text
stringlengths 16
352k
| source
stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|
Patrick Chabal (29 April 1951 – 16 January 2014) was a leading Africanist of the late 20th and early 21st century. He had a long career in academics. Patrick Chabal's latest position was Chair in African History & Politics at King's College London. He published numerous books, book chapters and articles about Africa. He was one of the founders of AEGIS (Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies) and was a board member for many years.
Major publications
Amílcar Cabral. Revolutionary leadership and people's war (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983)
with Jean-Pascal Daloz: Africa Works: disorder as political instrument (Oxford, Currey, 1999)
with Jean-Pascal Daloz: Culture Troubles: politics and the interpretation of meaning (London, Hurst, 2006)
with Ulf Engel & Leo de Haan (eds): African Alternatives (2007)
Africa: the politics of suffering and smiling (2009)
The end of Conceit: Western rationality after postcolonialism (2012)
References
External links
Professional page at King's College London
Chabal's publications at Worldcat
British Africanists
Academics of King's College London
1951 births
2014 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Columbia University alumni
|
wiki
|
La chaudrée de palourdes ( en anglais) est une soupe traditionnelle de la région nord-est des États-Unis (Nouvelle-Angleterre) et du Canada. Elle est à base de palourdes américaines, de pommes de terre, de lait, de crème et d'aromates divers.
En France, la recette remplace les palourdes américaines par des palourdes.
L’origine du terme est obscure. Certains la font dériver du mot « chaudière » pris dans le sens de « chaudron », terme utilisé dans certaines régions de l'Ouest de la France (Charente-Maritime, Vendée). Il est apparenté à la « chaudrée », épaisse soupe de poisson originaire de ces régions.
Variations
New England clam chowder
Boston clam chowder
Manhattan clam chowder
Rhode Island clam chowder
Références
Voir aussi
Articles connexes
Chaudrée
Cuisine des États-Unis
Liens externes
Soupe de poisson
Nouvelle-Angleterre
Soupe américaine
|
wiki
|
Séparation de corps et d'habitation or only Séparation de corps ('Separation of Person') was one of two forms of divorce which was available in France prior to the French revolution.
Séparation de corps was a permission from the court for two spouses to legally live separate lives, juridically independent from each other, and dissolved their respective legal responsibilities toward each other. They were, however, still formally married and were not allowed to remarry as long as their spouse was alive. This type of divorce was normally granted to women, as husbands already had legal power over their wives and thus had not need to file for a divorce.
In order to have a divorce, a woman had to prove that her husband was insane, or that he had abused her.
Séparation de corps differed from the other option, Séparation de biens ('Separation of Property') in which the wife was declared to be of legal majority and allowed to handle her own economy, which was legally regarded as a form of divorce.
This type of divorce was replaced by the Loi autorisant le divorce en France in 1792, which allowed for an equal divorce and allowed the parties to remarry.
References
Legal history of the Ancien Régime
Marriage in France
Divorce law
|
wiki
|
Oat milk is a plant milk derived from whole oat (Avena spp.) grains by extracting the plant material with water. Oat milk has a creamy texture and mild oatmeal-like flavor, and is manufactured in various flavors, such as sweetened, unsweetened, vanilla, and chocolate.
Unlike other plant milks having origins as early as the 13th century, oat milk was developed in the 1990s by the Swedish scientist Rickard Öste. Over 2017–2019, oat milk sales in the United States increased 10 fold, and one major manufacturer, Oatly, reported a three-fold increase in worldwide sales. As of late 2020, the oat milk market became second-largest among plant milks in the United States, following the leader, almond milk, but exceeding the sales of soy milk.
By 2020, oat milk products included coffee creamer, yogurt alternatives, ice cream, and chocolate. Oat milk may be consumed to replace dairy in vegan diets, or in cases of medical conditions where dairy is incompatible, such as lactose intolerance or an allergy to cow milk. Compared to milk and other plant-based beverages, oat milk has relatively low environmental impact due to its comparatively low land and water needs for production.
History
Invention
Soy milk and almond milk predate all other alternative milks, including oat milk, both as cultural and commercial products. Since the early 20th century, soy milk made its way from Asia to European and American grocery stores, initially as a dairy substitute due to lactose intolerance. The increase in consumption of soy milk since its global distribution created a large market for plant-based beverages like oat milk. The first recorded instance of an oat-based plant beverage was in the early 1990s, when Rickard Öste developed oat milk. Öste was working as a food scientist at Lund University in Lund, Sweden, researching lactose intolerance and sustainable food systems, when he invented the drink. Soon after, Öste founded Oatly, the first commercial manufacturer of oat milk.
History of market expansion
The pioneer in commercial oat milk, Oatly, had its products in 7,000 coffee shops and grocery stores, as of 2019, but was not the only prominent oat milk producer. Oat milk can be found under brand names Oatly (Sweden), Pureharvest (Australia), Alpro (UK), Bioavena (Italy), Simpli (Finland), Vitasoy (Hong Kong), and Pacific (USA), among others. In 2018, global sales of plant milks, including oat milk, were US$1.6 billion, with a forecast of $41 billion by 2025.
In 2018, there were numerous oat milk shortages from unprecedented demand in Europe and North America, highlighting the strong consumer demand for this product. To meet the American demand, Oatly opened a new factory in New Jersey in April 2019, producing per month of oat milk base, and announced plans for a Utah-based factory three times larger to open in early 2020. In 2019, retail sales of oat milk in the United States were $29 million, up from $4.4 million in 2017. During 2020, oat milk sales in the United States increased to $213 million, becoming the second most consumed plant milk after almond milk ($1.5 billion in 2020 sales).
Oat milk ice cream, yogurt-like products, and coffee creamers, were common in 2019, with expanded uses in coffee shops, such as Starbucks, and growth into new markets, such as China. Growth in the oat milk market is partly attributed to its relatively low environmental impact, low land and water needs, and rising vegan dietary practices in developed countries.
From 2019 to 2020 in the United States, oat milk sales increased 303% to million, with refrigerated oat milk having nearly ten times the sales of shelf-stable oat milk. Consumer analysis of the growth in oat milk consumption indicates its market growth derives from the dairy-like taste, health perception, and environmental sustainability, which contrasts with the high water demand of growing almonds. Oat milk foams and mixes in other beverages, like coffee, in ways similar to milk.
Over 2020-21, oat milk sales increased 151%, with it becoming the second-most consumed plant milk after almond milk. On 20 May 2021, Oatly the world's largest oat milk manufacturer became a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ exchange, having a market value of 13 billion on that day.
Production
Processing
The production of oat milk is similar to that of most other plant milks. Unprocessed cereal grains, like oats, are indigestible due to their hard, outer hull; processing is also necessary to change the dry grains into a liquid.
The procedure starts by measuring and milling the oat grains to break apart their outer hull. Then the grains are stirred in warm water and ground into a slurry. The slurry is treated with enzymes and heat to create a thick liquid oat base.
Soaking and subsequently extracting nutrients from the oats have the most direct implications on the final milk product. Increasing the yield in this step may be assisted by chemical catalysts, enzymes, or an increase in temperature, all in order to remove nutrient molecules from the solid byproduct and incorporate them into the liquid. Chemical catalysts increase the pH of the mixture, enzymatic catalysts induce partial hydrolysis of proteins and polysaccharides, and higher temperatures increase reaction rates. Separating the liquid from the solid byproduct is a simple step achieved through decanting, filtration, and spinning in a centrifuge.
Once the liquid product is separated, adding other ingredients, such as fortifying vitamins and minerals, or sweeteners, flavorings, salts, oils, and similar ingredients, forms the final product. Since unfortified oat milk is lower in calcium, iron, and vitamin A than milk, these nutrients must be added in order for the end product to be a nutritional substitute of milk. Homogenization and heat-treatments such as pasteurization or ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatments are used to extend the product's shelf life.
Challenges to processing
Oat milk, like most plant-based milks, is made of disintegrated and hydrolyzed plant materials, resulting in non-uniform particle sizes in comparison to bovine milk. Decreasing particle size and narrowing the distribution through physical processing like homogenization, and using stabilizers, such as hydrocolloids in combination with other emulsifiers, are common ways to improve product quality.
Another problem posed by the natural composition of oats is their high starch content. The starch content (50–60%) is challenging during ultra-high temperature treatments because of the relatively low gelatinization temperature of starch. To overcome this, producers use an enzymatic hydrolysis of starch by alpha- and beta-amylase, which break down the starch into smaller polysaccharides without the previous gelatinization behavior.
Fortifying oat milk with essential micronutrients may include vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin B12, riboflavin, and calcium.
Veganism and environmental impact
Since around 2015, interest for plant-based foods, in combination with concerns for animal welfare and low environmental impact, propelled consumption of oat milk. Compared to milk and other plant-based milks, the oat milk manufacturing process produces small amounts of carbon dioxide and no methane (low greenhouse gas emissions), and requires relatively low use of water and land. Oat milk production requires 1/15th the amount of water of milk production and 1/8th the water of almond milk.
Nutritional composition
In comparison to cow's milk, oat milk is similar in total calories per liquid volume (per cup serving, 120 vs 149 calories for cow's milk), has 40% the protein content, 63% of the fat, but only about 10% of the saturated fat content, and about 1.5 times the total carbohydrate (although simple sugars are half that of cow's milk). Cow's milk has no fiber, but oat milk has 2 g dietary fiber per serving. Calcium and potassium contents are comparable, although oat milk – as for all plant-based milks – may be fortified with specific nutrients during manufacturing. It has a glycemic index of 60; cow's milk is 47.
Uses
Oat milk is used as a substitute for milk in custom coffee preparation, and in fermented products similar to yogurt and kefir. Baristas claim that oat milk needs less steam than cow milk, froths favorably, is tasteful, rich, and creamy like cow milk, and effectively balances the acidity of espresso coffee. It has growing applications in coffee preparation at major coffee shops.
See also
Almond milk
Coconut milk
Plant milk
Pea milk
Soy milk
References
Cold drinks
Milk substitutes
Non-alcoholic drinks
Oats
Plant milk
Vegan cuisine
Vegetarianism and drinks
Grains
|
wiki
|
The following tables are comparisons of the specifications of Microsoft Lumia smartphones from within the same generation. Lumia devices were developed and sold by Nokia until the acquisition of its mobile phone division by Microsoft in early 2014. The Nokia brand continued to be used on new models until the release of the Microsoft Lumia 535 in November 2014.
First generation (Windows Phone 7)
Second generation (Windows Phone 8)
Third generation (Windows Phone 8.1)
Fourth generation (Windows Phone 8.1 Update 2)
Fifth generation (Windows 10 Mobile)
See also
Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones
Comparison of iPhone model
Comparison of Samsung Galaxy S smartphones
History of mobile phones
References
External links
Windows Phone devices
Microsoft Lumia
Videotelephony
Products introduced in 2011
Lumia
Computing comparisons
|
wiki
|
The Canadian National Basketball League (CNBL) was a professional basketball league based in southern Ontario aiming to attract Canadian players who played overseas to join their league. In November 2002 they announced their inaugural season would be in the spring-summer of 2003. The CNBL made this announcement around the same time the Canadian Baseball League announced their schedule. Their inaugural season was later postponed until the summer of 2004. The league ceased operations sometime in 2004 with only playing a few exhibition games.
Teams
The CNBL had 6 teams, all based in southern Ontario
The Brantford Blaze, based in Brantford, Ontario, renamed themselves the Brantford Connexion and joined the Ontario Professional Basketball Association (OPBA) after the league ceased operations.
The Durham Dragons, based in Durham Regional Municipality, Ontario, with a possible affiliation to an athletic organization. They currently operate a basketball camp.
The London Orion, based in London, Ontario, joined the OPBA after the league ceased operations. They also operate a basketball camp.
The Toronto Metro Xpress, based in Toronto, Ontario, currently operate a basketball camp.
The Waterloo Wildhawks, based in Waterloo Regional Municipality, Ontario, currently operate a basketball camp.
The Windsor Drive, based in Windsor, Ontario, currently operate a basketball camp.
External links
Basketball camps operated by former CNBL teams
History of the CNBL and other semi-professional basketball in Canada at www.FrozenHoops.com
Basketball leagues in Canada
2002 establishments in Ontario
2004 disestablishments in Ontario
Basketball in Ontario
Sports leagues established in 2002
Sports leagues disestablished in 2004
|
wiki
|
Person-to-person and person to person may refer to:
Person-to-person call; see Operator assistance
Peer-to-peer lending, also called P2P or person-to-person lending
Film and television
Person to Person, a 1953–61 American television series
Person to Person (Australian TV series), a 1959–1960 Australian television series
"Person to Person" (Mad Men), the final episode of the TV series Mad Men
Person to Person (film), a 2017 film directed by Dustin Guy Defa
Music
Person to Person (Mildred Anderson album), 1960
Person to Person (George Cables album), 1995
Person to Person!, a 1970 album by Houston Person
Person to Person: Live at the Blue Note, a 2003 Ben E. King album
Person to Person, a 2009 album by Foreign Born
"Person to Person", a song by Screamin' Jay Hawkins
See also
P2P (disambiguation)
Peer-to-peer (disambiguation)
Peer-to-peer, a distributed computing architecture
|
wiki
|
Buffy is a pet form of the female given name Elizabeth.
Buffy or Buffie may also refer to:
People
Given name
Buffie Carruth (born 1977), American model and fitness instructor
Buffy Tyler (born 1978), Playboy playmate
Buffy Wicks (born 1977), California State Assemblymember
Nickname
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900–2002), the queen consort of Great Britain, who had the nickname Buffy as a child
Darren Robinson (rapper) (1967–1995), also called Buffy, a member of the rap trio The Fat Boys
Buffy Sainte-Marie (born 1941), indigenous Canadian-American musician, artist, and activist
Dorothy Buffum Chandler (1901–1997), a Los Angeles cultural leader, was nicknamed Buffy or Buffie or Buff
Elizabeth Williams (Rhondda politician) (born 1976), Welsh politician and Member of the Senedd, known as Buffy
Stage name
Buffy (rapper) (born Kim Ju-hyeon, 1995) member of South Korean band MADTOWN
Fictional characters
Buffy Summers, the title character in the 1997 TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Buffy Driscoll, a main character and Andi's best friend on Disney Channel's Andi Mack
Buffy Gilmore, a main character in Scary Movie
Buffy, the sister-in-law of Mike Motley in the 1976–2000 comic strip Motley's Crew
Buffy Patterson Davis, the twin sister to Jody on the 1966 TV series Family Affair
Other uses
Buffy (album), a 1974 album by Buffy Sainte-Marie for MCA Records
Buffy (color), a color often used in description of birds
Buffy (dog), Russian President Vladimir Putin's dog
Buffy coat, a component of blood
The Buffy EP, 1999 EP by Velvet Chain
, trans-Neptunian object, nicknamed Buffy
See also
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (disambiguation), various media and the character
|
wiki
|
The NGC 2997 group is a group of galaxies about 24.8 million light-years from Earth containing NGC 2997 as a member. It is a group in the Local Supercluster along with the Local Group.
References
G. De Vaucouleurs, 1975. Nearby Groups of Galaxies, ch. 5. the nearer groups within 10 megaparsecs. Published in "Galaxies and the Universe," ed. by A. Sandage, M. Sandage and J. Kristian.
Galaxy clusters
Virgo Supercluster
|
wiki
|
The Yellow Room may refer to
The Yellow Room (1891), a work of sadism and masochism in fiction
The Yellow Room (1945), a novel by Mary Roberts Rinehart
The Mystery of the Yellow Room (1907), a detective story by Gaston Leroux
Bedroom in Arles, a painting by Vincent van Gogh
The Yellow Oval Room in the White House, Washington, DC
|
wiki
|
Kōnan-ku may refer to:
Kōnan-ku, Niigata (江南区)
Kōnan-ku, Yokohama (港南区)
|
wiki
|
Spanish West Florida (Spanish: Florida Occidental) was a province of the Spanish Empire from 1783 until 1821, when both it and East Florida were ceded to the United States.
The region of West Florida initially had the same borders as the erstwhile British colony. Much of its territory was gradually annexed by the United States in the West Florida Controversy. At its greatest extent, the colony included what are now the Florida Parishes of Louisiana, the southernmost parts of Mississippi and Alabama, as well as the Panhandle of Florida. Whereas Southeastern Louisiana and present-day coastal Mississippi and Alabama were annexed either prior to or during the War of 1812, the land which makes up present-day Florida was not acquired until several years later. It became the Florida Territory of the United States in 1822.
History
Spain was the first European state to colonize the Florida peninsula, expanding northward from Cuba and establishing long-lasting settlements at St. Augustine, on the Atlantic coast, as well as at Pensacola and San Marcos (St. Marks), on the Gulf of Mexico coast.
Following Spain's losses to Great Britain during the Seven Years' War, Spain ceded its Florida territory to Britain in 1763. British administrators then divided the territory into two colonies: East Florida, including the Florida peninsula with the capital at St. Augustine, and West Florida, to which was appended part of the territory received from France under the 1763 peace treaty. West Florida extended from the Apalachicola River to the Mississippi River, with its capital at Pensacola.
In 1779, Spain entered the American Revolutionary War on the side of France but not the Thirteen Colonies. Bernardo de Gálvez, governor of Spanish Louisiana, led a military campaign along the Gulf coast, capturing Baton Rouge and Natchez from the British in 1779, Mobile in 1780 and Pensacola in 1781.
In the 1783 Paris peace treaty, Great Britain returned both Florida colonies to Spanish control. Instead of administering Florida as a single province, as it had prior to 1763, New Spain preserved the British arrangement of dividing the territory between East and West Florida (Florida Oriental and Florida Occidental). When Spain acquired West Florida in 1783, the eastern British boundary was the Apalachicola River, but Spain in 1785 moved it eastward to the Suwannee River. The purpose was to transfer San Marcos and the district of Apalachee from East Florida to West Florida.
See also
Spanish Florida
New Spain
British West Florida
East Florida
West Florida
Republic of West Florida
West Florida Controversy
Florida Territory
References
Bibliography
Reprint, Pioneer Publishing, 164 pp.
Gannon, Michael (1996). The New History of Florida. University Press of Florida. .
West Florida Collection, Center for Southeast Louisiana Studies, Linus A. Sims Memorial Library, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond. For a summary of the holdings see West Florida Archival Collection
Spanish Florida
West Florida
History of Alabama
History of Florida
History of Louisiana
History of Mississippi
|
wiki
|
Neonatal hepatitis refers to many forms of liver dysfunction that affects fetuses and neonates. It is most often caused by viruses or metabolic diseases, and many cases are of an unknown cause.
Signs and symptoms
The infant with neonatal hepatitis usually has jaundice that appears at one to two months of age, is not gaining weight and growing normally, and has an enlarged liver and spleen. Infants with this condition are usually jaundiced. Jaundice that is caused by neonatal hepatitis is not the same as physiologic neonatal jaundice. In contrast with physiologic neonatal jaundice, infants with neonatal hepatitis present with dark urine. Infants may also present with delayed growth.
Causes
The causes of neonatal hepatitis are many. Viruses that have been identified include cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, hepatitis A and B viruses, herpes simplex viruses, coxsackievirus, echovirus, and paramyxovirus. Metabolic and immune disorders can also cause neonatal hepatitis. Giant cell transformation throughout the parenchyma is common.
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Conditions that can present similarly include galactosaemia, hereditary fructose intolerance, cystic fibrosis, and biliary atresia.
See also
Neonatal jaundice
References
External links
Neonatology
Hepatitis
Articles containing video clips
|
wiki
|
Jamie Franks may refer to:
Jamie Franks (politician) (born 1972), Democratic member of the Mississippi House of Representatives
Jamie Franks (soccer) (born 1986), American soccer player
Jamie Franks (professional shooter)
See also
James Franks (disambiguation)
|
wiki
|
Zheng He - um explorador chinês do século XV.
Zheng Saisai - uma tenista profissional chinesa.
Zheng Long - um futebolista Chinês.
Zheng Dongmei - uma ex-basquetebolista chinesa.
Zheng Lihui - um ex-ginasta chinês.
Zheng Haixia - uma ex-basquetebolista chinesa que integrou a Seleção Chinesa Feminina.
A Fei Zheng Chuan um filme.
Desambiguação
|
wiki
|
La Seat Formula est un concept-car du constructeur automobile espagnol Seat.
Images
Références
Automobile Seat
Seat Formula
|
wiki
|
In music, a drum stroke is a movement which produces a single or multiple notes on drums or other percussion instruments such as cymbals. There are several types of strokes: four basic single strokes (noted below), double strokes, and other multiple strokes such as triples, quadruples, or buzzes of indeterminate number.
Basic strokes
The basic strokes produce a single hit or notes while resulting in different sounds. They are produced by different movements.
The full stroke begins with the tip of the drumstick held 8-12" (20-30 cm) above the striking surface. The drummer strikes the drum and then returns the stick back up to its original position.
The down stroke begins with the tip at the same height as the full stroke, but upon striking the drum head, the drummer keeps the stick low (about an inch above the striking surface).
The up stroke begins with the tip of the stick hovering about an inch above the head of the drum. The drummer strikes the surface, then brings the stick up to full stroke or down stroke position.
In the tap, the stick begins at the same position as the up stroke and remains there after striking.
The four basic strokes are used to produce a variety of accented and unaccented beat combinations.
Other strokes
Push/Pull or Push-Pull Strokes, dual fulcrum strokes with alternated wrist and finger motions.
Moeller Method Strokes, the same 4 basic strokes as above, but with a dual fulcrum whipping motion.
Gladstone Free Strokes, with a completely uninhibited rebound in full, half, or low varieties.
Freehand or Gravity Strokes, a dual fulcrum stroke using the rim for alternating up and down halves.
Ghost Notes, basic taps or up strokes played at a lower volume than the surrounding notes, the inverse of an accent.
