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A patient presented with complaints of diplopia. O/E pupils were dilated. Both direct and consensual light reflexes were lost. The diagnosis is :
|
3rd nerve palsy PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX :- If light enters an eye, the pupil of the same eye contracts (direct light reflex),activity shared equally by the pupil of other eye (consensual light reflex) - Afferent limb of light reflex is Optic nerve (CN2) and efferent limb is Oculomotor nerve (CN3) - Both direct and consensual light reflexes are lost in third nerve palsy.
| 2 |
2nd nerve palsy
|
3rd nerve palsy
|
5th nerve palsy
|
7th nerve palsy
|
Ophthalmology
|
Neuro Ophthalmology
|
1faf4aac-df26-42f5-9618-0c6c03201170
|
multi
|
Most common site of post ischemic stricture is:
|
Stricture is a complication of colonic ischemia. Most common site is sigmoid colon.
| 4 |
Ascending colon
|
Hepatic flexure
|
Splenic flexure
|
Sigmoid colon
|
Surgery
|
Large intestine
|
76feb845-7184-48b9-8c98-8c4208b75556
|
single
|
Undertakers fracture-
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Spondylolisthesis of the lower cervical spine with tearing od C6 C7 intervertebral disc o Repeat from previous sessions.
| 2 |
Traumatic spondylolisthesis of C1 over C2
|
Spondylolisthesis of the lower cervical spine with tearing of C6 C7 intervertebral disc
|
Burst fracture of C3
|
Spinous process fractures of lower cervical vertebrae
|
Unknown
| null |
1443900a-07fd-4dc6-b7a8-1b1224eba40a
|
single
|
During TURP, surgeon takes care to dissect above the verumontonum to prevent injury to
|
Damage to the external sphincter is avoided provided one uses the verumontanum as a guide to the most distal point of the resection. Reference : page1351 Bailey and Love's sho practice of surgery 25th edition
| 1 |
External Urethral Sphincter
|
Urethral crest
|
Prostatic Utricle
|
Trigone of bladder
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
19b5c05b-7b1b-44f5-96b7-ef9bc44102d6
|
multi
|
The breeding ground for the vectors of Japanese
| null | 1 |
Paddy field
|
Mixed garbage
|
Cooler water
|
Stale food
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
28f792a1-d684-487b-b281-2099d40fc118
|
single
|
True about Boyle's apparatus:
|
A i.e. Continuous flow machine
| 1 |
Continuous flow machine
|
Liquid anesthetic vapours not used
|
Resistance very high
|
All
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
e23c4942-b230-464d-a87b-d6d54a5e75b0
|
multi
|
Which of the following is best for diagnosing genital TB?
|
Ans. (c) LJ mediumRef: Harrison 19th ed. /1110* Harrison states: "In genitourinary TB - culture of 3 morning urinary specimen yields a definitive diagnosis in 90% cases. LJ medium is most common solid medium used for culture.* Prevalence of GU TB= 10-15%* MC c/o- Urinary frequency, dysuria, nocturia, hematuria, and flank or abdominal pain.* Diagnosis- Culture of three morning urine specimens- definitive diagnosis in nearly 90% patient.* Other test- IV pyelography, abdominal CT, MRI-may show deformities and obstructions* Suggestive findings- calcifications and ureteral strictures-* Complication-# Female- affects the fallopian tubes and the endometrium and may cause infertility, pelvic pain, and menstrual abnormalities.# Diagnosis requires biopsy or culture of specimens obtained by dilation and curettage.# Male- affects the epididymis, producing a slightly tender mass that may drain externally through a fistulous tract; orchitis and prostatitis may also develop.* Rx: Genitourinary TB responds well to chemotherapy.
| 3 |
PCR
|
Montoux
|
LJ medium
|
ZN staining
|
Microbiology
|
Culture media and method
|
f05cdf37-d0be-480f-b93a-c635f38742cf
|
single
|
Magnan's symptom is seen in
|
Tactile hallucination: this is hallucination of touch. In this type of hallucination, the person gets the feeling that some insects are crawling under the skin(formication) This is otherwise called Magnan's symptom, usually occurs in cocaine addicts. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 360
| 4 |
Visual hallucination
|
Auditory hallucination
|
Gustatory hallucination
|
Tactile hallucination
|
Anatomy
|
Special topics
|
cf1072f1-a217-48af-836c-3c5be7f11b35
|
multi
|
Thanatophobia is fear of:
|
D i.e. Death
| 4 |
Closed spaces
|
Flights
|
High places
|
Death
|
Psychiatry
| null |
1d26b134-273c-4d74-a278-19e64d61f6bb
|
single
|
The Astler-Coller modification of the Dukes classification is used to classify cancers of the
|
Colon cancer may be found in the left side of the colon (producing a "napkin ring" or "apple core" appearance) or the right side of the colon (producing a polypoid mass). In either location, bleeding may produce an iron-deficiency anemia. Histologically, the vast majority of colon cancers are adenocarcinomas. Currently the most common classification used to stage colon carcinomas is the Astler-Coller modification of the Dukes classification of colon cancer. This classification is as follows: A = mucosa (or submucosa, arbitrary); B1 = into muscularis propria; B2 = through muscularis propria; C1 = into muscularis propria with lymph node metastasis; C2 = through muscularis propria with lymph node metastasis; D = distant spread. Reference: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9edition
| 2 |
Liver
|
Colon
|
Lung
|
Stomach
|
Pathology
|
miscellaneous
|
bbfd5ef2-7ecf-4fc0-9d9e-59362bd3a1ec
|
single
|
Which vaccine is not useful in a patient with AIDS
| null | 1 |
OPV
|
P T
|
BCG
|
Measles
|
Medicine
| null |
be858cae-893e-4a8b-ac83-44045a0c479b
|
single
|
Which hormone is under inhibitory control -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e.. Prolactin o For most of the anterior pituitary hormones, it is the releasing hormone that are important but prolactin is mainly under the inhibitory control.o Hypothalamus secretes the following:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which causes release of thyroid-stimulating hormoneCorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which causes release of adrenocorticotropinGrowth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which causes release of growth hormone, and growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH), also called somatostatin, which inhibits release of growth hormoneGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which causes release of the two gonadotropic hormones, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormoneProlactin inhibitory hormone (PIH), which causes inhibition of prolactin secretion.
| 2 |
GH
|
Prolactin
|
FSH
|
LH
|
Physiology
|
Pituitary
|
eb1f8a24-47df-4c34-91e1-28b6f02791f2
|
single
|
In Iron deficiency anaemia, what is seen?
