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The following constitutes approximately 75% of total immunoglobin in humans -
|
IgG is the main serum immunoglobulin consisting of 80% of the total. equally distributed between intravascular and extravascular compaments. The normal serum concentration of IgG is about 8-16 mg per ml. Reference : Anathanarayan & paniker's 9th edition, pg no: 96, <\p>
| 1 |
IgG
|
IgM
|
IgE
|
IgA
|
Microbiology
|
Immunology
|
f5f6aeb5-8fff-4160-925f-0875372168c8
|
single
|
A 3 year old girl presents with recurrent UTI. On USG shows hydronephrosis with filling defect and negative shadow of bladder with no ectopic orifice?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Ureterocele
| 3 |
Vesicoureteric reflux
|
Hydronephrosis
|
Ureterocele
|
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
|
Surgery
| null |
8d8cf932-bc91-4a44-9af5-667f7b655521
|
single
|
Which of the following is retroperitoneal?
|
Ans: b) PancreasDuring development some organs grow into the peritoneal cavity and become intraperitoneal. Eg: Stomach, small intestine, liver, spleenSome organs develop behind the peritoneum and are called retroperitoneal organs like ureters and kidneySecondarily retroperitoneal organs are part of gastrointestinal tract begin as intraperitoneal organs then become attached to the abdominal wall during development. These are duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon and descending colon.INTRAPERITONEALRETROPERITONEALEsophagusDuodenumStomachPancreasJejunumAscending colonIleumDescendin colonCaecumUretersAppendixKidneySigmoid colonTransverse colon
| 2 |
Small intestine
|
Pancreas
|
Appendix
|
Esophagus
|
Anatomy
|
Peritoneum & GI Tract
|
ef056507-3126-4e7f-86bd-cc1b4c205abe
|
multi
|
Osmotic pressure of 1 mol of ideal solute relative to pure water is:
|
1 mol of an ideal solute dissolved in 1000g of water (a 1m or molal solution) at 1 atm pressure yield a solution whose osmotic pressure relative to pure water is 22.4atm (250C). Ref: Principles of Medical Physiology by Sabyasachi Sircar, 2008/2-22
| 3 |
2.5 atm
|
5.2 atm
|
22.4 atm
|
15.2 atm
|
Physiology
| null |
3cad1872-43eb-4d89-9fca-34acc5d5af6b
|
single
|
Person had severe pruritis while taking hot shower and presents with deep vein thrombosis. He also had JAK 2 mutation and hypeension. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis of this patient?
|
The presence of JAK2 mutation indicates that it is an example of Myeloproliferative disorder. Polycythemia vera is strongly associated with activating point mutations in the tyrosine kinase JAK2. Clinical features: Headache, dizziness, hypeension,Intense pruritus and peptic ulceration possibly resulting from the release of histamine from basophils. Hot showers ( AQUAGENIC PRURITUS ) will result in degranulation of the basophils thus releasing histamines.
| 2 |
Myelofibrosis
|
Polycythemia Vera
|
CML
|
AML
|
Pathology
|
Myeloproliferative Disorders
|
1c918bd3-3efb-4a50-9b91-2ca1ac47399a
|
single
|
A 70 kg man was given a drug with dose of 100 mg/ kg bd. wt. t'/2 is 10 hours, plasma conc" is 1.9 mg/ml clearance is -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., 0.22 L/hr
| 4 |
0-02 liter/hr
|
20 liter/hr
|
K is 0.0693
|
0.22 L/hr
|
Pharmacology
| null |
0073d328-e4a7-42fe-9197-74aafc728830
|
single
|
Borchardt&;s triad of acute epigastric pain, violent retching and inability to pass a nsogastric tube is seen in patients with
|
A volvulus is a twisting or axial rotation of a poion of bowel about its mesentery. When complete it forms a closed loop of obstruction with resultant ischaemia secondary to vascular occlusion. Ref: Bailey & Love&;s Sho Practice of Surgery,E25,Page-1193
| 2 |
Achalasia cardia
|
Acute gastric volvulus
|
Jejunogastric intussusception
|
Hitus hernia
|
Surgery
|
G.I.T
|
55ce2d92-1b93-4744-8d3a-2d5d55618c7b
|
single
|
Drug amphotericin B is used for treatment of :
| null | 2 |
Sleeping sickness
|
Kala azar
|
Malaria
|
Filaria
|
Pharmacology
| null |
ebad93f1-652e-4ade-b06f-12b2fffa98bf
|
single
|
Which of the following statements is not true about use of silica in the investment materials?
|
Silica exists in at least four allotropic forms: quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, and fused quartz.
When quartz, tridymite, or cristobalite is heated, a change in crystalline form occurs at a transition temperature characteristic of the particular form of silica. For example, when quartz is heated, it inverts (transforms) reversibly from a “low” room-temperature crystal form, known as α quartz, to a “high” form, called β quartz, at a temperature of 573 °C. This α to β phase transformation is called an inversion.
The β-allotropic forms are stable only above the transition temperature noted, and an inversion to the lower α form occurs on cooling in each case.
Ref: Phillip’s 12th edition page 201,202
| 4 |
It acts as refractory
|
It regulates thermal expansion
|
Quartz and cristobalite are the allotropic form used in dental investments
|
Beta allotropic form is stable below transition temperature
|
Dental
| null |
600de970-bed3-4d4a-ad4b-67494bdaa1ce
|
multi
|
For a 8 year old child with TMJ ankylosis, the treatment of choice is
| null | 3 |
Gap arthroplasty
|
Condylectomy
|
Gap arthroplasty with costochondral grafting
|
Treatment not required
|
Surgery
| null |
3b5a9738-271e-46f3-bf9c-c8578fd9db4e
|
single
|
Pseudobubo seen in:
|
Ans. is. 'c' i. e., Lymphogranuloma inguinale
| 3 |
Chancroid
|
Syphilis
|
Lymphogranuloma inguinale
|
Lymphogranuloma venerum
|
Microbiology
| null |
cf62c8a8-b1fc-4b8e-8380-ceaf852a8e15
|
single
|
A 10 year old child is always restless, inattentive to study and always wants to play outsite. Parents are extremely distressed. What would you advise -
|
This child is having symptoms of ADHD :- restless, inattentive to study, and uncontrolled desire to play outside. "The ADHD is a serious disorder that affects a child's ability to be successful in school and subsequently in a way that can limit success in life". ____________ BK Puri 4th/e 379
"Pharmacological treatment is considered to be the first line of treatment for ADHD"._______ Kaplan & Saddock's
| 3 |
It is a normal behaviour
|
Behaviour therapy
|
It is a serious illness requires medical treatment
|
Needs change in environment
|
Psychiatry
| null |
0ae3af4d-a714-4ec7-96c0-ef9f210f14ad
|
single
|
Ileocecal tuberculosis presents with all except –
|
Characteristically ulcers tend to be descrete and transverse or star shaped (stellate) with elevated margin, in contrast to Crohn's disease in which ulcers are longitudinal.
| 4 |
Rapid emptying of narrowed terminal ileum
|
Inverted umbrella sign
|
Stellate ulcer with elevated margins
|
Longitudinal ulcers are more common
|
Radiology
| null |
602c5858-61ec-43e2-87ac-eb85628c8379
|
multi
|
The ability of an alloy to withstand mechanical stresses without permanent deformation is reflected by its:
|
Elastic strain—Amount of deformation that is recovered instantaneously when an externally applied force or pressure is reduced or eliminated.
Strain may be either elastic, plastic, elastic and plastic, or viscoelastic.
Elastic strain is reversible. The object fully recovers its original shape when the force is removed. Plastic strain represents a permanent deformation of the material; it does not decrease when the force is removed. When a prosthetic component such as a clasp arm on a partial denture is deformed past the elastic limit into the plastic deformation region, elastic plus plastic deformation has occurred, but only the elastic strain is recovered when the force is released. Thus, when an adjustment is made by bending an orthodontic wire, a margin of a metal crown, or a denture clasp, the plastic strain is permanent but the wire, margin, or clasp springs back a certain amount as elastic strain recovery occurs.