See also
Drum rudiment
Ghost note
Beat (music)
Backbeat
References
Percussion performance techniques
|
wiki
|
Teaching is the practice implemented by a teacher aimed at transmitting skills (knowledge, know-how, and interpersonal skills) to a learner, a student, or any other audience in the context of an educational institution. Teaching is closely related to learning, the student's activity of appropriating this knowledge.
Teaching is part of the broader concept of education.
Methods
Profession
Training
References
|
wiki
|
Incandescence is the emission of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light) from a hot body as a result of its high temperature. The term derives from the Latin verb incandescere, to glow white. A common use of incandescence is the incandescent light bulb, now being phased out.
Incandescence is due to thermal radiation. It usually refers specifically to visible light, while thermal radiation refers also to infrared or any other electromagnetic radiation.
Observation and use
In practice, virtually all solid or liquid substances start to glow around , with a mildly dull red color, whether or not a chemical reaction takes place that produces light as a result of an exothermic process. This limit is called the Draper point. The incandescence does not vanish below that temperature, but it is too weak in the visible spectrum to be perceptible.
At higher temperatures, the substance becomes brighter and its color changes from red towards white and finally blue.
Incandescence is exploited in incandescent light bulbs, in which a filament is heated to a temperature at which a fraction of the radiation falls in the visible spectrum. The majority of the radiation, however, is emitted in the infrared part of the spectrum, rendering incandescent lights relatively inefficient as a light source. If the filament could be made hotter, efficiency would increase; however, there are currently no materials able to withstand such temperatures which would be appropriate for use in lamps.
More efficient light sources, such as fluorescent lamps and LEDs, do not function by incandescence.
Sunlight is the incandescence of the "white hot" surface of the sun.
See also
Black-body radiation
Red heat
List of light sources
luminescence (light emission by substances not resulting from heat)
References
External links
Electromagnetic radiation
Light sources
Luminescence
|
wiki
|
The Oxyurini are a tribe of the duck subfamily of birds, the Anatinae. It has been subject of considerable debate about its validity and circumscription. Some taxonomic authorities place the group in its own subfamily, the Oxyurinae. Most of its members have long, stiff tail feathers which are erected when the bird is at rest, and relatively large, swollen bills. Though their relationships are still enigmatic, they appear to be closer to swans and true geese than to the typical ducks. The highest diversity is found in the warmer parts of the Americas, but at least one species occurs in a major part of the world.
Their habitus resembles a freshwater diving duck, particularly when moving on dry land. Their legs are set far back, making them awkward walkers, so they rarely leave the water. When at rest, their tails are a notable difference, and in the water they often swim very deep-set. Their unusual courtship displays involve drumming noises from inflatable throat sacs, head throwing, and erecting short crests. Most display singly with a very elaborate and peculiar display, but musk ducks congregate at leks and have a more limited display.
Systematics
One mid-sized genus and two or three which are monotypic are described today:
Heteronetta – black-headed duck
Nomonyx – masked duck
Oxyura – stiff-tailed ducks
The black-headed duck of Heteronetta is indisputably quite basal, looking more like a typical duck-like Anatidae with a short tail and normal bill. The masked duck of Nomonyx has a more intermediate position; it probably diverged from the lineage leading to the main radiation some time after Heteronetta.
The musk ducks (Biziura), sometimes included in this group, are noted for their bizarre habitus and pronounced sexual dimorphism; they are of uncertain position and decidedly aberrant. Their anatomy is more similar to Oxyura than to the two less derived genera, but still unique in many respects. mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data suggest a closer relationship with the pink-eared ducks (Malacorhynchus) which if correct would represent one of the most drastic cases of divergent adaptation in the whole Anseriformes.
Altogether, however, the only thing that seems clear is that the musk ducks probably are not part of the stiff-tailed ducks in the strict sense, but rather represent a not-too-distantly related lineage that is highly convergent as regards their hind limb anatomy. These two are probably part of a very ancient radiation of Gondwanan (often Australian) waterfowl, including such forms as the Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis), the coscoroba swan (Coscoroba), the freckled duck (Stictonetta) which once was placed in the Oxyurinae, or the pygmy geese (Nettapus), but the exact relationships between these lineages remains unresolved. For example, the African white-backed duck (Thalassornis) also shows some similarities to Oxyura, but again, this may be yet another case of convergent evolution.
One fossil genus of Oxyurini, Tirarinetta from the Pliocene of Australia, and some prehistoric members of genera are still extant. Three enigmatic genera of waterfowl, Mionetta from the Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene of central Europe and Dunstanetta and Manuherikia from the Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand, show some similarities to oxyurine ducks and judging from biogeography, the latter two may plausibly be related. However, Manuherikia and Mionetta are sometimes held to be Dendrocheninae adapted to diving, so closer to whistling ducks, a very ancient lineage of the Anatidae.
References
External links
Ducks
Extant Chattian first appearances
|
wiki
|
College Street Historic District may refer to:
College Street Historic District (Troy, Alabama), listed on the NRHP in Alabama
College Street Historic District (Harrodsburg, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
College Street Historic District (Pikeville, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
College Street Historic District (Senatobia, Mississippi), listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
College Street Historic District (Clinton, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
College Street Historic District (Newberry, South Carolina), listed on the NRHP in South Carolina
|
wiki
|
Hughes House may refer to:
Martin Hughes House, Council Bluffs, Iowa
David and M. Maria Hughes House, Williamsburg, Iowa
Elzey Hughes House, Falmouth, Kentucky
Hughes House (Keene, Kentucky)
Daniel H. Hughes House, Morganfield, Kentucky
Hughes House (Walton, Kentucky)
Hughes House (Benton, Louisiana)
Hughes House (Elk Rapids, Michigan)
Hughes-Clark House, Fayette, Mississippi
William Hughes House, Pascagoula, Mississippi
Mollie and Josephine Hughes House, Independence, Missouri
Langston Hughes House, New York, New York
J. G. Hughes House, Columbus, North Carolina
Hughes Manor, Middletown, Ohio
George Hughes House, Stroud, Oklahoma
Dr. Herbert H. Hughes House, Gresham, Oregon
Patrick Hughes House, Sixes, Oregon
Hughes House (Jefferson, Pennsylvania)
Thomas H. Hughes House, Johnston, Rhode Island
W.J. Hughes Business House, Cleveland, Tennessee
Wood-Hughes House, Brenham, Texas
Hughes House (Houston, Texas), former childhood home of Howard Hughes, today part of the University of St. Thomas campus
Mason-Hughes House, San Angelo, Texas
Charles Evans Hughes House, Washington, D.C.
Hughes-Cunningham House, Hedgesville, West Virginia
|
wiki
|
Professional Building can refer to:
Professional Building (Phoenix, Arizona), listed on the NRHP in Arizona
Professional Building (West Palm Beach, Florida), listed on the NRHP in Florida
Professional Building (Waterville, Maine), listed on the NRHP in Maine
Professional Building (Kansas City, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Missouri
Professional Building (Raleigh, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
Physicians and Dentists Building, also known as Professional Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, listed on the NRHP in Pennsylvania
Working Benevolent Temple and Professional Building, Greenville, SC, listed on the NRHP in South Carolina
Professional Building (Suffolk, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Virginia
|
wiki
|
Blacklead may refer to:
Graphite, also known as "black lead"
Blacklead, another name for the Plumbago drawing style and medium
Blacklead Island, Nunavut, Canada
|
wiki
|
In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself. For example, 9 is a square number, since it equals and can be written as .
The usual notation for the square of a number is not the product , but the equivalent exponentiation , usually pronounced as " squared". The name square number comes from the name of the shape. The unit of area is defined as the area of a unit square (). Hence, a square with side length has area . If a square number is represented by n points, the points can be arranged in rows as a square each side of which has the same number of points as the square root of n; thus, square numbers are a type of figurate numbers (other examples being cube numbers and triangular numbers).
Square numbers are non-negative. A non-negative integer is a square number when its square root is again an integer. For example, so 9 is a square number.
A positive integer that has no square divisors except 1 is called square-free.
For a non-negative integer , the th square number is , with being the zeroth one. The concept of square can be extended to some other number systems. If rational numbers are included, then a square is the ratio of two square integers, and, conversely, the ratio of two square integers is a square, for example,
.
Starting with 1, there are square numbers up to and including , where the expression represents the floor of the number .
Examples
The squares smaller than 602 = 3600 are:
02 = 0
12 = 1
22 = 4
32 = 9
42 = 16
52 = 25
62 = 36
72 = 49
82 = 64
92 = 81
102 = 100
112 = 121
122 = 144
132 = 169
142 = 196
152 = 225
162 = 256
172 = 289
182 = 324
192 = 361
202 = 400
212 = 441
222 = 484
232 = 529
242 = 576
252 = 625
262 = 676
272 = 729
282 = 784
292 = 841
302 = 900
312 = 961
322 = 1024
332 = 1089
342 = 1156
352 = 1225
362 = 1296
372 = 1369
382 = 1444
392 = 1521
402 = 1600
412 = 1681
422 = 1764
432 = 1849
442 = 1936
452 = 2025
462 = 2116
472 = 2209
482 = 2304
492 = 2401
502 = 2500
512 = 2601
522 = 2704
532 = 2809
542 = 2916
552 = 3025
562 = 3136
572 = 3249
582 = 3364
592 = 3481
The difference between any perfect square and its predecessor is given by the identity . Equivalently, it is possible to count square numbers by adding together the last square, the last square's root, and the current root, that is, .
Properties
The number m is a square number if and only if one can arrange m points in a square:
The expression for the th square number is . This is also equal to the sum of the first odd numbers as can be seen in the above pictures, where a square results from the previous one by adding an odd number of points (shown in magenta). The formula follows:
For example, .
There are several recursive methods for computing square numbers. For example, the th square number can be computed from the previous square by . Alternatively, the th square number can be calculated from the previous two by doubling the th square, subtracting the th square number, and adding 2, because . For example,
.
The square minus one of a number is always the product of and that is,
For example, since one has It follows that is the only prime number one less than a square (). More generally, the difference of the squares of two numbers is the product of their sum and their difference. That is,
(this is the difference-of-squares formula). This can be useful for mental arithmetic: for example, can be easily computed as .
A square number is also the sum of two consecutive triangular numbers. The sum of two consecutive square numbers is a centered square number. Every odd square is also a centered octagonal number.
Another property of a square number is that (except 0) it has an odd number of positive divisors, while other natural numbers have an even number of positive divisors. An integer root is the only divisor that pairs up with itself to yield the square number, while other divisors come in pairs.
Lagrange's four-square theorem states that any positive integer can be written as the sum of four or fewer perfect squares. Three squares are not sufficient for numbers of the form . A positive integer can be represented as a sum of two squares precisely if its prime factorization contains no odd powers of primes of the form . This is generalized by Waring's problem.
In base 10, a square number can end only with digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9, as follows:
if the last digit of a number is 0, its square ends in 00;
if the last digit of a number is 1 or 9, its square ends in an even digit followed by a 1;
if the last digit of a number is 2 or 8, its square ends in an even digit followed by a 4;
if the last digit of a number is 3 or 7, its square ends in an even digit followed by a 9;
if the last digit of a number is 4 or 6, its square ends in an odd digit followed by a 6; and
if the last digit of a number is 5, its square ends in 25.
In base 12, a square number can end only with square digits (like in base 12, a prime number can end only with prime digits or 1), that is, 0, 1, 4 or 9, as follows:
if a number is divisible both by 2 and by 3 (that is, divisible by 6), its square ends in 0, and its preceding digit must be 0 or 3;
if a number is divisible neither by 2 nor by 3, its square ends in 1, and its preceding digit must be even;
if a number is divisible by 2, but not by 3, its square ends in 4, and its preceding digit must be 0, 1, 4, 5, 8, or 9; and
if a number is not divisible by 2, but by 3, its square ends in 9, and its preceding digit must be 0 or 6.
Similar rules can be given for other bases, or for earlier digits (the tens instead of the units digit, for example). All such rules can be proved by checking a fixed number of cases and using modular arithmetic.
In general, if a prime divides a square number then the square of must also divide ; if fails to divide , then is definitely not square. Repeating the divisions of the previous sentence, one concludes that every prime must divide a given perfect square an even number of times (including possibly 0 times). Thus, the number is a square number if and only if, in its canonical representation, all exponents are even.
Squarity testing can be used as alternative way in factorization of large numbers. Instead of testing for divisibility, test for squarity: for given and some number , if is the square of an integer then divides . (This is an application of the factorization of a difference of two squares.) For example, is the square of 3, so consequently divides 9991. This test is deterministic for odd divisors in the range from to where covers some range of natural numbers
A square number cannot be a perfect number.
The sum of the n first square numbers is
The first values of these sums, the square pyramidal numbers, are:
0, 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, 91, 140, 204, 285, 385, 506, 650, 819, 1015, 1240, 1496, 1785, 2109, 2470, 2870, 3311, 3795, 4324, 4900, 5525, 6201...
The sum of the first odd integers, beginning with one, is a perfect square: 1, 1 + 3, 1 + 3 + 5, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7, etc. This explains Galileo's law of odd numbers: if a body falling from rest covers one unit of distance in the first arbitrary time interval, it covers 3, 5, 7, etc., units of distance in subsequent time intervals of the same length. From s = ut + at2, for u = 0 and constant a (acceleration due to gravity without air resistance); so s is proportional to t2, and the distance from the starting point are consecutive squares for integer values of time elapsed.
The sum of the n first cubes is the square of the sum of the n first positive integers; this is Nicomachus's theorem.
All fourth powers, sixth powers, eighth powers and so on are perfect squares.
A unique relationship with triangular numbers is:
Odd and even square numbers
Squares of even numbers are even, and are divisible by 4, since (2n)2 = 4n2. Squares of odd numbers are odd, and are congruent to 1 modulo 8, since (2n + 1)2 = 4n(n + 1) + 1, and n(n + 1) is always even. In other words, all odd square numbers have a remainder of 1 when divided by 8.
Every odd perfect square is a centered octagonal number. The difference between any two odd perfect squares is a multiple of 8. The difference between 1 and any higher odd perfect square always is eight times a triangular number, while the difference between 9 and any higher odd perfect square is eight times a triangular number minus eight. Since all triangular numbers have an odd factor, but no two values of differ by an amount containing an odd factor, the only perfect square of the form is 1, and the only perfect square of the form is 9.
Special cases
If the number is of the form where represents the preceding digits, its square is where and represents digits before 25. For example, the square of 65 can be calculated by which makes the square equal to 4225.
If the number is of the form where represents the preceding digits, its square is where . For example, the square of 70 is 4900.
If the number has two digits and is of the form where represents the units digit, its square is where and . Example: To calculate the square of 57, 25 + 7 = 32 and 72 = 49, which means 572 = 3249.
If the number ends in 5, its square will end in 5; similarly for ending in 25, 625, 0625, 90625, ... 8212890625, etc. If the number ends in 6, its square will end in 6, similarly for ending in 76, 376, 9376, 09376, ... 1787109376. For example, the square of 55376 is 3066501376, both ending in 376. (The numbers 5, 6, 25, 76, etc. are called automorphic numbers. They are sequence A003226 in the OEIS.)
In base 10, the last two digits of square numbers follow a repeating pattern mirror symmetrical around multiples of 25, so for example, 242=576 and 262=676, and in general (25n+x)2-(25n-x)2=100nx. An analogous pattern applies for the last 3 digits around multiples of 250, and so on. As a consequence, of the 100 possible last 2 digits, only 22 of them occur among square numbers (since 00 and 25 are repeated).
See also
Some identities involving several squares
Notes
Further reading
Conway, J. H. and Guy, R. K. The Book of Numbers. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 30–32, 1996.
Kiran Parulekar. Amazing Properties of Squares and Their Calculations. Kiran Anil Parulekar, 2012 https://books.google.com/books?id=njEtt7rfexEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Elementary arithmetic
Figurate numbers
Integer sequences
Integers
Number theory
Quadrilaterals
Squares in number theory
|
wiki
|
Dance is a healthy physical activity, with many far reaching physical, and psychological benefits. Dancing can be enjoyed in many forms, and is for every age and ability. This physical activity appeals to some who may not typically be active and therefore may be another alternative of exercise. Dance for health has become an important factor in the prevention, treatment and management in several health circumstances. It can benefit both physical and mental health and subsidizes social communication Dance is an art which is learned in and shared between many cultures. Types of dance can entail body movements, expression and collaboration. The correlation between dance and health has been subject of a number of research studies that show dance to be a largely healthy exercise. However, there are a number of health risks that require attention.
Uses of dance
Physical health and fitness
Dancing can be a way to stay fit for people of all ages, shapes and sizes, having a wide range of physical, and mental benefits including improved condition of the heart and lungs, increased muscular strength, endurance and motor fitness, increased aerobic fitness, improved muscle tone and strength, weight management, stronger bones and reduced risk of osteoporosis, better coordination, agility and flexibility, improved balance and spatial awareness, increased physical confidence, improved mental functioning, improved general and psychological well-being, greater self-confidence and self-esteem, and better social skills.
Most forms of dance may be considered aerobic exercise and as such can also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, help weight control, stress reduction, and bring about other benefits commonly associated with physical fitness. In addition, studies have demonstrated a considerable correlation between dancing and psychological well-being. A large amount of governmental, health and educational information is available extolling the benefits of dance for health.
Benefits of Cultural dance
Physical activity has many physical and mental health outcomes; however, physical inactivity continues to be common. Dance, specifically cultural dance, is a type of physical activity that may appeal to some who are not otherwise active and can be a form of activity that is more acceptable than others in certain cultures.
A 2008 report by Professor Tim Watson and Dr. Andrew Garrett of the University of Hertfordshire compared members of the Royal Ballet with a squad of British national and international swimmers. The dancers scored higher than the swimmers in seven out of ten areas of fitness.
For those with hypercholesterolemia, dancing - in conjunction with diet and medication such as statins - can provide positive health benefits. As an aerobic exercise abridged levels of total blood cholesterol, especially in LDL cholesterol, acknowledged as bad and helps boost levels of HDL cholesterol. Dancing in general increases muscle strength and flexibility, which in turn, improves overall range of motion. Dance also increases core strength which can improve balance, coordination, and posture (which can, in turn, reduce mechanical back pain).
Dance therapy is suggested for patients today as a treatment for emotional and therapeutic support, as dance allows individuals to connect with their inner-self.
Damage of dance
As with any physical activity, there is always a risk of injury. Dancers are athletes and require many hours of training - which can put a strain on the body. As a result, sports injuries, repetitive strain injury, and chronic workplace stress can be common.
Dancers risk injury within the course of their career, many retiring from active performance in their mid to late 30s. Since dance is a performance art with emphasis on aesthetics, dancers are also at a higher risk of body image problems and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia.
Some dances, such as ballet, are very strenuous on the body. Research shows that dancers in elite pre-professional companies have 1.38 injuries per 1000 hours of dancing, with dancers averaging about 30.3 hours per week. The most common injury was to the lower extremities, with ankle being the most common. The injuries on average took about 7 days to heal with foot injuries taking the longest at 14 days and thigh injuries being the lowest at 2 days. Another risk dancers face are eating disorders. They are constantly judged based on their looks and expected to have toned, slim bodies. This can lead to a lot of health risks.
Injuries
Many dance movements, and particularly ballet techniques, such as the turnout of the hips and rising on the toes (en pointe), test the limits of the range of movement of the human body. Dance movements can place stress on the body when not performed correctly; even if perfect form is used, over-repetition can cause repetitive strain injury. The most common injuries for ballet dancers is snapping hip syndrome and foot and ankle injuries. Foot and ankle injuries are vulnerable to a wide range of injuries including, stress fractures, tendon injuries, sprains and strains. Much of this is due to not only the emphasis of footwork in dance but also the foot wear. Dancers either wear pointe shoes, bare feet, a soft shoe of some kind or heels, all of which offer no support. Shoulder injuries can be common in male dancers due to lifting, partnering and floor work that is commonly seen in modern dance. The periscapular muscles assist in keeping the shoulder still and steady, these muscles are at greater risk for injuries among dancers.
Examined in the Journal of Dance Medicine and Science, dancers often put off consultation from doctors or physical therapists in the effort to stay employed by a dance company or to stay in rehearsals. When in fact those dancers that "work through" their pain more often than not end up worsening their symptoms and prolonging their recovery. Eighty percent of professional dancers will be injured in some way during their careers; 50 percent of dancers from large ballet companies and 40 percent from small companies will miss performances due to injury.
Overwork and poor occupational health and safety conditions, a (non-sprung) hard floor, a cold studio or theater, or dancing without sufficient warm up also increases risk of injury. To minimize injury, dance training emphasizes strength building and forming appropriate habits. Choreographers and dance instructors will often put certain demands on their students and dancers without taking into consideration that each dancer is faced with different anatomical limitations. Dancers will strive to achieve the ideal aesthetic in their respective dance technique by over compensating for their limitations and thus presenting themselves with a higher risk for injury. Damage may also result from having a student perform movements for which they are not prepared, care must be taken that the student is not "pushed" inappropriately.
A dancer put en pointe at an age where his or her bones have not completely ossified may develop permanent damage; even past the point of ossification, ankle injuries can result if a dancer goes en pointe without sufficient strength. According to a study conducted by Rachele Quested and Anna Brodrick, the lower extremities are the most vulnerable to injury. The most common injury is to the ankle, then leg, foot, knee, hip and finally the thigh. Dancers are trained from a very young age to avoid injury by using plie, turn out, and other means to protect their bodies.
Avoiding injury
Keeping dancers free of injury is a crucial aspect and will help a lifetime of healthy physical activity and can prevent injuries in the future. By being taught a few simple techniques by parents, teachers, and medical professionals can avert injuries from occurring. Following are a few advice's on preventing injuries. Wearing properly fitting clothing and shoes, drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated, don't dance through pain, rest and then start back up again and listen to your teachers for correct technique. For social dance the use of a sprung floor is highly recommended. Because a dance injury can ruin a career professional dancers are increasingly refusing to dance on anything else. In ballet, good pliés (bending the knees) on landing helps protect against knee injuries and shin splints. Many types of dance, especially folk dances, have hops in the steps where the impact of landing can be reduced by slightly bending the knee. Warming up and cooling down exercises are recommended before and after exercises to avoid strain, muscle pains, and possible injury. Conditioning is a good way to prevent dance injuries.
