In 2014, an internal report by consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT. In 2015, the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe. Changing sides at borders Although many LHT jurisdictions are on islands, there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area. Such borders are mostly located in Africa and southern Asia. The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic regulates the use of foreign registered vehicles in the 78 countries that have ratified it. LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours: Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch, but there are also interchanges that enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic. There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and mainland China. In 2006, the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100. The next largest is Man Kam To, where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one-way streets with a main road. The Takutu River Bridge (which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides. Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel, the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year by the Eurotunnel Shuttle between the UK and France. Road vehicle configurations Steering wheel position In RHT jurisdictions, vehicles are typically configured as left hand drive (LHD), with the steering wheel on the left side of the passenger compartment. In LHT jurisdictions, the reverse is true as the right hand drive (RHD) configuration. In most jurisdictions, the position of the steering wheel is not regulated, or explicitly permitted to be anywhere. The driver's side, the side closer to the centre of the road, is sometimes called the offside, while the passenger side, the side closer to the side of the road, is sometimes called the nearside. Most windscreen wipers are preferentially designed to better clean the driver's side of the windscreen and thus have a longer wiper blade on the driver's side and wipe up from the passenger side to the driver's side. Thus on LHD configurations, they wipe up from right to left, viewed from inside the vehicle, and do the opposite on RHD vehicles. Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic. Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD. In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America, arguing that with RHD and RHT, the passenger was obliged to "get out on the street side and walk around the car" and that with steering from the left, the driver "is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger." By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford's lead, due to the popularity of the Model T. In specialised cases, the driver will sit on the nearside, or curbside. Examples include: Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside, e.g. street sweepers, or vehicles driven along unstable road edges. Similarly in mountainous areas the driver may be seated opposite side so that they have a better view of the road edge which may fall away for very many metres into the valley below. Swiss Postbuses in mountainous areas are a well known example. Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside, e.g. delivery vehicles. The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America. Some Unimogs are designed to switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck. Generally, the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left, and kickstands are usually on the left which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside as is the case in LHT. Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle's offside. In 2020, there were 160 LHD heavy goods vehicles in the UK involved in accidents (%) for a total of 3175 accidents, killing 215 people (%) for a total of 4271. It has been suggested that right-hand drive vehicles, and hence the left-hand traffic direction, are associated with greater safety. As most drivers are right-handed, the dominant right hand remains controlled on the steering wheel while the non-dominant left hand can manipulate gears. The right field of vision may also be more dominant, thereby permitting a superior view of oncoming traffic. Dashboard configuration Some manufacturers primarily produce left-hand drive vehicles, due to the larger or nearer market for such vehicles. For such models supplied to left-hand traffic markets, in the right-hand drive configuration, the manufacturer may reuse the same dashboard configuration as is used in the left-hand drive models, with the steering column and pedals moved to the right-hand side. Oft-used controls (such as audio volume and climate controls) that were placed near the left-hand driver for ease of access, are now situated on the far side of the center console for the right-hand driver. This may make them more difficult to reach quickly or without looking away from the road ahead. In some cases, the manufacturer's dashboard design incorporates blanks and modular components, which permits the controls and underlying electronics to be rearranged to suite the right-hand drive model. This may be done in the factory, after import, or as an after-market modification. Headlamps and other lighting equipment Most low-beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical light suitable for use on only one side of the road. Low beam headlamps in LHT jurisdictions throw most of their light forward-leftward; those for RHT throw most of their light forward-rightward, thus illuminating obstacles and road signs while minimising glare for oncoming traffic. In Europe, headlamps approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road,. This may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded. Some varieties of the projector-type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LHT or RHT beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly. Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LHT to RHT and vice versa. Rear fog lamps In Europe since early 1980s, cars must be equipped with one or two red rear fog lamps. A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver's side of the vehicle. Crash testing differences ANCAP reports that some RHD cars imported to Australia did not perform as well on crash tests as the LHD versions, although the cause is unknown, and may be due to differences in testing methodology. Rail traffic In most countries rail traffic travels on the same side as road traffic. However, there are many instances of railways built using LHT British technology which remained LHT despite their nations' road traffic becoming RHT. Examples include: Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, Egypt, France, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Laos, Monaco, Morocco, Myanmar, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Senegal, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, Uruguay and Venezuela. In Indonesia it is the reverse (RHT for rails (even for newer rail systems such as the LRT and the MRT systems) and LHT for roads). France is mainly LHT for trains except for the classic lines in Alsace–Lorraine, which were converted from LHT to RHT under German administration from 1870 to 1918, along with most metro systems. China is primarily LHT for long-distance trains and RHT for metro systems. Spain has RHT for railways but the metros uses LHT (in Madrid and Bilbao trains run completely on the left, while Barcelona metro is mostly RHT, but some LHT). In North America, multi-track rail lines with centralized traffic control are typically signaled to allow operation on any track in both directions, and the side of operation will vary based on the railroad's specific operational requirements. Metro and light rail sides of operation vary and might not match railways or roads in their country. Apart from the aforementioned Madrid and Bilbao, such systems include those in Buenos Aires, Cairo, Catania, Jakarta, Lima, Lisbon, Lyon, Naples, Rome and Stockholm. In some metro systems (Hong Kong, Seoul, Nizhniy Novgorod) certain lines differ from the majority. Because trams frequently operate on roads, they generally operate on the same side as other road traffic. Boat traffic Boats are traditionally piloted from starboard (the right-hand side) to facilitate priority to the right. According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, water traffic is effectively RHT: a vessel proceeding along a narrow channel must keep to starboard, and when two power-driven vessels are meeting head-on both must alter course to starboard also. Aircraft traffic For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations suggest RHT principles, both in the air and on water, and in aircraft with side-by-side cockpit seating, the pilot-in-command (or more senior flight officer) traditionally occupies the left seat. However, helicopter practice tends to favour the right hand seat for the pilot-in-command, particularly when flying solo. Worldwide distribution by country Of the 195 countries currently recognised by the United Nations, 141 use RHT and 54 use LHT on roads in general. A country and its territories and dependencies are counted as one. Whichever directionality is listed first is the type that is used in general in the traffic category. Legality of wrong-hand-drive vehicles by country According to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, which mostly covers Europe, if having a vehicle registered and legal to drive in one of the Convention countries, it is legal to drive it in any other of the countries, for visits and first year of residence after moving. This is regardless if it does not fulfil all rules of the visitor countries. This convention does not affect rules on usage or registration of local vehicles. Gallery See also Hook turn Traffic-light signalling and operation World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations Explanatory notes References External links Google Maps placemarks of border crossings where traffic changes sides (placemarks file, requires Google Earth) The Extraordinary Street Railways of Asunción, Paraguay Chirality Driving Road transport Rules of the road Traffic law	wiki