Reference: PHILLIPS’ SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS, 12th ed page no 48,51
| 2 |
Resilience
|
Elastic limit/Elastic strain
|
Hardness
|
Fatigue resistance
|
Dental
| null |
8cf479e8-8715-41b0-b0e2-c505257f301d
|
multi
|
All are features of hemolytic anemia, except ?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Increase haptoglobulin
| 3 |
Hemoglobinuria
|
Jaundice
|
Increased haptoglobulin
|
Hemosiderinuria
|
Pathology
| null |
66fe5c3e-1d14-4cb7-b707-7e904fa4844e
|
multi
|
Expressed emotionality is related to -
|
Many studies have indicated that in families with high levels of expressed emotion, the relapse rate for schizophrenia is high.
| 2 |
Depression
|
Schizophrenia
|
Mania
|
Somatiform disorder
|
Psychiatry
| null |
a45e212c-537c-4391-92b6-ebc83e5e582b
|
single
|
"Stag horn stones" are composed of -
|
(A) (Triple phosphate) (1292 - Baily and Love 26th)80% patients with nephrolithiasis from calcium stone (Primarily of calcium oxalate or less commonly calcium phosphate)."Ureteric colic" - typically the patient is sized with sudden pain starting in the waist and radiating down to testis growing or inner side of thigh (distribution of genitofemoral nerve L1 & L2). The testis on the affected side may be pulled up.Types of renal calculus1. Oxalate calculus (Calcium oxalate) Calcium monohydrate stone is very hard and absorb x-ray it is seen radiologically2. Phosphate calcium struvite (phosphate, ammonium magnesium phosphate)* The stones grow in alkaline urine especially when proteus organism presents which split urea to ammonium.* Stag horn calculus - large, easy to see on radiographic films.3. Uric acid and urate calculi: Multifacted appearance Radiolucent, forms in Acidic urine.4. Cystine calculi - UTI of congenital error of metabolism that leads to cystinuria.* Hexagonal, translucent white appears only in acid urine.* Radio Opaque - because of sulphur that they contain and they are very hard5. Xanthine calculi: - Smooth, brick red in colour, show lamellation on cross-section.Struvite stones - (magnesium - ammonium phosphate stone) that form from secondary to urea - splitting organisms.Vesical Stone: common in visical schistosomiasis or in association with radiation cystitis. Foreign bodies. Most stones contain uric acid or struvite (in infected urine)Spiral (helical) CT has become the first study of choice (930 - CSDT 13th)"Meniscus sign" on cholangiography - CBD stone.* Commonest cause of surgical Jaundice is - CBD - stone.* Commonest type of carcinoma gall bladder with gall stones is Adenocarcinoma.* Most common cause of biliary structure is Trauma.* Incidence of gall stone is high in Ileal resection (mainly cholesterol stones).Urinary stonesAll individuals with urinary stones should undergo radiological investigation; following radiological modalities are used:1. Plane abdominal X-ray ("KUB" or kidney - ureter - Bladder X-ray): The first radiological test that is performed is the plain abdominal X-ray. Because majority of stones (90%) are radioopaque, these can be easily identified on X-ray:a) Radiolucent stones: Uric acid stone, Orotic acid stone, Xanthine, Trimterens, Dihydroxyadenine.b) Radioopaque stones: Cystine, Struvite, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate2. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): IVP can demonstrate urinary obstruction from renal stone and can demonstrate the position of non-opaque (radiolucent) stones.3. CT scan: Non contrast helical CT is 95 to 100% sensitive and specific for detection of renal calculi and, therefore, is the imaging modality of choice for urinary stones.4. USG: USG provide excellent assessment of kidney and bladder but inferior to IVP and CT scan in evaluation of the uterus.
| 1 |
Triple phosphate
|
Oxalates
|
Uric acid
|
Cystine
|
Surgery
|
Kidney & Ureturs
|
cefac172-a450-4b53-bd97-2b8e6a6fe6d0
|
single
|
Botulinum toxin produces skeletal muscle paralysis by :
| null | 2 |
Enhancing release of norepinephrine
|
Inhibiting release of acetylcholine
|
Direct damage to nerve endings
|
Producing hemolysis
|
Pharmacology
| null |
7948d26d-b9b6-452f-bebe-651ddf401f37
|
single
|
For treatment of the ectopic-vesicle, which of the following bone is divided to reach the site -
| null | 2 |
Pubic rami
|
Iliac bone
|
Ischium bone
|
Symphysis
|
Surgery
| null |
a99233f2-e269-4315-b8fc-86c223e1b3d0
|
single
|
Auditory fatigue is seen at
|
Auditory fatigue occurs at 90dB, 4000Hz. 90dB for 8hour a day for 5weeks is the maximum safe limit. (Ref: Diseases of EAR, NOSE AND THROAT by PL DHINGRA - 6th Edition)
| 1 |
90 dB, 4000Hz
|
110 dB, 4000Hz
|
130 dB, 4000Hz
|
150 dB, 4000Hz
|
ENT
|
Ear
|
29a34b1e-a2cb-45cf-b05c-ccd5aa4f1c3e
|
single
|
Adenosine deaminase deficiency results in:-
| null | 2 |
Common variable immunodeficiency
|
Severe combined immunodeficiency
|
Chronic granulomatous disease
|
Check syndrome
|
Unknown
| null |
5ee766f5-b712-41c8-96cc-f649cea44488
|
single
|
All of the following decreases the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) except
|
Following decreases the risk of Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC)
Antenatal Steroids
Lactoferrin is breast milk ⇒ ↓ Production of Pro - inflammation cytokines
Probiotis like Bifidobacterium
L - Arginine which is substrate for NO helps in Vasodilation.
| 4 |
Lacto ferrin
|
Probiotics
|
L - arginine
|
Lipoprotein lipase
|
Pediatrics
| null |
e87ab7a7-00fb-43d0-9e5f-d61b921b43e0
|
multi
|
Scrub typhus caused by R-tsutsugamushi is transmitted by?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., ChiggerScrub typhus is the most widespread Rickettsial disease.It is caused by R. tsutsugamushi (orientia tsutsugamushi) and the vector of its transmission is trombiculid mite (Leptotrombidium delinese and L. akamushi).
| 2 |
Flea
|
Chigger
|
Tick
|
Mosquito
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
e5595481-ee83-4e15-aea3-dda9bcee3927
|
single
|
Epidemiological study with population as a unit of study-
|
Ans. 'a' i.e., Ecological study * Ecological study is an epidemiological study in which the unit of analysis is a population rather than an individual.* Therefore, ecological study utilizes data at the population level rather than the individual level. StudyUnit of study1.Observational studies A) Descriptive studies (formation of hypothesis) i) Case reportsii) Case series B) Analytic studies (testing of hypothesis) i) Case - control or case - referenceii) Cohort or follow-upiii) Ecological or correlational studyiv) Cross-sectional or pravalence studyIndividualsIndividualsPopulationIndividuals2.Experimental / intervention studies (testing of hvpothesis) i) Randamized controlled / clinical trialsii) Field trials or community intervention studiesiii) Community trialsiv) Animal studiesPatientsHealthy peopleCommunities
| 1 |
Ecological study
|
Cohort study
|
Case reference study
|
Experimental study
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Epidemiology
|
7e08e9c2-5c49-42a2-b075-a9a365a51265
|
single
|
Misoprostol is a :
|
Natural prostaglandin in body is PGE2 whereas misoprostol and alprostadil are synthetic PGs which are PGE1 analogs.
| 1 |
Prostaglandin E1 analogue
|
Prostaglandin E2 analogue
|
Prostaglandin antagonist
|
Antiprogestin
|
Pharmacology
| null |
c9d0404f-ad46-42d4-b55b-9cf05915e10f
|
single
|
Aplastic anemia is seen in all of the following except:
|
Answer is C (Hepatitis A) Aplastic anemia is associated with Non-A, Non-B, Non-C, Hepatitis and not with Hepatitis A Parvovirus B19, HIV-1, Chloramphenicol and PNH are all associated with Aplastic anemia.