Treatment of injuries
RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) is generally regarded as a good first aid therapy for most dance injuries before the ambulance comes, or even for what may be thought of as minor injuries. Pain and inflammation can be reduced using a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in a gel applied to the affected area (not on broken skin). Note, however, that masking pain to continue dancing is dangerous as it can easily make an injury worse.
Stress
Professional dancers may experience chronic workplace stress due to uncertain work security and shifting work environments. The average income for a ballet dancer is low, and competition for jobs is very high. The median hourly wage for dancers was estimated at $17.49 in May 2019. In addition to the stress that may be caused by this, dancers also may experience the psychological distress from technical and physical perfectionism. In a survey of 300 professional dancers, 40% were tobacco smokers in contrast with the Center for Disease Control average of 24% of American women and 29% of American men aged 18–34.
Body image and disordered eating
As with other activities (such as horse jockeying) where weight is a factor, dancers are at a higher risk for developing eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. According to research, about 12% of dancers have eating disorders and 16.4% of ballet dancers have eating disorders. Many young dancers, believing that the ideal dancer must be thin, may begin controlling their diets, sometimes obsessively. There are deep roots and traditions in dance, especially ballet. There are high standards, one of which being the idea of perfectionism and having the ideal body shape. Many dancers feel pressure to achieve this goal. Because of this, dancers are three times as likely to develop eating disorders, more particularly anorexia nervosa and EDNOS. Such dancers may be unaware of or may choose to ignore the fact that an emaciated dancer will not have the strength required for ballet. Inadequate nutrition in adolescent females has been linked to development of scoliosis, due to decreased oestrogen production and subsequent reduced bone density. A dancer with poor nutrition is at a higher risk for injuries and long-term health problems. A malnourished dancer's performance will be altered and weaken as his or her body starts to break down muscle and bone in order to fuel itself. This puts the dancer at risk for injury and slows healing.
Scientific study of dance
Dance science is the scientific study of dance and dancers, as well as the practical application of scientific principles to dance. Its aims are the enhancement of performance, the reduction of injury, and the improvement of well-being and health. Dance requires a high degree of interpersonal and motor skills, and yet seems built into humans. It has therefore increasingly become the subject of neurological studies. The July 2008 edition of Scientific American contains a summary of recent studies and further questions.
An article in Nature 'Dance reveals symmetry especially in young men'
shows that dance in Jamaica seems to show evidence of sexual selection and to reveal important information about the dancer. Professor Lee Cronk at Rutgers: "More symmetrical men put on a better show, and women notice." Symmetry is a strong indicator of fitness as it shows developmental stability.
Related occupations
Dance therapy or dance movement therapy is a form of expressive therapy, the psychotherapeutic use of movement (and dance) for treating emotional, cognitive, social, behavioral and physical conditions. Many professionals specialize in dancer's health such as in providing complementary or remedial training or improving mental discipline.
References
Further reading
External links
Harkness Centre for Dance Injuries
Overview of Ballet Injuries
Ouch! Five common dance injuries & how to treat them
Health research
|
wiki
|
HP Sauce is a British brown sauce, the main ingredients of which are tomatoes and tamarind extract. It was named after London's Houses of Parliament. After making its first appearance on British dinner tables in the late 19th century, HP Sauce went on to become an icon of British culture. It was the best-selling brand of brown sauce in the UK in 2005, with 73.8% of the retail market. The sauce was originally produced in the United Kingdom, but is now made by Heinz in the Netherlands.
HP Sauce has a tomato base, blended with malt vinegar and spirit vinegar, sugars (molasses, glucose-fructose syrup, sugar), dates, cornflour, rye flour, salt, spices and tamarind. It is used as a condiment with hot and cold savoury food, and as an ingredient in soups and stews.
The picture on the front of the bottle is a selection of London landmarks including Elizabeth Tower, the Palace of Westminster, and Westminster Bridge.
History
Frederick Gibson Garton had a grocers and provisions shop on Milton Street, in Nottingham. He was given a recipe for a brown sauce by one of his suppliers that had been obtained in India. He used this recipe for the brown sauce in his pickles and sauce factory in New Basford. This was located at the rear of his home in Sandon Street. Its ingredients included vinegar, water, tomato puree, garlic, tamarind, ground mace, cloves and ginger, shallots, cayenne pepper, raisins, soy, flour and salt. Garton registered the name H.P. Sauce in 1895, choosing it because he had heard a rumour that a restaurant in the Houses of Parliament had begun serving it. The sauce bottle labels carried a picture of the Houses of Parliament. This was by no means his only product. He also made Nottingham Sauce, Sandon Sauce, Worcester Sauce, Banquet Sauce, Yorkshire Sauce and Daddies Favourite Sauce, as well as Garton & Co's Indian Chutney.
In 1899 he was unable to settle a debt with his vinegar suppliers, the Midland Vinegar Company of Aston Cross, Birmingham. Edwin Samson Moore of the vinegar company visited his Nottingham premises to settle the matter. The outcome was that Garton handed over the name and recipe for HP Sauce - for just £150. He also had to agree to keep out of the Sauce and Pickles business. The name of GARTON remained on the bottles of HP sauce for many years afterwards but it was The Midland Vinegar Company who profited from the huge sales that were generated. Today HP and Daddies are the two most popular national brands of brown sauce. They can both trace their origins to a tiny premises in Sandon Street, Basford, Nottinghamshire.
For many years the bottle labels have carried a picture of the Houses of Parliament.
In the United Kingdom, HP Sauce became informally known as "Wilson's gravy" in the 1960s and 1970s, after Mary Wilson, the wife of Prime Minister Harold Wilson, gave an interview to The Sunday Times, in which she said: "If Harold has a fault, it is that he will drown everything with HP Sauce."
Heinz takeover
The brand passed from the Midlands Vinegar Company to Smedley HP Foods Limited, which was subsequently acquired by a division of Imperial Tobacco, before being sold to the French Groupe Danone SA in 1988 for £199 million.
In June 2005, Heinz purchased the parent company, HP Foods, from Danone. In October of that year the United Kingdom Office of Fair Trading referred the takeover to the Competition Commission, which approved the £440 million acquisition in April 2006.
In May 2006, Heinz announced plans to switch production of HP Sauce from Aston in Birmingham to its European sauces facility in Elst, Netherlands, only weeks after HP launched a campaign to "Save the Proper British Cafe". The announcement prompted a call to boycott Heinz products. The move, resulting in the loss of approximately 125 jobs at the Aston factory, was criticised by politicians and union officials, especially as the parent company still wanted to use the image of the House of Commons on its bottles. In the same month, local Labour MP Khalid Mahmood brandished a bottle of HP Sauce during Prime Minister's Questions in the House of Commons as part of a protest against the Heinz move. He also made reference to the sauce's popularity with the former Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson. These plans were confirmed on 23 August 2006 and the factory at Aston ceased production on 16 March 2007. A week later a "wake" was held at the location of the factory.
The factory was demolished in the summer of 2007.
The six-acre Aston site was purchased by developer Chancerygate in 2007 at £800,000 per acre; they subsequently sold it for half that price and it now houses a distribution warehouse for East End Foods.
Varieties
HP Sauce is available in a range of formats and sizes, including the iconic 9 oz/255 g glass bottle, plastic squeeze bottle, and TopDown bottle.
Also the ingredients vary markedly. In 2007 for example the varieties from Mexico and Canada were lighter and less concentrated.
HP Fruity is a milder version of the Original brown sauce, using a blend of fruits including oranges and mango to give a milder, tangier taste. This variety has been renamed "HP Chicken & Rib" in Canada and the US (though it can be found in some stores with the original name).
HP Bold is a spicier variant in Canada.
HP BBQ Sauce is a range of barbecue sauces, and is the UK's best selling barbecue sauce product.
Since 2011 the original HP sauce has been manufactured with a new reduced-sodium recipe.
References
External links
BBC News – Final Bottle of HP
Food brands of the United Kingdom
British brands
British condiments
Brown sauces
Heinz brands
Brand name condiments
Products introduced in 1895
Steak sauces
|
wiki
|
Mobile music is music which is downloaded or streamed to mobile phones and played by mobile phones. Although many phones play music as ringtones, true "music phones" generally allow users to stream music or download music files over the internet via a WiFi connection or 3G cell phone connection. Music phones are also able to import audio files from their PCs. The case of mobile music being stored within the memory of the mobile phone is the case similar to traditional business models in the music industry. It supports two variants: the user can either purchase the music for outright ownership or access entire libraries of music via a subscription model. In this case the music files are available as long as the subscription is active.
Truetones
While ringtones do not include artists voices, truetones, chaku-uta and chaku-uta full are recordings of artists' interpretation of music. Distributing them usually requires the agreement of record labels and other owners of artists' rights.
History
The integration of music in a cellphone was not easy. On one hand, technology for portable music had been developed since the 1980s with Sony driving the area with its portable walkman. On the other, cellphone technology had focused on the area of imaging, leveraging the user interest in taking pictures and the operator's need to drive data revenues through the use of its network. The success of ringtones in driving data revenues had placed operators on guard for interactive applications that could drive revenues. Nevertheless, slow data speeds in the GSM and CDMA areas which had 1 and 2G technology, prevented the economic download of music data through networks in comparison with media sites to a computer. So operators, which tended to subsidize phones with data capabilities focused more on ringtone, SMS, and picture phones than on music ready phones, and this prevented many manufacturers to develop those phones because their primary customer is the operator and not the user. Work on compression algorithms for music was extensive with AMR trying to push the envelope, but the revolution of Napster proliferated the world with the MP3 format and manufacturers began to take notice. Another issue was the development of DRM capabilities which helped prevent music piracy and gave mobile music more of a legal status. At that time, Apple was revolutionizing the world with the introduction of the new iPods and its iTunes Store.
The first report on a business plan and need for the successful integration of Music Phones was written in 2004 by Strategy Analytics - "Music phones are key for 3G", a cellular consulting firm in Massachusetts. The report boosted the need for phone manufacturers like Nokia and Motorola to join the bandwagon and explore several music options including the development of a music store strategy by Nokia and the integration of iTunes into a phone by Motorola with its Rocker. Sony, Samsung, and LG were too busy focusing on increasing pixelation and stability within CDDMA camera modules. Sony tried to leverage the Cybershot technology in a multimedia strategy, but it was too slow of a change. While Samsung was driving the high tier segment improving display capability. Nokia worked hard to drive DRM technology to be included into its OVI music store and introduced a new music phone line called Xpress music banking on end user needs rather than on operator's wants because the line was expected to receive lower subsidies from operators than others. In this way, Nokia was banking on the Idea of the report that music could be used to drive customer acquisition at that time rather than data revenues for the time, as mentioned in the report from Strategy Analytics. The Rocker was a success driving new adherents into a highly competitive US market even though it still remained tied to a computer for music downloads. It could be said that it was the adoption of the Rocker by ATT as an acquisition strategy for the US market that prompted operators to purchase music capable phones and manufacturers to develop them. This success of ATT to drive acquisitions was copied by other operators such as Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile, which also drove the introduction of music into the cellphones. Two years after the Rocker, Apple introduced its iPhone and things went on its way. Today, most cell phones incorporate music capabilities which have also been transferred to the smartphones. The built-in app that you use to play music on the iPhone or iPod touch is called Music (on iOS 5 or higher) or iPod (on iOS 4 or lower). While many apps offer music, this is the most common and the one that, for many people, will be the only music app they need.
See also
Ringtone
References
The Best Smartphones for Music
Mobile content
Mobile telecommunications
|
wiki
|
Relative atomic mass (symbol: A; sometimes abbreviated RAM or r.a.m.), also known by the deprecated synonym atomic weight, is a dimensionless physical quantity defined as the ratio of the average mass of atoms of a chemical element in a given sample to the atomic mass constant. The atomic mass constant (symbol: m) is defined as being of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Since both quantities in the ratio are masses, the resulting value is dimensionless; hence the value is said to be relative.
For a single given sample, the relative atomic mass of a given element is the weighted arithmetic mean of the masses of the individual atoms (including their isotopes) that are present in the sample. This quantity can vary substantially between samples because the sample's origin (and therefore its radioactive history or diffusion history) may have produced unique combinations of isotopic abundances. For example, due to a different mixture of stable carbon-12 and carbon-13 isotopes, a sample of elemental carbon from volcanic methane will have a different relative atomic mass than one collected from plant or animal tissues.
The more common, and more specific quantity known as standard atomic weight (A) is an application of the relative atomic mass values obtained from multiple different samples. It is sometimes interpreted as the expected range of the relative atomic mass values for the atoms of a given element from all terrestrial sources, with the various sources being taken from Earth. "Atomic weight" is often loosely and incorrectly used as a synonym for standard atomic weight (incorrectly because standard atomic weights are not from a single sample). Standard atomic weight is nevertheless the most widely published variant of relative atomic mass.
Additionally, the continued use of the term "atomic weight" (for any element) as opposed to "relative atomic mass" has attracted considerable controversy since at least the 1960s, mainly due to the technical difference between weight and mass in physics. Still, both terms are officially sanctioned by the IUPAC. The term "relative atomic mass" now seems to be replacing "atomic weight" as the preferred term, although the term "standard atomic weight" (as opposed to the more correct "standard relative atomic mass") continues to be used.
Definition
Relative atomic mass is determined by the average atomic mass, or the weighted mean of the atomic masses of all the atoms of a particular chemical element found in a particular sample, which is then compared to the atomic mass of carbon-12. This comparison is the quotient of the two weights, which makes the value dimensionless (having no unit). This quotient also explains the word relative: the sample mass value is considered relative to that of carbon-12.
It is a synonym for atomic weight, though it is not to be confused with relative isotopic mass. Relative atomic mass is also frequently used as a synonym for standard atomic weight and these quantities may have overlapping values if the relative atomic mass used is that for an element from Earth under defined conditions. However, relative atomic mass (atomic weight) is still technically distinct from standard atomic weight because of its application only to the atoms obtained from a single sample; it is also not restricted to terrestrial samples, whereas standard atomic weight averages multiple samples but only from terrestrial sources. Relative atomic mass is therefore a more general term that can more broadly refer to samples taken from non-terrestrial environments or highly specific terrestrial environments which may differ substantially from Earth-average or reflect different degrees of certainty (e.g., in number of significant figures) than those reflected in standard atomic weights.
Current definition
The prevailing IUPAC definitions (as taken from the "Gold Book") are:
atomic weight — See: relative atomic mass
and
relative atomic mass (atomic weight) — The ratio of the average mass of the atom to the unified atomic mass unit.
Here the "unified atomic mass unit" refers to of the mass of an atom of C in its ground state.
The IUPAC definition of relative atomic mass is:
An atomic weight (relative atomic mass) of an element from a specified source is the ratio of the average mass per atom of the element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of C.
The definition deliberately specifies "An atomic weight…", as an element will have different relative atomic masses depending on the source. For example, boron from Turkey has a lower relative atomic mass than boron from California, because of its different isotopic composition. Nevertheless, given the cost and difficulty of isotope analysis, it is common practice to instead substitute the tabulated values of standard atomic weights, which are ubiquitous in chemical laboratories and which are revised biennially by the IUPAC's Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).
Historical usage
Older (pre-1961) historical relative scales based on the atomic mass unit (symbol: a.m.u. or amu) used either the oxygen-16 relative isotopic mass or else the oxygen relative atomic mass (i.e., atomic weight) for reference. See the article on the history of the modern unified atomic mass unit for the resolution of these problems.
Standard atomic weight
The IUPAC commission CIAAW maintains an expectation-interval value for relative atomic mass (or atomic weight) on Earth named standard atomic weight. Standard atomic weight requires the sources be terrestrial, natural, and stable with regard to radioactivity. Also, there are requirements for the research process. For 84 stable elements, CIAAW has determined this standard atomic weight. These values are widely published and referred to loosely as 'the' atomic weight of elements for real-life substances like pharmaceuticals and commercial trade.
Also, CIAAW has published abridged (rounded) values and simplified values (for when the Earthly sources vary systematically).
Other measures of the mass of atoms
Atomic mass (ma) is the mass of a single atom, with unit Da or u (the dalton). It defines the mass of a specific isotope, which is an input value for the determination of the relative atomic mass. An example for three silicon isotopes is given below.
The relative isotopic mass is specifically the ratio of the mass of a single atom to the mass of a unified atomic mass unit. This value, too, is relative, and therefore dimensionless.
Determination of relative atomic mass
Modern relative atomic masses (a term specific to a given element sample) are calculated from measured values of atomic mass (for each nuclide) and isotopic composition of a sample. Highly accurate atomic masses are available for virtually all non-radioactive nuclides, but isotopic compositions are both harder to measure to high precision and more subject to variation between samples. For this reason, the relative atomic masses of the 22 mononuclidic elements (which are the same as the isotopic masses for each of the single naturally occurring nuclides of these elements) are known to especially high accuracy. For example, there is an uncertainty of only one part in 38 million for the relative atomic mass of fluorine, a precision which is greater than the current best value for the Avogadro constant (one part in 20 million).
The calculation is exemplified for silicon, whose relative atomic mass is especially important in metrology. Silicon exists in nature as a mixture of three isotopes: Si, Si and Si. The atomic masses of these nuclides are known to a precision of one part in 14 billion for Si and about one part in one billion for the others. However, the range of natural abundance for the isotopes is such that the standard abundance can only be given to about ±0.001% (see table).
The calculation is as follows:
A(Si) = ( × 0.922297) + ( × 0.046832) + ( × 0.030872) = 28.0854
The estimation of the uncertainty is complicated, especially as the sample distribution is not necessarily symmetrical: the IUPAC standard relative atomic masses are quoted with estimated symmetrical uncertainties, and the value for silicon is 28.0855(3). The relative standard uncertainty in this value is 1 or 10 ppm.
Apart from this uncertainty by measurement, some elements have variation over sources. That is, different sources (ocean water, rocks) have a different radioactive history and so different isotopic composition. To reflect this natural variability, the IUPAC made the decision in 2010 to list the standard relative atomic masses of 10 elements as an interval rather than a fixed number.
See also
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW)
References
External links
IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
NIST relative atomic masses of all isotopes and the standard atomic weights of the elements
Standard Atomic Weights
Amount of substance
Chemical properties
Stoichiometry
Periodic table
|
wiki
|
ABT-510 is a molecular therapeutic drug that was the subject of research as a potential treatment for cancer. According to the Journal of Clinical Oncology, ABT-510 is a "subcutaneously (SC) administered nonapeptide thrombospondin analogue."
Following inconclusive phase I clinical trials, a 2007 phase II study of ABT-510 for treatment of metastatic melanoma failed to reach its primary endpoint resulting in termination of the study. Only three out of twenty-one patients reached the primary endpoint of progression-free survival at 18 weeks, but these three patients remained progression-free for 21, 34, and 42 weeks. However, biomarker data collected during this study showed a decrease in VEGF-C, circulating endothelial cells, and CD146 and CD34/133 counts, and a maximum tolerated dose has still not been established. Further study could consider a higher dose and/or combination treatment.
References
Angiogenesis inhibitors
|
wiki
|
The second season of the American ABC fantasy-drama series Once Upon a Time was announced on May 10, 2012. It premiered on September 30, 2012, and concluded on May 12, 2013.
The season's plot follows the breaking of the curse and the introduction of magic by Rumplestiltskin/Mr. Gold into Storybrooke in the first season finale, with the characters having to deal with their dual identities and new emerging threats. Existing fictional characters introduced to the series during the season include Captain Killian "Hook" Jones, Princess Aurora, Mulan, Prince Phillip, Robin Hood, the Darling family and the Lost Boys.
Premise
With the curse broken, the residents of Storybrooke struggle with resolving their original and cursed memories, left wondering about the fate of their land. When Rumpelstiltskin/Mr. Gold successfully introduces magic into the world, some of the Storybrooke residents try to figure out how to return home, leading to an incident with the Mad Hatter's teleporting hat that causes Emma and Snow White/Mary Margaret to be accidentally transported to the Enchanted Forest. They discover that part of the realm was spared from the curse, keeping the remaining inhabitants frozen during the twenty-eight years. Among them are allies Aurora, Mulan, and Phillip, along with Regina/Evil Queen's mother Cora and Captain Hook. The latter two follow Emma and Mary Margaret as they successfully make it back to Storybrooke, with Cora wanting to get even with Regina, and Hook wanting to kill "the Crocodile" (Rumplestiltskin) for taking his hand and his lover. Meanwhile, Rumpelstiltskin works to bypass the protective boundary and leave Storybrooke to find his missing son Bae, discovering that Bae is actually Henry's father Neal. The magical boundary of Storybrooke starts to falter, allowing strangers inside Storybrooke, including outsiders Greg Mendell and Tamara, both secretly working for a mysterious organization tracking and eliminating magic around the world, with their actions leading to Henry's captivity in Neverland, setting up the third season.