|
Since its iron def anemia there is decreased iron , ferritin , and transferin saturation . There is increased protoporphyrin levels as there is impaired maturation of Hb due to Fe deficiency. Ref: robbins 9/e pg :649
| 1 |
Increased Protoporphyrin
|
Increased iron
|
Increased ferritin
|
Increased transferrin saturation
|
Pathology
|
Haematology
|
b258ef78-c5e5-484d-a19f-2da06b6bc219
|
single
|
True statement regarding mummification :
|
A i.e. Time since death; C i.e. Skin is shrunked, dry & brown
| 3 |
Time since death
|
Facial features are preserved
|
Skin is shrunken, dry and brown
|
All
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
5d8a64db-cca6-43b6-b57b-5eec727495b3
|
multi
|
Indications for Colposcopy include following except:
|
Ans. D. Obvious Visible growth. (Ref Textbook of Gynaecology by D C Dutta 5th/pg. 112 - 113)Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology 14th/pg. 447 - 448.......... under the heading "Colposcopy'' and subheading "indications"........."Colposcopy is not needed routinely in all patients, or patients with obvious lesions.""INDICATIONS for colposcopy:# Diagnostic screening procedures are:- Abnormal Pap smear of cervix. Even CIN-I (especially those with positive HPV infection) should be screened, because as much as 50% of CIN-I have revealed CIN-II & -III on colposcopy and on susequent histology.- Abnormal areas on the vagina and preoperative assessment in early stages of cancer cervix.- Abnormal vulval area.- Locate the abnormal areas and biopsy.# Therapeutic Indications:- Precise conservative Rx with laser and cone biopsy can be performed in CIN lesions under colposcopic guidance using micromanipulator which delineates the area and destroys the entire lesion. Depth of destruction of 4-5 mm is adequate in CIN lesions. Depth of 1 cm may sometimes be required.- Lifelong follow-up of conservative Rx."Textbook of Gynaecology by D C Dutta 5th/pg. 112 - 113.......under the heading "Breast self examination"......................:"The important selective groups to be examined by colposcopy are:1. Women with abnormal smears.2. Women with clinically suspicious cervices specially with history of contact bleeding despite the presence of negative smears.3. Where the lesion is not clinically detected, colposcopic directed biopsy offers maximum reliability.4. Conservative methods of Rx of CIN can be effectively performed colposcopically as an OPD procedure."Also remember:# Colposcopy was first introduced by Hinselmann in 1927.# Colposcope is a binocular instrument providing a magnification of 10-20 times and colpomiscoscope 100-300 times.# In the technique of colposcopy, patient is placed in lithotomy, the cervix is exposed with a bivalve spectrum, and the colposcope focused on the external os at a distance of about 20 cm.# Coloposcopic findings are graded according to degree of acetowhite lesion, surface contour, mosiac pattern and punctuation as well as atypical vessesls.# Colposcopy should be preferably restricted to first trimester pregnancy, as it can cause bleeding, besides causing discomfort.# Because of multifocal lesions, wide vaginal angle, colposcopic examination of the vagina is difficult.# Colposcopy of the vagina is indicated in the following conditions:- To evaluate vagina with abnormal Pap smear but normal colopscopic findings of cervix.- Rule out extension of CIN.- Women with HPV infection.- Gross lesion present.- Follow-up of hysterectomy or conservative therapy performed for CIN disease.# Colposcopy of the vulva is not always informative due to keratinization and deep seated vessels.
| 4 |
Abnormal Pap smear of cervix
|
Diagnostic directed biopsy
|
Follow up of cases treated conservatively
|
Obvious Visible growth
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Gynaecological Diagnosis
|
ef7acdda-0ef4-4b17-9b3b-befe03c3c54c
|
multi
|
Which of the following forms the anterior wall of the Axilla?
|
Clavipectoral fascia forms the anterior wall of the axilla.Also know:Boundaries of Axilla:Anterior wall: Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Clavipectoral fasciaPosterior Wall: Subscapularis, Teres major, Latissimus dorsiMedial Wall: First rib and their associated intercostals muscles, Serratus anteriorLateral Wall: Inteubercular (bicipital groove), Biceps tendon.
| 3 |
Subscapularis
|
Teres major
|
Clavipectoral fascia
|
Latissimus dorsi
|
Anatomy
| null |
e8c71123-c4d9-440e-aa1a-82590c19398a
|
multi
|
Heberdens nodes are the clinical manifestations seen in -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Osteoarthritis Joints involved in Osteoarthritis* OA affects certain joints, yet spares others.* Commonly affected joint include Hip, knee, cervical & lumbosacral spine, and first metatarsophalangeal joint. In Hands, the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP), proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) and first carpo metacarpal joint (base of thumb) are involved while sparing metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. Shoulder joint may be affected but uncommonly.* Usually spared joints are the wrist, elbow, metacarpophlangealand ankle. This may simply reflect the fact that some joints are more prone to predisposing abnormalities than others.In osteoarthritis of handi) Distalinterphalangeal jointHeberderis node.ii) Proximalinterphalangeal jointBouchard's node
| 1 |
Osteoarthritis
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
|
Ankylosing spondylitis
|
Reactive arthritis
|
Medicine
|
Immunology and Rheumatology
|
5eab3d90-e23e-4264-ad08-ddf1b79345b8
|
single
|
Probability of a person with positive test result having the disease is given by
|
Sensitivity:- It is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly all those who have the disease (True positives) Specificity:- It is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease (True Negatives) Diagnostic power of the test . Positive predictive value:- Indicates the probability of a person with a positive test result having the disease. It depends on sensitivity, specificity of the test and prevalence of the disease. It is directly propoional with the prevalence of the disease. Negative predictive value:- Probability a person with a negative test result not having the disease Ref:- K Park, 24th ed; pg num:- 149-150
| 2 |
Negative predictive value
|
Positive predictive value
|
Sensitivity
|
Specificity
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Biostatistics
|
7f6b6013-4319-4a38-8381-e242724b3453
|
single
|
Barrett's esophagus causes which cancer:
|
Ans. (a) AdenocarcinomaRef: Harrison's 17th ed. Ch. 286* Metaplastic columnar epithelium develops during healing of erosive esophagitis with continued acid reflux since columnar epithelium is more resistant to acid- pepsin damage than is squamous epithelium.* The metaplastic epithelium has different epithelial types, including goblet cells and columnar cells.* Finding intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells in the esophagus is diagnostic of Barrett's esophagus; this type of mucosa is thought to be at risk of cancer
| 1 |
Adenocarcinoma
|
Squamous cell CA
|
Carcinoid tumor
|
Esophageal leiomyoma
|
Medicine
|
Oesophagus
|
3ddbecce-e8e6-4034-a42a-3b04e70c3c3c
|
single
|
Earliest sign seen in Acoustic neuroma is:
|
Ans. C Reduced corneal reflex. Remember: * Most common nerve from which vestibular schwannoma arises * Earliest symptom * Earliest cranial nerve to be involved by acoustic neuroma * Earliest presentation of Vth nerve involvement! * 2nd earliest cranial nerve to be involved by acoustic neuroma * Earliest presentation of VII nerve involvement Inferior vestibular nerve Progressive unilateral sensorineural hearing loss often accompanied by tinnitus Vth nerve Decreased corneal sensitivity Facial nerve (VII nerve) Involvement of Sensory fibres leading to hyposthesia of posterior meatal wall (Hitzelberger sign) Note Although facial nerve is involved facial nerve palsy is rarely seen
| 3 |
Facial weakness
|
Unilateral deafness
|
Reduced corneal reflex
|
Cerebellar signs
|
ENT
| null |
de5b6f8e-1f69-44cb-9280-7591d1ac5730
|
single
|
A 4-year-old boy whose diet consists mostly of cheese puffs and cola begins to have problems walking at night, complaining that he cannot see well. In addition, his skin has become dry and scaly, and he has complained of headache for a month. choose the one most appropriate vitamin or trace element replacement therapy to treat the described condition.
|
Vitamin A deficiency manifests first in visual changes, including night blindness. Deficiency can also cause drying of the conjunctivas and sclera. Skin is frequently dry. Poor growth and impaired cognition are also seen.
| 1 |
Vitamin A
|
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
|
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
|
Folate (Vitamin B9)
|
Pediatrics
|
Gastro Intestinal System
|
d8201eec-ab50-48ab-bd74-b8fb6c165197
|
single
|
Red discolouration of urine is seen with
|
Doxorubicin & Daunorubicin can cause red discolouration of urine.
| 3 |
Methotrexate
|
Cytarabine
|
Doxorubicin
|
Cisplatin
|
Pharmacology
| null |
a1f7582c-a4c0-4f14-8d5f-47af930d1a19
|
single
|
Metronidazole is indicated in the treatment of which one of the following ?
