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Low glucose in pleural effusion is seen in all except?
|
Causes of low pleural fluid sugar: Empyema Tuberculous pleural effusion Rheumatoid pleurisy Lupus pleuritis Malignant effusion Esophageal rupture
| 4 |
Rheumatoid ahritis
|
Empyema
|
Malignant pleural effusion
|
Dressler's syndrome
|
Medicine
|
Pleural effusion & Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
|
2c5d7c84-5497-4f5d-a87c-de0091a2c73e
|
multi
|
At the same concentration of steroid which of the following is most potent?
|
The potency of a topical coicosteroid depends on the formulation. Potency is also increased when a formulation is used under occlusive dressing or in interiginous areas. In general, ointments are more potent than creams or lotions.
| 1 |
Ointment
|
Lotion
|
cream
|
Gel
|
Pharmacology
|
Endocrinology
|
061724a0-0978-4216-b950-002d8f94fba4
|
single
|
Administration of which of the following drug requires monitoring:
|
Ans. A: Lithium Therapeutic drug monitoring is the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. Examples of drugs analysed by therapeutic drug monitoring: Aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin) Antiepileptics (such as carbamazepine, phenytoin and valproic acid) Mood stabilisers, especially lithium citrate Antipsychotics (such as pimozide and clozapine) Theophylline Digoxin Antiarrhythmics
| 1 |
Lithium
|
Haloperidol
|
Diazepam
|
Acetazolamide
|
Pharmacology
| null |
cb3cee3e-af62-45b6-bb83-4f5cc9ad6c4f
|
single
|
Metastases from a granulosa cell tumour first in volves :
|
The opposite ovary
| 2 |
The liver
|
The opposite ovary
|
The mesentery
|
The mediastinum
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
ae013ef1-ef44-4eb8-97e7-590333e8295f
|
single
|
Abdominal pain, fat malabsorption & frothy stools suggests -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Giardiasis . Abdominal pain, fat malabsorption and frothy stool can occur both in giardiasis and pancreatic enzyme deficiency (chronic pancreatitis). Amoebiasis and bacillary dysentry do not cause malabsorption.
| 3 |
Amoebiasis
|
Bacillary dysentry
|
Giardiasis
|
All
|
Microbiology
| null |
39527703-012a-4f49-ba09-ba90aa250bc1
|
multi
|
Which of the following amino acids is purely ketogenic?
|
Purely ketogenic amino acid is LeucineRef: Textbook of biochemistry for medical students, seventh edition, page no: 27
| 2 |
Phenylalanine
|
Leucine
|
Proline
|
Tyrosine
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of protein and amino acid
|
f403beca-4f54-4d3b-afdd-f43887031483
|
single
|
Which amino acid released from muscles is an impoant substrate for gluconeogenesis?
|
In the fasting state, there is a considerable output of alanine from skeletal muscle, far in excess of its concentration in the muscle proteins that are being catabolized. It is formed by transamination of pyruvate produced by glycolysis of muscle is a substrate for gluconeogenesis by the glucose-alanine cycle Ref: Harper 28th edition, chapter 20.
| 1 |
Alanine
|
Serine
|
Arginine
|
None of the above
|
Biochemistry
| null |
932d8d75-ea38-49e5-9deb-2c5153d3ffdd
|
multi
|
Congenital myasthenic syndromes can result from which of the following abnormalities?
|
The congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) comprise a rare heterogeneous group of disorders of the NMJ that are not autoimmune but rather are due to genetic mutations in which viually any component of the NMJ may be affected. Alterations in function of the presynaptic nerve terminal, in the various subunits of the AChR, AChE, or the other molecules involved in end-plate development or maintenance, have been identified in the different forms of CMS. These disorders share many of the clinical features of autoimmune MG, including weakness and fatigability of proximal or distal extremity muscles, and often involving EOMs and the eyelids similar to the distribution in autoimmune MG. CMS should be suspected when symptoms of myasthenia have begun in infancy or childhood, but they can present in early adulthood. As in acquired autoimmune MG, repetitive nerve stimulation is associated with a decremental response Ref Harrison 20th edition page3235, 3236 (table-440-2)
| 4 |
presynaptic abnormality causing decrease in acetylcholine release
|
synaptic abnormality resulting acetylcholinesterase deficiency
|
postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor deficiency
|
all of the above
|
Medicine
|
C.N.S
|
8bd88080-bd04-423a-acb7-64acc449842a
|
multi
|
Fine reticular pigmentation with palmar pits are seen in :
|
A i.e. Dowling-Degos disease Dowling-Degos disease presents as asymptomatic post-pubeal, symmetrical, progressive, reticular pigmentation involving flexural-areas (flexor folds) with scattered comedo like lesions (dark dot follicles) and pitted aceniform scars near angles of mouthQ. Reticular acropimentation of kitamura presents with reticular freckle like pigmentation on dorsal hands, palmar pitsQ and breakage of epidermal ridge pattern. Cockayne's syndrome, Bloom's syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome are genodermatoses with defective DNA repairing, presenting as photo sensitivity. Dowling-Degos disease Dowling-Degos disease (reticular pigmented anomaly of flexures) is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatoses usually presenting post pubeally with multiple small, round pigmented macules that resemble freckles. Pigmentation is symmetrical and progressive; and the lesions become progressively more numerous and reticulate with time. It characteristically involves flexurals areasQ e.g: axillae, groins (mc sites), intergluteal/ infra-mammary folds, neck, scalp, trunk, arms and genitals. Except pigmentation, it is otherwise asymptomatic (rarely pruritic). Scattered comedo like lesions (dark dot follicles) pitted acneiform scars near angels of mouthQ and hidradenitis suppurativa are other features. Histology is diagnostic, with a distinctive form of acanthosis, characterized by an irregular elongation of rete ridges, with a concentration of melanin at the tips (filiform down growths in epidermis with hyperpigmentation of deepest areas); the melanocyte count being normal. It involves follicular infundibulum with follicular plugging in some cases. Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura Reticulate acropigmentation of kitamura is characterized by a reticulate network of freckle like areas of pigmentation which develop on dorsa of hands in first 2 decades, which may subsequently involve most pas of body. Palmar pits and breakages of epidermal ridge pattern are foundQ. Histologically, the pigmented macules show epidermal atrophy and increased number of melanocytes. Hereditary symmetrical dyskeratosis of extremities (reticulate acropimentation of Dohi) is AD disorder presenting in infancy or early childhood as mottled pigmentation with areas of depigmentation on dorsa of hands and feet or arms and legs. Haber's syndrome - Haber's syndrome is a familial condition characterized by persistent/permanent rosacea like eruption (i.e. facial flushing, erythema, telangiectasia, prominent follicles, comedones, small papules and tiny atrophic pitted areas) associated in some cases with static, scaly/keratotic, flat, non-indurated plaques on trunk and limbs. Bloom's syndrome Bloom's syndrome (congenital telangiectatic erythema and stunted growth) is a AR disorder characterized by photosensitive telagiestatic facial erythema during infancy or early childhood (superficially resembling lupus erythematosus), moderate and propoionate growth deficiency both in utero and postnatally, unusual facies (narrow, slender, delicate face with a narrow, prominent nose, hypoplastic malar areas, receding chin and microcephaly and dolichocephaly i.e. long and narrow head). Patients are predisposed to multiple infection (d/t immune dysfunction) and early cancers (usually interanal) lit early death (usually neurological development is normal; diabetes mellitus and testicular atrophy are common. Cockayne's syndrome Cockayne's syndrome is AR degenerative disease with cutaneous (photosensitivity, premature skin aging), ocular (pigmentary retinal degeneration with salt-peper appearance of retina, optic atropy and cataract), neurological (sensorineural deafness, progressive neurological degeneration, extensive primary demyelination, peripheral neuropathy, normal pressure hydrocephalus, microcephaly, intellectual deterioration) and somatic abnormalities (postnatal growth failure, cachectic dwarfism with dispropoionately long limbs with large hands and feet and ears). Child usually appears normal for the first year, when photosensitive butterfly facial erythema develop 1/ t mottled pigmentation, atrophic scars giving patient a prematurely senile appearance which is enhanced by marked loss of subcutaneous fat on face (wizened appearance) and sunken eyes with typical bird headed facies and prominent Mickey mouse ear. In contrast to xerodema pigmentosa, CS don't have increased incidence of skin cancer and infection and the CS patients have unusual facies, demyelination with delayed nerve conduction velocity and normal level of global NER. Rothmund Thomson Syndrome Rothmund Thomson syndrome (congenital poikiloderma), an AR disorder is characterized by poikiloderma with variegated cutaneous pigmentation, atrophy and telangiectasia beginning in infancy (but not bih). Cheeks are fist and most severly involved but face, buttock and extremities are also involved. Photosensitive erythema and facial smelling may be accompanied by blister formation. Scalp hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, pubic and axillary hair are often sparse or absent. Juvenile cataract (b/l), propoionate stunted growth with slender delicate limb, small hands, feet and finger; bird like small skull with a saddle nose, skelatel abnormalities including radial ray defect (present as thumb hypoplasia, abnormal radial head or absence of radius) and a predisposition for cancer especially osteosarcoma (30%). Intelligence is normal and life expectancy depends on development of cancer; otherwise it appears to be normal.
| 1 |
Dowling-Degos disease
|
Rothmund Thomson syndrome
|
Cockyane syndrome
|
Bloom's syndrome
|
Skin
| null |
7bfa2a4f-ae18-420e-9f36-bc208efb0828
|
single
|
In a patient with gouty ahritis,synol fluid aspiration was done,strongly negative birefringent needle shaped crystals were seen under polarized light .These crystals are composed of which of the following ?