Cast and characters
Main
Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard
Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan
Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills
Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan
Emilie de Ravin as Belle / Lacey
Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills
Meghan Ory as Red Riding Hood / Ruby
Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold
Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones
Recurring
Lee Arenberg as Grumpy / Leroy
Michael Raymond-James as Baelfire / Neal Cassidy
Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny
Barbara Hershey as Cora / Queen of Hearts
Jeffrey Kasier as Dopey
Michael Coleman as Happy
Mig Macario as Bashful
Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter
David Paul Grove as Doc
Sarah Bolger as Aurora
Ethan Embry as Owen Flynn / Greg Mendell
Jamie Chung as Hua Mulan
Keegan Connor Tracy as The Blue Fairy / Mother Superior
Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper
Sonequa Martin-Green as Tamara
David Anders as Dr. Victor Frankenstein / Dr. Whale
Gabe Khouth as Sneezy / Tom Clark
Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco
Chris Gauthier as Mr. Smee
Alan Dale as King George / Albert Spencer
Jorge Garcia as Anton
Sebastian Stan as The Mad Hatter / Jefferson
Julian Morris as Prince Phillip
Guest
Bailee Madison as Young Snow White
Rachel Shelley as Milah
Eion Bailey as August Booth / Pinocchio
Tony Perez as Henry
Dylan Schmidt as Young Baelfire
Jamie Dornan as Huntsman / Sheriff Graham Humbert
Tom Ellis as Robin Hood
Freya Tingley as Wendy Darling
Parker Croft as Felix
Gabrielle Rose as Ruth
Eric Keenleyside as Sir Maurice / Moe French
Noah Bean as Daniel Colter
Rose McGowan as Young Cora
Sinqua Walls as Sir Lancelot
Annabeth Gish as Anita
Ben Hollingsworth as Quinn
Gregory Itzin as Alphonse Frankenstein
Chad Michael Collins as Gerhardt Frankenstein
Cassidy Freeman as Jack
Lesley Nicol as Johanna
Rena Sofer as Queen Eva
Joaquim de Almeida as King Xavier
John Pyper-Ferguson as Kurt Flynn
Benjamin Stockham as Young Owen Flynn
Tzi Ma as the Dragon
Wil Traval as Sheriff of Nottingham / Keith
Episodes
Production
Development
On May 10, 2012, ABC ordered Once Upon a Time for a second season, which premiered on September 30, 2012.
Co-creators Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis spoke about the repercussions of the first season finale's events, stating, "Magic as we know always comes with a price and we are introducing it to a world where it has never been before and I think that’s going to have unpredictable results. It’s going to affect everybody this season because that’s what’s more fun." said Kitsis. On everyone in Storybrooke's memories returning Horowitz commented, "One of the things that’s interesting to us to explore is this notion that just because the memories have returned does not mean that the past 28 years did not happen. Those memories, the Davids, the Mary Margarets, the Mr. Golds, all those people, who they were existed and what they did actually happened and those are the things that will have to be dealt with."
The show still bounced back-and-forth between the fairy-tale world and Storybrooke, although there were slight differences compared to season one. It was hinted that another form of narrative was introduced during the season.
Casting
In June 2012, it was reported that season one recurring actresses Meghan Ory (Red Riding Hood/Ruby) and Emilie de Ravin (Belle/Lacey) had both been promoted to series regulars for the second season. In July 2012, it was announced that Pretty Little Liars star Julian Morris would be guest starring as Prince Phillip, an altruistic hero and adept warrior, while Teen Wolf actor Sinqua Walls was cast as Sir Lancelot, a former member of the round table. In the same month, it was announced that The Tudors star Sarah Bolger and The Hangover Part II actress Jamie Chung had joined the recurring cast as Princess Aurora (Sleeping Beauty) and Chinese warrior Mulan. On August 3, 2012, The Rite actor Colin O'Donoghue booked the recurring role of Captain Killian "Hook" Jones, the prime antagonist of J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. O'Donoghue joined the main cast during the second half of the season. The same day, it was reported that True Blood's Michael Raymond-James had joined the season's recurring cast in an unknown role, described only as "mysterious". This was later revealed to be Neal Cassidy (Rumplestiltskin's son Baelfire, Emma Swan's ex-boyfriend and Henry Mills' father). Lost alum Jorge Garcia recurs as Anton the Giant, referenced from Jack and the Beanstalk. Garcia was originally scheduled to appear in only one episode, but his character was later expanded. Actor Raphael Sbarge, who portrays Jiminy Cricket, was made part of the recurring guest cast this season, as opposed to being included in the first season's main cast. The L Word actress Rachel Shelley played the recurring role of Milah, Rumplestiltskin's wife. Eureka actor Christopher Gauthier is recurring throughout the season as Mr. William Smee, Captain Hook's right-hand-man. In October 2012, Can't Hardly Wait star Ethan Embry joined the recurring cast as an unknown visitor to Storybrooke. Eion Bailey (Pinocchio/August Booth) made guest appearances in episodes six and 18. Tony Perez (Prince Henry) and Alan Dale (King George/Albert Spencer) both made recurring appearances in some capacity throughout the season.
Actor Noah Bean reprised his role as Daniel, the Evil Queen's love-interest, during episode five, "The Doctor". The X-Files actress Annabeth Gish guest starred as Anita, the leader of a pack of werewolves, in Child of the Moon. The Christmas Card actor Chad Michael Collins and 24 veteran Gregory Itzin appeared in In the Name of the Brother as Gerhardt/Frankenstein's Monster, Dr. Frankenstein's younger brother and as Alphonse, the boys' father, respectively. Scream and Charmed actress Rose McGowan portrayed a young Cora in The Miller's Daughter. Lesley Nicol, of Downton Abbey fame, was cast as Johanna in The Queen is Dead which also featured Heroes vet Rena Sofer as Queen Eva, Snow White's mother. It was implicated that the role has the potential to become recurring. Caprica actor John Pyper-Ferguson guest starred in Welcome to Storybrooke as Kurt Flynn, a widower who longs to aid his son after experiencing the loss of his mother. Season one co-star Jamie Dornan also reprised his role as Sheriff Graham Humbert in the episode.
Since the first season, Kings actor Sebastian Stan had portrayed Jefferson/The Mad Hatter in a recurring role; he has since departed from the show with obligations to the Broadway play Picnic and his role as Bucky Barnes/Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was reported that ABC was set to recast the role with the potential for a possible spin-off based on the character. However, Stan's recasting was repudiated by series co-creator Adam Horowitz, saying that Stan "is a very busy man, I don't know when he will be making his way back toward us". He later confirmed that Stan would not be returning to the series in 2013.
Filming
Principal photography for the season began in Vancouver, British Columbia on July 16, 2012 and completed on April 5, 2013. The town of Steveston doubles as Storybrooke for the series.
Ratings
Soundtrack
Home video releases
Notes
References
External links
2012 American television seasons
2013 American television seasons
Season 2
|
wiki
|
Pocket-hole joinery, or pocket-screw joinery, involves drilling a hole at an angle — usually 15 degrees — into one work piece, and then joining it to a second work piece with a self-tapping screw.
Pocket hole machines
Modern pocket hole machines are capable of routing low-angle pockets - as low as 3 degrees - creating stronger joints by minimizing joint shift.
Pocket hole jigs
Pocket holes can be formed by drilling a series of holes until a pocket hole is created, but pocket hole jigs make the process much quicker and easier. Pocket hole jigs allow the user to drill a hole at an accurate angle to get a good joint. Using a pocket hole jig also makes for a cleaner and neater appearance as opposed to creating a pocket hole without the help of a jig. A pocket hole jig is generally made of plastic and has a metal insert that the drill bit is inserted through to drill the hole. A jig can be a stationary device that the wooden pieces are clamped into, or a portable device that is clamped onto the wooden pieces.
Technique
When joining boards at a right angle, it is important that the cuts are precise and square to prevent gaps or un-perpendicular joints between the boards. Some woodworkers lay out their project before drilling their pocket holes and mark the face of the board that they want to drill to ensure the hole is in the correct location. Most pocket joints are made by screwing into the face or the edge of the board rather than the end grain because the screw will grab better.
Pocket hole joint screws
Self-tapping pocket screws are used for pocket hole joints. Pocket screws are generally more expensive, but they are needed for a tight, strong joint. Pocket screws have a wide washer head to spread the load for a firm bond, and prevent screwing too far into the joint and cracking the wood. The self tapping screws will grip any type of wood, but coarse threads are needed for softer wood and fine threads are needed for harder.
Pocket hole joint screws will vary in length depending on the thicknesses of the 2 pieces of material being joined. This is an important factor in correctly laying out a pocket hole joint, and a common cause for error.
Benefits
Because the screws act as internal clamps holding the joint together, glue is unnecessary (but usually recommended) for most common joints. If glue is used, clamping is not required because of the ‘internal clamps’ holding the joint together while the glue dries.
Gluing and screwing the joints together prevents gaps from forming as wood shrinks and expands with temperature and moisture.
Requires only one hole to be drilled, eliminating the need to precisely line up mating workpieces, as is required with dowel and mortise and tenon joints.
Does not require any complex mathematics or measurements, such as those used in mortise and tenon joints.
Because pocket-hole joinery doesn't require access to the inside of the joint, quick repairs are possible without completely disassembling the joint.
Drawbacks
A broken pocket-hole joint "likely can’t be repaired".
Although the holes can be plugged the pocket hole may be considered unsightly when all sides of the joint are visible.
It is not suitable for joining thin pieces of wood - 10-15mm minimum.
Applications
References
Joinery
|
wiki
|
Ted Long may refer to:
Theodore E. Long
Ted Long, a character in the Isaac Asimov novella The Martian Way
Ted Long (ice hockey), Canadian ice hockey player who played in the World Hockey Association
See also
Edward Long (disambiguation)
Theodore Long (disambiguation)
|
wiki
|
The Anchorage can refer to:
Locations
The Anchorage, Tanera Mòr, Scotland – a sheltered bay
The Anchorage, Rhode Island, USA – former census area
Other uses
The Anchorage, St George, Queensland, Australia – historic homestead
The Anchorage, Birmingham, England – an 'arts and crafts'-style house
The Anchorage, Anchorage, Kentucky, USA
The Anchorage, Easton, Maryland, USA – historic home
The Anchorage, Montclair, New Jersey, USA – historic home
The Anchorage, Marietta, Ohio, USA – historic home
The Anchorage, Beaufort, South Carolina, USA – historic home
The Anchorage, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA – historic home and farm complex
The Anchorage, Kilmarnock, Virginia, USA – historic home
The Anchorage, Washington, DC, USA – mixed commercial and residential building
|
wiki
|
An ice cap or icecap is a geographical feature.
Icecap may also refer to
Raleigh IceCaps, a defunct ECHL Hockey Team
St. John's IceCaps, a team in the American Hockey League
IceCap Zone, a level from the 1994 video game Sonic the Hedgehog 3
Hypothermia cap, medical device to cool the human scalp
See also
"Ice Capp", Tim Horton's "iced cappuccino", see Cappuccino#Iced cappuccino
Polar ice cap
Ice cap climate
Ice field
Ice sheet
Glacier
Snow cap (disambiguation)
|
wiki
|
This is an alphabetized list of musicians notable for playing or having played jazz piano. The piano has been an integral part of the jazz idiom since its inception, in both solo and ensemble settings. Its role is multifaceted due largely to the instrument's combined melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic capabilities.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
Andy Quin (born 1960)
Morten Qvenild (born 1978)
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
References
Pianists
Jazz Pianists
|
wiki
|
Contour length is a term used in molecular physics. The contour length of a polymer chain (a big molecule consisting of many similar smaller molecules) is its length at maximum physically possible extension.
Contour length is equal to the product of the number of segments of polymer molecule(n) and its length(l).
References
Polymer physics
|
wiki
|
ATX-II, also known as neurotoxin 2, Av2, Anemonia viridis toxin 2 or δ-AITX-Avd1c, is a neurotoxin derived from the venom of the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata. ATX-II slows down the inactivation of different voltage-gated sodium channels, including Nav1.1 and Nav1.2, thus prolonging action potentials.
Sources
ATX-II is the main component of the venom of Mediterranean snakelocks sea anemone, Anemonia sulcata. ATX-II is produced by the nematocysts in the sea anemone's tentacles and the anemone uses this venom to paralyze its prey.
Etymology
"ATX-II" is an acronym for "anemone toxin".
Chemistry
Structure
ATX-II is a protein comprising 47 amino acids crosslinked by three disulfide bridges. The molecular mass of the protein is 4,94 kDa (calculated with ProtParam ExPASy).
Family and homology
ATX-II belongs to the sea anemone neurotoxin family. Purification studies of ATX-II and the two other sea anemone neurotoxins, I and III, have revealed the polypeptide nature of these toxins. Toxins I and II are very potent paralyzing toxins that act on crustaceans, fish and mammals and have cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects. Toxin III has been shown to cause muscular contraction with subsequent paralysis in the crab Carcinus maenas. All three toxins are highly homologous and block neuromuscular transmission in crabs.
Four other sea anemone toxins purified from Condylactis aurantiaca show close sequence similarities with toxins I, II and III of Anemonia sulcata. The effect of these different toxins on Carcinus meanas is visually indistinguishable, namely cramp followed by paralysis and death. However, their mode of action differs. Toxin IV of Condylactis aurantiaca causes a repetitive firing of the excitatory axon for several minutes resulting in muscle contraction without causing a detectable change in the amplitude of the excitatory junction potentials (EJPS). In contrast, the application of Toxin II from Anemonia sulcata results in the increase of the EJPS up to 40 mV causing large action potentials at the muscle fibers. Other toxins with a similar mode of action to ATX-II are α-scorpion toxins. Although both sea anemone and α-scorpion toxins bind to common overlapping elements on the extracellular surface of sodium channels, they belong to distinct families and share no sequence homology. The toxins AFT-II (from Anthopleura fuscoviridis) and ATX-II differ by only one amino acid, L36A, and the protein sequence of BcIII (from Bunodosoma caissarum) is 70% similar to ATX-II.
Target
ATX-II is highly potent at voltage-gated sodium channels subtype 1.1 and 1.2 (Nav1.1 and Nav1.2) with an EC50 of approximately 7 nM when tested in human embryonic kidney 293 cells lines. Moreover, studies suggest that ATX-II interacts with glutamic acid residue (Glu-1613 and 1616 in Nav1.2) on the third and fourth transmembrane loop (S3-S4) of domain IV on the alpha-subunit of neuronal channel Nav1.2 in rats.
The KD of type IIa Na+ channels for ATX II is 76 ± 6 nM. In small and large dorsal root ganglion cells mainly Nav1.1, Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 are sensitive to ATX-II. The binding of the toxin can only occur when the sodium channel is open.
Mode of action
The major action of ATX-II is to delay sodium channel inactivation. Studies using giant crayfish axons and myelinated fibers from frogs indicate that ATX-II acts at low doses, without changing the opening mechanism or steady-state potassium conductance. This mode of action is caused by binding of ATX-II across the extracellular loop. ATX-II slows conformational changes or translocation that are necessary for closing the sodium channel. When applied externally in high concentrations (100 μM range), ATX-II reduces potassium conductance, yet without modifying the kinetic properties of the potassium channel.
ATX-II prolongs the duration of the cardiac action potential, as demonstrated in cultured embryonic chicken cardiac muscle cells. ATX-II also selectively activates A-fibers of peripheral nerves projecting to the sensory neuron of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) by enhancing resurging currents in DRGs. This mechanism can thereby induce itch-like sensations and pain.
Toxicity
People who got in contact with Anemonia sulcata reported symptoms such as pain and itch. The same symptoms were found in human research subjects after injection of ATX-II into their skin.
In cardiac muscle tissue of various mammals, ATX-II has been shown to produce large and potentially lethal increases in heart rate. The lethal dose of ATX-II for the crab Carcinus maenas is 2 μg/kg.
References
Neurotoxins
Ion channel toxins
Sea anemone toxins
|
wiki
|
This is a list of strawberry dishes, foods and beverages, which use strawberry as a primary ingredient. Several desserts use strawberries as a main ingredient, and strawberries are also used as a topping on some foods, such as French toast, waffles and pastries.
Strawberry dishes
Beverages
See also
List of fruit dishes
List of strawberry topics
Strawberry Festival
Strawberry sauce
References
Strawberry
|
wiki
|
The Hunters () is a Swedish thriller film directed by Kjell Sundvall, which was released to cinemas in Sweden on 31 January 1996. A police officer from Stockholm moves back to his hometown Älvsbyn in Norrland, in northern Sweden. He starts to work on a long-running reindeer poaching case and soon discovers that his brother is involved.
The film was one of the biggest Swedish box-office hits ever, grossing over $6 million, and received two Guldbagge Awards for Best Direction (Kjell Sundvall) and Best Supporting Actor (Lennart Jähkel). It was also nominated for Best Actor (Rolf Lassgård), Best Cinematography and Best Screenplay.
Hollywood wanted to make a remake of this film, and the American producers wanted it to be about cowboys in the Nevada desert, shooting wild horses for fun. Kjell Sundvall agreed to this at first but later changed his mind.
A sequel, The Hunters 2, premiered in September 2011.
Plot
Erik (Rolf Lassgård), a Stockholm police officer, reunites with his relatives upon the death of his abusive father in Norrbotten, where his brother Leif (Lennart Jähkel) still lives. We learn that the control the father exerted over the family had resulted in Leif's giving up singing (despite being clearly talented), and instead remaining at home with his father.
Suffering from post-traumatic stress after justifiably killing a man while on duty, Erik has been transferred to the local field office. Erik soon starts to suspect that his brother's friends, led by the half-Finnish Tomme (Jarmo Mäkinen), are involved in large-scale illegal hunting of reindeer and moose. Erik is frustrated by the local police's unwillingness to deal with the problem, but as events unfold he discovers illegal weapons in Tomme's car outside a pub and decides to intervene. Tomme is close to assaulting Erik when he is saved by his brother. It is later revealed that Leif in fact leads the illegal hunting, but has been keeping this a secret from his brother.
The police come under increasing pressure as the local community grows more angry that the poaching case has not been solved. Erik continues to spy on Tomme, and after breaking into his house, discovers illegal guns and numerous animal carcasses. Before Erik can alert his colleagues, he is attacked and knocked unconscious.
Leif decides to suspend operations until further notice because of the increased police interest in the case. Several members of the gang are unhappy about this, as they have taken on large financial commitments such as car loans. Pursuing a big raid to recover the lost income, Tomme accidentally shoots and kills a Russian bilberry worker. Another bilberry worker witnesses the dumping of the victim's body and car in a lake. Leif chases her and fatally slits her throat. Unaware that the murder of the woman has been seen by Ove, a kind but intellectually disabled childhood friend of Erik's, the five men decide to keep silent instead of going to the police.
Erik suspects his brother is hiding something. Erik intervenes when the gang racially and sexually harasses a Filipina barmaid, Nena, at the local bar. Later, Erik and Nena spend the night together. Erik leaves Nena in the house while he attends a ceremony to receive an award for having returned to his hometown. While Erik is out, Leif and his gang arrive at the house and, after verbally abusing Nena, they rape her on the kitchen table. Nena then disappears, and it is later revealed that she returned to the Philippines. Erik, meanwhile, tries to have Tomme's wife betray her husband and tell him something, but she refuses.
Upon the arrival of a female prosecutor from Stockholm (Helena Bergström), the body of the Russian woman is found. With information from Ove, the police find the body of the male Russian, with a fragment of the bullet lodged within it. Erik tells Ove to stay inside and keep his door locked, but Leif and the others, having been tipped off by Erik's police partner that Ove is the witness, arrive at Ove's house and take him out in the woods for what they say is a hunting trip but is in fact an execution.
Erik and prosecutor Anna arrive too late, as the gang has "accidentally" shot Ove. A short time before, Erik had found out that Ove was his and Leif's half-brother.
Unable to prove that Ove was murdered, Erik is forced to find the rifle used to shoot the Russian to secure a conviction for this killing. In a final stand-off Erik is fired at and nearly killed by Tomme, but Erik manages to hit Tomme with an iron bar. Tomme is arrested.
Leif gives Erik 200,000 Kronor (which is his share of their father's estate) and asks Erik to let him turn himself in. Erik agrees, giving him one hour to do so and then leaves. Rather than turn himself in, Leif then kills himself by blowing up their childhood house. Erik returns to Stockholm, trying to pursue another life than that which his father and his brother had attempted.
Cast
Rolf Lassgård as Erik
Lennart Jähkel as Leif
Jarmo Mäkinen as Tomme
Tomas Norström as Ove
Göran Forsmark as Hakan
Rolf Degerlund as Eilert
Editha Domingo as Nena
Helena Bergström as Anna
Thomas Hedengran as Stig
Roland Hedlund as Bengtsson
Ove Tjernberg as Soderberg
Åke Lindman as Chefen
References
External links
1996 films
Films directed by Kjell Sundvall
1990s Swedish-language films
Swedish thriller films
Films set in Norrbotten
Films whose director won the Best Director Guldbagge Award
1996 thriller films
1990s Swedish films
|
wiki
|
Blue Bay may refer to:
Blue Bay, New South Wales, a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia
Blue Bay, Curaçao, a bay of the Caribbean island of Curaçao
Blue Bay, Taiwan, a bay of the Asian island of Taiwan
Blue Bay Marine Park, a bay of the African island of Mauritius
|
wiki
|
A bagel (; ; also spelled beigel) is a bread roll originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. It is traditionally shaped by hand into a roughly hand-sized ring from yeasted wheat dough that is first boiled for a short time in water and then baked. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior.
Bagels are often topped with seeds baked on the outer crust—traditional choices include poppy and sesame seeds—or with salt grains. Different dough types include whole-grain and rye. The basic roll-with-a-hole design, hundreds of years old, allows even cooking and baking of the dough; it also allows groups of bagels to be gathered on a string or dowel for handling, transportation, and retail display.
The earliest known mention of a boiled-then-baked ring-shaped bread can be found in a 13th-century Syrian cookbook, where they are referred to as . Bagel-like bread known as obwarzanek was common earlier in Poland as seen in royal family accounts from 1394. Bagels have been widely associated with Ashkenazi Jews since the 17th century; they were first mentioned in 1610 in Jewish community ordinances in Kraków, Poland.
Bagels are now a popular bread product in North America and Poland, especially in cities with a large Jewish population. Bagels are also sold (fresh or frozen, often in many flavors) in supermarkets.
History
Linguist Leo Rosten wrote in The Joys of Yiddish about the first known mention of the Polish word derived from the Yiddish word in the "Community Regulations" of the city of Kraków in 1610, which stated that the food was given as a gift to women in childbirth. There is some evidence that the bagel may have been made in Germany before being made in Poland.
