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The Samyang 16mm f/2.0 ED AS UMC CS is an interchangeable camera lens announced by Samyang on June 13, 2013.
References
http://www.dpreview.com/products/samyang/lenses/samyang_16_2/specifications
Camera lenses introduced in 2013
016
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The Second London Naval Treaty was an international treaty signed as a result of the Second London Naval Disarmament Conference held in London, the United Kingdom. The conference started on 9 December 1935 and the treaty was signed by the participating nations on 25 March 1936.
Treaty
The signatories were France, the United States, and most members of the British Commonwealth: Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom (on behalf of itself and "all parts of the British Empire which are not separate Members of the League of Nations"). Two Commonwealth Dominions declined to sign: South Africa and the Irish Free State, the latter because it had no navy. Japan, a signatory of the First London Naval Treaty and already at war on the Asian mainland, withdrew from the conference on 15 January. Italy also declined to sign the treaty, largely as a result of the controversy over its invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia); Italy was under sanctions from the League of Nations.
The conference was intended to limit the growth in naval armaments until its expiration in 1942. The absence of Japan (a very significant naval power) prevented agreement on a ceiling on the numbers of warships. The treaty did limit the maximum size of the signatories' ships, and the maximum calibre of the guns which they could carry. First of all, capital ships were restricted to a standard displacement and 14-inch (356 mm) guns. However, a so-called "escalator clause" was included at the urging of American negotiators in case any of the countries that had signed the Washington Naval Treaty refused to adhere to this new limit. This provision allowed the signatory countries of the Second London Treaty—France, the United Kingdom and the United States—to raise the limit from 14-inch guns to 16-inch if Japan or Italy still refused to sign after 1 April 1937.
Also submarines could not be larger than 2,000 tons or have any gun armament of greater than 5.1-inches, light cruisers were restricted to 8,000 tons and 6.1-inch (155 mm) or smaller guns and aircraft carriers were restricted to 23,000 tons. Article 25 however gave the right to depart limitations if any other country authorised, constructed or acquired a capital ship, an aircraft carrier, or a submarine exceeding treaty limits, and if such a departure would be necessary for national security. For this reason, in 1938 the treaty parties agreed on a new displacement limit of 45,000 tons for battleships, the ill-fated battlecruiser already having fallen out of favor.
This London Naval Treaty effectively ended on 1 September 1939 with the beginning of World War II. Even during its brief period of supposed effectiveness, its clauses were honoured more in the breach than in the observance. Three classes of "treaty" battleships were built or laid down by the United States: the , , and classes. The design of the North Carolina class was initiated before the escalator clause was invoked, Its ships being intended to be armed with, and protected against, 14-inch guns. However, with the invocation of the escalator clause, they were completed with 16-inch guns. The four battleships of the South Dakota class were designed with and protected against 16-inch guns, but maintained a 35,000 ton standard displacement. Design of the Iowa-class began in 1938 and its orders were placed in 1939; with the invocation of the "escalator clause", the Iowas carried 16-inch guns on a displacement of 45,000 tons.
Article 22 of the 1930 Treaty of London relating to submarine warfare declared international law (the so-called "cruiser rules") applied to submarines as well as to surface vessels. Also, unarmed merchant vessels which did not demonstrate "persistent refusal to stop...or active resistance to visit or search" could not be sunk without the ships' crews and passengers being first delivered to "a place of safety" (for which lifeboats did not qualify, except under particular circumstances). The 1936 treaty confirmed Article 22 of the 1930 treaty remained in force, and "all others Powers [were invited] to express their assent to the rules embodied in this Article". This became known as the London Submarine Protocol, and over thirty-five nations eventually did subscribe to it, including the U.S., Britain, Germany, and Japan. It was this Protocol which was used at the post war Nuremberg Trial of Karl Dönitz for ordering unrestricted submarine warfare. These regulations did not prohibit arming merchantmen, but according to Dönitz, arming them, or having them report contact with submarines (or raiders), made them de facto naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules. This made restrictions on submarines effectively moot.
See also
Washington Naval Treaty, preceding treaty
London Naval Treaty, preceding treaty
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
Footnotes
References
Dönitz, Karl. Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days. 1952.
Holwitt, Joel I. "Execute Against Japan", PhD dissertation, Ohio State University, 2005, p. 93.
Milner, Marc. North Atlantic run : the Royal Canadian Navy and the battle for the convoys. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing, 2006.
Muir Jr., Malcolm. "Gun Calibers and Battle Zones: The United States Navy's Foremost Concern During the 1930s." Warship International no. 1 (1980): 24–35.
Von der Poorten, Edward P. The German Navy in World War II. New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1969
External links
Full text of the Treaty
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the United States
London Naval Treaty, Second
History of the French Navy
United States Navy in the 20th century
History of the Royal Navy
1936 in France
1936 in the United Kingdom
1936 in the United States
Treaties concluded in 1936
Treaties of the French Third Republic
Interwar-period treaties
Naval treaties
1936 in British politics
1936 in military history
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Bianca Garavelli (23 August 1958 – 29 December 2021) was an Italian writer and literary critic known for her work on the writings of Dante Alighieri. She died on 29 December 2021, at the age of 63.
References
1958 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Italian writers
21st-century Italian writers
Italian women writers
Italian literary critics
Italian women literary critics
Italian philologists
University of Pavia alumni
People from Vigevano
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The Bayer designation Nu Lupi (ν Lup / ν Lupi) is shared by two stars, in the constellation Lupus (constellation):
ν¹ Lupi
ν² Lupi
Lupi, Nu
Lupus (constellation)
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The Bayer designation Psi Lupi (ψ Lup / ψ Lupi) is shared by two stars, in the constellation Lupus:
ψ¹ Lupi
ψ² Lupi
Lupi, Psi
Lupus (constellation)
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Red Gorbatov cattle (Russian: Kpacнaя гopбaтoвcкaя, Krasnaya gorbatovskaya) are a dairy cattle breed from Gorbatov, Russia.
Origins
The breed originated in Nizhegorod province in the 19th century from crossing Tyrolean cattle onto the local Priokski (Great Russian) cattle. A herdbook was established in 1921. Blood type analysis shows a relationship to Danish Red and Angeln cattle.
Characteristics
Animals are solid red in various shades, sometimes with white on the udder. They have a pink muzzle and white horns with black tips. Cows average 122 cm tall at the withers and weigh 470 kg on average. Bulls average 133 cm in height and 830 kg weight. The breed is claimed to have good resistance to leucosis, tuberculosis and brucellosis.
Population and distribution
From the breed's formation in Nizhegorod province in the 19th century it spread to the floodplain of the Oka river in the Vladimir and Ivanov regions and the Chuvash ASSR. In 1980 there were estimated to be 74,000 breeding females. By 1990 this had fallen to 27,400.
References
Cattle breeds originating in Russia
Cattle breeds
Red cattle
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William Strum (born April 16, 1938 – died August 28, 2010) was an American curler from Superior, Wisconsin.
Strum was a three-time (, , ) and a five-time United States men's curling champion (1965, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1978).
He played in the 1988 Winter Olympics and at the 1992 Winter Olympics when curling was a demonstration sport. In 1988, the USA men's team finished in fourth place, in 1992 they won bronze medal.
Personal life
Strum attended Superior Central High School. He was a member of the Wisconsin National Guard and was a partner with Central Sheet Metal. He was also a member of Pilgrim Lutheran Church. He was married to Betty and had three children.
Awards
United States Curling Association Hall of Fame:
1989 (as curler);
1994 (with all 1965 world champions team: skip Bud Somerville, second Al Gagne and lead Tom Wright).
2017 (with all 1974 world champions team: skip Bud Somerville, third Bob Nichols and lead Tom Locken).
2017 (with all 1978 world champions team: skip Bob Nichols, second Tom Locken and lead Bob Christman).
Teams
References
External links
Curling Superiority!: A History of Superior Wisconsin's Championship Curling Club - Google Books (p. 49)
Video:
1938 births
2010 deaths
People from Bemidji, Minnesota
Sportspeople from Superior, Wisconsin
American male curlers
World curling champions
American curling champions
Curlers at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Curlers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Olympic curlers of the United States
Wisconsin National Guard personnel
American Lutherans
20th-century Lutherans
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Black Hereford may be:
Black Hereford (breed), a black colour variety of Hereford cattle recognized as a breed, originally derived from crossbreeding with Angus cattle
Black Hereford (crossbreed), a cross of Hereford and Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle
See also
Black Baldy, another black-coloured variety of Hereford/Angus crossbreed
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A focus finder is a simple optical tool used to examine a virtual image in an optical device to achieve a precise point of focus.
They are most commonly used in photographic enlarging to ensure that the negative image is accurately focussed on the easel.
Focus finders are designed so that their optical path is exactly equal to the optical path of the uninterrupted light.
In enlarging, this is achieved by mounting an angled front-silvered mirror on a small plinth and using a strong magnifying eyepiece and graticule to examine the reflected virtual image. The enlarger lens is then carefully focussed until the grain structure of the film can be seen in the plane of the graticle.
Photography equipment
Optical devices
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ZSKA Kiew ist der aktuelle oder ehemalige Name folgender Sportvereine aus der ukrainischen Hauptstadt Kiew:
Arsenal Kiew, Fußballverein
ZSKA Kiew (Handball), Handballverein
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The Samsung NX 20-50mm F3.5-5.6 ED is an interchangeable camera lens announced by Samsung on September 14, 2010.
References
http://www.dpreview.com/products/samsung/lenses/samsung_20-50_3p5-5p6/specifications
020-050mm F3.5-5.6 ED
Camera lenses introduced in 2010
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String Quartet No. 16 may refer to:
String Quartet No. 16 (Beethoven) by Ludwig van Beethoven
String Quartet No. 16 (Hill) by Alfred Hill
String Quartet No. 16 (Milhaud), Op. 303, by Darius Milhaud
String Quartet No. 16 (Mozart) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
String Quartet No. 16 (Spohr) by Louis Spohr
String Quartet No. 16 (Villa-Lobos) by Heitor Villa-Lobos
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The Samsung NX 45mm F1.8 is an interchangeable camera lens announced by Samsung on September 17, 2012.
References
045mm F1.8
Camera lenses introduced in 2012
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FRIACO stands for Flat Rate Internet Access Call Origination. It refers to the unmetered access to dial-up Internet services. Telephone numbers used for such dial-up services are free-phone (or toll-free) numbers, so that the user of the service is not paying for the duration of the call in a metered way. Instead, an ISP (Internet service provider) would make other arrangements to cover costs through fixed subscriptions and/or advertising. The UK Government's regulatory body for communications, Ofcom, dealt with the introduction of FRIACO in the UK.
References
Ofcom introduction to FRIACO
Freetring | Free calls online
Internet access
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Seed cake may refer to:
Bush bread
Caraway seed cake
Press cake, residue left after pressing seeds to extract oil.
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The Samsung NX 10mm F3.5 Fisheye is an interchangeable camera lens announced by Samsung on June 11, 2013.
References
http://www.dpreview.com/products/samsung/lenses/samsung_10_3p5/specifications
010mm F3.5 Fisheye
Camera lenses introduced in 2013
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The smc Pentax D FA 645 55mm F2.8 AL (IF) SDM AW is an interchangeable camera lens by Pentax.
References
http://www.dpreview.com/products/pentax/lenses/pentax_55_2p8_645/specifications
055
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Torchy is a comic strip and, primarily, a series of comic books featuring the ingenue Torchy Todd, created by the American "good girl art" cartoonist Bill Ward during 1944. The character was ranked 97th of the 2011 Comics Buyer's Guide's "100 Sexiest Women in Comics" list.
Publication history
After Bill Ward's drafting into the World War II military, the artist created the tall, blond, busty ingenue Torchy Todd for the base newspaper of Brooklyn's Fort Hamilton, where Ward was deployed. The comic strip in which she featured soon became syndicated to other Army newspapers worldwide.
Torchy made her comic-book debut as main character of a backup feature of Quality Comics' Doll Man #8 (Spring 1946). Her feature was later published in all but two issues through #30 (September 1950), resuming in #35 (August 1951) through #47 (October 1953), as well as in Modern Comics #53–102 (Sept. 1946 – Oct. 1950). A solo series, Torchy, had six issues (Nov. 1949 – Sept. 1950), some with art by Gill Fox.
Several Torchy stories, including some Fort Hamilton comic strips, were reprinted in Innovation Comics' 100-page, squarebound trade paperback Bill Ward's Torchy, The Blonde Bombshell #1 (Jan. 1992). Others have been reprinted in The Betty Pages #1 (1987); AC Comics anthology Good Girl Art Quarterly #1 (Summer 1990), #10 (Fall 1992), #11 (Winter 1993), and #14 (Winter 1994), and in AC's America's Greatest Comics #5 (circa 2003). Comic Images released a set of Torchy trading cards in 1994.
Ward drew an original cover featuring Torchy for Robert M. Overstreet's annual book The Comic Book Price Guide (#8, 1978).
Character biography
Torchy Todd is a ditsy but goodhearted young blond woman who frequently finds herself in humorous, mildly risqué encounters with lustful men.
References
External links
ComicStripFan.com: Bill Ward
The Uranium Cafe (June 18, 2007): "The Sexy and Patriotic Cartoon World of Bill Ward"
Did You Know? (Dec. 24, 2003) Torchy
1944 comics debuts
1946 comics debuts
1950 comics endings
Female characters in comics
Quality Comics characters
Comics characters introduced in 1944
Comics characters introduced in 1946
Humor comics
American comics characters
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The Belén River is a river in Panama.
Discovery
It was discovered by Christopher Columbus during his fourth—and last—voyage to the New World, following a two-year search for a passage to the Pacific Ocean and the Far East. In January 1503, he established a garrison after having been informed of the existence of gold mines upriver in the jungle. According to Columbus' account, Chief Quibian, who led the Guaymí people, realized that the Europeans were not leaving, and thus on 6 April 1503, the Guaymí attacked the garrison, which Columbus and his men promptly abandoned. Ten days later, Columbus left for Spain and never returned to the Americas.
See also
List of rivers of Panama
References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
GEOnet Names Server
Rivers of Panama
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Kuwait Airways flies to 54 international destinations in 31 countries across Africa, Asia, Europe and North America from its hub at Kuwait International Airport as of June 2022.
List of destinations
References
Lists of airline destinations
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Quasi-delict is a French legal term used in some civil law jurisdictions, encompassing the common law concept of negligence as the breach of a non-wilful extra-contractual obligation to third parties.
References
See also
Law of Obligations
Tort
Law of obligations
Tort law
French legal terminology
Law of negligence
Delict
Civil law legal terminology
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The Civil Justice Fairness Act (, ) was proposed to limit the amount of monetary compensation awardable in civil case to a maximum of either $250,000 or 300% of the economic damage caused by the defendant; whichever was greater. Opponents of this act argued that federal restrictions of this sort would illegally preempt state authority.
The bill was a combination of two preceding bills. First, the Product Liability Fairness Act of 1995 (), was passed by the US Congress, but was vetoed by President Clinton. Second, the Attorney Accountability Act of 1995 () passed the house.
See also
Tort reform
Civil procedure
Lawsuit
References
104th United States Congress
United States proposed federal legislation
105th United States Congress
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Rocket Dog is an American private company that designs and manufactures women's shoes based in Hayward, California. They were founded in 1997 in Southern California, and were named after one of the two founders' pet dog, who enjoyed running on the beach. Their initial product lines emphasized beach and casual wear, and now includes a full range of women's shoe styles. Their shoes are sold in Europe and Israel as well as the US. They expanded their UK business in 2012, starting from a base of about 120 retailers there.
References
External links
Rocket Dog US website
American companies established in 1997
Clothing companies established in 1997
Shoe companies of the United States
Companies based in Hayward, California
1997 establishments in California
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This is a list of mayors of Spokane, Washington, a city in the northwestern United States.
References
Spokane, Washington (USA)
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Shinobi () is a Japanese synonym for ninja. A female shinobi may also be referred to as a kunoichi. It may also refer to:
Shinobi (series), a series of video games
Shinobi (1987 video game), the original arcade video game in the series developed by Sega
Shinobi (2002 video game), the PlayStation 2 sequel
Shinobi (2011 video game), the 2011 Nintendo 3DS game
Shinobi: Heart Under Blade, a 2005 Japanese film
"Shinobi", a song by Eyehategod from the album In the Name of Suffering
Shinobi Shaw, a Marvel Comics villain
Ring name of professional wrestler Al Snow (born 1963)
See also
Ninja (disambiguation)
Ninja Warrior (disambiguation)
Kunoichi (disambiguation)
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The Brexit plan, officially known as The United Kingdom’s exit from and new partnership with the European Union (Cm 9417), was a UK Government white paper laying out the approach on the upcoming negotiations the Government was intending to take once Article 50 had been triggered as well as laying out the new partnership once the United Kingdom had left the European Union following the outcome of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum and was published on 2February 2017 by the then Prime Minister, Theresa May on behalf of the UK Government and David Davis, the then Secretary of State for the Department for Exiting the European Union.
The paper was published ahead of the expected United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 which took place at the end of March 2017 and a separate white paper was published outlining the governments proposals to repeal the European Communities Act 1972 and covert EU laws on the British statue book into British law.
See also
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
Brexit
Chequers plan
References
2017 documents
2017 in international relations
2017 in the United Kingdom
Brexit-related agreements
White papers
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Gravity casting is among the oldest known processes for fabricating metals and metal alloys. It involves the pouring of molten metal from a crucible into a mold under only the force of gravity, without the use of pressurized gases, vacuums, or centrifugal force. Small-scale molds used for this form of casting have most commonly been made of sand, tufa stone, and cuttlebone as well as charcoal and plaster as these materials are generally easy to shape (unlike iron or steel), do not break down when suddenly exposed to high temperatures (unlike glass, wood, or plastic), do not deform easily (unlike silicone) and are widely available.
References
Casting (manufacturing)
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The SPIN operating system is a research project implemented in the computer programming language Modula-3, and is an open source project. It is designed with three goals: flexibility, safety, and performance. SPIN was developed at the University of Washington.
The kernel can be extended by dynamic loading of modules which implement interfaces that represent domains. These domains are defined by Modula-3 INTERFACE. All kernel extensions are written in Modula-3 safe subset with metalanguage constructs and type safe casting system. The system also issued a special run-time extension compiler.
One set of kernel extensions provides an application programming interface (API) that emulates the Digital UNIX system call interface. This allows Unix applications to run on SPIN.
References
External links
Free software operating systems
Microkernel-based operating systems
Microkernels
1994 software
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The Blitzkrieg series is a collection of real-time tactics (RTT) computer games set in World War II.
Gameplay
Similar to the Sudden Strike games, Blitzkrieg focuses on battles rather than real-time strategy aspects like base building.
Multiplayer
Each Blitzkrieg game has included the ability to play multiplayer games against other humans, with the latest entry in the series Blitzkrieg 3 implementing massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game elements.
Games
Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg () is a real-time tactics computer game based on the events of World War II. The game allows players to assume the role of commanding officer during the battles of World War II that occurred in Europe and North Africa.
Blitzkrieg 2
Blitzkrieg 2 () is an evolution of its predecessor Blitzkrieg. The game takes place in Africa, Russia, the Pacific and Europe, and features the 6 different factions portrayed in the game that fought in their battle respective grounds during the war.
Blitzkrieg 3
Blitzkrieg 3 () is an in-development Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game computer game based on the events of World War II and is the sequel to Blitzkrieg 2.
See also
Stalingrad (2005 video game), a related game using Nival's Enigma Engine
References
Enigma Engine games
Lua (programming language)-scripted video games
MacOS games
Real-time tactics video games
Real-time strategy video games
Video game franchises introduced in 2003
Video games developed in Russia
Video games with expansion packs
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games
World War II video games
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The history of Twitter can be traced back to a brainstorming session at Odeo.
Major events
Full timeline
See also
History of Facebook
History of YouTube
Timeline of Snapchat
Timeline of Pinterest
Timeline of LinkedIn
Timeline of social media
References
Twitter
Twitter
Twitter
Twitter
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Low German is a Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and in Northeastern Netherlands.
East Low German, a group of dialects spoken in north-eastern Germany and northern Poland
Mennonite Low German, a language or group of dialects spoken by Mennonites
Middle Low German, a language spoken from about 1100 to 1600
Old Low German, a language documented from the 8th until the 12th century
West Low German, a group of dialects spoken in northwest Germany, The Netherlands, and Denmark
Low Germanic, term used by the German linguist Theo Vennemann in his controversial classification of the Germanic languages
Other uses
Low German house, a type of German timber-framed farmhouse
Sometimes used to refer to parts of Northern Germany, as distinct from the highlands in the south of Germany
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Kiss II is a 1962 pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein. It formerly held the record for highest auction price for a Lichtenstein painting.
In May 1990, Kiss II, sold for $6.0 million. In November 2002, Happy Tears surpassed Kiss II Lichtenstein work record auction price, when it sold for $7.2 million.
See also
1962 in art
Notes
External links
Lichtenstein Foundation website
1962 paintings
Paintings by Roy Lichtenstein
Kissing
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Asymmetric fund is a venture capital fund where different investors have different terms. Typically the asymmetry is seen in cases where there's a investor that has other interests in addition to straight profit generation through the investment, such as tax income in case of public investors.
Asymmetric model has its roots in Israel. Asymmetry was used to initiate the venture capital business there. Part of the success of Israeli venture backed technology business is attributed this asymmetric model. More recently asymmetric model has been raising phenomena especially in some European countries. There are asymmetric funds operating at least in Finland, Great Britain, the Netherlands and Poland.
See also
Venture capital financing
List of venture capital firms
Private equity
Seed funding
References
Private equity
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Landstalker: The Treasures of King Nole är ett isometriskt action RPG till Sega Mega Drive, utvecklat av Climax Entertainment 1992.
Sega Mega Drive-spel
Datorspel 1992
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The ice dance competition in figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 12 February (rhythm dance) and 14 February (free dance), at the Capital Indoor Stadium in Haidian District of Beijing. Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron of France won the event. Victoria Sinitsina / Nikita Katsalapov, representing the Russian Olympic Committee, won the silver medal, and Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue from the United States bronze.
Summary
The 2018 champions Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir and bronze medalists Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani retired from competition. The silver medalists, Papadakis / Cizeron, had the highest score of the 2021–22 season before the Olympics. Victoria Sinitsina / Nikita Katsalapov had the second-highest score of the season and are the 2021 World champions, where Papadakis/Cizeron did not compete. In ice dance, the possibility of major error is small, and the scores at the Olympics are typically consistent with the scores throughout the Olympic season; as a result, Papadakis/Cizeron and Sinitsina/Katsalapov were considered the main gold contenders, with Papadakis/Cizeron the favorites.
Papadakis/Cizeron broke their own world record in the rhythm dance to take a two-point lead over Sinitsina/Katsalapov into the free dance, which Papadakis/Cizeron then won by 5 points and narrowly missed breaking their own world record. Their combined total score was a new world record and they won the gold medal by 6.5 points ahead of Sinitsina/Katsalapov. Hubbell/Donohue were third in both segments to win the bronze medal by 4 points ahead of their American teammates Madison Chock / Evan Bates.
Records
Prior to the competition, the existing ISU best scores were:
The following new best scores were set during this competition:
Qualification
Results
Rhythm dance
The rhythm dance competition was held on 12 February.
Free dance
The free dance competition was held on 14 February.
Overall
The skaters were ranked according to their total combined (overall) score.
References
Figure skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Mixed events at the 2022 Winter Olympics
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BBQ is an informal spelling of barbecue.