|
Crystals of monosodium urate are needle-shaped, 5-25 mm in length, and strongly negatively bifringent under polarized light. Crystallization of monosodium urate in synol fluid and tissues results in a dramatic inflammatory response characterized by erythema, edema, and intense pain. Double contour cailage line on USG is seen
| 1 |
Monosodium urate
|
Calcium pyrophosphate
|
Sodium pyrophosphate
|
Homogentisic acid
|
Medicine
|
Crystal Ahropathy
|
7f4d46c4-f431-41d2-b525-0796236255ca
|
single
|
which of the following metabolic changes are observed in ACCLIMATIZATION?
|
Acclimatization at high altitude: &;*-Various physiological readjustments and compensatory mechanisms in body that reduces the effects of hypoxia in permanent residents at high altitude. * It is done by- A great increase in pulmonary ventilation Increase diffusion capacity of lung Increased ability of the tissue cells to use 02 Increased vital capacity due to prolonged hypoxia leads to to hyperventilation which results in co2 wash aout causing RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS REF :guyton and hall
| 3 |
metabolic alkalosis
|
metabolic acidosis
|
respiratory alkalosis
|
respiratory acidosis
|
Physiology
|
All India exam
|
6d2f68ce-b4dc-420a-84a8-6f4c04dfcdfb
|
single
|
Epitheloid granuloma consists mainly of which type of cells: March 2005
|
Ans. D: MacrophagesMacrophages/ histiocytes are the cells that define a granuloma. They often, but not invariably, fuse to form multinucleated giant cells.The macrophages in granulomas are often referred to as "epithelioid".Epithelioid macrophages differ from ordinary macrophages in that they have elongated nuclei that often resemble the sole of a slipper or shoe. They also have larger nuclei than ordinary macrophages and their cytoplasm is typically more pink when stained with eosin.Granulomas are seen in a wide variety of diseases, both infectious and non-infectious.A.Infections that are characterized by granulomas include tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis and cat scratch disease.B.Examples of non-infectious granulomatous diseases are sarcoidosis Sarcoid granulomas often contain star-shaped structures termed asteroid bodies or lamellar structures termed Schaumann bodies., Crohn's disease, berylliosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules and aspiration of food and other paiculate material into the lung.
| 4 |
B cells
|
T cells
|
Monocytes
|
Macrophages
|
Pathology
| null |
a994ff6b-fe91-49bc-b746-546855a3acab
|
single
|
True about U waves is all except
|
The U wave normally goes in the same direction as the T waveU -wave size is inversely propoional to hea rate: the U wave grows bigger as the hea rate slows downU waves generally become visible when the hea rate falls below 65 bpm
| 3 |
It is due to Delayed repolarisation of Purkinje fibres
|
Maximum normal amplitude of the U wave is 1-2 mm
|
The U wave normally goes in the opposite direction as the T wave
|
U waves generally become visible when the hea rate falls below 65 bpm
|
Medicine
|
All India exam
|
d7b02c17-2949-4810-8f0d-5775957992d2
|
multi
|
Nigh guard vital bleaching is done using
| null | 4 |
Using McInne’s solution
|
H2O2 activated with thermo/Photo catalytic technique
|
Na Perborate and H2O2
|
10-16% carbamide peroxide
|
Dental
| null |
574c2ff2-01b0-4542-b66e-ee16a5f2af56
|
single
|
Axis artery of lower limb is derived from -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 5th lumbar intersegmentsl artery Axis arteryo During fetal life (development), each limb is supplied by an axis artery that is derived from intersegmental arteries,o The axis artery runs along the central axis of the limb.Axis artery Upper limbLower limbDerived fromSeventh cervical intersegmental artery' (Subclavian artery)Fifth lumbar intersegmental arteryAdult derivativesi) Axillary arteryii) Branchial arteryiii)Anterior interosseous arteryiv)Deep palmar archi) Inferior gluteal arteryii)Arteria nervi ischiadic!iii) Popliteal artery above popliteusiv) Lower part of peroneal arteryv) Some parts of plantar arch.
| 3 |
Natal artery
|
1st lumbar intersegmental artery
|
5th lumbar intersegmental artery
|
Sacral artery
|
Anatomy
|
Lower Extremity
|
a644fe51-0d1c-42c6-97be-5c792139948f
|
single
|
Cause of blindness in CRVO
|
All are causes of blindness in CRVO but most important is CME.
| 4 |
Cystoid macular edema
|
Macular hemorrhage
|
Vitreous hemorrhage
|
All of the above
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
76989b16-46e8-4bd2-ab28-fd0138831272
|
multi
|
Neologism is characteristically seen in: Gujarat 07
|
Ans. Schizophrenia
| 3 |
Depression
|
Mania
|
Schizophrenia
|
Delirium
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
a117453b-142b-4987-9208-cc07d0a3ddcb
|
multi
|
All of the following statements about pseudohypoparathyroidtom are true, except -
|
Answer is option 1 Increase in serum PTH Pseudohypoparathyroidtom leads to end organ resistance to parathormone which in turn leads to decrease in serum Ca++ and increase in serum phosphate. Due to this negative feedback hyperplasia of parathyroid occurs and increase in parathormone secretion occurs Ref Harrison 17/e p2394
| 1 |
Decrease Serum PTH
|
Decrease Serum calcium
|
Increase Serum phosphate
|
Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy
|
Medicine
|
Endocrinology
|
61b23a3e-d25b-4970-8b0b-3d79345bcb02
|
multi
|
Which of the following structuers is inferior to spheno petrosal Synchondrosis-
|
Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis is cailagenous union b/w lateral half margin of great wing of sphenoid & petrous bone. On the under surface of sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, is a furrow, the sulcus of auditory tube for lodgement of cailagenous pa of auditory tubeQ
| 3 |
Abducens nerve
|
Osseous pa of auditory tube
|
Cailaginus pa of auditory tube
|
Petro squamous sinus
|
Anatomy
| null |
da9ddf50-72aa-4b16-86cb-cfaed60339a4
|
single
|
Not true among the following is
|
Isolated finding of simian crease in Down's in seen in almost 1% of Down's children. So it is not a significant finding in a Down's child.
| 4 |
Most common cause of Down's syndrome is Maternal meiotic disjunction.
|
Most Common inherited condition causing Intellectual disability in Fragile X Syndrome
|
The mandible in Down's child is smaller than usual
|
Isolated finding of simian crease in Down's in seen in almost 20% of Down's children.
|
Pediatrics
| null |
b97903c8-54e6-4813-b627-54329ad41846
|
multi
|
The most definitive method of diagnosing pulmonary embolism is :
|
Answer is A (Pulmonary aeriography): `Selective pulmonary angiography is the most specific examination available for establishing the definitive diagnosis of PE.'-Harriosn 16th/1563 Most definitive investigation :Pulmonary angiography is an invasive procedure, and it is the most definitive procedure. It is however ceainly not the initial investigation of choice. The initial investigation of choice in a case of suspected pulmonary embolism is either a lung ventilation perfusion scan or a CT of the chest with intravenous contrast. `CT scanning of the chest with intravenous contrast is the principal imaging test for diagnosis of PE.' - Harrison `Lung scanning (V/Q scan) is now a second line diagnostic test for PE' Most definitive / specific test for PE Q Best initial imaging test for diagnosis of PEdeg Pulmonary angiographyQ CT scan with intravenous contrast Q (Preferred choice, against a lung V-Q scan)
| 1 |
Pulmonary aeriography
|
Radioisotope perfusion pulmonary scintigraphy
|
EKG
|
Venography
|
Medicine
| null |
3fbc4444-7a6a-4648-959a-205cc4d36d7b
|
single
|
Somatic mutation E17K in the PH domain of AKT-1 gene mutation is associated with?
|
Ans. (b) Breast(Ref: Atlasgeneticsoncology.org/Genes/AKT1)Hyper-activation of AKT1 has been found associated to several human cancers:*Thyroid carcinoma*Breast carcinoma*Non-small cell lung carcinoma*Gastric carcinomaNow coming to question: Somatic mutation E17K occurs in the PH domain of AKT1 in 8% of human breast cancers. This mutation also occurs in 6% of colorectal cancers.