| 3 |
PNH
|
Chloramphenicol
|
Hepatitis A
|
HIV- I
|
Medicine
| null |
b39235eb-2bfd-41ae-98e0-258b023845e9
|
multi
|
All the following muscle are innervated by the facial nerve except:
|
Facial Nerve Supplies Facial muscles except levator palpebrae Superioris (Which is supplied by 3rd nerve).Posterior belly of DigastricStapediusAuricular musclesOccipto FrontalisPlatysmaStylohyoid
| 2 |
Occipito-frontalis
|
Anterior belly of digastric
|
Risorius
|
Procerus
|
ENT
| null |
69aafe5a-3482-43e6-ad68-020f9027c92a
|
multi
|
Source of ATP in RBCs is?
|
Ans. (c) Anaerobic glycolysisRef. Harper's Biochemistry 27/e Chapter 51
| 3 |
Beta oxidation of fatty acids
|
TCA cycle
|
Anaerobic glycolysis
|
Gluconeogensis
|
Biochemistry
|
Glycolysis
|
243b10ff-ca89-466a-8c64-f2b81a848ecc
|
single
|
Frontal eye field Area is
|
Frontal eye field ( Area 8): Located in middle frontal gyrus in front of premotor area Conjugate detion of eyes to opposite side. Destructive lesions result in eyes looking towards the side of lesion.
| 3 |
4
|
6
|
8
|
41
|
Anatomy
|
All India exam
|
9faa8b21-c39f-4b7d-98ff-9885d6a9651c
|
single
|
Function of infliximab used in Crohn&;s is
|
Infliximab, a chimeric IgG1 antibody against TNF-a, is approved for treatment of moderately to severely active UC.Infliximab is also effective in CD patients with refractory perianal and enterocutaneous fistulasAdalimumab and ceolizumab, golimumab are other Anti-TNF therapies approved for IBDInfliximab is also approved for psoriasis, psoriatic ahritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid ahritisRef: Harrison 19e pg: 1961
| 1 |
Inhibit TNF-a
|
Inhibit IL-2
|
EGFR inhibitor
|
Inhibit VEGF
|
Medicine
|
G.I.T
|
f6b5efe5-4989-4580-9f67-4d1c396f3746
|
single
|
Antigen presenting cells are all of the following EXCEPT:-
|
. Astrocytes
| 1 |
Astrocytes
|
Endothelial cells
|
Epithelial cells
|
Langerhans cells
|
Pathology
| null |
12b13b36-e459-4373-973b-587dce1835b1
|
multi
|
Absolute indication of enucleation is:
|
Ans. Intraocular retinoblastoma
| 1 |
Intraocular retinoblastoma
|
Endophthalmitis
|
Mutilating ocular injury
|
All of the above
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
255fdccc-9acc-4513-80b1-ff6923e48bb7
|
multi
|
The X-ray which are mostly like to be absorbed by the
tissues and produce an injury:
| null | 1 |
X-rays of long wavelength
|
X-rays of short wavelength
|
Filtered X-rays
|
Central rays
|
Radiology
| null |
7f26c44a-39cf-4b99-b81e-72dd2f31058b
|
single
|
What is thelUCD of choice in women with menorrhagia?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Progesterone containing IUCD
| 4 |
Lippe's loop
|
Copper-T 200
|
Copper-T 3 8 OA
|
Progesterone containing IUCD
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
ea6216af-98f1-4e90-94a2-43aae123a3a4
|
single
|
Sexual perversion in which one has the desire to see other person/wife having sex with others is?
|
Ans is 'c' i.e. Voyeurism * Watching sexual activity of other people or the body parts of members of opposite sex is k/a Voyeurism.
| 3 |
Sadism
|
Exhibitionism
|
Voyeurism
|
Fetishism
|
Psychiatry
|
Sexual Disorders
|
0bcd69cd-8f3b-49ec-9ad8-fce3d833bd0e
|
single
|
First investigation to be done in Hyphema is
|
First investigation to be done in Hyphema is Tonometry to detect raised Intraocular pressure.
| 3 |
Slit lamp examination
|
B scan
|
Tonometry
|
Funduscopy
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
55e96f50-5260-4c01-a89a-80b7c866b436
|
single
|
Hypothermia is used in – a) Hyperpyrexiab) Prolonged surgeriesc) Massive blood transfusiond) Hypertension
| null | 3 |
ac
|
a
|
ab
|
bc
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
45d09fa4-318d-48b1-a1ae-f26e1daac449
|
single
|
Most common site for metastasis in choriocarcinoma
| null | 1 |
Lungs
|
Brain
|
Liver
|
Spine
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
cf758358-bca8-491e-ad62-8ec786359fb5
|
single
|
Neurovascular bundle in each intercostal space comprises of
|
(D) All of the above> Neurovascular bundle in each intercostal space comprises of:-> Intercostal nerve> Posterior intercostal vein> Posterior intercostal artery
| 4 |
Intercostal nerve
|
Posterior intercostal vein
|
Posterior intercostal artery
|
All of the above
|
Anaesthesia
|
Miscellaneous
|
7a87abd6-a7f5-4869-b5a6-53d112cee80f
|
multi
|
Most common mode of lead poisoning
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Inhalation Lead poisoning (plumbism) may occur in 3 ways : ? 1) Inhalation - Most cases of industrial lead poisoning is due to inhalation of fumes and dust of lead or its compounds. 2) Ingestion - Small quantities of lead trapped in the upper respiratory tract may be ingested. Contaminated hands may also lead to ingestion. 3) Skin - Only organic lead (e.g., tetraethyl lead) is absorbed dermally.
| 3 |
Ingestion
|
Dermally
|
Inhalation
|
Through conjuctiva
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
9f11b9c6-56df-4db6-a795-2c677af7054e
|
multi
|
The following are discussion methods under group approach to health communication Except
|
Lectures and demonstrations are one-way approaches.Discussion methods include Group discussion. Panel discussion, Symposium, workshop, conferences, Seminars, RoleplayPark 23e: Health education
| 3 |
Seminar
|
Role play
|
Demonstrations
|
Group discussion
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Concept of health and disease
|
104f60f6-4e80-4eee-9e06-4f623eeef5d0
|
multi
|
Cyclin D1 translocation is seen in
?
|
Mantle cell lymphoma is characterized by t(11,14) it places the cyclin D1 gene next to IgH enhancer gene. Among lymphomas, cyclin D1 expression is very specific for Mantle cell lymphoma.
| 2 |
Follicular lymphoma
|
Mantle cell lymphoma
|
Hodgkin lymphoma
|
Melanoma
|
Pathology
| null |
0ca72294-1b4a-4469-9d1f-e942d146367d
|
single
|
Breast cref:SRB&;s manual of surgery,ed 3,pg no onservation surgery NOT advised in
|
.Indications Contraindications of breast conservation surgery are as follows * Lump < 4 cm * Tumour > 4 cm * Clinically negative axillary nodes * Positive axillary nodes > N1 * Mammographically detected lesion * Tumour margin is not free of tumour after breast * Well differentiated tumour with low S phase conservative surgery488 * Adequate sized breast to allow proper to breast * Poorly differentiated tumour * Breast of adequate size and volume * Multicentric tumour * Feasibility of axillary dissection and radiotherapy to intact breast * Earlier breast irradiation * Tumour/breast size ratio is more * Tumour beneath the nipple *Extensive intraductal carcinoma ref: bailey and love 27th ed
| 1 |
Lobular Ca
|
Ductal Ca. in situ
|
Early breast Ca.
|
Screening detected Ca.
|
Surgery
|
Endocrinology and breast
|
c7ddd3de-6e51-467a-a780-0ef234fab5a9
|
single
|
A female suffering from psychosis, taking phenothiazines now complains of sudden onset of high grade fever, muscle rigidity and altered sensorium. The diagnosis is -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Neuroleptic malignant syndrome o History of intake of antipsychotic drugs and high grade fever, muscle rigidity, altered sensorium suggests Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome.
