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Indications of amnioinfusion includes all of the following, except ?
|
Transvaginal amnioinfusion has been extended into three clinical areas (1) treatment of variable or prolonged decelerations, (2) prophylaxis for women with oligohydramnios, as with prolonged ruptured membranes, and (3) attempts to dilute or wash out thick meconium It was concluded that amnioinfusion appeared to be useful in reducing the occurrence of variable decelerations, improving neonatal outcome, and reducing cesarean delivery rates.
| 3 |
Prolonged rupture of membranes with oligohydramnios
|
Variable decelerations
|
Treatment of late declerations during labour
|
In decreasing risk of meconium aspiration during labour in patients with thick meconium
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Obstetrics
|
4d1ea437-263d-4cd9-ac81-b26a8208fc4a
|
multi
|
Nootropic drug
|
Ans. d (Piracetam). (Ref. KD Tripathi, Pharmacology, 4th ed., 481)CEREBROACTIVE DRUGS (COGNITION ENHANCERS)1NootropicPiracetam2Metabolic enhancerDihydrergotaxine,Nicergoline,Piribedil3Cholinergic activatorTacrine4Vasoactive cerebral protectorsPyritinol, Ginko biloba.Educational Points:DRUGUsed in Rx of:Newer cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil, Revastigmine, Galantamine) & Mementine (NMDA antagonist)Alzheimer's diseaseRiluzoleAmyotropic lateral sclerosisD2 receptor blockers (Chlorpromazine, haloperidol)Huntington's choreab-IFN, Glatiramer & NatalizumabMultiple sclerosisTemozolomide, an orally administered alkylating agent, has replaced nitrosureas, including carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU), as the most widely used chemotherapeutic agent for :High-grade gliomas.
| 4 |
Rivastigmine
|
Tacrine
|
Amantadine
|
Piracetam
|
Pharmacology
|
C.N.S
|
d2f32a18-5fc9-4aff-9a3d-38196247bec0
|
single
|
Best mode of contraception for a newly married lady with rheumatic heart disease:
|
Barrier contraceptives (diaphragm/condom) are the ideal contraceptives for patients with medical complications such as heart disease.
“The primary advantage of the diaphragm is the almost total absence of risks and medical contraindications.”
Combined oral contraceptive pills are contraindicated in a woman with cardiac disease.
IUCD is carefully considered in a cardiac and diabetic woman because of the possibility of pelvic infection.
Depoprovera (DMPA) a progesterone only injectable contraceptive also is not a preferred agent for patients with cardiac disease although it is not contraindicated.
Sterilization should be considered with completion of family at the end of first week in the puerperium under local anesthesia through abdominal root by minilap technique.
If the heart is not well compensated, the husband is advised for vasectomy.
| 4 |
Oral pills
|
Norplant
|
IUCD
|
Condom
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
4385f0de-0d91-4c8a-84eb-2c39f04ff980
|
single
|
Which of the following is the preferred mode of contraception recommended during lactation:
|
Medical eligibility criteria (MEC) categories for contraceptive eligibility: 1. A condition for which there is no restriction for the use of the contraceptive method. 2. A condition where the advantages of using the method generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks. 3. A condition where the theoretical or proven risks usually outweigh the advantages of using the method. 4. A condition which represents an unacceptable health risk if the contraceptive method is used. Progestin-only Contraception methods do not impair milk production and are an excellent choice for lactating women. There are no increased risks of genital tract or breast neoplasia MEC 1 However, after the initial 6 weeks of delivery are over, use of IUCDs is equally good
| 3 |
IUCD
|
DMPA
|
Progesterone only pills
|
OCP
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Puerperium
|
8ca683a1-8f8b-4857-a396-96502c8f5232
|
single
|
Total Skin Electron Irradiation is used for the treatment of –
|
Total Skin Electron Radiation is used primary in patients with Mycosis Fungoides.
| 1 |
Mycosis Fungoides
|
Psoriasis
|
Sezary Syndrome
|
Brain Metastasis
|
Dental
| null |
83e269c7-0494-455f-8a53-1316080f9d43
|
single
|
Normal PCWP with pulmonary oedema is seen in -
|
HIGH ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA : Though it remains a topic of intense investigation, multiple studies and reviews over the last several years have helped to elucidate the proposed mechanism of HAPE. The inciting factor of HAPE is the decrease in paial pressure of aerial ).The resultant ) secondary to ) with over-distention of the capillary beds and increased may not in itself be sufficient to explain the development of Ref Harrison 20th edition pg 1456
| 2 |
Left atrial myxoma
|
High altitude
|
Pulmonary vein obstruction
|
Pulmonary aery obstruction
|
Medicine
|
C.V.S
|
2edd50f7-fcf5-4ac8-92dc-8f11dd4c6c71
|
single
|
HLA 27 antigen is associated with all of the following disease except -
| null | 4 |
Ankylosing spondylitis
|
Reiter's syndrome
|
Psoriatic arthorpathy
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
|
Medicine
| null |
29cb801e-62ab-4b74-b5f9-e17c7ddbf4b1
|
multi
|
In PT test, the addition of Ca2+ & tissue thromboplastin activates which pathway?
|
Ans. (a) ExtrinsicTo PT we add of Ca2+ & tissue thromboplastin which activates extrinsic pathway, while to test for aPTT we add kaolin, silica which activates intrinsic pathway.
| 1 |
Extrinsic
|
Intrinsic
|
Fibrinolytic
|
Common
|
Pathology
|
Bleeding Disorders
|
ceb3213f-a05b-4607-83e4-9959319a79b2
|
single
|
Chinese letter arrangement is seen in: March 2009 & 2011
|
Ans. B: Corynebnacterium diphtheria Nonpathogens that resemble Corynebacterium diptheriae in appearance are termed "diptheroids". The arrangement of the bacteria provide a clue to distinguish the pathogen Corynebacterium diptheriae from the nonpathogenic diptheroids. C. diptheriae bacteria form 90 degree angles to one another, forming "X's", "Y's", or "Chinese letters". In contrast, diptheroids are often in parallel arrangements called "palisades". The diagnostic significance of metachromatic granules arises from the fact that the causative agent of diptheria, Corynebacterium diptheriae, characteristically produces metachromatic granules.
| 2 |
M.tuberculosis
|
Corynebnacterium diphtheria
|
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
M. leprae
|
Microbiology
| null |
c74ffa4d-5f9b-4fac-a259-d69c04996d86
|
single
|
Mechanism of action of Pemetrexed is:-
|
Dihydrofolate reductase Inhibitors Methotrexate Pralatrexate Pemetrexed PEMETREXED - used in mesothelioma D: Topoisomerase introduces negative coil's and aids in replication IRINOTECAN - topoisomerase Inhibitor
| 2 |
RNA synthesis inhibitor
|
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
|
Dopamine agonist
|
Topoisomerase inhibitor
|
Pharmacology
|
FMGE 2017
|
84155350-ace5-49f3-be01-bcb8f1a91729
|
single
|
Dermal leishmaniasis is caused by all except -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e.None of the above All of the mentioned options cause Dermal leishmaniasis o L. donovani is tha causative agent of dermal leishmaniasis(Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis or PKDL). Other three cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis, causative agents o L. tropica and L. infantum - Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) o L. major-Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) o L. aethiopia - Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (DCL) o L. infantum, L. chagasi, L. donavani - Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) # L. donavani is the causative agent of Indian PKDL.
| 4 |
L. tropica
|
L. major
|
L.aethiopica
|
None of the above
|
Unknown
| null |
3bfcca38-4513-4eb3-9521-dc89a3a0264c
|
multi
|
Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is least likely associated with
|
Ove or symptomatic hypothyroidism is repoed to complicate between 2 and 10 pregnancies per 1000. Clinical/ ove hypothyroidism is confirmed when an abnormally high serum TSH level is accompanied by an abnormally low thyroxine level. Most common cause is Hashimoto thyroiditis Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined by an elevated serum TSH level and normal serum thyroxine concentration Complications in pregnancy Aboion Placental abruption Pretem bih Low Bih weight Stillbih placental abruption Pre eclampsia Impaired psychomotor development of baby Also a cause of infeility, menstrual disturbances
| 3 |
PIH
|
Recurrent aboions
|
Polyhydramnios
|
Preterm labour
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Medical Illness Complicating Pregnancy
|
2cfc333b-8186-478b-bb0c-0e9eda6cb70a
|
single
|
When using low-flow circle absorber techniques, the uptake of nitrous oxide must be considered. In a healthy 70 kg adult the expected uptake of nitrous oxide, with a 70% inspired concentration, after 1.5 hours would be about
|
uptake of N2O (in mls/min) is equal to 1000 divided by the square root of the time elapsed (in mins) * the time elapsed is 100 minutes. * the square root of this is 10 * 1000 divided by 10 is 100 so the N2O uptake at 100 mins into the case would be about 100mls/min.