| null | 4 |
Traveller's diarrhea
|
Escherichia coli-induced diarrhoea
|
Cryptosporidium-induced diarrhea
|
Helicobacter pylori infection
|
Medicine
| null |
c7dc4d8a-fb1d-4b89-8c31-3fc53da076d7
|
single
|
Oligomycin?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Blocks oxidative phosphorylation Oligomycin Oligomycin is an antibiotic that blocks oxidative phosphorylation by blocking flow of protons through ATP synthase. Oligomycin A is an inhibitor of ATP synthase. Oligomycin A inhibits ATP synthase by blocking its proton channel (Fo subunit), which is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (energy production). The inhibition of ATP synthesis by oligomycin A will significantly reduce electron flow through the electron transpo chain; however, electron flow is not stopped completely due to a process known as proton leak or mitochondrial uncoupling. This process is due to the facilitated diffusion of protons into the mitochondrial matrix through an uncoupling protein such as thermogenin, or UCP 1. Administering oligomycin to an individual can result in very high levels of lactate accumulating in the blood and urine
| 1 |
Blocks oxidative phosphorylation
|
Blocks protein synthesis
|
Blocks ATP uptake
|
Blocks Na uptake
|
Pharmacology
| null |
21269389-ebc4-4aef-8061-ae55ad5de8cc
|
single
|
Koplik spots are seen in?
|
Koplik's Spots: They are pathognomonic of measles. Their presence establishes the diagnosis of measles. These are bluish grey specks on grain substance on a red base which usually appear on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molar. They appear at the end of the prodrome, just before the appearance of the rash. Koplik's spots usually appear after 2 days of illness and last for 24-48 hours. May also appear on the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva and the vagina.
| 2 |
Mumps
|
Measles
|
Rubella
|
Varicella
|
Microbiology
|
FMGE 2019
|
f0d4aa78-c9aa-4d82-b421-dfca64402a48
|
single
|
Drug of choice for bisphosphonate resistant osteoporosis :
|
Drug of choice for both senile and postmenopausal osteoporosis are Bisphosphonates. However, where osteoporosis is Resistant to bisphosphonates, Teriparatide has shown good results.
| 1 |
Teriparatide
|
Denosumab
|
Anakinra
|
Calcitonin
|
Orthopaedics
|
Metabolic Disorders of Bone
|
8f7d1b8b-3a0d-40a6-9e83-5298de47e15a
|
single
|
Positive mortality indicator is -
|
Mortality indicators
These are
Crude death rate
Expectation of life (life expectancy)
Infant mortality rate
Child mortality rate
Under-5 proportional mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Disease specific mortality rate
Age specific death rate
Adult mortality rate
Years of potential life lost
Among these only life expectancy is a posive mortality indicator, i.e. increase life expectancy means improvement in health.
All other are ‘negave’ health indicators, i.e. increase value of these indicators implies poor health of community.
| 4 |
IMR
|
Child mortality rate
|
MMR
|
Life expectancy
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
a7c5f78e-8299-4f4c-9b1c-7d9644b493b1
|
single
|
All of the following mechanisms might account for a reduce-risk of upper genital tract infection in users of progestin - releasing lUDs, except:
|
Decreased ovulation does not protect from upper genital tract infection. Also it doesn't inhibit ovulation in all women. THE TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECOLOGY SHEILA BALAKRISHNAN SECOND EDITION PAGE NO 379
| 2 |
Reduced retrograde menstruation
|
Decreased ovulation
|
Thickened cervical mucus
|
Decidual changes in the endometrium
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Contraception
|
8a797cce-220f-4ee6-bcb5-a9d6ba496717
|
multi
|
A pt. presented with renal cell carcinoma invadving IVC and the renal vein. A false statement is -
|
A renal cell carcinoma that has spread to renal vein, IVC or even upto the thorax (hea) is operable. A prep biopsy is not necessary as a RCC is the most common malignant neoplasm of kidney (90 - 95%) and any solid renal mass is considered to be RCC until unless proved otherwise. A chest x-ray should be done to rule out pulmonary metastasis as it will make the Ca of stage IV with worst prognosis and also decide the t/t plan. Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy or Hormonal therapy have little role in RCC t/t. More about Renal cell carcinoma Its the MC malignant neoplasm of kidney (90 - 95%) MC site of origin is prox. convoluted tubules RCC originates in the coex and tends to grow out into perinephric tissue. Usually situated at poles (commonly at upper pole) Male female ratio is 2 : 1 Age - 5th to 6th decade Risk factors: Cigarette smoking Obesity Polycystic kidney Tuberous sclerosis Von-Hippel lindau syndrome (Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angiomatosis and b/l renal cell Ca) Histologically RCC is an adenocarcinoma. It has been reclassified into subtypes of which Clear Cell Ca is the MC type. The classical triad of RCC consists of Hematuria Flank pain Palpable flank mass Earliest and MC presenting feature is hematuria. Paraneoplastic syndromes Fever of unknown origin Anemia Erythrocytosis (d/t secretion of erythropoietin by RCC) (but anemia is a more common finding) Hypeension Abnormal liver function (Stauffers syndrome ie non metastatic hepatic dysfunction) Hypercalcemia Neuromyopathy Amyloidosis Increased ESR (MC paraneoplastic syndrome) Dysfibrogenemia Cushing's syndrome Galactorrhoea Feminization and masculanization MC route of metastasis is hematogenous MC site of distant metastasis is lung (canon ball secondaries, secondaries may be pulsatile) Inv. of choice - CT scan. Ref : Bailey 25/e p1311
| 2 |
Preop biopsy is not necessary
|
IVC involvement indicates inoperability
|
Pre op radiotherapy is not essential
|
Chest x-ray should be done to rule out pulmonary metastasis
|
Anatomy
|
Urology
|
e4e715bd-8fb6-47f9-a15b-e040bc7fa323
|
multi
|
Shagreen patch is seen in -
|
Ans. is "a' i.e., Ttiberous sclerosis o Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant genetic dissorder characterized by development of variety of benign tumours in multiple organs including brain, heart, skin, eyes kidney, lung, liver.o It is caused by mutation in two seprate genes TSC l-19 and TSC 2-16o It is the most common neurocutaneous syndromes after neurofibromatosis,o Besides cutaneous manifestations childhood siezures and mental retardation are common.o It is characterized by benign tumours (hamartomas) in multiple organs including brain, heart, skin, eyes, kidney, lung, liver.o The hamartomas or the benign tumours present in tuberous sclerosis are composed of fibroblasts with collagen strands and blood vessels.The brain lesions are whitish tubers composed of fibrous tissue and glial cells.Tuberous sclerosisCutaneous invovementC.N.S. involvementOtherso Ash leaf spotso Central nervous system lesionC V.S.o Hypopigmented macules# Glioneuronal hamartomao Rhadomyoma ofo Angiofibroma (previoushy# White matter heterotopiamyocardiumcalled adenoma sebaceum)# Subependymal nodulesRenalo Shagreen patches# Subependymal giant cello Angiomyolipomao Seen on the lower trunktumourso Benign cystsBrown fibrous plaque ono Clinical featureso Renal cell carcinomathe forehead# SeizuresPulmonary manifestations # Cognitive deficitso Lymphaangiomyomatosis # Autism and behaviouralOphthalmologic problemo Retinal hamartoma o Punched out areas of chorioretinal depigmentation o Angiofibroma of eyelids o Myopia, hyperopia astigmatism
| 1 |
Tuberous sclerosis
|
Neurofibromatosis
|
Sturge weber syndrome
|
Neurofibromatosis I
|
Medicine
|
C.N.S.
|
cf6fdf2d-ffcb-4c04-9db2-c3592e2d2ea0
|
single
|
A patient is hospitalized after an automobile accident. The wounds become infected, and the patient is treated with tobramycin, carbenicillin, and clindamycin. Five days after antibiotic therapy was initiated, the patient develops severe diarrhea and pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the more serious pseudomembranous enterocolitis can be caused by which of the following organisms?