BBQ can also refer to:
Places
Barbuda Codrington Airport (IATA airport code: BBQ) serving Codrington on Barbuda
Basin Bridge railway station (rail station code: BBQ) serving Chennai, India
People
BBQ, a one-man band project of Canadian musician Mark Sultan (b. 1973)
Dr. BBQ, the barbecue pitmaster, author, and television personality Ray Lampe
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
BBQ, the studio recordings code for Beggars Banquet Records
"The BBQ", a song from the 2017 album Champion by Tina & Her Pony
Other arts, entertainment, and media
BBQ with Bobby Flay, a food travelogue U.S. TV series
The BBQ, a 2018 Australian comedy film written and directed by Stephen Amis
"BBQ" (Bluey), an episode of the first season of the animated TV series Bluey
Other uses
Bamali language (ISO 639 code: BBQ)
See also
Barbecue (disambiguation)
List of barbecue restaurants, many of which have "BBQ" in the name
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Lists of The Simpsons publications include:
List of The Simpsons books, a list of books related to The Simpsons
List of The Simpsons comics, a list of comics related to The Simpsons
Simpsons Illustrated, a magazine about The Simpsons
See also
Bibliography of works on The Simpsons
Publications
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The quesadilla sincronizada (, "synchronized quesadilla") is a flour tortilla-based sandwich made by placing ham, vegetables (like tomatoes, onion, etc.) and a portion of Oaxaca cheese (or any type of cheese) between two flour tortillas. They are then grilled or even lightly fried until the cheese melts and the tortillas become crispy, cut into halves or wedges and served, usually with salsa and pico de gallo, avocado or guacamole on top.
They are frequently confused with plain quesadillas, due to their resemblance to "quesadillas" sold in Mexico (U.S. quesadillas are usually made with flour tortillas rather than molded from masa in the Mexican style). Note however that despite the fact that it looks almost the same as a quesadilla, it is considered a separate dish. The main difference between the real quesadilla and the sincronizadas is the obligatory inclusion of ham in the dish and the main ingredient used to make the tortilla (wheat flour instead of corn flour, masa harina). A quesadilla is made of a single folded and filled flour tortilla, while the sincronizada is prepared like a sandwich.
Ingredients could vary between Oaxaca cheese, Manchego cheese and different types of ham. The sincronizada is sometimes consumed alone, but in most regions of Mexico it is common to add a regional sour cream, salsa or guacamole as topping to make a richer flavor. cheese, beef fajita meat and avocado and Monterey Jack cheese instead of the traditional Oaxacan one.
Sincronizadas are commonly consumed in the evening, as a component of a light merienda.
See also
Gringas
List of Mexican dishes
List of sandwiches
Quesadilla
Tortilla
References
External links
Mexican cuisine
Sandwiches
Tortilla-based dishes
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The following article details the number of marriages per 1,000 population by country. The numbers are according to the Economist data.
List
See also
List of countries by age at first marriage
References
Fertility
Marriage rate
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T. S. Jaya was an Indian actress and singer. She was active in Tamil language films between 1937 and 1956. She was sometimes referred to as T. S. Jayarl.
Filmography
References
External links
- A song rendered by T. S. Jaya from the film Sanyasi
- She sings in Ithaya Geetham with K. Sarangapani
20th-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Indian women playback singers
Tamil playback singers
20th-century Indian singers
20th-century Indian women singers
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An Amber Alert (alternatively styled AMBER alert) or a child abduction emergency alert (SAME code: CAE) is a message distributed by a child abduction alert system to ask the public for help in finding abducted children. The system originated in the United States.
AMBER is a backronym standing for America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response. It was created in reference to Amber Rene Hagerman, a girl who was abducted and later found murdered in 1996. Alternative regional alert names were once used; in Georgia, "Levi's Call" (in memory of Levi Frady); in Hawaii, "Maile Amber Alert" (in memory of Maile Gilbert); in Arkansas, "Morgan Nick Amber Alert" (in memory of Morgan Nick); and in Utah, "Rachael Alert" (in memory of Rachael Runyan).
In the United States, Amber alerts are distributed via commercial and public radio stations, Internet radio, satellite radio, television stations, text messages, and cable TV by the Emergency Alert System and NOAA Weather Radio (where they are termed "Child Abduction Emergency" or "Amber Alerts"). The alerts are also issued via e-mail, electronic traffic-condition signs, commercial electronic billboards, or through wireless device SMS text messages.
AMBER Alert has also teamed up with Google, Bing, and Facebook to relay information regarding an AMBER Alert to an ever-growing demographic: AMBER Alerts are automatically displayed if citizens search or use map features on Google or Bing. With the Google Child Alert (also called Google AMBER Alert in some countries), citizens see an AMBER Alert if they search for related information in a particular location where a child has recently been abducted and an alert was issued. This is a component of the AMBER Alert system that is already active in the US (there are also developments in Europe). Those interested in subscribing to receive AMBER Alerts in their area via SMS messages can visit Wireless Amber Alerts, which are offered by law as free messages. In some states, the display scrollboards in front of lottery terminals are also used.
The decision to declare an AMBER Alert is made by each police organization (in many cases, the state police or highway patrol) that investigates each of the abductions. Public information in an AMBER Alert usually consists of the name and description of the abductee, a description of the suspected abductor, and a description and license plate number of the abductor's vehicle if available.
Activation criteria
The alerts are broadcast using the Emergency Alert System, which had previously been used primarily for weather bulletins, civil emergencies, or national emergencies. In Canada, alerts are broadcast via Alert Ready, a Canadian emergency warning system. Alerts usually contain a description of the child and of the likely abductor. To avoid both false alarms and having alerts ignored as a "wolf cry", the criteria for issuing an alert are rather strict. Each state's or province's AMBER alert plan sets its own criteria for activation, meaning that there are differences between alerting agencies as to which incidents are considered to justify the use of the system. However, the U.S. Department of Justice issues the following "guidance", which most states are said to "adhere closely to" (in the U.S.):
Law enforcement must confirm that an abduction has taken place.
The child must be at risk of serious injury or death.
There must be sufficient descriptive information of child, captor, or captor's vehicle to issue an alert.
The child must be under 17 years of age.
Many law enforcement agencies have not used #2 as a criterion, resulting in many parental abductions triggering an Amber Alert, where the child is not known or assumed to be at risk of serious injury or death. In 2013, West Virginia passed Skylar's Law to eliminate #1 as a criterion for triggering an Amber Alert.
It is recommended that AMBER Alert data immediately be entered into the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Crime Information Center. Text information describing the circumstances surrounding the abduction of the child should be entered, and the case flagged as child abduction.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police's (RCMP) requirements in Canada are nearly identical to the above list, with the exception that the RCMP is notified. One organization might notify the other if there is reason to suspect that the border may be crossed.
When investigators believe that a child is in danger of being taken across the border to either Canada or Mexico, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, United States Border Patrol and the Canada Border Services Agency are notified and are expected to search every car coming through a border checkpoint. If the child is suspected to be taken to Canada, a Canadian Amber Alert can also be issued, and a pursuit by Canadian authorities usually follows.
Incidents not meeting alert criteria
For incidents which do not meet AMBER Alert criteria, the United States Department of Justice developed the Child Abduction Response Teams (CART) program to assist local agencies. This program can be used in all missing children's cases with or without an AMBER alert. CART can also be used to help recover runaway children who are under the age of 18 and in danger. , 225 response teams have been trained in 43 states, as well as Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, and Canada.
Namesake
Amber Rene Hagerman (November 25, 1986 – January 15, 1996) was a nine-year-old girl abducted while riding her bike in Arlington, Texas. Her younger brother, Ricky, had gone home without her because Amber had wanted to stay in the parking lot for a while. When he returned with his grandfather, they only found her bicycle. A neighbor who had witnessed the abduction called 911.
On hearing the news, Hagerman's father, Richard, called Marc Klaas, whose daughter, Polly, had been kidnapped and murdered in Petaluma, California, in 1993. Amber's mother, Donna Whitson (now Donna Norris), called the news media and the FBI. They and their neighbors began searching for Amber.
Four days after her abduction, near midnight, a man walking his dog discovered Amber's naked body in a creek behind an apartment complex with severe laceration wounds to her neck. The site of the discovery was less than five miles (8 km) from where she was abducted. Her murder remains unsolved as of 2023, which is currently 27 years.
Program development
Within days of Amber's death, Donna Whitson was "calling for tougher laws governing kidnappers and sex offenders". Amber's parents soon established People Against Sex Offenders (P.A.S.O.). They collected signatures hoping to force the Texas Legislature into passing more stringent laws to protect children.
God's Place International Church donated the first office space for the organization, and as the search for Amber's killer continued, P.A.S.O. received almost-daily coverage in local media. Companies donated various office supplies, including computer and Internet service. Congressman Martin Frost, with the help of Marc Klaas, drafted the Amber Hagerman Child Protection Act. Both of Hagerman's parents were present when President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law, creating the national sex offender registry. Whitson and Richard Hagerman then began collecting signatures in Texas, which they planned to present to then-Governor George W. Bush as a sign that people wanted more stringent laws for sex offenders.
In July 1996, Bruce Seybert (whose own daughter was a close friend of Amber) and Richard Hagerman attended a media symposium in Arlington. Although Hagerman had remarks prepared, on the day of the event the organizers asked Seybert to speak instead. In his 20-minute speech, he spoke about efforts that local police could take quickly to help find missing children and how the media could facilitate those efforts. C.J. Wheeler, a reporter from radio station KRLD, approached the Dallas police chief shortly afterward with Seybert's ideas and launched the first ever Amber Alert.
Whitson testified in front of the U.S. Congress in June 1996, asking legislators to create a nationwide registry of sex offenders. Representative Martin Frost, the Congressman who represents Whitson's district, proposed an "Amber Hagerman Child Protection Act." Among the sections of the bill was one that would create a national sex offender registry.
Diana Simone, a Texas resident who had been following the news, contacted the KDMX radio station and proposed broadcasts to engage passers-by in helping locate missing children. Her idea was picked up and for the next two years, alerts were made manually to participating radio stations. In 1998, the Child Alert Foundation created the first fully automated Alert Notification System (ANS) to notify surrounding communities when a child was reported missing or abducted. Alerts were sent to radio stations as originally requested but included television stations, surrounding law enforcement agencies, newspapers and local support organizations. These alerts were sent all at once via pagers, faxes, emails, and cell phones with the information immediately posted on the Internet for the general public to view.
Following the automation of the AMBER Alert with ANS technology created by the Child Alert Foundation, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) expanded its role in 2002 to promote the AMBER Alert, although in 1996 now CEO of the NCMEC declined to come in and further assist the AMBER Alert when asked to by Bruce Seybert and Richard Hagerman and has since worked actively to see alerts distributed using the nation's existing emergency radio and TV response network.
International adoption
United States
In October 2000, the United States House of Representatives adopted H.Res. 605 which encouraged communities nationwide to implement the AMBER Plan. In October 2001, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children that had declined to be a part of the Amber Alert in February 1996, launched a campaign to have AMBER Alert systems established nationwide. In February 2002, the Federal Communications Commission officially endorsed the system. In 2002, several children were abducted in cases that drew national attention. One such case, the kidnapping and murder of Samantha Runnion, prompted California to establish an AMBER Alert system on July 24, 2002. According to Senator Dianne Feinstein, in its first month California issued 13 AMBER alerts; 12 of the children were recovered safely and the remaining alert was found to be a misunderstanding.
By September 2002, 26 states had established AMBER Alert systems that covered all or parts of the state. A bipartisan group of US Senators, led by Kay Bailey Hutchison and Dianne Feinstein, proposed legislation to name an AMBER Alert coordinator in the U.S. Justice Department who could help coordinate state efforts. The bill also provided $25 million in federal matching grants for states to establish AMBER Alert programs and necessary equipment purchases, such as electronic highway signs. A similar bill was sponsored in the U.S. House of Representatives by Jennifer Dunn and Martin Frost. The bill passed the Senate unanimously within a week of its proposal. At an October 2002 conference on missing, exploited, and runaway children, President George W. Bush announced changes to the AMBER Alert system, including the development of a national standard for issuing AMBER Alerts. A similar bill passed the House several weeks later on a 390–24 vote. A related bill finally became law in April 2003.
The alerts were offered digitally beginning in November 2002, when America Online began a service allowing people to sign up to receive notification via computer, pager, or cell phone. Users of the service enter their ZIP Code, thus allowing the alerts to be targeted to specific geographic regions.
By 2005, all fifty states had operational programs and today the program operates across state and jurisdictional boundaries. , AMBER Alerts are automatically sent through the Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) program.
Canada
Canada's system began in December 2002, when Alberta launched the first province-wide system. At the time, Alberta Solicitor-General Heather Forsyth said "We anticipate an Amber Alert will only be issued once a year in Alberta. We hope we never have to use it, but if a child is abducted Amber Alert is another tool police can use to find them and help them bring the child home safely." The Alberta government committed to spending more than CA$1 million to expanding the province's emergency warning system so that it could be used effectively for Amber Alerts. Other Canadian provinces soon adopted the system, and by May 2004, Saskatchewan was the only province that had not established an Amber Alert system. Within the next year, the program was in use throughout the country.
Amber Alerts may also be distributed via the Alert Ready emergency alert system, which disrupts programming on all radio, television stations, and television providers in the relevant region to display and play audio of Amber Alert information. In 2018, Alert Ready introduced alerts on supported mobile devices. When an alert is broadcast, a distinct sound is played and a link to find more information is displayed onscreen. Currently, there is no way to deactivate Amber Alerts on mobile devices in Canada, even if the device is in silent and/or Do Not Disturb modes, which has provoked controversy. These series of multiple blaring alarms going off in the middle of the night have caused residents to complain, often by calling 911. However, there are concerns that hearing repeated alarms may cause Canadians to ignore the alarm when the system is used to warn of life-threatening emergencies.
British Columbia
Translink, the corporation responsible for the regional transportation network of Metro Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada, displays Amber alerts on all their buses' digital signs reading "AMBER ALERT | Listen to radio | Bus #". Details of the Amber alert information are also available on screens at transit stations.
Quebec
The program was introduced in Quebec on May 26, 2003. The name AMBER alert was then adapted in French to Alerte Médiatique But Enfant Recherché, which directly translates as "Media Alert for Child Recovery". In order to launch an AMBER alert, police authorities need to meet 4 criteria simultaneously and with no exceptions:
The missing person is a child under the age of 18.
The police have reason to believe that the missing child has been abducted.
The police have reason to believe that the physical safety or the life of the child is in serious danger.
The police have information that may help locate the child, the suspect and/or the suspect's vehicle.
Once all 4 conditions are met, the police service may call an AMBER alert. Simultaneously, all of Quebec's Ministry of transport message boards will broadcast the police's messages. The Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec (SAAQ) road traffic controllers also help with the search. Television and radio stations broadcast a description of the child, the abductor and/or the abductor's car. On the radio, the information is broadcast every 20 minutes for two hours or less if the child is found. On the television, the information is broadcast on a ticker tape at the bottom of the screen for two hours with no interruptions. After this, the ticker tape is withdrawn, but the police continue to inform the public through the usual means of communication.
Over the years, the program gathered more partners in order for the alert to be communicated on different media platforms. As in Ontario, lottery crown corporation Loto-Québec puts to the disposition of the police forces their 8500 terminals located throughout the province. Some of these terminals are equipped with a screen that faces the customer which makes it the largest network of its kind to operate in Canada. The technology employed enables them to broadcast the message on the entire network in under 10 minutes. In addition, The Canadian Wireless Telecommunications Association (CWTA) offers to most Canadians, upon free subscription, the possibility to receive, via text message, on their mobile devices AMBER alert notices.
Ontario
Ontario furthered its reach beyond media and highway signs by offering Amber Alerts on the province's 9,000 lottery terminal screens.
After the abduction and murder of Victoria Stafford, an online petition was started by Suzie Pereira, a single mother of 2 children who gathered over 61,000 signatures, prompting a review of the Amber Alert. There was some concern regarding the strict criteria for issuing the alerts – criteria that were not met in the Stafford case – that resulted in an alert not being issued. Ontario Provincial Police have since changed their rules for issuing an alert from having to confirm an abduction and confirm threat of harm, to believe that a child has been abducted and believe is at risk of harm.
Mexico
Mexico joined international efforts to spread the use of the AMBER alert at an official launch ceremony on April 28, 2011.
Australia
The Australian state of Queensland implemented a version of the AMBER Alerts in May 2005. Other Australian states joined Queensland in Facebook's Amber Alert program in June 2017.
Europe
AMBER Alert Europe is a foundation that strives to improve the protection of missing children by empowering children and raising awareness on the issue of missing children and its root causes. AMBER Alert Europe advocates that one missing child is one too many and aims for zero missing children in Europe.
AMBER Alert Europe is a neutral platform for the exchange of knowledge, expertise, and best practices on the issue of missing children and its roots causes. To contribute to a safer environment for children, it connects experts from 44 non-governmental and governmental organisations, as well as business entities from 28 countries across Europe.
Its activities cover prevention and awareness-raising, training, research, and child alerting, as well as launching initiatives aimed at impacting policies and legislation in the area of children’s rights. All activities are implemented in line with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child and with respect for the privacy of children and data protection laws.
Its beginnings
As a response to missing children cases exceeding geographical borders, the AMBER Alert Europe Foundation was founded in 2013 to contribute to better cross-border coordination and cooperation in the search for missing children.
Since then, its network has expanded and now encompasses different experts from a variety of backgrounds who make their know-how and experiences available to improve existing practices and procedures for a fast and safe recovery of children gone missing. Its joint efforts with police experts in the field of missing children even paved the way for a European police expert network in this area.
With the objective to prevent children from going missing, it also develop activities in the area of prevention, awareness-raising, research, and training together with its network of experts.
France
In February 2006, France's Justice ministry launched an apparatus based on the AMBER alerts named Alerte-Enlèvement (abduction alert) or Dispositif Alerte-Enlèvement (abduction alert apparatus) with the help of most media and railroad and motorway companies.
Netherlands
AMBER Alert Netherlands was launched in 2008. On February 14, 2009, the first Dutch AMBER Alert was issued when a 4-year-old boy went missing in Rotterdam. He was found safe and sound after being recognized by a person who saw his picture on an electronic billboard in a fast food restaurant. He was recovered so quickly, that the transmission of the AMBER Alert was halted before all recipients received it.
An AMBER Alert is issued when a child is missing or abducted and the Dutch police fear that the life or health of the child is in imminent danger. The system enables the police to immediately alert press and public nationwide, by means of electronic highway signs, TV, radio, social media, PCs, large advertising screens (digital signage), email, text messages, apps, RSS news feeds, website banners and pop-ups. There are four key criteria in The Netherlands to be met before an AMBER Alert is issued:
The child is (very likely) abducted by an unknown person or persons or the child is missing and its life is in imminent danger
The victim is a minor (under 18 years of age);
There is enough information about the victim to increase the chances of the child being found by means of an AMBER Alert, such as a photo, information about the abductor or the vehicle used during the abduction;
The AMBER Alert is issued as soon as possible after the abduction or disappearance of the child.
United Kingdom
On April 1, 2007, the AMBER Alert system became active in North West England. An implementation across the rest of Britain was planned at that time. This was realized on May 25, 2010, with the nationwide launch of the Child Rescue Alert, based on the AMBER Alert system. The first system in the UK of this kind was created in Sussex on November 14, 2002. This was followed by versions in Surrey and Hampshire. By 2005, every local jurisdiction in England and Wales had its own form of alert system. The system was first used in the UK on October 3, 2012, with regard to missing 5 year-old April Jones in Wales.
Ireland
In April 2009, it was announced that an AMBER Alert system would be set up in Ireland, In May 2012, the Child Rescue Ireland (CRI) Alert was officially introduced. Ireland's first AMBER alert was issued upon the disappearance of two boys, Eoghan (10) and Ruairí Chada (5).
Slovakia
Since April 2015, an emergency child abduction alert system "AMBER Alert Slovakia" is also available in Slovakia. (www.amberalert.sk)
Ukraine
On 22 September 2021, Ukraine's Ministry of Digital Transformation, the National Police of Ukraine and Facebook announced the launch of AMBER Alert in Ukraine.
China
On 15 May 2016, the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China announced the Ministry of Public Security Emergency Release Platform for Children's Missing Information in Beijing, which was soon rolled out to the rest of the country. It is run by the Criminal Investigation Department of the Ministry of Public Security and receives technical support from Alibaba Group. The platform pushes information of missing children confirmed by the police to the mobile phones of the people around the place where the children disappeared, to mobilise people in the area to find and provide feedback on clues related to abductions, trafficking, and related crimes in the area.
Ecuador
In 2018, Ecuador's Department of Security introduced its own AMBER Alert called EMILIA Alert, named after the abducted girl Emilia Benavides in December 2017.
Malaysia
In September 2007, Malaysia implemented the Nurin Alert. Based on the AMBER alert, it is named for a missing eight-year-old girl, Nurin Jazlin.
Morocco
In March 2023, the General Directorate of National Security of Morocco developed a system in cooperation with Meta Platforms based on the AMBER Alert, named "Tifli Moukhtafi" (). The alerts are distributed via SMS and on platforms owned by Meta.
Russia
In 2019, Megafon developed its own alert system called MegaFon.Poisk. It is oriented for all regions of Russia where MegaFon is represented and is used for searches of children and adults as well. For less than half of a year, the service has been used for searching of more than 250 people and in more than 30% of situations people called back with information about a lost person.
Retrieval rate
According to the U.S. Department of Justice, of the children abducted and murdered by strangers, 75% are killed within the first three hours in the USA. Amber Alerts are designed to inform the general public quickly when a child has been kidnapped and is in danger so "the public [would be] additional eyes and ears of law enforcement". , the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children estimates that 657 children have been successfully recovered as a result of the existence of the AMBER Alert program.
A Scripps Howard study of the 233 AMBER Alerts issued in the United States in 2004 found that most issued alerts did not meet the Department of Justice's criteria. Fully 50% (117 alerts) were categorized by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children as being "family abductions", very often a parent involved in a custody dispute. There were 48 alerts for children who had not been abducted at all, but were lost, ran away, involved in family misunderstandings (for example, two instances where the child was with grandparents), or as the result of hoaxes. Another 23 alerts were issued in cases where police did not know the name of the allegedly abducted child, often as the result of misunderstandings by witnesses who reported an abduction. Seventy of the 233 AMBER Alerts issued in 2004 (30%) were actually children taken by strangers or who were unlawfully travelling with adults other than their legal guardians.
According to the 2014 Amber Alert Report, 186 Amber Alerts were issued in the US, involving 239 children; 60 were taken by strangers or people other than their legal guardians.
Controversies
Crime control theater
Some outside scholars examining the system in depth disagree with the "official" results. A research team led by criminologist Timothy Griffin reviewed hundreds of abduction cases that occurred between 2003 and 2006 and found that AMBER Alerts actually had little apparent role in the eventual return of abducted children. The AMBER Alerts tended to be "successful" in relatively mundane abductions, such as when the child was taken by a noncustodial parent or other family member. There was little evidence that AMBER Alerts routinely "saved lives", although a crucial research constraint was the impossibility of knowing with certainty what would have happened if no alert had been issued in a particular case.
Griffin and coauthor Monica Miller articulated the limits to AMBER Alert in a subsequent research article. They stated that alerts are inherently constrained, because to be successful in the most menacing cases there needs to be a rapid synchronization of several events (rapid discovery that the child is missing and subsequent alert, the fortuitous discovery of the child or abductor by a citizen, and so forth). Furthermore, there is a contradiction between the need for rapid recovery and the prerogative to maintain the strict issuance criteria to reduce the number of frivolous alerts, creating a dilemma for law enforcement officials and public backlash when alerts are not issued in cases ending as tragedies. Finally, the implied causal model of alert (rapid recovery can save lives) is in a sense the opposite of reality: in the worst abduction scenarios, the intentions of the perpetrator usually guarantee that anything public officials do will be "too slow".