An ISP redirect page is a spoof page served by major ISPs including: Cox Communications, Embarq, Verizon, Rogers, Earthlink, and various others when World Wide Web users enter an invalid DNS name. If a user types in an incorrect Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://wikipedia.orf instead of http://wikipedia.org, the ISP's DNS server will respond with a spoofed DNS response that redirects the user to an advertising web page. How it works Domain Name System (DNS) resolution is the process of translating a human-readable domain name (for example, en.wikipedia.org) into an IP address that computers can use. Every ISP runs a DNS server to allow their customers to translate domain names into IP addresses that computers understand and use. When an ISP's DNS server receives a request to translate a name, according to RFC the DNS server should return the associated IP address to the customer's computer which is then able to connect to the requested resource. When the ISP's DNS server receives a request for a name that is not recognized or is unavailable, some ISPs spoof the NX (null) response and instead return the IP address of a search or advertising page to the client. When the client is using a web browser, this will display a search page that contains possible suggestions on the proper address and a small explanation of the error. These search pages often contain advertising that is paid to the ISP. Sometimes, a customer can opt-out of this service, but the opt-out is frequently not implemented at the same layer as the spoofing. Opt-out procedures vary from ISP to ISP in both their method of implementation and effectiveness. Consequences ISPs have written that redirect pages are intended to help lost users. ISP customers have complained that the pages are instead misleading to users, and that their purpose is to generate advertising revenue for the ISP. The practice has been controversial since ISP redirect pages were introduced in 2006. ISP redirects can fool the ping networking utility. Ping may falsely report that a website is responsive when in truth it is unavailable but redirected. ISP redirects also interfere with web archiving tools like ArchiveTeam Warrior References Domain Name System Hacking (computer security) Internet security Internet ethics	wiki
Caption was a term used (especially in Scotland), for arrest or apprehension. Caption also has an old legal use, to signify the part of an indictment, etc., which shows where, when and by what authority it is taken, found or executed; so its opening or heading. From this is derived the modern sense of the heading of an article in a book or newspaper. In accordance with the American Heritage Dictionary, the word is still used in the United States to indicate: "the heading of a pleading or other document that identifies the parties, court, term, and number of the action." References Law enforcement terminology	wiki
Mel Walker may refer to: Mel Walker (athlete) (1914–2000), American high jumper Mel Walker (musician) (1929–1964), American R&B singer	wiki
Bead-rim pottery refers to the presence of a rounded molding on the lip of a jar, bowl, or dish, both to add strength and assist in handling. References Archaeological artifacts Ancient pottery Types of pottery decoration	wiki
Les monts Great Smoky, en anglais , aussi appelés Smokies, sont une chaîne de montagne de la Caroline du Nord et du Tennessee, aux États-Unis. La chaîne est une subdivision des montagnes Blue Ridge, elles-mêmes subdivision des Appalaches. Le parc national des Great Smoky Mountains englobe une partie de la chaîne. Voir aussi Newfound Gap Massif de montagnes des Appalaches Montagne en Caroline du Nord Montagne dans le Tennessee Géographie du parc national des Great Smoky Mountains	wiki
541 may refer to: 541 AD, a year Area code 541, a North American telephone area code in Oregon	wiki
Denumirea de Jitnița se poate referi la una din următoarele localități din Bulgaria: Jitnița, un sat în comuna Dobricika, regiunea Dobrici; Jitnița, un sat în comuna Cernoocene, regiunea Kărdjali; Jitnița, un sat în comuna Kaloianovo, regiunea Plovdiv; Jitnița, un sat în comuna Provadia, regiunea Varna.	wiki
Szechuan sauce may refer to: Szechuan sauce (McDonald's), a dipping sauce created to promote the 1998 film Mulan Szechuan cuisine, in the context of the cuisine of the Chinese province of Szechuan	wiki
Le nom John Bevan est porté par les personnes suivantes : John Bevan (1837-1911), un homme politique néo-zélandais ; John Bevan (1948-1986), un joueur international gallois de rugby à XV ; John Bevan (1950-), un joueur international gallois de rugby à XV et de rugby à XIII ; , officier britannique durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, expert en diversion ; John M. Bevan. Voir aussi	wiki
Vincent Lamont Mason Jr. (born March 24, 1970) is an American rapper, producer and DJ who is one third of the hip hop group De La Soul. Mason is also known as Maseo, P.A. Pasemaster Mase and Plug Three. Early life Mason graduated from Amityville Memorial High School in 1988. Career Kelvin Mercer ("Posdnuos", "Plug One", "Plug Wonder Why", "Mercenary") and David Jude Jolicoeur ("Trugoy the Dove", "Plug Two", "Dave") were already friends when Mason joined the pair to form De La Soul in 1987. The trio came to the attention of Prince Paul, then a member of Stetsasonic, with a demo recording of "Plug Tunin'". Paul facilitated a record deal for Mason and his colleagues with the Tommy Boy label and produced their first album, 3 Feet High and Rising. Mason's role in De La Soul is primarily that of a DJ, with Mason stating that he is “a b-boy to my heart”, drawing inspiration from life experience and contemporary global events. However, Mason has also featured as a vocalist on songs such as "Ring Ring Ring (Ha Ha Hey)" (from De La Soul Is Dead) and for De La Soul's guest appearance on the Jungle Brothers recording, "Doin' Our Own Dang". Mason also recorded the introductory laugh for De La Soul's collaboration with Gorillaz, "Feel Good Inc.". Mase is a member of the Spitkicker collective, a group of artistically-minded people who release work by Spitkicker artists and engage in social, community-based activism. Personal life Mason is a native of Brooklyn, New York but grew up in Long Island where he met the other members of De La Soul. Son of Dorothy Robinson and Vincent Mason. He is the oldest of two siblings. His younger brother is Anthony Mason. Vincent currently lives in West Palm Beach, Florida. Father of four children: Marcus, Tre, Chauncey and Dayo Mason. His son, Tre Mason, was a running back for the Los Angeles Rams. Aliases All three members of De La Soul have a variety of known aliases and nicknames used throughout the group's career. The following are the most significant: P.A. Pasemaster Mase – The first alias used by Mason, "Pasemaster" (or "P.A.") was used as an alternative to "DJ". Though "Mase" is simply a nickname for Mason, Mason noted in an early interview that the name can be an acronym for "Making A Soul Effort". Later, with the release of De La Soul is Dead, the nickname "Maseo" became widely used. Plug Three – An early concept for 3 Feet High and Rising involved music being transmitted from Mars by three microphone plugs (each one representing a member of the group). Though this idea was abandoned, the titles "Plug One", "Plug Two" and "Plug Three" still became relevant on the album. References 1970 births African-American male rappers American dance musicians African-American DJs Record producers from New York (state) Grammy Award winners Living people Rappers from Brooklyn Alternative hip hop musicians De La Soul members 21st-century American rappers 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century African-American musicians 20th-century African-American people	wiki
The International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation, commonly known by its French name Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA, lit. International Union of Alpine Clubs), was founded in August 1932 in Chamonix, France when 20 mountaineering associations met for an alpine congress. Count Charles Egmond d’Arcis, from Switzerland, was chosen as the first president and it was decided by the founding members that the UIAA would be an international federation which would be in charge of the "study and solution of all problems regarding mountaineering". The UIAA Safety Label was created in 1960 and was internationally approved in 1965 and currently (2015) has a global presence on five continents with 86 member associations in 62 countries representing over 3 million people. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the UIAA suspended all UIAA officials from Russia, and delegates from the Russian Mountaineering Federation (RMF) and Russian officials and athletes were excluded from all UIAA-sanctioned activities and events. Role The UIAA is today the international governing body of climbing and mountaineering and represents climbers and mountaineers around the world on a wide range of issues related to mountain safety, sustainability and competition sport. The International Climbers’ Meet, the goal of these meets is to foster good will and cultural understanding through our shared passion of climbing by hosting a diverse group of climbing abilities from a multitude of countries. Safety The UIAA Safety Commission develops and maintains safety standards for climbing equipment. These standards are implemented worldwide by the manufacturers who also participate in annual Safety Commission meetings. The Commission works with nearly 60 manufacturers worldwide and has 1,861 products certified. Dynamic Rope UIAA fall count rating The test to determine the fall count uses a 5.1m rope and drops a weight (80 kg single rope / 55 kg double rope) so that it falls 4.8m before experiencing a reaction force from the rope. This means that the weight is falling below the fixed end and there is minimal rope to stretch and absorb the force. The fall count rating is the number of times the rope can undergo this test before breaking. For the dynamic rope to be UIAA certified it requires a fall count rating of 5 or more. This number does not indicate that the rope needs to be discarded after this many falls while climbing, since a fall would usually not have the climber fall beyond the belayer and there is usually more rope to stretch and absorb the fall. There has been no recorded accidents of a UIAA certified dynamic rope breaking without there being damage from a sharp edge or chemical. Mountain Medicine Diploma Together with the International Society of Mountain Medicine (ISMM) and the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR), the UIAA Medical Commission has established and developed a joint Diploma in Mountain Medicine that establishes minimal requirements for courses in mountain medicine in August 1997 (Interlaken, Switzerland). Many course organizers adopted these standards and the Diploma in Mountain Medicine (DiMM) has become a widely respected qualification. The Medical Commission was founded in 1981. Its history dates back to an earlier time when there were only a few doctors representing the largest mountaineering federations. The commission has grown to include 22 delegated