In the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, the became a staple of Polish cuisine. Its name derives from the Yiddish word from the German dialect word , meaning 'ring' or 'bracelet'.
Variants of the word are used in Yiddish and in Austrian German to refer to a similar form of sweet-filled pastry; , a pastry filled with poppy seeds, and , a pastry filled with ground nuts. The term is also used in southern German dialects, where refers to a pile, e.g., ('woodpile'). According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, bagel derives from the transliteration of the Yiddish , which came from the Middle High German or 'ring', which itself came from ('ring') in Old High German, similar to the Old English ('ring') and ('to bend, bow'). Similarly, another etymology in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the Austrian German , a kind of croissant, and was similar to the German , a stirrup or ring.
In the Brick Lane district and surrounding area of London, England, bagels (locally spelled "beigels") have been sold since the middle of the 19th century. They were often displayed in the windows of bakeries on vertical wooden dowels, up to a metre in length, on racks.
Bagels were brought to the United States by immigrant Polish Jews, with a thriving business developing in New York City that was controlled for decades by Bagel Bakers Local 338. They had contracts with nearly all bagel bakeries in and around the city for its workers, who prepared all their bagels by hand.
The bagel came into more general use throughout North America in the last quarter of the 20th century with automation. Daniel Thompson started work on the first commercially viable bagel machine in 1958; bagel baker Harry Lender, his son, Murray Lender, and Florence Sender leased this technology and pioneered automated production and distribution of frozen bagels in the 1960s. Murray also invented pre-slicing the bagel.
Around 1900, the "bagel brunch" became popular in New York City. The bagel brunch consists of a bagel topped with lox, cream cheese, capers, tomato, and red onion. This and similar combinations of toppings have remained associated with bagels into the 21st century in the United States.
In Japan, the first kosher bagels were brought by from New York in 1989. BagelK created green tea, chocolate, maple-nut, and banana-nut flavors for the market in Japan. Some Japanese bagels, such as those sold by , are soft and sweet; others, such as Einstein Bro. bagels sold by Costco in Japan, are the same as in the U.S.
Size change over time
Bagels in the U.S. have increased in size over time. Starting at around , by 1915, the average bagel weighed ; the size began to increase further in the 1960s. By 2003, the average bagel sold on a Manhattan coffee cart weighed around .
Preparation and preservation
At its most basic, traditional bagel dough contains wheat flour (without germ or bran), salt, water, and yeast leavening. Bread flour or other high gluten flours are preferred to create the firm, dense but spongy bagel shape and chewy texture. With a dough hydration of around 50-57%, bagel dough is among the stiffest bread doughs. Most bagel recipes call for the addition of a sweetener to the dough, often barley malt (syrup or crystals), honey, high fructose corn syrup, or sugar, with or without eggs, milk or butter. Leavening can be accomplished using a sourdough technique or a commercially produced yeast.
Bagels are traditionally made by:
mixing and kneading the ingredients to form the dough
shaping the dough into the traditional bagel shape, round with a hole in the middle, from a long thin piece of dough
proofing the bagels for at least 12 hours at low temperature ()
boiling each bagel in water for 60–90 seconds that may contain additives such as lye, baking soda, barley malt syrup, or honey
baking at a temperature between
This production method gives bagels their distinctive taste, chewy texture, and shiny appearance.
In recent years, a variant has emerged, producing what is sometimes called the steam bagel. To make a steam bagel, the boiling is skipped, and the bagels are instead baked in an oven equipped with a steam injection system. In commercial bagel production, the steam bagel process requires less labor, since bagels need only be directly handled once, at the shaping stage. Thereafter, the bagels need never be removed from their pans as they are refrigerated and then steam-baked. The steam bagel results in a fluffier, softer, less chewy product more akin to a finger roll that happens to be shaped like a bagel. The dough used is intentionally more alkaline to aid browning, because the steam injection process uses neutral water steam instead of an alkaline solution bath.
Bagels can be frozen for up to six months.
Quality
According to a 2012 Consumer Reports article, the ideal bagel should have a slightly crispy crust, a distinct "pull" when a piece is separated from the whole by biting or pinching, a chewy inside, and the flavor of bread freshly baked. The taste may be complemented by additions cooked on the bagel, such as onion, garlic, sesame seeds, or poppy seeds. The appeal of a bagel may change upon being toasted. Toasting can have the effect of bringing or removing desirable chewiness, softening the crust, and moderating off-flavors.
A typical bagel has 260–350 calories, 1.0–4.5 grams of fat, 330–660 milligrams of sodium, and 2–5 grams of fiber. Gluten-free bagels have much more fat, often 9 grams, because of ingredients in the dough to supplant the wheat flour of the original.
Varieties
New York style
The New York bagel contains malt, is cold-fermented for several days to develop the flavors and enhance the crust, and is boiled in salted water before baking in a standard oven. The resulting bagel has a fluffy interior and a chewy crust. According to CNN, Brooklynites believe New York bagels are the best due to the quality of the local water. According to Brooklyn Water Bagels CEO Steven Fassberg, the characteristics of a New York bagel are the result of the recipe formula and preparation method.
Montreal style
Different from the New York style, the Montreal-style bagel contains malt and sugar with no salt; it is boiled in honey-sweetened water before baking in a wood-fired oven. It is predominantly of the sesame "white" seeds variety (bagels in Toronto are similar to those made in New York in that they are less sweet, generally are coated with poppy seeds and are baked in a standard oven).
St. Louis style
The St. Louis style bagel refers not to composition, but to a particular method of slicing the bagel. The St. Louis style bagels are sliced vertically multiple times, instead of the traditional single horizontal slice. The slices range from thick. This style of bagel was popularized by the St. Louis Bread Company, now known as Panera Bread. Generally, the bagels are sliced into eight pieces using a bread slicer, which produces characteristically precise cuts (the bagel is not torn or crushed while slicing). This particular method of preparation increases the surface area available for spreads (e.g., cream cheese, butter). However, it decreases the portability of the bagel and prevents formation of sandwiches.
Other bagel styles
Other bagel styles can be found elsewhere; Chicago-style bagels are baked with steam. American chef John Mitzewich has a recipe for what he calls San Francisco-style bagels which yields bagels flatter than New York-style bagels, characterized by a rough-textured crust. The traditional London bagel (or beigel as it is spelled) is chewier and has a denser texture.
In Austria, (often also spelled or in its diminutive form) are a traditional Lenten food. The rings are made from a yeasted dough, rolled out very thin and briefly boiled in salted water before topped with salt and caraway seeds and then baked. Depending on the region, they are sometimes baked to a very hard consistency, making them relatively brittle. Connected with it is the tradition of () at Easter where two people pull on opposite ends of a until it breaks into two pieces. Tearing off the larger piece is meant to bring good luck. In Vienna, Eastern Lower Austria and Burgenland, has taken on the meaning of certain types of kipferl.
Non-traditional doughs and types
While normally and traditionally made of yeasted wheat, in the late 20th century variations on the bagel flourished. Non-traditional versions that change the dough recipe include pumpernickel, rye, sourdough, bran, whole wheat, and multigrain. Other variations change the flavor of the dough, often using blueberry, salt, onion, garlic, egg, cinnamon, raisin, chocolate chip, cheese, or some combination of the above. Green bagels are sometimes created for St. Patrick's Day.
A flat bagel, known as a 'flagel', can be found in a few locations in and around New York City, Long Island, and Toronto. According to a review attributed to New York's Village Voice food critic Robert Seitsema, the flagel was first created by Brooklyn's 'Tasty Bagels' deli in the early 1990s.
Large scale commercial sales
United States supermarket sales
According to the American Institute of Baking (AIB), 2008 supermarket sales (52-week period ending January 27, 2009) of the top eight leading commercial fresh (not frozen) bagel brands in the United States:
totaled to US$430,185,378 based on 142,669,901 package unit sales.
the top eight leading brand names for the above were (by order of sales): Thomas', Sara Lee, (private label brands) Pepperidge Farm, Thomas Mini Squares, Lender's Bagels (Pinnacle Foods), Weight Watchers and The Alternative Bagel (Western Bagel).
Further, AIB-provided statistics for the 52-week period ending May 18, 2008, for refrigerated/frozen supermarket bagel sales for the top 10 brand names totaled US$50,737,860, based on 36,719,977 unit package sales.<ref name="AIB2">Baking Management (2008) AIB website data: Bagels 2008, from Redbook, July 2008, p. 20, Statistics from Information Resources. retrieved 2009-03-23 from American Institute of Baking website: Bagels 2008 updated to March 10, 2009</ref>
The AIB reported US$626.9 million fresh bagel US supermarket sales (excluding Wal-Mart) for the 52 weeks ending 11 April 2012. Fresh/frozen supermarket sales (excluding Wal-Mart) for the 52 weeks ending 13 May 2012 was US$592.7 million. The average price for a bag of fresh bagels was $3.27; for frozen it was $1.23.
Similar breads
Many cultures developed similar breads and preparations, such as bubliki in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and obwarzanek (in particular obwarzanek krakowski) in Poland. Somewhat similar in appearance to bagels, these breads are usually topped with sesame and poppy seeds. The ingredients in these breads and bagels somewhat differ, as these breads are made with a different dough using butter. and sometimes also with milk.
In Italy, taralli and are breads similar to bagels.
In Turkey, a salty and fattier form is called açma. The ring-shaped simit is sometimes marketed today as a Turkish bagel. Archival sources show that the simit has been produced in Istanbul since 1525. Based on Üsküdar court records (Şer’iyye Sicili) dated 1593, the weight and price of simit was standardized for the first time. Noted 17th-century traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote that there were 70 simit bakeries in Istanbul during the 1630s.
Jean Brindesi's early 19th-century oil paintings about Istanbul daily life show simit sellers on the streets. Warwick Goble made an illustration of the simit sellers of Istanbul in 1906. Simit is very similar to the twisted sesame-sprinkled bagels pictured being sold in early 20th century Poland. Simit are also sold on the street in baskets or carts, as bagels were then.
The Uyghurs of Xinjiang, China enjoy girdeh nan (from Persian, meaning round bread), a type of nan, the local bread.
Another bagel-like type of bread is the traditional German Dortmunder Salzkuchen from the 19th century.
Ka'ak al-Quds (better known in English as the Jerusalem bagel) is an oblong ring bread, usually topped with sesame seeds, with its origins in Jerusalem. Unlike the bagel, it is not boiled prior to baking.
Cultural references
"Bagel" is also a Yeshivish term for sleeping 12 hours straight—e.g., "I slept a bagel last night." There are various opinions as to the origins of this term. It may be a reference to the fact that bagel dough has to "rest" for at least 12 hours between mixing and baking or simply to the fact that the hour hand on a clock traces a bagel shape over the course of 12 hours.
In tennis, a "bagel" refers to a player winning a set 6–0; winning a match 6–0, 6–0, 6–0 is called a "triple bagel".
"Bublichki or "Bagelach is a title of a famous Russian and Yiddish song written in Odessa in the 1920s. The Barry Sisters together with the Ziggy Elman Orchestra made it popular in the US in 1939. Today it belongs to the repertoire of klezmer, jazz and pop musicians.
In Quizbowl, a "bagel" refers to failing to correctly answer any part of a multi-part bonus question (i.e. "We bageled that bonus on the Franco-Mongol alliance in the first finals match."). This is because a bagel looks like the number zero, which is the points gained by incorrectly answering all of the questions.
In the United States, February 9 is often celebrated as National Bagel Day, in which people celebrate the rich history of getting together and eating bagels.
The term "bageling" refers to when a Jew uses a Jewish word or phrase in a conversation, or in the vicinity of a stranger who is also clearly Jewish, in order to inform them that they are also Jewish.
The bagel is a major plot device in the 2022 science-fiction film Everything Everywhere All at Once''.
See also
Appetizing store
Bagel and cream cheese
Bialy (bread)
Doughnut
Jewish cuisine
Pizza bagel
Pletzel
Simit
References
Jewish baked goods
Polish cuisine
Seeded breads
Snack foods
Street food
|
wiki
|
Batman: Dead End is a superhero fan film written and directed by Sandy Collora that premiered on July 19, 2003 at the San Diego Comic-Con, and on the internet shortly thereafter. The film crosses over the DC Comics superhero Batman with the Alien and Predator science fiction film franchises.
Plot
During a stormy night in Gotham City, the Joker escapes from Arkham Asylum while Batman prepares to hunt for him. Batman finds and corners the Joker in an alleyway, but before the Dark Knight can take him back to the asylum, the Joker is quickly dragged off by an Alien and is presumably killed. Another Alien attacks Batman, but is killed by a Predator, which the Dark Knight fights and defeats. Suddenly, more Predators appear just as more Aliens emerge from the darkness behind Batman. The film ends abruptly with a cliffhanger as the Dark Knight is surrounded by the Aliens and the Predators.
Cast
Clark Bartram as Bruce Wayne/Batman
Andrew Koenig as the Joker
Kurt Carley as the Predator
Jake McKinnon as the Alien
Dragon Dronet, Patrick Magee and Kurt Carley as other Predators
Production
The film was made for a reported $30,000 and filmed in parts of North Hollywood, California, as a stand-in for Gotham City. Collora filmed a similar project, 2004's World's Finest, with much of the same cast and crew.
Reception
Film director and comic book writer Kevin Smith called it "possibly the truest, best Batman movie ever made", and comic book artist Alex Ross praised it as "Batman the way I've always wanted to see him". Collora has stated in interviews that the film was made as a demonstration reel to attract attention to his directing skills, and as such, succeeded in its goal.
Fan Films Quarterly listed Batman: Dead End as one of the 10 most pivotal moments in fan film history in its Summer 2006 issue.
See also
The Dark Horse comic books which first touched on similar themes are:
Batman/Aliens
Batman Versus Predator
References
External links
Collora Studios - Filmmaker's website
Batman: Dead End at TheForce.net
Batman: Dead End review at Film Threat
Batman: Dead End behind the scenes at EW.com
2003 short films
2003 independent films
2000s superhero films
2003 action films
Alien vs. Predator (franchise) films
American superhero films
American action films
Fan films based on Batman
Crossover films
Films shot in Los Angeles
2003 horror films
2003 films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
|
wiki
|
Chevy Van may refer to:
Chevrolet Express (current Chevrolet van)
Chevrolet Van (predecessor model of Chevrolet Express)
Chevrolet Beauville (passenger version of the aforementioned predecessor "van")
"Chevy Van" (song), a song by Sammy Johns
See also
GMC Savana (Similar to Chevrolet Express)
GMC Vandura (Predecessor of Savana, similar to Chevrolet Van)
GMC Rally (passenger version of Vandura)
|
wiki
|
Harmon of Michigan is a 1941 American film starring Anita Louise and Larry Parks. Ostensibly a biopic about University of Michigan football player Tom Harmon's post-collegiate career as a coach, it was actually filmed immediately upon his graduation and is thus entirely fictional. Harmon, who was an all-American and Heisman Trophy winner at Michigan, plays himself in the film.
Cast
Tom Harmon as himself
Anita Louise as Peggy Adams
Forest Evashevski as himself
Oscar O'Shea as "Pop" Branch
Warren Ashe as Bill Morgan
Stanley Brown as Freddy Davis
Ken Christy as Joe Scudder
Tim Ryan as Flash Regan
William Hall as Coach Jimmy Wayburn
Larry Parks as Harvey
Lloyd Bridges as Ozzie
Chester Conklin as Gasoline Chuck
External links
Harmon of Michigan at TCMDB
1941 films
1940s biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
American black-and-white films
American football films
Biographical films about sportspeople
Columbia Pictures films
Cultural depictions of players of American football
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Charles Barton
Michigan Wolverines football
1941 drama films
1940s American films
|
wiki
|
Danny Collins peut faire référence à :
Danny Collins, un footballeur britannique.
Danny Collins, un film américain de Dan Fogelman sorti en 2015.
|
wiki
|
Hypothetical black hole may refer to:
Micro black hole, a microscopic black hole proposed to have formed in the early universe
Intermediate mass black hole, a black hole of a mass between a stellar mass black hole and a supermassive black hole
Direct collapse black hole: a black hole formed from the collapse of hydrogen, rather than from a star
Primordial black hole, a black hole that might have formed in a similar fashion to a star during the Universe's earliest epochs
Extremal black hole, the smallest possible black hole that could exist while rotating at a specific speed
White hole, the opposite of a black hole; a white hole continuously expels matter
|
wiki
|
Intrahepatic bile ducts compose the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver.
They can be divided into:
Lobar ducts (right and left hepatic ducts) - stratified columnar epithelium.
Interlobar ducts (between the main hepatic ducts and the interlobular ducts) - pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Interlobular bile ducts (between the interlobar ducts and the lobules) - simple columnar epithelium.
Intralobular bile ducts (cholangioles or Canals of Hering) - simple cuboidal epithelium, then by hepatocytes
Bile canaliculi - two half-canaliculi formed by the hepatocytes facing the perisinusoidal space
References
Hepatology
|
wiki
|
Academic imperialism is a form of imperialism where there is an unequal relation between academics, where one group dominates and the other is dominated or ignored. Early theories of academic imperialism date to the 1960s.
Definitions
Academic imperialism has been defined either in the context of certain disciplines or subdisciplines as oppressing others or (more often) as part of political imperialism that has resulted in inequality between academia in the First World (the West) and Third World.
Within disciplines
In the intradisciplinary context, an example of imperialistic behavior was the dismissive attitude of the 1920s-1930s adherents of behavioral psychology in the United States towards non-behavioral psychologists.
Internationally
In the international context, academic imperialism began in the colonial period when the colonial powers designed and implemented a system of academia in their colonial territories. C. K. Raju claims academic imperialism emerged thanks to racism among native colonial elites. Academic imperialism is blamed for "tutelage, conformity, secondary role of dominated intellectuals and scholars, rationalization of the civilizing mission, and the inferior talent of scholars from the home country specializing in studies of the colony." In the modern postcolonial era, academic imperialism has transformed itself into a more indirect form of control, based on Western monopoly on the flow of information in the world of academia. Syed Farid Alatas calls this "academic neo-colonialism".
Relation to academic dependency
International academic imperialism generates academic dependency, or the dependency of non-Western scholars on Western academia. In non-Western countries, science is still dependent on institutions and ideas of Western science, which are often transplanted from Western countries.
Syed Farid Alatas lists the following six aspects of academic dependency:
Dependence on ideas;
Dependence on the media of ideas;
Dependence on the technology of education;
Dependence on aid for research as well as teaching;
Dependence on investment in education;
Dependence of Third World social scientists on demand in the West for their skills.
Specific examples of academic dependency include the fact that most major journals are based in the Western countries and carry works by scholars located at Western universities; and that scholars in the Western countries study the entire world, whereas scholars in the non-Western countries focus on their own societies. Another example is the dominance of English language in the world of international academia.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Imperialism
Imperialism
Sociology of science
|
wiki
|
A knee wall is a short wall, typically under three feet (one metre) in height, used to support the rafters in timber roof construction. In his book A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Francis D. K. Ching defines a knee wall as "a short wall supporting rafters at some intermediate position along their length." The knee wall provides support to rafters which therefore need not be large enough to span from the ridge to the eaves. Typically the knee wall is covered with plaster or gypsum board.
The term is derived from the association with a human knee, partly bent. Knee walls are common in houses in which the ceiling on the top floor is an attic, i.e. the ceiling is the underside of the roof and slopes down on one or more sides.
Jamb height
Since there is no legal definition of the jamb height, further specifications are required as to how it is to be measured. It is generally accepted that the knee wall begins at the upper edge of the soffit of the floor below. There is no uniform use of the term for the end of the knee stick. In the greatest extent of the knee wall, this extends to the imaginary intersection of the outer wall with the upper edge of the rafter. The smallest dimension is when the knee wall is understood to mean only the wall that goes beyond the attic ceiling (excluding the base purlin). Between these possibilities, other methods of measurement are in use.
See also
Sleeper wall – a short wall used to support floor joists of a ground floor
References
Types of wall
Building engineering
|
wiki
|
Celestino Pérez (born 24 February 1948) is a Puerto Rican former swimmer who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics.
References
1948 births
Living people
Puerto Rican male swimmers
Puerto Rican male freestyle swimmers
Male medley swimmers
Olympic swimmers of Puerto Rico
People from Caguas, Puerto Rico
Swimmers at the 1963 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Competitors at the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in swimming
Pan American Games competitors for Puerto Rico
20th-century Puerto Rican people
|
wiki
|
The cubic inch (symbol in3) is a unit of volume in the Imperial units and United States customary units systems. It is the volume of a cube with each of its three dimensions (length, width, and height) being one inch long which is equivalent to 1/231 of a US gallon.
The cubic inch and the cubic foot are used as units of volume in the United States, although the common SI units of volume, the liter, milliliter, and cubic meter, are also used, especially in manufacturing and high technology. One cubic inch is approximately .
One cubic foot is equal to exactly because 123 = 1,728.
One US gallon is equal to exactly .
Notation conventions
The following abbreviations have been used to denote the cubic inch: cubic in, cu inch, cu in, cui, cu. in.
The IEEE standard symbol is: in3
In internal combustion engines, the following abbreviations are used to denote cubic inch displacement: c.i.d., cid, CID, c.i., ci
Equivalence with other units of volume
One cubic inch (assuming an international inch) is equal to:
(1 cu ft equals 1,728 cu in)
Roughly 1 tablespoon (1.0 U.S. gallon = 256 U.S. tablespoons = 231 cubic inches)
About
About
About 0.06926407 American/English cups
About
About
About
About (1.0 gallon equals 231 cu in exactly [3 in × 7 in × 11 in])
About of crude oil (1.0 barrel equals 42 gallons, by definition, or 9,702 cu in)
Exactly (1.0 liter is about )
Exactly or cubic centimeters (which in turn is approximately )
Exactly ( is about )
Uses of the cubic inch
Electrical box volume
The cubic inch was established decades ago in the National Electrical Code as the conventional unit in North America for measuring the volume of electrical boxes. Because of the extensive export of electrical equipment to other countries, some usage of the non-SI unit can be found outside North America.