| 2 |
Malignant hypehermia
|
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
|
Tardive dyskinesia
|
Akathesia
|
Pharmacology
| null |
574b4bc5-de84-4674-9222-b11d90ef436c
|
single
|
Rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis:-
|
Catecholamines are epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. L-DOPA is the precursor of all catecholamines The diagram given below shows the synthesis of L-DOPA and the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis is tyrosine hydroxylase.
| 3 |
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
|
Dopadecarboxylase
|
Tyrosine hydroxylase
|
Tryptophan decarboxylase A
|
Biochemistry
|
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine metabolism Detail
|
e0587b47-6871-4ac6-bc51-425a6982ad6b
|
multi
|
The cornea receives all its nutrition from-(PGI 85)
|
Ans: D-Aqueous humor.The cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings sensitive to touch, temperature and chemicals; a touch of the cornea causes an involuntary reflex to close the eyelid. Because transparency is of prime importance the cornea does not have blood vessels; it receives nutrients via diffusion from the tear fluid through the outside surface and the aqueous humour through the inside surface, and also from neurotrophins supplied by nerve fibres that innervate it. In humans, the cornea has a diameter of about 11.5 mm and a thickness of 0.5-0.6 mm in the center and 0.6-0.8 mm at the periphery. Transparency, avascularity, the presence of immature resident immune cells, and immunologic privilege makes the cornea a very special tissue. The cornea has no blood supply; it gets oxygen directly through the air. Oxygen first dissolves in the tears and then diffuses throughout the cornea to keep it healthy.
| 4 |
Corneal vessels
|
Atmosphere
|
Iris
|
Aqueous humor
|
Unknown
| null |
51f628fd-16ad-4c26-8848-79227af4279f
|
multi
|
Ramu, an 8-year old boy presented with pain in the arm. On x-ray, his upper end of humerus demonstrates an expansile lesion in the metaphysis with breach of the overlying cortex. Most likely diagnosis is -
|
Here the diagnosis is aneurysmal bone cyst because the overlying cortex is breeched, which is not seen in unicameral bone cyst.
| 1 |
Aneurysmal bone cyst
|
Unicameral bone cyst
|
Chondroblastoma
|
Osteoclastoma
|
Orthopaedics
| null |
4cbebfaa-80b4-46c4-b247-6349ab7d26e7
|
single
|
The trigeminal ganglion is
| null | 3 |
A motor and sensory ganglion of trigeminal nerve
|
Made up of unipolar and bipolar cells
|
Homologous with the dorsal root ganglion
|
Receives the motor root at its posterior concavity
|
Anatomy
| null |
c4d8c032-3e9a-411b-89a0-539fd93e839a
|
single
|
A patient with stab injury to anterior abdomen presents with a tag of amentum protruding the abdominal wall near the umbilicus. On evaluation he is hemodynamically stable and shows no signs of peritonitis. Initial management of patient should involve
|
In Hemodynamically stable pts IOC - CECT
| 4 |
FAST
|
Exploratory Laparotomy
|
Local wound Exploration and suturing
|
CECT Abdomen
|
Surgery
| null |
2a3040ba-0e51-4936-a5b9-c15f40001190
|
multi
|
The positive inotropic effect of digitalyzers is due to invitation of Na+/K+ ATPase pump in cardiac muscle cell membrane leading to
|
Ref-Goodman and Gillman 12/e p802,803 The positive inotropic effect of digitalis is due to inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase pump in cardiac muscle cell membrane leading to decreased activity of Na+/Ca++ exchanger causing decrease the influx of sodium and decreased efflux of CA++ in the sarcolemma
| 1 |
Decrease the activity of Na+/Ca+ exchanger causing decrease the influx of sodium and decreased efflux of Ca++ in the sarcolemma
|
Decreased efflux of Na+ leading to less negative resting membrane potential and opening of voltage gated Ca+ + channels on the T tubules
|
Increased intracellular Na+ causing increased efflux of any place and increase the influx of Ca + + through Na+/ Ca + + exchanges in sarcolemma
|
Increased intracellular Na+ decreasing the activity of Ca + + pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
Pharmacology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
5007ba16-4a50-4da7-a156-6ee4cc831606
|
single
|
Ataxia abasia is seen in
|
Conversion Disorder Conversion disorder is characterised by the following clinical features: 1. Presence of symptoms or deficits affecting motor or sensory function, suggesting a medical or neurological disorder. 2. Sudden onset. 3. Development of symptoms usually in the presence of a significant psychosocial stressor(s). 4. A clear temporal relationship between stressor and development or exacerbation of symptoms. 5. The patient does not intentionally produce the symptoms. 6. There is usually a ' secondary gain' (though not required by ICD-10 for diagnosis). 7. Detailed physical examination and investigations do not reveal any abnormality that can explain the symptoms adequately. 8. The symptom may have a 'symbolic' relationship with the stressor/conflict. Dissociative Motor Disorders: The motor disturbance usually involves either paralysis or abnormal movements. The 'paralysis' may be a monoplegia, paraplegia or quadriplegia. The abnormal movements can range from tremors, choreiform movements and gait disturbances, to convulsive movements. These movements either occur or increase when attention is directed towards them and may disappear when the patient is watched unobserved. These movements do not fit the 'typical' clinical picture of the abnormal involuntary movement disorders. The gait disturbance (ataxia abasia) is usually characterised by a wide-based, jerky, staggering, dramatic and irregular gait with exaggerated body movements. Ref: A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th Edition, pg. no. 99
| 1 |
Conversion disorder
|
PTSD
|
Depression
|
Mania
|
Psychiatry
|
Somatoform disorders
|
a2dc8023-3fb7-464a-a151-d754fac42ff1
|
single
|
Acute leukemia in children is associated with – all except –
| null | 3 |
Down's syndrome
|
Klinefelter's syndrome
|
Marfan's syndrome
|
Turner's syndrome
|
Pediatrics
| null |
866ce7e3-da62-43ba-be1f-e9d7cdac82f3
|
multi
|
About gallstones, false is
|
Operation is not done in most cases of gallstones It is done only in symptomatic cases Most consider that it is safe to observe patients with asymptomatic gallstones, with cholecystectomy reserved for patients who develop symptoms or complications Prophylactic cholecystectomy is may be considered for diabetic patients, those with congenital hemolytic anaemia and those patients who are undergoing bariatric surgery for morbid Obesity. Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pg no : 1200
| 2 |
Intervention should be done if gallstones are present in the bile duct irrespective of the duct diameter
|
Operation should be done on most cases
|
Can be used due to parasitic infestation
|
Can lead to cholecystitis
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
0eb1723b-5a0b-40b2-bfd6-ef950fee5972
|
multi
|
Restrictive cardiomyopathy is not associated with?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Alcohol * Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by a primary decrease in ventricular compliance, i.e., ventricles become stiff. Resulting in impaired ventricular filling during diastole because heart cannot relax normally during diastole - Diastolic dysfunction. Ventricles are normal in size (or slightly enlarged) without any dilatation of cavity. Atrial cavities are dilated. There is interstial fibrosis.* Important causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy are:-# Three most common causes - Amyloidosis, Radiation, myocardial fibrosis after open heart surgery.# Others - Sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, carcinoid syndrome, Fabry's disease, Loeftler's syndrome, scleroderma, glycogen depositon, neoplasm.
| 1 |
Alcohol
|
Hemochromatosis
|
Amyloidosis
|
Sarcoidosis
|
Pathology
|
C.V.S
|
805b55ea-dffa-469c-9bb9-157d4c8cb99a
|
single
|
What is the pH of set MTA?
| null | 1 |
12.5
|
14
|
10
|
8.5
|
Dental
| null |
9483de9c-3599-46e3-985c-3e4d2359a9a0
|
single
|
Which primary tooth is generally accepted as the first to erupt, and at about what mean age?