| 2 |
Stomach
|
Breast
|
Ovary
|
Pancreas
|
Pathology
|
Breast
|
14c3cb56-07bc-4c30-9dfa-c9e53fbeb806
|
single
|
All are non contraceptive advantages of oral contraceptive pills except
| null | 2 |
Pelvic inflammatory disease
|
Hepatic adenoma
|
Benign breast cancer
|
Anemia
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
2ec83c78-c9b5-41af-a91c-6ed43bba98ba
|
multi
|
Cephalosporin that does not require dose reductionin patient with any degree of renal impairment is aEUR'
|
Cefoperazone [Ref: Goodman Gilman 17thie 1147, 1148; Katzung 10 p. 7371 Remember: ? Most cephalosporins are excreted mainly by tubular secretion. But ceftriaxone and cefoperazone are excreted mainly in bile and no dose adjustment is required in renal insufficiecy. The other unique feature of cefriaxone is its long half life. Thus it can be injected O.D. or B.D. in serious infections. According to Goodman and Gilman "All cephalosporins are excreted through kidney except celPiramide and cefoperazone which are excreted predominantly in the bile". About ceftriaxone Goodman Gilman mentions. "50% of this drug is excreted through urine while 50% of it is excreted through bile". But Katzung differs from Goodman Gilman "All cephalosporins are excreted through kidney except .for cefoperazone and ceftriaxone which are excreted mainly through the bilian' tract". Antimicrobial Drugs that do not require dosage adjustment in Renal Failure Cephalosporins Antitubercular * Cefoperaczone * Rifampicin * Ceftriaxone Other (miscellaneous) * Cefopiramide * Clindamycin * Chloramphenicol * Metronidazole Macrolides * Amphoterecin B * Erythomycin * Linezolid * Clarithomycin * Quinupristin / Dalfopristin * Azithromycin * Nafcillin / Oxacillin Fluoroquinolones Tetracycline * Trovafloxacin * Doxycycline * Grepafloxacin * Minocycline Use of Antimicrobial Agents in the Presence of Renal Dysfunction (Anesthesiology by Longnecker, Newman, Zapol'(2007J/285 Containdicated in the presence of dosage Require Require dosage adjustment only with severe adj adjustment with renal failures: renal failure: moderate renal failure: * Tetracyclines (except doxycycline), * Carbenicillin, ticarcillin, * Ampicillin, * Isoniazid, * Nitrofurantoin, * Cefazolin, * Mezlacillin. * Ethambutol, * Cephaloridine, * Aminoglycosides, * Piperacillin * Meropenem, * Long-acting sulfonamides, * Vancomycin, * Cefoxitin, * Nalidixic acid, * Methenamine, * Irnipenem, * Cefotaxime, * Ciprofloxacin, * Paraaminosalicylic acid * Flucytosine, * Penicillin G, * 5- fluorocytosine, * Fluconazole * Ceftizoxime, * Ofloxacin, * Ceftazidime, * Levofloxacin, * Cefuroxime, * Norfloxacin, * Cefotetan, * Itraconazole * Trimethoprim? * Sulfamethoxazole,
| 2 |
Cefuroxime
|
Cefoperazone
|
Ceftazidime
|
Cefotaxime
|
Pharmacology
| null |
4a22bee8-44d3-44ad-b25f-22e7a10cf86c
|
single
|
What is the thickness of class II matrix band?
|
There are two types of bands:
Uncontoured bands
Precontoured bands
Uncontoured bands
These are available in two thicknesses:
0.002 inch (0.05 mm)
0.0015 inch (0.038 mm)
Sturdevants operative dentistry south asian edition page 204
| 1 |
0.002 inches
|
0.002 mm
|
0.02 inches
|
0.02 mm
|
Dental
| null |
567b051b-b9a9-4d63-a46d-c3d83629ca98
|
single
|
Koenon's periungual fibroma is a feature of?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Bourneville's disease * Periungual fibromas (Koenon's tumor) are seen in 20% of patients of tuberous sclerosis.Tuberous sclerosis (Bournevifle's disease)* Tuberous sclerosis is characterized by : -A. Skin lesions: - Adenoma sebaceum (Facial angiofibroma), Ash-leaf shaped hypopigmented macules/patch, Shagreen patch (Yellow thickening of lumbosacral skin), depegmented nevi, Periungual fibromas (Koenen's tumor).B. Neurological: - Mental retardation, Seizures, Hydrocephalus, Subependymal calcified nodules.C. Neoplasms: - Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, ependymoma, rhabdomyomas of heart, angiomyomas of the kidney, liver, adrenal and pancreas.
| 4 |
Kawasaki's disease
|
Refsum disease
|
Darrier's disease
|
Bourneville's disease
|
Skin
|
Autoimmune Skin Disorders
|
0541a53c-9f04-4b9f-baf5-7b12866b8cb4
|
single
|
Gerlach tonsil in Waldeyer’s ring is
|
The tubal tonsil is one of the four main tonsil groups comprising Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, which also includes the palatine tonsils, the lingual tonsils, and the pharyngeal tonsils.
| 1 |
Tubal tonsil
|
Palatine tonsil
|
Pharyngeal tonsil
|
Lingual tonsil
|
ENT
| null |
85aa2fd5-b80e-4d25-a5bc-2ef47825d9d7
|
single
|
True about interferon -
|
a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses. Reff: Anantharayan & Panikers textbook f microbiology 9th edition pg:155
| 4 |
It is virus specific
|
It is Bacteria specific
|
Produced from Bacteria
|
Effective against viral infection
|
Microbiology
|
Immunology
|
78827e48-4530-4cb1-ae28-4580cfef01e8
|
multi
|
Polysaccharides are:
|
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. They are of two types– homopolysaccharides that contain a single type of monosaccharide (e.g., starch, insulin, cellulose) and heteropolysaccharides with two or more different types of monosaccharides (e.g., heparin, chondroitin sulfate).
| 1 |
Polymers
|
Acids
|
Proteins
|
Oils
|
Unknown
| null |
8c42f37f-bdd0-44a8-a5fc-9943068c3e12
|
single
|
All of following features are similar in androgen insensitivity syndrome and Mullerian agenesis except
|
Public and axillary hair is absent in androgen insensitivity syndrome, whereas normal in mullerian agenesis.
| 4 |
Absent Mullerian duct
|
Absent Wolffian duct
|
Primary amenorrhea
|
Normal axillary hair
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
a5e4008c-620f-4f93-aaac-b090669e9ef5
|
multi
|
Selenium is essential for the:
|
Ans. A. Glutathione peroxidasea. Glutathione peroxidase is a selenium containing enzyme which acts in synergism with vitamin E to protect against hydroperoxide free radical damage.b. First line of defense against hydroperoxide free radical damage is vitamin E (tocopherol) while the second line of defense is a selenium containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase.
| 1 |
Glutathione peroxidase
|
Glutathione reductase
|
Glutathione synthetase
|
Glutathione hydroxylase
|
Biochemistry
|
Vitamins and Minerals
|
ee39e1ac-85e4-4287-aa80-757df6216d1c
|
single
|
True about mapleson D circuit is
|
Expiratory valve is away from the patient end in mapleson D circuit. 3 times minute ventilation is required for spontaneous ventilation.
Mapleson A is the preferred circuit for spontaneous ventilation.
| 3 |
FGF for spontaneous ventilation is equal to minute ventilation
|
Expiratory valve is closer to patient
|
1.8 times the minute ventilation is required gas flow for controlled ventilation.
|
Preferred circuit for spontaneous ventilation.
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
f2fc8ed8-07bc-481a-986d-080c63d00928
|
multi
|
Glove and stocking pattern of postmortem staining, indicates death due to what cause?
|
Lower parts of forearms and hands, legs and external genitalia gets stained in cases of hanging, give the appearance of glove and stocking pattern of post mortem staining.
| 1 |
Hanging
|
Drowning in river
|
Submersion in water
|
Cyanide poisoning
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
8ebcc56e-0441-4764-a07d-22e3d7d0bfda
|
single
|
Which of the following is not a method for providing enteral nutrition?
|
PICC stand for Peripherally inseed central venous catheter It is not a method for providing enteral nutrition instead it provides parenteral nutritionthrough an peripherally inseed catheter in one of the central veins. Enteral feeding refers to delivery of nutrients into the GIT by means of following techniques: Sip feeding Nasogastric/Ryle's tubes Surgical or Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.
| 2 |
PEG
|
PICC
|
Sip feeding
|
Nasojejunal tube
|
Surgery
|
Fluid, Electrolyte and Nutrition
|
03af2026-a969-449c-aa06-0fea1ef3ac2a
|
single
|
Which one of the following is not an operation for uterine inversion?
|
Ans. is d, i.e. FentoniRef Dutta Obs. 7/e, p 422; IAN Donald Obstetrics 7/e, p 592Surgical Procedures to Correct Uterine InversionVaginal operationsAbdominal operationsHydrostatic method* Spincelli* Huntingtons procedures* O sullivan method* Kustner* Haultain* Oguch method* Oejo* Robinson
| 4 |
O sullivan
|
Haultain
|
Spincelli
|
Fentoni
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Complication of 3rd Stage of Labour
|
72217c00-8b6c-453c-a848-6a286242ef6d
|
single
|
QRS complex indicates-
|
Answer is D (Ventricular depolarisation) QRS complex is due to ventricular depolarization Q
| 4 |
Atrial repolarization
|
Atrial depolarization
|
Ventricular repolarization
|
Ventricular depolarization
|
Medicine
| null |
982069d9-8299-427a-a0f8-eb9cc0b193f8
|
single
|
Cytoplasmic translation system has the following number of t-RNAs
|
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ERsynthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in the ribosome decoding center to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later foldsinto an active protein and performs its functions in the cell. The ribosomefacilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodonsequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes through and is read by the ribosome. Translation proceeds in three phases: Initiation: The ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. The first tRNA is attached at the sta codon. Elongation: The tRNA transfers an amino acid to the tRNA corresponding to the next codon. The ribosome then moves (translocates) to the next mRNA codon to continue the process, creating an amino acid chain. Termination: When a peptidyl tRNA encounters a stop codon, then the ribosome folds the polypeptide into its final structure. Ref satyanarayana 4e
| 1 |
20
|
26
|
28
|
31
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of nucleic acids
|
f45d3bea-9155-4d3a-aae1-7d5d843cbff8
|
single
|
Fluorescein for ophthalmological diagnosis is injected in -
|
Ans. (a) Antecubital veinRef: Diagnostic Procedures by Nema, 2/e, p. 177The technique of fluorescein angiography comprises rapidly injecting 5 mL of 10% solution of sterile sodium fluorescein dye in the antecubital vein and taking serial photographs of the fundus.