|
Patients treated with antibiotics develop diarrhea that, in most cases, is self-limiting. However, in some instances, particularly in those patients treated with ampicillin or clindamycin, a severe, life-threatening pseudomembranous enterocolitis develops. This disease has characteristic histopathology, and membranous plaques can be seen in the colon by endoscopy. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea are caused by an anaerobic gram-positive rod, C. difficile. It has been recently shown that C. difficile produces a protein toxin with a molecular weight of about 250,000. The "toxin" is, in fact, two toxins, toxin A and toxin B. Both toxins are always present in fecal samples, but there is approximately 1000 times more toxin B than toxin A. Toxin A has enterotoxic activity-that is, it elicits a positive fluid response in ligated rabbit ileal loops-whereas toxin B appears to be primarily a cytotoxin. The Bacteroides and clostridium organisms are anaerobic and can be found in the intestinal tract. Also, these would be killed by the antibiotics given to the patient. Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to many antimicrobials and can cause gastroenteritis if it becomes predominant, but it usually does not cause as serious disease as pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Commercial laboratory tests are available to identify C. difficile toxin and enterotoxin.
| 2 |
Bacteroides fragilis
|
Clostridium difficile
|
Clostridium perfringens
|
Clostridium sordellii
|
Microbiology
|
Bacteria
|
3063b9d8-b761-47b3-bacd-e8f9fc884c65
|
single
|
Most common side effect of levodopa
|
Ans) b (Nausea vomiting) Ref: Katzung 11th editionWhen levodopa is given without a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, anorexia and nausea and vomiting occur in about 80% of patients.These adverse effects can be minimized by taking the drug in divided doses, with or immediately after meals, and by increasing the total daily dose very slowly; antacids taken 30-60 minutes before levodopa may also be beneficial. The vomiting has been attributed to stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone located in the brain stem but outside the blood-brain barrier. Fortunately, tolerance to this emetic effect develops in many patients. Antiemetics such as phenothiazines should be avoided because they reduce the antiparkinsonism effects of levodopa and may exacerbate the disease.
| 2 |
Diarrhoea
|
Nausea vomiting
|
Tremor
|
Rash
|
Pharmacology
|
C.N.S
|
36d933dd-3eae-460b-bd07-e1d3b1633924
|
single
|
Uric acid is formed by -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Catabolism of purines o Humans catabolize purines (adenine and guanine) to uric acid.
| 3 |
Catabolism of proteins
|
Catabolism of ketones
|
Catabolism of purines
|
Catabolism fo pyrimidines
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of Purines and Pyrimidines
|
a93e604a-e9a6-4a46-a008-82c4abdebef6
|
single
|
Glands of Von Ebner are present in -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Tongue Glands of tongueo Several groups of the glands are present on the tongue.Anterior glandso Near the apex of the tongue anterior lingual glands are present.o These are glands of Blandin and A'uhn.o Anterior glands are mucous while posterior glands are mixed.o The ducts of glands open on the ventral surface of the tongue near the lingual ffenum.Posterior glandso These are found in the posterior part of the tongue near the vallate papillae or posterior to the sulcus terminalis.o These are purely mucous glands.o Their ducts open into the dorsal surface of the tongue.Von Ebner's gland (Ebner's gland)o These are purely serous glands opeing into the trough of vallate papillae,o The characteristic feature is that they secrete lingual lipase.
| 3 |
Cervix
|
Penile urethra
|
Tongue
|
Vagina
|
Anatomy
|
Digestive System (Histology)
|
6cd0acbf-3558-4038-976d-1cdf2674f76a
|
single
|
Egg in cup appearance is seen in
|
Egg in cup - Constrictive pericarditis
Egg on side - Uncorrected TGA
| 3 |
TGA
|
TAPVC
|
Constrictive pericarditis
|
TOF
|
Radiology
| null |
ec6debd2-2e16-4245-a551-5d38d4d1224d
|
single
|
Chandlers index is used for -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Hookworm infestation o Morbidity and mortality from hookwork infection depends on the worm load.o Chandler worked out an index, Chandler's index, on the basis of average number of hookworm eggs per gram of feces for the entire community.Average no. of eggs per gram of stools# Below 200---Hookworm infection is not much of significance# 200-250---Potential danger# 250-300---Minor public health problem# Above 300---Important public health problem
| 1 |
Hookworm infestation
|
Roundworm
|
Malaria
|
Filaria
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable Diseases
|
a191f07b-72ae-413d-90a1-f40b730b602c
|
single
|
All are true about cardiac manifestations of carcinoid syndrome, EXCEPT:
|
The cardiac disease is due to the formation of fibrotic plaques involving the endocardium. The dense fibrous deposits are most commonly on the ventricular aspect of the tricuspid valve and less commonly on the pulmonary valve cusps. Overall, in patients with carcinoid hea disease, 97% have tricuspid insufficiency, 59% tricuspid stenosis, 50% pulmonary insufficiency, 25% pulmonary stenosis, and 11% left-side lesions. 80% of patients with cardiac lesions develop hea failure. Lesions on the left side are much less extensive and most frequently affect the mitral valve. Ref: Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Page 3062
| 3 |
The cardiac disease in carcinoid syndrome is due to the formation of fibrotic plaques involving the endocardium
|
Fibrous deposits are most commonly on the ventricular aspect of the tricuspid valve
|
Cardiac failure is not a feature of carcinoid syndrome
|
Mitral valve lesions are less extensive, and frequently affects the tricuspid valve
|
Medicine
| null |
83573963-bb74-4fc3-8229-5f77992d1772
|
multi
|
A 6 years old boy experienced life threatening shock, his CT scan showed large amount of ascites, bowel wall thickening and poor or absent enhancement of the strangulated bowel segment, showing gangrenous bowel on surgical exploration. True about anastomosis is:
|
BOWEL ANASTOMOSES Lembe described seromuscular suture technique for bowel anastomosis in 1826Q Senn advocated a two-layer technique for closureQ Halsted ored a one-layer extramucosal closureQ Connell used a single layer of interrupted sutures incorporating all layers of the bowelQ Kocher's method, a two layers anastomosis, first a continuous all-layer suture using catgut, then an inveing continuous (or interrupted) seromuscular layer suture using silk, became the standard. There is evidence that inversion is safest in bowel (least likely to leak) although end-to-end staplers give an eveed anastomosis without complication. The single-layer extramucosal anastomosis, advocated by MathesonQ, causes the least tissue necrosis or lummal narrowing The Cheatle split (making a cut into the anti-mesenteric border) may help to enlarge the lumen of distal, collapsed bowelQ Bowel anastomotic leaks are generally occurred on day 7Q
| 4 |
Should be done by continuous layers as it takes less time
|
Should be done with catgut
|
Should be done by single layer seromuscular Lembe sutures
|
Should be done by single layer taking submucosa
|
Surgery
|
NEET 2018
|
e3e431a2-40ff-46ba-a411-92bec6b5317a
|
multi
|
H1N1 Is a type of?
|
H1N1 include influenza virus types REF:<\p> ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.499(table.54.2)
| 2 |
SARS virus
|
Influenza type A virus
|
Influenza type B virus
|
Influenza type C virus
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
66d7a0e7-90cc-4f8c-a7f0-a2c89ad45197
|
single
|
Branch of basilar artery include -
|
Branches of basilar artery are : pontine branches, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, superior cerebellar artery, labyrinthine artery, posterior cerebral artery, central branches, posterior choroidal artery and cortical branches.