Engine displacement
North America
The cubic inch was formerly used by the automotive industry and aircraft industry in North America (through the early 1980s) to express the nominal engine displacement for the engines of new automobiles, trucks, aircraft, etc. The cubic inch is still used for this purpose in classic car collecting. The auto industry now uses liters for this purpose, while reciprocating engines used in commercial aircraft often have model numbers based on the cubic inch displacement. The fifth generation Ford Mustang has a Boss 302 version that reflects this heritage - with a five-liter (302 cubic inch) engine similar to the original Boss. Chevrolet has also revived this usage on its 427 Corvette. Dodge has a "Challenger 392" (a conversion from its 6.4 liter V8 engine).
See also
Conversion of units
Orders of magnitude (volume)
Square inch
References
Customary units of measurement in the United States
Imperial units
Units of volume
ja:インチ#立方インチ
|
wiki
|
UEFA U-19 Championship 2007 (Elite Round) is the second round of qualification for the final tournament of the 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. Spain, Italy, and England automatically qualified for this round. The winners of each group joined hosts Austria at the final tournament.
Matches
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
See also
2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
2007 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification
External links
Qualification Elite
UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification
|
wiki
|
Stars on Parade is a 1944 American comedy musical film directed by Lew Landers and starring Larry Parks.
Cast
Larry Parks as Danny Davis
Lynn Merrick as Dorothy Dean
Ray Walker as Billy Blake
Jeff Donnell as Mary Brooks
Selmer Jackson as J. L. Carson
Edythe Elliott as Mrs. Dean
Mary Currier as Nan McNair
Danny O'Neil (formerly known as Bill Shumate; né William Petree; 1920–2002) as Danny
Frank Hubert as Frank
Jean Hubert as The Chords Member
Nat King Cole as Nat King Cole
Judy Clark as The Chords Member
Ben Carter as Ben Carter Choir Member
References
External links
Stars on Parade at BFI
Stars on Parade at TCMDB
1944 films
American musical films
1944 musical films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Lew Landers
1940s American films
|
wiki
|
A mattress is a soft, cushioned pad on which a person can lie and sleep.
Mattress may also refer to:
Mattress (rocket), a multiple rocket launcher during World War II
"Mattress" (Glee), an episode
"The Mattress" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), an episode
See also
Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)
|
wiki
|
Kaomianjin or roast gluten () is a type of grilled noodle commonly served in Xi'an, China. Gluten dough, or seitan is shaped into spirals and baked over a barbecue before being sprinkled with spices.
References
Chinese noodles
Street food in China
Xi'an
|
wiki
|
Safety Zone may refer to:
Safety Zone (album), a 1975 album by Bobby Womack
"Safety Zone" (song), a 2013 song by DMTN
"Safety Zone", a 2022 song by J-Hope from Jack in the Box
Nanking Safety Zone, a former demilitarized zone in China
|
wiki
|
GMS syndrome is a syndrome characterised by goniodysgenesis, intellectual disability, and short stature.
References
External links
Genetic disorders with no OMIM
Syndromes affecting stature
|
wiki
|
Patrick Emanuel Martinus Lodiers (born October 25, 1971) is a Dutch television presenter and a former chairman of BNN.
Lodiers is the presenter of Dutch programs like De Lama's, Over Mijn Lijk and The Big Donor Show.
1971 births
Dutch game show hosts
Dutch public broadcasting administrators
Living people
People from Vlissingen
|
wiki
|
bastnäsite-(Ce)
bastnäsite-(La)
bastnäsite-(Y)
|
wiki
|
, literally “Japanese-style dressing”, is a vinaigrette-type salad dressing based on tosazu (a kind of Japanese vinegar), popular in Japan.
The standard wafu dressing consists of a mixture of Japanese soy sauce, rice vinegar, mirin, and vegetable oil. There are many variations flavoured with additional ingredients, such as aonori, shiso, grated ginger, katsuobushi, umeboshi puree, wasabi, or citrus fruits, such as lemon or yuzu. A variation incorporating sesame oil is called , meaning “Chinese dressing”, and a salad dressed with chūka dressing is called , meaning "Chinese-style salad".
See also
Ginger dressing
Japanese cuisine
References
Salad dressings
Brand name condiments
Japanese condiments
|
wiki
|
Aeschynite-(Ce), con prevalente contenuto di cerio
Aeschynite-(Nd), con prevalente contenuto di neodimio
Aeschynite-(Y), con prevalente contenuto di ittrio
|
wiki
|
Copper Canyon is a canyon system in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico
Copper Canyon may also refer to:
The Copper Canyon Railway through the Copper Canyon in Mexico
Copper Canyon, Texas, a town in Denton County, Texas
Copper Canyon, a small canyon on the lower Chemainus River on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
A canyon in Death Valley National Park
A canyon in Lake Havasu
Copper Canyon Press, a small publishing house in Port Townsend, Washington
Copper canyon (R&D), the first part of the DARPA NASP program
Copper Canyon (film), a 1950 Western movie starring Ray Milland
"Copper Canyon", charting single by Teresa Brewer
|
wiki
|
Functional periodicity is a term that emerged around the late 19th century around the belief, later to be found invalid, that women suffered from physical and mental impairment during their menstrual cycle. Men held a higher status and were regarded as superior to women at this period in time. Many prominent male psychologists promoted the idea of functional periodicity. Women were not seen as being fit for certain types of work, responsibilities, and roles because of this idea. The idea of functional periodicity stems from ancient taboos and rituals that were passed on from generation to generation. It then developed into an actual theory in the twentieth century.
Functional periodicity was investigated by a female psychologist named Leta Hollingworth. She made key contributions in the research of functional periodicity, as well as in the feminist movement at the time. Hollingworth, along with her husband Harry Hollingworth, established exceptional research on the idea of functional periodicity and created research studies investigating the science of motor/learning tasks involving the human body. Her research impacted how society viewed women, despite the patriarchal opinions held by many.
Background and history
Functional periodicity was the idea of women being functionally impaired during their menstruation cycle. The untested hypothesis of the time was supported by men, because at this time they dominated society, and this idea helped to keep women in a subordinate position. Women were viewed as not qualified for certain types of work, achievements, and certain responsibilities. The belief also reinforced the stereotype of women being fragile in physical and emotional well-being. Multiple studies were performed to look at mental and physical (motor) abilities during menstruation. Many men concluded that women were not fit for certain work and responsibilities. For example, in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, there was debate about whether or not women should participate in higher education. Many argued that women should not go on to pursue higher education because of the dangers that may be involved relating to physiological circumstances. An example of reasoning using functional periodicity is a quote by Henry Maudsley in 1874. He further states:
‘"This is a matter of physiology, not a matter of sentiment… not a question of two bodies and minds that are in equal physical condition, but if one body and mind capable of sustained and regular hard labor, and of another body and mind which for one quarter of each month, during the best years of life, is more or less sick and unfit for hard work."
This quote exemplifies the sexist beliefs expressed during this time period. Because of these opinions and beliefs, the idea of functional periodicity became more relevant in American society.
The idea of functional periodicity stems from past cultural superstitions. In the past, menstruation has been thought of as superstitious and taboo. An example of this line of thought comes from the British Medical Journal, which discusses the question of whether or not a menstruating woman can contaminate or damage food by touching it. Many individuals believed in this superstition and reinforced it.
Leta Hollingworth was born on the Nebraska frontier in 1886. When she was an adolescent, her mother died, which lead to rough household conditions within the family. Despite the difficulties, she did exceptionally well in school. This drove her to pursue her education further, which resulted in her graduating from University of Nebraska. While studying there, she met Harry Hollingworth and married him soon after. She began teaching while her husband enrolled in a doctoral program at Columbia University, but because she was married she could no longer teach in the state of New York. At the time, this was against the law. This barrier fueled Hollingworth's feminist activism. When she finally got the opportunity to enroll in the psychology program at Columbia University under Edward Thorndike, she took it. At the end of the program, she decided to study functional periodicity for her dissertation research.
Hollingworth wanted to investigate the idea of functional periodicity and its assumptions about women. She started by designing two separate studies. The first study that was designed tested men and women on a series of mental and motor tasks while the second study monitored only females over a 30-day period. Her results showed there was no significant difference in physical and emotional tasks when a woman is menstruating and when she is not.
The influence of Leta Hollingworth
Leta Hollingworth was a clinical psychologist and feminist activist who conducted psychological research on several theories involving women. Some of these theories included the variability hypothesis and functional periodicity. She was quite instrumental in disproving the theory of functional periodicity, which was widely believed to be true by scientists as well as the general public.
For her dissertation research at Columbia Teacher's College, Hollingworth decided to conduct an investigation on functional periodicity, which she considered to be an unfair assumption about women that lacked any scientific grounds to justify itself. Hollingworth completed her dissertation under the supervision of the psychologist Edward Thorndike, a major proponent of the variability hypothesis. Though they held conflicting views, Hollingworth thanked him for aiding her. Hollingworth saw it as her duty as a feminist to prove through scientific study that women were equally as capable and intelligent as men in all of their pursuits, even during menstruation. Her dissertation included three studies dealing with functional periodicity among women, two of which were intensive and one which was extensive. Her studies on functional periodicity helped to expand the view of menstruation and reduce bias towards women.
Studies examining functional periodicity
Studies relating to motor deficits
Leta Hollingworth decided to use tests that had been used previously by psychologists to complete her study. She decided to use a familiar tapping test and steadiness test to assess motor ability. She had a total of 8 participants, including 6 women and 2 men. The participants ranged from 23–45 years old.
The tapping test was administered by having each participant tap a brass rod that was connected to a brass plate 400 times with their right hand to record maximal speed. Stanley Hall approved of this apparatus and stated how important it was for measuring muscle control. This is important because G.S. Hall is one of the leading male figures who stated, "Women... can make less accurate and energetic movements, and the mental activities are less brilliant."
After the data was analyzed, the researchers noted that there is no data from this study that suggests that women are experiencing more fatigue, less will power, and diminished energy during their menstrual cycle. Fatigue from the tests occurred similarly for men and women. The first 200 taps were faster compared to the last 200 taps.
The steadiness test was measured by having each participant hold a brass rod 2.5 mm in diameter at arm's length. This rod was in a hole 6 mm in diameter. While standing they were asked to hold it for 30 seconds and make the least amount of contact with the hole. Each contact was measured by an electric counter. Due to high variability of the averages the data was deemed unreliable. This was proved by the fact that outside or external forces could affect the outcome greatly. Examples of this would be if the participant coughed, took a breath or got startled by a noise.
Studies relating to learning deficits
Not only did Leta Hollingworth study motor ability, she also sought to study mental ability as well. This was done by using two specific tests, color naming and saying opposites. Color naming was observed by having a card face down laid in front of the participant. Each participant was to name the color on the card as quickly as possible. The opposites test used a list of 50 words to test for mental ability as well. The words were presented to the individual in two columns and the words were typed. The participants went through the list as quickly as possible, naming the opposite to each word.
Lastly, she decided to do one more experiment involving 17 females. This study was to observe steadiness, tapping, and the opposites test. In this study, ages ranged from 20 to 40 years old. This extensive experiment was much the same as the intensive experiments involving the 8 participants. They were conducted every 3rd day for 30 days. Two trials were administered at every sitting to help with reliability. The experiment provided results that were very similar to her prior intensive experiment.
References
Psychological theories
Menstrual cycle
|
wiki
|
There is a body of films that feature Frankenstein's monster, first created by Mary Shelley in her 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus.
List of films (chronological)
See also
Frankenstein in popular culture
Frankenstein (US miniseries), aired in 2004
Frankenstein's Wedding, Live in Leeds (BBC3 live broadcast of Colin Teague's 2011 production from Kirkstall Abbey, Leeds).
References
Frankenstein's monster, list of films featuring
|
wiki
|
Domoxin (INN) is a hydrazine derivative monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant which was never marketed.
See also
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Hydrazine (antidepressant)
References
Antidepressants
Benzodioxans
Hydrazines
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
|
wiki
|
Crumbs – serie televisiva statunitense
Crumbs Bake Shop – catena di panetterie statunitense
Preside Crumbs – personaggio della serie televisiva I maghi di Waverly
Pagine correlate
Crumb
The Crumbs
|
wiki
|
Lemon Tree may refer to:
Lemon (Citrus limon), a tree bearing fruit
Lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), an Australian native tree with a distinct lemon smell
Places in Australia
Lemon Tree, New South Wales
Lemon Tree Passage, New South Wales
Lemontree, Queensland
Film, music and literature
Lemon Tree (film), a 2008 film by director Eran Riklis
The Lemon Tree (album), an album by Daryl Braithwaite
"Lemon Tree" (Will Holt song), a song made popular by Trini Lopez
"Lemon Tree" (Fool's Garden song), a song by Fool's Garden
"(Here We Go Round) the Lemon Tree", a song by the Move
The Lemon Trees, a 1990s UK pop band
"Lemon of Troy", an episode of The Simpsons featuring the theft of Springfield's Lemon Tree
The Lemon Tree, an arts venue in Aberdeen, Scotland
The Lemon Tree, a book by Sandy Tolan; 2007 winner of the Christopher Award
See also
Lemon (disambiguation)
|
wiki
|
Verse may refer to:
Poetry
Verse, an occasional synonym for poetry
Verse, a metrical structure, a stanza
Blank verse, a type of poetry having regular meter but no rhyme
Free verse, a type of poetry written without the use of strict meter or rhyme, but still recognized as poetry
Versed, 2009 collection of poetry by Rae Armantrout
Verse, an international poetry journal with Henry Hart (author) as founding editor
Religion
Chapters and verses of the Bible
Ayah, one of the 6,236 verses found in the Qur'an
Music
Verse (band), a hardcore punk band
Verse (rapper) (b. 1986), British hip hop artist
Verse (popular music), roughly corresponds to a poetic stanza
Verse-chorus form, a musical form common in popular music where the chorus is highlighted
Verses (album), a 1987 album by jazz trumpeter Wallace Roney
Verses (Apallut), a 2001 album by the Alaskan group Pamyua
Verse, a 2002 album by Patricia Barber
Ben Mount (born 1977), also known as The Verse or MC Verse, British rapper, producer and record label owner
"Verses", a commonly used unofficial title for a studio outtake by Cardiacs included on Toy World
Other uses
Jared Verse, American football player
Verse (film), a 2009 Bolivian film
Verse protocol, a networking protocol allowing real-time communication between computer graphics software
Verse (river), a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Verse (programming language), a functional logic programming language developed by Epic Games
See also
Versus (disambiguation)
|
wiki
|
The following is a list of works by American painter Edward Hopper.
References
Edward Hopper
Hopper, Edward
|
wiki
|
The Meaning of Shakespeare (1951) was written by Harold Clarke Goddard. A chapter is devoted to each of thirty-seven plays by William Shakespeare, ranging from three pages for The Comedy of Errors to over 50 for Henry V. Three additional chapters treat larger themes.
After the book was finished and had been accepted for publication, Dr. Goddard died without having named it; the title was provided by the publisher, the University of Chicago Press. Originally published as one volume, it was later split into two volumes.
Notes
1951 non-fiction books
William Shakespeare
Books of literary criticism
University of Chicago Press
|
wiki
|
In baseball, sign stealing is the act of observing the signs being signaled by the opposing catcher to the pitcher or a coach, and the subsequent relaying of those signals to members of one's own team. Signs are stolen with the intent of gaining advance knowledge of the upcoming pitch and communicating it to the batter, thereby giving them an advantage. Legal sign stealing typically involves the signs being observed by a runner on second base and then relayed to the batter through some sort of gesture. Illegal sign stealing involves mechanical or electronic technology; the rules regarding this have become more stringent over time and continue to evolve.
Sign stealing has been in practice almost since the game's origin in the 19th century, and has continued to be used in recent times.
Legality
According to the unwritten rules of baseball, stealing the signs that are given by the third base coach, or those of the catcher by a baserunner on second base, is acceptable, and it is up to the team giving the signs to protect them so they are not stolen. Even so, pitchers may retaliate when they believe their signs are being stolen with a brushback pitch. On the other hand, a batter peeking in to see the catcher's signs is definitely not tolerated. The signs the catcher sends to the pitcher to call for the next pitch are considered more "sacred" than the signs a third base coach relays to the batter.
Stealing signs is not necessarily a violation of Major League Baseball's (MLB) rulebook; it depends how the signs are stolen. At the December 1961 Winter Meetings, the National League banned the use of a "mechanical device" to steal signs. The use of electronic equipment is not specifically forbidden by MLB rules, but in 2001, Sandy Alderson, while serving as executive vice president for baseball operations of MLB, issued a memorandum stating that teams cannot use electronic equipment to communicate with each other during games, especially for the purpose of stealing signs. Before the 2019 season, in an effort to reduce illegal sign stealing, MLB commissioner Rob Manfred instituted specific prohibitions on where teams could position cameras and how instant replay officials can communicate with managers.
Notable incidents
19th century
The oldest recorded instance of a team attempting to steal signs dates back to 1876, when the Hartford Dark Blues hid a person in a shack to tip off their hitters when the pitcher would throw a curveball. In 1897, George Stallings, the manager of the Philadelphia Phillies, had Morgan Murphy, a backup catcher, hide in a clubhouse beyond center field with a binocular and a telegraph that he used to alert Stallings to what pitch the opposing catcher was calling. In 1900, Murphy was again used to steal signs with Phillies coach Pearce Chiles, stood on a box with electric wires that relayed to him coded messages in the form of electrical buzzes about what pitch was coming, which he communicated to the batters by stomping on the ground. He would get one buzz for a fastball, two buzzes for a curveball, and three buzzes for a changeup. No action was taken against anyone involved in these early sign stealing incidents.
20th century
In the 1903 baseball anthology How to Play Base Ball, compiled by Boston sportswriter Tim Murnane, catcher Malachi Kittridge of the Boston Beaneaters wrote: "I give my signs to the pitcher while in a squatting position to prevent the other side from calling the turn."
Three members of the 1951 New York Giants admitted to stealing signs by using a telescope to win the National League pennant that season—the admission came 50 years later, in 2001. The Giants rallied from games behind in the final 10 weeks of the season to win the pennant over the Brooklyn Dodgers using this technique. Bobby Thomson, who hit the "Shot Heard 'Round the World", denied being tipped off to that pitch.
On May 26, 1959, despite the Milwaukee Braves' bullpen stealing catcher Smokey Burgess's signs, Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Harvey Haddix threw 12 perfect innings before losing the game in the 13th. The only Braves player not to accept the signs was Hank Aaron.
In March 1962, newly acquired New York Mets pitcher Jay Hook accused his previous team, the 1961 National League champion Cincinnati Reds, of stealing signs throughout the season with help from former Reds pitcher Brooks Lawrence, stationed inside Crosley Field's scoreboard. Lawrence denied the charge, and Reds manager Fred Hutchinson, when asked if he would either confirm or deny the allegation, replied simply, "No. No comment." Forty years later, Hook's story was indirectly corroborated by another member of the 1961 Reds, pitcher-author Jim Brosnan, who discussed the disappointing home-field performance by Reds hitters during the 1961 World Series, despite having Lawrence "up in the left-centerfield scoreboard, stealing every sign the Yankee catchers gave."
21st century
Technology has been a component in most recent sign stealing incidents.
2017 Houston Astros scandal
After the 2019 season, Mike Fiers alleged that the 2017 Houston Astros used technology to illegally steal their opponents' signs and relay them to their hitters. MLB and the Astros opened an investigation into the allegation, and it was expanded to encompass the 2018 and 2019 seasons. On January 13, 2020, Rob Manfred announced that MLB's investigation confirmed that the Astros illegally used a video camera system to steal signs during their 2017 and 2018 seasons. The organization was penalized with a $5 million fine, forfeiture of first- and second-round draft picks in 2020 and 2021, and the suspension of general manager Jeff Luhnow and field manager A. J. Hinch for one year; Luhnow and Hinch were subsequently fired by the team the same day. Three days after the Astros penalties were announced, the New York Mets and Carlos Beltrán (an Astros player at the time of the scandal) mutually parted ways. Beltrán had been hired as the team's new manager on November 1, 2019, so at the time of the announcement he had never managed a game for the team. Beltrán was the only player specifically named in MLB's report on the Astros scandal. While he was not directly linked to any prohibited activity, he was one of several Astros players who met during that season to discuss improvements in their sign stealing.
2017 Boston Red Sox: Apple Watch
During the 2017 season, the Boston Red Sox were fined by MLB for using an Apple Watch to relay stolen signs to hitters in games against the New York Yankees. On September 15, 2017, commissioner Rob Manfred had said in regards to the investigation into Boston's illicit use of an Apple Watch: "I have received absolute assurances from the Red Sox that there will be no future violations of this type."
On February 4, 2020, MLB Network journalist Peter Gammons reported that former Red Sox player Chris Young told him that he was the mastermind of the Red Sox' Apple Watch scheme, telling him "I started the whole Apple Watch thing. I got it from when I was with the Yankees." Young later denied this, and Gammons retracted his comments via Twitter. SportsNet New York (SNY) revealed that Young had been interviewed by MLB officials as part of the 2017 investigation against the Red Sox and that multiple sources told the sports news agency that Young was in fact a leader of the team's 2017 Apple Watch scheme.
The same year, a phone conversation between Yankees pitching coach Larry Rothschild and replay room officials revealed that the Yankees engaged in sign stealing which resulted in the Yankees being fined. A 2017 letter from commissioner Manfred to Yankees general manager Brian Cashman, made public in 2022, indicated the Yankees were fined $100,000 for their sign-stealing practices.