| 1 |
Antecubital vein
|
Popliteal vein
|
Femoral vein
|
Subclavian vein
|
Ophthalmology
|
Retina
|
49c52182-963a-4d35-a498-63ee63b470fa
|
single
|
A 7-year-old boy presented with generalized edema. Urine examination revealed marked albuminuria. Serum biochemical examinations showed hypoalbuminemia with hyperlipidemia. Kidney biopsy was undertaken. On light microscopic examination, the kidney appeared normal. Electron microscopic examination is most likely to reveal:
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e. Fusion of foot process of the glomerular epithelial cellsRef Chandrasoma Taylor 3rd/e page 705, Robbins illustrated 6th/e, p956, Harrison 17th/Ep 1790 RepeatThe child in presenting with features S/o Nephrotic syndrome most frequent cause of which amongst children is minimal change ds.The light microscopic finding of MCD -no abnormalityElectron microscopic finding of MCD -fusion of foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cellsNote that loss of foot processes may also be seen in other proteinuric states (eg. Membranous glomerulonephritis, diabetes), but when the fusion is associated with normal glomeruli only then the diagnosis of MCD can be made.MCD is also known as lipoid nephrosis as cells of the proximal tubules are often laden with lipidsManifestations of nephrotic syndrome include*Massive proteinuria, with the daily loss of 3.5 gm or more of protein (less in children)Hypoalbuminemia with plasma albumin level less than 3 gm/dlGeneralized edemaHyperlipidemia and lipiduria
| 1 |
Fusion of foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells
|
Rarefaction of glomerular basement membrane
|
Deposition of electron dense material in the basement membrane
|
Thin basement membrane
|
Unknown
| null |
eb3c808c-d22d-42cc-89c2-22a9ec7525a2
|
single
|
All the following are inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase except
|
Site-III (Complex IV) * Cyanide * H2S * Azide transfer of electrons to molecular O2 * Co (Carbon monoxide): Inhibits Cyt. oxidase by combining with O2 binding site. It can be reversed by illumination with light. Amobarbital (Amytal) and Secobarbital: Inhibits electron transfer through NADH-Q reductase.Ref: MN Chatterjea Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 8th edition, page no: 143
| 2 |
Carbon monoxide
|
Amytal
|
Cyanide
|
Azide
|
Biochemistry
|
Respiratory chain
|
a6bfafa6-089a-4172-8516-a568e60d9698
|
multi
|
True about Mosquito preventive nets are all except
|
Mosquito Nets Material : White Best pattern : Rectangular net Hole/ rent : Not even a single one should be present Size of each hole : <0.0475 inch diameter. Number of holes /sq. Inch : 150 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 810
| 3 |
Hole size <0.0475
|
150 holes per square inch
|
Best pattern in circular
|
There should be no rent
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Environment and health
|
8f000fa9-42f1-45ca-97f5-b478af709df0
|
multi
|
Bezold's abscess is in relation to:
|
Ans. (b) Sternocleidomastoid muscleRef. PL Dhingra 5th/ 87* Mastoid tip is in relation to two muscles:# Sternocleidomastoid muscle# Digastric muscle (posterior belly)* If there is abscess from:# SCM muscle: Bezolds abscess# Digastric area: Citelli s abscess.Also KnowDifferent MASTOID ABSCESSESAbscessLocationWild's abscessSubperiosteal mastoid abscessBezold's abscessDeep to Sternomastoid muscleLuc's abscessUnder periosteum of the roof of bony canalCitelli's abscessDigastric triangle (along posterior belly of digastrics muscle)
| 2 |
Digastric muscle
|
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
|
Behind the mastoid
|
Submandibular region
|
ENT
|
CSOM and its Complications
|
74cbe4ca-77f7-4700-837c-a65316854a07
|
single
|
Incubation period of measles is -
|
<p>MEASLES:- An acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a specific virus of group myxovirus. Clinically characterised by fever and catarrhal symptoms of the upper respiratory tract( coryza,cough), followed by a typical rash. Secondary attack rate-infection confers life long immunity as there is only one antigenic type. Incubation period-10 days from exposure to onset of fever and 14 days of appearance of rash. 3 stages:- 1. Prodromal stage. Begins 10 days after infection. Lasts till 14 days. Characterised by fever,coryza with sneezing and nasal discharge, cough, redness of eyes, lacrimation and photophobia. A day or two before the appearance of rash, kopliks spots like table salt like crystal appear on buccal mucosa opposite the first and second lower molars. They are small, bluish white spots on a red base. 2. Eruptive phase Typical dusky red maculopapular rash which begins behind the ear and spreads rapidly in a few hours over the face and neck and extends down the body . Fever and lesion disappear in another 3/4 days signalling the end of disease. During the prodromal phase and first 2-5days of rash, virus present in tears, nasal & throat secretions, urine and blood.The rash appears as a result of interaction of immune T cells with virus infected cells Just as the rash appears- circulating antibodies appear- and fever falls. Diagnosis of measles is based on the typical rash and kopliks spots seen in oral mucosa.In developed countries,IgM antibodies are used for diagnosis. 3. Post measles stage Child lose weight, remain weak for a number of days. There may be a failure to recover and gradual deterioration into chronic illness.There may be growth retardation,diarrhoea,pyogenic infection,candidiasis etc. {Reference: park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.149}</p>
| 2 |
1-2 months
|
10-14 days
|
20-22 days
|
1-2 days
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
c65ef2f2-813c-4fae-99ba-bc466a4414b1
|
single
|
Most permeable to pure phospholipid bilayer
|
Phospholipid bilayer act as amphipathic molecule. Oxygen is most permeable. (REF. GANONG&;S REVIEW OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY 24 EDITION, PAGE NO - 36)
| 1 |
Oxygen
|
Na
|
Cl
|
Water
|
Physiology
|
General physiology
|
870839b6-6198-42e0-a0e8-11c7ce48db42
|
single
|
Which of the following is selective alpha antagonist?
|
Ans. B. PrazosinPrazosin is selective alpha 1 blocker which used in patients suffering from BHP. They also used in hypertension. Phentolamine is nonselective alpha blocker. Clonidine is alpha 2 agonists.
| 2 |
Propanolol
|
Prazosin
|
Phentolamine
|
Clonidine
|
Pharmacology
|
A.N.S.
|
ab43d339-8210-4804-a46d-cda710a4e419
|
single
|
GABA-B receptors are -
|
Ans: A. G-protein coupled receptors(Ref : KDT //e p. 399, 402 6 6h/e p. 395; Katzung 17th/e p' 377-378; lP/e p' 355)GABA-A receptors:Intrinsic Cl- channets and when open cause increase in CI- conductance and CNS depression.GABA-B receptors:G-protein coupled receptors.Baclofen is agonist and saclofen is antagonist on these receptors.
| 1 |
G-protein coupled receptors
|
Intrinsic ion channel
|
Enzyme linked receptors
|
Ligand gated ion channels
|
Pharmacology
| null |
2d3fef43-e0ac-44e7-908f-17bef0a34d5b
|
single
|
Which one of the following amino acids is purely ketogenic?
| null | 4 |
Proline
|
Phenylalanine
|
Isoleucine
|
Leucine
|
Biochemistry
| null |
99c96e12-b469-4c3e-a84c-0accf273d336
|
single
|
Perforators are not present at -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Below inguinal ligament Blood flows from the superficial to the deep veins through perforating (communicating veins) Perforators are located - below the medial malleolus (inframalleolar perforator) - in the medial calf (Cockett perforators) - just above (Dodd perforator) & below the knee (Boyd perforator) - at the level of the adductor canal (Hunterian perforator)
| 4 |
Ankle
|
Medial calf
|
Distal to calf
|
Below inguinal ligament
|
Surgery
| null |
619f8799-34d4-46f1-82fb-1295eebad522
|
single
|
In a population of 5000, number of new cases of TB is 500; old cases in the same population are 150. What is the prevalence of TB?
|
Prevalence = total number of cases / total population x 100 = (650/5000) x100 =13%
| 3 |
9%
|
12%
|
13%
|
18%
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Disease Causation, Measurements, Milestones
|
c52b2379-b46e-448d-aa83-18fcfd4678ec
|
single
|
Severe mental retardation is: NEET 13
|
Ans. 20-35
| 3 |
50-70
|
35-50
|
20-35
|
< 20
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
02e67e0f-efd0-402d-a643-18c24ea70823
|
single
|
The Term Clearance of drug means:
|
Unit volume of plasma which is cleared off drug in unit of time
| 1 |
Unit volume of plasma which is cleared off drug in unit of time
|
Amount of drug excreted in urine
|
Amount of drug metabolised in unit of time
|
Fraction of dose administered only
|
Pharmacology
| null |
60f1b596-5cc1-41ce-b5a0-aa6e527a1735
|
single
|
The advantage of using epidural opioids over local anaesthetics are all except
|
The main drawback of local anaesthetics is that there is possibility of motor blockade if higher concentration is used and motor paralysis is not acceptable in postoperative period. Other advantages are no sympathetic block so hypotension is less and after one single dose of morphine analgesia may last for 12-16 hours.
| 4 |
Less hypotension
|
No motor block
|
Frequent injections not required
|
Less expensive
|
Surgery
|
All India exam
|
408faafe-db8d-441b-af32-e6b7f314fb50
|
multi
|
What is the amount of fluid to be given to a 2 year child weighing 12 Kg with severe dehydration in the first half an hour of IV rehydration?
|
AGE First give 30 ml/ Kg in Then give 70 ml/ Kg in Infants (< 12 months) 1 hour 5 hours Older children 30 minutes 2.5 hours In the above question, amount of fluid needed = 30 ml/ Kg x12=360 ml Ref: Park 21st edition, page 204.
| 3 |
120 ml
|
240 ml
|
360 ml
|
840 ml
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
945ff4af-e788-4f02-9476-ea72d1d608f0
|
single
|
This works inaccurately in presence of <img src=" />
|
.
| 1 |
All the below
|
Nail polish
|
Methernoglobinemia
|
Skin pigmentation
|
Medicine
|
All India exam
|
2e8bffcd-5b26-40c8-8530-1b97c28de69c
|
multi
|
Which of these is the most important cause of cholestatic jaundice in a newborn?