doctors from 18 different mountaineering federations, as well as 16 corresponding members from all over the world. The UIAA Medical Commission has worked very closely with the Medical Commission of the International Commission for Alpine Rescue (ICAR). The current presidents of the UIAA Medical commission and the MedCom ICAR are always on the advisory board of the ISMM. Competitions The UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organised on different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating. Ice climbing The UIAA is the world governing body for ice climbing competitions. The annual UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup circuit and the bi annual World Championship and Youth World Championship are organized in different continents with athletes from over 30 countries participating. There are two ice climbing disciplines, Speed and Lead. In Speed, athletes race up an ice face for the best time. In Lead competitions the climbers' ability to master a difficult route in a given time is tested. Anti-Doping Commission The UIAA has adopted the World Anti-Doping Code (2014); this includes the mandatory articles of the Code and all relevant International Standards. The commission also oversees the anti-doping testing of athletes who participate in UIAA ice climbing competitions. Global Youth Summit The Global Youth Summit is a series of UIAA youth events where young mountaineers from around the world come together to climb, promote peace and cooperation between countries and work on the protection of the environment. First implemented ten years ago, it consists of a series of expeditions and camps offered by UIAA member federations to other UIAA member federations and their members. All UIAA Global Youth Summit events are organised and undertaken in strict accordance with the relevant Federation's regulations and UIAA Youth Commission Handbook & UIAA Youth Commission criteria and recommendations governing such events. Once approved the National Federation or event organiser and their designated leaders have responsibility for the event. The UIAA Youth Commission and UIAA Office may on occasion appoint other responsible persons such as trainers, event organisers and partners. Safety Label holders Source: Alpidex Alien Cams Austrialpin Arcteryx Beal Beste Big Wall Black Diamond Black Safe Blue Water Ropes Camp Cassin Cilao Cousin-Trestec Conquista Climbing Technology DMM Edelweiss Edelrid EKS Faders FIXE Fusion Gaetani Gilmonte Gipfel Gleisein GM Climbing GrandWall Grivel Haftgohar Ice Rock Kailas Kong Lyon Mad Rock Mammut Metolius Millet Misty Mountain Nal Hon New England Ropes Ocun Omega Pacific Peguet Petzl PMI Ravina Raumer Roca Rock Exotica Ropenet SMC Salewa Schweiger Fulpmes Simond Singing Rock Skylotec Southern Ropes Sterling Stubai Tapecraft Tendon Usang Vento Waves Xinda Presidents 1932–1964: Count Charles Egmond d'Arcis 1964–1968: Edouard Wyss-Dunant 1968–1972: Albert Eggler 1972–1976: Jean Juge 1976–1984: Pierre Bossus 1984–1990: Carlo Sganzini 1990–1995: Pietro Segantini 1995–2004: Ian McNaught-Davis 2004–2005: Alan Blackshaw 2005–2011: Mike Mortimer 2012–2020: Frits Vrijlandt 2020–present: Peter Muir Source: Members References External links UIAA official website 1932 establishments in France Climbing organizations International sports bodies based in Switzerland Alpinisme Organisations based in Bern Sport in Bern Sports organizations established in 1932	wiki
A pricing schedule is a function that maps the quantity of a good purchased to the total price paid. Types of pricing schedules Linear Pricing Schedule - A pricing schedule in which there is a fixed price per unit, such that where total price paid is represented by T(q), quantity is represented by q and price per unit is represented by a constant p, T(q) = pq Nonlinear Pricing Schedule - Nonlinear pricing is a pricing schedule in which quantity and total price are not mapped to each other in a strictly linear fashion Affine Pricing - An affine pricing schedule consists of both a fixed cost and a cost per unit. Using the same notation as above, T(q) = k + pq, where k is a constant cost. References Financial economics	wiki
Sara(h) Wood may refer to: Sara Wood (novelist), British romance novelist Sally Wood (writer), born Sarah Wood (1759–1854), American novelist Sarah Wood (businesswoman), British businesswoman Sara Ann Wood (born 1981), an American missing girl who disappeared in 1993 See also Sara Woods, pseudonym of Lana Bowden-Judd (1922–1985), British mystery writer	wiki
Carla Patricia Padilla Eve (born 9 May 1988) is a Bolivian footballer who played as a midfielder for the Bolivia women's national team. Early life Padilla hails from the Santa Cruz Department. International career Padilla represented Bolivia at the 2004 South American U-19 Women's Championship. At senior level, she played two Copa América Femenina editions (2006 and 2010) and the 2014 South American Games. International goals Scores and results list Bolivia's goal tally first References 1988 births Living people Women's association football midfielders Bolivian women's footballers People from Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) Bolivia women's international footballers Competitors at the 2014 South American Games	wiki
The Official Matrix Exhibit was a walk-through exhibition experience at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast, Australia. It allowed guests to immerse themselves in the world of the Matrix franchise and featured props and costumes from the movies. The attraction opened in September 2003, the year in which both The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions were released. It was closed on 1 April 2007 and replaced by a set of bumper cars and an arcade attraction later in the year. History In early 2003, Warner Bros. Movie World closed the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience. In September 2003, The Official Matrix Exhibit opened in its place. It remained operating until 1 April 2007. In September 2007, it was replaced with a set of bumper cars and an arcade attraction. Exhibit Items displayed included replicas of weapons such as swords utilised during the film, as well as actual items used during filming, including scale models, miscellaneous crewmen's items, statues, costumes and control room sets. These are spliced with multimedia presentations including audio tracks of sound effects and music from the movies and video scenes. Set pieces include such items as the Keymaker's key room with plastic prop keys painted with metallic paint and the ectochairs used to "jack into" the Matrix, among others. See also Simulated reality The Matrix References The Matrix (franchise) Animatronic attractions 2003 establishments in Australia 2007 disestablishments in Australia	wiki
Iconix Brand Group is an American brand management company that licenses brands to retailers and manufacturers primarily in the apparel, footwear, and apparel accessory industries. Its brands are available in such stores as Kohl's, Kmart, Sears, Macy's, Nordstrom, Target and JC Penney. History and operations The company began as Candie's, Inc., whose brand it purchased in 1993. The Bongo brand was purchased in 1998. The Badgley Mischka brand was purchased in 2004. The Joe Boxer and Rampage brands were acquired on July 22, 2005, and September 15, 2005, respectively. In 2006, the company acquired the Mudd, London Fog, Mossimo, and Ocean Pacific brands on April 11, August 29, November 1, and November 6, respectively. The company continued with acquisitions in 2007 with the purchase of Cannon, Danskin, Artful Dodger, and Rocawear brands. On November 15, 2007, Iconix bought the Starter brand from Nike. On October 27, 2009, Iconix paid $109 million for a 51% stake in urban fashion brand Eckō Unltd. It acquired full ownership in May 2013. On June 3, 2010, Iconix and Charles M. Schulz Creative Associates jointly acquired all assets related to the Peanuts comic strip from its longtime owner, United Media, using the property to form a new company, Peanuts Worldwide, which is 80% owned by Iconix and 20% owned by Schulz Associates. Peanuts Worldwide also acquired United Media's licensing arm, which represents licensing for its other properties including Dilbert and Nancy. In 2011, Iconix acquired electronics brand The Sharper Image. In October 2012, Nike Inc. announced that it had signed with Iconix Brand Group to sell the English brand Umbro for US$225 million. The acquisition was completed in December 2012. In 2013, Iconix acquired Lee Cooper from Sun Capital Partners. In February 2013, Iconix acquired control of the Buffalo David Bitton brand in an effort to expand into higher-end brands. Iconix paid Buffalo International ULC $76.5 million in cash for a 51% stake in the brand. In February 2015, Iconix bought the Strawberry Shortcake brand from American Greetings. Also that month, Iconix and Anthony L&S Athletics, LLC acquired intangible assets of Pony along with North American rights to the brand from Symphony Holdings, LLC, with the option to purchase additional markets. A new subsidiary, with 75% and 25% stakes owned by Iconix and Anthony L&S Athletics respectively, would hold the Pony rights. In 2015, several top executives, including founder Neil Cole, resigned following a statement that Iconix was under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The investigation was triggered by Iconix's 2014 financial statements, after which it received a letter from the SEC. Stock prices fell 24% after Iconix confirmed the investigation. On December 5, 2019, the SEC charged Iconix and three of its former top executives with fraud. The COO, Seth Horowitz, pleaded guilty to the charges, and Iconix agreed to pay a $5.5 million penalty. As of July 2020, the suit against the founder and previous CEO, Neil Cole, is still ongoing. In 2017, Iconix sold Badgley Mischka and The Sharper Image. On May 10, 2017, DHX Media announced that it had acquired the Iconix entertainment division for $345 million. The sale was closed on June 30, 2017, giving DHX rights to the Strawberry Shortcake franchise, and more prominently, the 80% majority stake of Peanuts Worldwide. On October 15, 2018, Iconix announced the hiring of Robert Galvin as CEO. On July 14, 2020, Iconix announced that the company is up for sale. The next year, the company went private with equity investor Lancer Capital LLC purchasing all outstanding shares and delisting it from Nasdaq. Federal investigations After investigations in 2003, Neil Cole and Candie's reached an agreement to settle charges of fraudulent accounting practices brought against it by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Neil Cole agreed to pay $75,000 to settle charges without admitting or denying wrongdoing. In 2019, Cole was again charged with 10 criminal counts, including conspiracy, securities fraud, making false filings with the SEC and conspiracy to destroy records. Iconix agreed to pay a civil penalty of $5.5 million to settle the SEC's claims. Brands Through its history, Iconix has owned a large portfolio of brands, which include: Current Artful Dodger Bongo Buffalo David Bitton Candie's Cannon Mills Charisma Danskin Ed Hardy Eckō Unltd. and Marc Eckō Cut & Sew Fieldcrest Joe Boxer Lee Cooper London Fog Material Girl Modern Amusement Mossimo Mudd Ocean Pacific/OP Pony Rampage Rocawear Royal Velvet Starter Umbro Waverly Zoo York Former brands Pillowtex Truth or Dare Badgley Mischka (2004–17) Peanuts Worldwide (80%; 2010–17); sold in 2017 to DHX Media (now WildBrain) The Sharper Image (2011–17) Strawberry Shortcake acquired in 2015 from American Greetings; sold in 2017 to DHX Media (now WildBrain) See also Phillips Van Heusen Authentic Brands Group References External links Branding companies of the United States Companies based in New York City Marketing companies established in 1978 Sportswear brands Clothing brands of the United States Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq Dancewear companies	wiki