Because the system is publicly praised for saving lives despite these limitations, Griffin and Miller argue that AMBER Alert acts as "crime control theater" in that it "creates the appearance but not the fact of crime control". AMBER Alert is thus a socially constructed "solution" to the rare but intractable crime of child-abduction murder. Griffin and Miller have subsequently applied the concept to other emotional but ineffective legislation such as safe-haven laws and polygamy raids. Griffin considers his findings preliminary, reporting his team examined only a portion of the Amber Alerts issued over the three-year period they focused on, so he recommends taking a closer look at the evaluation of the program and its intended purpose, instead of simply promoting the program.
Overuse and desensitization
Advocates for missing children have expressed concerns that the public is gradually becoming desensitized to AMBER Alerts because of a large number of false or overly broad alarms, where police issue an AMBER Alert without strictly adhering to the U.S. Department of Justice's activation guidelines.
The timing of a July 2013 New York child abduction alert sent through the Wireless Emergency Alerts system at 4 a.m. raised concerns that many cellphone users would disable WEA alerts.
Effects on traffic
AMBER alerts are often displayed on electronic message signs. The Federal Highway Administration has instructed states to display alerts on highway signs sparingly, citing safety concerns from distracted drivers and the negative impacts of traffic congestion.
Many states have policies in place that limit the use of AMBER alerts on freeway signs. In Los Angeles, an AMBER alert issued in October 2002 that was displayed on area freeway signs caused significant traffic congestion. As a result, the California Highway Patrol elected not to display the alerts during rush hour, citing safety concerns. The state of Wisconsin only displays AMBER alerts on freeway signs if it is deemed appropriate by the transportation department and a public safety agency. AMBER alerts do not preempt messages related to traffic safety.
Influence
The United States Postal Service issued a postage stamp commemorating AMBER Alerts in May 2006. The 39-cent stamp features a chalk pastel drawing by artist Vivienne Flesher of a reunited mother and child, with the text "AMBER ALERT saves missing children" across the pane. The stamp was released as part of the observance of National Missing Children's Day.
In 2006, a TV movie, Amber's Story, was broadcast on Lifetime. It starred Elisabeth Röhm and Sophie Hough.
A comic book entitled Amber Hagerman Deserves Justice: A Night Owl Story was published by Wham Bang Comics in 2009. Geared toward a young audience by teen author Jake Tinsley and Manga artist Jason Dube, it tells Amber's story, recounts the investigation into her murder, and touches on the effect her death has had on young children and parents everywhere. It was created to promote what was then a reopened investigation into her murder.
References
Cited works and further reading
External links
U.S. government AMBER alert site
Our Missing Children (Government of Canada)
Congressional Research Service (CRS) report on Amber Alert program technology
Child Rescue Alert – UK equivalent of Amber Alert
AMBER Alert Nederland site, the Dutch Amber alert
National Center for Missing & Exploited Children
Crime Library on Amber Hagerman
1996 establishments in the United States
Child safety
Emergency communication
Law enforcement in Canada
Law enforcement in the United States
Missing people organizations
Organizations established in 1996
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Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary continental-style cooking. Fish and meat (usually pork, beef or reindeer) play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes in some parts of the country, while the dishes elsewhere have traditionally included various vegetables and mushrooms. Evacuees from Karelia contributed to foods in other parts of Finland in the aftermath of the Continuation War.
Finnish foods often use wholemeal products (rye, barley, oats) and berries (such as bilberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, and sea buckthorn). Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food, drink or in various recipes. Various turnips were common in traditional cooking, but were replaced with the potato after its introduction in the 18th century.
Characteristics
The way of life and culture of Finns was mainly based on agriculture already at prehistoric times. However, in the harsh and cold environment, agriculture was neither a very effective nor secure way of life, so getting food from nature has often been an important secondary livelihood. When crops failed, it might have been the only way to survive. Also, while farms mainly produced plants like crops or turnips, and often families had only some farm animals to get milk products and meat, hunting and especially fishing were important ways to get more protein. Large-scale meat production and therefore meat as a daily food started to emerge only at the beginning of 20th century, after periods of malnutrition in the 19th century caused by failed crops.
In former times, the country's harsh climate meant that fresh fruit and vegetables were largely unavailable for at least nine months of the year, leading to a heavy reliance on staple tubers (initially turnip, later potato), dark rye bread and fermented dairy products, occasionally enlivened with preserved fish and meat. Traditionally, very few spices other than salt were available, and fresh herbs like dill and chives were limited to the summer months. Many Finnish traditional dishes are prepared by stewing them for a long time in an oven, which produces hearty but bland fare. Forests and lakes were historically a major source of food, and produce from forests currently accounts for the distinctive traits in Finnish cuisine. The simplicity of traditional Finnish food has been turned into an advantage by shifting the emphasis to freshness. Modern Finnish restaurateurs now blend high-quality Finnish products with continental cooking techniques. This approach helped Helsinki's Chez Dominique to receive two Michelin stars in 2003. The restaurant closed in 2013.
Internationalization brought imported goods. As pasta, pizza, kebab, and hamburgers were integrated into Finnish menus, they displaced some traditional everyday dishes like kaalilaatikko (cabbage casserole), or herring fillets, which some consider inferior. As of the 20th century, when the majority of Finnish women entered the workforce, many traditional dishes that require long preparation time are reserved for holidays.
Even with modern agriculture and transportation, food remains expensive in Finland relative to other European countries. This is notwithstanding the effect of accession to the European Union in 1995. The consequent elimination of trade barriers led prices of products like grains, meat, and milk to drop as much as 50%. Before that, heavy taxes and outright bans on imports that competed with local produce severely limited the availability of foreign or unseasonal food. Nowadays Finnish supermarkets and restaurants provide a variety of food from all over the world.
Finnish cuisine is very similar to Swedish cuisine. Swedish dishes like Janssons frestelse (), pyttipannu, and gravlax () are common in Finland. The overarching difference is the Finns' preference for unsweetened foods. For example, while traditional Swedish rye bread includes plenty of syrup and spices, Finnish rye bread is unsweetened, even bitter. Finnish cuisine also bears some resemblance to German and Russian cuisines. Sausages and buttered bread (like Butterbrot), and (kissel) and (cf. pirozhki) are similar to their respective German and Russian counterparts. Finnish recipes, however, tend to favour fresh ingredients over canned or pickled foods, as fresh vegetables, fish, and meat are available throughout the year.
Finnish food
Meats from Finland
The most popular meats in Finland are pork (33.5 kg/year/person in 2005), beef (18.6 kg), chicken (13.3 kg). Approximately one third of this is eaten as sausage (), which is mostly made from pork but often mixes in other meats as well. Horse meat, lamb and reindeer make up a small portion of the total meat consumption, but they are widely available.
In addition to domesticated animals, there are long traditions of hunting and fishing in Finland. The hunters focus on deer, moose and bear, but small game such as hare, duck and grouse are popular. Approximately 70,000–80,000 moose are culled yearly producing significant amounts of meat. Due to very strict food hygiene regulations, moose meat is mainly consumed within households and is rarely obtainable in restaurants.
Berries
Arctic wild berries are distinctively featured in Finnish cuisine with their strong flavor and high nutrient content. Traditionally, they were eaten fresh in summer and dried at other times of year. It is still quite common to go picking berries straight from the forests – in fact, wild berries are free to pick in any forest, state or private, except in close proximity to dwellings (see Freedom to roam). Wild raspberries (), bilberries () and lingonberries () are found in almost every part of Finland, while cloudberries (), cranberries (), arctic brambles () and sea buckthorns () grow in more limited areas. The intensely flavored wild strawberry () is a seasonal delicacy decorating cakes, served alone, with cream, or with ice cream. Farmed strawberry () is also very common.
Today, berries are no longer dried for winter consumption but usually frozen. They may be used as ingredients, or eaten on their own, for example, with porridge and sugar. Kiisseli (a sweet soup of berry juice and berries thickened with potato starch) is a common dessert. Homemade berry juices and jams are common, especially among older people. While berries are most often used for desserts, they are also served with meat, especially the sour lingonberry relish.
Bilberry kiisseli () and pie (), made from wild bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), are traditional Finnish desserts. Bilberries are frequently used in Finnish cuisine, both as an ingredient, such as bilberry pie, and also served with cream or ice cream. They are often used on top of viili and other yogurt-type dishes.
Fish
Lakes and rivers in Finland and the Baltic Sea provide many opportunities for fishing and fish has always been an important protein source. Numerous methods of preparing fish are used, including frying, boiling, drying, salting, fermenting, cold smoking or simply slicing sea fish and eating it raw. Salmon is a popular choice, both as : cold smoked salmon, lox, or served raw with lemon juice as graavilohi ( in Swedish). The soup called lohikeitto is also one of the most popular salmon dishes in Finland. It is common to smoke any types of fish, like salmon, zander, pike, perch and Baltic herring. A popular dish among the Swedish-speaking population is smoked herring (, ). There are many styles of pickled herring which is a common appetizer and also served around Midsummer accompanied by small potatoes called ( in Swedish) which means 'new potato', usually the first harvests of potato. Whitefish and vendace roe are Finnish delicacies served on top of a toast or with blinis. Crayfish can be found in many lakes and streams in Finland and, in August especially, the Swedish-speaking population often arranges parties centered around eating crayfish and drinking.
Mushrooms
Various species of mushrooms grow in abundance in Finnish forests and false morels start the season in spring and are used in creamy dishes. Chanterelles and ceps pop up after Midsummer and are popular in the whole country, while in eastern Finland almost all edible fungi are consumed, including milkcaps and russulas. Most of the mushroom recipes originate from Russia, since Finns used mushrooms in coloring fabrics rather than as food. Mushrooms are used in soups, sauces, stews, pie fillings, or simply fried in a pan with onions as a side dish. They are preserved for the winter by pickling or drying. Chanterelles are frequently featured in Finnish haute cuisine with their relatives winter chanterelles which often end the season. Just like berry picking, mushroom hunting is also a popular outdoor activity among Finns.
Bread
Dark and fiber-rich ruisleipä, rye bread, is a staple of the Finnish diet. Breads are made from grains like barley, oat, rye and wheat, or by mixing different grits and flours. For example, is made of a combination of rye and wheat. There is also a variety of flat breads called , like maitorieska (milk flatbread), with barley grits from Savonia, (lard flatbread) a somewhat flat barley bread with pieces of lard from Western coast, and perunarieska (potato flatbread). In Kainuu, North Finland, the flatbreads are very flat and baked on naked flame. Näkkileipä, crisp rye bread, is also common. Famines caused by crop failures in the 19th century caused Finns to improvise or bark bread, bread made from rye flour and the soft phloem layer of pine bark, which was nutritious, but rock-hard and anything but tasty. It was eaten also during the Second World War, and the tradition of making this bread has had a minor come-back with claims of health benefits.
Porridges
The Finnish breakfast traditionally includes a substantial portion of porridge. Rolled oats, rye or multi-grain porridge are most common. However, there are other options such as the milk-based (semolina-milk porridge) and helmipuuro (starch grain-milk porridge). Porridges are often eaten with milk, sugar, butter or berry kiisseli. The Christmas season introduces milk-based rice porridge (), sprinkled with cinnamon and sugar and often topped with prune (). There is also a semolina-based porridge flavored with fresh or frozen lingonberries called ("beaten porridge").
Beverages
Water and coffee are the most common drinks in Finland, but during meals milk and sour milk (, a fermented milk) are popular too, even among adults. Coffee is often drunk several times a day and served everywhere. In fact, Finland has the highest per capita consumption of coffee in the world. Tea is also available in most homes. There are several types of home-brewed alcoholic beverages, such as sima (mead) and sahti (traditional beer). Spirits brands include Koskenkorva (vodka-like clear spirit) and a salmiakki flavored shot Salmiakkikossu, Jaloviina (cut brandy), Finlandia vodka, and Marskin ryyppy (Marshal Mannerheim's shot). Around Christmas time a type of mulled wine called glögi is served, also often as a non-alcoholic version. Many berries are used to season liqueurs, e.g. cloudberry liqueur and there are fruit wines produced from red and black currants. A national specialty would be multiple brands of flavored hard ciders (as in Sweden) and long drink mixes with the pet name lonkero, which was originally a gin and grapefruit soda long drink.
The Finnish beer scene is dominated by pale lagers. The most popular local brands are Koff, Lapin Kulta, Karjala, Olvi and Karhu and their taste is rather similar to the Danish counterparts like Carlsberg and Tuborg; soft and a bit sweet. Non-alcoholic beer has also become a popular alternative during recent years. (similar to Slavic kvass) is the traditional small beer. Kotikalja is a malty, sugar-containing sweet beer fermented only for carbonation, thus its alcohol content is low enough (<1.2%) to be served as a soft drink. Hops are often absent. Fresh kotikalja is unfiltered, cloudy and cannot be stored. A Finnish beer specialty is sahti, a traditional ale flavoured with juniper berries.
Desserts
Pulla, sweet, cardamom-flavored bread eaten with coffee or as dessert
Cinnamon rolls () – made into a roll with cinnamon and sugar
Kiisseli – water, sugar, berry juice and berries (nowadays often canned or frozen) thickened with potato starch flour, served with milk/cream and sugar. These may be less liquid than drink-like mustikkakeitto (), depending on preparation, but not gelatinous.
Leipäjuusto, a soft cheese often served with cloudberry jam () and or coffee.
Runeberg torte named after a national poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg and served on his memorial day on 5 February.
Rönttönen pastry with lingonberry filling
Uunijuusto, baked milk dish eaten with berries
Vispipuuro (whipped porridge) a sweet pink dessert porridge with lingonberries or other berries, served with milk and sugar
Sweets
Salmiakki – salty black liquorice candy
Fazer Blue () – milk chocolate
Kismet – (waffle chocolate bar)
Tupla – (chocolate bar)
Pihlaja – marmalade candy
Kiss-Kiss – hard pink peppermint-flavoured shell and a sticky toffee filling candy
Marianne – hard peppermint-flavoured shell and a chocolate filling candy
Omar – Caramel candy
Wood tar – () flavoured candy, such as Terva Leijona
Examples of Finnish dishes
The term ("traditional dish") is often applied to specialties that are rarely eaten on a daily basis. These are often regional, associated with the older generations or specific holidays—for example, mämmi on Easter—and most people eat these dishes rarely, or not at all. In contrast, with , the term ("home-made food") is applied to daily staple dishes. Meatballs, pea soup and rye bread are examples of such staples.
The following list is a sample of typical dishes traditionally consumed in Finland.
Typical Finnish dishes
Kaalikääryleet – cabbage rolls
Game food. – Moose, deer, grouse, duck, hare, etc. dishes. Rarely attainable in restaurants, except the finest ones. Common amongst those whose hobby is hunting.
Hernekeitto – pea soup, usually served on Thursdays, along with pancakes for dessert.
Leipäjuusto, alternate names and – a halloumi-like soft cheese
Viili – a yoghurt-like fermented milk product
Perunamuusi – mashed potato, a common side dish
Lihapullat – Finnish meatballs, often in gravy and with lingonberry sauce on the side
and – smoked ham or beef
Holiday specialties
Shrove Tuesday
Hernekeitto – pea soup made with ham
Laskiaispulla – ('Shrovetide ') filled with whipped cream and almond paste or jam
Easter
Mämmi – Easter dessert pudding: sweetened, oven-baked rye malt porridge, served with sugar and milk or cream, available frozen around the year. In the Catholic era it was Lent food and also served on Good Friday.
Pasha – a dessert made of quark, butter, eggs and spices, originates from Russia
Vappu (May Day)
Sima – mead, home-made or purchased
(deep-fried coated in sugar, similar to doughnuts)
('May Day fritters'), a kind of funnel cake
Christmas
Joulupöytä ('Christmas table'), consists of many dishes, some of which are almost entirely exclusive to Christmas, e.g. lipeäkala.
Glögi, mulled wine, is served during the holiday season.
Regional cuisine
Lapland
Sautéed reindeer ()
Lohikeitto salmon soup with cream
Kainuu
Rönttönen, pastry with lingonberry filling (PGI protection under EU law)
Smoked meat soup
Kainuun Juustoleipä, Bread Cheese
Vendace fish soup
('-bread'), a bark bread made from rye flour and pine phloem during famine years
Karelia
Karelian pasties popular throughout the whole of Finland
Karelian stew often eaten on Finland's Independence Day and on Christmas
Sultsina sold at the market square in Joensuu and other places in the area
Savonia
Kalakukko fish pasty loaf
Mykyrokka blood dumpling soup
Lörtsy pastry filled with sour or sweet fillings (meat, vegetable or jam)
Ostrobothnia and Åland
Due to the location on the West coast, the cuisine has some local specialities.
Klimpsoppa flour dumpling soup
Åland's pancake typically made of leftover porridge and served with plum jam
Swedish ('black bread') is eaten in Swedish-speaking Åland; similar dark bread, known as ('islander's bread', referring to Åland), is made on southern coast, and in Malax on the Ostrobothnian coast (). This bread, coloured dark brown, is made from rye and contains a substantial quantity of dark syrup.
Other specialties
Kesäkeitto – a traditional vegetable soup with butter and milk
Mustamakkara – blood sausage from Tampere
Rössypottu from Oulu (mixed blood pudding and pork stew)
Hapanvelli (rye and pea porridge) from Virolahti
, a type of white bread baked mostly in the Satakunta region
Meals
There are three meals per day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. In all primary and secondary schools, including high school, a hot free lunch is served as part of Finland's welfare state system. Lunch, eaten around noon, is usually a warm meal, although some people may select a lighter meal such as a sandwich or a salad. Taking a lunchbox is not as common as elsewhere in Europe. Universities also provide lunch for students, but contrary to primary and secondary schools, lunch in universities is not free of charge but subsidized.
Lunch typically consists of a single course with optional side salad, bread and dessert. Many workplaces have a lunch restaurant, and if not, employers often give lunch vouchers. Restaurants often have a separate lunch menu for this purpose. In the evening, the dinner is usually a hot meal, again with sides. Meals are usually single-course, commonly consisting of meat of some sort (pork, lamb, chicken, beef) and potatoes, rice or pasta with the meat. Soups, such as pea soup or fish soup, are not considered appetizers only, but may be served as lunch or dinner, and they are correspondingly heavier and come in larger portions.
Breakfast
Breakfast is seen as a substantial meal and usually consists of open sandwiches. The sandwich is often buttered, with savoury toppings such as hard cheese or cold cuts. Sour milk products such as yoghurt or viili are also common breakfast foods, usually served in a bowl with cereals such as corn flakes, muesli, and sometimes with sugar, fruit or jam. A third food that is commonly eaten at breakfast is porridge (), often made of rolled oats, and eaten with a pat of butter (, lit. 'butter eye') or with milk, or fruit or jam, especially the sort made of raspberries or strawberries (sometimes lingonberries). Drinks are milk, juice, tea, or coffee.
Coffee breaks
Finland has the highest coffee consumption per capita in the world, averaging of coffee per person annually. It is typical for a Finn to drink coffee continuously throughout the day, often accompanied by a sweet bun or a sandwich. Most workplaces allocate time for coffee breaks and serving coffee is very likely to happen to a visitor to a private home. Finns consider it as a small courtesy.
Criticism
In 2005, Finnish cuisine came under heavy fire from two leaders of countries renowned for their cuisine. The Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi claimed that "I've been to Finland and I had to endure the Finnish diet so I am in a position to make a comparison." Berlusconi started his anti-Finnish food campaign in 2001. He went on: "The Finns don't even know what prosciutto is." This followed the initial decision by the European Commission to establish the European Food Safety Authority in Helsinki. On 4 July 2005 French President Jacques Chirac claimed that "After Finland, [Britain is] the country with the worst food."
After Jacques Chirac's and Silvio Berlusconi's critiques, some international food reporters answered:
"Chirac and Berlusconi are wrong! Finnish cuisine is much more international than I expected. I have eaten very good food in wonderful restaurants, visited market places and enjoyed in good cafeterias. Cheese is very good in Finland. I also love Finnish cloudberry and smoked fish." (Ute Junker, Australian Financial Review Magazine, Sydney, Australia)
"Food in Finnish restaurants is extremely good. Especially I love Finnish salmon, mushroom soup and desserts. I have also got very good Finnish wines. The worldwide reputation of Finnish cuisine isn't very good – but it should be!" (Liliane Delwasse, Le Figaro, Paris, France)
"I have eaten only good food in Finland. Food in Finland is very fresh. Bread, berries, mushrooms and desserts are very delicious. Finnish berries (especially cloudberry), salmon, cheeses and reindeer should be available in London, too." (April Hutchinson, Abta Magazine, London, England).
Finnish pizza chain Kotipizza won the 2008 America's Plate International pizza contest in New York, while Italian-American pizza came in second. They named their award-winning smoked reindeer pizza Berlusconi as symbolic payback for the critique Finnish cuisine had received from the Italian prime minister earlier.
See also
Beer in Finland
Culture of Finland
Sami cuisine
List of Christmas dishes
Porilainen
Swedish cuisine
National Finnish Food Day
References
External links
Food from Finland
Mediaeval Food from Finland from the Hotel and Restaurant Museum On the museum website can be found menus over the last century, which shows the food available in Finland.
Arctic cuisine
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Nan gyi thoke (, ; also spelled nangyi thoke or nangyi dok) is an a thoke salad dish in Burmese cuisine, made with thick round rice noodles mixed with specially prepared chicken curry and chili oil. The dish is garnished with toasted chickpea flour, sliced onions, chilis, crispy noodles, slices of hard-boiled egg, fish cakes, and zested with lime or lemon. The noodle salad originated as a street food from Mandalay.
Etymology
The salad is known by a number of different terms, including nan gyi thoke, nan gyi mont di, and is called Mandalay mont di in Yangon. Nan gyi (နန်းကြီး; ) refers to the thick round rice noodles used in this salad.
See also
Burmese cuisine
List of salads
Meeshay
Ohn no khao swe
Mont di
References
External links
Nan gyi thoke - Burmese Noodles recipe
Burmese cuisine
Noodle salads
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The sone () is a unit of loudness, the subjective perception of sound pressure. The study of perceived loudness is included in the topic of psychoacoustics and employs methods of psychophysics. Doubling the perceived loudness doubles the sone value. Proposed by Stanley Smith Stevens in 1936, it is not an SI unit.
Definition and conversions
According to Stevens' definition, a loudness of 1 sone is equivalent to 40 phons (a 1 kHz tone at 40 dB SPL). The phons scale aligns with dB, not with loudness, so the sone and phon scales are not proportional. Rather, the loudness in sones is, at least very nearly, a power law function of the signal intensity, with an exponent of 0.3. With this exponent, each 10 phon increase (or 10 dB at 1 kHz) produces almost exactly a doubling of the loudness in sones.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! sone
| 1 || 2 || 4 || 8 || 16 || 32 || 64
|-
! phon
| 40 || 50 || 60 || 70 || 80 || 90 || 100
|}
At frequencies other than 1 kHz, the loudness level in phons is calibrated according to the frequency response of human hearing, via a set of equal-loudness contours, and then the loudness level in phons is mapped to loudness in sones via the same power law.
Loudness N in sones (for LN > 40 phon):
or loudness level LN in phons (for N > 1 sone):
Corrections are needed at lower levels, near the threshold of hearing.
These formulas are for single-frequency sine waves or narrowband signals. For multi-component or broadband signals, a more elaborate loudness model is required, accounting for critical bands.