2018 Boston Red Sox: video replay
On January 7, 2020, the Red Sox were implicated in another sign stealing scandal after three unnamed team members told The Athletic that the Red Sox had used their replay room to steal signs of opposing teams during the 2018 season. On January 13, 2020, Manfred stated that he would determine the appropriate punishment for Red Sox manager Alex Cora, who was also implicated in the Astros scandal, when the investigation was completed. The next day, Cora and the Red Sox mutually agreed to part ways; Dave Dombrowski, the general manager who hired Cora, was dismissed from the Red Sox before the 2018 sign stealing scandal was made public.
On April 22, 2020, commissioner Manfred issued his report from the investigation, determining that the Red Sox replay operator had "utilized the game feeds in the replay room" to decode sign sequences but those actions were "limited in scope and impact", as the decoding only happened during some occurrences of the opposing team having a runner on second base and were not known to "then-Manager Alex Cora, the Red Sox coaching staff, the Red Sox front office, or most of the players". The video replay operator was suspended for the 2020 season and the team forfeited their second-round selection in the 2020 MLB draft. Cora was separately suspended for a year for his actions in the Houston Astros sign stealing scandal.
Reactions to sign stealing
Nothing Personal host David Samson and Fox Sports Radio's Jonas Knox have said they believe this type of cheating is widespread throughout the sport.
Prior to the 2022 Major League Baseball season, MLB announced that teams could use PitchCom, a wireless communication system, to request pitches. PitchCom is intended to reduce the risk of sign stealing.
Notable sign stealers
Many players and coaches throughout baseball history have been considered the best at sign stealing. Some of these players known for sign stealing are Del Baker, Joey Amalfitano, and Joe Nossek.
Pitcher Al Worthington had a religious objection to sign stealing, and quit both the 1959 Giants and the 1960 White Sox because of the teams' sign stealing.
Manager Whitey Herzog was known to complain about other teams stealing signs. After a game where the Brewers were found to be sign stealing using their mascot Bernie Brewer, he reportedly said, "Maybe we should put a Texas Ranger or somebody out there and shoot a gun or something when a curveball is coming," referring to the incident.
See also
Cheating in baseball
Gamesmanship
References
Further reading
Cheating in baseball
Baseball terminology
Major League Baseball controversies
|
wiki
|
Silver Hill is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States, approximately southeast of Washington, D.C. Per the 2020 census, the population was 6,381. Prior to 2010, Silver Hill was part of the Suitland-Silver Hill census-designated place.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Silver Hill has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2020 census
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
Education
Silver Hill is served by the county-wide public school system, Prince George's County Public Schools.
Portions are zoned to Panorama, Suitland, Hillcrest Heights, and William Beanes elementary schools.
Portions are zoned to Benjamin Stoddert Middle School, Thurgood Marshall Middle School, and Drew-Freeman Middle School.
Portions are zoned to Potomac High School, Suitland High School, and Crossland High School.
References
Census-designated places in Maryland
Census-designated places in Prince George's County, Maryland
|
wiki
|
I Want Tomorrow — сингл ирландской певицы Энии, выпущенный в 1987 году, с альбома Enya того же года.
Список дорожек
Песни Энии
|
wiki
|
Madden NFL 2004 est un jeu vidéo de sport (football américain) sorti en 2003 sur PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Advance et PC (Windows).
Le jeu fait partie de la série Madden NFL.
Système de jeu
Accueil
Jeuxvideo.com : 17/20 (PS2/XB/GC) - 17/20 (PC)
Notes et références
Liens externes
Jeu vidéo de football américain
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2003
Jeu Game Boy Advance
Jeu GameCube
Jeu PlayStation 2
Jeu PlayStation
Jeu Windows
Jeu Xbox
Jeu vidéo développé aux États-Unis
Jeu EA Sports
Madden NFL
|
wiki
|
Music show may refer to:
Music Show, an Irish–British racehorse
A concert, of live music
A music radio programme
A music television show
|
wiki
|
Johnny Gill (born 1966) is an American R&B singer-songwriter.
Johnny Gill may also refer to:
Johnny Gill (baseball) (1905–1984), Major League Baseball outfielder
Johnny Gill (1983 album)
Johnny Gill (1990 album)
Johnny Ray Gill, (born 1985), American producer, stage and screen actor and director
See also
John Gill (disambiguation)
Gill, Johnny
|
wiki
|
Cottage cheese is a curdled milk product with a mild flavor and a creamy, non-homogeneous, soupy texture. It is made from skimmed milk by draining curds, but retaining some of the whey and keeping the curds loose. An important step in the manufacturing process distinguishing cottage cheese from other fresh cheeses is the adding of a "dressing" to the curd grains, usually cream, which is largely responsible for the taste of the product. Cottage cheese is not aged.
Cottage cheese can be low in calories compared to other types of cheese — similar to yogurt, this makes it popular among dieters and some health devotees. It can be used with a wide variety of foods such as yogurt, fruit, toast, granola, in salads, as a dip, and as a replacement for mayonnaise.
It is also known as curds and whey.
History
Origin
A popular story on the origin of cheese was taken from Homer's Odyssey, in which the poet describes how the Cyclops Polyphemus made cheese by storing milk in animal stomachs. The enzyme rennin from the stomachs of nursing animals induce a coagulation process separating the curds from the milk.
Cheese is thought to have occurred in the Middle East around 5,000 BC, but archaeological remains believed to be of cheese-making date to before that in parts of Europe. Evidence of cheese can be found in a band of carvings on the walls of an ancient Mesopotamian temple that date back to 3,000 BC. The ancient carvings show the process in which the civilization created a cheese-like substance, using salt and milk to create a salty sour curd mixture believed to be somewhat similar to today's cottage cheese. As Rome expanded its empire, they spread the knowledge of cheese, discovering many new forms of it.
Popularization
In late 19th century Minnesota, when milk went sour, farmers sometimes made something they called "Dutch cheese", which is said to have been similar to modern industrial cottage cheese, in order not to waste the bad milk. In the early 20th century farmers in northeastern British Columbia made something they called "homesteader's cheese", which is said to have been similar to modern industrial cottage cheese (a "Dutch cheese" also existed there at the time, but this was something else). The term cottage cheese first began to be used for such simple homemade cheese in America in the mid-19th century.
The first American cheese factory opened in 1868, beginning the wholesale cheese industry in the United States. Popularity in the United States of industrial cheese in general increased greatly at the end of the 19th century; by the turn of the century, farm production of cheese had become significant.
Cottage cheese was widely promoted in America during the First World War, along with other dairy products, to save meat for infantry rations. This promotion was shown in many war posters, including one which claimed that one pound of cottage cheese contains more protein than a pound of lamb, pork, beef, or chicken.
After the war, cottage cheese quickly became more popular. of cottage cheese were produced in 1919 (out of of cheese in general in 1920), but by 1928, were manufactured. Consumption peaked in the United States in the 1970s when dieting became popular and some $1.3 billion of it was sold per year, but in the 1980s yogurt became more popular and sales dropped considerably further in the 2000s.
In 2016, a Wall Street Journal article theorized that cottage cheese might be ready for a resurgence following the popularity of Greek yogurt due to its high levels of protein and low levels of sugar.
Manufacture
Since the 1930s, industrial cottage cheese has been manufactured using pasteurized skim milk, or in more modern processes using concentrated nonfat milk or reconstituted nonfat dry milk. A bacterial culture that produces lactic acid (Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis or L. lactis ssp. cremoris strains such as are usually used) and rennet, which allows the milk to curdle and parts to solidify, added to skim milk is heated until reaches , after which is maintain for 8 hours or more. The solids, known as curd, form a gelatinous skin over the liquid (known as whey) in the vat, which is cut into cubes with wires, allowing more whey to drain from the curds. The curds are then reheated to for one or two hours. In Iowa in the early 1930s, hot water was poured into the vat, which further firms the curds. Once the curds have been drained and are mostly dry the mass is pressed to further dry the curds. The curds are then rinsed in water. Finally, salt and a "dressing" of cream is added, and the final product is packaged and shipped for consumption. Some smaller modern luxury creameries omit the first heating step but allow the milk to curdle much longer with bacteria to produce the curds, or use crème fraîche as dressing.
Cottage cheese made with a food-grade acid must be labelled as "Direct Acid set".
Usually, a small amount of low -producing citrate-fermenting lactococci or leuconostoc bacterial strains are added to the starter mix for the production of diacetyl for added buttery or creamy flavors. Producers must be careful that the final product contains approximately 2 ppm diacetyl, and that the ratio of diacetyl to acetaldehyde is 3–5 to 1, to achieve the typical cottage cheese flavor. Too small a ratio and the product tastes grassy, too much and the taste becomes harsh.
Cottage cheese is naturally a yellow colour due to the cream dressing, but to increase consumer acceptance and appeal of the final product titanium dioxide is usually added to the dressing to make it a brilliant white colour and enhance marketability of the finished product. In the United States, the FDA allows the additive in many dairy products (not whole milk) up to 1% of total volume by weight, but it must be labelled in the ingredient list. It may also be used in Canada and the European Union. Relatively recently, producers have added this ingredient in nanoparticle form. In the US, the FDA does not restrict nanoparticle technology usage in food, but in Europe, it must be first submitted for approval as a food ingredient. According to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, it is found in hundreds of products, not always labelled as such, including many organic products, however a number of large US producers have denied using it.
Cottage cheese may be marketed as a small-curd (<4 mm diameter) or large-curd (>8 mm diameter).
Nutrition
Cottage cheese is popular among dieters and some health food devotees. It is also relatively popular among bodybuilders and athletes for its high content of casein protein while being relatively low in fat. Cottage cheese is also safe to eat during pregnancy, in contrast to some cheese products that are not recommended.
The sour taste of the product is due to lactic acid, which is present at 124–452 mg/kg. Formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid contribute to the aroma.
Due to its incorporation of whey, cottage cheese is high in lactose relative to most other cheeses.
Consumption
In the United States and Canada, cottage cheese is popular in many culinary dishes. It can be combined with fruit and sugar, salt and pepper, fruit purée, tomatoes, or granola and cinnamon. It can be eaten on toast, in salads, as a chip dip, as a replacement for mayonnaise in tuna salad, and as an ingredient in recipes such as jello salad and various desserts. Cottage cheese is also popular with fruit, such as pineapple, pears, peaches, or mandarin oranges.
See also
Cottage cheese boycott, a consumer boycott in 2011 in Israel against the rise of food prices
List of cheese
Cheese curds, moist pieces of curdled milk
Ricotta, an Italian whey cheese
Coagulate Skimmed milk with lactic bacteria and rennet
Fromage blanc, a soft French cheese
Tvorog, a Russian white cheese
Quark, a soft German cheese
Coagulate with citric acid or acetic acids
Mascarpone, an Italian cheese made from cream
Paneer, Indian cottage cheese in Indian English made from whole buffalo milk. It is eaten boiled, baked, or fried.
Queso fresco, a Spanish and Latin American soft cheese made from whole milk
References
External links
Cheese
Jewish American cuisine
American cuisine
Israeli cuisine
Jewish cuisine
Curd
|
wiki
|
This is a list of Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise postseason and World Series streaks. The list includes only the modern World Series between the American League (AL) and the National League (NL), not the various 19th-century championship series.
The most successful postseason team in MLB history is the New York Yankees, who have achieved three of the four instances of a franchise winning more than two World Series championships in a row (one streak each of durations 3, 4, and 5 seasons) and five of the six instances of a franchise winning the league pennant (i.e., an appearance in the World Series) more than three times in a row (three streaks of 4 seasons and two streaks of 5 seasons). The only other franchises to achieve these milestones are the Oakland Athletics, who won three consecutive championships from 1972 to 1974, and the New York Giants, who won four consecutive pennants from 1921 to 1924. The Yankees also achieved a remarkable run of appearing in 15 of the 18 World Series from 1947 to 1964.
Beginning in 1969, MLB split into four divisions, and the winners of each competed in the League Championship Series, with the winners advancing to the World Series. When a multi-tier playoff system was implemented in 1995, the LCS remained the series that determined the pennant-winner. The longest streak of consecutive LCS appearances belongs to the Atlanta Braves with 8 in a row from 1991 to 1999 (not counting 1994, when there were no playoffs), while the second-longest belongs to the Houston Astros who have the longest active streak with 6 in a row from 2017 to 2022.
Further expansion of the postseason began in 1995, with eight teams entering the playoffs each year (further expanded to ten teams in 2012). In this era, the Braves entered the postseason 14 consecutive years from 1991 to 2005 (again not counting 1994), while the Yankees had a streak of 13 appearances from 1995 to 2007. However, all other postseason appearance streaks of 6 years or more predate the expanded-postseason era and are mentioned above, except for an ongoing 10-year run by the Los Angeles Dodgers (2013–2022).
World Series championship streaks
The Yankees have achieved one streak each of 3, 4, and 5 championships in a row, and the Athletics have achieved a streak of 3 in a row. Back-to-back championships have been achieved an additional fourteen times.
Near streaks: Runs during which a franchise won World Series championships at least 70% of the time, with gaps of no more than one year:
World Series appearance (pennant) streaks
The Yankees have achieved five separate streaks of 4 or 5 pennants in a row, and the Giants achieved one streak of 4 in a row. Three pennants in a row have been achieved an additional twelve times, and back-to-back pennants an additional twenty-one times.
The Yankees also achieved a remarkable run in which they appeared in 15 of the 18 World Series from 1947 to 1964.
Bold indicates a current streak.
Near streaks: Runs during which a franchise won its league pennant at least 70% of the time, with gaps of no more than one year:
* Because the 1994 playoffs were cancelled, the year 1994 is not counted as either a part or an interruption of any streak.
League Championship Series appearance streaks
The Braves appeared in every LCS held from 1991 to 1999, which is 8 in a row, winning five league pennants and one World Series championship during that time. The American League record is held by the Houston Astros, who have appeared in the ALCS in six straight seasons from 2017 to 2022 that has resulted in four pennants and two world titles. They are the only team to appear in an LCS in six straight completed seasons, as the 90s Braves did not compete in the 1994 NLCS due to the season not being completed. Incidentally, the LCS was the only round preceding the World Series until 1995, when the Division Series was created; the Wild Card Series has acted as the first round for most of the playoff teams on a regular basis since 2022.
The Oakland Athletics in their "Swingin' A's" era previously held the AL record with five appearances in a row, which saw them win three world titles. The Yankees and Cardinals have each achieved an LCS appearance streak of four in a row. Three LCS appearances in a row have been achieved an additional thirteen times, and back-to-back LCS appearances an additional twenty-two times.
Three teams (the Orioles, Pirates, and Yankees) achieved multiple LCS appearance streaks in and around the 1970s, each adding up to five appearances in six years.
The LCS began in 1969. Before that, the two regular season champions were awarded the pennants and went directly to the World Series.
Bold indicates a current streak.
Near streaks: Runs during which a franchise appeared in its league championship series at least 70% of the time, with gaps of no more than one year:
* Because the 1994 playoffs were cancelled, the year 1994 is not counted as either a part or an interruption of any streak.
Postseason appearance streaks
The Braves and the Yankees have achieved respective streaks of 14 and 13 consecutive appearances in the postseason, centered on the 1990s and 2000s. The Dodgers have an ongoing streak of 10 consecutive appearances. Five postseason appearances in a row have been achieved an additional six times, four in a row an additional seven times, three in a row an additional twenty-eight times, and back-to-back postseason appearances an additional fifty times.
The Yankees appeared in 17 of the 18 postseasons from 1995 to 2012, and 15 of the 18 postseasons from 1947 to 1964 (see pennant near-streaks above). Five teams (the Indians, Cardinals twice, Red Sox, and Angels) achieved multiple postseason appearance streaks in and around the 1990s and 2000s, each adding up to 6 appearances in 7 or 8 years. The Phillies appeared in 6 of the 8 postseasons from 1976 to 1983.
Postseason appearance streaks have become more common in recent years, as the postseason has been progressively restructured to include more teams (originally two, four since 1969, eight since 1995, ten since 2012, sixteen in 2020, ten in 2021, twelve since 2022). The Astros, who have reached the postseason six straight times from 2017 to 2022, are the only team to ever win a postseason series in six straight seasons.
Bold indicates a current streak.
Near streaks: Runs during which a franchise appeared in the postseason at least 70% of the time, with gaps of no more than one year:
* Because the 1994 playoffs were cancelled, the year 1994 is not counted as either a part or an interruption of any streak.
References
World Series and MLB Playoffs (Baseball Reference)
See also
List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts
List of Major League Baseball postseason series
List of Major League Baseball postseason teams
List of NFL franchise post-season streaks
List of NBA franchise post-season streaks
List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks
Major League Baseball postseason
Major League Baseball records
MLB, Postseason Streaks
|
wiki
|
Curd is obtained by coagulating milk in a sequential process called curdling. It can be a final dairy product or the first stage in cheesemaking. The coagulation can be caused by adding rennet, a culture, or any edible acidic substance such as lemon juice or vinegar, and then allowing it to coagulate. The increased acidity causes the milk proteins (casein) to tangle into solid masses, or curds. Milk that has been left to sour (raw milk alone or pasteurized milk with added lactic acid bacteria) will also naturally produce curds, and sour milk cheeses are produced this way. Producing cheese curds is one of the first steps in cheesemaking; the curds are pressed and drained to varying amounts for different styles of cheese and different secondary agents (molds for blue cheeses, etc.) are introduced before the desired aging finishes the cheese. The remaining liquid, which contains only whey proteins, is the whey. In cow's milk, 90 percent of the proteins are caseins. Curds can be used in baking or may be consumed as a snack.
==Uses==
Curd products vary by region and include cottage cheese, curd cheese (both curdled by bacteria and sometimes also rennet), farmer cheese, pot cheese, queso blanco, and paneer. The word can also refer to a non-dairy substance of similar appearance or consistency, though in these cases a modifier or the word curdled is generally used.
In England, curds produced using rennet are referred to as junket; true curds and whey are produced from the natural separation of milk due to its environment (temperature, acidity). Curds are used to make pudding as well, with semolina, raisins, chopped nuts and other ingredients. This can be baked, or the curd pudding can be used to bake thin custard pancakes.
Cheese curds, drained of the whey and served without further processing or aging, are popular in some French-speaking regions of Canada, such as Quebec, parts of Ontario, and Atlantic Canada. These are often sold in snack-sized packaging and seen as a typically Canadian food item. Throughout Canada cheese curds are served with french fries and gravy in a popular snack called poutine. Curds are also typical of some Germanic-descent regions such as historic Waterloo County in Ontario.
In some parts of the Midwestern U.S., especially in Wisconsin, curds are eaten fresh without further additions, or they are breaded and fried.
In Turkey, curds are called keş and are served on fried bread and are also eaten with macaroni in the provinces of Bolu and Zonguldak.
In Sri Lanka, curd is eaten fresh as a dessert since antiquity. Usually buffalo curd cured in clay pots and served with kitul treacle (Caryota urens), is considered a delicacy in almost every part of the island. Although cows milk curd also is produced, Buffalo curd is the preferred variety.
In Mexico, chongos zamoranos is a dessert prepared with milk curdled with sugar and cinnamon.
Albanian is made by boiling whey for about 15 minutes and adding vinegar or lemon. The derivative is drained and salted to taste. can be served immediately or refrigerated for a couple of days.
See also
Aarts, Mongolian fermented curd, eaten as a dried snack or reconstituted as a hot beverage
Chongos zamoranos, a dessert prepared with milk curdled with sugar and cinnamon
Cuajada (or Coalhada), usually sweetened and eaten for breakfast or dessert, popular in Spain and Central America
Curd snack, a snack popular in the Baltic States
Çökelek, a form of fermented buttermilk or yogurt curd from Turkey
Farmer cheese
Hoop cheese
Key lime pie, prepared by curdling condensed milk
Kesú Paraguay, a Paraguayan formed cottage cheese
Kurt or Qurut, central Asian cheese curd
Leipäjuusto, Finnish cheese
Ostkaka, Swedish style cheese cake, some call it a Swedish National dish
Paskha, a Russian Easter dessert made of quark
Ricotta, an Italian whey cheese
Skyr, Icelandic curd
Tofu, the coagulated product from soy milk, from eastern and south-eastern Asian countries
Túró Rudi, a Hungarian chocolate bar with curd
Urdă, a Balkan fresh white cheese made from whey.
List of dairy products
References
External links
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Curd
Dairy products
Cheese dishes
|
wiki
|
Pain de seigle valaisan is a rye bread from Valais, Switzerland. It is recognized with an appellation d'origine protégée (AOP). It is often served with raclette cheese and charcuterie.
History of Pain de seigle valaisan begins in the Middle Ages, it was baked into bread in the European Alpine regions. The importance of rye bread in Valais is evidenced by records dating back to 1209. At that time, it was the main ingredient in the daily diet in the Valais villages. The oven, which was used for the collective production of bread in the village, was stoked only two or three times a year. Therefore, bakery products such as Valais rye bread had to be stored for a particularly long time.
References
Rye breads
Swiss breads
|
wiki
|
Supernews may refer to:
SuperNews!, an animated television series
Supernews (Usenet provider)
|
wiki
|
The following are lists of Doctor Doctor episodes:
List of Doctor Doctor (American TV series) episodes
List of Doctor Doctor (Australian TV series) episodes
See also
Doctor Doctor (South Korean TV series)
|
wiki
|
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? may refer to:
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (novel), a novel by Horace McCoy
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (film), a 1969 film adapted from the novel
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (band), a Canadian rock band
"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?", a song by Racing Cars
"They Shoot Horse, Don't They?", a song by Quickspace from the 2000 album The Death of Quickspace
|
wiki
|
Boris Vyacheslavich () was Prince of Chernigov for eight days in 1077. He was the son of Vyacheslav Yaroslavich, Prince of Smolensk. Following his father's death in 1057, the child Boris was debarred from his inheritance. He died fighting against his unclesVsevolod Yaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov and Izyaslav Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kievon 3 October 1078.