| 2 |
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
|
Posterior cerebral artery
|
Middle cerebral artery
|
Posterior communicating artery
|
Anatomy
| null |
8409e735-1088-4d73-bae2-b268bfc6a6b8
|
single
|
In a patient with acute leukaemia, immunophenotype pattern is CD 19+ve, CD 10+ve, CD33+ve, CD 13+ve. He may probably have -
| null | 1 |
Biphenotypic leukemia
|
ALL
|
AML- M2
|
AML-M0
|
Pathology
| null |
719c4179-2678-41bb-9c0a-52c1884b4963
|
multi
|
Kernohan-Woltman sign (notch) is seen in: COMEDK 15
|
Ans. Uncal herniation
| 1 |
Uncal herniation
|
Central herniation
|
Transfalcial herniation
|
Foramina' herniation
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
7f45e3b4-f5b5-4054-b4d4-8fd9d1a72412
|
single
|
Which is a preventable cause of blindness -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Vitamin A deficiency Avoidable blindness -* Avoidable blindness is defined as blindness which could have been either treated or prevented by known cost effective means.* Thus avoidable blindness is divided into:1) Treatable blindness# Treatable are those condition that could have been treated early to prevent blindness, i.e. secondary prevention - early diagnosis & treatment to prevent disability (blindness).# Important causes of treatable blindness are cataract, glaucoma, amblyopia, retinopathy of prematurity, refractive errors, and diabetic retinopathy2) Prevantable blindness# Preventable are conditions that are amenable to primary prevention, i.e. where the condition causing blindness could have been entirely prevented.# Important causes of preventable blindness are measles, vitamin A deficiency, ophthalmia neonatrum. and trachoma.
| 2 |
Cataract
|
Vitamin A deficiency
|
Refractive errors
|
Retinal dystrophies
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Health Programmes in India
|
820bbeb1-c72b-4be8-bc6c-b0bcfb3598a3
|
single
|
The commonest type of pericarditis in acute rheumatic fever is -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Fibrinous
| 2 |
Serous
|
Fibrinous
|
Serofibrinous
|
Purulant
|
Pathology
| null |
5675fe06-f96b-47a3-b7b8-f45ae6e3e384
|
single
|
All are characteristics of a breast papilloma except
|
.
| 4 |
Myoepithelial cells present
|
Apocrine metaplasia is seen
|
Hyperplasia of adjacent ducts
|
Regular polarized gland pattern
|
Surgery
|
All India exam
|
77852b6c-a384-4554-bcf1-250e0078f5fe
|
multi
|
Forelimb bud appears on
|
(26 days) (135-IBS 7th) (125-1.B.Singh 8th)Timetable of some events* The forelimb bud appears about the 26th day (end of 4th week)* The hind limb bud appears about the 28th dayThe limbs become paddle shaped after about 4 days (5th week) and grooves between the future digits (digital rays) can be seen by the 36 the day (6th week). By the 50 th day or so (8th week) the elbows and knees are established and the fingers and toes are free. Rotation of limbs occurs during the 7th week. Cartilaginous models of bones start forming in the 6th week. And primary centres of ossification are seen in many bones in the 8th week. They are present in all long bones by the 12th week* The extremities are most susceptible to teratogens during the 4th to 7th week and slightly less susceptible in the 8th week
| 2 |
21 days
|
26 days
|
28 days
|
30 days
|
Anatomy
|
Embryology
|
7917b88b-6bf8-4ed1-8cf7-d305a3301a2a
|
single
|
Which of the following type of collagen is predominant in early granulation tissue:
| null | 2 |
Type 1&2.
|
Type 1&3
|
Type 2&3
|
Type 1&4.
|
Pathology
| null |
a7786c79-69fa-4ebf-a30d-6e13a64c0a97
|
single
|
A neonate has a mass in kidney. USG shows hypoechoic shadow. The most likely diagnosis is:
|
Ans. Mesonephrohlastic tumour
| 3 |
Wilm's tumour
|
Neuroblastoma
|
Mesonephrohlastic tumour
|
Adenoma
|
Radiology
| null |
4b16c857-eb15-49a8-859d-2c0d7eaf3686
|
single
|
While treating benign prostatic hyperplasia with finasteride the period of trial required for maximum response
|
Minimum time to act - 1 month
Maximum response around 6 months.
| 3 |
1 month
|
3 months
|
6 months
|
18 months
|
Surgery
| null |
2072a77c-1992-482b-9708-f6ea03d910fb
|
single
|
Mode of excretion of cyclophosphamide is ?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Kidney Cyclophosphomide is primarily metabolized (80%) and metabolites are exceed in urine. 10 to 20% is excreted unchanged in urine and 4% is excreted in bile.
| 3 |
Lung
|
Liver
|
Kidney
|
Skin
|
Pharmacology
| null |
fa8e76e0-95a6-4be1-9df5-09e62073b0fc
|
single
|
Incompetent lips refer to:
|
The term 'incompetent lips' implies that the lips are unable to form an adequate seal under similar unstrained conditions, i.e. excessive separation of the lips at rest. As a general guideline, which holds for all ethnic groups, lip separation at rest should be no more than 3-4 mm; above this, the lips are termed incompetent.
| 1 |
Inability of the lips to cover the incisors in the mandibular relaxed position
|
Inability of the lips to cover the incisors in occlusion
|
The lips come in between the upper and lower incisors
|
Tongue thrusts against the lips during swallowing
|
Dental
| null |
6c06a872-4232-40ea-ab08-758d16387204
|
multi
|
Branched septate hyphae found on corneal smear in a case of corneal ulcer is -
| null | 3 |
Candida
|
Mucor
|
Aspergillus
|
Histoplasma
|
Microbiology
| null |
7a625c51-5aec-4790-bf59-03379e1461c2
|
single
|
Poal vein, hepatic aery and common bile duct are related to which of the following structure
|
The lesser omentum (gastrohepatic omentum) is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach (hepatogastric ligament) and the first pa of the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament). ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg 234
| 1 |
Lesser omentum
|
Greater omentum
|
Splenorenal ligamnet
|
Gastrosplenic ligament
|
Anatomy
|
Abdomen and pelvis
|
57412ae5-93b5-4878-89d2-d38351cb2d91
|
single
|
Asthma is?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Obstructive lung disease o Obstructive disease is characterized by an increase in resistance to airflow owing to partial or complete obstruction at any level, from the trachea to the respiratory bronchioles. Examples are chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD emphysema, chronic bronchitis), bronchiectasis, and asthmao Restrictive disease is characterized by reduced expansion of lung parenchyma, with decreased total lung capacity. It may occur due to two types of disorders -a) Chest wall disorders in the presence of Normal lungs - Neuromuscular disorders, e.g.polio, severe obesity, pleural disease, kyphoscoliosis.b) Interstitial and infiltrative diseases of lung - Pneumoconiosis, interstitial fibrosis.
| 1 |
Obstructive lung disease
|
Restrictive lung disease
|
Both
|
None
|
Pathology
|
Obstructive Lung Diseases
|
5217004a-c18d-4ff4-9625-8b9145a92b57
|
multi
|
For every 10-degree Celsius raise in the temperature, the rate of most of the enzymatic reactions:
|
The temperature coefficient (Q10) is the factor by which the rate of a biologic process increases for a 10degC increase in temperature. For enzymes, temperature coefficient is 2, i.e. for every 10 degrees raise in temperature, the rate of enzyme activity doubles. But, after ceain temperature, the enzyme protein gets denaturate and the rate of enzyme activity falls down.
| 2 |
Halves
|
Doubles
|
Quadruples
|
Increases 10-fold
|
Biochemistry
|
Enzyme kinetics
|
feadcb86-96be-4866-b90c-88553f49a4fa
|
single
|
Which one of the following structures is not a pa of the auditory pathway?
|
AUDITORY PATHWAY Second-order neuron of the dorsal column system (carrying general senses) runs in the medial lemniscus.
| 1 |
Medial lemniscus
|
Lateral lemniscus
|
Inferior colliculus
|
Medial geniculate body
|
Physiology
|
Special Senses
|
b86c0b02-c6ac-4639-969b-377a3903fa4e
|
single
|
A 35 year old man was found unconscious. Examination revealed bilateral constricted pupils, bradycardia, excessive sweating and secretion. Most likely cause is:
| null | 3 |
Opium poisoning
|
Acute alcohol intoxication
|
Organophosphorous poisoning
|
Pontine hemorrhage
|
Pharmacology
| null |
f54df38c-2b13-46e6-9dc4-3f371bb6ddb9
|
single
|
A doctor was accidentally exposed to HIV by a needle stick injury while sampling HIV positive patient. A drug prescribed to him would be -
|
Needlestick injury is the most common cause of HIV infection among health care workers.