To be fully precise, a measurement in sones must be specified in terms of the optional suffix G, which means that the loudness value is calculated from frequency groups, and by one of the two suffixes D (for direct field or free field) or R (for room field or diffuse field).
Example values
{| class="wikitable"
! Description !! Sound pressure !! Sound pressure level !! Loudness
|-
! !! align="center" | pascal !! align="center" | dB re 20 μPa !! align="center" | sone
|-
|Threshold of pain || align="right" | ~ 100 || align="right" | ~ 134 ||align="right" | ~ 676
|-
|Hearing damage during short-term effect || align="right" | ~ 20 || align="right" | ~ 120 || align="right" | ~ 256
|-
|Jet, 100 m away || align="right" | 6 ... 200 || align="right" | 110 ... 140 || align="right" | 128 ... 1024
|-
|Jackhammer, 1 m away / nightclub || align="right" | ~ 2 || align="right" | ~ 100 || align="right" | ~ 64
|-
|Hearing damage during long-term effect || align="right" | ~ 6×10−1 || align="right" | ~ 90 || align="right" | ~ 32
|-
|Major road, 10 m away || align="right" | 2×10−1 ... 6×10−1 || align="right" | 80 ... 90 || align="right" | 16 ... 32
|-
|Passenger car, 10 m away || align="right" | 2×10−2 ... 2×10−1 || align="right" | 60 ... 80 || align="right" | 4 ... 16
|-
|TV set at home level, 1 m away || align="right" | ~ 2×10−2 || align="right" | ~ 60 || align="right" | ~ 4
|-
|Normal talking, 1 m away || align="right" | 2×10−3 ... 2×10−2 || align="right" | 40 ... 60 || align="right" | 1 ... 4
|-
|Very calm room || align="right" | 2×10−4 ... 6×10−4 || align="right" | 20 ... 30 || align="right" | 0.15 ... 0.4
|-
|Rustling leaves, calm breathing || align="right" | ~ 6×10−5 || align="right" | ~ 10 ||align="right" | ~ 0.02
|-
|Auditory threshold at 1 kHz || align="right" | 2×10−5 || align="right" | 0 ||align="right" | 0
|}
See also
A-weighting
LKFS
Stevens's power law
Weber–Fechner law
References
External links
Correlation between sones und phons − calculator
Hearing
Human-based units of measurement
Units of sound
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A flight deck is the platform of an aircraft carrier used for takeoffs and landings.
Flight deck may also refer to:
An aircraft's cockpit
Roller coasters
Flight Deck (Canada's Wonderland), in Vaughan, Ontario
Flight Deck (California's Great America), United States
Flight Deck (Kings Island), former name for The Bat roller coaster, Mason, Ohio, United States
See also
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Peashooter or pea shooter may refer to:
Peashooter (toy), consisting of a tube through which peas or other small objects are blown
Boeing P-26 Peashooter, an American fighter aircraft
Peashooter, a plant from the franchise Plants vs. Zombies
See also
Pea (disambiguation)
Shooter (disambiguation)
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Orange Blossom Special may refer to:
Orange Blossom Special (train), a passenger train operated by the Seaboard Air Line Railway from 1925 to 1953
"Orange Blossom Special" (song), a 1938 song written by Ervin T. Rouse
Orange Blossom Special (album), a 1964 album by Johnny Cash
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The longclaws are a genus, Macronyx, of small African passerine birds in the family Motacillidae.
Longclaws are slender, often colorful, ground-feeding insectivores of open country. They are ground nesters, laying up to four speckled eggs. They are named for their unusually long hind claws, which are thought to help in walking on grass. There are only between 10,000 and 19,000 Sharpe's longclaw left in Kenya.
The genus Macronyx was introduced by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1827 with the Cape longclaw as the type species. The name combines the Classical Greek words "long" or "great" and "claw".
Species list
The genus contains eight species:
References
External links
Longclaw videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Macronyx
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Contact centre may refer to:
Contact centre, an extension of a call centre
Child contact centre, a centre for children to maintain contact with an absent parent
See also
Contact center telephony
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Usher may refer to:
Several jobs which originally involved directing people and ensuring people are in the correct place:
Usher (occupation)
Church usher
Wedding usher, one of the male attendants to the groom in a wedding ceremony
Field usher, a military rank
Usher of Justice, a judicial official in some countries
Usher of the Black Rod, a parliamentary official in the UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand
Gentleman Usher, a category of royal official in the United Kingdom
White House Chief Usher
Usher (Switzerland), a largely ceremonial function in Swiss federal, cantonal, and local governments
People
Usher (musician) (born 1978), American R&B recording artist, performer, and actor
Usher (album), a 1994 debut album by Usher
Usher Komugisha, Ugandan sports journalist and commentator
Usher (surname), a list of people
Places
Usher, Western Australia
Mount Usher, Antarctica
Usher Glacier, South Shetland Islands
Usher Hall, Edinburgh, Scotland
Ushers, New York, a hamlet in Saratoga County, New York
Media
Film
Usher (2002 film), a short film directed by Curtis Harrington
Usher (2004 film), a film based on the short story by Poe
Other uses in media
The family name in the Edgar Allan Poe short story "The Fall of the House of Usher"
The Fall of the House of Usher (disambiguation), adaptations of Poe's work
Other uses
Gentleman Usher of an order of knights in the United Kingdom
Usher 1C, a human gene
Usher syndrome, a genetic disorder
Ushers of Trowbridge, a former English brewery
Usher baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Usher (fragrance)
Usher (software), an enterprise security platform
See also
Ussher
USHR (disambiguation)
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Hauskyjza (Silesian: home cheese from the German Hauskäse) is a foodstuff made of cottage cheese, carum and other ingredients, which are mixed, put aside for a few days to acquire the characteristic sharp flavor, scent and tacky consistency, and then warmed and fried. Often baking soda is used to condition the cottage cheese. Hauskyjza or Ser Smazony (fried cheese) or Ser Zgliwiały ( rottened cheese) is a traditional product in Wielkopolska, Pomorze, Kujawy and Silesia. Before refrigerators were widely available, it was valued because of its high fastness.
Haukyjza has an exceptionally strong scent and flavor, pleasurable to many aficionados, but found offensive by some people. (In numerous Silesian jokes, the flavor is compared to that of long-unwashed socks.) Most traditionally, it is served with dark bread and carway or with "music," chopped onions soaked in vinegar and oil. Some people prefer it freshly made as a type of fondue.
Hauskyjza has been traditionally made at home, hence the name. Currently, it is also produced commercially.
In 2005, it was registered on a List of Traditional Products (pol. Lista Produktów Tradycyjnych) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development as Ser domowy smażony z kminkiem, z czosnkiem, bez przypraw (home-made fried cheese with carum, with garlic, without spices).
References
Polish cuisine
Cheese dishes
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Socio-economic theory may refer to:
Socioeconomics
A combination of
economic theory
social theory
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SQL/JRT (SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language) — расширение языка SQL, принятое в стандарте SQL:1999. Обеспечивает возможность вызова из SQL-кода статических методов языка программирования Java в качестве хранимых процедуры и использование классов Java в качестве структурированных типов.
Две части расширения первоначально произошли из ранних частей 1 и 2 стандарта SQLJ Американского национального института стандартов (часть 0 этого стандарта позднее стандартизирована ISO в виде расширения SQL/OLB).
Пример определения и последующего вызова java-функции (из руководства HSQLDB):
CREATE FUNCTION sinh(v DOUBLE) RETURNS DOUBLE
LANGUAGE JAVA DETERMINISTIC NO SQL
EXTERNAL NAME 'CLASSPATH:java.lang.Math.sinh'
SELECT sinh(doublecolumn) FROM mytable
SQL/JRT также позволяет коду Java динамически генерировать таблицы, используя объект java.sql.ResultSet. Итоговые наборы данных возвращаются сконвертированными в форматы, соответствующие реляционным таблицам или представлениям, и могут быть использованы везде, где используются таблицы или представления.
Среди СУБД, с поддержкой хранимых процедур по стандарту SQL/JRT — HSQLDB, Oracle Database (процедуры выполняются в Aurora JVM, реализованной в версии 8i в 1999 году, позднее переименованную в Oracle JVM), IBM DB2 (с 1998 года, но требуется внешняя JVM).
Примечания
Ссылки
SQL:2003 SQL/JRT draft
SQL:2003 SQL Standard User Defined Types and Routines
SQL
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Boatbill can refer to a number of bird species:
the boat-billed heron, Cochlearius cochlearius
the boat-billed flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua
either of the two boatbills in the genus Machaerirhynchus:
Black-breasted boatbill, M. nigripectus
Yellow-breasted boatbill, M. flaviventer
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A Mother's Reckoning: Living in the Aftermath of Tragedy is a 2016 memoir by Sue Klebold, the mother of Dylan Klebold. Along with Eric Harris, Dylan was one of the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre in 1999. The book details the childhood and teenage years of her son, and what she says are signs she missed that Dylan was suffering from clinical depression. The book also examines her grieving process in dealing with the fallout of the massacre.
In his foreword to the book, author Andrew Solomon wrote, “The ultimate message of this book is terrifying: you may not know your own children, and worse yet, your children may be unknowable to you. The stranger you fear may be your own son or daughter.” Sue Klebold donated all of her profits from the book to mental health charities.
Contents
The book describes Dylan Klebold as he grew into a teenager and his behaviors in the time leading up to the massacre, as well as Sue Klebold's desire to leave public attention after the massacre occurred. Sue Klebold faced negative attitudes towards herself and faced stresses on her own family. She did not believe Dylan Klebold willingly partook in the attack until she viewed the videotapes he made with Eric Harris. She ultimately decided to promote suicide prevention. As reviewer Rachel Shteir notes, the book “avoids details of the attack”. The book also describes the various media-related controversies, including bullying, copycatting, and the effect of violence on U.S. culture. Sue Klebold often states that her son was depressive instead of psychopathic, and that compared to Eric Harris, Dylan Klebold allowed some victims to flee, as well as killed fewer people.
Release
Sue Klebold donated the revenue from the book to charities aiming to solve mental health problems.
Reception
Meghan O'Rourke of The Guardian wrote that the book is "compelling as a grief memoir" and that "to read it is to be unforgettably drawn into the devastation she endured". O'Rourke stated her belief that the "most haunting" aspect of the book is its inability to answer questions about why Dylan Klebold did what he did.
Barbara Ellen of The Observer argued that it was a "brave, sad, self-castigating book" and that Sue Klebold never tried to "excuse her son's crimes". According to Ellen, the victims may not like Sue Klebold's rationalization that Dylan Klebold did not kill as many people as Eric Harris. She also noted that Sue Klebold focuses on mental health and "despite being anti-gun, she’s frustratingly non-committal about US gun laws."
Susan Dominus of The New York Times wrote that "the book’s ultimate purpose is to serve as a cautionary tale, not an exoneration", and in addition she argued that the book was meant for the parents of the deceased victims. According to Carlos Lozada of The Washington Post, the book shows the potential "warning signs" Sue Klebold missed as well as "an apology to the loved ones of the victims". Rachel Shteir of The Boston Globe argued that the book could have given more information on Dylan's characteristics, and she concluded that "In ”A Mother’s Reckoning” there is much more suffering than understanding. Still there is some comfort in viewing this mother’s chronicle, as Solomon urges, as “a narrative of acceptance.’’"
References
External links
A Mother's Reckoning
Excerpt of said book
2016 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about suicide
Non-fiction books about murders in the United States
Works about school bullying
Works about the Columbine High School massacre
Crown Publishing Group books
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A strongman is a person who performs feats of strength.
Strongman or Strong Man may also refer to:
Political strongman, a term for an authoritarian political leader, usually head of a military dictatorship
Strongman game, a physical strength carnival attraction also known as a high striker
Strongman (comics), a Marvel Comics character
Jon Andersen (born 1972), professional wrestler also known by the ring names Jon Strongman and Strong Man
Strongman Mine, a New Zealand coal-mine
Strong Man, one of The Mighty Heroes in the U.S. animated television series
The Strong Man, a 1926 American silent film
Strongman (film), a documentary movie about Stanley Pleskun
Strongmen, a 2020 book by Ruth Ben-Ghiat
Strongman (rapper), a Ghanaian rapper
People with the surname
Steve Strongman, Canadian blues guitarist, singer and songwriter
See also
Strength athletics, also known as Strongman competitions
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Thagu byin (; ; also spelt thagu pyin) is a traditional Burmese snack or mont. The sweet delicacy is essentially a sweet pudding made with sago, coconut milk and condensed milk. In recent years, thagu byin has seen a resurgence in popularity, as a packaged gift item.
References
Burmese cuisine
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Burmese fried rice (, , htamin gyaw), also known as fried rice with boiled peas () is the traditional Burmese recipe for fried rice. Burmese fried rice normally uses paw hsan hmwe, a Burmese fragrant short-grain rice (rounder and shorter than other varieties).
A popular plain version consists of rice, boiled peas, onions, garlic, and dark soy sauce. An accompanying condiment could be ngapi kyaw (fried fish paste with shredded flakes) and fresh cucumber strips mixed with chopped onions, green chili, and vinegar. The dish is a common breakfast meal in Myanmar, and can be optionally topped with a fried egg.
References
Burmese cuisine
Fried rice
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Artificial vision may refer to:
Computer vision
Visual prosthesis
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FOX 34 may refer to one of the following television stations in the United States affiliated with the Fox Broadcasting Company:
Current
KJTV-TV in Lubbock, Texas
KLSR-TV in Eugene, Oregon
KXPI-LD (second digital subchannel) in Pocatello / Idaho Falls, Idaho
WDFX-TV in Dothan, Alabama
Former
WGRB (later WBKI-TV) in Campbellsville / Louisville, Kentucky (1990 to 1997)
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In 4-dimensional geometry, the cuboctahedral pyramid is bounded by one cuboctahedron on the base, 6 square pyramid, and 8 triangular pyramid cells which meet at the apex. It has 38 faces: 32 triangles and 6 squares. It has 32 edges, and 13 vertices.
Since a cuboctahedron's circumradius is equal to its edge length, the triangles must be taller than equilateral to create a positive height.
The dual to the cuboctahedral pyramid is a rhombic dodecahedral pyramid, seen as a rhombic dodecahedral base, and 12 rhombic pyramids meeting at an apex.
References
External links
Richard Klitzing, Axial-Symmetrical Edge Facetings of Uniform Polyhedra
4-polytopes
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Subsistence may refer ro:
Subsistence economy, a non-monetary economy to provide for basic needs
Travel and subsistence, expenses related to business travel
Subsistit in, Catholic ecclesiological doctrine of Vatican II
See also
Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence crisis
Subsistence Homesteads Division, of the US Department of the Interior; a New Deal agency
Subsistence pattern or strategy, the means by which a society satisfies its basic needs for survival
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HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus, two species of Lentivirus that causes HIV/AIDS.
HIV or Hiv may also refer to:
HIV/AIDS
HIV test, used to detect the presence of HIV
HIV-positive people, people who have the human immunodeficiency virus HIV, the agent of the currently incurable disease AIDS
HIV vaccine, the goal of many HIV research programmes
Other uses
.hiv, a generic top-level domain
Hiv Rural District, in Alborz Province of Iran
Hiv, Iran, a village in the district
H.I.V (album), a 2012 album by Jovi
See also
HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a spectrum of conditions caused by HIV
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A continuing trespass is:
a wrongful act involving a course of action which is a direct invasion of the rights of another.
a trespass in the taking of goods, although without intent to appropriate them, followed by an appropriation, the original trespass being deemed to continue to the time of the appropriation, so that the subsequent appropriation is larceny.
References
Further reading
Crimes
Common law legal terminology
Tort law
Property crimes
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A blood sausage is a sausage filled with blood that is cooked or dried and mixed with a filler until it is thick enough to solidify when cooled. Most commonly, the blood of pigs, sheep, lamb, cow, chicken, or goose is used.
In Europe and the Americas, typical fillers include meat, fat, suet, bread, cornmeal, onion, chestnuts, barley, oatmeal and buckwheat. On the Iberian Peninsula and in Latin America and Asia, fillers are often made with rice. Sweet variants with sugar, honey, orange peel and spices are also regional specialties.
In many languages, there is a general term such as blood sausage (American English) that is used for all sausages that are made from blood, whether or not they include non-animal material such as bread, cereal, and nuts. Sausages that include such material are often referred to with more specific terms, such as black pudding in English. Other varieties of blood sausage include boudin rouge (Creole and Cajun), rellena or moronga (Mexico) and sanganel (Friuli).
Africa
Mutura is a traditional blood sausage dish among the people of central Kenya, although recently its popularity has spread throughout Kenya. It is made with meat, blood, and spices all encased in the animal's intestines or stomach. In Kenya fillers include fresh minced goat, beef, and mutton, fat, and red onions.
Nowadays many types of mutura, especially commercial street food versions, do not contain blood. The meat used in the filling can be any fleshy part, but like any other type of sausage, prime cuts are not ordinarily used for the stuffing. Instead the tougher, leaner cuts – for example the neck – are trimmed off the bone. The casing for the stuffing is the stomach sac and larger intestines. These are flushed many times with water to clean them.
The meat for the stuffing is finely chopped or minced, and the mandatory fat is often trimmed from other parts. The meat is slightly fried, mixed with finely chopped red onions, salt and optionally fresh chili. Other additions include freshly chopped coriander (dhania or cilantro), garlic, pepper and even beef stock. This is then mixed thoroughly with the fresh blood from the animal, and stuffed into the stomach and intestines, with the openings sewn or tied together with string.
The sausage is boiled in a large pot (often with other parts of the animal not roasted and used to make soup) for 30–45 minutes, and roasted over coals till brown. Sliced, it is served with kachumbari, an onion based salad consisting of tomatoes, red onions and fresh coriander, a bit of chili and squeeze of lemon. The accompanying starch is ugali.
Americas
North America
Caribbean
In Antigua, rice pudding is a local delicacy and it is prepared the same way as blood sausage.
In Barbados, blood sausage, also called pudding, is made with sweet potato (batata), pig's blood and onions, seasoned with peppers and other herbs and stuffed in pig intestines. Traditionally pig's blood was used to darken the mixture but Browning sauce (caramelized sugar) is sometimes used as a substitute. It is normally served with souse, which is pickled pig's feet, pig's ears and other trimmings. The cooked meat is cut into bite-sized pieces and soaked in a brine made of water, lime juice, cucumbers, hot pepper, and specially prepared seasonings. Blood sausage and souse, more commonly known as pudding and souse, is a Bajan delicacy usually prepared on weekends and special occasions.
In the French Antilles, boudin créole, or boudin antillais is very popular, this being the French boudin noir with local Caribbean chilli and other spices.
In the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, blood sausage is known as morcilla. Puerto Rican blood sausage is made with rice, culantro, cilantro, garlic, and Cubanelle pepper. Some contain paprika and annatto. Morcilla is especially popular during Christmas.
In Trinidad and Tobago, the local style of blood sausage is heavily seasoned with local peppers and traditionally prepared from pig's blood, often replaced by pig's liver today. It is sold by local producers as a popular accompaniment to rolls of crusty hops bread or served as an accompaniment to trotter souse, a stew based on trotters.
Central America
In Panama, blood sausage is called morcilla, rellena or tubería negra, and is usually filled with rice. In El Salvador and Nicaragua, it is called "moronga". In Honduras both "moronga" and "morcilla" are used.
Mexico
In the Yucatán Peninsula, morcilla is made exclusively from pig's blood and once deep fried it is served with a mix of pickled onions, cilantro and spices. It is always consumed in the form of tacos and paired with fresh habanero peppers.
In Central Mexico, morcilla is known as moronga.
United States
Blood sausages are very difficult to find in US supermarkets. Brussels and Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin are both home to local grocers who produce blood sausage, due to their large Belgian American populations. Supermarkets throughout Maine also carry locally produced blood pudding due to the state's large French Canadian population. In southeastern Michigan, Polish-style kaszanka can be found in supermarkets throughout the year and is very popular.
An Italian-American version of blood sausage in the San Francisco Bay Area is called biroldo and has pine nuts, raisins, spices, and pig snouts and is made using either pig's or cow's blood. German-style blood sausage and Zungenwurst can be found in Fresno and Santa Rosa, where Russian and Armenian delis offer a wide range of Central European foods. Alpine Village in Torrance, California used to have Blutwurst due to a considerable German-American population in the South Bay area of Los Angeles County.
Cajun boudin is a fresh sausage made with green onions, pork, pork liver (making it somewhat gritty or grainy), and rice. Pig's blood was sometimes added to produce boudin rouge, but this tradition became increasingly rare after the mid-twentieth century due to the decline of the boucherie (traditional communal butchering) and government health regulations prohibiting the transportation of raw blood. As a result, Cajun boudin is now usually made without blood; however, blood or "black" boudin can still be purchased.
Latin America
In many areas of Latin America, morcilla is served. Morcilla is sometimes made with a filler of rice and/or onions, and seasoned with paprika and other spices. In the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, it is served fried and mostly consumed during the holidays. In Colombia, morcilla can have rice, green peas, cilantro or culantro, and is often eaten as an appetizer called "picada" or with the traditional dishes "Bandeja Paisa" or "Fritanga". In Venezuela, morcilla is often served with parrilla (barbecue).
South America
Andean
In Ecuador , Bolivia and Colombia the blood sausage is also called morcilla, and is usually filled with rice.
Argentina, Uruguay
Morcilla is also eaten inside a sandwich called "morcipán", especially in the Río de la Plata. Morcilla is a component of the asado criollo, a regional mixed grill or barbecue meal. In Uruguay and in Argentina, a sweet version including raisins and pine nuts is popular; some vendors even add chocolate, caramelised orange peels, peanuts, and other dried fruits. Uruguayans usually are fond of sweet or salty morcilla, and most restaurants and supermarkets carry both versions.
Brazil
In Brazil there is a version of the blood sausage called chouriço or morcela (sometimes the Castillian Spanish version morcilla is used as well), consisting of a fresh sausage made of the blood and fat from pork and usually rice. It is a variation of the Portuguese blood sausage, and it is known for its deep dark color. In some regions, it is popular on barbecues (Churrascos) as a starter.
Chile
In Chile, the blood sausage is called "prieta" (a synonym of "negra", black) and tends to have a very thick skin, so is eaten cut open lengthwise. Apart from blood and a little fat, "prietas" may contain a variety of ingredients, such as chopped onion and spices, cabbage, peppers, watercress, rice, meat or even dried fruit or nuts. "Prietas" or "morcillas" are part of the Chilote tradition of "reitimiento" involving the slaughter and preparation of a pig.
Prietas are easily found at supermarkets throughout the country and are available from practically any butcher.
Guianas
In Guyana, blood sausage is a very popular snack served at social occasions, and as "cutters" when drinking. The main ingredient is cooked rice seasoned with herbs, such as thyme and basil. The rice is mixed with cow's blood, stuffed into cow's or pig's intestine, and boiled until firm, sliced and served with Sour (a mild type of dipping sauce with hot peppers). White pudding is also made.
In Suriname, blood sausage is known by the Dutch name bloedworst, and white pudding by the equally Dutch name vleesworst.
Asia
Across Asia, various people create food from congealed animal blood. Most of these food types do not have casings and might be considered a version of sliced sausage.
East Asia
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the dish closest to blood sausage is pig blood curd, which is only made from pig's blood and is not considered a sausage.