|
Ans. C. Neonatal hepatitisCholestatic jaundice is characterized predominantly by rise in the levels of conjugated bilirubin. It is due to obstruction to the bile flow, either occurring inside the live (intrahepatic cholestasis) or outside the liver (extrahepatic cholestasis). Overall, the most common cause of cholestasis is neonatal hepatitis. The most common extrahepatic cause is biliary atresia.
| 3 |
Hypoplasia of the biliary tract
|
Choledochal cyst
|
Neonatal hepatitis
|
Physiological jaundice
|
Pediatrics
|
Gastro Intestinal System
|
6bba1078-0afc-4d84-b091-2627749c5cbb
|
single
|
Commonest complication of CSOM is:
|
Ans. C Brain abscess There is no confusion as far as this question is concerned: According to Turner "Most common complication of CSOM is brain abscess (intracerebral) According to Scotts Brown "In a large series of 268 patients with complications of COM, he incidence of extracranial complications was 32%, intracranial complications was 56% and combined intracranial and extracranial was 72%" Relative Incidence of Complications in Active Mucosal and Squamous COM Extracranial % Intracranial % Post auricular abscess Facial palsy Bezold abscess Petrous apicitis Meningitis 75 06 02 0.2 12 Subdural abscess Brain abscess Extradural abscess Lateral sinus thrombosis S1 20 10 20 So from above text of Scotts Brown it is clear that Intracranial complications are more common than extracranial and amongst intracranial as is clear from the table - M/C is Brain abscess Hence there is no doubt regarding this answer. Most common complication of acute otitis media - Acute mastoiditis Most common intracranial complication of acute otitis media - Meningitis Most common extracranial complication of (SOM -Post-auricular abscess Most common intracranial complication of (SOM -Brain (intracerebral abscess)
| 3 |
Subperiosteal abscess
|
Mastoiditis
|
Brain abscess
|
Meningitis
|
ENT
| null |
28e7c897-9edd-4118-880b-8237fccfa1ba
|
single
|
14 year old girl presented with vaginal bleeding with occasional amenorrhea, next step is :
|
Clinical history and examination
| 2 |
BT, CT
|
Clinical history and examination
|
Ultrasound
|
TLC, DLC ESR
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
341f63d8-2949-41fe-8b91-7a4a3d1aa8af
|
multi
|
A Wahin's tumour is:
|
Answer is 'a' ie An adenolymphoma of parotid gland Wahin's tumor Is the second most common benign tumor of the parotid gland (151 is pleomorphic adenoma). It consists of both epithelial and lymphoid elements thus known as adenolymphoma (probably arises from remnants of parotid tissue trapped in lymphnodes within the parotid gland). Also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. The tumor arises only in the parotid gland. Almost always arises in the lower poion of the parotid gland overlying the angle of mandible. Common in males. (Occurs most often in older white men) Age : 54h to 7th decade. Association is seen with smoking. Bilaterality is seen in 10% cases. Its well encapsulated, extremely slow growing tumor, never turns malignant. A peculiar feature of Wahins tumor is that it shows 'hot' spot in 99'n Tc-peechnate scan. Other tumors of the parotid show 'cold' spot (Oncocytomas another benign parotid tumor also shows hot spot). (Because of the high mitochondrial content within oncocytes, the oncocyte-rich Wahin tumor and Oncocytomas incorporate technetium Tc 99m and appear as hot spots on radionuclide scans.) Also remember Godwin 's tumor - Benign lymphoepithelial tumor of the parotid gland. Most salivary gland tumors are benign. However remember that the smaller the salivary gland, the higher is the chance of the tumor being malignant. Parotid gland --> 80% benign Submandibular, Sublingual 50% benign, 50% malignant Minor salivary glands ---> 25% benign, 75% malignant
| 1 |
An adenolymphoma of parotid gland
|
A pleomorphic adenoma of parotid
|
A carcinoma of the parotid
|
A carcinoma of submandibular salivary gland
|
Surgery
| null |
6cc14952-0996-4a65-9f86-be59aca4bf7a
|
single
|
Coefficient of thermal expansion of metal-ceramic alloys is:
| null | 4 |
Same as porcelain
|
More than porcelain
|
Less than porcelain
|
More than or equal to porcelain but not less
|
Dental
| null |
ff5b365a-bb2c-45e6-9bf9-2a13d93026c8
|
multi
|
All are hyperechoic on USG except
|
Bile is hypoechoic on USG. Air, bone, calcification and fat are hyperechoic on USG. Bile duct shown in the figure.
| 4 |
Air
|
Bone
|
Calcification
|
Bile
|
Radiology
|
ULTRASOUND
|
76fc73ea-9b19-49f2-adad-89d6554f80c9
|
multi
|
Which of the following is/are not side-effect of lithium:
|
Ans. B.HyporeflexiaRef: Synopsis of psychiatry by Kaplan 6 Sadock 11th/985-88; KDT 7th/449; pharmacology by Satoskar 2ith/225Lithium:Mild toxicity: GI disturbances, drowsiness, muscular weakness, alopecia, allergic reaction, blurred vision, glycosuria, polyuria & weight gain.Chronic administration: goiter formation, hypothyroidism & ECG changesEmbryotoxicity: Li is embryotoxic & increases the risk of Ebstein's anomalyHyper-reflexia
| 2 |
Seizure
|
Hyporeflexia
|
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
|
Alopecia
|
Psychiatry
| null |
513506ec-2717-4bda-b33d-434fe9cd5240
|
single
|
Which is the most specific tumor marker for melanoma:
|
HMB-45 is the most specific tumor marker for melanoma. S-100 is most sensitive.
| 4 |
Tyrosinase
|
Vimentin
|
S-100
|
HMB-45
|
Pathology
| null |
328d84e3-093d-417c-8553-2bad69676dc9
|
single
|
Not a chromosoal breakage syndrome
|
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is one of nine types of muscular dystrophy. DMD is caused by an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact. Symptom onset is in early childhood, usually between ages 3 and 5. The disease primarily affects boys, but in rare cases it can affect girls.DMD has an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern and is passed on by the mother, who is referred to as acarrier.
| 4 |
Fragile X syndrome
|
Bloom syndrome
|
Ataxia telangiectasia
|
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
|
Pathology
|
General pathology
|
e70b985b-711e-42db-87c6-b4eb04942087
|
single
|
The infectivity of chicken pox lasts for
|
Period of communicability: Chicken pox: 1-2 days before to 4-5 days after appearance of rash. Measles: 4 days before to 5 days after appearance of rash. Diphtheria: 14-28 days from disease onset Poliomyelitis: 7-10 days before and after onset of symptoms. CHICKEN POX: Also known as &;Varicella&; Causative agent: Varicella Zoster Virus (Human (alpha) Herpes Virus-3) Secondary attack rate: 90% Incubation period : 14-16 days. Rash : Chicken Pox rash Small pox Rash Dew drops on rose petal appearance Centripetal distribution Pleomorphic rash No dew drop Centrifugal distribution Non-pleomorphic MC late complication of chicken pox: Shingles (caused by reactivation of the virus decades after the initial episode of chicken pox) Aspirin must not be given to children with chicken pox: Risk of Reye Syndrome. Strain of live attenuated chicken pox vaccine: OKA strain Congenital Varicella: Most threatening if transmitted in 1st trimester of pregnancy. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno: 157
| 2 |
Till the last scab falls
|
6 days after onset of rash
|
3 days after onset of rash
|
Till the fever subsides
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
17a116af-6a61-419b-a128-b09c78f2be78
|
multi
|
Mechanism of action of Clomiphene citrate used for infeility:-
|
The ability of Clomiphene citrate (CC) to initiate an ovulatory sequence is primarily due to its ability to be recognized by and interact with the estrogen receptors in hypothalamus. In its capacity as an Estrogen antagonist,CC displaces endogenous estrogen from hypothalamic estrogen receptor sites and hence inhibiting the negative feedback of the endogenous estrogen on the hypothalamus (Reproductive Medicine & Surgery, Wallach and Zacur, Mosby '95). In simple terms, there is non recognition of the body's estrogens by the hypothalamus due to the blockade of estrogens receptors by CC and hence the hypothalamus directs the pituitary to make more of FSH which in turn drives the ovary to make a follicle to make estrogens.The development of follicle is the preceeding event before ovulation.
| 1 |
Block estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus
|
Negative feedback on HPO axis
|
Direct action on ovarian primordial follicles
|
Increase in tubal motility
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Infeility (Eggs'plantation!)
|
8df86202-2b02-416f-9cb3-dfe4202c5097
|
single
|
The changes occuring in the disease frequency over many years is called
|
. long term or secular trends implies changes in the occurrence of disease over a long period of time.generally several years or decades.a secular trend implies a consistent tendency to change in a paicular direction or a definitive movement in one direction. ref:park&;s textbook,ed 22,pg no 63
| 3 |
Cyclic trend
|
Seasonal trend
|
Secular trend
|
None of the above
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Epidemiology
|
5c9c490d-dcdc-4fbd-b6cc-bfc83afe5c78
|
multi
|
All of the following are associated with thyroid storm, except
| null | 1 |
Surgery for thyroiditis
|
Surgery for thyrotoxicosis
|
Stressful illness in thyrotoxicosis
|
I-131 therapy for thyrotoxicosis
|
Surgery
| null |
b074bad4-68ca-458d-adc6-c75a1ec1b7e5
|
multi
|
Most accurate assessment of gestational age by USG is done by –
| null | 4 |
Femur length
|
Gestational sac size
|
Menstrual history
|
Crown rump length
|
Radiology
| null |
2a8595b8-ba91-436f-b37d-1c89af3d74f7
|
single
|
Scaler tip or Instrument used on a patient suffering from Hepatitis B should be:
| null | 2 |
Clean with water for 2 minutes
|
Cleaned in water and then autoclaved
|
Instrument should be burnt in flame
|
Do cleansing with spirit only
|
Dental
| null |
82cd46f9-36dd-40c7-b6b8-f094d53e584a
|
single
|
Absorption of vitamin A can be enhanced by giving the child a diet rich in –
| null | 1 |
Fat
|
Protein
|
Minerals
|
Carbohydrates
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
695b0be4-2fa0-4a7e-9876-8909e6811f7d
|
single
|
Inguinal hernia with hydrococle is know as
| null | 1 |
Gibbon's hernia
|
Pantalan's hernia
|
Sliding hernia
|
Norath's hernia
|
Surgery
| null |
d0e65527-c0da-4418-8839-7805ae67fb93
|
single
|
Contraceptive action of combined pill is mainly due to:
| null | 4 |
Decrease in tubal motility
|
Prevents the fertilization
|
Prevents the implantation of fertilized egg
|
Inhibits ovulation
|
Physiology
| null |
88b37aa3-88ce-4d16-85bc-02f4797f6517
|
single
|
The factor responsible for the left shift of Hb-O2 dissociation curve is
|
Hb-O2 dissociation curve shift to left indicates more affinity of Hb to O2 and thus less delivery of O2 to tissues.