The guidelines for post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV are
A) For routine exposures
a combination of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for 4 weeks.
B) For high risk or complicated exposures
a combination of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor for 4 weeks.
Inspite of the guidelines regimen B is given for all types of exposure
Thus the treatment is obvious in this doctor.
Also Remember
Examples of
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Zidovudine
Lamivudine
Stavudine
Didanosine
Zalcitabine
A bacavir
Protease inhibitors
Saquinavir
Indinavir
Ritonavir
NelfinavirAmprenavir
| 1 |
Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Indinavir for 4 weeks
|
Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Navirapine for 4 weeks
|
Zidovudine + Stavudine for 4 weeks
|
Zidovudine + Lamivudine for 4 weeks
|
Medicine
| null |
70adc6a2-5506-4357-a90a-e618439835ab
|
multi
|
Goose skin or cutis anserina is seen in
|
Cutis anserina or goose skin: Skin has granular and puckered appearance due to spasm of erection fibers and the muscles attached to hair follicles. It can occur in living in cold weather and in submersion of body in cold water immediately after death, while the muscles are still warm and irritable. Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 192
| 1 |
Drowning
|
Lightening
|
Strangulation
|
Fire arm injury
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Asphyxia
|
c9accfb6-1d28-4dce-b97a-bab223edc9f2
|
single
|
True about pheochromocytoma are all except:-
|
Urinary VMA is most specific for Neuroblastoma (Impoant) Paraganglioma occur at skill base (aka) Chemodectoma (aka) Potato tumor Pheochromocytomas are 10% extra adrenal Organ Of Zuckerkandl is MC extra adrenal Sympathetic chain positive
| 1 |
Urinary VMA is most specific for pheochrocytoma
|
Paraganglioma occurs at skull base
|
10% are extra adrenal.
|
Organ of Zukerkandi is most common extra adrenal site
|
Medicine
|
Disorders of Adrenal Gland
|
9eca2045-4e9e-4dee-87a4-f374c4d09eed
|
multi
|
Apnea of prematurity of lasts for ?
| null | 3 |
10 sec
|
15 sec
|
20 sec
|
30 sec
|
Pediatrics
| null |
78651483-2214-4f5d-a0ef-6102ae8c157f
|
single
|
Which of the following is true about Hypertriglyceridemia
| null | 4 |
LDL receptor defect
|
Dysbetalipoprotenemia
|
Abetalipoprotenemia
|
None the above
|
Medicine
| null |
0ff07999-de1c-49bc-b2ae-6141ccc0bb3f
|
multi
|
True about torsion of testis is all except:
|
Ans. (b) Commonly associated with pyuriaRef: Smith 17th Edition, Page 704* Epididymo orchitis is associated with pyuria* Torsion has nothing to do with pyuriaAbnormalities predisposing to torsion of testis* Bell Clapper deformity: High investment of tunica vaginalis - testis hangs like a clapper in bell.* Inversion of testis: Most common predisposing factor* Separation of epididymis from body of testis
| 2 |
Presents with sudden pain in testis
|
Commonly associated with pyuria
|
Doppler U/S shows decreased blood flow to the testis
|
Simultaneous orchidopexy of the other side should also be done
|
Surgery
|
Urethra & Penis
|
1a005d45-5f60-4f44-8c78-7b0a88993530
|
multi
|
Dead bone in X ray is?
|
ANSWER: (A) More radiopaqueREF: Principles of bone x-ray diagnosis by George Simon p. 62Dead bone as seen in Aavascular necrosis, perthe's disease, TB, osteomyelitis is usually more opaque than normal in X ray
| 1 |
More radiopaque
|
More radiolucent
|
Same as normal bone
|
Variable
|
Radiology
|
Imaging of Musculoskeletal Infection
|
8d1287a4-4032-44b2-8de0-714d6db5ba4b
|
single
|
The chemical name of Aspirin is?
|
Aspirin is Acetylsalicylic acid which conves to salicylic acid in the body, responsible for the action. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY;7TH EDITION; KD TRIPATHI; PAGE NO 195
| 4 |
Methyl salicylate
|
Para-aminobenzoic Acid
|
Para-aminisalicylic acid
|
Acetyl salicylic acid
|
Pharmacology
|
Autacoids
|
ae21d9de-7c7c-4848-a689-74f8e530a451
|
single
|
All true about microlaryngoscopy tube (MLT) except:-
|
These tubes come in three sizes, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0mm. The size 5.0mm tube is the most commonly used. Microlaryngoscopy tube (MLT) vs. standard ETT The MLT is often used in place of a standard small diameter ETT to facilitate Direct Laryngoscopic procedures utilizing Microlaryngoscopy techniques. The surgeon prefers a small diameter ETT to facilitate the view of the airway.
| 4 |
These tubes comes in these sizes 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mm
|
It is paicularly useful for laryngeal surgery
|
It is longer than standard ETT
|
There is relatively low resistance to gas flow in there tubes.
|
Anaesthesia
|
Airway
|
834d0edb-f4af-4ea4-a734-33b33c28d607
|
multi
|
Normal diurnal variation of intraocular pressure is:
|
Ans. 3-6 mm of Hg
| 3 |
0-2 mm of Hg
|
2-3 mm of Hg
|
3-6 mm of Hg
|
6-8 mm of Hg
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
fc90fd15-8768-4469-87b5-b607443ef67e
|
single
|
Defluoridation of water is carried out using:
|
Some areas may contain excessive fluoride levels in drinking water. Defluoridation is carried out using phosphates. Ref: Park 21st edition page: 672.
| 2 |
Chlorine
|
Phosphate
|
Calcium
|
Ozone
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
11d64f5e-6d96-46ee-8199-5fa79d40f026
|
single
|
Nephron is derived from ?
|
Development of kidneyUreteric bud (mesonephros) arise from mesonephric duct and gives rise to collecting system of kidney (renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting tubule) and ureter.Metanephric mesoderm (blastema or metanephors) arise from nephrogenic cord which in turn is derived from intermediate mesoderm. It gives rise to excretory unit (nephron), i.e. glomeruli, PCT, Loop of henle and DCT.
| 3 |
Ureteric bud
|
Mesonephric duct
|
Metanephros
|
Mesonephros
|
Anatomy
| null |
fb368226-a02d-40c1-ae60-239fae420756
|
single
|
All of the following support uterus except
|
Ans. is b, i.e. Round ligamentRemember* Most important support of uterus is levator ani muscle* Most important ligament supporting the uterus--Cardinal ligament/Mackenrodt's ligament* Round ligament is a secondary support of the uterus as it does not support it directly but helps to keep it in anteverted position* Broad ligament is a fold of peritoneum and does not support the uterus at all.Note: Hence answer to question no. N2 is 'Broad Ligament' and question no. N3 where all other supports are primary supports, the answer is 'round ligament' which is only a secondary support.
| 2 |
Cardinal ligament
|
Round ligament
|
Pubocervical ligament
|
Mackenrodt's ligament
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Urinary Fistulas
|
581d00b6-b09e-4bf2-8ed9-84ddb8f7f853
|
multi
|
What is the effect of beri beri on circulation ?
|
high output congestive hea failure occurs in beri beri ( Harrison 17 pg 442)
| 1 |
Hyperdynamic circulation
|
Hypovolemic shock
|
Bradycardia
|
Pulsus paradoxus
|
Medicine
|
Nutrition
|
22982b59-f484-4f78-8a4f-1b6470f9c33d
|
single
|
Calculate Km
| null | 2 |
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
Pharmacology
| null |
712ef483-4e87-4710-b762-6d4a76c0e396
|
single
|
Tumours most common to cause early papilledema arise from:
|
Ans. All of the above
| 4 |
Cerebellum
|
Mid brain
|
Parieto-occipital region
|
All of the above
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
3cabfd4e-6fc2-4674-a991-a233d50e45db
|
multi
|
Urothelium lines all Except -
|
Urothelium (transitional epithelium) is found in the renal pelvis, calyces, ureter, urinary bladder, proximal part of the urethra.