Sony Building may refer to: Sony Building (New York) Sony Building (Tokyo)	wiki
Lake Sirena, an oval-shaped lake, has a surface area of . It is on the south side of Lake Placid, Florida. In fact, it is surrounded by the city, but most of its shore and most of the lake is outside the city limits. Only a small sliver of the south end of the lake is inside the city of Lake Placid. Part of the west shore and most of the north shore and all the east shore are surrounded by residences. On the northwest and southwest are citrus groves. The southeast shore is bordered by vacant land. A small part of the northwest is also bordered by vacant land. Lake Sirena only has public access at the public boat access point on its north shore, at Lake Drive West. This is merely a sandy place along the road where only small boats can be launched. A canal also connects this lake to Lake Pearl, to the east, but the canal cannot be navigated; it runs through a small culvert at one point. The lake can be fished from shore along the boat area. There are no public swimming beaches at Lake Sirena. The Take Me Fishing website says Lake Sirena contains largemouth bass, bluegill and grass carp. References Sirena Sirena	wiki
The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the U.S. state of Minnesota: Governor Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State Attorney General State Auditor State Treasurer (before 2003) The table also indicates the historical party composition in the: State Senate State House of Representatives State delegation to the United States Senate State delegation to the United States House of Representatives For years in which a United States presidential election was held, the table indicates which party's nominees received the state's electoral votes. Pre-statehood (1849–1857) 1858–2002 2003–present See also Politics in Minnesota Politics of Minnesota List of political parties in Minnesota References Politics of Minnesota Government of Minnesota Minnesota Strength	wiki
I Was a Convict is a 1939 American crime film directed by Aubrey Scotto and written by Robert Hardy Andrews and Ben Markson. The film stars Barton MacLane, Beverly Roberts, Clarence Kolb, Janet Beecher, Horace McMahon and Ben Welden. The film was released on March 6, 1939, by Republic Pictures. Plot Cast Barton MacLane as Ace King Beverly Roberts as Judy Harrison Clarence Kolb as John B. Harrison Janet Beecher as Mrs. Martha Harrison Horace McMahon as Missouri Smith Ben Welden as Rocks Henry Leon Ames as Jackson Clara Blandick as Aunt Sarah Scarlett Russell Hicks as District Attorney John Harmon as Matty Chester Clute as Evans Crauford Kent as Dr. Garson Edwin Stanley as Dr. Craile Harry Holman as Martin Harrison References External links 1939 films American crime films 1939 crime films Republic Pictures films Films directed by Aubrey Scotto American black-and-white films 1930s English-language films 1930s American films	wiki
Are You Smart Enough to Work at Google? (subtitled Trick Questions, Zen-Like Riddles, Insanely Difficult Puzzles, and Other Devious Interviewing Techniques) is a 2012 business book by Pulitzer Prize-nominated science writer, William Poundstone, describing details of the methods used and questions asked of job applicants to Google. See also Microsoft interview References Business books Little, Brown and Company books 2012 non-fiction books	wiki
Slow motion (commonly abbreviated as slo-mo or slow-mo) is an effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down. It was invented by the Austrian priest August Musger in the early 20th century. This can be accomplished through the use of high-speed cameras and then playing the footage produced by such cameras at a normal rate like 30 fps, or in post production through the use of software. Typically this style is achieved when each film frame is captured at a rate much faster than it will be played back. When replayed at normal speed, time appears to be moving more slowly. A term for creating slow motion film is overcranking which refers to hand cranking an early camera at a faster rate than normal (i.e. faster than 24 frames per second). Slow motion can also be achieved by playing normally recorded footage at a slower speed. This technique is more often applied to video subjected to instant replay than to film. A third technique uses computer software post-processing to fabricate digitally interpolated frames between the frames that were shot. Motion can be slowed further by combining techniques, such as for example by interpolating between overcranked frames. The traditional method for achieving super-slow motion is through high-speed photography, a more sophisticated technique that uses specialized equipment to record fast phenomena, usually for scientific applications. Slow motion is ubiquitous in modern filmmaking. It is used by a diverse range of directors to achieve diverse effects. Some classic subjects of slow-motion include: Athletic activities of all kinds, to demonstrate skill and style. To recapture a key moment in an athletic game, typically shown as a replay. Natural phenomena, such as a drop of water hitting a glass. Slow motion can also be used for artistic effect, to create a romantic or suspenseful aura or to stress a moment in time. Vsevolod Pudovkin, for instance, used slow motion in a suicide scene in his 1933 film The Deserter, in which a man jumping into a river seems sucked down by the slowly splashing waves. Another example is Face/Off, in which John Woo used the same technique in the movements of a flock of flying pigeons. The Matrix made a distinct success in applying the effect into action scenes through the use of multiple cameras, as well as mixing slow-motion with live action in other scenes. Japanese director Akira Kurosawa was a pioneer using this technique in his 1954 movie Seven Samurai. American director Sam Peckinpah was another classic lover of the use of slow motion. The technique is especially associated with explosion effect shots and underwater footage. The opposite of slow motion is fast motion. Cinematographers refer to fast motion as undercranking since it was originally achieved by cranking a handcranked camera slower than normal. It is often used for comic, or occasional stylistic effect. Extreme fast motion is known as time lapse photography; a frame of, say, a growing plant is taken every few hours; when the frames are played back at normal speed, the plant is seen to grow before the viewer's eyes. The concept of slow motion may have existed before the invention of the motion picture: the Japanese theatrical form Noh employs very slow movements. How slow motion works There are two ways in which slow motion can be achieved in modern cinematography. Both involve a camera and a projector. A projector refers to a classical film projector in a movie theater, but the same basic rules apply to a television screen and any other device that displays consecutive images at a constant frame rate. Overcranking For purposes of making the above illustration readable, a projection speed of 10 frames per second (fps) has been selected (the 24fps film standard makes slow overcranking rare but nevertheless available on professional equipment). Time stretching The second type of slow motion is achieved during post production. This is known as time-stretching or digital slow motion. This type of slow motion is achieved by inserting new frames in between frames that have actually been photographed. The effect is similar to overcranking as the actual motion occurs over a longer time. Since the necessary frames were never photographed, new frames must be fabricated. Sometimes the new frames are simply repeats of the preceding frames but more often they are created by interpolating between frames. (Often this motion interpolation is, effectively, a short dissolve between still frames). Many complicated algorithms exist that can track motion between frames and generate intermediate frames within that scene. It is similar to half-speed, and is not true slow-motion but merely a longer display of each frame. In action films Slow motion is used widely in action films for dramatic effect, as well as the famous bullet-dodging effect, popularized by The Matrix. Formally, this effect is referred to as and is a process whereby the capture frame rate of the camera changes over time. For example, if in the course of 10 seconds of capture, the capture frame rate is adjusted from 60 frames per second to 24 frames per second, when played back at the standard film rate of 24 frames per second, a unique time-manipulation effect is achieved. For example, someone pushing a door open and walking out into the street would appear to start off in slow motion, but in a few seconds later within the same shot the person would appear to walk in "realtime" (everyday speed). The opposite speed-ramping is done in The Matrix when Neo re-enters the Matrix for the first time to see the Oracle. As he comes out of the warehouse "load-point", the camera zooms into Neo at normal speed but as it gets closer to Neo's face, time seems to slow down, perhaps visually accentuating Neo pausing and reflecting a moment, and perhaps alluding to future manipulation of time itself within the Matrix later on in the movie. In broadcasting Slow-motion is widely used in sport broadcasting and its origins in this domain extend back to the earliest days of television, one example being the