| 4 |
1000 ml.min-1
|
500 ml.min-1
|
250 ml.min-1
|
100 ml.min-1
|
Anaesthesia
|
Preoperative assessment and monitoring in anaesthesia
|
25596c3f-b333-4fc6-8d84-18781ad48661
|
single
|
Adenoidectomy with grommet inseion is treatment of choice for
|
Common cause of serous otitis media in children is growth of adenoid; hence treatment aims at removal of cause (adenoidectomy) and drainage of middle ear by grommet. Serous otitis media in adults should arouse suspicion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and hence the treatment aims at removal of carcinoma Adenoiditis is an acute condition and requires treatment conservatively.
| 1 |
Serous otitis media in children
|
Serous otitis media in adults
|
Adenoiditis in children
|
All of the above
|
ENT
| null |
ac205865-a876-4165-b8a3-4913a9201ec7
|
multi
|
All of the following are true about Alcoholic hallucinosis except
|
Disturbance of consciousness like irrelevant talking is seen in Delirium tremens, not alcoholic hallucinosis.
| 3 |
Seen after 12 - 24 hours of alcohol cessation
|
Auditory hallucinations are commonly seen
|
Disturbance of consciousness is present
|
All are true
|
Psychiatry
| null |
351d8b90-d0d4-404f-b6bb-fffa5033f5f5
|
multi
|
Which of the following is a histological feature of Whipple's disease -
| null | 3 |
Infiltration of histocytes in the lamina propria
|
Granuloma in the lamina
|
Macrophages with PAS (+) material inside the lamina propria
|
Eosinophils in the lamina propria
|
Medicine
| null |
2acc9fec-ce26-4095-a86e-968cc291c8ed
|
single
|
All the following are related to legal responsibility of an insane person except:
|
D i.e. Rule of nine
| 3 |
Mc Naughten's rule
|
Durham's rule
|
Curren's rule
|
Rule of nine
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
6852082e-50a9-4290-9183-c7c9eb83368c
|
multi
|
Following is true about oculocardiac reflex except ?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., It is mediated by occulomotor and vagus nerve Oculocardiac reflex Oculocardiac reflex, is also known as Aschner phenomenon, Aschner reflex, or Aschner-Dagnini reflex, o It is characterized by decrease in pulse rate (bradycardia) associated with traction applied to extraocular muscles and/or compression of the eyeball. The reflex is mediated by nerve connections between the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal cranial nerve the ciliary ganglion, and the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system. This reflex is especially sensitive in neonates and children, paicularly during strabismus correction surgery. However, this reflex may also occur with adults. Bradycardia, junctional rhythm and asystole, all of which may be life-threatening,can be induced through this reflex.
| 2 |
It is also called aschner phenomenon
|
It is mediated by occulomotor and vagus nerve
|
It is characterized by bradycardia following traction on extra-ocular muscles
|
Reflex is more sensitive in neonates
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
4d35917e-70c0-49d3-8b8d-2dc2f5542789
|
multi
|
High inguinal orchidectomy specimen showed teratoma testis with involvement of epididymis; stage is
|
T0- No evidence of tumour. Tis- Carcinoma in situ T1- Tumour limited to testis and epididymis. Vascular/ lymphatic invasion not present. Tumor may invade tunica albuginea but not tunica vaginalis. T2- Tumour limited to testis and epididymis with vascular/ lymphatic invasion. Or tumor extends through the tunica albuginea with involvement of tunica vaginalis. T3- Tumour invades to spermatic cord with or without vascular/ lymphatic invasion. T4- Tumour invades to scrotum with or without vascular/ lymphatic invasion. Reference : page 1085 SRB's manual of surgery 5th edition
| 1 |
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T4b
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
0e6633e5-75ab-493d-a897-4755319599af
|
single
|
Asymptomatic infant with, Wo TB exposure, He is 3 month old and had taken 3 months of chemoprophylaxis, what is to be done next ?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Continue for 3 month (WHO & RNTCP guideline) A child born to mother who was diagnosed to have TB in pregnancy should receive prophylaxis for 6 months, provi ded congenital TB has been ruled out. BCG vaccination can be delayed even if INH chemoprophylaxis is planned
| 2 |
Test sputum and then decide
|
Continue for 3 months
|
Tuberculin test then decide
|
Immunise with BCG & stop prophylasix
|
Pediatrics
| null |
f9b73e70-e83f-489f-abf9-53845b79e1f4
|
single
|
Hyperuricemia in von Gierke disease is due to the deficiency of the following enzyme:
|
Purine overproduction and hyperuricemia in von Gierke disease (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency) occurs secondary to enhanced generation of the PRPP precursor ribose 5-phosphate. The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, an overproduction hyperuricemia characterized by frequent episodes of uric acid lithiasis and a bizarre syndrome of self-mutilation, reflects a defect in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, an enzyme of purine salvage. Hypouricemia and increased excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine are associated with xanthine oxidase deficiency. Adenosine deaminase deficiency is associated with an immunodeficiency disease in which both thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) are sparse and dysfunctional. Ref: Rodwell V.W. (2011). Chapter 33. Metabolism of Purine & Pyrimidine Nucleotides. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e.
| 2 |
Defect in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
|
Glucose-6-phosphatase
|
Xanthine oxidase
|
Adenosine deaminase
|
Biochemistry
| null |
faf135e5-68d8-4ae8-af85-78eb9fa42aa3
|
single
|
A baby on examination shows unilateral moro's reflex with positive palmar grasp reflex. The site of lesion is :
|
Ans. is 'b' C5-C6 Moro's reflex is a neonatal reflex which develops by 28th wk of gestation and disappears by 12 wks of age.Moro reflex is obtained by placing the infant in semi-upright position, then the head is momentarily allowed to fall backward with immediate re-support by the examiner's hand.The child symmetrically abducts and extends the arms and flexes the thumbs, followed by flexion and adduction of upper extremities.Unilateral Moro's reflex is seen in :Erb s palsy (C5-CJ damageSpastic hemiplegia*Fracture of humerus or clavicle *.Exaggerated Moro's reflex is seen in - cerebral damage*.Some important facts about neonatal reflexes :Sucking reflex* - observed by 14 wks of gestation.Rooting reflex* - develops by 28 wks gestation.Palmar grasp reflex* -develops by 28 wks and disappears by 4 months of age.Toxic neck reflux - disappears by 8 months of age.
| 2 |
C3 - C4
|
C5 - C6
|
C8 - C1
|
C1 - C2
|
Pediatrics
|
Nervous System Disorders
|
2c97bb3d-610a-4444-9939-f29000e347d8
|
single
|
If there is a Gs alpha subunit gain–of–function mutation,this results in:
| null | 4 |
Decreased cAMP
|
Decreased IP3
|
Increased GTPase activity
|
Increased cAMP
|
Pharmacology
| null |
5d128159-fee7-4690-a9bd-0a526ddd28bd
|
single
|
Bone resorption is enhanced by
|
Bone resorption is increased by prostaglandin E2. Increased PGE2 stimulates binding of RANK ligand to RANK- stimulating osteoclast-causing resorption (REF.Essential of medical pharmacology K D TRIPATHI 6 Edition, Page No - 325)
| 3 |
PGD2
|
PDF2
|
PGE2
|
PGI2
|
Pharmacology
|
Endocrinology
|
5532cf1f-6dc0-4607-b8ae-31b5d0c13a1b
|
single
|
Which one predisposes to Breast cancer-
| null | 4 |
Adenosis
|
Fibrosis
|
Blue domed cysts
|
Epitheliosis
|
Surgery
| null |
7d36d549-d646-497c-9c82-3a7d02b35fa8
|
single
|
The following activity increases in DNA in a permissive chromatin:
|
Ans. C. Acetylation of histonesEffects of epigenetic modificationMethylation of CpG islands-Repressive chromatinPhosphorylaion of histones-Chromatin condensation (Repressive chromatin) or opening of chromatin (Permissive chromatin)Acetylation of histones-Permissive chromatinSumoylation-Repressive chromatin
| 3 |
Methylation of CpG islands
|
Phosphorylation
|
Acetylation of histones
|
Sumoylation
|
Biochemistry
|
Molecular Genetics
|
d81aa7a7-ab80-4eff-9701-f738ab330aa8
|
single
|
A patient has hyperphosphatemia with short metacarpals and associated cataract. The diagnosis is -
| null | 1 |
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
|
Hypophosphatasia
|
Hyperparathyroidism
|
Osteomalacia
|
Medicine
| null |
2a3b90ee-b3aa-4a3e-b568-df80518f3eaf
|
single
|
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae infection is transmitted by the following animals
|
(A) Rats # Leptospiral infection Serotype: Icterohaemorrhage Disease: Weil's disease Clinical picture: Fever, jaundice, haemorrhages Animal reservoir: Rat Distribution: Worldwide> Several animals act as carriers for Leptospira.> Rats are particularly important for Leptospira as they are ubiquitous and carry most pathogenic serotype iceterohemorrhagiae.> Source of Infection of Leptospira : Leptospira are excreted in the urine of infected animals for a long time, often for an entire life time in cases of rodents> Animal Reservoirs: Leptospirosis affects wild and domestic animals worldwide especially rodents such as rats, mice and voles.