Membranous and most of the penile urethra (in males) is lined by pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium.
| 4 |
Ureters
|
Minor calyx
|
Urinary bladder
|
Membranous urethra
|
Anatomy
| null |
550f73a1-239c-4120-975c-1a1e7ca8515f
|
multi
|
In Cochlear implants, the electrodes are most commonly placed at:
|
The cochlear implant electrodes are placed in the scala tympani of the cochlea. The electrode thus stimulates the cochlear nerve which is a pa of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve (CN VIII).
| 4 |
Oval window
|
Round window
|
Horizontal semicircular canal
|
Cochlea
|
ENT
| null |
d197ec7a-5216-43ef-8fcc-4ea138eb1fdb
|
single
|
Berger flap procedure is used for
| null | 3 |
TMJ ankylosis
|
TMJ dislocation
|
Oro-antral communication
|
Pericoronitis
|
Surgery
| null |
b7a561da-b6ce-4650-add8-3c5a989b25fa
|
single
|
Normal urea excretion rate is?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 10-20 gm/day(Ref: Medical physiology E Book 2d/e p. 767)"The physiologically normal individual excrete 12-20 gm of urea nitrogen in 24 hours"
| 2 |
1-2 gm per day
|
10-20 gm/day
|
20-40 gm per day
|
50-100 gm/day
|
Physiology
| null |
8263db7d-2182-40fd-be70-5cee4dc71832
|
single
|
A 35-year-old male with history of 4 weeks of immobilization for fracture femur developed sudden onset of chest pain and hemoptysis. ECG shows SI Q3 T3 pattern. Diagnosis?
|
Ans. c. Pulmonary embolismPULMONARY EMBOLISMPulmonary embolism usually arises from a venous thrombosis in the pelvis or legs.Risk factors include any cause of immobility or hyper coagulability.Clinical sign and symptoms:DyspneaTachycardia and hypoxemia are prominent.Pain is usually pleuritic, especially when pulmonary infarction develops.ECG is usually nonspecific but may show S wave in lead I, Q wave in lead III, or inverted T wave in lead III.Diagnosis confirmed by CT angiogram.
| 3 |
Acute myocardial infract
|
COPD
|
Pulmonary embolism
|
Cor pulmonale
|
Radiology
|
Respiratory System
|
d5f345e0-aa35-4e75-bb02-37c9d5055f80
|
single
|
Planning cycle includes –
|
Planning involves a succession of steps
Analysis of health situation
Establishment of objectives and goals
Assessment of resources
Fixing priorities
Programming and implementation
Write-up of formulated plan
Monitoring
Evaluation.
| 4 |
Analysis of situation
|
Evaluation
|
Resource assessment
|
All
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
8984adc3-bbd6-4e36-a47a-0274dc61fe08
|
multi
|
Forecast of probable cause and outcome of an attack of the disease and prospects of recovery as indicated by nature of disease and symptoms of the case
| null | 1 |
Prognosis
|
Treatment
|
Risk
|
Diagnosis
|
Dental
| null |
c2dfb0a2-4579-4ce2-984e-26a469d3d56a
|
single
|
All of the following are mediators of acute inflammation except -
|
. Angiotensin
| 1 |
Angiotensin
|
Prostaglandin E2
|
Kallikrein
|
C 3a
|
Pathology
| null |
35bf4017-1bf4-42f0-add0-e5e6e27d4c4c
|
multi
|
Least cardiotoxic agent –
|
Cardiac output is best maintained by Isoflurane by reflex tachycardia as it does not depress baroreceptor reflex → Most cardiovascular stable inhalational agent → Inhalational agent of choice for cardiac surgery.
| 1 |
Isoflurane
|
Enflurane
|
Sevoflurane
|
Halothane
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
59996c51-6bda-4f86-9c65-3f3032923910
|
single
|
Which of the following drugs is capable of maintaining blood levels for 24 hours after a single administration but has useful antianginal effects lasting only about 10 hours ?
| null | 4 |
Amyl nitrite
|
Isosorbide mononitrate
|
Nitroglycerine (sublingual)
|
Nitroglycerine (transdermal)
|
Pharmacology
| null |
2b65c00d-2508-4e08-b0bb-b671993ee5be
|
single
|
Patient came into emergency department with flexion, adduction and internal rotation of hip. Diagnosis?
|
Ans. (b) Posterior dislocation of hipRef: Maheshwari 5th ed. /130POSTERIOR DISLOCATION OF HIP* It is most common type of hip dislocation in adults and children.* Usually this occurs in a road accident when someone seated in car is thrown forwards, striking the knee against the dashboard (dashboard injury)* It is the position (direction) of hip at the time of injury that decides the pattern of injury.Pattern of injuryPosition of Hip at the time of InjuryPure posterior dislocationFlexion, adduction, internal rotationPosterior fracture dislocationLess flexion, less adduction (neutral or slight abduction), internal rotationAnterior dislocationHyper abduction + ExtensionClassification Schemes for Posterior Hip DislocationsThompson & EpsteinType 1Dislocations without or with minor fractureType IIDislocation with a single large fracture of posterior acetabular rimType IIIDislocation with comminution of posterior acetabular rimType IVDislocation with fracture of acetabular floorType VDislocation with fracture of femoral head Stewart and MifordType IDislocation without fractureType IIDislocation with posterior rim fracture (one or more fragments), but the hip is stable after reductionType IIIDislocation with fracture of rim producing gross instabilityType IVDislocation with fracture head or neck of femurType V thompson & Epstein is Subdivided by Pipkin into Four Types (Pipkin Classification)* Femoral head fracture caudal to fovea centralis* Femoral head fracture cephalad to the fovea* Femoral head fracture associated with femoral neck fracture* Type I, II, or III associated acetabular fractureNOTE Thomson & Epstein, and Stewart & Milford are posterior dislocation injuries of hip and Pimpkins fracture is fracture of femoral head (& / or neck) in posterior dislocation injuries.
| 2 |
Anterior dislocation of hip
|
Posterior dislocation of hip
|
Femur neck fracture
|
Femur head fracture
|
Orthopaedics
|
Congenital Dislocation of Hip (C.D.H.)
|
21240f8f-c3f8-4989-9f51-1099a496baa7
|
single
|
A girl from shimla presented to OPD with fever, hypotension, malaise and axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Culture in glucose broth shows stalactite growth. Most likely causative organism is?
|
This is a case of bubonic plague. Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis. It is sho plump, ovoid, gram negative bacillus, shows bipolar staining (safety pin appearance), pleomorphism which is characteristically enhanced in media containing 3% NaCl. It is enveloped by a slime layer & is non motile, non sporing, non acid fast bacteria. Ref: Ananthanarayanan & Paniker's textbook of microbiology 8th ed pg 322.