Korea
The majority of Korea's sundae (순대) can be categorised as blood sausage. The most common type of sundae is made of sweet potato noodle (dangmyeon), barley, and pig's blood, but some variants contain sesame leaves, green onion, fermented soy paste (doenjang), sweet rice, kimchi, and bean sprouts, in addition to the common ingredients. The Korean sundae is wrapped with pig's intestines. The addition of sweet potato noodle is a more modern addition to the dish. There is another Korean food called seonji which is cow blood that has been boiled in soup. It looks like the Blodpudding of Sweden.
Manchuria and China
In Chinese cuisines, whole coagulated blood is fried or steamed as a snack or cooked in a hot pot. In mainland China, "blood tofu" (), or "red tofu" (), is most often made with pig's or duck's blood. Like the above dishes, this has no casing but is simply cut into rectangular pieces and cooked. In Northeast China, the "blood sausage" was a traditional food which is cooked with sheep or goat blood. In Tibet, congealed yak's blood is a traditional food. Chinese people also used pig blood curd that was consumed by laborers in Kaifeng over 1,000 years ago in the south of China.
Mongolia
Blood sausage is popular in Mongolia. In Mongolia a special method of killing sheep was made mandatory by Genghis Khan to save blood for sausage. It appears in the Yasa and is still used today.
Taiwan
In Taiwan, "pig's blood cake" () or "rice blood cake"(), made of pork blood and sticky rice, is served on a popsicle stick; this is a very popular snack at local night markets.
Tibet
In Tibetan cuisine, sausages or gyurma refer to blood sausages and are made with yak or sheep's blood which may or may not include either rice or roasted barley flour as filler. The sausage uses natural casing employing the use of yak or sheep's intestine.
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
In Bali, Urutan is a version of blood sausage made with pork intestine and pork blood. It is served with rice.
Another version in Java called saren or marus, is made with chicken's blood and usually cut into small cube pieces.
In Sumatra, Kidu-Kidu is a Batak sausage dish made from pork intestines, served with sauce made from pork's blood and spices such as andaliman pepper.
Malaysia
In Penang or other northern states, pig blood curd (known locally in Penang Hokkien as "too huet"; ) is usually served with the local street delicacy Curry Mee (curry noodles). It can also be mixed with some traditional Hokkien dishes as well.
Philippines
Blood sausage is known generically as longganisang dugo (lit. "blood longaniza") in the Philippines. A notable type of native pre-colonial blood sausage is pinuneg, which is composed of minced pork and innards in a pork casing made from large intestines that is prepared in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines.
Thailand
In Thai cuisine sai krok lueat (Thai: ไส้กรอกเลือด) is a blood sausage ( = sausage, = blood), often served sliced and accompanied by a spicy dipping sauce. "Blood tofu" is simply called lueat (, blood) in Thailand. This can be used in many Thai dishes such as in noodle soups, Thai curries, or as an addition to certain rice dishes such as Khao man kai.
Vietnam
Vietnamese 'dồi tiết' (Northern) or 'dồi huyết' (Southern) is blood sausage, boiled or fried, made with pork blood, pork fat and basil.
South Asia
India
In Meghalayan cuisine, doh snam is type of blood sausage made from pork intestine with local spices and ingredients.
Nepal
In Limbu cuisine, sargemba or sargyangma is a type of blood sausage made mostly from pork intestines, pork fat, rice and yangben, a type of edible wild lichen.
Europe
Central and Eastern Europe
Throughout Central and Eastern Europe, blood sausage, known as kishka (meaning "intestine"), is made with pig's blood and buckwheat kasha. It is also known in Russia as krovyanka (кровянка), or krovyanaya kolbasa (кровяная колбаса, literally "blood sausage"), and includes buckwheat as a main filler, instead of oats or oatmeal. In Ukraine it's called krov'yanka (кров'янка) or kryvava kyshka (кривава кишка), and kiszka or kaszanka in Poland; krvavnička in Slovakia and krupniok in Silesia. Polish salceson ("black" and "Brunszwicki") are a type of head cheese ("brawn") that contains blood. In Hungary, véres hurka is typically made with pig's blood and barleycorn or cubed bread (typically zsemle) as filler as such also known as zsemlés hurka and gerslis hurka. In Bulgaria, karvavitsa (кървавица) is usually prepared with pig's blood, fat and a variety of mountain herbs and spices and eaten warm during the winter.
In Romania, the traditional sângerete (from sânge, "blood" in Romanian) is made from shoulder butt pork meat, pork blood and a filler such as pre-boiled rice seasoned with pepper, garlic and basil. It has many regional variants, but the most common are the sângerete from Transylvania.
Similarly, in Czech cuisine, jelito is made from second-rate pork, pig's blood and peeled barley; the stuffing served by itself, unformed, is called prejt.
Northern Europe
Denmark
In Denmark, blodpølse is made from pigs's blood and suet, rye flour, brown sugar, raisins, salt, cinnamon and cardamom stuffed into natural or artificial intestines. It is usually boiled in its skin, eaten hot or cold, sometimes sliced and fried, served with syrup, cinnamon and stewed apples.
Estonia
In Estonia, verivorst (blood sausage) is made of pig's blood, barley groats, pork, marjoram and other flavourings. It is sold and eaten mostly in winter, being a traditional Christmas food. At that time there is a large variety of verivorst in stores, ranging in shapes and sizes. Verivorst is usually cooked in an oven, but sometimes also fried in a pan. Verivorst is often eaten together with lingonberry jam, but occasionally also with butter or sour cream. Another similar dish is called verikäkk (black pudding, or blood dumpling, depending on the shape). The popularity of verikäkk has decreased during the past decades (possibly because of its less appealing commercial appearance) and has mostly been substituted by verivorst.
Finland
Mustamakkara (literally "black sausage") is a roasted sausage containing pig's blood and very similar to Estonian verivorst. The sausage is said to originate from Tampere and is considered an integral part of the city's culture.
A dish similar to the British black pudding is also made by making batter out of pig's blood and baking it like pancakes. Traditionally, rye flour or oatmeal is used and minced onion is added to the mix. This dish is called veriohukainen or verilettu (blood pancake). Rössypottu is a traditional soup in northern Finland with blood pudding as a main ingredient.
Most blood sausage dishes in Finland are often eaten with lingonberry jam to sweeten the taste.
Iceland
In Iceland, blóðmör is one of two types of slátur. It is made from lamb's blood and suet, rye flour and oats, traditionally stuffed into pouches sewn from the lamb's stomach. It is usually boiled in its skin, eaten hot or cold, sometimes sliced and fried. After cooking, it is often preserved in fermented whey and acquires a distinct sour taste.
Latvia
In Latvia, blood sausage is either called asinsdesa (blood sausage) or putraimu desa (groat sausage) because of the added barley groats. It usually served with lingonberry jam and sour cream.
Sweden
Blodpudding is a traditional medieval dish still popular in Sweden. The exact proportions and ingredients vary, partly according to regional preference, but generally it is made from pig's blood, milk, rye or barley flour, diced lard, either beer or svagdricka, treacle and onion, flavoured with allspice and marjoram. It is then poured into forms and oven-baked in a waterbath. Most of the blodpudding consumed today is made on industrial basis.
When prepared for serving, it is sliced and fried. The style of serving and accompaniments vary across the country, and it is not uncommon to have the blodpudding act as the meat in a meal. Nationally, the common way is to serve it with lingonberry jam, grated carrots and ice cold milk to drink. Fried bacon or pork side is also common. In Scania, the lingonberry jam is often replaced by finely sliced apples, fried along with the pork.
Other blood-based foods include blodkorv (blood sausage) which differs from blodpudding by having raisins, pork tallow and apple sauce in it, blodplättar (blood pancakes, similar to the original Finnish dish veriohukainen above) and blodpalt. There is also a soup made from blood, called svartsoppa (black soup).
United Kingdom and Ireland
Black pudding is the native British version of blood sausage. It is generally made from pork blood and a relatively high proportion of oatmeal. In the past it was occasionally flavoured with pennyroyal, differing from continental European versions in its relatively limited range of ingredients and reliance on oatmeal and barley instead of onions to absorb the blood. It can be eaten cold, as it is cooked in production, grilled, fried or boiled in its skin. It is often served sliced and fried or grilled as part of a traditional full breakfast, a tradition that followed British and Irish emigrants around the world. Black pudding is now part of the local cuisine of New Zealand and the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador.
Stornoway black pudding produced on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland, is one of the most renowned varieties and has been granted Protected Geographical Indicator of Origin (PGI) status. Ireland also has two distinctive varieties of black pudding: Sneem Black Pudding from County Kerry, and drisheen, which is distinguished by its gelatinous texture.
The similar white pudding (mealie pudding) is a further important feature of the traditional Northumbrian, Scottish, Irish and Newfoundland breakfast. Black and white pudding, as well as a third variant, red pudding, is served battered in some chip shops in England, Scotland and Ireland as an alternative to fish and chips.
While "blood sausage" in English is understood in Britain, the term is applied only to foreign usage (e.g., in the story The Name-Day by Saki), or to similar blood-based sausages elsewhere in the world.
Southern Europe
Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Slovenia
A similar blood sausage to karvavitsa, called krvavica (крвавица), made out of similar ingredients, is eaten in Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia in wintertime, usually with sauerkraut and potatoes.
Italy
In Italy, regional varieties of blood sausage are known as sanguinaccio. In Tuscany, buristo is a sausage made with pig's blood and fat cooked in a pig's stomach. It is not reheated and is often spread on bread. It is found only in the south of Tuscany in the winter months and even there it can be difficult to come by. Biroldo is another type of black pudding which can be found in Tuscany, while the version made in southern Lombardy is called marsapan.
Migliaccio is a black pudding that is traditionally prepared in winter in Romagna. It is a sweet pudding with a thick black filling made with pig's blood, sugar, breadcrumbs, almonds, chocolate, butter and spices contained in a thin pastry crust. A similar pudding is made throughout southern Italy, generally called sanguinaccio.
Portugal
In Portuguese cuisine, there are many varieties of blood sausage. Sausages made of blood are usually called morcela (for the larger variety) and negrinha or negrito (from Portuguese negro that means dark or black, for the thinner variety). There are many varieties around the Portuguese-speaking world. In Portugal proper, there are local varieties from different regions of mainland Portugal, including from Guarda, Portalegre, Estremoz and Borba, as well as from the Azores. A variety of morcela made with rice, morcela de arroz (rice blood sausage), is typically associated with Tomar, Leiria, Porto de Mós, Fundão and Belmonte. The morcela is made with a combination of different pork parts, cut into pieces, seasoned with ground pepper, salt, garlic, dried garlic, and spices (including cloves and cumin), as well as wine in the pig's blood. There is also a type of black chouriço, also a blood sausage because it is made with pig blood. It is called chouriço de sangue. Places like Melgaço and several other localities in Northern Portugal, as well as in Beiras and Alentejo, are famed for its production.
Spain
Spanish morcilla has many variants. The most well-known and widespread is morcilla de Burgos which contains mainly pork blood and fat, rice, onions, and salt, and is produced in two varieties: cylindrical and gut-shaped. In Albacete and La Mancha, the morcilla is filled with onions instead of rice, which completely changes the texture. In Extremadura the creamy morcilla patatera includes roughly mashed potatoes. In the northern regions and the Canary Islands there is a sweet variety known as morcilla dulce. Other varieties introduce breadcrumbs, pine nuts, and almonds, and vary the proportions of the other ingredients or flavourings, some of them considered delicacies.
There are other similarly famous kinds being made at Asturias (slightly darker and smaller, used for bean and chickpea stews) and León (without rice, grilled & spread on toasted bread). Other less popular varieties may add cumin to the pudding mixture, but this is not a standard practice. The cooking method for consumption is typically frying, stewing, grilling or roasting, and usually sliced in one-finger-thick wheelettes ("rodajas"). There are many derivative foods made from morcilla, such as omelettes, stuffed red pepper, puff pastry, pizza, flavoured nachos, croquettes, and a range of fillings for different dishes.
In Galicia, blood pancakes are called filloas.
Western Europe
Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg
In Belgium and the Netherlands, bloedworst or beuling is sold in slices. It is generally pan fried; sometimes apples are cooked alongside or on top of the pieces. It is also eaten with apple sauce, brown sugar, syrup or red cabbage. As a cold cut, thin slices are eaten as a sandwich topping. Zwarte pens are individual blood sausages the size of a banana.
The Luxembourg träipen includes green cabbage, and is served pan fried with apple sauce. It was eaten in church in the Middle Ages during Carnival and is still consumed for breakfast, baked with apples and topped with apple syrup, during Carnival in the Dutch province of Limburg.
France and southern Belgium
In France and Wallonia (south Belgium) boudin noir is traditionally prepared in charcuteries, shops that prepare mainly pork products (and sometimes duck and game), but also sell smoked and dried sausages, pâtés, and terrines, along with prepared salads. It is usually called boudin noir and is often made with cream with apples or onions as a filler. It is generally served with either cooked apples, mashed potatoes or both, and is appreciated by combining either the apples or mashed potatoes with each bite of boudin, which has been gently heated and browned in butter. In France also, there are many different regional Boudins Noirs such as the large Boudin du Béarn with pork meat pieces usually eaten cold. The French Confrérie des Chevaliers du Goûte-Boudin (Brotherhood of the Knights of Blood Sausage Tasting) in Mortagne-au-Perche in southern Normandy holds an annual contest of international blood sausage specialities. Boudin is considered the emblematic staple of the French Foreign Legion, and gives its name to the Legion's anthem.
Germany and Austria
The most common variant of German Blutwurst is made from pork rind, pork blood and regionally different fillers such as barley. Though already cooked and "ready to eat" it is sometimes served warm, similar to the style in France. In the Rhineland, where it is also traditionally made from horse meat, fried Blutwurst is a constituent of various dishes. In particular in Cologne, the traditional Himmel und Erde (Heaven and Earth) combines apple sauce, mashed potatoes and Blutwurst served hot on one plate. In Berlin, hot Blutwurst mixed together with liverwurst and potatoes is called "Tote Oma" ("Dead Grandma").
Other German variants are Zungenwurst, which is Blutwurst mixed with pieces of pickled ox tongue, and Beutelwurst, which is pressed in a linen or paper bag (Beutel). A variety of Blutwurst, the Rotwurst from Thuringia (Thüringer Rotwurst), has geographical indication protection under EU law, with PGI status. Kartoffelwurst (potato sausage) is a post-World War II variety popular in the Palatinate, a reduced fat version of Blutwurst using potato cubes instead of bacon.
In Austria it is often prepared in a dish known as Blunzngröstl, which consists of pan-fried potatoes and blood sausage. This is usually served with freshly grated horseradish.
Symbol of Carnival
Many Roman Catholics celebrate Mardi Gras, the last day of carnival, (Literally meaning Carne Vale, farewell to Meat in Italian) with rituals involving the blood sausage. For example, in Spain, they celebrate carnival with judías con morcilla (morcilla is a variation of Blood sausage) followed by the funeral of the sardina.
Likewise, in Belgium and the Netherlands, the Bloodsausage is a symbol for Carnival (most likely following the invasion of Spain during the Eighty Years' War).
François Rabelais in France mentions in his "fourth book" (1552) carnavalesque figures called forest-dwelling Blood-puddings (Saulcis- sons montigènes, Boudins sylvatiques) as a farce representing the Swiss and German Protestants.
Additional varieties
Other varieties of blood sausage include blodpølse (Norway and Denmark), tongenworst (with added pigs tongues) (Netherlands), mazzit (Malta), krvavica (Balkans), krovianka (Russia and Ukraine), and vėdarai (Lithuania).
Gallery
See also
Blood soup
Breakfast roll
Boerewors
Commonwealth Black Pudding Throwing Championships
Drisheen
Full breakfast
List of sausages
Red pudding
Sliced sausage
White pudding
References
External links
The Black Pudding. A history and guide by The English Breakfast Society.
Black pudding recipe from uktv food
English cuisine
Estonian cuisine
Scottish cuisine
Cuisine of Northern Ireland
Irish cuisine
Argentine cuisine
Chilean cuisine
German cuisine
Ukrainian cuisine
Mexican cuisine
Philippine cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Russian cuisine
Uruguayan cuisine
Venezuelan cuisine
Vietnamese cuisine
Taiwanese cuisine
Lancashire cuisine
Meat and grain sausages
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A conditional dismissal is a dismissal in United States law subject to conditions—for example, the dismissal of a suit for foreclosure of a mortgage, subject to receipt of payment in the amount of a tender which induced the dismissal. Thompson v Crains, 294 Ill 270, 128 NE 508, 12 ALR 931.
References
Labour law
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Excusable negligence is a paradoxical phrase, since if the failure to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances is excusable, there is no negligence. 38 Am J1st Negl § 12. As used in statutes authorizing the opening of a default and allowing a party to defend on the merits, the standard set by courts is slippery to define, but cases seem to agree that a reasonable excuse is sufficient, where it appears that the defense is meritorious and no substantial prejudice will result from setting aside the default.
References
Citizens' Nat. Bank v Branden, 19 ND 489, 126 NW 102
Law of negligence
Paradoxes
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Aeroporto di Oslo-Gardermoen – principale aeroporto di Oslo a 50 km a nord-est della città
Aeroporto di Oslo-Torp – a 110 km a sud di Oslo
Aeroporto di Oslo-Rygge – a 64 km a sud di Oslo
Aeroporto di Oslo-Fornebu – a 10 km a sud-ovest di Oslo, attivo fino al 1998
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A diffusion gradient is a gradient in the rates of diffusion of multiple groups of molecules through a medium or substrate. The groups of molecules may constitute multiple substances, portions of the same substance that have different temperatures, or other differentiable groupings. The analysis of diffusion gradients has applications in many sciences and technologies, as described for the following contexts:
Double diffusive convection, in which density differences, often reflecting temperature differences, affect fluid flows
Diffusion MRI, which visualizes tissues on the basis of diffusion gradients of various molecules, especially water molecules
Immunodiffusion, which can use diffusion rate differentials to separate multiple immune complex species
Broad-concept articles
Diffusion
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Eccentricità – in matematica, una quantità associata ad una sezione conica
Eccentricità – nella meccanica celeste, uno dei parametri che caratterizzano l'orbita di un corpo celeste
Eccentricità – caratteristica del comportamento umano
Pagine correlate
Eccentrico
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Justification may refer to:
Justification (epistemology), a property of beliefs that a person has good reasons for holding
Justification (jurisprudence), defence in a prosecution for a criminal offenses
Justification (theology), God's act of declaring or making a sinner righteous before God
Justification (typesetting), a kind of typographic alignment
Rationalization (making excuses), a phenomenon in psychology
See also
Justify
Justified
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The Los Angeles Angels are a professional baseball team based in Anaheim, California. The team has had four principal owners, and ten General Managers, since its inception in 1961.
Owners
General managers
See also
List of Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim managers
List of Major League Baseball principal owners
History of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
References
External links
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Baseball-Reference.com
Angels Strike Force
Lists of Major League Baseball owners and executives
Owners
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Deforce is a legal term, meaning to unlawfully withhold land from its true owner or from any other person who has a right to the possession of it, after one has lawfully entered and taken possession of it. See e.g. 3 Bl Comm 172.
Likewise, deforcement is a broad term for the holding of real property to which another person has a right; used especially to denote keeping out of possession one who has never had possession. It is an abatement, an intrusion, a dissension, a discontinuance, or any other kind of wrong by which a person who has a right to the freehold is kept out of possession. See 3 Bl Comm 172; detention of dower from a widow. Authority: 25 Am J2d Dow § 1860.
See also
Land law
Legal terminology
Real property law
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And The Judges Said is a collection of essays by the Scottish writer James Kelman published in 2002.
The book contains a speech given by Kelman during the opening of the Edinburgh Unemployed Workers Centre (now the Autonomous Centre of Edinburgh), a far-left political organisation and social centre based in Edinburgh. At the core of the collection is an extended essay on Franz Kafka.
References
Scottish books
Works by James Kelman
2002 non-fiction books
Essay collections
Secker & Warburg books
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The Juniper Tree can refer to:
The Juniper Tree (fairy tale), a fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm
The Juniper Tree (film), a 1990 film starring Björk
The Juniper Tree (opera), a 1985 opera composed by Philip Glass and Robert Moran
The Juniper Tree, a 1997 opera by Roderick Watkins (music) and Patricia Debney (libretto)
The Juniper Tree (novel), a novel by Barbara Comyns Carr (1985)
The Juniper Tree, an opera by Joshua Ollswang
"The Juniper Tree", a 2000 short science fiction story by John Kessel
Juniper, a plant in the genus Juniperus
See also
Juniper (disambiguation)
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Stamp or Stamps or Stamping may refer to:
Official documents and related impressions
Postage stamp, used to indicate prepayment of fees for public mail
Ration stamp, indicating the right to rationed goods
Revenue stamp, used on documents to indicate payment of tax
Rubber stamp, device used to apply inked markings to objects
Passport stamp, a rubber stamp inked impression received in one's passport upon entering or exiting a country
National Park Passport Stamps
Food stamps, tickets used in the United States that indicate the right to benefits in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
Collectibles
Trading stamp, a small paper stamp given to customers by merchants in loyalty programs that predate the modern loyalty card
Eki stamp, a free collectible rubber ink stamp found at many train stations in Japan
Places
Stamp Creek, a stream in Georgia
Stamps, Arkansas
People
Stamp Fairtex, mixed martial artist
Stamp or Apiwat Ueathavornsuk (born 1982), Thai singer-songwriter
Stamp (surname), people surnamed Stamp or Stamps
Stamps family, American surname
Manufacturing
Stamping (metalworking), a process in which metal is formed with a press
Stamps, the heavy weights used to crush ore in a stamp mill
Leather stamping, a leatherworking process
Progressive stamping, a manufacturing process
Stamp sand, a by-product of stamp mills
Other uses
Stamps (album), a 1979 album by saxophonist Steve Lacy
"Stamp", a song by the Rural Alberta Advantage from the 2011 album Departing
BASIC Stamp, a microcontroller
Stamps, a nickname for the Calgary Stampeders football team
Stomp (strike), a downwards kick using the heel that outside North America is called a stamp
STAMP (accident analysis), System Theoretic Accident Modeling and Process, an accident analysis framework developed by Nancy Leveson
See also
Stamped (disambiguation)
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A servient estate (or servient premises or servient tenement) is a parcel of land that is subject to an easement. The easement may be an easement in gross, an easement that benefits an individual or other entity, or it may be an easement appurtenant, an easement that benefits another parcel of land.
For an easement appurtenant, the parcel of land that benefits from an easement over the servient estate is called the dominant estate (or dominant premises or dominant tenement).
References
Real property law
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A scuba manifold is a device incorporating one or more valves and one or more gas outlets with scuba regulator connections, used to connect two or more diving cylinders containing breathing gas, providing a greater amount of gas for longer dive times or deeper dives. An isolation manifold allows the connection between the cylinders to be closed in the case of a leak from one of the cylinders or its valve or regulator, conserving the gas in the other cylinder. Diving with two or more cylinders is often associated with technical diving. Almost all manifold assemblies include one cylinder valve for each cylinder, and the overwhelming majority are for two cylinders.
Several configurations are used, each with its own range of applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Function
Longer and deeper dives require a greater amount of breathing gas, in turn requiring higher filling pressure, a larger cylinder or multiple cylinders. A large diameter cylinder tends to move the diver's center of mass further from the centreline, making them unbalanced in the water, and a higher pressure cylinder has a similar effect, also reducing the buoyancy of the diver, due to the thicker metal required for strength. Cylinder length is also limited by ergonomic considerations in proportion to the height of the diver. A single cylinder also presents a critical single point of failure for the breathing gas supply. Multiple-tank configurations include downstream manifolded twins, with a single regulator, independent or separate doubles which are two cylinders clamped to a backplate, but without a manifold, side mount cylinders, or upstream manifolded twins, with two complete regulator sets, which may have an isolation valve.