| 1 |
Rats
|
Dogs
|
Birds
|
Bats
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Miscellaneous
|
7b15d9e5-327e-4f28-9852-76de867dd62f
|
single
|
Which of these muscles is not cut in postero lateral thoractomy :
|
B. i.e. Pectoralis major
| 2 |
Serratus anterior
|
Pectoralis major
|
Latissimus dorsi
|
Intercostals
|
Anatomy
| null |
aec3c5a3-8aef-4586-99f8-bf41b457e36e
|
single
|
The best method to confirm the diagnosis of carcinoma cervix is :
|
Cervical biopsy
| 3 |
Physical examination
|
Pap smear
|
Cervical biopsy
|
Curettage
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
eeb519e8-6522-4861-83ae-c908b7478d6b
|
single
|
Mucosal lining of fallopian tube secretion for ovum nutrition controlled by -
|
Ans. D. ProgesteroneThe secretions of the fallopian tube are a mode of nutrition to the developing zygote till, it reaches uterus and placenta forms.Progesterone increases the secretion of the fallopian tube mucous membrane and. abo causes hyperplasia of the muscular lining of the fallopian tube and makes its peristaltic movements stronger
| 4 |
LH
|
FSH
|
Estrogen
|
Progesterone
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
202fea12-3d43-49eb-8c2c-799baca88a0b
|
multi
|
Mifepristone is used in -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Medical termination of pregnancy Mifepristone Mifepristone is a 19-norsteroid with potent competitive antiprogestational, antiglucocoicod and antiandrogenic action. Mifepriston is a paial agonist and competitive antagonist at both A and B isoforms of progesterone receptors. Uses Termination ofpregnancy 3. Postcoital contraceptive 5. Induction of labour Cervical ripening 4. Once-a-month contraceptive 6. Cushing's syndrome o Uses under evaluation are-in endometriosis, uterine fibroid, ceain breast cancers and meningioma.
| 1 |
Medical terminations of pregnancy
|
Breast carcinoma
|
Prostatic carcinoma
|
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
|
Pharmacology
| null |
916c8c0f-948f-4204-805c-7d8020a7d287
|
single
|
Which of the following is not included under Garrod's tetrad
|
Garrod's tetrad includes Albinism, Pentosuria, Alkaptonuria, Cystinuria.
| 3 |
Albinism
|
Pentosuria
|
Phenylketonuria
|
Cystinuria
|
Biochemistry
| null |
bd8ff29a-27e6-43b9-85e7-87fa9cc5e35c
|
single
|
Auto nephrectomy is seen in
| null | 2 |
Sickle cell anemia
|
Renal T.B.
|
Sarcoidosis
|
Lymphoma
|
Surgery
| null |
f0c9f843-a965-48e4-bc02-4bcc5f7c3f99
|
single
|
Gram stained periorbital exudates in severe panophthalmitis with cellulitis in an elderly diabetic shows irregular branching aseptate and broad hyphae. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis-
|
1.Irregular branching aseptate and broad hyphae belong to Zygomycota phylum and cause Zygomycosis. *Zygomycota are aseptate fungi that cause serious infections, primarily in ketoacidotic diabetic patients and cancer patients. 2. Agents of Zygomycosis - - Rhizopus, Mucor, Lichtheimia (Old name: Absidia), Apophysomyces - Candida: Yeast like fungi. - Aspergillus: Narrow septate hyaline hyphae with acute angle branching molds. - Pencillium: Hyaline thin septate hyphae, vesicles are absent, and conidia arranged as brush border appearance molds.
| 4 |
Candida
|
Aspergillus
|
Pencillium
|
Apophysomyces species
|
Microbiology
|
Mycology
|
f74f7c56-fa43-42df-a6de-691030d6e744
|
single
|
Gastric infection with H.pylori account for all these adverse events , EXCEPT:
|
Gastric infection with the bacterium H. pylori accounts for Majority of PUD ( Gastric as well as Duodenum) Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma Gastric adenocarcinoma. Its association with GERD is not been described. Ref: Harrison-E-18,P-2441
| 3 |
Peptic ulcer disease
|
Gastric MALT lymphoma
|
GERD
|
Gastric adenocarcinoma
|
Medicine
| null |
3c710831-70c7-4b03-afd0-40014a15ecfc
|
multi
|
A female patient Chandani develops chest pain which is not associated with exercise and chest auscultation shows multiple non ejection clicks. The investigation which is used to diagnose the disease is :
|
Answer is A (Echocardiography) The investigation of choice in MVP is echocardiography. Two dimensional echocardiography is paicularly effective in identifying the abnormal position and prolapse of mitral valve leaflets.
| 1 |
Echocardiography
|
Pyrophosphate scan
|
Thallium 201 scan
|
ECG
|
Medicine
| null |
0ecfce9c-2f90-489c-8f30-0a147b918a48
|
multi
|
In Hybrid RNA-DNA, DNA is 5CTTAAG3. The sequence of RNA will be
|
The RNA transcript with a 5' to 3' polarity is complementary to the template strand with its 3' to 5' polarity.
So, the complementary RNA of template DNA (5'CTTAAG3') will be 3'GAAUUC5' (i.e. 5'CUUAAG3').
| 2 |
5CTTAAG3
|
5CUUAAG3
|
5GAATTC3
|
5GAAUUC3
|
Biochemistry
| null |
52f0c8dd-7426-494c-9b2a-7a7aa4fa69f9
|
single
|
Mosquitoes decrease as height increases -
|
Ans. is 'b* i.e., Negative correlation o This is a negative correlation. Le. when height increases the mosquitoes decrease,First read about these two related terms :-o Association - Association may be defined as the concurrence of two variables more often than would be expected by chance. That mean 2 variables exist simultaneously,o Correlation - Correlation indicates the degree (strength) of association between two variables, i.e. relationship between two quantitative variables.o Height to weight is an association and the strength of this association is indicated by correlation.
| 2 |
Positive correlation
|
Negative correlation
|
Bidirectional
|
Zero
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Data Variables
|
126fa52d-9135-4c63-a703-630bc91da827
|
single
|
Which of the following is not associated with pseudomembranous colitis?
|
Clostridium difficile produce 5 toxins, toxin A and B are most studied and both causes pseudo membranous colitis. The “Summit” or “volcano” lesions are seen due to mucosal micro ulceration. Diarrhea is soft to watery or mucoid in consistency but never with gross blood
| 3 |
Toxin A is responsible for clinical manifestation
|
Toxin B is responsible for clinical manifestation
|
Gross blood in stools is common
|
Summit lesion is early histopathological finding
|
Unknown
| null |
bbb863d7-b612-448d-bcd2-68ecfb93a351
|
single
|
A family consist of husband, wife and children wifes's father has huntington's chorea. Which statment is true -
| null | 3 |
Chance of getting disease in child is 1:4
|
Can occur upto age of 50
|
If wife does not get disease till age 50 children are not affected
|
Huntingion's chorea is due to point mutation in gene
|
Medicine
| null |
0af2bdfe-403e-4cb8-8bb0-6960fab85e33
|
multi
|
In low concentration of carbon monoxide (40/) the commonest symptom is :
|
D i.e. None
| 4 |
Nausea
|
Headache
|
Muscular weakness
|
None
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
c736f536-06e8-4d20-9b50-c796d83bb1d9
|
multi
|
A 23 year old female presents to the clinic with 5 weeks history of amenorrhea. Pregnancy test done in her was found to be positive and on examination Palmer sign is present. What does Palmer's sign indicate?