|
Eruption for the primary mandibular central incisor may be given as 6 months (Woelfel and Scheid, 2002); 6.5 months (Kraus et al., 1969); 7.5 months(Charlick et al.); or 8 (6 to 10) months (Ash and
Nelson, 2003).
| 3 |
Maxillary central incisor, 8 to 12 months.
|
Maxillary central incisor, 7 to 9 months.
|
Mandibular central incisor, 7 to 9 months.
|
Mandibular central incisor, 8 to 10 months.
|
Dental
| null |
846d17af-3876-4282-9ce2-1f468f22559d
|
multi
|
The floor of the femoral triangle is formed by all except -
|
Floor of femoral triangle
Medial
Adductor longus
Pectineus
Lateral
Psoas major
Iliacus
| 4 |
Adductor longus
|
Psoas major
|
Pectineus
|
Sartorius
|
Anatomy
| null |
5f2c003d-896e-4311-b590-fc4fb7040ff7
|
multi
|
Which of the following inhaled occupational puIlutant produces extensive nodular pulmonary fibrosis?
|
Ref:Textbook of pathology (Harsh mohan) 6th edition,page no.491 MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES. Grossly, the chronic silicotic lung is studded with well-circumscribed, hard, fibrotic nodules, 1 to 5 mm in diameters. They are scattered throughout the lung parenchyma but are initially more often located in the upper zones of the lungs. These nodular lesions frequently have simultaneous deposition of coal-dust and may develop calcification. The pleura is grossly thickened and adherent to the chest wall. There may be similar fibrotic nodules on the pleura and within the regional lymph nodes. The nodular lesions are detectable as egg-shell shadows in chest X-rays. The lesions may undergo ischaemic necrosis and develop cavitation, or be complicated by tuberculosis and rheumatoid pneumoconiosis Histologically, The following features are observed 1. The silicotic nodules are located in the region of respiratory bronchioles, adjacent alveoli, pulmonary aeries, in the pleura and the regional lymph nodes 2. The silicotic nodules consist of central hyalinised material with scanty cellularity and some amount of dust. The hyalinised centre is surrounded by concentric laminations of collagen which is fuher enclosed by more cellular connective tissue, dust-filled macrophages and a few lymphocytes and plasma cells. Some of these nodules may have calcium deposits. 3. The collagenous nodules have cleft-like spaces between the lamellae of collagen which when examined polariscopically may demonstrate numerous birefringent paicles of silica. 4. The severe and progressive form of the disease may result in coalescence of adjacent nodules and cause complicated silicosis similar to progressive massive fibrosis of coal-workers' pneumoconiosis (described above). 5. The intervening lung parenchyma may show hyperinflation or emphysema.. 6. Cavitation when present may be due to ischaemic necrosis in the nodules, or may reveal changes of tuberculosis or rheumatoid pneumoconiosis (Caplan's syndrome), discussed already.
| 1 |
Silica
|
Asbestos
|
Wood dust
|
Carbon
|
Pathology
|
Respiratory system
|
972c2452-c7e8-4f0d-9925-c6b95839a268
|
single
|
Which of the following type of karyotyping is done under light microscopy?
|
Innovative staining techniques involve identification of chromosome banding by a variety of staining techniques, at times with pre-digestion with proteolytic agents. Some of the more commonly used techniques are the following: Q banding: Fixed chromosome spreads are stained without any pretreatment using quinacrine mustard, quinacrine, or other fluorescent dyes and observed with a fluorescence microscope. G banding: Preparations are incubated in a variety of saline solutions using any 1 of several pretreatments and stained with Giemsa's stain. G-banding is generally preferred over Q-banding because G-band analysis is performed by light microscopy. R banding: Preparations are incubated in buffer solutions at high temperatures or at special pH and stained with Giemsa's stain. This process yields the reverse bands of G banding. C banding: Preparations are either heated in saline to temperatures just below boiling or treated with ceain alkali solutions and then stained with Giemsa's stain. This process causes prominent bands to develop in the region of the centromeres. Ref: Manipalviratn S., Trivax B., Huang A. (2013). Chapter 3. Genetic Disorders & Sex Chromosome Abnormalities. In A.H. DeCherney, L. Nathan, N. Laufer, A.S. Roman (Eds), CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology, 11e.
| 3 |
R banding
|
Q banding
|
G banding
|
C banding
|
Biochemistry
| null |
77a8b077-0b06-4b67-801b-7d3b44564430
|
single
|
Champagne glass pelvis is seen in -
|
Radiological features of Achondroplasia : Macrocephaly. Frontal bossing J shaped sella Caudal narrowing of interpedicular distance Champagne glass pelvis Trident hand
| 4 |
CDH
|
Down's syndrome
|
Cretinism
|
Achondroplasia
|
Radiology
|
Skeletal system
|
cb388339-1c3f-41d9-9cd4-7e9fee3e70a0
|
single
|
Azoles are drug of choice for all except -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Cryptococcal meningitis o Amphotericin B & oral itraconazole are the first line drugs for most of the systemic mycosis.o For cryptococcal meningitis, treatment of choice is AMB + 5-FU.Amnhotericin is the DOC for1. Disseminated candidiasis 3. Disseminated sporotrichosis5. Aspergillosis2. Coccidioidomycosis 4. Cryptococcal meningitis6. MucormycosisNote - Now voriconazole is preferred for invasive aspergillosis.Itraconazole is the DOC for1. ChromomycosisItraconazole or Amphotericin 'B', (any of the two) are the DOC for1. Blastomycosis3. Paracoccidioidomycosis2. Histoplasmosis Note : Itraconazole is an azole.
| 4 |
Chromomycosis
|
Histoplasmosis
|
Paracoccidioidomycosis
|
Cryptococcal meningitis
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Fungal
|
f8abbe95-7ca3-4d92-a3dc-589b70236644
|
multi
|
Vegans are those who -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Neither eat dairy products nor eggs Vegetarionso Vegetarions are divided into three groups -A) Vegans (Vegan vegetarians)# Vegans do not eat any animal or dairy products like meat, fish, cheese or leather.# The get all the proteins from cereals, nuts and seeds.B) Lacto Vegetarians# These people eat dairy products but not eggs.C) Lacto-ovo Vegetarians# These people eat dairy products and eggs.
| 4 |
Eat both dairy products and eggs
|
Eat dairy products but not eggs
|
Eat eggs but not dairy products
|
Neither eat dairy products nor eggs
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
General
|
eaa6cc79-6101-4062-a663-9cf53fb1d1c7
|
multi
|
Most often used thickness of the matrix band is:
|
Various thickness of carbon steel and stainless steel matrix hands are available, with the thinner (0.0015 inch) most often used.
| 2 |
0.0015 cm
|
0.0015 inch
|
0.015 inch
|
0.0028 mm
|
Dental
| null |
675e789e-6670-4c58-a094-8a3cc5f96b64
|
single
|
Retinal tears seen most commonly seen in ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Primary retinal detachment Retinal detachment is a disorder of eye in which retina peels away from its underlying layer of suppo tissue. Usually there is separation between the neuroepithelium (neurosensory epithelium) and the pigmented layer. The retinal separation is divided into: 1) Primary :- Rheugmatogenous retinal detachment. 2) Secondary :- Tractional retinal detachment and exudative retinal detachment. Rhegmatogeneous retinal detachment This is the commonest type of retinal detachment. This is due to a retinal break/tear/hole which allows the liquid vitreous to seeps into the subretinal space and separates the sensory retina from the pigmentary epithelium. Predisposing factors include : (i) Myopia, (ii) Previous intraocular surgery : cataract extraction, (aphakia) or pseudoaphakia); (iii) Trauma; (iv) Retinal degeneration (Lattice degeneration; Snail track degeneration, Senile or degenerative retinoschisis. Tractional retinal detachment It is due to pulling on the retina usually from fibro-vascular band in the vitreous cavity, i.e., vitroretinal band. Exudative retinal detachment (solid retinal detachment) It occurs due to the retina being pushed away by accumulation of fluid or a neoplasm beneath the retina. This type of detachment is caused by inflammatory disorders or by tumors.