The manifold functionally combines usually two, but occasionally three or more cylinders in a way that allows the combined contents to be delivered to the diver through usually one or two regulators. Any arrangement that will perform this function is theoretically possible, but there are only a few arrangements that are commonly seen in practice, and these are a rigid assembly comprising a combination of cylinder valves, manifold connector tubes, isolation valves and reserve valves, with a connection to each cylinder at the neck thread and an outlet connector for each regulator. A fairly rigid support system to carry the cylinders is also needed, but is not normally part of the manifold system. In practice, scuba manifold systems connect the cylinders at storage pressure, the pressure can be balanced between cylinders, and the cylinders can be simultaneously filled through the manifold from one filling connection. It is usually possible to isolate cylinders from the manifold or from the outlet connectors, and the gas mixture is, as a general rule, the same in all of the cylinders. Manifolds combining more than three cylinders are occasionally used for open circuit scuba depth record attempts.
The function of the most commonly used scuba manifolds is to connect the gas supplies of two back mounted cylinders (called doubles or twins), allowing the diver to breathe simultaneously from both.
On an upstream manifold the left and right cylinder valves allow the corresponding first stage regulator to be shut off, leaving the entire gas supply to be used through the remaining regulator. On an isolation manifold, the central valve, called the isolating valve, separates the tanks into two independent systems, each with its own first-stage and second-stage regulators, which can prevent an upstream failure in one half of the system from losing the entire gas supply.
History
Manifolded twin and triple cylinder sets have been used since the days of Cousteau and Gagnan's development of the open circuit regulator, as can be seen from early photographs of the equipment. These were downstream manifolds, which connected the cylinders together by linking the outlets of the cylinder valves, and had one outlet for a regulator. This arrangement allowed larger gas storage capacity using the limited range of cylinders available. Independent valving of the manifolded cylinders also allowed the gas supply to be monitored in the absence of submersible pressure gauges, by opening and closing the valves in a specific order, as the gas was used up. The need to remember the history of valve operation and the lack of facility to connect a redundant regulator made the use of independent twins the usual alternative. This also has limitations, even when the contents can be closely monitored by using submersible pressure gauges. In 1970 a group of divers including Tom Mount, Ike Ikehara and George Benjamin came up with the concept and had the first recorded dual outlet scuba valves prototyped. These allowed upstream connection of the cylinders, with a regulator on the valved outlet of each cylinder.
Components
A manifold in fluid mechanics is a pipe fitting or similar device that connects multiple inputs or outputs. In this application:
Cylinder valves control gas flow into and out of the cylinders.
Manifold connector tubes are used to provide a conduit for storage pressure gas to flow between cylinders and to the outlet connectors, and usually provide a fairly rigid connection between cylinders.
Isolation valves are mounted in manifold connector tubes which may be closed to shut off flow through that tube.
Outlet valves control gas flow to the regulators.
Reserve valves (mostly obsolescent) may be used to retain part of the pressure for contingencies.
In some cases a valve may perform two functions – a cylinder valve may also be an outlet valve or an isolation valve, and in some cases each function may be performed by a structurally distinct modular unit, with the modular units combined to make the manifold assembly. In other cases more than one function may be provided by a single integrated unit.
Construction
The manifold structural components are usually machined from a high grade brass alloy, and chromium-plated for corrosion resistance and appearance. Brass is used because it is strong enough, acceptably corrosion resistant, easy to machine, and suitable for oxygen service. The isolation valve uses similar materials, when present. Manifold lengths are available to connect different cylinder diameters, and centreline distance may be adjustable over a small range.
Upstream manifolds
Manifolds intended for use with sets where a regulator is provided for each cylinder are connected to the cylinder valves upstream of the cylinder valve seat, to a connecting port provided specifically for this purpose. Two styles of connection are commonly available for this arrangement – face seal, and barrel seal. Face seal connections are similar to the DIN regulator connection seal, and consist of an o-ring in a groove machined into the end of the manifold tube, which is clamped against the face of the valve port by a threaded component. Face seals are simple and rugged, but rely on tight connection for a reliable seal, and do not allow any adjustment for cylinder centre distance. Barrel seals use one or two O-rings in grooves around the end of the manifold tube, which seal against the bore of the valve port. They are usually screwed into the valve port with handed thread, and locked in the desired position with a lock-nut. They are generally slightly less rugged than face seal manifolds, and more vulnerable to thread damage during assembly, as they use a finer thread pitch, but allow a small amount of cylinder centre distance adjustment, and provide a reliable seal even if not completely tight. Manifolds of this type are commonly supplied in sets comprising a manifold and compatible left and right side cylinder valves with a choice of neck thread specification. The working components for all three valves in the set are usually identical. The hexagon of the left hand thread lock nut generally has a groove machined into it to alert the technician to the presence of left hand thread.
Downstream manifolds
Earlier manifolds were used to connect cylinders together downstream of the cylinder valves, using the DIN or yoke fittings on standard cylinder valves. These manifolds do not generally include an isolation valve, as the cylinder valves can be used to isolate the cylinders. However, they also do not provide for more than one regulator. Some of these earlier manifolds include a reserve valve at the connection point for the regulator, others include a reserve valve at one of the cylinder valves, or have no reserve valve.
Direct manifolds
A third style of manifold, mostly of historical interest, screws directly into the cylinder neck thread of both cylinders, and provides a single valve which controls flow from both cylinders to a single connector for a regulator. These manifolds can also include a reserve valve. From a gas management point of view they are identical to a single cylinder with the same capacity.
Advantages
Compared to a single cylinder of equivalent capacity:
Ergonomic – Provides a more comfortable fit of cylinders with a lower profile and centre of mass closer to the diver's centreline, for better balance in the water.
Compared to independent twins:
Operational simplicity – the ability to breathe through an entire dive from a single regulator without the need to change second stages, except in an emergency or to change gases for decompression.
Only one submersible pressure gauge is necessary if the isolation valve is normally open.
Isolation manifold compared to plain manifold:
Standard malfunction management – in case of a regulator or manifold malfunction a standard procedure can be used to limit the gas loss. The diver can localize the malfunction and isolate it from the functioning system by closing the necessary valves.
Disadvantages
Compared to independent twins:
A manifold is a single point of failure for the gas supply, especially dangerous in overhead environments such as caves or wrecks. An isolating manifold localises the single point of failure to the isolating valve itself.
An upstream manifolded set must be emptied to split if needed as singles.
Compared to a single large cylinder:
The manifold, valves and second cylinder are an additional cost, both for capital outlay and maintenance.
The twin set is usually heavier than the equivalent single.
Compared to side-mount:
The manifold and valves are vulnerable to damage by impact with the overhead, and to snagging.
The valves are difficult to reach for many divers, reducing the effectiveness of isolation procedures.
Management of the manifold in gas supply emergencies
Regulator malfunction
If a regulator malfunctions on a set with an upstream manifold, the diver closes the relevant cylinder valve and switches to the other regulator. The entire remaining gas supply is available for the rest of the dive.
Cylinder connection leak
Cylinder to manifold connection malfunction, though rare, can result in an extremely violent gas loss. On a set with an isolation manifold, the diver closes the isolating valve to preserve the gas in the cylinder which is not leaking, then uses the leaking cylinder while gas remains, and switches to the intact side cylinder when the leaky one is empty. At least half of the remaining gas volume is available for the remainder of the dive. If there is no isolation valve the entire gas supply may be lost.
See also
References
Underwater breathing apparatus
Underwater diving safety equipment
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The 1901 Milwaukee Brewers were an American professional baseball team. The Brewers finished eighth in the inaugural season of the American League with a record of 48 wins and 89 losses, games behind the Chicago White Stockings. After the season, the major-league franchise relocated from Milwaukee to St. Louis and became the St. Louis Browns, where they remained through the 1953 season. A franchise in the minor-league American Association played in Milwaukee from 1902 through 1952 using the Milwaukee Brewers name.
Offseason
March 23, 1901: Tom Leahy was signed as a free agent by the Brewers.
Regular season
Regular season highlights
4/24/01: In the first game of the season in Detroit, the Brewers held a 13-4 lead going into the 9th inning. The Detroit Tigers scored 10 runs in the bottom of the inning to win, a record which still stands as the greatest 9th inning comeback in major league baseball history.
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Notable transactions
June 1901: Tom Leahy was released by the Brewers.
Roster
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Notes
References
1901 Milwaukee Brewers team page at Baseball Reference
1901 Milwaukee Brewers season at baseball-almanac.com
Baltimore Orioles seasons
Milwaukee Brewers Season, 1901
Inaugural Major League Baseball seasons by team
1901 in sports in Wisconsin
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A suggestion of death, in law, refers to calling the death of a party to the attention of a court and making it a matter of record, as a step in the revival of an action abated by the death of a party.
In the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, it is governed by Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(a); it may be effected using Model Form 9.
References
Legal terminology
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Adolescent sleep is typically poor in duration and quality. Sleep duration and quality reduce to suboptimal levels, and sleep duration variability and latency increases during adolescence. Sleep recommendations suggest that adolescents should obtain 8–10 hours of sleep per night. Additionally, there is a shift in the body's circadian rhythm such that sleep and wake timings become later during adolescence. Technology, social factors, and physical development are thought to contribute to poor sleep during this time. Poor sleep duration and quality in adolescents has been linked with altered brain functioning and development, poor mental and physical health, as well as higher rates of disease and mortality. The concerns surrounding poor sleep during adolescence has garnered significant public attention, especially concerning policies related to school start times.
Developmental changes
Adolescent sleep worsens with age. Specifically, longitudinal research demonstrates that sleep duration shortens during the transition from high school to college. Additionally, sleep efficiency (the amount of time spent asleep when in bed) decreased during this transition. Day-to-day variability in sleep duration increased during this transition, suggesting that adolescent sleep duration becomes less stable with time. A variety of social, physical, biological, and psychological factors change during adolescence which contributes to declines in sleep. In particular, puberty has been explored as a contributor to changes in adolescent sleep. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is secreted during sleep at the onset of pubertal maturation, pointing to an important relationship between sleep and pubertal development.
Sleep recommendations
The National Sleep Foundation recommends that teenagers (14–17 years) obtain 8 to 10 hours of sleep. Their recommendation further stipulates that less than 7 hours and more than 11 hours of sleep may be harmful. Additionally, it is recommended that young adults (18–25 years) obtain 7 to 9 hours of sleep and avoid sleep less than 6 hours and more than 11 hours.
Adolescent sleep researchers have conducted studies to provide stronger empirical evidence for sleep recommendations. Fuligni and colleagues (2019) examined a sample of American adolescents and found that younger adolescents, especially those with elevated levels of internalizing symptoms, need more sleep in order to experience optimum levels of positive mood the next day. Additionally, another study examining Mexican-American youth found that roughly 7.5 hours of sleep was predictive of high GPA but 8.75 hours of sleep was predictive of lower internalizing symptoms. This finding suggests that optimal sleep duration differs depending on the outcome.
More research is needed to understand individual differences in sleep duration during adolescence.
Sleep duration
Sleep duration has been declining since the early 90s according to research. Evidence also suggests that teen females, ethnic minorities, and those of low socioeconomic status experience the lowest durations. Puberty is thought to contribute to poor sleep during adolescence as teens undergo physical and social maturation. A burgeoning area of adolescent sleep research is focused on understanding the contribution of technology-use to poor teen sleep. Importantly, research shows that declines in adolescent sleep duration are characteristic of adolescents around the world.
Brain
Poor sleep duration has been found to be related to altered brain development during adolescence. Telzer and colleagues (2015) found that teens with greater day-to-day variability in their sleep duration had lower white matter integrity one year later. This result remained when controlling for sleep duration, which suggests that sleep variability may be more consequential for teen brain development than simply duration. Another study found that sleep duration was strongly associated with gray matter volume of the bilateral hippocampus among a sample of healthy children and adolescents.
Risk-taking
Poor sleep duration and increased risk-taking has been a well-established association in the adolescent sleep literature. A recent meta-analysis reported that poor sleep duration results in a 1.43 times greater odds of engaging in risky behaviors. The direction of the relationship between risk-taking and sleep duration is still unknown, thus causal claims cannot be made.
Emotion
A plethora of research shows that low sleep duration is linked with poor mood. Furthermore, youth who report low sleep duration also demonstrate difficulties with emotion regulation. This is of particular concern because adolescents experience fluctuations in mood as a result of pubertal maturation, however, poor sleep duration worsens mood and regulation abilities rendering these adolescents vulnerable.
Sleep quality
Empirical evidence suggests that sleep quality is poor during adolescence. Poor sleep quality during adolescence has been linked with a variety of negative behaviors and outcomes. For instance, poor sleep quality has been shown to be positive associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms among teens. A study published in 2016 found that sleep quality significantly mediated the relationship between age and depressive symptoms, suggesting that the rise in depressive symptoms during adolescence is partly explained by poor sleep quality. A long line of research has also demonstrated that poor sleep quality is associated with increased risk-taking behaviors among teens. Neuroscience research (fMRI) has found that poor sleep quality is associated with greater risk-taking on a behavioral task. This risky behavior was further associated with decreased activity in cognitive control regions of the brain and increased activity in reward regions of the brain. Moreover, poor sleep quality has been found to be linked with dampened intra-network connectivity of regions in the Default Mode Network, a brain network that undergoes development during adolescence.
Technology
There has been an increased interest in understanding the relationship between sleep and technology use among adolescents. In the era of social media, there is a growing concern for blue-light emitted by technology may be interfering with adolescents' ability to obtain restful and sufficient sleep. Use of technologies (i.e. television, cell phone, computer/laptop) is associated with prolonged sleep duration (the amount of time it takes to fall asleep) and shorter sleep duration among teenagers. Television use was associated with the poorest sleep duration. Adolescent technology-use has also been linked with excessive daytime sleepiness and caffeine consumption, suggesting that technology-use may interfere with sleep and may lead to increased caffeine consumption. Longitudinal data demonstrates that time spent using technology is predictive of short sleep duration, however short sleep duration was also predictive of time spent using technology. More longitudinal research with larger sample sizes is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the association between technology-use and sleep during adolescence.
Chronotype
Adolescence is characterized by an evening chronotype preference with adolescents engaging in late bed and wake times. An evening chronotype is unique to the period of adolescence compared to childhood and adulthood which are characterized by a morning chronotype. Eveningness during adolescence is linked with increased substance use, worse overall mood, poor diet, increased depressive symptoms, increased anxiety symptoms, and poor emotion regulation. Beyond conveying bed and wake times, chronotype is also indicative of optimal times of functioning. For instance, researchers tested adolescents on their executive functioning performance at two times: once at a time that is optimal for chronotype (i.e. evening for evening chronotypes vs. morning for morning chronotypes) and once at a time that is suboptimal for chronotype (i.e. morning for evening chronotypes vs. evening for morning chronotypes). They found that morning adolescents tested in the morning performed better than in the evening, and evening chronotype adolescents tested in the evening performed better than in the morning.
Sleep measures
Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a well-validated and widely used self-report questionnaire that measures sleep quality. Nineteen items are combined to create seven component scores of sleep, and those component scores are then used to create an overall “global score” of sleep quality. The seven components consist of subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbances, sleep duration, sleep latency, habitual sleep efficiency, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction. The PSQI has a high internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83). The PSQI has been used in many studies assessing adolescent sleep quality.
Actigraphy
Actigraph watches are commonly used to gather objective measures of sleep. The watch is worn on the non-dominant wrist and measures sleep using body movement. Data gathered from the watch includes sleep duration, number of awakenings, total minutes of nighttime awakenings, and latency.
Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ)
The first valid and reliable measure of chronotype was created by Horne and Östberg (1976): Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) contains 19 items tapping sleep and wake time preferences. Sample items include “Assuming adequate environmental conditions, how easy do you find getting up in the mornings?” and “Considering your own ‘feeling best’ rhythm, at what time would you get up if you were entirely free to plan your day?”. The questionnaire consists of both Likert and timescale items, and items are scored to obtain a composite score. Since its creation, the MEQ has been validated in some adolescent and young adult samples. Early assessments of this questionnaire's psychometric properties revealed that the scale has good internal consistency (a = .82).
References
Sleep physiology
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Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain an organism's life. It is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent organ damage and eventually, death. The term inanition refers to the symptoms and effects of starvation. Starvation may also be used as a means of torture or execution.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hunger is the single gravest threat to the world's public health. The WHO also states that malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases. Undernutrition is a contributory factor in the death of 3.1 million children under five every year. Figures on actual starvation are difficult to come by, but according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the less severe condition of undernourishment currently affects about 842 million people, or about one in eight (12.5%) people in the world population.
The bloated stomach represents a form of malnutrition called kwashiorkor. The exact pathogenesis of kwashiorkor is not clear, as initially it was thought to relate to diets high in carbohydrates (e.g. maize) but low in protein. While many patients have low albumin, this is thought to be a consequence of the condition. Possible causes such as aflatoxin poisoning, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and altered gut microbiota have been suggested. Treatment can help mitigate symptoms such as the pictured weight loss and muscle wasting, however prevention is of utmost importance.
Without any food, humans usually die in around 2 months. There was a surprising case when someone survived 382 days. Lean people can usually survive with a loss of up to 18% of their body mass. Obese people can tolerate more, possibly over 20%. Females survive longer than males.
Signs and symptoms
The following are some of the symptoms of starvation:
Changes in behaviour or mental status
The beginning stages of starvation impact mental status and behaviours. These symptoms show up as irritable mood, fatigue, trouble concentrating, and preoccupation with food thoughts. People with those symptoms tend to be easily distracted and have no energy.
Physical signs
As starvation progresses, the physical symptoms set in. The timing of these symptoms depends on age, size, and overall health. It usually takes days to weeks, and includes weakness, fast heart rate, shallow breaths that are slowed, thirst, and constipation. There may also be diarrhea in some cases. The eyes begin to sink in and glass over. The muscles begin to become smaller and muscle wasting sets in. One prominent sign in children is a swollen belly. Skin loosens and turns pale in color, and there may be swelling of the feet and ankles.
Weakened immune system
Symptoms of starvation may also appear as a weakened immune system, slow wound healing, and poor response to infection. Rashes may develop on the skin. The body directs any nutrients available to keeping organs functioning.
Other symptoms
Other effects of starvation may include:
Anemia
Gallstones
Hypotension
Stomach disease
Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
Irregular or absent menstrual periods in women
Kidney disease or failure
Electrolyte imbalance
Emaciation
Oliguria
Stages of starvation
The symptoms of starvation show up in three stages. Phase one and two can show up in anyone that skips meals, diets, and goes through fasting. Phase three is more severe, can be fatal, and results from long-term starvation.
Phase one: When meals are skipped, the body begins to maintain blood sugar levels by degrading glycogen in the liver and breaking down stored fat and protein. The liver can provide glucose for the first few hours. After that, the body begins to break down fat and protein. The body uses Fatty acids as an energy source for muscles but lowers the amount of glucose sent to the brain. Another chemical that comes from fatty acids is glycerol. It can be used as glucose for energy but eventually runs out.
Phase two: Phase two can last for weeks at a time. In this phase, the body mainly uses stored fat for energy. The breakdown occurs in the liver and turns fat into ketones. After fasting for one week, the brain will use these ketones and any available glucose. Using ketones lowers the need for glucose, and the body slows the breakdown of proteins.
Phase three: By this point, the fat stores are gone, and the body begins to turn to stored protein for energy. This means it needs to break down muscle tissues full of protein; the muscles break down very quickly. Protein is essential for cells to work correctly, and when it runs out, the cells can no longer function.
The cause of death due to starvation is usually an infection or the result of tissue breakdown. This is due to the body becoming unable to produce enough energy to fight off bacteria and viruses. The final stage of starvation includes signals like hair color loss, skin flaking, swelling in the extremities, and a bloated belly. Even though they may feel hunger, people in the final stage of starvation usually cannot eat enough food to recover.
Causes
The body expends more energy than it takes in. This imbalance can arise from one or more medical conditions or circumstantial situations, which can include:
Medical reasons
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder, not otherwise specified
Celiac disease
Coma
Major depressive disorder
Diabetes mellitus
Digestive disease
Constant vomiting
Circumstantial causes
Child, elder, or dependant abuse
Famine for any reason, such as political strife and war
Hunger striking
Excessive fasting
Poverty
Torture
Biochemistry
With a typical high-carbohydrate diet, the human body relies on free blood glucose as its primary energy source. Glucose can be obtained directly from dietary sugars and by the breakdown of other carbohydrates. In the absence of dietary sugars and carbohydrates, glucose is obtained from the breakdown of stored glycogen. Glycogen is a readily-accessible storage form of glucose, stored in notable quantities in the liver and skeletal muscle.
After the exhaustion of the glycogen reserve, and for the next two to three days, fatty acids become the principal metabolic fuel. At first, the brain continues to use glucose. If a non-brain tissue is using fatty acids as its metabolic fuel, the use of glucose in the same tissue is switched off. Thus, when fatty acids are being broken down for energy, all of the remaining glucose is made available for use by the brain.
After two or three days of fasting, the liver begins to synthesize ketone bodies from precursors obtained from fatty acid breakdown. The brain uses these ketone bodies as fuel, thus cutting its requirement for glucose. After fasting for three days, the brain gets 30% of its energy from ketone bodies. After four days, this may increase to 70% or more. Thus, the production of ketone bodies cuts the brain's glucose requirement from 80 g per day to 30 g per day, about 35% of normal, with 65% derived from ketone bodies. But of the brain's remaining 30 g requirement, 20 g per day can be produced by the liver from glycerol (itself a product of fat breakdown). This still leaves a deficit of about 10 g of glucose per day that must be supplied from another source; this other source will be the body's own proteins.
After exhaustion of fat stores, the cells in the body begin to break down protein. This releases alanine and lactate produced from pyruvate, which can be converted into glucose by the liver. Since much of human muscle mass is protein, this phenomenon is responsible for the wasting away of muscle mass seen in starvation. However, the body is able to choose which cells will break down protein and which will not. About 2–3 g of protein has to be broken down to synthesize 1 g of glucose; about 20–30 g of protein is broken down each day to make 10 g of glucose to keep the brain alive. However, this number may decrease the longer the fasting period is continued, in order to conserve protein.
Starvation ensues when the fat reserves are completely exhausted and protein is the only fuel source available to the body. Thus, after periods of starvation, the loss of body protein affects the function of important organs, and death results, even if there are still fat reserves left. In a leaner person, the fat reserves are depleted faster, and the protein, sooner, therefore death occurs sooner.) Ultimately, the cause of death is in general cardiac arrhythmia or cardiac arrest, brought on by tissue degradation and electrolyte imbalances. Conditions like metabolic acidosis may also kill starving people.
Prevention
Starvation can be caused by factors beyond the control of the individual. The Rome Declaration on World Food Security outlines several policies aimed at increasing food security and, consequently, preventing starvation. These include:
Poverty reduction
Prevention of wars and political instability
Food aid
Agricultural sustainability
Reduction of economic inequality
Supporting farmers in areas of food insecurity through such measures as free or subsidized fertilizers and seeds increases food harvest and reduces food prices.
Treatment
Patients that suffer from starvation can be treated, but this must be done cautiously to avoid refeeding syndrome. Rest and warmth must be provided and maintained. Food can be given gradually in small quantities. The quantity of food can be increased over time. Proteins may be administered intravenously to raise the level of serum proteins. For worse situations, hospice care and opioid medications can be used.
Organizations
Many organizations have been highly effective at reducing starvation in different regions. Aid agencies give direct assistance to individuals, while political organizations pressure political leaders to enact more macro-scale policies that will reduce famine and provide aid.