|
Palmer's sign refers to the regular and rythmic uterine contractions which is elicited during bimanual examination. It is present as early as 4-8 weeks. Osiander's sign refers to the feeling of increased vaginal pulsation felt through the lateral fornices at 8th week of gestation. Jacquemier's sign or Chadwick's sign refers to the dusky hue of the vestibule and anterior vaginal wall visible at about 8th week of pregnancy. Goodell's sign refers to softening of the cervix as early as 6th week of gestation. Ref: Textbook of Obstetrics By D.C Dutta, 6th edn, page 65
| 3 |
Pulsation in lateral fornix
|
Softening of uterus
|
Rhythmic contraction of uterus
|
Bluish colouration of vagina
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
60bbb578-24c9-41a3-b05e-54c263482ebc
|
single
|
Destructive power of bullet is determined by?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Velocity of bullet > 'a' i.e., Weight of bullet o Tissue damage (or destructive power of bullet) is dependent on striking (kinetic) energy of bullet, which is proportional to its mass and square of velocity (KE = 1/2 mv2). So modem bullets are designed to have smaller mass allowing transportation of large amount of ammunition and high velocity, as velocity is more important determinant in destructive power of bullet.
| 4 |
Weight of bullet
|
Shape of bullet
|
Size of bullet
|
Velocity of bullet
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Injuries by Firearms
|
b9546186-59e3-441c-bfd0-8a0d41290335
|
single
|
Poached egg colony on potassium tellurite agar is characteristic of
|
Daisy head - Gravis
Frog's egg colony - Intermedius
Poached egg - Mitis.
| 3 |
C. diphtheriae gravis
|
C. diphtheriae intermedius
|
C. diphtheriae mitis
|
C. Jeikeium
|
Microbiology
| null |
e7c5d651-c596-450f-81d3-a70dc108a90d
|
single
|
True about ulcerative colitis are all except
|
Ref. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. Pg. 1340
Extraintestinal manifestations of ulcerative colitis respond to colectomy except Primary sclerosing cholangitis .
| 3 |
20% end up in colectomy.
|
The highest risk of UC requiring surgery is in 1st year.
|
Extra intestinal problems of UC are managed medically
|
Steroid dependent cases needs surgery.
|
Unknown
| null |
f068f2c0-5eb8-4adc-bfe9-20ebcffed3ed
|
multi
|
True regarding opening of auditory tube in nasopharynx is:
|
The lateral wall of nasopharynx has pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, at the level of the inferior nasal concha and 1.2 cm behind it
| 1 |
Posterior to inferior nasal concha
|
Posterior to middle nasal concha
|
Superior to inferior nasal concha
|
Inferior to inferior nasal concha
|
Anatomy
| null |
888029a8-0b65-46fe-b3a9-85593457cdc3
|
multi
|
According to Modified Astler-Collar Classification for colorectal cancer, lymph node invasion with penetration of the entire bowel wall is included in stage:
|
Modified Duke's (Modified Astler-Collar) classification Stage Description A Confined to the mucosa B1 Paially penetrated the muscularis propria B2 Fully penetrated the muscularis propria C1 Lymph node invasion without penetration of the entire bowel wall C2 Lymph node invasion with penetration of the entire bowel wall D Distant metastatic disease
| 4 |
B1
|
B2
|
C1
|
C2
|
Surgery
|
Large intestine
|
3dd089b6-bf83-48ac-9287-a4497d643469
|
multi
|
Drug of choice for rapid cyclers is
|
Sodium valproate is the drug of choice for rapid cyclers.
Rapid cyclers has 4 or more than 4 episodes of mania, depression or hypomania in 1 year.
| 2 |
Lithium
|
Sodium valproate
|
Carbamazepine
|
Amitryptaline
|
Psychiatry
| null |
4fc5d981-f4df-4ff8-942e-f2fcd66ea9ab
|
single
|
True about Tuberculosis HIV patientsa) ↑ Sputum positivityb) INH prophyaxis prevent development of T.Bc) Lack characteristics feature of T.Bd) Highly positive PPD reactione) Atypical radiological features
| null | 1 |
ce
|
b
|
ac
|
ae
|
Medicine
| null |
56560da0-cf92-44c7-87fb-c4eb832a2938
|
multi
|
A 22-year-old woman has an abnormal cervical Pap smear. A biopsy is obtained from a suspicious area on the cervix. The pathology repo says, "There is a loss of the normal orientation of the squamous cells. Atypical cells with wrinkled nuclei and perinuclear halos involve the full thickness of the squamous epithelium. The basement membrane is intact." Your diagnosis?
|
The patient has cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III with koilocytic atypia secondary to the human papillomavirus. The designation CIN III encompasses both severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.Cervical dysplasia is a precursor lesion of cervical squamous cancer. Most cases of cervical dysplasia occur in women in their late 20s and 30s. The pathogenesis of cervical dysplasia and cancer is an early age of first intercourse, multiple sexual paners, male paner(s) with multiple previous sexual panners, smoking, immunosuppression (renal transplants, AIDS), a strong association with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 31, and herpes infection (possible cocarcinogen with HPV).Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a system for classifying dysplasia into mild, moderate, severe, and carcinoma in situ. The histologic correlations to these designations include CIN I (mild dysplasia), which involves the innermost one third of the cervical epithelium; CIN II (moderate dysplasia), which involves two thirds the thickness of the epithelium; and CIN III (severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ), which involves in the full thickness of the epithelium.Koilocytosis refers to squamous cells with wrinkled nuclei surrounded by a perinuclear halo. It correlates with the presence of HPV. Colposcopy involves inspection of the cervix with a stereoscopic binocular microscope after the cervix has been saturated with acetic acid. It aids the clinician in identifying abnormal areas to biopsy.
| 3 |
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I with koilocytic atypia
|
CIN II with koilocytic atypia
|
CIN III with koilocytic atypia
|
Inflammatory atypia secondary to colposcopyaifact
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Gynaecological oncology
|
6eeefeb3-73d9-4412-8579-bfa145c28fe2
|
single
|
The penicillin G preparation with the longest duration
|
Penicillin G due to it's rapid tubular secretion, it is very sho acting. It's duration of action is increased with probenecid which compete with penicillin at tubular pump. Procaine penicillin G and benzathine penicillin G are administered IM and serve as depot forms. They are slowly absorbed into the circulation and persist at low levels over a long time period. Specially Benzathine penicillin G has longest duration of action. Penicillin G are not effective orally as it is acid labile. Penicillin which are acid stable are : - V : Penicillin V- O: Ofloxacillin- D: Dicloxacillin- K: Cloxacillin- A: Amoxicilin/Ampicillin
| 1 |
Benzathine penicillin
|
Sodium penicillin
|
Potassium penicillin
|
Procaine penicillin
|
Pharmacology
|
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
|
e11ced88-d7ed-4cd2-b829-a579a4155950
|
single
|
Which viral infection always causes clinical disease in human beings-
|
Rubella unfections are in fact subclinical.This represents the one of the major difference between measles and rubella(Ref.PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 21st Edition page no.136)
| 3 |
Rubella
|
Poliomyelitis
|
Measles
|
Chicken pox
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
5f97bcfa-b6bd-4e0e-9eb3-993cf7c7161f
|
single
|
Hyperextensibility with normal elastic recoil is a feature of -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ehlers Danlos syndrome Ehlers - Panlos syndrome (EPS)Ehler's danlos syndrome comprise a clinically and genetically heterogenous group of disorder that result from some defect in the synthesis or structure of fibrillar collagen.The basic abnormality in Ehler9s Danlos syndrome (EDS) is some defect in the synthesis or structure of collagenBiosynthesis of collagen is a complex processIt involves numerous structural collagen genes or enzymes. Which are used in post transcriptional modification of collagen.Therefore it can be disturbed by no. of genetic errors that may affect any of the numerous genes or enzymes necessary for collagen synthesis.At the molecular level, a variety of defects, varying from mutations involving structural genes or collagens to those involving enzymes that are responsible for post transcriptional modification of mRNA have been detected.Such molecular heterogenicity result in expression of EDS as a clinically variable disorder with several patterns of inheritance.On the basis of clinical and molecular characteristics six variants of Ehler's Danlos syndrome have been identified.The common thread in all forms of EDS is some abnormality in the synthesis of collagen.Clinical featuresAs might be expected tissues rich in collagen such as skin, ligaments and joints are frequently involved.- Because the abnormal collagen fibre lacks adequate tensile strength, skin is hyper extensible and the joints are hypermobile.The skin is extraordinarily stretchable, extremely fragile and vulnerable to trauma.Minor injuries produce gaping defects and surgical repair or intervention is accomplished with great difficulty because of the lack of normal tensile strength.The defect in connective tissue may lead to serious internal complications which include:-Rupture of the colon and large arteriesOcular fragility with rupture of cornea and retinal detachmentDiaphragmatic herniaEDS typeGene defectInheritanceClinical findingsClassicalDefect in type V collagen Mutation in COL5A geneAutosomal dominantSkin and joint hypermo- bility, atrophic scars, Easy bruisingHypermobilityUnknownAutosomal dominantJoint hypermobility, pain, dislocationsVascularDefect in collagen type III Collagen III is abundant in Blood vessels and intestine severe defect of these organsAutosomal dominantsThe skin, arterial or uterine rupture, bru- ising, small joint hyperextensibilityKyphoscoliosisReduced level of lysyl hydroxylase essential for cross linking of collagen fibresAutosomal recessiveHypotonia, joint laxity, congenital scoliosis, ocular fragilityArthrochalasiaDefect in conversion of Procollagen to collagenResults from mutation in COL1A1and C0L1A2Autosomal dominantSevere joint hypermo- bility, skin changes mild, scoliosis, bruisingDermatospra- xiasMutation in the procollagen N peptidase gene.AutosomalRecessiveSevere skin fragility, cutis laxa, bruisingCutis laxaThe inelastic hyperextensible skin fails to resume its normal shape after stretching and hence appears pendulous.Therefore affected newborn infants appear "prematurely aged".The skin abnormality is most prominent around eye, face neck.Therefore patients with cutis laxa have characteristic facial features including an aged appearance with sagging jaws (blood hound appearance) a hooked nose with everted nostrils, a short columella, a long upper lip and everted lower eyelids. Hypermobility of the joint is not present.Pseudoxanthoma elasticumIt is a rare group of disorders affecting the elastic tissue. It primarily affects the dermis, retina, and cardiovascular system.The skin has characteristic "plucked chicken skin" appearance.- It tends to loose its elastic recoil when stretched.