| 1 |
Primary retinal detachment
|
Secondary retinal detachment
|
Tractional retinal detachment
|
Exudative retinal detachment
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
f33005c5-eb71-4b3e-9c72-a183179a61be
|
single
|
Culture media used for 0157 : H7 Enterohemorrhagic E coli ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Sorbitol containing agar Culture of 0157: H7 E.coli E.coli 0157:H7 is not identified on routine stool cultures. E.coli 0157:H7 can be specifically detected by the use of modified Mac Conkey media which containssorbitol in place of lactose (SMAC). Sorbitol Mac Conkey media is specifically useful for the detection of E.coli 0157:H7 as unlike most strains of E. coli, the 0157: H7 strain does not ferment sorbitol. Non fermenting colonies on a Sorbitol Mac Conkey plate (SMAC) therefore suggest the diagnosis of E.coli 0157:H7. Sorbitol Mac Conkey media is the screening method of choice for E.coli 0157:H7.
| 1 |
Sorbitol containing agar
|
Mannitol containing agar
|
Sucrose containing agar
|
Dextrose containing agar
|
Microbiology
| null |
11a598f3-5a59-448b-a432-e67bc6abfead
|
single
|
Dopamine receptor agonist -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Bromocriptine Drugs causing hyperprolactinemiao Prolactin is under predominant inhibitory control of hypothalamus through prolactin releasing inhibitory hormone (PR1H).o PRIH is a dopamine that acts on pituitary lactotrope D. receptor.o So, Dopaminergic agonists decrease plasma prolactin levels. These agonists are : Dopamine # Cobergoline Bromocriptine # Apomorphineo Dopaminergic antagonists and DA depleters will increase prolactin level Dopaminergic Antagonists are :Dopamine deters are :o Chlorpromazineo Reserpineo Haloperidolo Methyl dopao Metoclopram ide Other drugs increasing prolactin releaseo Opiateso Verapamilo Amitriptyline, amoxapineo Cimetidine& ranitidineo Fluoxetino Estrogens, antiandrogens
| 2 |
Methyldopa
|
Bromcriptine
|
Haloperidol
|
Morphine
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Parkinsonism
|
ba256373-3f35-4589-8a5c-9232838948a2
|
single
|
The normal range of serum osmolarity is
|
Normal serum osmolarity ranges from 275 to 295 mOsm/L It is used to monitor hyponatremia,and other conditions Reference : guyton and hall12 Ed pg no: 45,46,47
| 3 |
350-375
|
200-250
|
270-285
|
300-320
|
Physiology
|
General physiology
|
614e4caa-0d5d-4863-ba25-e2de60a1ec46
|
single
|
Posterior staphyloma is associated with
|
Posterior staphyloma is a condition that can be present in highly myopic individuals with long axial lengths. It is caused by elongation of the globe due to thinning and bulging of the sclera and results in an irregular configuration of the retina at the posterior pole. ref img
| 1 |
Pathological myopia
|
Uveoscleritis
|
Pseudocornea
|
Angle closure glaucoma
|
Ophthalmology
|
Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus
|
4260dd9a-bb1a-42c8-a2fa-5c86fe7f4214
|
single
|
All are effects of sympathetic stimulation except -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Increased refractory period Sympathetic stimulationPositive chronotropic (Increased heart rate0):- Sympathetic stimulation increases the slope of phase 4 prepotential (pacemaker potential)Q; therefore, time taken to reach the threshold is decreased and heart rate is increased.Positive ionotropic (Increased contractility )Q.in) Positive dromotropic (Increased conduction velocity' in conductive tissueQ).Decreased in refractory period of all ty pe of cardiac cells (Punjab l0).Positive bathmotropic (Increased automaticity).o Pacemaker potential (prepotential) is mainly due to Na+ influx.o Vagal stimulation causes decrease in slop of prepotention (by decreasing Na~ influx).Effects of ANSo The SA node develops from structures on the right side of the embryo and the AV node from structures on the left. This is why right vagus (parasympathetic) is distributed primarily to SA node and the left vagus (parasympathetic) mainly to AV nodeQ. Similarly, the sympathetic innervation on the right side is distributed primarily to the SA node and the sympathetic innervation on the left side primarily to AV node,o Effects of ANS on cardiac physiology are as follow: -Parasy mpathetic (vagal) stimulatio nNegative chronotropic (decreased heart rateQ) : - Vagal stimulation cause decrease in slope (flattening) of prepotential (pacemaker potential) and therefore the time taken to reach the threshold level is increased - Heart rate is decreased.Negative dromotropic (decreased conduction).Increased refractory period of all type of cardiac cells.Sympathetic stimulationPositive chronotropic (Increased heart rateQ):- Sympathetic stimulation increases the slope of phase 4 prepotential (pacemaker potential) Q; therefore, time taken to reach the threshold is decreased and heart rate is increased.Positive ionotropic (Increased contractility ) Q.Positive dromotropic (Increased conduction velocity in conductive tissue6).Decreased in refractory period of all type of cardiac cellsQ.Positive bathmotropic (Increased automaticity).
| 3 |
Increased conduction velocity
|
Increased heart rate
|
Increased refractory period
|
Increaed contractility of heart
|
Physiology
|
Autonomic Nervous System
|
ac08e585-600b-450d-8b92-f37ec371af9f
|
multi
|
IOC to detect abnormally located placenta;
|
Today transvaginal ultrasound is being used increasingly in diagnosing placenta.It is safe and gives much more accuracy than a transabdominal scan in placental localisation especially in posterior placentation and obese patients (refer pgno:130 sheila textbook of obstetrics 2 nd edition)
| 1 |
TVS
|
TAS
|
Doppler
|
MRI
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
General obstetrics
|
a68d4b7d-ee96-4020-bda5-aa8da730d54e
|
multi
|
Buschke - Lowenstein tumor is -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Giant condyloma accuminata
| 3 |
Molluscum contagiosum
|
Condyloma lata
|
Giant condyloma accuminata
|
Metastasis
|
Surgery
| null |
b3213feb-eb16-4057-a0e7-7171f71dc9a7
|
single
|
The least extrapyramidal side effects are seen with the following phenothiazine
|
Side effects of impoant CNS drugs Midazolam Ataxia , Blackouts in elderlyTolcapone Hepatotoxic Phenytoin Hirsuitism , Gingival hyperplasia , Osteomalacia , Teratogen , Megaloblastic anemia , Ataxia , Lymphadenopathy , Hyperglycemia , Arrhythmias , Vitamin K deficiency Valproate Irreversible hepatic necrosis in older children , Acute pancreatitis Zonisamide , Topiramate Renal stones VigabatrineIrreversible visual field defectsFelbamate Aplastic anemia Thioridazine Male sexual dysfunction , Retinal damage , Least extra pyramidal symptomsClozapine Agranulocytosis , Myocarditis Risperidone Extra pyramidal symptoms HaloperidolExtra pyramidal symptoms , Akathisia Olanzapine Risk of stroke and death Ziprasidone , Pimozide QT prolongation Quetiapine Cataract Iloperidone Ohostatic hypotension Lithium in expectant mothers Ebstein's anomalyFormic acid Retinal damage Opioids Tolerance & addiction
| 4 |
Clozapine
|
Triflupromazine
|
Fluphenazine
|
Thioridazine
|
Pathology
|
All India exam
|
8f28e17d-8be0-4008-85b4-a327e25df568
|
single
|
Hormone replacement herapy is contraindicated in
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Thromboembolism Contraincations of hormone replacement therapy Pregnancy and breast feeding. Undiagnose vaginal bleeding. Recent angina or MI. Venous thromboembolic disease. Breast cancer. Active liver disease. Endometrial cancer. Uncontrolled hypeension.