European Heavyweight Title in 1939 where Max Schmeling knocked out Adolf Heuser in 71 seconds. In instant replays, slow motion reviews are now commonly used to show in detail some action (photo finish, goal, ...). Generally, they are made with video servers and special controllers. The first TV slo-mo was the Ampex HS-100 disk record-player. After the HS-100, Type C videotape VTRs with a slow-motion option were used. There were a few special high frame rate TV systems (300 fps) made to give higher quality slow-motion for TV. 300 fps can be converted to both 50 and 60 fps transmission formats without major issues. Scientific use In scientific and technical applications it is often necessary to slow motion by a very large factor, for example to examine the details of a nuclear explosion. Examples are sometimes published showing, for example, a bullet bursting a balloon. Video file recording methods Usually, digital camcorders (including: bridge cameras, DSLM, higher-end compact cameras and mobile phones) historically had two ways of storing slow motion video (or: high framerate video) into the video file: the real-time method and the menial method. Real-time method The real time method treats the video as a normal video while encoding it. The output video file contains the same framerate as the image sensor output framerate. The duration of the video in the output file also matches the real-life recording duration. And the output video also contains an audio track, like usual videos. This method is used by all GoPro cameras, Sony RX10/RX100 series cameras (except in the time-limited "super-slow-motion" High Frame Rate (HFR) mode), Apple iPhones with high framerate (slow motion) video recording functionality (starting with the iPhone 5s in late 2013), Sony Xperia flagships since 2014 (Xperia Z2, first Sony flagship with precluded 120fps video recording), LG V series mobile phones and every Samsung Galaxy flagship phone since 2015 (Galaxy S6) for videos with 120 fps or higher. Every video camera that is able to record at 60 fps (e.g. Asus PadFone 2 (late 2012: 720p@60 fps) and Samsung Mobile starting at the Galaxy Note 3 (late 2013) with 1080p at 60 fps, labelled "smooth motion"), recorded it using the real-time method. Advantages Video editing software (e.g. Sony Vegas, Kdenlive and included software in mobile phones) and video playback software (e.g. VLC media player) allow treating such videos as both usual videos and slow-motion videos. During video editing and video playback, the indicated playback speed matches real life. Metadata viewing software (e.g. MediaInfo) shows a framerate and a time that matches the real-life conditions during the video recording progression. Video framerate and duration matches real life. Includes audio track, like normal framerate videos. These advantages make the real-time method the more useful method for power users. Menial method The menial method saves recorded video files in a stretched way, and also without audio track. The framerate in the output file does not match the original sensor output framerate, but the former is lower. The real-life timespan of the recording (while holding the camera) does not match the length of the video in the output file, but the latter is longer. The opposite is the case for time-lapse videos, where the effectively saved framerate is lower than for normal videos This means that the action visible inside the video runs at slower speeds than in real life, despite the indicated playback speed of ×1. This encoding method is used by the camera software of the following devices (incomplete list): Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ1000 (2014; 1080p@120fps; 1/4×) Samsung Omnia 2 GT-i8000 (2009; QVGA 320×240@120fps; 1/4×) Sony FDR-AX100 (2014; 720p@120fps; 1/4×) Sony RX100 IV, V, VI and VII: High Frame Rate (HFR) mode records at 240 fps up to 1,000 fps for 3–7 seconds. This is saved at 24 - 60 fps, i.e. from 1/4x down to 1/40x speed. All Samsung Galaxy flagship devices starting from late 2012 to late 2014: 2012: Galaxy Note 2: 720×480@120fps 2013 H1: Galaxy S4 (800×450@120fps) 2013 H1: S4 Zoom (720×480@120fps) 2013 H2: Galaxy Note 3 (1280×720@120fps) 2014 H1: Galaxy S5, Galaxy K Zoom, H2: Note 4 (1280×720@120fps) Earlier OnePlus flagship devices (1280×720@120fps). OnePlus One Advantages The output video file is directly playable as slow motion in video players that do not support adjusting the playback speed (e.g. on a Galaxy S3 Mini). The output video file is directly playable in video players and/or on devices that can only handle limited framerates (e.g. on a Galaxy S3 Mini). Comparison Example A 120FPS video whose real-life recording duration is 00h:00m:10s can be encoded in the following methods seen in the table on the Samsung Galaxy Note 2, S4, Note 3, S5 and Note 4 (example devices that use the menial method for 120fps video recording). In this example, the real-time-method recording device can be an iPhone 5s, a Galaxy S6 (including variants), a Galaxy Note 5, a Sony Xperia Z2, Xperia Z3 or Xperia Z5. This table also includes references from other video recording types (normal, low-framerate, time-lapse) to facilitate understanding for novice people. Notes See also Motion picture terminology High-speed camera Time-lapse photography Bullet time Video server Multicam (LSM) Temporal posterization References External links Videos Sorprendentes en Slow Motion / Cámara Lenta Create Slow Motion Videos slow mo on capcut JackCabbage: Overcrank on the EX-1 JackCabbage: Overcrank and Undercrank on the HVX Cinematic techniques Articles containing video clips Austrian inventions	wiki
Birmingham Library may refer to: Libraries in Birmingham, England Birmingham Library (17th century) Birmingham Central Library (1971–2013) Library of Birmingham, opened 2013 Libraries in Birmingham, Alabama, USA Birmingham Public Library	wiki
Iconix can refer to: ICONIX, an Agile software development process Iconix Brand Group, an apparel licensing company Iconix Entertainment, a South Korean entertainment company	wiki
Rocky Balboa, kitalált karakter Rocky Balboa, (2006) amerikai film Sylvester Stallone rendezésében Rocky Balboa, videójátékok Rocky Balboa: The Best of Rocky, album	wiki
Flight 7 or Flight 007 may refer to: Western Air Express Flight 7, a 1937 crash of a Western Air Express Boeing 247B Pan Am Flight 7, a 1957 crash of a Pan Am Boeing 377 Stratocruiser 10-29 Air France Flight 007, a 1962 crash of an Air France Boeing 707 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007, a 1980 crash of a LOT Polish Airlines Ilyushin Il-62 Korean Air Lines Flight 007, a 1983 accident in which a Korean Air Lines Boeing 747 was shot down over the near Moneron Island. Aeroflot Flight 7, a 1985 crash of an Aeroflot Yak-40 Kata Air Transport Flight 007, a 2008 accident where an Antonov An-32 crashed due to an engine malfunction 0007	wiki
Lucie River is a river of Suriname. It feeds into the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Courantyne River. The river was discovered and named by Eilerts de Haan in 1908. Eilerts de Haan is buried near the river. See also List of rivers of Suriname Notes References Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. Rivers of Suriname	wiki
North Dakota Highway 8 (ND 8) is a north–south state highway in North Dakota, United States. The highway is split into two segments. The southern segment is long and travels from Lake Sakakawea near Twin Buttes to South Dakota Highway 75 (SD 75) near Hettinger. The northern segment is long and travels from Saskatchewan Highway 9 (SK 9) in Northgate on the Canada–United States border to ND 23 near New Town. The highway was originally continuous but was separated by the formation of Lake Sakakawea in the 1950s. Route description Major intersections See also List of state highways in North Dakota List of highways numbered 8 References External links The North Dakota Highways Page by Chris Geelhart North Dakota Signs by Mark O'Neil 008	wiki
Commissioners Landing is a focal point along Boston's Charles River Esplanade, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Designed by Arthur Shurcliff during the 1930s, the landing features a granite wall and approximately balustrade, with steps leading to the river. Inscriptions at each end commemorate the Metropolitan Park Commission and the Metropolitan District Commission. The landing also serves as a dock. References External links Charles River Esplanade	wiki
Chick culling or unwanted chick killing is the process of separating and killing unwanted (male and unhealthy female) chicks for which the intensive animal farming industry has no use. It occurs in all industrialised egg production, whether free range, organic, or battery cage. However, some certified pasture-raised egg farms are taking steps to eliminate the practice entirely. Worldwide, around 7 billion male chicks are culled each year in the egg industry. Because male chickens do not lay eggs and only those in breeding programmes are required to fertilise eggs, they are considered redundant to the egg-laying industry and are usually killed shortly after being sexed, which occurs just days after they are conceived or after they hatch. Some methods of culling that do not involve anaesthetics include: cervical dislocation, asphyxiation by carbon dioxide, and maceration using a high-speed grinder. Maceration is the primary method in the United States. Maceration is often a preferred method over carbon dioxide asphyxiation in western countries as it is often considered as "more humane" due to the deaths occurring immediately or within a second. Due to modern selective breeding, laying hen strains differ from meat production strains (broilers). In the United States, males are culled in egg production because males "don't lay eggs or grow large enough to become broilers." Ducklings and goslings are also culled in the production of foie gras. However, because males gain more weight than females in this production system, the females are culled, sometimes in an industrial macerator. Up to 40 million female ducks per year may be killed in this way. The remains of female ducklings are later used in cat food and fertilisers. Because of animal welfare concerns, there is societal opposition to chick culling. In the 2010s, scientists developed technologies to determine the sexes of chicks when they are still in their eggs (in-ovo sexing). As soon as these methods were available on a commercial scale, Germany and France jointly became the first countries in the world to prohibit all chick killing from 1 January 2022, and called on other EU member states to do the same. History Prior to the development of modern broiler meat breeds, most male chickens (cockerels) were slaughtered for meat, whereas females (pullets) would be kept for egg production. However, once the industry successfully bred separate meat and egg-producing hybrids—starting in the 1920s and 1930s—there was no reason to keep males of the egg-producing hybrid. As a consequence, the males of egg-laying chickens are killed as soon as possible after hatching and sexing to reduce financial losses incurred by the breeder. Special techniques have been developed to accurately determine the sex of chicks at as young an age as possible. In November 2018, the "world's first industry-scale production no-kill eggs" were sold to the public in Berlin, Germany. Methods Several methods are used to cull chicks: Maceration (also called 'grinding', 'shredding' or 'mincing'); the chicks are placed into a large high-speed grinder. Asphyxiation (also called 'gassing' or 'controlled atmosphere killing'); carbon dioxide is used to induce unconsciousness and then death. Cervical dislocation; the neck is broken. Electrocution; an electric current is passed through the chick's body until it is dead. Suffocation; the chicks are placed in plastic bags. Permitted methods in the EU Authorised procedures for killing chicks have been harmonised within the European Union. The regulations initiated in 1976 evolved in 1993, the first directive to specifically take chicks into account. A new directive was adopted in 2009, enacted on 1 January 2013 (replacing the 1993 directive) and last updated on 14 December 2019: "Use of a mechanical apparatus causing rapid death" (essentially grinding) "Exposure to carbon dioxide" (essentially gassing) Recommended methods in the US The American Veterinary Medical Association (AMVA) "Euthanasia" methods include: cervical dislocation, maceration, and asphyxiation by carbon dioxide. The 2005–2006 AMVA Executive Board proposed a policy change, recommended by the Animal Welfare Committee on the killing of unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs. The policy states: 'Unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs should be killed by an acceptable humane method, such as use of a commercially designed macerator that results in instantaneous death. Smothering unwanted chicks or poults in bags or containers is not acceptable. Pips, unwanted chicks, or poults should be killed prior to disposal. A pipped egg, or pip, is one where the chick or poult has not been successful in escaping the egg shell during the hatching process.' US producers announced in 2016 a goal of being able by 2020 to determine the sex of the developing chick long before hatching, so male eggs can be destroyed. However in January 2020 they stated that killing day-old male chicks remains unavoidable due to the lack of a viable alternative. Statistics Worldwide: approximately 7 billion male chicks are culled annually around the world (2015 Poultry Site estimate). Other estimates include 6 billion (June 2016 SMH claim), 4–6 billion chicks (December 2018 The Guardian claim). According to In Ovo cofounder Wouter Bruins in October 2013, the top 20 poultry production countries alone culled 3.2 billion male chicks a year. Australia: more than 12 million male chicks are culled annually (June 2016 estimate). Maceration is the primary method used, but gassing is also used. Belgium: more than 15 million male chicks are culled annually, 40,000 a day (February 2020 estimate). CO2 gassing is the only method used and happens in two stages: chicks are first stunned and then killed. Canada: 22.5 million male chicks are culled annually, nearly 62,000 a day (December 2016 estimate). France: 50 million male chicks are culled annually in the egg industry (February 2020 estimate) and about 16 million female ducklings and goslings are culled annually in the foie gras industry. Maceration is the primary method in both industries. Germany: up to 50 million male chicks are culled annually (October 2019 estimate). Gassing is the primary method. India: over 180 million male chicks are culled annually (October 2014 estimate). Maceration appears to be the primary method, though suffocation using plastic bags has also been reported. Netherlands: 45 million male chicks are culled annually (May 2016 estimate). Gassing is the primary method. New Zealand: 2.5 million (April 2001 estimate) to 3 million (June 2016 estimate) male chicks are culled annually. Maceration is the primary method. Spain: 35 million male chicks are culled annually (March 2020 estimate). Switzerland: about 3 million male chicks are culled annually (September 2019 estimate). Gassing is the only method used; maceration was prohibited on 1 January 2020, but rarely used before that date. United Kingdom: 30 to 40 million male chicks are culled annually (November 2010 Viva! claim). A November 2010 Telegraph article reported on two undercover operations carried out by animal rights organisation Viva! showing a gassing-method hatchery and a maceration-method hatchery, both located in Preston. Both methods were reportedly 'legal and approved by both the Humane Slaughter Association and the RSPCA', with a British Egg Information Service (BEIS) spokesman saying gassing was used more often than maceration in the UK. In March 2015, a BEIS spokesman insisted that gassing was the only method used in the UK. United States: 300 million male chicks are culled annually (January 2020 The Humane Society claim). The Associated Press estimated this number at 200 million in 2009. Maceration is the primary method. Controversy and phaseout Animal welfare advocates maintain that many of the current practices surrounding chicken slaughtering are unethical. Animal rights advocates argue that it is wrong to unnecessarily exploit and kill other sentient beings for food production, including chicks. Scientific research into alternatives (2010s) Several technologies may obviate chick culling by determining the sex of a chick before hatching. These technologies rely on measuring eggs (through spectroscopy, chemical assays, or imaging); they can determine a chick's sex within 4–9 days of laying. Some methods require genetic engineering to make male eggs fluorescent. Such methods are attractive not only for ethical reasons but to reduce the costs of employing human cullers and of incubating male eggs. Timothy Kurt, a director from the United States Department of Agriculture, said, "Everyone wants the same thing, and the right piece of technology could solve this right now." A Unilever spokesperson has been quoted as saying in 2014: "We have also committed to providing funding and expertise for research and introduction of alternative methods such as in-ovo gender identification (sexing) of eggs. This new technology offers the potential to eliminate the hatching and culling of male chicks." In 2015, the Leipzig University developed a method to determine the gender of fertilized eggs 72 hours after the incubation process has started. The procedure would use a laser to drill a hole into the eggshell and analyze the way the egg's blood cells disperse that light using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. The hole in the eggshell would then be sealed again, and female embryos could be incubated as normal. Males would still be discarded, but earlier in their development. In 2018, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, invested $844,000 to electronically "scan" fertilized eggs to determine if they are male or female. In September 2019, the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, a company that was founded by the United States Congress in 2014 will award six contestants from ten countries, $6 million for working entries. United Egg Producers intends to be cull-free by 2020. CRISPR technology uses a "pair of molecular scissors" to illuminate the male chicks after being conceived and before being placed in the incubator to be hatched, thus eliminating all male chicks from being hatched. In spring 2021, the Leiden-based Dutch company In Ovo presented the new in ovo-sexing machine "Ella", which had an accuracy of over 95%, which could possibly be upgraded to 99% in the short term. Its method of retrieving some fluid from the fertilised egg with a needle, and finding the biomarker sabineamine in this sample with mass spectrometry, takes less than one second to perform. In late May 2021, a research team from the Technische Hochschule OWL based in Lemgo, Germany, claimed to be able to shine a laser into a small hole in fertilised eggs’ scale, and derive its sex from the reflected light using fluorescence spectroscopy within six days, thus complying to Germany's legal requirement of early sexing from 2024. Startups including Respeggt and In Ovo responded skeptically, saying the publication of these conclusions seemed rushed, and that "many methods may seem promising at first, but aren't immediately useful in practice." Legal challenge in Germany (2013–2019) In 2013, the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia issued a decree banning hatcheries from killing chicks, against which two egg hatcheries in the state appealed. As paragraph one of Germany's Animal Welfare Act stipulates that "No-one shall inflict pain, suffering or harm on an animal without a reasonable cause," a lower court ruled that killing for food production was a "reasonable" ground. This led to a challenge in the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig. On 13 June 2019, this court decided that the current way of culling chicks "violates the country's laws against killing animals without a justifiable reason." However, the court allowed hatcheries to keep culling chicks on a temporary basis until alternatives, such as sex determination in eggs, are introduced. Such "no-kill eggs" had been introduced into the German market in 2018 and were available in more than 200 shops by June 2019, but there was no industrial-scale solution available yet. Political efforts (2019–present) In response to the June 2019 Leipzig court ruling, German Agriculture Minister Julia Klöckner stated chick culling was "ethically unacceptable" and argued it should be prohibited. The Grand Coalition agreement of March 2018 stated that chick culling should have been ended "by the middle of the current legislative period", which would have been in October 2019, but this goal was not met. At that time, gassing was the most common method of chick culling in Germany, which killed up to 50 million chicks a year. Although the federal government had already invested millions of euros in stimulating scientific research into two alternative methods for sex determination in eggs by then, these were still not ready for the market yet. In September 2019, in Switzerland, the parliament voted to outlaw the