| 1 |
Ehlers Danlos syndrome
|
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
|
Cutis laxa
|
Scleroderma
|
Medicine
|
Disorder of Metabolism & Connective Tissue
|
667cb468-17a9-4059-87e8-45c64521582a
|
single
|
Subcoical dementia is seen in all Except:
|
DEMENTIA SUBCOICAL COICAL 1 Characteristic Parkinson disease Huntington disease Wilson 's disease spinocerebellar degeneration coicobasal degeneration normal pressure hydrocephalus Alzheimer Vascular Frontotemporal Lewy Body Dementia 2 Pathology* Prominent changes in striatum , thalamus Prominent changes in coical association areas 3 Severity Mild to moderate More severe 4 Speed of cognition Slow Normal 5 Memory deficit * Initially failure of retrieval storage and recall deficit 6 Language Less affected initially Early aphasia 7 Gnostic -practice abilities Less affected initially Affected early 8 Personality * Apathetic , ine Indifferent 9 Mood * Depressed Euthymic 10 Abnormal movements Chorea , trembling , tics Rare 11 Motor abnormalities* Extrapyramidal Uncommon, gegenhalten 12 Posture Stooped Normal 13 Coordination Affected Normal 14 Reversibility Reversible Unlikely Reference: Page No.25 chap 2 clinical features of dementia
| 2 |
Parkinsonism
|
Alzheimers disease
|
Wilsons disease
|
Huntingtons chorea
|
Psychiatry
|
All India exam
|
116927cb-b3d1-4913-ac37-95a7cb60fa76
|
multi
|
A patient meets with an accident with resultant transection of the pituitary stalk; what will NOT occur-
|
diabetes mellitus is a multiorgan disorder due to various genetic and environmental factors( Harrison 17 pg 2275)
| 1 |
Diabetes mellitus
|
Diabetes insipidus
|
Hyperprolactinemia
|
Hypothyroidism
|
Medicine
|
Endocrinology
|
6e4c805a-c388-47b7-bd34-b8b2c661ebb8
|
single
|
Bone scan in multiple myeloma shows-:
|
B i.e. Cold spot
| 2 |
Hot spot
|
Cold spot
|
Diffusely increased uptake
|
Diffusely decreased uptake
|
Radiology
| null |
f8e47e63-2597-4fd6-a399-8966566f4726
|
single
|
Integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness includes all except:
|
Integrated management of neonatal and childhood (IMNCI) illnesses: 1. Diarrhea. 2. Measles. 3. Pneumonia. 4. Malaria. 5. Severe malnutrition and nutritional counseling.
| 4 |
Malaria
|
Respiratory infections
|
Diarrhea
|
Tuberculosis
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Other NHPs
|
9975714d-30eb-4d33-b81b-efef1e7e5547
|
multi
|
The dose of betamethasone in prenatal to prevent respiratory distress syndrome is -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 12 mg every 24 hours
| 2 |
6 mg
|
12 mg every 24 hours
|
6 mg every 12 hours
|
4 mg sta
|
Pediatrics
| null |
4c7e6a27-9784-4e90-ab2e-3016d5447710
|
single
|
Which of the following is NOT a Calcium channel blocker
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Pirenzepine Pirenzepine is a selective M1 AntagonistCalcium channel blockers.Phenyl alkylamine - VerapamilBenzodiazepine -DiltiazemDihydropyridines - Nifedipine, Felodipine, Amlodipine, Nitrendipine, Nimodipine, Lacidipine More questions on calcium channel blocker -Only voltage sensitive L type channel are blocked by calcium channel blockers.CCB's causing ankle edema - NifedipineCCB's causing Reflex tachycardia - Nifedipine (C/I in angina)CCB's having most depressant affect on heart - Verapamil
| 2 |
Verapamil
|
Pirenzepine
|
Felodipine
|
Nitrendipine
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Hypertensive
|
9c3cc383-0ff9-47ae-bc0d-0eac88abe58c
|
single
|
True statement regarding migraine in pregnancy is:
|
Ans: (b) NSAIDs are first line drugsRef: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th edition, Page 2592Treatment of Acute MigraineNSAIDsNaproxen, lbuprofen,Tolfenamic acid Diclofenac, Acetominophen5-HT1 Receptor AgonistsOral: Ergotamine, Naratriptan, Rizatriptan, Sumatriptan, Frovatriptan, Almotriptan, Eletriptan, ZolmitriptanNasal: Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan Parenteral: Dihydroergotamine, SumatriptanDopamine Receptor AntagonistsOral: Metoclopramide, ProchlorperazineParenteral: Chlorpromazine, Metoclopramide, ProchlorperazineOthersNasal: Butorphanol Parenteral: OpioidsMigraine During PregnancyImprovement in 'migraine without aura'Worsening of 'migraine with aura'Ergot derivatives are contraindicated due to possibility of uterine hypertonicity and vascular disruption leading on to miscarriageSafety of Triptans during pregnancy is not fully confirmed. Can be used only if other drugs are not effectiveTreatmentFirst line: NSAIDs and paracetamolTriptans are avoidedProphylaxis: Magnesium, Metoprolol
| 2 |
Ketorolac is preferred
|
NSAIDs are first line drugs
|
Improved symptoms with pregnancy
|
Sumatriptan preferred over chlorpromazine
|
Medicine
|
Blood
|
608ba1f2-a6ab-4df4-83bf-cb80edd0f7d7
|
multi
|
Diplopia is not a presenting feature in -
|
Paralytic squint (a type of manifest squint) is the most common cause of diplopia. Anisometropia can also cause diplopia.
Latent squint and concomitant squint do not cause diplopia.