| 2 |
Atherosclerosis
|
Thromboembolism
|
Osteoporosis
|
Gall stones
|
Pharmacology
| null |
886206af-e839-4607-bfc2-1282fce386d8
|
multi
|
Type of injury in which there is brief temporary physiological paralysis of function without organic structural damage is:
| null | 1 |
Concussion.
|
Contusion.
|
Laceration.
|
None.
|
Surgery
| null |
17c6bd0a-af28-4ceb-b14a-4ccc8b118a51
|
multi
|
Which of the following best describes lice?
|
Pediculus humanus (head or body louse) and Phthirus pubis (crab louse) are wingless parasites exclusively affecting humans. Lice are important not only for the itching and discomfort they cause but also for the diseases they transmit. These disorders include epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. There is no evidence that lice secrete toxins.
| 3 |
They have wings
|
They cause tissue edema
|
They transmit epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever
|
Pediculus humanus is the only species of louse
|
Microbiology
|
Parasitology
|
28d01bf3-67e4-4059-bd9e-cadc0e0894c2
|
single
|
All of the following are acyanotic congenital heart diseases except –
| null | 4 |
VSD
|
PDA
|
ASD
|
Tetralogy of fallot
|
Pediatrics
| null |
56f8f140-d965-4b26-b3db-b7f16a051037
|
multi
|
Which taste sensation is the most sensitive (i.e., has the lowest stimulation threshold)?
|
The bitter taste sense is much more sensitive than the other sensations because it provides an impoant protective function against many dangerous toxins in food.
| 2 |
Acid
|
Bitter
|
Salty
|
Sour
|
Physiology
|
Special Senses
|
b0a3e07d-508c-4e15-adea-616094ab3a0f
|
single
|
Mansonoides mosquito transmits the following disease -
|
Mansonoide mosquito transmits Brugian filariasis. They are big, black mosquitoes with speckling on their wings and legs. They breed in ponds and lakes containing aquatic plants. Eggs are laid in star-shaped clusters on the undersurface of water plants. Their control is easy by removal or destruction of aquatic host plants by herbicides. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 831
| 2 |
Bancroftian filariasis
|
Brugian filariasis
|
Malaria
|
Dengue
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Environment and health
|
9fc0be7e-5e52-49be-9b69-e0d3d857e9f5
|
single
|
Chronaxie minimum in?
|
ANSWER: (C) Myelinated nerveREF: Pediatric Anesthesia By Bruno Bissonnette page 758Chronaxie (or chronaxy) is the minimum time over which an electric current, double the strength of the rheobase, needs to be applied, in order to stimulate a muscle fiber or nerve cell.Rheobase is the minimal current amplitude of indefinite duration (practically, a few hundred milliseconds) that results in the depolarization threshold of the cell membranes being reached (i.e. an action potential or the contraction of a muscle).In the case of a nerve or single muscle ceil, rheobase is half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie to result in an action potential or muscle twitchRemember chronaxie is the measure of excitability of the nerve. Hence chronaxie is inversely proportional to the myelination of the nerves.Order of neurons in order of increasing chronaxie: A alpha > A delta > C
| 3 |
Mixed nerves
|
Unmyelinated nerve
|
Myelinated nerve
|
Sensory nerves
|
Physiology
|
Nerve Physiology
|
c4672014-4122-413d-bbef-2671feae3247
|
single
|
The intra-abdominal pressure during laparoscopy should be set between -
|
Ans. is (b) i.e. 10-15mm of Hg The infra-abdominal pressure during laproscopic surgery is monitored by insufflator. The pressure is set between 1215 mm of Hg. because at higher pressures there is risk of hypercarbia, acidosis and adverse hemodynamic and pulmonary effects.
| 2 |
5-8 mm of Hg
|
10-15 mm of Hg
|
20-25 mm of Hg
|
30-35 mm of Hg
|
Surgery
| null |
7a7c2016-82d4-4b35-8723-231934d5f0e6
|
single
|
For posterior urethral valve- Investigation of choice is
|
Ans. is 'b' ie MCU " The most reliable method to confirm the diagnosis of posterior urethral valves is voiding cystourethrography that means radiographs are taken during the act of micturition after the bladder has been filled with the contrast media"Posterior Urethral ValvesSeen only in males*these are symmetrical folds of urothelium, usually found just distal to the verumontanum*, but they may be within the prostatic urethra also.they behave as flop valves so, although urine does not flow normally, a urethral catherter can be passed without difficulty.t/t- transurethral resection of the valves in done
| 2 |
Cyotoscopy
|
MCU
|
Cystourethroscopy
|
Retrograde urethroscopy
|
Surgery
|
Miscellaneous (Urethra & Penis)
|
af45745a-7c98-400a-a12e-1f08197b7409
|
single
|
Which of the following cusps of the mandibular first molar has the maximum thickness of enamel and dentin
| null | 2 |
Mesiolingual
|
Mesiobuccal
|
Distal
|
All have same thickness
|
Dental
| null |
a6458a63-4a7a-486b-9dde-5ee804fa44e3
|
multi
|
All of the following are true regarding whooping cough except -
| null | 3 |
Spread by droplet infection
|
90% of cases occur in children under 5 years of age
|
The whoop stage is more infection than catarrhal stage
|
Blood count shows lymphocytosis
|
Medicine
| null |
7dd0160b-6a4a-43c2-ac29-e0b309973af1
|
multi
|
Ice pack test is due for -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Myesthenia gravis o The ice pack test is a bedside test to help in the diagnosis of myethenia gravis.
| 1 |
Myesthenia gravis
|
Multiple system atrophy
|
Hyperparathyroidism
|
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
|
Medicine
|
Peripheral Nerve & Muscles
|
3c809762-0367-4d98-9abb-aedab5f28b65
|
single
|
Red infarcts occur in -
|
Red or hemorrhagic seen in soft loose tissues. Caused either by obstruction of the pulmonary aery in the lungs or by aerial or venous occlusion as in the intestine. reference: Harsh Mohan textbook of pathology,7th edition, pg no:112 <\p>
| 2 |
Kidney
|
Lung
|
Spleen
|
Hea
|
Microbiology
|
Immunology
|
2ae87303-7d52-41b8-ae29-837f00695605
|
single
|
Most common type of staphyloma in myopia is:
|
Posterior
| 1 |
Posterior
|
Intercalary
|
Equatorial
|
Ciliary
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
59d81b61-cca7-4a2a-b5a9-e39f23d1a0df
|
single
|
Brush burn is a type of?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Abrasion o Abrasion is a superficial injury involving superficial layer of epidermis and is caused by hard, blunt and rough object due to friction between skin and the object. Scab or crust is formed over exposed raw surface and most injuries heal without scar as they are superficial.o Age of abrasion can be calculated by following changes:-# Fresh:Reddish# 12-24 hours:Scab forms, which is red in colour# 2-3 days:Reddish brown Scab# 4-7 days:Abrasion starts healing (epithelization) from periphery# 7-10 days:Scab dries up and falls off# 10-12 days:Healing is complete (skin colour returns to normal)o Type of abrasion are:-1) Scratches (linear abrasion):# It is an abrasion with legnth but no significant width produced by a sharp object e.g., pin, needles, knife, thorn and nail etc.# Point scratch is a very superficial incision produced by a sharp or pointed object not sharp enough to incise but pointed enough to produce scratch.2) Grazes (Sliding abrasion/scraping abrasion/grinding abrasion):# It is the most common type of abrasion, produced when a broad surface of skin slides against rough surface, e.g., during vehicular accidents. Injury is due to friction. The surface of injury show irregular parallel lines, i.e., furrows or grooves.# A violent lateral graze, due to rubbing of skin (as in dragging) is known as brush burn (Gravel rash).# Friction burn (Scuff or brush abrasion) occur due to tangential contact with a smooth surface or when the skin is covered by clothing. It is an extensive superficial, reddened excoriated area without bleeding and with little or no linear mark.3) Pressure abrasions (crushing or friction abrasions) :# Though it is called friction abrasion, it results from pressure of the object on the body with no or little friction (it is a misnomer).# It is caused by crushing of superficial epidermis due to inward directed movement of object at around 90deg to skin.# Example are ligature marks in hanging/strangulation, teeth bites and nail marks.4) Impact abrasion (Imprint or contact abrasion):# It is caused by impact (but not pressure) with a rough object, when the force is applied at or near 90deg to skin surface.# It is depressed below surface unless associated with contusion (bruise).