Statistics
According to estimates by the Food and Agriculture Organization, between 720 and 811 million people were affected by hunger globally in 2020. This was a decrease from estimated 925 million in 2010 and roughly 1 billion in 2009. In 2007, 923 million people were reported as being undernourished, an increase of 80 million since 1990–92.
An estimated 820 million people did not have enough to eat in 2018, up from 811 million in the previous year, which is the third year of increase in a row.
As the definitions of starving and malnourished people are different, the number of starving people is different from that of malnourished. Generally, far fewer people are starving than are malnourished.
The proportion of malnourished and starving people in the world has been more or less continually decreasing for at least several centuries. This is due to an increasing supply of food and to overall gains in economic efficiency. In 40 years, the proportion of malnourished people in the developing world has been more than halved. The proportion of starving people has decreased even faster.
Capital punishment
Historically, starvation has been used as a death sentence. From the beginning of civilization to the Middle Ages, people were immured, and died for want of food.
In ancient Greco-Roman societies, starvation was sometimes used to dispose of guilty upper-class citizens, especially erring female members of patrician families. In the year 31, Livilla, the niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius, was discreetly starved to death by her mother for her adulterous relationship with Sejanus and for her complicity in the murder of her own husband, Drusus the Younger.
Another daughter-in-law of Tiberius, named Agrippina the Elder (a granddaughter of Augustus and the mother of Caligula), also died of starvation, in 33 AD; however, it is unclear if her starvation was self-inflicted.
A son and daughter of Agrippina were also executed by starvation for political reasons; Drusus Caesar, her second son, was put in prison in 33 AD, and starved to death by orders of Tiberius (he managed to stay alive for nine days by chewing the stuffing of his bed); Agrippina's youngest daughter, Julia Livilla, was exiled on an island in 41 by her uncle, Emperor Claudius, and her death by starvation was arranged by the empress Messalina.
It is also possible that Vestal Virgins were starved when found guilty of breaking their vows of celibacy.
Ugolino della Gherardesca, his sons, and other members of his family were immured in the Muda, a tower of Pisa, and starved to death in the thirteenth century. Dante, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy.
In Sweden in 1317, King Birger of Sweden imprisoned his two brothers for a coup they had staged several years earlier (Nyköping Banquet). According to legend they died of starvation a few weeks later, since their brother had thrown the prison key in the castle moat.
In Cornwall in the UK in 1671, John Trehenban from St Columb Major was condemned to be starved to death in a cage at Castle An Dinas for the murder of two girls.
The Makah, a Native American tribe inhabiting the Pacific Northwest near the modern border of Canada and the United States, practiced death by starvation as a punishment for slaves.
Concentration camps and ghettos
Many of the prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps were murdered through deliberate maltreatment, disease, starvation, and overwork, or were executed as unfit for labor. Many occupants of ghettos in eastern Europe also starved to death, most notoriously in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland. Prisoners were transported in inhumane conditions by rail freight cars, in which many died before reaching their destination. The prisoners were confined to the cattle cars for days or even weeks, with little or no food or water. Many died of dehydration in the intense heat of summer or froze to death in winter. Nazi concentration camps in Europe from 1933 to 1945 deliberately underfed prisoners, who were at the same time forced to perform heavy labour. Their diet was restricted to watery vegetable soup and a little bread, with little to no dietary fats, proteins or other essential nutrients. Such treatment led to loss of body tissues, and when prisoners became skeletal, the so-called Muselmanns were murdered by gas or bullets when examined by camp doctors.
Starvation was also used as a punishment where victims were locked into a small cell until dead, a process which could take many days.
Saint Maximilian Kolbe, a martyred Polish friar, underwent a sentence of starvation in Auschwitz concentration camp in 1941. Ten prisoners had been condemned to death by starvation in the wake of a successful escape from the camp. Kolbe volunteered to take the place of a man with a wife and children. After two weeks of starvation, Kolbe and three other inmates remained alive; they were then executed with injections of phenol.
See also
2007–2008 world food price crisis
Anorexia mirabilis
Cachexia
Global Hunger Index
Starvation mode
Famine scales
Hunger strike
List of famines
List of people who died of starvation
Marasmus
Protein poisoning
References
Further reading
U.N. Chief: Hunger Kills 17,000 Kids Daily - by CNN
Causes of death
Effects of external causes
Execution methods
Famines
Hunger
Malnutrition
Physical torture techniques
Weight loss
Suicide methods
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Elimination races or "snap-dragon" races in bicycle racing are a form of race wherein during the course of the race, certain participants are eliminated through various criteria. The most common types of elimination races are the miss and out and the win and out.
The omnium event has an elimination race. In 2015 at the 2015 UEC European Track Championships, an elimination race was contested for the first time as a full standalone event at an international championship.
Miss and out
The miss and out, or devil take the hindmost, is a race run for individual competitors or, more rarely, for teams of two relaying each other as in the madison. At the end of every lap or every set number of laps the last rider to cross the line is eliminated from the race. When just a handful of riders remain, they sprint for the finish.
Tactically, the real racing in a "devil" happens at the back of the field. With riders at the front riding steadily and those behind moving up on the elimination laps to find a safe spot, the race favours riders with nerve and track-craft. Crashes are more common than in other races, especially among inexperienced riders.
Win and out
The win and out is similar to the miss and out, however, rather than the last rider being eliminated the first rider to cross the line is removed from the race. The first rider removed wins first place, the second rider removed wins second place, and so on.
Events in track cycling
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In United States legal usage, a possessory warrant is a process resembling a search warrant used in criminal proceedings, but differing in that it is a civil process under which the property is to be delivered to the person from whom it was violently or fraudulently taken or enticed away or in whose peaceable and lawful possession it last was. See e.g. Claton v Ganey, 63 Ga 331, 332.
See also
Warrant of delivery
Law of the United States
Warrants
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Frenzy is a multidirectional shooter arcade video game published by Stern Electronics in 1982. It is a sequel to 1980's popular Berzerk; both games were develped by Alan McNeil. Frenzys gameplay is fundamentally similar to Berzerk—the player enters a series of maze-like rooms containing armed robots and must shoot them to survive—but adds more variety. Ports were released for ColecoVision and ZX Spectrum.
Gameplay
The player must navigate a maze full of hostile robots. The goal of the game is to survive as long as possible and score points by killing robots and travelling from room to room. The game has no end other than the player losing all of his or her lives.
The player has a gun with which to shoot the robots, and simple intelligence of the robots means that they can often be tricked into shooting one another. If the player lingers too long in a room, a bouncing smiley face (known as "Evil Otto") appears, and relentlessly chases the player. Evil Otto will destroy any robots in his way, and can move through walls.
Differences from Berzerk
In Berzerk, the walls are all electrified and kill the player on contact. In Frenzy, some of the walls of the maze are composed of "dots" which can be shot. This opens up strategies such as blasting a hole in the side of a room through which to escape when in trouble. The solid walls, on the other hand, now reflect shots. The player can trick robots into killing themselves by standing on the opposite side of a reflective wall and letting them shoot themselves. The only wall that simply absorbs shots harmlessly as in the original is the closed door that appears behind the player when he enters a new room.
Neither type of wall is electrified in Frenzy, allowing the player to touch them without dying. The robots in Frenzy no longer kill the player on contact but now create small explosions when shot, which can kill the player. It is no longer possible to kill robots by tricking them into walking into the now-harmless walls. There are two types of robots: skeletons and tanks. The two types have identical behavior, but the skeletons are more difficult to shoot from above or below due to the thinness of their sprite.
In Berzerk, Evil Otto was indestructible. In Frenzy, shooting him once changes him from a smiley face to a "neutral" face, and another shot converts him to a "frowny" face. Another shot kills him. However, each time Evil Otto is killed it makes him a little bit faster the next time he appears, which is usually immediately.
Every four mazes features interactive, decorative elements that were not present in Berzerk. In one room is a huge statue of Evil Otto, for example. Each one has a specific effect on gameplay for that one room. The order is: Big Otto, Power Plant, Central Computer, and Robot Factory. The Power Plant and the Central Computer are surrounded by walls made entirely of "dots", while Big Otto and the Robot Factory are surrounded by reflective walls with only one breakable "dot" in the corner, making them more difficult to hit.
In the Power Plant room, shooting the power plant once will disable it, and all robots in the room will stop moving. In the Central Computer room, shooting the computer will cause all the robots to start moving and firing erratically. While they are in such a state, the walls can kill them. The Robot Factory will continue to spit out additional robots while the player remains in the stage, taunting as it does so. Shooting the factory normally has no effect, although, in the Coleco port, shooting the factory will disable it and stop the endless stream of robots.
In the Big Otto room, if the player kills Evil Otto, not only does he immediately respawn as usual, but the Big Otto sends four more Ottos onto the screen, all moving at top speed. Like the Robot Factory, shooting Big Otto has no effect. Big Otto starts out with closed eyes and a neutral expression, but kill all of the robots in the room, and his face turns into a slight frown (only in the Coleco port). When Evil Otto is killed, his expression changes to one of rage, with glowing red eyes and a frowning mouth. He also smiles when the player dies, though his eyes remain the same as before, either closed or open.
Finally, the robots in Frenzy are less talkative than those in Berzerk, only speaking in a few specific situations. They say "Robot attack!" when Evil Otto appears, "Charge attack shoot kill destroy" when the player kills Otto, "The humanoid must not destroy the robot" when entering the Big Otto room, "The humanoid..." when shooting the Central Computer, and the dialogue randomly alternates between "A robot must get the humanoid" and "A robot, not a chicken" when the Robot Factory dispenses a new robot. The constant background chatter of the original game is gone.
Reception
In a 1982 review, Electronic Games magazine wrote, "Frenzy passes all the requirements for a good follow-up arcade machine."
Legacy
A conversion of the game for the Atari 7800 was created by Bob DeCrescenzo, with assistance from original Frenzy developer Alan McNeil, and sold through AtariAge.
References
1982 video games
Stern video games
Arcade video games
ColecoVision games
ZX Spectrum games
Multidirectional shooters
Video games about robots
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United States
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Hardcore hip hop (also hardcore rap) is a genre of hip hop music that developed through the East Coast hip hop scene in the 1980s. Pioneered by such artists as Run-DMC, Schoolly D, Boogie Down Productions and Public Enemy, it is generally characterized by anger, aggression and confrontation.
History
Music experts have credited Run-DMC as the first hardcore hip hop group. Other early artists to adopt an aggressive style were Schoolly D in Philadelphia and Too $hort in Oakland, California. Before a formula for gangsta rap had developed, artists such as Boogie Down Productions and Ice-T wrote lyrics based on detailed observations of "street life", while the confrontational and aggressive lyrics and chaotic, rough production style of Public Enemy's records set new standards for hardcore hip hop and hip hop production. Though initially a largely East Coast phenomenon, by the late 1980s, hardcore rap increasingly became largely synonymous with West Coast gangsta rap, with artists like N.W.A infusing "gangsta" themed stories of gritty gang life.
In the early 1990s, hardcore hip hop again became associated with the East Coast as Wu-Tang Clan emerged with minimalistic beats and piano-driven sampling, which became widely popular among other hardcore hip hop artists of the time. In the early, late 90s and early 2000s, other New York based artists like Onyx, DMX and M.O.P. incorporated yelling in their lyrics. In the 2010s, punk rap combined elements of hardcore hip hop and hardcore punk, with artists like Denzel Curry at the forefront.
Characteristics
Gangsta rap has often been associated with the hardcore hip hop style, and gangsta rap is generally considered a subgenre or offshoot of hardcore hip hop. However, not all hardcore hip hop revolves around "gangsta" lyrical themes, despite the considerable overlap between the two genres, especially within hardcore rappers of the 1990s. Hardcore hip hop is characterised by aggression and confrontation and generally describes violence or anger. Russell Potter wrote that while hardcore rap has been associated with a "monolithic 'gangsta' outlook" by the popular press, hardcore rappers have "laid claim to a wide variety of ground".
See also
The Dozens
References
Hip hop genres
History of hip hop
1980s in hip hop music
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est une expression anglaise signifiant notamment « au bout de nos peines ». Elle peut faire référence à :
Cinéma
, documentaire de sorti en 2012.
Musique
Chanson
, chanson de présent sur l'album sorti le .
Album
, album d' sorti le ;
, album de sorti le .
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This is a list of the longest winning streaks in National Football League (NFL) history. The list includes streaks that started at the end of one season and carried over into the following season. There are two lists, streaks that consist entirely of regular-season games and streaks made up of playoff games only. The Indianapolis Colts hold the record for the longest regular season winning streak in NFL history. They won 9 straight games to finish the 2008 season and started the 2009 season with 14 straight wins, compiling a total of 23 consecutive regular season wins. The New England Patriots hold the record for the longest postseason winning streak in NFL history, with 10 straight playoff wins between 2001 and 2005—although the team did miss the playoffs in 2002.
Key
Streaks
Regular season
This list contains only the top streaks consisting entirely of regular-season games.
Playoffs
This list contains only streaks consisting entirely of postseason games.
See also
List of National Football League longest losing streaks
List of NFL franchise post-season streaks
List of National Football League records (team)
References
Pro-Football-Reference.com list of longest regular season winning streaks
Pro-Football-Reference.com list of longest postseason winning streaks
National Football League lists
National Football League records and achievements
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Camille Japy (born 7 September 1968) is a Belgian-French actress. She has appeared in more than seventy films since 1990.
Selected filmography
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Belgian film actresses
French film actresses
Belgian stage actresses
French stage actresses
French television actresses
20th-century French actresses
21st-century French actresses
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Walt Disney (1901–1966) was a filmmaker and co-founder of the entertainment empire bearing his name.
Walt Disney may also refer to:
Walt Disney (film), the 2015 documentary that aired on American Experience
The Walt Disney Company, American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment corporation
Walt Disney Pictures, a movie studio
Walt Disney, a Walt Disney anthology television series from 1981 to 1983
No. 1 "Walter E. Disney", a locomotive of the Walt Disney World Railroad
See also
Disney (disambiguation)
Disney family
Walt Disney World Resort, a resort in Orlando, Florida
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Bulbophyllum jiewhoei é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Jaap J. Vermeulen em 2000.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 2000
Bulbophyllum
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The Wheel Spins (a.k.a. The Lady Vanishes) is a 1936 mystery novel by British writer Ethel Lina White.
Plot
Iris Carr, a young English society woman, is staying at a small hotel in ‘a remote corner of Europe’. Her friends leave on the train to Trieste. Iris is glad to be alone, but then starts to miss them. The remaining guests are also glad to see them leave, due to their noisy ways and monopolising of the hotel facilities. After going for a long walk and getting lost in the local mountains, Iris decides to leave also, but waiting at the railway station, she is struck or hit on the back of the head and loses consciousness. She wakes up in the waiting room, but as she can’t speak the local language, no-one can tell her what happened. She concludes that it must have been sunstroke, but manages to get on the crowded train. She finds herself in a compartment with only one English speaker, Miss Winifred Froy.
Miss Froy explains that she was a teacher of the children of a local aristocrat. His widow, the Baroness, is also a passenger in the compartment. Iris's fellow hotel guests the Reverend Mr and Mrs Barnes and the Misses Flood-Porter are also aboard the train. She spies a heavily bandaged body in another compartment, supervised by a sinister-looking doctor apparently taking an accident victim to hospital in Trieste.
Miss Froy confides that she has most recently been teacher to the children of the ‘Leader of the Opposition’, understood to be part of a nascent Communist faction. Iris and Miss Froy lunch in the restaurant car and on returning, Iris takes tablets for her headache. When she awakens, Miss Froy is not there.
All her fellow passengers deny having seen Miss Froy. Iris eventually finds two Englishmen who speak the local language; Max Hare, a young engineer and his travelling companion, 'the Professor'. All the passengers still deny Miss Froy’s existence. A lady dressed identically to Miss Froy reappears, but it isn’t her – it’s Frau Kummer. The Flood-Porters and the Barnes have their own reasons for wanting to get back to England without delay and continue to deny Miss Froy’s existence. The 'Todhunters', ostensibly honeymooners but actually an adulterous couple, remain in their private compartment and play no part in the events. Iris begins to believe that she has been hallucinating.
The doctor convinces Max to surreptitiously administer a sleeping-draught to Iris; as it takes effect, she summons the strength to enter the next compartment and rip off the bandages from the 'victim'. It is indeed Miss Froy.
Iris spends the rest of the journey through Italy and France in semi-consciousness. Only at Victoria station in London does Max explain what happened. Miss Froy innocently witnessed something without realising its significance. The doctor and his assistants have been arrested, but he feels that the Baroness will use her influence to hush up the matter.
Miss Froy returns home, having enjoyed her adventure, and Iris decides that she and Max will make his next trip ‘together’.
Publishing
The novel was originally published in 1936 and is one of the few novels by White which are still in print today. It is available to read on Project Gutenberg Australia.
Adaptations
Film
The novel has been adapted for the screen several times:
The Lady Vanishes (1938), directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Margaret Lockwood, Michael Redgrave and Dame May Whitty.
The Lady Vanishes (1979), starring Cybill Shepherd, Elliott Gould and Angela Lansbury.
The Lady Vanishes (2013), starring Tuppence Middleton.
Radio
There have been various full cast adaptations:
1941, starring Errol Flynn and Dame Flora Robson. Part of the Philip Morris Playhouse series.
For BBC Radio:
1943, adapted and produced by Peter Watts. Part of the Saturday Night Theatre series.
1945, adapted and produced by Peter Watts.
1949, adapted by Peter Watts and produced by Raymond Raikes. Part of the Saturday Night Theatre series.
1953, adapted by Peter Watts and produced by Cleland Finn. Part of the Saturday Night Theatre series.
1999, adapted by Neville Teller and directed by Andy Jordan. Part of the Play of the Week series.
There are also two BBC serialised solo readings:
1956, in 10 episodes, abridged by Neville Teller and read by Marjorie Westbury.
2006, in 10 episodes, abridged by Neville Teller, produced by Neil Gardner and read by Brenda Blethyn.
Audiobooks
There are several unabridged audiobooks: the first, also from the BBC, read by Finty Williams, was released on six CDs by BBC Audiobooks in 2007. Two others from Audible are in English, read by Kim Hartman (2016) and German, read by Jens Wawrczeck (2019).
Theatre
The Lady Vanishes (2019) written by Derek Webb
The Lady Vanishes (2019) written by Antony Lampard
References
1936 British novels
British novels adapted into films
British crime novels
Collins Crime Club books
Novels by Ethel Lina White
Novels set on trains
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National Development Council may be:
National Development Council (India)
National Development Council (Poland)
National Development Council (Rwanda)
National Development Council (Taiwan)
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Don Berry, artiste et auteur de « Trask novels » américain,
Don Berry, golfeur américain.
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A lineal descendant, in legal usage, is a blood relative in the direct line of descent – the children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, etc. of a person. In a legal procedure sense, lineal descent refers to the acquisition of estate by inheritance by parent from grandparent and by child from parent, whereas collateral descent refers to the acquisition of estate or real property by inheritance by sibling from sibling, and cousin from cousin.
Adopted children, for whom adoption statutes create the same rights of heirship as children of the body, come within the meaning of the term "lineal descendants," as used in a statute providing for the non-lapse of a devise where the devisee predeceases the testator but leaves lineal descendants.
Among some Native American tribes in the United States, tribal enrollment can be determined by lineal descent, as opposed to a minimum blood quantum. Lineal descent means that anyone directly descended from original tribal enrollees could be eligible for tribal enrollment, regardless of how much native blood they have.
The antonym of descendant is antecedent.
Collateral descendant
A collateral descendant is a legal term for a relative descended from a sibling of an ancestor, and thus a niece, nephew, or cousin.
References
Kinship and descent
Legal terminology
Property law
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Many musical terms are in Italian because, in Europe, the vast majority of the most important early composers from the Renaissance to the Baroque period were Italian. That period is when numerous musical indications were used extensively for the first time.
Italian terms and English translations
Musical instruments
Voices
Tempo
Dynamics – volume
Moods
Musical expression (general)
Patterns within the musical score
Directions
Techniques
Roles
Criticism
Musical direction and staging
See also
Musical terminology
Sheet music
References
External links
8notes glossary
Italian
Musical
Music
Italian
Wikipedia glossaries using tables
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Steve, Steven or Stephen Heller may refer to:
Steve Heller (fiction), American author of The Automotive History of Lucky Kellerman
Steven Heller (composer-producer), American producer-composer who has won two Grammy Awards
Steven Heller (design writer) (born 1950), American art director, journalist, critic, author, and editor on graphic design
Stephen Heller (1813–1888), Hungarian pianist and composer
Stephen Heller (whistleblower), whistleblower on illegal and uncertified Californian voting machines at Diebold Election Systems
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The Eastern Collegiate Football Conference (ECFC) was an intercollegiate athletic conference that existed from 1988 to 1997 and one of two college football conferences to share this name. The league had members in the states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
Champions
1989 –
1990 –
1991 –
1992 –
1993 –
1994 –
1995 –
1996 –
1997 –
See also
List of defunct college football conferences
References
College sports in Massachusetts
College sports in Rhode Island
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In China, there are significantly fewer women than men, leading to an imbalanced population sex ratio resulting from cultural influences and government policy. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as the missing women or missing girls of China.
Female disadvantages in child survival throughout China reflects a long pattern of sex-based discrimination. Preferences for sons are common in China, owing to their ability to carry on family names, their wealth inheritance, and the idea that they are typically the ones to care for their parents once they are older. Limiting the ability for parents to have numerous children forces them to think of logical and long term reasons to have a male or female child. Chinese parents are known to favor large families, and to prefer sons over daughters in efforts to create more directed family resources. The result of the discrimination and male preference is a shortfall of women and an extremely unbalanced sex ratio in the population of China. China's sex-ratio is comparatively the most skewed of any country in the global sphere.
In December 2016, researchers at the University of Kansas reported that the missing women may be largely a result of administrative under-reporting and that delayed registration of females could account for as many as 10 to 15 million of the missing women since 1982.
Background
Amartya Sen noticed that in China, rapid economic development went together with worsening female mortality and higher sex ratios. Although China has been traditionally discriminatory against women, a significant decline in China's female population happened after 1979, the year following implementation of economic and social reforms under Deng Xiaoping. Sen concluded that there were three reasons why the environment for Chinese women had deteriorated, particularly since 1979:
The one-child policy was implemented in 1979 in effort to control the size of families, which meant having a "one-child family" for most Chinese families, with some exceptions. Because of a strong son preference, these compulsory measures resulted in a neglect of girls and in some cases led to female infanticide. China did not appear to be systematizing sex-selective fertilization or pre-conception practices; it is therefore assumed that 10% of female children go missing at some point after conception: whether in utero, or throughout early infancy. Female infant mortality dramatically increased in the early years after the reforms in 1979, and some statistics imply that female infant mortality doubled from 1978 to 1984.
A general crisis in health services arose after economic reform as previously funding for China's extensive rural health care programs had largely come from agricultural production brigades and collectives. When the economic reforms abolished these traditional structures, they were replaced by the household-responsibility system, which meant that agriculture remained concentrated within the family and the availability of communal facilities in China's extensive rural health care system were restricted. Generally the effect of a restriction in medical services was neutral, but in a Chinese rural society that looked up to men and down on women, the reduction in health care services significantly affect women and female children.
The household-responsibility system involved a reduction of women's involvement in paid agricultural labor. At the same time, employment opportunities outside agriculture were generally scarce for women. According to Sen's cooperative conflicts approach, "who is doing productive work and who is contributing how much to the family's prosperity can be very influential", the effect of this systematic change on women within the household was negative, because women had fewer bargaining powers in their families. This reality motivated families to prefer boys over girls, which contributed to reduced care for female children.