| 3 |
Manifest squint
|
Paralytic squint
|
Latent squint
|
Anisometropia
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
5c740686-f4e0-4508-a3d0-03534a146d5d
|
single
|
Phase 4 clinical trial also called as
|
Phase IV: Postmarketing surveillance/ studies After the drug has been marketed for general use, practicing physicians are identified through whom data are collected on a structured proforma about the efficacy, acceptability and adverse effects of the drug. Uncommon/idiosyncratic adverse effects, or those that occur only after long-term use and unsuspected drug interactions are detected at this stage. Ref:- kd tripathi; pg num:-80
| 2 |
Therapeutic confirmation
|
Post marketing surveillance
|
Therapeutic exploration and dose ranging
|
Human pharmacology and safety
|
Pharmacology
|
General pharmacology
|
41335c67-0d89-459a-8603-0cbe519c7e95
|
multi
|
Gynecomastia is seen in :
|
Features of Klinefelter&;s syndromemale phenotypeGynaecomastiaSterilityPenis is small or normal in sizeVoice may be high pitchedeunuchoid appearance* Gynaecomastia may be noted in lepromatous leprosySHAW&;S TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY, Pg no:112,15th edition
| 4 |
Secondary syphilis
|
Tuberculoid leprosy
|
HIV
|
Klinefelter's syndrome
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Sexuality and intersexuality
|
fb5c5235-8a93-4b8d-8263-9d12bc16dd80
|
single
|
Preservative added in DPT vaccine is -
|
Page 162 Park&;s textbook of Preventive and social medicine 23rd edition DPT vaccine provides immunity against diphtheria peussis and tetanus Peusis component in the DPT vaccine enhance the potency of diphtheria toxoid There are two types of DPT vaccine -plain and adsorbed Adsorption is usually carried out on a mineral carrier like aluminium phosphate or hydroxide Studies have shown that adsorption increases the immunological effectiveness of the vaccine The WHO recommend that only advent DPT preparation be utilised in immunization programmes
| 2 |
Zinc phosphate
|
Aluminium phosphate
|
MgSO4
|
ZnSO4
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
85c03011-5ef1-4401-8ba8-d5855b279413
|
single
|
Prothrombin activator complex is made of
|
Activated Factor X combines with Factor V and platelet or tissue phospholipids to form the complex called prothrombin activator. Reference: Guyton Physiology; 13th ed; Page: 488
| 4 |
Factor Xa, Va, VIIIa
|
Factor Va, VIIa, Platelet Phospholipids
|
Factor Xa, VIIIa, Tissue Phospholipids
|
Factor Xa, Va, Platelet Phospholipids
|
Physiology
|
General physiology
|
ef6c5b0e-2ff8-4281-bb33-c909e405feff
|
single
|
A patient of RHD developed infective endocarditis after dental extraction. Most likely organism causing this is
|
Streptococcus viridans is a group which normally resides in the mouth and upper respiratory tract and is alpha hemolytic. In persons with pre-existing cardiac lesions, they may cause bacterial endocarditis, Streptococcus sanguis being most often responsible. Following the tooth extraction or dental procedures, they cause transient bacteremia and get implanted on damaged or prosthetic valves or in congenitally diseased hea and grow to form vegetation. Streptococcus mutans is also a member of viridans group which causes endocarditis in individuals with risk factors ( dental extraction in people with damaged valves). The bacterium has a polysaccharide coat that allows it to stick to teeth and also to damaged hea valves, it can invade the bloodstream. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and panicker's; 10th edition; Page no: 220, 221
| 1 |
Streptococcus viridans
|
Streptococcus pneumoiae
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
Microbiology
|
Bacteriology
|
7cb6a989-1a97-4478-9d51-540fff5ae779
|
single
|
Retinoblastoma gene is located on?
|
Robbins basic pathology 6th edition. Chapter Neoplasia. Pge no. 286. Retinoblastoma gene is located on chromosome no. 13.
| 3 |
Chromosome 6
|
Chromosome 9
|
Chromosome 13
|
Chromosome 2l
|
Pathology
|
General pathology
|
f6b1fa96-7863-4d7e-8eea-a510799c1965
|
single
|
Durg of choice for chemoprophylaxis of plague -
|
Drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis of plague is tetracycline. For adults, the dose is 500 mg 6 hourly for 5 days A cheaper alternative is sulfonamide, 2 to 3 gm daily for 5 to 7 days. Ref: PARK&;S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE 23rd edition pg: 296
| 3 |
Erythromycin
|
Cotrimoxazole
|
Tetracycline
|
Sulfadiazine
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
902cc19e-8651-49c4-9959-b193994e6c77
|
single
|
Regional lymph nodes are involved in which of these -
|
Usually, the sarcomas do not metastasize to the lymph nodes.
Sarcomas which metastasize to lymphatics are
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Clear cell sarcoma
Epithelial sarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiosarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Synovial cell sarcoma
Lymphosarcoma
| 4 |
Ewing sarcoma
|
Osteosarcoma
|
Adamantinoma
|
Synovial cell sarcoma
|
Orthopaedics
| null |
7790104d-e5ee-4da9-8472-1a1e99f9fe67
|
single
|
A group of elementary school-age children meet for a birthday party, and in the next few days, about half of them experience a mild upper respiratory illness, with sore throat and runny nose. One family gets laboratory work done and finds that Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is involved. Which of the following procedures would be best if the laboratory wanted to isolate this bacterium?
|
Atypical pneumonia" is an old classification used for respiratory disease that is not lobar and is not "typical." That is, it does not include pneumonia caused by pneumococcus, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, or b-hemolytic streptococci that results in a typical lobular infiltrate. In recent years, the atypical pneumonias have become much more frequent than pneumococcal pneumonia. They are characterized by a slower onset with headache, joint pain, fever, and signs of an acute upper respiratory infection. There are usually no signs of acute respiratory distress, but patients report malaise and fatigue. The most common cause of atypical pneumonia is M. pneumoniae. A quick test for M. pneumoniae infection is cold agglutinins. The test may lack both sensitivity and specificity, but it is rapid and readily available compared with culture of M. pneumoniae or specific antibody formation.In certain age groups (men over 55 years old), Legionnaires disease must be ruled out. While direct microscopy, culture, and serology are available, the detection of Legionella antigen in respiratory secretions is the most sensitive test available.Campylobacter pneumoniae may also cause respiratory infection particularly in, but not limited to, children. Diagnosis is best made by growing these energy-defective bacteria in tissue culture such as HeLa cells. Serology is usually not helpful.During the winter months, Bordetella infection may be quite prevalent, particularly in those patients whose immunizations are not updated. Adult Bordetella infection may not present with typical whooping cough symptoms and must be differentiated from other forms of acute bronchitis by culture on specific media or direct fluorescent microscopy.Direct microscopy of sputum is an important preliminary test for sputum and other exudate specimens. One needs to be aware that the information obtained is limited in interpretation. No specific identity of a microorganism can be determined by gram staining and even mixtures of bacteria can be inferred. On the other hand, examination of gram stains may provide enough information for the physician to make immediate decisions on treatment and other management that may be modified by future laboratory results. Fluorescent Ab detection of an organism in sputum is more specific than gram staining. Here specific known Abs (single or in a mixture) are used to identify organisms present.
| 2 |
Cold agglutinin test
|
Culture of respiratory secretions in HeLa cells after centrifugation of the inoculated tubes
|
Culture of respiratory secretions on monkey kidney cells
|
Detection of specific antigen in urine
|
Microbiology
|
Bacteria
|
1c326add-8cbf-429a-a36a-c332ca032285
|
single
|
Schistosomiasis is an exmple of:
|
Ans. a. Meta-zoonoses
| 1 |
Meta-zoonoses
|
Cyclo-zoonoses
|
Direct-zoonoses
|
Sporo-zoonoses
|
Microbiology
| null |
bacb2702-7822-4e0c-b6aa-20a19ff4b95b
|
single
|
The Maximum concentration of potassium delivered central vein is?
|
Answer- C. 60 mmol/LMaximum concentration possible delivered central vein = 60 mmo/l
| 3 |
20 mmol/L
|
40 mmol/L
|
60 mmol/L
|
100 mmol/L
|
Medicine
| null |
9e77e4af-ef6d-437b-9f8f-321c27b95ccb
|
single
|
The position of hand during application of POP cast for fracture scaphoid has been clasically described as
|
In Scaphoid fracture, the cast is applied to maintain dorsi-flexion of the wrist area. This is called the Glass holding position/Tumbler holding position. In Colle&;s fracture, POP is applied to keep it in palmar flexion and ulnar detion. This is called Shake hand position. ref : maheswari 9th ed
| 3 |
Boat shaped position
|
Clenched fist position
|
Tumbler holding position
|
Boxing position
|
Anatomy
| null |
7b241424-1768-4cd6-acc9-0be9d16ee9f6
|
multi
|
What is the most common site of brain Hemorrhage?
|
The MC site of brain hemorrhage is Putamen. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage is most lethal and has a moality rate of 40%. investigation of choice is NCCT. Hypeensive ICH usually results from spontaneous rupture of a small penetrating aery deep in the brain. The most common sites are the basal ganglia (especially the putamen), thalamus, cerebellum, and pons.
| 1 |
Putamen
|
Internal capsule
|
Ventral pons
|
Cerebellum
|
Medicine
|
Brain Hemorrhage
|
509cfe11-8ef9-4e54-b577-bf87d5cd8934
|
single
|
Flag sign is seen in:
|
In Kwashiorkor hair is thin, dry, brittle, easily pluckable, sparse & devoid of their normal sheen. It becomes straight and hypopigmented. The colour of the hair that grows during the period of nutritional deprivation appears reddish brown. During the phase of better nutrition, the growing pa of the hair gets appropriately pigmented. This gives appearance of alternate bands of hypopigmented & normally pigmented hair. This is called Flag sign. Ref: O.P.Ghai, 6th Ed, Page 105
| 1 |
Kwashiorkor
|
Marasmus
|
Pellagra
|
Hypothyroidism
|
Pediatrics
| null |
50c44ad0-cf50-426b-b406-05a36b42816d
|
single
|
The rk39 antigen is used in the diagnosis of:
|
Ans. D. Kala azara. k-39 antigen is a 39-amino acid residue encoded by a kinesin-related gene in the amastigotes of Leishmania causing Kala azar.b. Anti-k39 antibodies are secreted into various body fluids such as urine and sputum along with blood, and have been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of VL.c. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ICT assays use a recombinant rk39 antigen to detect these antibodies in serum in patients of Kala azar.