shredding of chickens. This is despite this practice not being used in Switzerland. It was further commented that: "This tendency to rear species only for the production of eggs or for meat turns animals into mere objects. It has led to absurd practices such as the shredding of living male chicks". However, the practice of gassing chicks, which kills about three million male baby chicks in Switzerland per year, remained legal. In late October 2019, French Agriculture Minister Didier Guillaume told France Inter: "We announced last week with my colleague, German Minister for Agriculture [Julia Klöckner], that we were going to stop the shredding of chicks, which is no longer bearable today. We said end of the year 2021." He further argued that the practice needed to be phased out and not immediately discontinued: "If we do it right away, what will happen? There won't be eggs anymore." On 13 January 2020, during an official visit of Guillaume to Klöckner, the Ministers said in a joint statement that France and Germany wanted to end the mass shredding of male chicks at the EU level by the end of 2021. Guillaume stated that "France and Germany should be the European motor to advance on this issue", with Klöckner adding that Germany's EU presidency in the second half of 2020 was a good opportunity to do so. The countries planned to bring together various groups to share scientific knowledge and implement alternative methods. On 28 January 2020, Guillaume repeated at a press conference that the culling of unwanted male chicks (by shredding) would be outlawed in France by the end of 2021. While some animal rights activists welcomed the move, others said that the decision did not go far enough. The minister's entourage told Agence France-Presse that it was unclear whether his announced ban also included asphyxiation by CO2 (which was excluded from the Swiss ban), pressing him to explicitly prohibit that chick culling method as well. In early February 2020, four Dutch animal rights organisations sent letters to Prime Minister Mark Rutte and the Parliamentary Commission on Agriculture urging them to follow the examples given by Switzerland and France, and phase out all chick culling including gassing in the Netherlands by the end of 2021. The Dutch Ministry of Agriculture cautiously responded that "a political solution is being explored" and that the Agriculture Minister would soon provide more information. In March 2020, the Directorate of Production and Agrarian Markets of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture stated that it is working with egg producers to end the annual culling of 35 million male chicks in Spain in 2021. The Ministry said producers were testing two different techniques of in-ovo sex detection. In January 2021, the German federal government approved a draft law banning chick culling, to be effectuated at the end of 2021. If passed by the Bundestag, Germany would become the first country in the world to ban this practice, confirming its joint commitment with France made in January 2020. On 20 May 2021, the Bundestag indeed voted to ban the culling of male chicks in Germany from 1 January 2022. Although as of 2021 the scientific consensus was that chicken embryos wouldn't be able to experience pain until day 11 at the earliest, and at the time most in ovo-sexing startups managed to sex them at day 9, the new German law also dictated that by 1 January 2024, all fertilised eggs in Germany must be sexed within 6 days to avoid any chance of the embryo having consciousness and thus being able to experience pain, presenting new challenges to scientists. On 15 June 2021, the Dutch parliament by 81 votes to 69 adopted a motion directed at Agriculture Minister Carola Schouten to ban chick killing in the Netherlands. The motion, written and submitted by MPs Sandra Beckerman (SP) and Leonie Vestering (PvdD), stated: "[Parliament], noting that about 40 million male chicks are killed in the Netherlands annually because they have no economic value; considering that this is unnecessary because there are alternatives; considering that France and Germany are already introducing a ban; pronounces that the killing of male chicks should be prohibited." The same day, another motion by MPs Beckerman and Derk Boswijk (CDA), adopted by a much larger majority of 115 votes to 35, requested the government to inquire how, and how fast, a ban on killing male chicks could be introduced. The motion reiterated that the annual killing of 40 million Dutch male chicks was unnecessary, that France and Germany were already introducing a ban, and furthermore stated that "a ban in the Netherlands is desirable and must be done in a way that is good for animals, farmers and consumers." On 18 July 2021, French Minister of Agriculture, Julien Denormandie, announced chick culling would be banned from 1 January 2022. Both maceration and gassing will be prohibited, and the French government would grant chicken breeders subsidies of 10 million euros combined in order to acquire in-ovo sexing machines instead (leading to extra consumer costs of about 1 eurocent per box of six eggs). Denormandie stated that two-thirds of the poultry industry was expected to have adopted these machines by the end of the first quarter of 2022. and must have them installed by December 31, 2022. On 21 July 2021, Germany and France made a joint declaration that called on other EU member states to prohibit chick culling throughout the Union; their call was officially supported by Austria, Spain, Ireland, Luxembourg, and Portugal. Recently, the government of the Indian state of Kerala has also started taking steps to curb this inhumane practice on the behest of PETA India. India too has prevalence of the practice of male chick culling in its egg industry like its American counterpart. Business efforts (2018–present) Currently, the following businesses (producers, distributors and retailers) are in the process of introducing no-kill eggs (also called 'brotherless eggs') and phasing out kill eggs: German supermarket chain REWE is one of the main stakeholders of the Dutch–German Seleggt company that developed the first no-kill eggs. Under the label of Respeggt, these no-kill eggs were first introduced in 350 supermarkets and shops of REWE and Penny in the Berlin region in November 2018. By September 2019, Respeggt eggs were sold in 1,350 REWE shops. German supermarket chains Edeka, Marktkauf and Famila introduced brotherless eggs in 2019. French retail multinational Carrefour, Fermiers de Loué and German group Agri Advanced Technologies (AAT) introduced no-kill eggs in France in December 2019. On 10 February 2020, Carrefour announced it planned to mark the package of no-kill eggs with special logos, to have 20% of all its eggs sold without chick culling by 1 May 2020, and to completely produce and sell all eggs with the AAT method before the end of 2021. The number of Carrefour locations that sold AAT-style eggs grew gradually in the first half of 2020. In early February 2020, French egg distribution business Cocorette announced it would collaborate with poultry company Novoponto to produce no-kill eggs using Seleggt's technology. The German supermarket chains Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd announced in March 2020 they wanted to phase out chick culling in their entire chain before 2022. Aldi Netherlands was still considering its course as of May 2020. Dutch supermarket chain Jumbo was the first company in the Netherlands to start selling Respeggt eggs. Since mid-March 2020, all Jumbo supermarkets (more than 600 locations in the Netherlands and a few in Belgium) had them in store, and organic Respeggt eggs are planned to be introduced later in 2020. Dutch supermarket chain Coop (over 300 locations) will start selling free-range Respeggt eggs in September 2020. In July 2021, the Dutch in-ovo sexing machine companies Respeggt and In Ovo stated that in-ovo sexing was gaining momentum in Northwestern Europe, and major retailers were switching to it in anticipation of the German legal ban on chick killing. Generally speaking, the extra costs were not transferred to producers, but to consumers (at about 1 eurocent per egg in the case of Respeggt). Respeggt CEO Martijn Haarman stated: "The [poultry] industry is demonstrating that it has listened to society's desire to no longer kill male chicks. ... So now it's up to the consumer to decide if that higher price [of 1 cent per egg] is worth paying in order to prevent chick killing." Haarman also argued that the alternative of raising male chicks to roosters for meat was not economically viable, and "a step back both for animal welfare and the environment." The following businesses are considering or have committed to introducing no-kill eggs and phasing out kill eggs: In 2016, United Egg Producers, representing hatcheries that produce 95% of all eggs in the United States, reached an agreement with The Humane League that it would voluntarily phase out chick culling by 2020, or as soon as it was 'economically feasible' and an alternative was "commercially available". In January 2020, UEP president Chad Gregory said "a workable, scalable, solution is not yet available", but remained "a priority and the right thing to do" and that the UEP are "hopeful a breakthrough is on the horizon". The Humane League president David Coman-Hidy was similarly optimistic about the technological progress made and remains confident that alternatives will be soon be put in place "in order to spare the lives of the estimated 300 million male chicks that are killed every year in the U.S. alone". As of March 25, 2021, according to a press release from United Egg Producers, the agreement had not been upheld. Albert Heijn, the largest Dutch supermarket chain, with 1000 locations in the Netherlands and Belgium, stated in May 2020 that they are "meticulously monitoring the technological developments, and when it's operationally feasible, we will enable it". See also Animal–industrial complex Culling Chick sexing Gendercide References External links Hatchery Horrors: The Egg Industry's tiniest victims. Mercy for Animals. (includes graphic video on culling) Germany Ponders the Super Chicken. Der Spiegel. October 16, 2013. The short, brutal life of male chickens. Al Jazeera America. February 20, 2015. Animal Equality investigation in chicken hatcheries. Animal Equality via YouTube. November 25, 2015. Stop killing male chicks: We can save billions of animal lives from meeting a gruesome end. Gene Baur for the New York Daily News. February 8, 2020. Animal culling Cruelty to animals Egg farming Ethically disputed business practices towards animals Intensive farming Poultry farming	wiki