Shift to left seen in
- Increased pH
- Decreased 2,3 DPG, temperature, PCO2
- HbF (Fetal)
Shift to right seen in
- Decreased pH
- Increased 2,3DPG, temperature, PCO2
- HbS (Sickle cell)
| 2 |
Increase in 2, 3 DPG in RBC
|
Fall in temperature
|
Fall in pH
|
Increase level of CO2 blood
|
Physiology
| null |
0b66f2fd-d633-419e-a742-4168b51ece41
|
multi
|
`S' component of SAFE-
|
SAFE strategy developed by the WHO is the key to the treatment of trachoma. This consists of Surgery (S) on the lids. Antibiotics to treat the community pool of infection (A), Facial cleanliness (F); and Environmental changes (E).
| 2 |
Screening
|
Surgery
|
Steroids
|
None
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
4de0399e-1de7-4d5e-9a1b-4c0681d805ef
|
multi
|
Triple H therapy for subarachnoid hemorrhage consists of all EXCEPT:
|
ANSWER: (D) HypothermiaREF: Comprehensive Board Review in Neurology by Mark K. Borsody (Thieme) Page 63See APPENDIX- 81 below TRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMATOMASTriple H therapy of subarachnoid hemorrhage used to ameliorate cerebral perfusion, consists of:HypervolaemiaHypertensionHaemodilution APPENDIX- 81TRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HEMATOMAS: Extradural hemorrhageSubdural hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhageCAUSELower-energy trauma with less resultant primary brain injury causing rupture of middle meningeal artery, usually traumatic coup injury (rapid because it is usually from arteries) 10% of epidural bleeds may be venous, 70-80% of epidural hematomas (EDHs) are located in the temporoparietal regionHigh energy impacts with rupture of bridging veins (superior cerebral vein) slower onset than those of epidural hemorrhages because the lower pressure veins bleed more slowly than arteries , most often around the tops and sides of the frontal and parietal lobes, A subdural hematoma (SDH) is the most common type of intracranial mass lesionHead trauma > Rupture of berry s aneurysmIntracerebral hematomas and subarachnoid hemorrhages can also result from strokes.PEAK AGEYounger than 20 yearsBimodal age 60 and older,50 yearsHISTORYFollowing injury, the patient may or may not lose consciousnessSubdural hematomas are divided into acute, subacute, and chronic, depending on the speed of their onset.Risk factors:1. Shaken baby syndrome2. Blood thinners(anticoagulants)3. Long-term alcohol abuse4. Dementia5. Elderly6. AlcoholicsSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) range from subtle prodromal events to the classic presentation. Prodromal events often are misdiagnosed, while the classic presentation is one of the most pathognomonic pictures in all of clinical medicine.SIGNS & SYMPTOMS* Hypertension* Bradycardia* Bradypnea* Severe headache* Vomiting* SiizuresEDH has a classic three-stage clinical presentation that is probably seen in only 20% of cases. The patient is initially unconscious from the concussive aspect of the head trauma.The patient then awakens and has a lucid interval while the hematoma subclinically expands. As the volume of the hematoma grows, the decompensated region of the pressure-volume curve is reached, ICP increases, and the patient becomes lethargic and herniates. Uncal herniation from an EDH classically causes ipsilateral third nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis.* Loss of consciousness* Instability* Seizures* Disorientation* Ataxia* Altered breathing pattern* Blurred vision* Persistent headache,* Fluctuating drowsiness,* Confusion* Memory changes* Paralysis on the side of the body opposite the hematoma* Speech or language impairment* Severe headache with a rapid onset ("thunderclap headache")* Confusion or a lowered level of consciousness* Seizures* Photophobia* Focal neurologic deficit (hemiparesis, aphasia, hemineglect, cranial nerve palsies memory loss)* Motor neurologic deficits* Subhyaloid retinal hemorrhage & papilledema*| Temperature (secondary to chemical meningitis)*| Blood pressure* Neck stiffness usually presents six hours after initial onsetof SAH,* Isolated dilation of a pupil and loss of the pupillary light reflex may reflect brain herniation as a result of rising intracranial pressure * Oculomotornerve abnormalities (affected eye looking downward and outward and inability to lift the eyelid on the same side) or palsy,* "sympathetic surge" i.e. overactivation of the sympathetic systemGRADINGNilBender grading systemWorld Federation ofNeurosurgeons (WFNS)classification:Group 1Normal mental function, no focal signsGradeGCSFocalneurologicaldeficitGroup 2Lethargic, focal neurologic signsGroup 3Stuporous,marked focal neurologic signs115Absent213-14Absent313-14PresentGroup 4Coma, sign of hibernation (pupilary dilation, decerebrate or decorticate posturing, respiratory arrest)47-12Present or absent5<7Present or absentFischer scale (CT scan appearance)Markwalder grading systemGradeAppearance of hemorrhageGroup 0No neurologic signs1None evidentGroup 1Headache, reflex2Less than 1 mm thick asymmetry3More than 1 mm thickGroup 2Altered mental status, bemiparesis4Diffuse or none with intraventricular hemorrhage or parenchymal extensionGroup 3Stupor but responsive, hemiplegia Group 4Coma, decerebrate or decorticate posturing CT SCANOn head CT the dot is bright, biconvex (lentiform), and has a well-defined border that usually respects cranial suture lines.On head CT scan, the clot is bright or mixed-density, crescent-shaped (lunate) with a concave surface away from the skull, may have a less distinct border, and does not cross the midline due to the presence of the falxsensitivity of 98% within the first 12 hours 8t 93% within 24 hoursIn general, blood localized to the basal cisterns, the sylvian fissure, or the intra-hemispheric fissure indicates rupture of a saccular aneurysm.Anterior communicating artery aneurysms often are associated with interhemispheric and intraventricular hemorrhages. Middle communicating artery and posterior communicating artery aneurysms are associated with intraparenchymal hemorrhagesEpidural hematoma (EDH) forms an extraaxial, smoothly marginated, lenticular, or biconvex homogenous densityWhile MRI is superior for demonstrating the size of an acute subdural hematoma (SDH) and its effect on the brain, noncontrast head CT is the primary means of making a diagnosis and suffice for immediate management purposesTREATMENTPatients who meet all of the following criteria may be managed conservatively: clot volume <30 cm3, maximum thickness < 1.5 cm, and GCS score >8.Open craniotomy for evacuation of the concealed clot and hemostasis is indicated for EDH which are not managed conservativelyOpen craniotomy for evacuation of acute SDH is indicated for any of the following: thickness > 1 cm, midline shift >5 mm, or GCS drop by two or more points from the time of injury to hospitalization. Nonoperatively managed hematomas may stabilize and eventually reabsorb, or evolve into chronic SDHsPrompt neurosurgery or radiologically guided interventions with medications and other treatments to help prevent recurrence of the bleeding and complications. Many aneurysms are treated by a less invasive procedure called "coiling", which is carried out by instrumentation through large blood vessels.MORTALITY15 and20%30% overall, 60 to 80% in acute SDHUp to half of all cases of S AH are fatal and 10-15% of casualties die before reaching a hospitalPOORPROGNOSIS* Advanced age* Intradural lesions* Temporal location* Increased hematoma volume* Rapid clinical progression* Pupillary abnormalities* Increased intracranial pressure* Lower Glasgow coma scale (GCS)* No lucid interval* Acute subdural hematomas* Glasgow coma scale <7* Age >80* Acute duration* hypodensity of SDH on CT scan
| 4 |
Hypertension
|
Hypervolaemia
|
Hemodilution
|
Hypothermia
|
Surgery
|
Traumatic Brain Injury
|
dc46a54d-b187-4051-b15a-a9d9e1fae820
|
multi
|
Most of the testosterone secreted by the testes exists in the plasma in the form of ?
|
The majority of circulating testosterone is bound to plasma protein (around 98%), rather than existing in free form . Of this, a majority is bound to a specific sex (or gonadal) steroid-binding protein , and a minority is bound to albumin. Dihydrotestosterone is produced from testosterone in the tissues by a specific enzyme, 5-alpha-reductase, rather than circulating in bound or free form. Ref: Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 23. Function of the Male Reproductive System. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e.