Causes
The causes of the high sex ratio in China result from a combination of strong son preference, the one-child policy, easy access to sex-selective abortion, food scarcity, and discrimination against and abuses of females.
Son preference in Chinese historical and traditional culture
Son preference is traditional in Chinese Confucian patriarchal culture. Sons are preferred for a number of reasons: people think sons continue the family line, carry on the family name, have a higher wage-earning capacity, provide ancestral worship, and are generally recipients of inheritance, while girls are often considered as an economic burden. After marriage they typically become members of their husband's family and cease to have responsibility for aging or ill parents.
With socioeconomic improvements, modernization and the rise in women's status, son preference has declined in many urban areas in China but has persisted in some strictly traditional families and rural areas, reasserting itself under the one-child policy. The greatest shortfalls of females appear in parts of rural China where there are instances of 140 male births for every 100 female.
20th Century Family Planning Measures
Throughout his leadership from 1949 to 1976, Mao Zedong went back and forth between believing large populations to be a source of power, and recognizing the dangers of overpopulation. Though he considered economists' advice surrounding the possible establishment of a nationwide family planning organization in the mid-1950s, Mao later returned to advocating rapid population growth during the Great Leap Forward.
By the 1960s, when population growth rates surged after a nationwide famine, family planning commissions were instated throughout the country. Population control campaigns did not cover ground, however, until after 1971, when a number of voluntary measures such as later marriage ages, fixed intervals of years between births, and a limit of two children were advocated by the central government. After Mao's death, Deng Xiaoping rose to power in 1978. Under his leadership, contraceptive measures became priority policies in the context of family planning. Deng believed population control to be essential to economic growth, and went to extreme lengths surrounding reproductive control to achieve that goal. Amidst an urgent political culture of economic, developmental ambition, the government implemented the one-child policy in 1979.
One-child policy
Throughout the 1970s, China experienced a significant population boom. In an effort to enhance environmental and economic conditions by limiting population growth, China implemented its one-child policy in 1979. The policy enacted a number of rules dictating the governmentally sanctioned composition of a Chinese family: each household was permitted one birth, and risked consequences ranging from fines to forced sterilization if they violated regulations. The policy was strictly enforced in urban areas where residential densities were usually higher, and its effects differed depending on the region: it was not heavily enforced among the country's ethnic minorities, and a number of exceptions were made among the majority Han population. Allowances were also made for families in which the first and only child had a disability.
Xuefeng Chen, director of the Chinese Children's Center in Beijing, stated "it is undeniable that single children will create a different society, we must first enhance single children's opportunities and abilities at social communication, interaction and development." Single children in China are deprived of the experiences undergone by their mothers and fathers. Their well-being is considered to be at risk; they may exhibit stereotypical behavior of single-children, or be characterized as spoiled, selfish and unsociable. The one child-policy has been called the "most momentous and far reaching in its implication for China's population and economic development." The reproductive freedoms of the Chinese population were utilized as a political tool for social modernization.
The one-child policy highlighted a traditional preference for sons; its results included heightened rates of sex-selective abortion, female child abandonment and, in some cases, female infanticide. The policy also resulted in an increased underreporting of female births and adoptions. All of these factors contributed to the stark "missing women" phenomenon, whose social consequences can be observed in an overabundance of single men, and an increase in the kidnapping and trafficking of women for marriage and sex work.
The one-child policy was ended and replaced by a two-child policy in 2016 and replaced in turn by a three-child policy in 2021.
Food Scarcities
One of the main factors that led to the creation of the One Child Policy was China’s insurmountable food scarcity, which gave its government the authority to have unprecedented amounts of power over rural communities and their land ownership. Following 1956, the state or local governments claimed ownership of all rural lands through mandatory forfeitures and below market-value compensations. As a result, farmers were limited in their ability to raise capital since they could not sell, rent, or buy land to make more economically viable tracts or use land as collateral for loans. The government's control over land also decreased individual incentive to work hard, as the farmers could not make a profit off of the crops they produced. Consequently, leading to large-scale starvation and a deepened divide between society's elite and its most vulnerable populations.
Food shortage issues were further worsened by the successive droughts in the Yellow River Basin, Southwest and Southern China, the North China Plain, and the Yangtze River from 1958 to 1960. All of which resulted in deplorable climate conditions for almost every region in China and triggered the Great Chinese Famine of 1959-1961.
Overall, the Chinese government played upon food scarcity to increase their power over previously open lands. In many cases, local political figures would draw on false promises of food security in order to manipulate their citizens into complying with the new regulations. However, the lack of food that gave the Communist Party more legitimacy and power also killed millions of people and prompted the beginning of the One Child Policy.
Sources
As a result of the one-child policy and traditional son preference, China's missing female population is formed through sex-selective abortion, discrimination in care for females, and non-registration of girls at birth.
Sex-selective abortion
Son preference, the one-child policy, and prenatal sex-identifying technology have aided the spread of prenatal discrimination in parts of China where abortion is legal. Sex-selective abortive procedures result in an excess of male births, which then significantly skew sex ratios within a population. According to China Statistics Press 2013, China's sex ratio at birth was 111 in 1990, 117 in 2001, 121 in 2005 and 119 in 2010. Approximately 37-45% of China's missing women may have gone missing prior to birth. Researchers found that sex-selective abortions can create long term social problems within populations. A dearth of women may be detrimental to gender equality: reduced populations of women wield reduced civic power. In regions where marriage is essential to social advancement, a shortage of brides and mothers may lead to an increase in kidnappings, forced marriages, and violence.
Some argue that sex-selective abortion has benefits. Access to prenatal sex determination increases the desired birth of sons, thereby reducing post-birth discrimination against and abandonment of girls. India, South Korea and China have all reported lower female mortality in the last decade. It has also been argued that the scarcity of women leads to a greater valuing of the women who are born; their social status is heightened as a result. Sex selective abortion also empowers mothers to choose the sex of their child; due to son preference, a woman may gain familial recognition through her ability to produce a son.
Female infanticide at birth
Female infanticide is the murder of baby girls due to a preference for male babies. Though newborn girls exercise a biological advantage over newborn boys in surviving their first year of life, premature mortality incurred by infanticide, as well as malnutrition and healthcare neglect lead to a female infant mortality rate that outpaces that of males in China. Scholars found that, in some rural parts of China, "as many as half of all newborns were sometimes killed by their families."
As Sen points out, practices of female infanticide have occurred throughout Chinese history. The Great Chinese Famine during 19591961 led many families to choose female infanticide as a means of conserving food and resources. More recently, China's one-child policy played a major role in heightened rates of female infanticide. In September 1997, the World Health Organization's Regional Committee for the Western Pacific claimed that "more than 50 million women were estimated to be 'missing' in China because of the institutionalized killing and neglect of girls due to Beijing's population control program that limits parents to one child."
China's population control policy revealed strong, pre-existing cultural son preference, which broadened the disparity between comparative rates of male and female infanticide. Traditionally, daughters grow up to "marry out" and leave their families, whereas men remain financially useful for the rest of their lives. Girls are seen as burdens with little payoff, especially among many of China's neighboring countries. The Quan Han Shu mentions that no festivities were held when a daughter was born into a prosperous family, and that poor people did not even rear their female children.
In a recent Chinese natural survey in 2003, thirty-seven percent of young women, predominately urban, said they had no gender preference and forty-five percent reported their ideal family would consist of one boy and one girl. The elimination of female infants has contributed to the phenomenon known as, "missing women". Female infanticide, sex abortions, drowning, and withholding of health care and nutrition are possible consequences of the restrictive one-child policy.
Poor health care and malnutrition
The neglect of proper health care and nutrition for girls and women contributes to missing women. Discrimination against daughters post-birth leads to poor health care and malnutrition, and, in many cases, premature death. For adult women, early-life conditions directly influence their health and mortality later in life. According to Chinese traditions, the period of zuò yuèzi (坐月子), or the first 30 or 40 postnatal days, is an essential convalescence for mothers to ensure their future health. If they are not given support or taken care of within this period of time (e.g., some rural women do heavy farm work within zuò yuèzi), potential risks include health complications and early death.
Contraceptive use
In an attempt to control the country's population in 2015, the Chinese government expanded opportunities for contraceptive use. "20 years ago if you went to the rural villages, you could see the slogans on the wall that read, 'If you have one child, IUD please, if you have two children, sterilization please," said Kaining Zhang, a research physician at the Yunnan Health and Development Research Association. "There is still a very strong influence [from that] policy." The attitudes towards reproductive heath have dramatically changed throughout the country. Sexual health was oftentimes something kept private and not openly discussed. A survey conducted by Renmin University in 2015 states that more than half of the respondents think premarital sex is acceptable. The traditional views on sexual health, contraception are rapidly changing affecting primarily the young and unmarried generation.
China has one of the highest rates of contraceptive use in the world, even in comparison to other Asian countries. Among 84.6% women who are currently married or in union are using a form of contraception. The United States has a lower rate of 78.6%. Japan, a neighboring country has reports as low as 54.3% prevalence. The one-child policy enacted in 1979 is the primary contributor of increased contraceptive use. In attempt to really decrease the population, China's family planning policies actually emphasize birth control and many forms are available both in urban and rural areas for free. The strict implications of the one-child policy did allow for many women to receive birth control methods however it typically only benefits those who are married. The young population who is not covered are not married and therefore fall into the gap of unintended pregnancy. The National Population and Family Planning Commission did however oversee China's views by making improvements with the increased access to birth control, and also sex education. Providing women with the access and social support of contraceptive use not only allows for population control, but allows families to analyze their option before considering abortion options. The International Family Planning Perspectives states, "the effect of sex preference on childbearing is becoming stronger as fertility declines, because couples must achieve their desired number of sons within a smaller overall number of children." Although contraceptives aren't always related to sex preference, "an improvement in the status of women and female children should be helpful in reducing son preference and improvement in maternal and child health and family planning services should be helpful in reducing the number of abortions in the country." Access to prenatal sex determination will lead to an increase number of wanted births, leading to less discrimination against girls and a lower overall female mortality rate. Fewer sex-selective abortions and reduced son will reduce son preference and create less participation in sex-selective abortions which would ultimately level the imbalanced sex ratio.
Non-registration of female babies at birth
Some of the missing women in China result from under-reporting and non-registration of baby girls. The family planning policy is disproportionately implemented across China, especially in rural areas. In order to leave themselves opportunities to have sons and avoid paying penalties on over-quota children, some parents in rural areas of China will not register their female babies, leading to a shortfall of girls registered as residents. Although it is the responsibility of the village leaders to enforce the policy, they will under report the number of births so they will not face penalties from higher authorities.
Consequences of the phenomenon
Wifeless men
Since prenatal sex determination became available in the mid-1980s, China has witnessed large cohorts of surplus males who were born at that time and are now of marriageable age.
The estimated excess males are 2.3, 2.7, and 2.1 million in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 respectively. Over the next 20 years, a predicted excess of 10–20% of young men will emerge in large parts of China. These marriageable-age husbands-to-be, known as guang gun (), translated as "bare branches" or "bare sticks", live in societies where marriage is considered as part of an individual's social status. Prenatal sex determination along with China's traditional preference for sons over daughters has left millions of men to compete over a limited number of brides, a phenomenon known as the marriage squeeze. On occasion, families would adopt female infants as a way to secure a future bride for their sons. These girls would be raised by their adoptive families to learn how to care and serve their future families.
An additional problem is that since women tend to marry men in higher socioeconomic groups than their own, the shortage of women in the marriage market will leave the least desirable, the poorest, and uneducated men with no marriage prospects.
Some commentators worry that those left wifeless men may be marginalized as being single is barely socially acceptable in a Chinese cultural context. These wifeless men's lives could be seriously influenced by how the public view them. They may have senses of loneliness, self-failure and uselessness and be prone to psychological problems. There is also a possibility of these young men emigrating out of mainland China to other countries with more women (like Ukraine, Russia, and most of the West), if the problem continues to persist.
An alternative viewpoint suggests that the shortfall of women might have some positive effects on society. Facing declining possibilities of finding wives, men among the surplus cohort are more eager to improve their competitiveness in the marriage market. Some are more willing to take unpleasant or dangerous hard work, thereby providing more labor. They hope that the wealthier they become, the more competitive they will be in finding a wife.
Propensity to violence
The future social effect of the guang gun remains a topic of concern. The majority of Chinese think that the guang gun are likely to affect criminal behavior. An early commentator predicted that, "such sexual crimes as forced marriages, girls stolen for wives, bigamy, visiting prostitutes, rape, adultery... homosexuality... and weird sexual habits appear to be unavoidable." Annual province-level data for the years 19882004 has showed that a 1% increase in the sex ratio is followed by a 3% increase in violent and property crime rates, meaning that unmarried men might account for part of the rise in crime. Conversely, marriage reduces male criminality. A study in China found that people share the same concerns: 65% of 7435 people of reproductive age think crime will increase, 53% are worried about the less safe streets, 60% consider these excess men as a threat to societal stability, and 56% believe the imbalanced sex-ratio will result in an increase in prostitution and trafficking.
Opposing voices argue that no evidence appears to support these worries. After comparing high and low sex ratio areas, crime in areas with more men tended to be no higher than areas with low sex ratios. Also, in comparison with other countries, the crime rates are relatively low in China.
Sex trafficking of women
China's shortage of women is increasing demand for brides among guang guan (single men). Experts estimate that by 2030, 25 percent of Chinese men in their late 30s will remain unmarried due to the missing women phenomenon. Families in more rural parts of China resort to buying and selling kidnapped brides and forcing them to bear their sons' children. Brides are sometimes kidnapped from across the border in Myanmar, Burma. Trafficked women are subjected to sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, forced labor, and, in some cases, forced medications intended to improve fertility. If captors are more interested in having children, women are sometimes released, provided they leave behind the children they have while imprisoned. The majority of abducted women are between the ages of 13 and 24. Law enforcement often ignore missing women reports, and sometimes make families pay to find their daughters and wives. Escaped trafficking victims face immigration law violations under Chinese officials, as well as social stigma when they return to their communities.
Abandonment of infant girls
Under the one-child policy, some Chinese parents in rural areas abandon their very young daughters in order to increase the possibility of raising a son. More than 95% of babies in state-owned orphanages are healthy baby girls, while a high percentage of these abandoned girls die within couple of months because of the poor conditions and health neglect in orphanages. Those parents who abandon their girl children leave their children either not far from their homes or close to public places to make sure that the babies can be found. According to an official in Liaoning province, "Every year, no fewer than 20 abandoned baby girls are found in dustbins and corners."
Prevalence of sex workers
One potential problem with a large number of wifeless men is that many millions of Chinese sex workers appear to represent a broad range of backgrounds. Although prostitution is illegal in China, there may appear expansion of female sex workers to meet increased demand of wifeless men. In China, the female sex work industry has flourished in the 20th century.
The number of female sex workers in China increased from 25,000 in 1985 to 420,000 in 1996. It was estimated by the Chinese Public Security Bureau that there were 46 million sex workers in China by 2000. The U.S. State Department estimated in 2001 that there were 10 million sex workers in China.
Potential risk of HIV
In recent years, surplus men have come into the HIV risk sphere. Research suggests that the combined effects of sexual practices, sex work, and surplus males probably have effects on HIV transmission. As a result, young, poor, unmarried surplus men could become a significant new HIV risk group. Before these men find wives, they may be at greater risk of infection with HIV from female sex workers in urban areas.
According to the police surgeon and municipal health officer for Shanghai, the spread of sexually transmitted infection has a close relationship with young unmarried men. For most unmarried migrant workers in China, there is a substantial gap between HIV knowledge and infrequent condom use. Based on a sample of 506 migrants, about half of them had multiple sex partners and 89% of these migrants did not use condoms.
Fertility rate
In 1965, fourteen years before the one-child policy was implemented, China's fertility rate was 6.39 births per women. After the one-child policy in 1979, the fertility rate dropped to 2.75 births per women and quickly continued to fall in the years to come. Initially, China's goal was to get the fertility rate down to the replacement level of 2.1 births per women, but the fertility rate continued to fall and it is now at 1.6 births per women.
Demographers warn that fertility rates this low can hinder the development of a country and China has started to change their policies in order to increase their fertility rate and avoid any future adversaries. In 2015, the Chinese government decided to change the one-child policy and implemented a two-child policy. Some researchers argue that son preference along with the one-child policy are one of the many contributing factors to an imbalanced sex ratio that has left millions of unmarried men unable to marry and start a family.
Scholars and journalists from outside of China argue that simply dropping the one-child policy will help raise the number of girls born into China and thus raise the future fertility rate. Even though the two-child policy is now in act, couples are still choosing to remain a single-child household due to expensive childcare and women's increasing hesitance to leave their careers to raise a family.
Aging population
Large numbers of missing women also contribute to the problem of population ageing in China. Since females and males together are responsible for the social reproduction, a shortfall of women will lead to a reduction in the number of current and future newborns, ultimately accelerating the aging problem in China. According to forecasts, based on the current sex ratio the elderly population in China will increase by about 3% annually for the next 30 years. People over 65 in China will account for 15% of the population between 2025 and 2030, while those over 60 will account for a quarter of the population in 2050. This rapidly increasing elderly population will also aggravate the social burden of the pension insurance system.
Economic effects
The long term economic outcomes of China's missing women phenomenon are a source of diverse debate. Some scholars argue that, in the short term, declining fertility rates create an advantageous ratio of abundant producers to smaller populations who rely on that productivity (children, infants, pregnant women etc.). However, others argue that over time, as economically productive populations age, the number of dependents decreases and ratios tilt the other way.
Reactions
Change in laws and policies
To control the imbalanced sex ratio, which is caused by the combined effects of son preference, sex-selective abortion and one-child policy, the Chinese government has taken some effective measures. Laws forbidding infanticide, abandonment, and neglect of female children already exist. There are also penalties for trafficking and kidnapping. The Chinese government has also published laws forbidding foetal sex determination and sex-selective abortion.
China has recruited unmarried young males from poor backgrounds into the People's Liberation Army and into the paramilitary People's Armed Police.
Improving women's status can also help reduce the sex ratio at birth. The Chinese government pays more attention to women's legal rights, especially their economic development. More emphasis has been placed on forming laws and regulations for women's economic status, education opportunities, inheritance of family property, willingness of marriage, and old-age supports.
From 2005, 600 Chinese yuan per month is given as a pension to parents in rural areas who have daughters. In 2000, in order to establish a better survival environment for girls in Chaohu city, Anhui province, the "Chaohu Experimental Zone Improving Girl-Child Survival Environment" was established and implemented in 2003. The main activities were "establishing specialized organizations, conducting trainings, punishing those found to be committing non-medical sex-selective abortions and infanticide, advocating for regulations and laws addressing gender equality, holding focus-group discussions for mothers-in-law, helping women to participate in socioeconomic activities by providing economic support, encouraging active male participation in the improvement of women's status, enhancing the social-security system, and popularizing uxorilocal marriages (in which husbands marry into wives' birth families), in addition to other activities." The outcomes after three years were encouraging: the sex ratio at birth declined from more than 125 in 1999 to 114 in 2002. Based on this program, in 2003, the Population and Family Planning Commission initiated a campaign called "Care for Girls" to encourage couples to consider the advantages of having girl children. The results were also significant: a survey in 2007 showed that son preference had decreased in participating areas and the sex ratio at birth in the rural of Shanxi province fell from 135 in 2003 to 118 in 2007.
Two-child policy
At the beginning of 2017, the Chinese government modified its family planning laws to finally allow married couples to have a second child. In 2016 the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China reported that live births in national hospitals numbered 18.46 million and that the fertility rate reached 1.7 percent, the highest rate since 2000. The effect of the new policy to relax birth-planning regulations has debunked 400 million averted births. Since the policy has been enacted, 261.4 million unregistered people who have lived at their residence for at least 6 months were found. The policy change has taken pressure off parents to participate in sex-selective abortion or even avoiding registering female babies at birth, as they now have room for two children. The implementation of the two-child policy has given families room to grow but also control population in the country, in a managed and more humane way. Although the two-child policy was implemented, the 35-year old social policy is unlikely to take part in a baby boom, in attempt to spark economic growth. The country is believed to be a true single-society even when given the option to take part in extending their family count. The two-child policy is not expected to serve as a baby boom, rather a moderate increase in fertility among Chinese women. There are still effects resulting from the one-child policy which the two-child policy is intended to attempt to reverse, including population aging, reduction in sex ratio birth, more oppressive elements of child policy, contributions to economic growth and allow freedom to couples to have their desired number of children.
Policy responses
Although there is extensive damage to the gender ratio throughout the country, it is still possible to implement change to benefit future generations of the country. According to the Canadian Medical Association, it is crucial to both outlaw sex selection and fix the primary issue of son preference. Many laws already forbid fetal sex determination throughout countries in Asia, including China, but still continues to be a problem. Establishing responsibility to those performing illegal acts such as abortion is one step closer to ensuring a healthy, family oriented society. Holding doctors, clinics and establishments accountable by law is believed to make astounding differences in the sex preference.
Son preference as a whole, is largely challenging in the country. It is primarily important to spread public awareness though campaigns, media, and posters including advantages of females. The results of many campaigns such as the "Care for Girls" campaign on China, by the National Population and Family Planning Commission, encourages female births and requests participation from many neighboring countries. In one of the participating counties in Shanxi providence, the sex ratio birth was reduced from 135 in the year 2003 to 117 just three years later. The country must implement a less traditional form of gender approach and encourage women for higher status positions in society. The Chinese government is essential in improving their gender and social rights. In 1992, the Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women ensured women equal rights among politics, culture, education, work property rights and even marriage. Evidence shows that a country who supports higher status of women leads to a less traditional view of gender and lowers the level of son preference. All these socioeconomic improvements have led to a steer away from traditional views of women to a more modern approach, working to end the gender gap in entirety.
Change in attitudes
Although China's sex ratio at birth is still one of the highest in the world, growing evidence has shown that son preference in China is declining. In recent interviews, many young Chinese adults expressed the view that they do not care about the gender of their future child, even though son preference was common in their parents' generation. A recent study showed that among the 34% who do not claim to be gender indifferent, 13% (10% urban 16% rural) prefer a boy, and 21% (22% urban and 18% rural) want a girl. Hesketh points out that with the consideration of advantages of raising girls, including that they are easier to care for, easier to find a spouse for, and take good care of aging parents, gender indifference and girl preference increase in comparison with previous son preference.
In the context of lower fertility and birth rates within China, the politics of gender equality have undergone an ambiguous, yet palpable change. With lower numbers of children requiring domestic responsibility, it might be assumed that women are able to break out of the childcare roles expected of them more often. However, studies have shown that social pressures placed on a single child limit (i.e. the tendency to view ones only child as the "be-all-end-all" heir on which the success of the family hinges) have created social pressures on mothers as well. Furthermore, lower fertility rates and higher rates of education work against the decline of Chinese cultural son preferences, which in turn create a more imbalanced sex ratio. Before the one child policy, with the advent of family planning, the encouragement of later marriages, lowered fertility rates, and more men than women also increased female sex trafficking; prostitution could be seen as a source of income for families with a single female child, or an opportunity for forced marriage in the case of wifeless men.
See also
Abortion in China
Female infanticide in China
Feminism in China
List of Chinese administrative divisions by gender ratio
One-child policy
Prostitution in China
Rural society in the People's Republic of China
Sex trafficking in China
Urban society in the People's Republic of China
Women's healthcare in the People's Republic of China
General
Sex-selective abortion
Women in China
Missing women of Asia
References
Women's rights in China
Sex selection in China
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