A prime reciprocal magic square is a magic square using the decimal digits of the reciprocal of a prime number. Consider a unit fraction, like 1/3 or 1/7. In base ten, the remainder, and so the digits, of 1/3 repeats at once: 0.3333... . However, the remainders of 1/7 repeat over six, or 7−1, digits: 1/7 = 0·142857142857142857... If you examine the multiples of 1/7, you can see that each is a cyclic permutation of these six digits: 1/7 = 0·1 4 2 8 5 7... 2/7 = 0·2 8 5 7 1 4... 3/7 = 0·4 2 8 5 7 1... 4/7 = 0·5 7 1 4 2 8... 5/7 = 0·7 1 4 2 8 5... 6/7 = 0·8 5 7 1 4 2... If the digits are laid out as a square, each row will sum to 1+4+2+8+5+7, or 27, and only slightly less obvious that each column will also do so, and consequently we have a magic square: 1 4 2 8 5 7 2 8 5 7 1 4 4 2 8 5 7 1 5 7 1 4 2 8 7 1 4 2 8 5 8 5 7 1 4 2 However, neither diagonal sums to 27, but all other prime reciprocals in base ten with maximum period of p−1 produce squares in which all rows and columns sum to the same total. Other properties of prime reciprocals: Midy's theorem The repeating pattern of an even number of digits [7-1, 11-1, 13-1, 17-1, 19-1, 23-1, 29-1, 47-1, 59-1, 61-1, 73-1, 89-1, 97-1, 101-1, ...] in the quotients when broken in half are the nines-complement of each half: 1/7 = 0.142,857,142,857 ... +0.857,142 --------- 0.999,999 1/11 = 0.09090,90909 ... +0.90909,09090 ----- 0.99999,99999 1/13 = 0.076,923 076,923 ... +0.923,076 --------- 0.999,999 1/17 = 0.05882352,94117647 +0.94117647,05882352 ------------------- 0.99999999,99999999 1/19 = 0.052631578,947368421 ... +0.947368421,052631578 ---------------------- 0.999999999,999999999 Ekidhikena Purvena From: Bharati Krishna Tirtha's Vedic mathematics#By one more than the one before Concerning the number of decimal places shifted in the quotient per multiple of 1/19: 01/19 = 0.052631578,947368421 02/19 = 0.1052631578,94736842 04/19 = 0.21052631578,9473684 08/19 = 0.421052631578,947368 16/19 = 0.8421052631578,94736 A factor of 2 in the numerator produces a shift of one decimal place to the right in the quotient. In the square from 1/19, with maximum period 18 and row-and-column total of 81, both diagonals also sum to 81, and this square is therefore fully magic: 01/19 = 0·0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1... 02/19 = 0·1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2... 03/19 = 0·1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3... 04/19 = 0·2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4... 05/19 = 0·2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5... 06/19 = 0·3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6... 07/19 = 0·3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7... 08/19 = 0·4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8... 09/19 = 0·4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9... 10/19 = 0·5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0... 11/19 = 0·5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1... 12/19 = 0·6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2... 13/19 = 0·6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3... 14/19 = 0·7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4... 15/19 = 0·7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5... 16/19 = 0·8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6... 17/19 = 0·8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7... 18/19 = 0·9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8... The same phenomenon occurs with other primes in other bases, and the following table lists some of them, giving the prime, base, and magic total (derived from the formula base−1 × prime−1 / 2): See also Cyclic number References Rademacher, H. and Toeplitz, O. The Enjoyment of Mathematics: Selections from Mathematics for the Amateur. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 158–160, 1957. Weisstein, Eric W. "Midy's Theorem." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MidysTheorem.html Recreational mathematics Magic squares	wiki
T. potens may refer to: Thylacinus potens, a prehistoric mammal species Titanophoneus potens, a prehistoric synapsid species See also Potens (disambiguation)	wiki
A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building. Spire may also refer to: Places Geography Spire, French name of the German city Speyer The Spire (Graham Land), a rock pinnacle in Antarctica The Spire (Rampart Ridge), a rock pinnacle in Antarctica Spire Peaks, a mountain in Canada Spire Point, a mountain in Washington state Buildings and structures Spire (Seattle building), planned building, Washington, US Chicago Spire, a cancelled skyscraper in Chicago, US Spire of Dublin, a sculpture in Dublin Spire London, a planned building near Canary Wharf Arts, entertainment, and media Comics Spire Christian Comics The Spire (comics), 2015 Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media Spire (social networking service) A fictional character in the video game Metroid Prime Hunters A Spire for Mansfield or A-Spire, a sculpture in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, England A fictional world in the video game Myst IV: Revelation Slay the Spire, a video game Spire FM, a UK radio station The Spire, a 1964 novel by William Golding Brands and enterprises Spire (activity tracker), a wearable device Spire Credit Union, Minnesota, US Spire Global, a data company Spire Healthcare, UK Spire Inc, St. Louis, Missouri, US Science and technology Spire (mollusc), part of the shell Spire Elite in InterContinental Hotels Group loyalty program Herschel Space Observatory's Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver Systematic Protein Investigative Research Environment, a mass spectrometry analysis site SPIRE, the export control system used by the UK government Sports SPIRE Institute, a U.S. Olympic training facility: See United States Olympic Training Center See also Spires (disambiguation)	wiki
Tou or TOU may refer to: Tactical Operations Unit, a type of police unit Terms of use, rules which one must agree to abide by in order to use a service Time-of-use, time-based pricing often used by utility companies Touho Airport (IATA airport code), Touho, New Caledonia Tou (biblical figure) Tou (brewery), a former Norwegian brewery Tou (surname), a surname in Chinese and other cultures Tou (tree) (Cordia subcordata)	wiki
The Cision Media Contacts Database (formerly known as Bacon's Media Directories) gathers information on media contacts and outlets (currently over 1.6 million, updating daily). Though a commercial resource, it has often been exploited for academic research applications. The database is useful for marketing and public relations work. It has also been recommended for use in academic research and has indeed been leveraged as a key data source in peer-reviewed studies. As summarized by professor Philip M. Napoli, these directories are "widely regarded as the best-available commercial database for identifying media outlets and media workers in the United States," especially as "[t]he scale and scope of the data contained within Cision far exceed what can generally be gathered by academic researchers...". However, some scholars critique the use of Cision in such research because its method of gathering data "sweep[s] up problematic actors," such as bots, when aggregating data on media contacts. See also Media studies Cision References Media studies Journalism	wiki
Master Scuba Diver (MSD) is a scuba diving certification or recognition level offered by several North American diver training agencies, such as the National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), the Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), Scuba Diving International (SDI), and Scuba Schools International (SSI). Other agencies (e.g., The International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers) offer similar programs under other names, such as "Elite Diver". Each of these (and other) agencies touts their program at this level as the highest, non-leadership program. Most organizations have a minimum age requirement of 15 to undertake the Master Scuba Diver course, although some organizations do permit certification of "Junior" Master Scuba Divers. Methodology Different agencies take different approaches to this program creating both a disparate level of indicated diver competence both within most agencies as well as from agency to agency. The specific methodologies of the main agencies are as follows: IANTD IANTD awards their Elite Diver Recognition to a diver who completes: IANTD Advanced Open Water Diver. Three IANTD specialties: Deep, EANx, Rescue and Navigation. Any two other IANTD specialties. NAUI The NAUI Master Scuba Diver course is one of such courses offered by the major North American diver training organizations that is designed with both a skill based and academic core. The NAUI Master Scuba Diver course was specifically designed by two NAUI Instructors: Paul Heinmiller (NAUI 5141L) and Phil Sharkey (NAUI 4505L), to meet a specific need that had been identified by the NAUI membership: a clearly defined course that provides, tests for, and certifies to, all the academic and skill training required of a NAUI Instructor, excepting topics covering teaching theory and methods and supervision of students and certified divers, topics that are part of NAUI's Divemaster and/or Instructor Training Course. The NAUI Master Scuba Diver course involves specific training in the theory and practice of: Emergency procedures and rescue Deep/simulated decompression diving Limited visibility or night diving Underwater navigation Search and recovery – light salvage PADI PADI awards their Master Scuba Diver Recognition to a diver who completes: PADI Advanced Open Water Diver course or equivalent PADI Rescue Diver course EFR Emergency First Response course any Five different PADI specialty diving courses (not counting the Rescue Diver or EFR course) Logs 50 dives SDI SDI awards their Master Scuba Diver Recognition rating to a diver who completes: SDI Advanced Open Water Diver course SDI Rescue Diver course Completion of 4 SDI, TDI, or ERDI Specialty Courses or equivalent; only 1 course without dives, may be credited towards the master diver development program, with the exception of nitrox Logs 50 dives SSI SSI awards their Master Diver Recognition to any diver who completes: any four different SSI Specialty Diving courses SSI Diver Stress & Rescue course Logs 50 dives Footnotes Diving qualifications	wiki
Guitar Slinger – album di Johnny Winter del 1984 Guitar Slinger – album dei The Brian Setzer Orchestra del 1996 Guitar Slinger – album di George Lynch del 2007 Guitar Slinger – album di Vince Gill del 2011	wiki

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.