| 4 |
Tuberculosis
|
Trypanosomiasis
|
Toxoplasmosis
|
Kala azar
|
Microbiology
|
Parasitology
|
76912c0b-d172-4af6-8b30-0d9649124dcf
|
single
|
Rule of Hasse is used to determine :
|
Ans. is a i.e. The age of fetus Hasse's rule is employed in calculating the age of fetus by its length During the first five months of pregnancy, the length in cms is square of the age in months i.e. Length in cms = (Age in months)? Age in months = Qlength in cms During second five months of pregnancy, length in cms divided by 5 is the age in months. Length in ems Age in months 5
| 1 |
The age of fetus
|
Height of an adult
|
Race of a person
|
Identification
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
1e34301f-a6d1-4187-88ce-b4fe394b4cf3
|
single
|
About glycolysis true is:
|
Ans. C. Conversion of Glucose to 3C units(Ref. Harper 3 He page 157)Option a. Glycolysis occur in cytosolOption b. Complete breakdown of Glucose happens when Pyruvate formed by Glycolysis undergo Pyruvate Dehydrogenase reaction, followed by TCA Cycle.Option d. In anaerobic GlycolysisNumber of ATPs produced is 4Number of ATPs used is 2Net ATP yield by anaerobic glycolysis is 2
| 3 |
Occurs in mitochondria
|
Complete breakdown of glucose
|
Conversion of glucose to 3C units
|
3 ATPs are used in anaerobic pathway
|
Biochemistry
|
Carbohydrates
|
f1036301-731b-414a-ba4a-7f52e85f77c0
|
multi
|
Sclera is thinnest at
|
(Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 140) The thickest pa of the sclera - Near the optic nerve (at the posterior pole)The thinnest pa of the sclera- Near the inseion of extraocular muscles ref khurana 6th edition pg 566
| 2 |
Near the optic nerve
|
At inseion of the extra ocular muscles
|
Around the limbus
|
Nasally
|
Ophthalmology
|
Cornea and sclera
|
36d336e1-82ac-4d25-8b83-a2bcb2783fba
|
multi
|
All are pneumatization patterns ot sphenoid sinus except:
|
Three types of sphenoid sinus pneumatization patterns have been found.Pneumatisation patterns depend on the position of thr sinus in relation to the sella turcica. Ref Dhingra 6/e,p 188.
| 3 |
Pre sellar
|
Post sellar
|
Concha bullosa
|
Conchal
|
ENT
|
Nose and paranasal sinuses
|
a1c669ff-8eae-4a66-840c-b157c7124bf1
|
multi
|
Lacquer cracks in pathological myopia is due to breaks in
|
Lacquer cracks in pathological myopia is due to breaks in Bruch's membrane.
| 2 |
Retinal pigment epithelium
|
Bruch's membrane
|
Outer plexiform layer
|
Inner plexiform layer
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
58d0146c-c269-4fa2-a3c1-afd1e248eae5
|
single
|
Frontal lobe syndrome is characterised by all except
|
The frontal lobe syndrome, consists of poor judgement, slowed thinking, decreased curiosity, social withdrawal, and irritability. The frontal lobe is the region that determines how the brain acts on its knowledge. Frontal lobe injury Impairs the executive function: motivation, attention, and sequencing of actions. Aphasia, apraxia, constructional apraxia, neglect and memory deficits can be seen characterised by changes in personality. Apathetic indifference and impulsive behaviour. Commonly urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence is seen. Commonly produced by trauma, infarcts, tumours, lobotomy, multiple sclerosis, or Pick's disease. Frontal lobe pathology may become apparent only under unstructured, stressful, real-life situations and are difficult to detect in intelligent scales, as IQ mostly requires parietal lobe activation. Ref:: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 20th edition Pgno: 165
| 4 |
Slowed thinking
|
Decreased curiosity
|
Social withdrawal
|
Good Judgement
|
Physiology
|
Nervous system
|
7fd0bdd9-cc48-4e70-aaca-1dee63374b1f
|
multi
|
Which is associated with Ted risk of Thromboembolism in a normal pregnancy :
|
Ans. is b i.e. |ed production of clotting factors by liver Pulmonary thromboembolism is a rare complication of pregnancy but is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and moality. All of us have studied in surgery - Virchow's Traid i.e. factors associated with thromboembolism viz : Endothelial injury Stasis Increased coagulobility. All the elements of Virchow's triad are present during pregnancy viz : i. Endothelial injury ? It may occur during traumatic vaginal delivery or cesarean section. ii. Stasis ? Pregnancy is associated with venous stasis, especially in lower extremities because the enlarging uterus reduces blood return to the inferior vena cava by direct mechanical effect. Hormonal factors also contribute to venodilatation and stasis during pregnancy. Stasis secondary to prolonged bed rest for medical or obstetrical complications also predispose a pregnant woman to increased venous stasis and formation of vascular thrombi. iii. Increased coagulability ? The maternal circulation becomes hypercoagulable as production of clotting factors like fibrinogen and factors VII. VIII, IX and X increase during pregnancy These changes are also associated with decreased fibrinolytic activity. Remember : * Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state. Levels of fibrinogen are increased in pregnancy. All factors except XI and XIII increase during pregnancy ESR T's during pregnancy. Fibrinolytic activity during pregnancy. Platelet count during pregnancy. Clotting time remains unaffected during pregnancy.
| 2 |
|ed progesterone level
|
|ed production of clotting factors by liver
|
Change in blood viscosity
|
|ed antithrombin III
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
00c36071-3fa9-417d-819b-d8cfac97db5a
|
single
|
SAMPLE history involves all except :
|
SAMPLE history is a mnemonic acronym used in assessment of a person/patient in field of emergency medicine by police officers and EMTs, often used in conjunction with the vital signs. AMPLE history is a derivative of SAMPLE history which places a greater emphasis on a persons medical history. Mnemonic goes as follows:
S: Signs and Symptoms
A: Allergies
M: Medications
P: Past medical history, injuries, illnesses
L: Last oral intake and menstruation
E: Events leading up to injury or illnesses
| 2 |
Allergies
|
Personal history
|
Last oral intake and menstruation.
|
Past medical history.
|
Medicine
| null |
9fe3725e-627c-48f1-a567-639b970400f2
|
multi
|
All are used in treatment of amoebic liver abscess except -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Diloxanide furoate Diloxanide furoate is a highly effective luminal amoebicide but has no systemic antiamoebic activity. This is because the furoate ester is hydrolysed in the intestine and the released diloxanide is absorbed. Diloxanide is a weaker amoebicide then its furoate ester and no systemic antiamoebic activity is seen despite its absorption.
| 1 |
Diloxanide furoate
|
Chloroquine
|
Metronidazole
|
Emetine
|
Surgery
| null |
e7f55c86-94cd-4571-b2b5-ff9392f2b93a
|
multi
|
A study is conducted to assess the risk of acquiring a severely debilitating disease over a 1- year study period. Only males are susceptible to the disease, which can be diagnosed using 4 basic clinical criteria. In a population of 100,000 people. 10 men met all the criteria. An additional 90 men demonstrated mild symptoms but failed to meet the full criteria.
Assuming a male:female ratio of 1:1 in this population, which of the following is the male risk of being diagnosed with this disease?
| null | 2 |
0.01%
|
0.02%
|
0.20%
|
0.40%
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
29a3d693-c655-403e-b37e-c3ea7d78e995
|
multi
|
Cork-screw appearance of esophagus:
|
Ans. (d) DESRef: Bailey and Love 26th edition, Page 1017 Diffuse Esophageal Spasm:* Hyper Motility disorder characterized by chest pain and dysphagia* Most common finding is cork screw esophagus in lower 2/3rd esophagus commonly.* Medical treatment is primary: Calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, endoscopic dilatation* Long myotomy up to arch of aorta is done in cases with dysphagia only. Chest pain will not improve with surgery
| 4 |
Achalasia cardia
|
Cancer esophagus
|
Schatzki ring
|
DES
|
Surgery
|
Oesophagus
|
4fe30182-9ca8-4dea-a3e4-033a6ef813ac
|
single
|
A young man presented with a lesion in his hand which resembles a 'bull's eye'. He recalled that he was bitten by 'something' last evening when he went outdoor. If you are suspecting Lyme's disease in this patient, what is the causative organism responsible:
|
Lyme disease, the most common ahropod-borne disease in the United States, is primarily caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is a spirochete, helically shaped, motile. Lyme disease is characterized by three clinical stages. The first stage is characterized by erythema chronicum migrans (ECM), an erythematous eruption at the location of the bite. The second stage occurs when the disease disseminates, producing ahritis, and cardiac manifestations. The third stage, the last and infectious stage, is characterized by ocular and joint findings. Borrelia parkeri cause relapsing fevers. Epidemic or louse-borne relapsing fever is caused by Borrelia recurrentis. Tick-borne relapsing fever is caused by Borrelia hermsii.
| 2 |
Borrelia parkeri
|
Borellia burgdorferi
|
Borrelia recurrentis
|
Borrelia hermsii
|
Microbiology
| null |
331c2d84-62f4-4e69-b6e7-f5f329ff2061
|
multi
|
A 3 year old child can do all, except –
|
Important milestones of a 3 years child
Rides tricycle
Stands momentarily on one foot.