| 4 |
Bruise
|
Contusion
|
Laceration
|
Abrasion
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Injuries by Blunt Force
|
2f65b1c6-b212-4dca-a4c5-ccd1835c3c24
|
single
|
All are cholinergic agents except -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Memantine Cognition Enhancers (Cerebroactive drugs) o These are a heterogenous group of drugs developed for use in dementia and other cerebral disorders. o Drugs are 1. Cholinergic activaters --> Tacrine, Rivastigmine, Donepezil, Galantamine. 2. Glutamate (NMDA) antagonist --4 Memanite 3. Miscellaneous --> Piracetam, Pyritinal (pyrithioxine), Piribedil, Dihydroergotoxine (Codergocrine).
| 4 |
Galantamine
|
Donepezil
|
Tacrine
|
Memantine
|
Pharmacology
| null |
1c337380-30d2-48c4-8f87-3cddf084e50f
|
multi
|
Carry over effect is seen in
| null | 3 |
Case control study
|
Concurrent parallel trial
|
Cross over study
|
Cohort study
|
Dental
| null |
53d6729d-c294-46cd-a184-0b15ddaf7e90
|
multi
|
Herpes virus:
|
Herpes viruses replicate in the host cell nucleus, and both replication and assembly occur in the nucleus. The herpes virus encodes for several glycoproteins that facilitate viral attachment, fusion, and immune evasion.
The virus buds from nuclear membrane and is released by exocytosis and cell lysis.
Parija SC. Textbook of Microbiology & Immunology. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. Page:473
| 1 |
Acquires its envelope from nuclear membrane
|
Acquires its envelope from nucleolar membrane
|
Acquires its envelope from cytoplasmic membrane
|
None of the above
|
Microbiology
| null |
2d885147-4fea-4e03-b049-0643b7e07062
|
multi
|
Class II elastics are used by stretching an elastic between which of the two following points?
|
Class II elastics work in the direction that would be used to correct a Class II malocclusion, to pull the mandibular teeth forward and the maxillary teeth distally.
| 4 |
From the posterior to the anterior within the maxillary arch
|
From the posterior to the anterior within the mandibular arch
|
From the posterior of the maxillary arch to the anterior of the mandibular arch
|
From the posterior of the mandibular arch to the anterior of the maxillary arch
|
Dental
| null |
058add30-ac39-4ef0-914b-748df08b2054
|
single
|
Transcription refers to
| null | 2 |
the process where an mRNA is used as a template for protein production.
|
the process where a DNA sequence is copied into RNA for the purpose of gene expression.
|
the process where DNA wraps around histones to form a nucleosome.
|
the process of replication of DNA prior to cell division.
|
Physiology
| null |
120f1690-6de5-4b27-a002-8b652d163e66
|
single
|
A 72-year-old woman complains of a cramplike pain in her thigh and leg. She was diagnosed as having a severe intermittent claudication.Following surgery, an infection was found in the adductor canal, damaging the enclosed structures. Which of the following structures remains intact?
|
The Great Saphenous Vein remains intact because it is not in the Adductor Canal. The Adductor Canal contains the Femoral Vessels, the Saphenous Nerve, and the Nerve to the Vastus Medialis.
| 4 |
Femoral aery
|
Femoral vein
|
Saphenous nerve
|
Great saphenous vein
|
Anatomy
|
Lower limb 1
|
8b2d8c24-e640-4c65-8e25-90a354432ce9
|
single
|
Which of the following statements about Rheumatoid Factor is true -
|
Rheumatoid factor in Rheumatoid Arthritis is an IgM antibody directed against the Fc fragment of IgG
Anti CCP antibodies are most specific blood test for rheumatoid arthritis (specificity ∼ 95%).
Rheumatoid factor is positive in only 10% of patients with JRA.
| 1 |
It is an IgM antibody directed against IgG
|
It is an IgG antibody directed against IgM
|
It is more specific than Anti-CCP antibodies
|
It is positive in all cases of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
|
Pathology
| null |
84aad0a7-8243-4758-a977-34b7a63de122
|
multi
|
Carcinoma cervix extends upto lateral pelvic wall.The stage would be:
| null | 3 |
Stage I
|
Stage II
|
Stage III
|
Stage IV
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
87d38589-779f-4e1c-90df-f1344ea5b429
|
multi
|
A newborn was diagnosed as having a congenital abnormality that resulted in transposition of great vessels. While preparing the infant for surgery, the medical team needed to keep the ductus arteriosus open. They did this by infusing :
| null | 3 |
Cortisol
|
Indomethacin
|
Alprostadil
|
Tacrolimus
|
Pharmacology
| null |
d9db966c-87be-4bf5-b34f-a40a0c3ad819
|
single
|
Cryptomenorrhea occurs due to:
|
Ans. is a, i.e. Imperforate hymenRef: Dutta Gynae 6th/ed, p450; Shaw 15th/ed, p96-97* Cryptomenorrhea is defined as occurrence of menstrual symptoms without external bleeding.* Menstrual blood fails to come out from genital tract due to obstruction in the outflow passage.* Causes:CongenitalAcquiredImperforate hymen (commonest)Transverse vaginal septumAtresia of upper third vagina & cervixCervical stenosis following:* Amputation* Cauterization* Conization* 'Radium' treatment for malignant conditions
| 1 |
Imperforate hymen
|
Asherman's syndrome
|
Mullerian agenesis
|
All
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Disorders in Menstruation
|
9e73a382-456c-4017-949a-dea4e9613192
|
multi
|
Auspitz sign is characteristically seen in –
|
Auspitz's sign is used as bed-side test for diagnosis of psoriasis vulgaris/plaque psoriasis (most common type of psoriasis).
| 1 |
Plaque Psoriasis
|
Pustular Psoriasis
|
Lichen planus
|
Inverse Psoriasis
|
Dental
| null |
262bf039-06c0-4899-9f25-491b674c9484
|
multi
|
Which of the following act as a vector for spreading Onchocerciasis?
|
Onchocerciasis is caused by Onchocerca volvulus and is a major cause of blindness. It is transmitted by Simulium damnosum, a black fly that breeds in areas of rapidly flowing streams. The fly picks up microfilariae from the skin of the infected person, where it matures into larvae that become adult worms in 1 year. The adult parasite produces cutaneous nodules which are 5-25 mm in diameter on the trunk, thighs, arms, head, and shoulders. In the eye it causes nummular keratitis and sclerosing keratitis. Death of the microfilariae causes an intense inflammatory reaction and severe uveitis, vitritis, and retinitis. It is diagnosed by skin biopsy and microscopic examination looking for live microfilariae. The preferred treatment for onchocerciasis is with nodulectomy and ivermectin. Ref: Cunningham, Jr. E.T., Augsburger J.J., Correa Z.M., Pavesio C. (2011). Chapter 7. Uveal Tract & Sclera. In P. Riordan-Eva, E.T. Cunningham, Jr. (Eds), Vaughan & Asbury's General Ophthalmology, 18e.
| 3 |
Tsetse fly
|
Culicoides midge
|
Simulium damnosum
|
Bugs of subfamily Triatominae
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
98454d5c-4a1a-4ec9-bb78-cc4885bbb28d
|
single
|
"Debridement"- meaning of this French word is
|
Ans. (a) Cut openRef Bailey and Love 27th edition Page 415* Debridement- Derived from FRENCH word "Unleash or Cut open"* Debridement reduces the chances of anaerobic and necrotizing infections and can prevent systemic sepsis.
| 1 |
Cut open
|
Debulk
|
Sanitize
|
Rehydration
|
Surgery
|
Trauma
|
276c4821-da21-444e-b657-3b17a43b6ca6
|
single
|
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