| 4 |
Dihydrotestosterone bound to gonadal steroid-binding hormone
|
Free dihydrotestosterone
|
Free testosterone
|
Testosterone bound to sex-steroid-binding globulin
|
Physiology
| null |
50a847dd-d5ad-4e94-b439-fed48fb2c0b4
|
single
|
Cytochrome oxidase can be poisoned by all, EXCEPT:
|
Cytochrome oxidase is a haemo-protein widely distributed in many tissues. It is the terminal component of the chain of respiratory carriers found in mitochondria and transfers electrons resulting from the oxidation of substrate molecules by dehydrogenases to their final acceptor, oxygen. The enzyme is poisoned by carbon monoxide, cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide. Ref: Harper 28thedition, chapter 12.
| 4 |
Cyanide
|
Hydrogen sulphide
|
Carbon monoxide
|
Carbon dioxide
|
Biochemistry
| null |
227b6220-3ff1-44c7-82a2-f5c035d0ffd6
|
multi
|
Which of the following statement is true about left phrenic nerve?
|
The phrenic nerve arises from the neck from the anterior rami of the 3rd, 4th and 5th cervical nerves. It is formed at the lateral border of the scalenus anterior, opposite the middle of the sternocleidomastoid at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cailage. Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) courses veically along the anterior scalene muscle between the subclan aery and the subclan vein en route to innervate the diaphragm. It is related anteriorly toPreveebral fasciaInf. belly of omohyoidTransverse cervical aerySuprascapular aeryInternal jugular veinSternocleidomastoid musThoracic duct on left sideRef: Moon D.A., Foreman K.B., Albeine K.H. (2011). Chapter 25. Overview of the Neck. In D.A. Moon, K.B. Foreman, K.H. Albeine (Eds), The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy.
| 1 |
Lies anterior to anterior scalenus muscle
|
Posterior to brachial plexus
|
Posterior to subclan aery
|
Posterior to hilum left lung
|
Anatomy
| null |
e5b8cca1-52dc-483c-9d0e-947cefffad02
|
multi
|
Which of the following dietary interventions has shown to reduces moality in patients with coronary hea disease.-
|
Answer is D (Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids) Consumption of Omega 3 PUFA is associated witlt reduced total moality and sudden cardiac death in patients with ischemic hea disease A number of studies have repoed that consumption of Omega 3 fatty acids confers protection from ischaemic hea disease and that this relationship is paiculary strong for coronary hea disease moality and sudden cardiac death High fibre diet: Fibre supplements may reduce levels of total cholesterol and LDL Cholesteral, and may cause a reduction in coronary hea disease. However use of high fibre diet has not shown any benefit in overall moality from CHD and has not yet been recommended for risk reduction in CHD by the American Hea Association (AHA) Sterol Esters: Sterol esters containing food have been documented to decrease Total Cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol levels. They may be recommended in selected individual with hypercholesterolemia for lowering of total and LDL cholesterol levels and for secondary prevention after an atherosclerotic event. However the use of these agents require fuher monitoring as concerns have been raised regarding their tendency to decrease B coene (vitamin A) and a-tocopherol (vit-E) levels. A clear benefit in reduction of moality has not been documented Omega 3 PUFA: Omega 3 PUFA have been documented to decrease total moality and sudden death in patients with ischaemic hea disease. Benefit are most prominently repoed with Omega 3 PUFA's derived from marine sources, namely Eicosopentanoic acid (EPA) and ducosahexanoic acid (DHA) The supplemental use of Omega 3 Fatty acids (EPA plus DHA) has been recommended by the American Hea Association (Braunwald 8th/1108). Pottassium Supplements: These agents have not been recommended by the American hea association for risk reduction in patients with coronary hea disease. Beneficial cardiovascular effects of selected dietry components Preventive Cardiology by Wong, Black, and Gordon/320 * Omega 3 Fatty, Acids .1.1Triglycerides, .1 Platelet Aggregation * High Fibre Diet .1Total cholesterol, .1 LDL Cholesterol * Sterol esters (Phytosterols) ,' Total cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol * Soy protein .JTriglycerides, .1 LDL Cholesterol * Vitamin E .11,DL oxidative susceptibility * Vitamin C Recycles vitamin E * Folic Acid/Vitamin B6 .11-Iomocystine Levels * Moderate Alcohol Consumption IHDL Cholesterol .1Blood clotting coagulation
| 4 |
High Fibre diet
|
Steral Esters
|
Potassium supplements
|
Omega 3 polysaturated fatty acids
|
Medicine
| null |
434e4302-7bf5-450e-a88b-4f7ee08509c9
|
single
|
An 8 year old female presents to the dental clinic due to the increasing gaps between her upper front teeth. Her parents reveal to the doctor that she constantly has her fingers in the mouth despite being reminded. On clinical examination it was noted that the labial flaring and protrusive spacing of maxillary anterior teeth and increased overjet was present. The condition the girl is currently having can be best described as
|
If the intensity of the habit persists or increases and adverse dental and skeletal changes are noted beyond age 4 years, corrective measures may be needed to avoid undesirable occlusal problems. By the age of 6to 7 years, estimates indicate that approximately 10% to 15% of children have a persistent digit-sucking habit that runs the gamut from incidental sucking at bedtime to pronounced habits that seems to be almost constant. Almost all authorities recognize that persistent digit-sucking habits extending into the incisor transition period can cause a malocclusion or aggravate an already existing one. Pressure generated from the habit can produce changes in the anterior segments of the dental arches, with labial flaring and protrusive spacing of maxillary anterior teeth and increased overjet. Remodeling of the maxillary alveolar process and vertical displacement of the maxillary anterior teeth can result in an open-bite relationship.
| 4 |
Tongue thrusting
|
Thumb sucking
|
Mouth breathing
|
Digit sucking
|
Dental
| null |
fe43b1af-b39d-47f1-8fc3-f8a8bfd6afc6
|
single
|
Increased levels of which of the following in amniotic fluid is an indicator of neural tube defect in the fetus :
|
Acetylcholine esterase: (AChE) Amniotic fluid AChE level is elevated in most cases of open neural tube defects. It has got better diagnostic value than AFP. Reference: D C Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics 7th edition page no 113
| 1 |
Acetylcholinesterase
|
Butyrylcholinesterase
|
Pseudocholinesterase
|
Phosphatidyl esterase
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
General obstetrics
|
1086d21c-fef5-4c2d-84d0-e3a81db9c4d7
|
single
|
Prevention of emergence of risk factor is:
|
Primordial prevention
| 1 |
Primordial prevention
|
Primary prevention
|
Secondary prevention
|
Teiary prevention
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
0b68b8af-137f-4377-8d64-baa5c899766c
|
single
|
Which of the following is a quantitative defect in globin synthesis-
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Thalassemiao Thalassemia is defined as a Quantitative defect in synthesis of structurally normal elobin chains.Sickle Cell Disease represents a qualitative defect in synthesis of globin chains (Structurally abnormal globin chains).# G6PD Deficiency and Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome (Pure Red Cell Aplasia) are not associated with quanitative or qualitative defects in globin chain synthesis
| 1 |
Thalassemia
|
Sickle cell hemoglobinopathy
|
G6PD deficiency
|
Diamond-Black fan syndrome
|
Medicine
|
Thalassemia
|
3e17da03-4079-4f9f-8ca0-bd9dc2e46593
|
single
|
Statutory body (shown in symbol) has been established under the act passed in
|
2006
| 3 |
2000
|
2002
|
2006
|
2013
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Health Programmes in India
|
0e39527a-90fa-4169-ac4c-1ca573a0d4e2
|
single
|
Stag horn calculi associated with Proteus infection are?
|
Triple phosphate or struvite ( Calcium phosphate with ammonium magnesium phosphate ) is smooth and diy white. It grows in alkaline urine, especially when urea splitting organisms like proteus are present and break urea to ammonia and co2 and make urine alkaline. they enlarge to fill most of the collecting system forming a staghorn calculus. Reference : Bailey and Love's sho practice of surgery 27th edition , chapter 76 , pg no 1406
| 2 |
Uric acid stones
|
Triple phosphate stones
|
Calcium oxalate stones
|
Cysteine stones
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
567289e5-5af9-4a3e-93b5-fcd656d27bb8
|
single
|
Which of the following structures constitutes part of ventricle of heart -
|
The inflowing part of ventricles has trabeculations called as trabeculae carneae.
| 4 |
Auricle
|
Crista terminalis
|
Fossa ovalis
|
Trabeculae carneae
|
Anatomy
| null |
a9fa89f1-c387-456a-8089-6912e6d91ccd
|
single
|
prophylactiC plasma concentration range of lithium in mEq does not include:
|
0.5-1mEq /lit is the therapeutic plasma concentration of lithium. Ref KD Trip[ati 8th ed
| 1 |
0.5
|
0.8
|
0.6
|
1
|
Pharmacology
|
Central Nervous system
|
3c54bcf0-9211-4552-ab1a-97b59f0f8256
|
single
|
Dumping syndrome is characterized by all of the following except: March 2005
|
Ans. C: Hyperglycemia Dumping syndrome is a relatively rare disorder in which the stomach contents are delivered too quickly to the small intestine. It occurs as a physiological reaction to the consumption of too much simple or refined sugar in some persons, when simple sugar exits the stomach too rapidly it attracts fluid into the upper intestine, and the blood volume decreases as it attempts to absorb the sugar. Dumping syndrome is one of the unwanted post operative sequelae to paial gastrectomy. This symptom complex is believed to be due to rapid emptying of the gastric contents into the upper small intestine and also an increased transit rate through the small bowel itself right through the colon. As a consequence of this dumping a large volume of hyperosmotic fluid enters the small intestine. In an attempt to bring the osmotic tension to the physiological range, large amount of fluid cross the intestinal mucosa. As a result the plasma volume is reduced, which in turn exes a vasomotor effect. The vasomotor symptoms comprise general weakness, pallor, sweating, palpitation and light headedness. Another set of symptoms of gastrointestinal disturbance such as epigastric discomfo, nausea, vomiting and possibly an episode of diarrhea is observed. The biochemical changes that occur in dumping syndrome are hyperinsulinaemia followed by hypoglycaemia due to rapid transpo and absorption of food from small intestine after a meal. Since the conversion of glucose to glycogen and its storage consumes potassium, its level in blood decreases in dumping syndrome and hence hypokalaemia may be seen too. These symptoms classically occur some 5-30 minutes after eating and are more marked if the meal is large paicularly if it contains a substantial amount of carbohydrate and liquid. The choices for managing dumping syndrome include dietary changes, medications and surgery. Although dumping syndrome classically develops after gall bladder surgery, it may also occur after other abdominal operations, such as duodenal ulcer surgery or surgery for severe reflux. Sometimes it may be seen in people born with unusually small stomach and very rarely in those with stomach abnormalities.