Draws a circle.
Can dress or undress himself completely
Builds tower of 10 cubes
Knows his age and sex.
Repeat a sentence of 6 syllables
Has a vocabulary of 250 words.
Counts 3 objects correctly.
Can withhold and postpone bowel movement.
| 2 |
Eat with a spoon
|
Climb stairs running
|
Walk properly
|
Vocabulary of 20–100 words
|
Pediatrics
| null |
37bffc64-431b-42e1-9272-52f776b69aaf
|
multi
|
A 15 year old boy presents to you with history of fever, altered sensorium and purpuric rash for two days. On examination, the patient is found stuporous. He has a BP of 90/60 mmHg and extensive palpable purpura over the legs. Which of he following would be the most appropriate initial choice of antibiotic
| null | 2 |
Vancomycin
|
Pencilline G
|
Ciprofloxacin
|
Gentamicin
|
Medicine
| null |
fbba6154-3628-4dcc-ae3a-e653a476cb88
|
single
|
Liver transplantation was first done by ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Starzl The first human liver transplant was performed in 1963 by Dr. Thomas Starzl.
| 1 |
Starzl
|
Huggins
|
Carrel
|
Christian Benard
|
Surgery
| null |
199cbba9-6163-4e62-9a16-815e433a11ea
|
single
|
A 45 year old patient presents with history of fever, night sweats and weight loss. On X-ray, a mass in apical lobe of lung is seen. On histopathology, it was found to have caseous necrosis. What is the likely underlying process involved -
|
. Hypersensitivity reaction with modified macrophages, lymphocytes and giant cells
| 2 |
Enzymatic degeneration
|
Hypersensitivity reaction with modified macrophages, lymphocytes and giant cells
|
Acute decrease in blood supply
|
Decreased supply of growth factors
|
Pathology
| null |
0189b26e-cfd6-490a-9195-030287845b23
|
single
|
Methotrexate is often used as a chemotherapeutic agent to treat patients with leukemia. This drug is effective because it inhibits cells in which pa of the cell cycle
|
Methotrexate inhibits the synthesis of deoxythymidine by preventing the regeneration of THF by inhibiting the enzyme DHFR. Inhibiting the synthesis of deoxythymidylate prevents the cell from synthesizing its DNA. DNA synthesis occurs exclusively during S phase of the cell cycle. Ref:- KD Tripathi
| 2 |
G1 phase
|
S phase
|
G2 phase
|
M phase
|
Pharmacology
|
Chemotherapy
|
db685621-a007-47bc-b117-db6ff71b4c06
|
single
|
False regarding gouty arthritis is -
| null | 2 |
Synovial fluid analysis is diagnostic
|
Allopurinol is the treatment of choice in acute gout
|
Arthritis occurs after long attack of hyperuricemia
|
Level of uric acid in blood and severity of gout has good correlation
|
Medicine
| null |
dfa666c3-0716-4d39-9bb9-4feeb05f8892
|
multi
|
A 5-day-old term male neonate presents with delayed passage of meconium, abdominal distension and bilious vomiting. Barium enema and intestinal biopsy findings are shown below. What is the diagnosis?
|
a. Congenital aganglionic megacolonBa enema shows narrow distal segment with dilated proximal segment of intestineIntestinal biopsy shows hypertrophied nerve bundles between muscular layer & submucosa
| 1 |
Congenital aganglionic megacolon
|
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
|
Cystic fibrosis
|
Intestinal malrotation
|
Pediatrics
|
Gastro Intestinal System
|
0ed8b822-99f6-4387-842f-5c74c512956c
|
single
|
A patient presents with cough with expectoration. Diagnosis of farmers lung is suspected. True statement regarding this condition:
|
Ans: (c) X-ray features upper lobe predominant in chronic HPRef: Fishman's Pulmonary Disease and Disorders, 5th edition, Chapter 58Farmer's LungResults from exposure to moldy hay containing spores of Thermophilic Actinomycetes that produce a hypersensitivity pneumonitisMost cases of farmer's lung disease occur in cold, damp climates in late winter and early spring, when farmers (usually male) use stored hay to feed their livestockManifestations of the disease may be acute, subacute or chronicAcute clinical presentation includes transient fever, hypoxemia, myalgias, arthralgias, dyspnea, and cough that occur 2 to 9 hours after exposure and resolve in 12 to 72 hours without specific treatmentIn acute HP, chest radiographs-diffuse poorly defined nodular radiodensities, often with areas of ground-glass radiodensities or occasionally even consolidation, tend to occur in the lower lobes and spare the apicesChronic form is clinically more insidious, and patients may lack a history of acute episodes, but present with a gradual onset of cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and weight loss. Symptoms are usually present for months to years.In chronic HP, chest radiographs - diffuse linear and nodular radiodensities, with sparing of the bases and upper-lobe predominance, and volume loss. Pleural effusions and thickening are very unusual
| 3 |
May to June seasonal
|
Persistent cough with expectoration
|
X-ray features upper lobe predominant in chronic HP
|
Pleural effusions are common
|
Medicine
|
Respiratory
|
3fe3fed0-6ce9-474b-8768-3b55faad2515
|
multi
|
All are features of reversible injury of cell, except-
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Amorphous densities in mitochondrial matrixFormation of amorphous densities in the mitochondrial matrix is a feature of irreversible injury and not reversible injury.Features of reversible cell injuryFeatures of irreversible cell injuryo Cellular swellingo Loss of microvillio Formation of cytoplasmic blebso Endoplasmic reticulum swellingo Detachment of ribosomeso Myelin figureso Clumping of nuclear chromatino Large flocculent, amorphous densities in swollen mitochondria due to increased calcium influxo Swelling and disruption of lysosomes and leakage of lysosomal enzymes in cytoplasmo Decreased basophiliao Severe damage to plasma membranes o Nuclear changes include:y Pyknosis (Nuclear condensation)y Karyorrhexis (Nuclear fragmentation)y Karyolysis (Nuclear dissolution)
| 2 |
Blebs
|
Amorphous densities in mitochondrial matrix
|
Loss of microvlli
|
Cellular swelling
|
Unknown
| null |
cc6a8570-8c11-4033-8625-4944265f389e
|
multi
|
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal aery is a branch of which of the following aery?
|
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal aery is a branch of superior mesenteric aery. It supplies the pancreas and adjoining pa of the duodenum. Its anterior and posterior branches anastomose with the branches of superior pancreaticoduodenal aery. This anastomosis is the only communication between the aeries of foregut and midgut. Branches of superior mesenteric aery are: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal aery Jejunal and ileal branches Ileocolic aery Right colic aery Middle colic aery Ref: Gray&;s anatomy text book of anatomy BD chaurasia 21st Ed.
| 4 |
Splenic aery
|
Left gastric aery
|
Gastroduodenal aery
|
Superior mesenteric aery
|
Anatomy
|
All India exam
|
910f4344-c7ce-4e71-90d0-6d6dc3b56029
|
single
|
All of the following are used in treatment of pneumocystis carinii except
|
The treatment of choice for PCP is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), given either IV or PO for 14-21 days. Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine, an oral regimen more often used for treatment of toxoplasmosis, also is highly effective. Dapsone plus pyrimethamine or dapsone plus trimethoprim also can be used. Intravenous pentamidine or the combination of clindamycin plus primaquine is an option for patients who cannot tolerate TMP-SMXand for patients in whose treatment TMP-SMX appears to be failing. Ref Harrison 19th edition pg 1017
| 4 |
Pentamidine
|
Dapsone
|
Cotrimoxazole
|
Fluoroquinolones
|
Anatomy
|
Respiratory system
|
03c0531f-96c9-45a2-a3b3-c25d4e9d46ee
|
multi
|
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