Early life
Boris was the son of Vyacheslav Yaroslavich, Prince of Smolensk, a younger son of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev. According to the historian Martin Dimnik, Boris was a child when his father died in 1057. Boris became an izgoia member of the Rurik dynasty debarred from rulingafter his father's death, because his uncle, Igor Yaroslavich succeeded his father in Smolensk. Boris's allegedly close relationship with his cousins, Oleg Svyatoslavich and Roman Svyatoslavich implies that their father, Sviatoslav Iaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov appeased Boris "in some manner, undoubtedly, by giving him a town", according to Martin.
In Chernigov
Upon the death of Sviatoslav Yaroslavich in 1077, his brothers Vsevolod Yaroslavich and Izyaslav Yaroslavich started a bitter rivalry over the Kievan throne. Vsevolod left Chernigov and headed towards Izyaslav, who had set out on a military campaign against Kiev. Boris took advantage of his uncle's absence and seized control of Chernigov. He only managed to remain in power for eight days and then had to flee to Tmutarakan upon hearing the news of Vsevolod's return.
In Tmutarakan
In Tmutarakan, Boris was accepted by his cousin, Prince Roman Svyatoslavich. The two were soon joined by Roman's brother, Oleg, who had been banished by his uncles from the Principality of Vladimir. Boris and Oleg allied themselves with the Cumans and attacked Vsevolod on the Sozh River, defeating his army in a bloody battle and capturing Chernigov on 25 August 1078. Soon, Vsevolod and Izyaslav were able to muster a new army with the help of their sons and headed for Chernigov.
Boris and Oleg had already left the city by the time Vsevolod and Izyaslav approached it, but the citizens of Chernigov closed the gates and prepared for the siege. The attackers burned the outer parts of the city and wanted to proceed further, but received the news on Oleg and Boris coming to Chernigov's rescue. Oleg tried to convince his cousin Boris not to seek direct confrontation with the four princes, but Boris decided to take them on. Boris died in a fierce battle "at a place near a village on the meadow of Nezhata" on 3 October, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.
References
Sources
The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America. .
External links
Profile at hrono.ru
1078 deaths
Military personnel killed in action
11th-century princes in Kievan Rus'
Princes of Chernigov
Rurik dynasty
Year of birth unknown
|
wiki
|
Gyurma is a blood sausage made with yak or sheep's blood in Tibetan cuisine. Rice or roasted barley flour can be added as filler. The sausage uses natural yak or sheep casing (intestine). This sausage is also consumed in the region of Sikkim, Uttrakhand and Ladakh in India and Himalayan regions of Nepal.
See also
Kaszanka
Black pudding
Lap Cheong
List of Tibetan dishes
References
External links
Photo of a sliced gyurma served in a Tibetan restaurant
Indian cuisine
Tibetan cuisine
Blood sausages
Nepalese cuisine
|
wiki
|
Viva Zalata () is a 1976 Egyptian western comedy film directed by Hassan Hafez.
Synopsis
Zalata immigrates to New Mexico, where he becomes a city hero and eventually mayor. After he is killed by Billy the Kid, his daughter Negma returns to Egypt to find her cousin Metwali for a revenge mission. A playboy and more lover than fighter, Metwali decides to accompany his cousin back to New Mexico. Learning a lot along the way, he avenges his uncle and marries Negma, returning to the Al-Hussainiya neighborhood of Cairo to settle down.
Cast
Fouad el-Mohandes as Zalata/Metwali
Shwikar as Negma
Samir Ghanem as Chief Yellow Cloud
Tawfik el-Deken as wagon train leader
Nabila El Sayed as saloon owner
Hassan Mustafa as the Sheriff
Mahmoud Morsi
Gamal Ismail as General Batista
Salama Elias as casino owner
Nabil Al-Hajrasi as respresentative of the Ministry of Tourism
Osama Abbas as United States government representative
Nabil Badr as Mexican government representative
Zouzou Shakib as Zainab al-Alameh
Seif Allah Mokhtar as follower of Zalata
Helmi Halali as wagon train member
Hassan Abdin as King Size
Ahmed Nabil as follower of Zalata
Mohamed Taha as friend of Metwali
Ahmed Shokry
Mahmoud Abu Zeid as Qaza’a, the sheriff’s deputy
Zakariya Mowafi as Hani, the saloon owner’s son
Izz al-din Islam as undertaker
Almontaser Bellah as follower of Zalata
Samiha Mohamed as shopkeeper’s wife
Sayed Mounir
Hussein Fahmy as Billy the Kid
El-Toukhy Tawfiq as wagon train member
Mohamed Sobhi
See also
Cinema of Egypt
Lists of Egyptian films
List of Egyptian films of the 1970s
List of Egyptian films of 1976
References
External links
Viva Zalata on elCinema.com
1970s Arabic-language films
1976 films
1970s Western (genre) comedy films
1970s adventure comedy films
Egyptian Western (genre) films
Egyptian adventure comedy films
Films shot in Egypt
1976 comedy films
|
wiki
|
Madden NFL 2005 est un jeu vidéo de sport (football américain) sorti en 2004 sur PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Tapwave Zodiac et PC (Windows).
Le jeu fait partie de la série Madden NFL.
Système de jeu
Accueil
Jeuxvideo.com : 17/20 (PS2/XB/GC) - 15/20 (PC)
Notes et références
Liens externes
Jeu vidéo de football américain
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2004
Jeu Game Boy Advance
Jeu GameCube
Jeu PlayStation
Jeu PlayStation 2
Jeu Windows
Jeu Xbox
Jeu Nintendo DS
Jeu vidéo développé aux États-Unis
Jeu vidéo développé au Royaume-Uni
Jeu EA Sports
Madden NFL
|
wiki
|
The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Pub.L. 103–159, 107 Stat. 1536, enacted November 30, 1993), often referred to as the Brady Act or the Brady Bill, is an Act of the United States Congress that mandated federal background checks on firearm purchasers in the United States, and imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases, until the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) was implemented in 1998. The act was appended to the end of Section 922 of title 18, United States Code. The intention of the act was to prevent persons with previous serious convictions from purchasing firearms.
Legislative History
Various iterations of the Brady Bill were discussed and rejected by Congress between 1987 and 1993, when it finally became law.
On February 4, 1987, two Ohio Democrats, Representative Edward F. Feighan and Senator Howard M. Metzenbaum, introduced the Brady Bill for the first time in the 100th Congress. In its original form, the Bill mandated a seven-day waiting period between the time a person applied for a handgun and the time the sale could be completed. The Bill was approved as an amendment to the Omnibus Drug Initiative Act by the House Judiciary Committee on a voice vote in June of the following year. However, on September 15, 1988, the Brady Bill was defeated in the House by a vote of 228-182.
In March 1991, the Bill was introduced again into the House of Representatives by Representative Chuck Schumer, but was never brought to a vote.
On February 22, 1993, the bill was reintroduced for the final time by Rep. Schumer leading to the final version being passed in the 103rd Congress on November 11, 1993. It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 30, 1993, and the law went into effect on February 28, 1994.
Provisions
The Brady Bill requires that background checks be conducted on individuals before a firearm may be purchased from a federally licensed dealer, manufacturer or importer—unless an exception applies. If there are no additional state restrictions, a firearm may be transferred to an individual upon approval by the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) maintained by the FBI. In some states, proof of a previous background check can be used to bypass the NICS check. For example, a state-issued concealed carry permit usually includes a background check equivalent to the one required by the Act. Other alternatives to the NICS check include state-issued handgun purchase permits or mandatory state or local background checks.
In Section 922(g) of title 18, United States Code the Brady Bill prohibits certain persons from shipping or transporting any firearm in interstate or foreign commerce, or receiving any firearm which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce, or possessing any firearm in or affecting commerce. These prohibitions apply to any person who:
Has been convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year;
Is a fugitive from justice;
Is an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance;
Has been adjudicated as a mental defective or committed to a mental institution;
Is an alien illegally or unlawfully in the United States;
Has been discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions;
Having been a citizen of the United States, has renounced U.S. citizenship;
Is subject to a court order that restrains the person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or child of such intimate partner;
Has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence, or;
Is under indictment for a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.
Section 922(n) of title 18, United States Code makes it unlawful for any person who is under indictment for a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year to ship or transport any firearm in interstate or foreign commerce, or receive any firearm which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.
After a prospective buyer completes the appropriate form, the holder of a Federal Firearms License (FFL) initiates the background check by phone or computer. Most checks are determined within minutes. If a determination is not obtained within three business days then the transfer may legally be completed.
Firearm transfers by unlicensed private sellers that are "not engaged in the business" of dealing firearms are not subject to the Brady Act, but may be covered under other federal, state, and local restrictions. The Brady Act has since been amended that private transfers of firearms must be conducted through a Federal Firearms Licensee, who, at their discretion may charge a fee for processing the transaction through the NICS system.
The Brady Bill also does not apply to licensed Curios & Relics (C&R) collectors, but only in respect to C&R firearms. The FFL Category 03 Curio & Relic license costs $30 and is valid for three years. Licensed C&R collectors may also purchase C&R firearms from private individuals or from federal firearms dealers, whether in their home state or in another state, and ship C&R firearms in interstate commerce by common carrier. Curios or relics are defined in as "Firearms which are of special interest to collectors by reason of some quality other than is associated with firearms intended for sporting use or as offensive or defensive weapons." The regulation further states:
James and Sarah Brady
James Brady was press secretary to President Ronald Reagan when both he and the president, along with Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy and District of Columbia police officer Thomas Delehanty, were shot on March 30, 1981, during an assassination attempt by John Hinckley Jr. Brady was shot in the head and suffered a serious wound that left him partially paralyzed for life.
John Hinckley Jr. bought the .22 caliber Röhm RG-14 revolver used in the shooting at a Dallas, Texas, pawn shop on October 13, 1980. In a purchase application that he filled out before taking possession of the revolver, he provided a false home address on the form and showed an old Texas driver's license as "proof" that he lived there. This constituted a felony offense. Additionally, Hinckley had been arrested four days earlier at the Metropolitan Airport in Nashville, Tennessee, when he attempted to board an American Airlines flight for New York with three handguns and some loose ammunition in his carry-on bag. That same day, President Jimmy Carter was in Nashville and scheduled to travel to New York. Finally, Hinckley had been under psychiatric care prior to his gun purchase.
According to Sarah Brady, had a background check been conducted on Hinckley, it could have detected some, or all, of this important criminal and mental health history.
Sarah Brady, James's wife, became active in the gun control movement a few years after the shooting. She joined the Board of Handgun Control, Inc. (HCI) in 1985 and became its chair in 1989. Two years later, she became Chair of the center to Prevent Handgun Violence, HCI's 501(c)(3) sister organization. In 2001, the organizations were renamed the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence in honor of James and Sarah.
On February 4, 1987, the Brady Act was introduced in the U.S. Congress for the first time. Sarah Brady and HCI made the passage of the Brady bill, as it was commonly called, their top legislative priority. In a March 1991 editorial, President Reagan opined that the Brady Act would provide a crucial "enforcement mechanism" to end the "honor system" of the 1968 Gun Control Act and "can't help but stop thousands of illegal handgun purchases."
James and Sarah Brady were guests of honor when President Bill Clinton signed the Brady Act into law on November 30, 1993. President Clinton has stated, "If it hadn't been for them, we would not have passed the Brady Law." In December 2000, the Boards of Trustees for HCI and the center to Prevent Handgun Violence voted to honor James and Sarah Brady's hard work and commitment to gun control by renaming the two organizations the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence.
In 2000, controversy arose when Sarah Brady purchased a .30-06 Springfield rifle in Delaware for her son. Gun rights groups claimed that this action was a straw purchase, intended to avoid the NICS, and may have also violated Delaware firearms purchase laws. No charges were ever filed against Sarah Brady, however. A firearm purchased as a gift is not considered a straw purchase under U.S. federal law if the recipient may legally possess it. Critics pointed out, however, that private firearm transfers like the one made by Sarah Brady are a common concern of gun control advocates (although exemptions for family members have been allowed in past legislation to regulate such sales).
Dissenting views and opposition from the National Rifle Association
Though dissenting opinions assert that legislation to limit the prevalence of gun violence is needed, opponents of the Act argue it will have limited impact on the nation's issue with violent crime because its provisions do little to stop guns from being obtained illegally, and only deal with firearm sales from registered dealers.
National Rifle Association
After the Brady Act was originally proposed in 1987, the National Rifle Association (NRA) mobilized to defeat the legislation, spending millions of dollars in the process. While the bill eventually did pass in both chambers of the United States Congress, the NRA was able to win an important concession: the final version of the legislation provided that, in 1998, the five-day waiting period for handgun sales would be replaced by an instant computerized background check that involved no waiting periods.
The NRA then funded lawsuits in Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Texas, Vermont and Wyoming that sought to strike down the Brady Act as unconstitutional. These cases wound their way through the courts, eventually leading the U.S. Supreme Court to review the Brady Act in the case of Printz v. United States.
In Printz, the NRA argued that the Brady Act was unconstitutional because its provisions requiring local law enforcement officers to conduct background checks was a violation of the 10th Amendment to the Constitution (Brief Amicus Curiae of the National Rifle Association of America in Support of Petitioners, Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898, 1997). Based on these grounds, the NRA told the Court "the whole Statute must be voided."
In its 1997 decision in the case, the Supreme Court ruled that the provision of the Brady Act that compelled state and local law enforcement officials to perform the background checks was unconstitutional on 10th amendment grounds. The Court determined that this provision violated both the concept of federalism and that of the unitary executive. However, the overall Brady statute was upheld and state and local law enforcement officials remained free to conduct background checks if they so chose. The vast majority continued to do so. In 1998, background checks for firearm purchases became mostly a federally run activity when NICS came online, although many states continue to mandate state run background checks before a gun dealer may transfer a firearm to a buyer.
Background checks for firearms purchases operate in only one direction because of the Firearm Owners Protection Act. That is, although a firearms dealer may obtain electronic information that an individual is excluded from firearms purchases, the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) do not receive electronic information in return to indicate what firearms are being purchased.
Since 1998
From the inception of the NICS system in 1998 through 2014, more than 202 million Brady background checks have been conducted. During this period approximately 1.2 million attempted firearm purchases were blocked by the Brady background check system, or about 0.6 percent. The most common reason for denials are previous felony convictions.
Prosecution and conviction of violators of the Brady Act, however, is extremely rare. During the first 17 months of the Act, only seven individuals were convicted. In the first year of the Act, 250 cases were referred for prosecution and 217 of them were rejected.
A 2000 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) found that the implementation of the Brady Act was associated with "reductions in the firearm suicide rate for persons aged 55 years or older." While the same study was unable to conclusively demonstrate the Brady Act had an effect on other gun-related deaths, later studies found waiting periods for handguns significantly reduce overall gun deaths. Georgetown University professor Jens Ludwig and Duke University professor Philip J. Cook, who conducted the JAMA study, praised the law. However, they also pointed out that it did not regulate a "secondary market" which involved acquiring guns from non-dealers, stating that "Our own view is that the Brady Act was a useful—but modest—first step, reducing the availability of guns to high-risk groups such as teens and convicted felons. The Brady Act's apparent effect in reducing gun suicides is encouraging, and implies that lives were probably saved as a result of the waiting period that was required during the first four years of the legislation. But effective action to reduce gun crime may require extending the regulatory umbrella to include the secondary market." Despite allegations that firearm-related homicides did not greatly decrease by 2000, nationwide data collected by the U.S. Department of Justice showed otherwise, with firearm related homicides dropping from 17,527 in 1994 to 10,801 in 2000. However, other factors played a role as well, as non-gun-related violence declined throughout the period. Researchers continue to debate how much of the decline in violent crime can be attributed to the Brady Act or other gun control legislation.
See also
Federal Assault Weapons Ban
Gun law in the United States
Gun politics in the United States
References
External links
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (PDF/details) as amended in the GPO Statute Compilations collection
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act as enacted in the US Statutes at Large
The text of the Brady Bill as reported in the House from the U.S. Government Printing Office
The Brady Campaign website
Printz v. United States (95–1478), 521 U.S. 898 (1997), from Legal Information Institute
Roll call vote from the U.S. Senate
Roll call vote from the U.S. House of Representatives
1993 in American law
103rd United States Congress
Acts of the 103rd United States Congress
Gun politics in the United States
United States federal criminal legislation
United States federal firearms legislation
|
wiki
|
To be thirsty is to experience thirst, a craving for potable fluids.
Thirsty may also refer to:
Thirsty (novel), a 1997 horror novel by Matthew T. Anderson
Thirsty (album), a 2007 album by Marvin Sapp
"Thirsty" (song), a 2014 song by Mariah Carey
"Thirsty", a 2015 song by AJR from Living Room
"Thirsty", a 1960s song by the Camelots
"Thirsty", a 2015 song by Daya from Daya
"Thirsty", a 2014 song by PartyNextDoor from PartyNextDoor Two
"Thirsty", a 2017 song by Taemin from Move
See also
Thirst (disambiguation)
|
wiki
|
id Tech 2 may refer to the following game engines developed by id Software:
Quake engine
QuakeWorld
Quake II engine
See also
id Tech
|
wiki
|
Windows Server 2003 (kodenavn Whistler Server, også kendt som Windows NT 5.2) er efterfølgeren til Windows 2000 Server og blev lanceret 24. april 2003. Windows Server 2003 har stabiliteten fra Windows 2000 Server og funktionerne fra Windows XP og derved et stærkere system.
Til at begynde med blev Windows Server 2003 kaldt Windows .NET Server 2003. Men på grund af forvirring omkring .NET-teknologien blev navnet ændret.
Referencer
Microsoft Windows
|
wiki
|
Dead Boys are an American punk rock band.
Dead Boys may also refer to:
Dead Boys (EP), a 2018 EP by Sam Fender, or the title track
Dead Boys (novel), a 1994 science fiction novel by Richard Calder
|
wiki
|
The American Board of Anesthesiology sets standards and exams for the accreditation of Board certified anesthesiologists coming to the end of their residency. It is one of the 24 medical specialty boards that constitutes the American Board of Medical Specialties.
Former Directors include
Rolland John Whitacre: famous for his design of a subarachnoid needle tip
Edward Boyce Tuohy: famous for his design of an epidural needle
See also
American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology
References
Official website
Notable Names Anaesthesia by Roger Maltby
Anesthesiology organizations
|
wiki
|
Tropological reading or "moral sense" is a Christian tradition, theory, and practice of interpreting the figurative meaning of the Bible. It is part of biblical exegesis.
Doctrine
According to doctrine developed by the Church Fathers, the literal meaning, or God-intended meaning of the words of the Bible, may be read figuratively as a moral reading for one's personal life. For instance, in the Song of Songs (also called Canticles or Song of Solomon), which contains love songs between a woman and a man, the text can also symbolize the love between God and a believer.
In the conception of the Church Fathers, the definitions of "allegory" and "tropology" were very close, until Middle Ages where the Church made a clearer distinction between allegorical spiritual meaning, tropological moral meaning and styles of interpretation.
Etymology
The Ancient Greek word τρόπος (tropos) meant 'turn, way, manner, style'. The term τροπολογία (tropologia) was coined from this word around the second century AD, in Hellenistic Greek, to mean 'allegorical interpretation of scripture' (and also, by the fourth century, 'figurative language' more generally).
The Greek word τρόπος had already been borrowed into Classical Latin as tropus, meaning 'figure of speech', and the Latinised form of τροπολογία, tropologia, is found already in the fourth-century writing of Saint Jerome in the sense 'figurative language', and by the fifth century in sense 'moral interpretation'. This Latin term was adopted in medieval French as tropologie, and English developed the form tropology in the fifteenth century through the simultaneous influence of French and Latin.
See also
Allegorical interpretation of the Bible
Anagoge
Biblical hermeneutics
Historical-grammatical method
Trope (linguistics)
Notes
References
Attribution
Biblical exegesis
Tropes
|
wiki
|
Shab Tra is a Tibetan cuisine dish of stir-fried meat tossed with celery, carrots and fresh green chili.
See also
List of Tibetan dishes
Tibetan cuisine
|
wiki
|
Alan Partridge is a fictional character portrayed by Steve Coogan.
Alan Partridge may also refer to:
Alan Partridge (Brookside), a soap opera character
Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa, a 2013 comedy film
Alan Partridge: Welcome to the Places of My Life, a 2012 television serial
See also
Mid Morning Matters with Alan Partridge, a British television and web series
|
wiki
|
De-Thuk is a Tibetan cuisine soup that includes yak or sheep soup stock along with rice, different types of Tibetan cheeses and droma, a type of Tibetan root. The rice is cooked with much water or stock to reach a consistency similar to Cantonese rice congee.
See also
List of soups
List of Tibetan dishes
References
Tibetan soups
|
wiki
|
Tsam-thuk is a type of Tibetan cuisine soup that uses yak or sheep soup stock and tsampa (roasted barley flour) as well as a variety of Tibetan cheeses. It can be served at room temperature.
See also
List of soups
List of Tibetan dishes
References
Tibetan cuisine
|
wiki
|
WaterDance or Wata (abbreviation from the German WasserTanzen) is a type of aquatic therapy which was developed in Switzerland independently of Watsu. While wearing nose clips, a person is gently guided underwater, pulled, swayed, and "flown" while being regularly brought to the surface for breath.
Overview
WaterDance (also known as Wasser Tanzen or WATA), developed by Arjana Brunschwiler and Aman Schroter in the 1980s, has been called "an underwater three-dimensional journey where time and space lose their meaning". WaterDance emphasizes gentle flowing movement underwater. After being stretched and relaxed at the surface, the receiver is given a noseclip, to prevent water from entering the nasal passages, and then gradually guided entirely underwater. Touch or movement signals are used to communicate when the receiver is to be submerged, and the therapist carefully times submersion to ensure the receiver has a full breath. Movement is coordinated with breath and incorporates elements of massage, Aikido, dolphin and snake-like waves, rolls, somersaults, inversions, and dance.
Applications
Relaxation
Physical Rehabilitation
See also
Massage (Watsu)
Healing Dance
References
Aquatic therapy
Hydrotherapy
Manual therapy
|
wiki
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.