| 3 |
Colic
|
Tremors and giddiness
|
Hyperglycemia
|
Epigastric fullness
|
Surgery
| null |
d4ec8f42-388c-47c0-9fef-8354f4325060
|
multi
|
The anticodon region is an impoant pa of the
|
C i.e. t - RNA
| 3 |
r-RNA
|
m-RNa
|
t-RNa
|
hn-RNa
|
Biochemistry
| null |
9c732f25-2de8-4fd6-aa58-da71222eafef
|
single
|
Best way to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia
|
Best method to prevent hypotension is to preload the patient with crystalloids or colloids. B, C, D are used as a pa of treatment not preventive measures. Prophylactic fluid preloading before spinal anesthesia has been a routine procedure to prevent maternal hypotension during cesarean delivery. Unlike colloid, timing of infusion of crystalloid may be impoant because of its sho stay in intravascular space Ref Robbins 9/e pg 765
| 1 |
Preloading with crystalloids
|
Preloading with crystalloids
|
Mephentermine
|
Trendelenburg position
|
Pathology
|
All India exam
|
5c147176-3cdb-487c-9bdc-f76c93f40f65
|
multi
|
Reports of patients disliking the rubber dam are usually the result of
| null | 3 |
Latex allergy to the patient
|
Problem in breathing
|
a lack ofconfidence of the dental team with its application
|
all of the above
|
Dental
| null |
5c576640-f867-4d08-ad86-dd5d6b602413
|
multi
|
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors when used for a long time in patients with hypertension, cause:
|
Ans. (B) Reduction in filtration fraction(Ref: Goodman & Gilman 11/e p804)*Angiotensin II shifts the renal pressure natriuresis curve to right and helps to adjust the sodium level of the body according to dietary intake of sodium (more excretion with more intake and less excretion with less consumption). ACE inhibitors block this action of angiotensin II and cause leftward shift of renal pressure natriuresis curve, so that if sodium intake is decreased much more natriuresis can occur.*ACE inhibitors increase renal blood flow without increasing GFR and thus result in reduction of filtration fraction*ACE inhibitors do not significantly increase heart rate.*There are variable effect on various vascular beds with ACE inhibitors, these can dilate large arteries.
| 2 |
Rightward shift in renal pressure-natriuresis curve
|
Reduction in filtration fraction
|
Significant increase in heart rate
|
No change in compliance of large arteries
|
Pharmacology
|
C.V.S
|
99546c9b-b0fa-4e1a-82df-a68f87679651
|
single
|
During the asymptomatic latent phase of AIDS, the virus is actively proliferating, and can be found in association with?
|
Follicular dendritic cells in the germinal centers of lymph nodes are impoant reservoirs of HIV. Although some follicular dendritic cells are infected with HIV, most viral paicles are found on the surface of their dendritic processes. Follicular dendritic cells have receptors to the Fc poion of immunoglobulins that serve to trap HIV virions coated with anti-HIV antibodies. These coated HIV paicles retain the ability to infect CD4+ T cells as they traverse the dendritic cells. B lymphocytes have a surface marker (CD21 protein-a complement receptor) to which an Epstein-Barr envelope glycoprotein can bind. The virus associates with the host cell genome, producing a latent infection. These B cells undergo polyclonal activation and proliferation. Ganglion cells, paicularly the satellite cells around the ganglion cells in the dorsal root ganglia, can be infected by varicella-zoster. Herpes type I and II infect neurons that innervate skin and mucous membranes. Oligodendrocytes are directly infected by two viruses, JC virus (a polyomavirus) and measles virus. JC virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and measles virus produces a latent syndrome called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Ref: Levinson W. (2012). Chapter 58. Cellular Basis of the Immune Response. In W. Levinson (Ed), Review of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 12e.
| 2 |
B lymphocytes
|
Follicular dendritic cells in lymph nodes
|
Ganglion cells
|
Oligodendrocytes
|
Microbiology
| null |
ae9599a0-b936-4e02-b04b-4f6ec909983e
|
single
|
Arrange the following stages of demographic cycle in order: I. High stationary II. Late expanding III. Low stationary IV. Early expanding
|
First stage (High stationary): This stage is characterised by high bih and death rate which cancel out each other and the population remains stationary. Second stage (Early expanding): The death rate begins to decline, while the bih rate tends to fall. Many countries in South Asia and Africa are in this phase. Third stage (late expanding): The death rate of the population is on declining trend. The bih rates are also falling. The population continues to grow as bih rate exceeds deaths. India is currently in this phase. Fouh stage (Low stationary): This stage is characterised by low bih and death rate with a result that the population becomes stationary as in Austria in 1980 to 1985. Fifth stage (declining): Population begins to decline because th bih rate is lower than the death rate. Ref: Park, 22nd edition pg: 441
| 4 |
I, II, III & IV
|
I,III, IV & II
|
I, IV, III & II
|
I, IV, II & III
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
0f0657b6-d8bb-4a78-a22d-572669350c1d
|
single
|
Prevention of disease by immunization comes under which category
|
Primary prevention aims at preventing the progression of risk factors to disease. It includes health promotion and specific protection. Immunization comes under specific protection. Ref : Park&;s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine; 23rd edition - Pgno. 42
| 2 |
Primordial prevention
|
Primary prevention
|
Secondary prevention
|
Teiary prevention
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Concept of health and disease
|
d5d2b577-6e2a-4b8f-8e15-2ca56077e5be
|
single
|
Longest transit time in GIT is seen in:
|
C i.e. ColonTransit time in Small Intestine & ColonThe first pa of a test meal reaches the caecum in about 4 hours, all of the undigested poions have entered the colon in 8-9 hours.On average, the first remnants of the meal reach the hepatic flexure in 6 hours, the splenic flexure in 9 hours & the pelvic colon in 12 hours.From the pelvic colon to the anus, transpo in much slowerQ.As much as 25% of the residue of a test meal still be in the rectum in 72 hours.So, the transit time of colon is the longestQ.
| 3 |
Stomach
|
Jejunum
|
Colon
|
Ileum
|
Physiology
| null |
838e60f4-9081-4e19-a950-0a86cefbe621
|
single
|
Which of the following drug is alpha–glucosidase inhibitor ?
| null | 2 |
Pioglitazone
|
Miglitol
|
Metformin
|
Nateglinide
|
Pharmacology
| null |
76588f42-ad08-4e6e-8051-59cb1b9faf9c
|
single
|
A total number of .......tablets of iron with folic acid is given to a pregnant women by the Health worker-
|
<p> 100 mg of elemental iron and 500 micrograms of folic acid are being distributed daily for 100 days to a pregnant woman through ASHA or antinatal clinic. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:527. <\p>
| 3 |
70
|
90
|
100
|
150
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Health programmes in India
|
9e42d78f-2e51-455d-8e7f-e15b2cee2a06
|
single
|
Which of the following is drug of choice for CMV retinitis?
|
Doc for CMV retinitis - Ganciclovir Other drugs used - Foscarnet, cidofovir Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella zoster virus (VZV) - Acyclovir Anti HIV drugs - Tenofovir, Abacavir Ganciclovir: Activated intracellularly by virus specific thymidine kinase Due to poor oral absorption, bioavailability of ganciclovir is low (<10%) It's prodrug valganciclovir ,which is better absorbed orally, has replaced it for oral therapy Systemic S/E: Bone marrow depression Rash ,fever,vomiting Neuro psychiatric disturbances
| 3 |
Acyclovir
|
Tenofovir
|
Ganciclovir
|
Abacavir
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Viral Drugs
|
b521ddee-9a0b-46ea-8afa-4508b2376b1f
|
single
|
The therapy shown is used in the management of which of the following condition?
|
Intermittent low-pressure pulse therapy It is observed that intermittent positive pressure delivered to inner ear fluids brings relieffrom the symptoms of Meniere's disease. Not only there is improvement in veigo, tinnitus and ear fullness, but hearing may also improve. Intermittent positive pressure waves can be delivered through an instrument called Meniett device which has been approved by FDA. A prerequisite for such a therapy is to perform a myringotomy and inse a ventilation tube so that the device when coupled to the external ear canal can deliver pressure waves to the round window membrane the ventilation tube. Pressure waves pass through the perilymph and cause reduction in endolymph pressure by redistributing it through various communication channels such as the endolymphatic sac or the blood vessels. Some believe they regulate secretion of endolymph by the stria vascularis. Patient can self-administer the treatment at home. It may require a few months before complete remission of disease is obtained. Meniett device therapy has been recommended for patients who have failed medical treatment and the surgical options are being considered. Ref : Diseases of ENT by Dhingra 6th edition Pgno : 104,105
| 1 |
Meniere's disease
|
Otosclerosis
|
Serous otitis media
|
Acute Suppurative Otitis Media
|
ENT
|
Ear
|
69bb0d71-ef98-438c-b4bf-0c11720e4c34
|
single
|
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