| 1 |
Yersinia pestis
|
Francisella tularensis
|
Brucella abous
|
Coxiella burnetii
|
Microbiology
| null |
1e746d91-b9d5-4f94-912c-b53c49fb1198
|
single
|
Hoarseness secondary to bronchogenic carcinoma is usually due to extension of the tumour into ?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
| 3 |
Vocal cord
|
Superior laryngeal nerve
|
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
|
Right vagus nerve
|
Surgery
| null |
fdc6cfbd-e92c-44a7-a17b-b342f32c735f
|
multi
|
Treatment of pseudocyst of pancreas include ?
|
Ans is d i.e. All of the above
| 4 |
Cystogastrostomy
|
Cystojejunostomy
|
Excision of the cyst
|
All
|
Surgery
| null |
5c1c4233-a1bf-473f-a612-4a16a934c684
|
multi
|
All of the following are examples of mydriatics except –
|
Cycloplegics (paralysis of accommodation + mydriasis) → Atropine, Homatropine, Cyclopentolate, tropicamide
Only mydriatics → Phenylephrine.
Note : Cycloplegic action of tropicamide is unreliable.
| 4 |
Atropine
|
Homatropine
|
Tropicamide
|
Pirenzepine
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
ce7612ef-2353-41f4-9ea1-dea05f64544b
|
multi
|
Type of collagen forming basement membrane of kidney-
|
Type IV collagen with laminin are the major constituent of basement membrane.
| 4 |
I
|
II
|
III
|
IV
|
Biochemistry
| null |
0e35970d-20e9-467f-8ef1-936dfd59e75d
|
single
|
A standing person lies down. Which of the following occurs?
|
Ans. b. Immediately increase in venous return to heart (Ref: Ganong23/e p515)Factors Affecting End Diastolic VolumeFactors Decreasing EDVFactors Increasing EDV* Increased intra-pericardial pressureQ (as a result of infection of pressure from a tumor):- Limits the extent to which ventricle can fill* Decrease in ventricular complianceQ:- Increase in ventricular stiffness produced by Ml, infiltrative disease.* Standing decreases venous returnQ* Increased total blood volume increases venous returnQ:- Constriction of vein reduces the size of venous reservoir, decreasing venous pooling and thus increasing venous return* Increased negative intrathoracic pressureQ:- Increases the pressure gradient along which blood flows to the heart* Muscle activityQ: Increases venous return as a result of pumping action
| 2 |
Increase in cerebral blood flow
|
Immediately increase in venous return to heart
|
Decreased blood flow to the apex of lung
|
Increase in heart rate
|
Physiology
|
Circulation: Cardiac Output, Venous Return
|
f01e8f68-51a2-4c0e-896d-08a75ce880c9
|
single
|
Which of the following statement is true about external haemorrhoids?
|
It presents as a suddenonset, olive-shaped, painful blue subcutaneous swelling at the anal margin and is usually consequent upon straining at stool, coughing or lifting a heavy weight .The thrombosis is usually situated in a lateral region of the anal margin. If the patient presents within the first 48 hours the clot may be evacuated under local anaesthesia. Ref: Bailey & Love&;s Sho Practice of Surgery,E25,Page-1259
| 1 |
Painful, below the dentate line
|
Painless, above the denate line
|
Rubber band ligation is the treatment of choice
|
May be associated with a skin tag
|
Surgery
|
G.I.T
|
5c199145-8d4c-4888-86f3-d7ed5c91d711
|
multi
|
Acute endocarditis with abscess is most commonly associated with?
|
Ans. (b) StaphylococcusRef: Harrison's 18th ed ch:124, Braunwald's HeartDisease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 18thed ch-63
| 2 |
Listeria
|
Staphylococcus
|
Streptococcus
|
Enterococcus
|
Medicine
|
Bacteriology
|
bd988f06-9f18-48dd-95d8-5a1fec181d09
|
single
|
Softening of the vaginal poion of the cervix:
|
Goodell sign:- Softening of the cervix , 6th to 8th weeks Chadwick / jacquemier's sign:- Bluish discoloration of the cervix , 6th to 8th weeks Hegars sign : On p/v the abdominal and vaginal fingers seem to oppose below the body of uterus ,6th wk Osiander (vaginal ) sign :-Pulsatality in lateral fornices, around 8th week Piskacek's sign :- Asymmetrical enlargement of the uterus if lateral implantation Palmer sign :- Regular and rhythmic contractions during bimanual examination Braxton hicks :- Contraction around 16-18 weeks
| 1 |
Goodell's sign
|
Chadwick's sign
|
Hegar's sign
|
Piskacek's sign
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Obstetrics
|
14c42330-665b-45ad-9897-180c755c7aa1
|
single
|
Hemmorhagic fever is not caused by -
|
kyasanur foerst disease a hemorrhagic fever found in karnataka. It is arboviral disease. A new arbo virus genetically related to RSSE isolated ANANTHANARYANAN TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.524
| 3 |
Yellow fever
|
KFD
|
Japanese encephalitis
|
Dengue fever
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
4e3c805f-7716-49c9-b6a6-bc64668462dd
|
single
|
Which one of the following is the description used for the term allodynia during pain management?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e. Perception of an ordinarily nonnoxious stimuli as severe pain Terms used in pain managementAllodyniaPerception of an ordinarily nonnoxious stimulus as painAnalgesiaAbsence of pain perceptionAnaesthesiaAbsence of all sensationsDysesthesiaUnpleasant or abnormal sensation with or without a stimulusHypalgesiaDiminished response to noxious stimulationHyperalgesiaIncreased response to noxious stimulationHyperaesthesiaIncreased response to mild stimulationHyperpathiaPresence of hyperaesthesia, allodynia and hyperalgesia usually associated with overreaction and persistence of sensation after the stimulusHypoaesthesiaReduced cutaneous sensation (e.g. light touch, pressure or temperature)NeuralgiaPain in the distribution of a nerve or a group of nerves.ParesthesiaAbnormal sensation perceived without an apparent stimulusRadiculopathyFunctional abnormality of one or more roots
| 4 |
Absence of pain perception
|
Complete lack of pain sensation
|
Unpleasant sensation with or without a stimulus
|
Perception of an ordinarily nonnoxious sitmulus as severe pain.
|
Anaesthesia
|
Muscle Relaxant
|
921bc072-8443-4453-acfc-4696c90588ae
|
multi
|
Maximum loss of sodium in a child occurs in?
|
Cations and anions in biological fluids in meq/dl Fluid Sodium Potassium Chloride Gastric juice 60 10 85 Ileal fluid 130 10 115 Diarrhea stool 10-90 10-80 10-110
| 2 |
Gastric juice
|
Ileal fluid
|
Non cholera Diarrhoea
|
Cholera
|
Medicine
|
Fluids and Electrolyte Imbalance
|
1737af63-9e82-4808-a01d-84f03fd0ea3d
|
single
|
Circuit for spontaneous respiration in adults:
|
Ref. Oxford textbook of anesthesia. Page. 330
Spontaneous respiration: A>D,E>C >B
IPPV :D&E> B> C> A
Mapleson A :
For adult
Magill system
Flow rate = Minute volume
Mapleson B: - not used
Mapleson C :
Water system
Choice in Post operative room
Mapleson D:
Bain – Coaxial system
Most effective in assisted control ventilation
Mapleson E:
Ayre’s T tube
Infants and young children
| 1 |
Mapleson A
|
Mapleson C
|
Mapleson D
|
Mapleson E
|
Unknown
| null |
e876edf8-36f0-46e1-b5d6-d88758099917
|
single
|
Which of the following contains site of attachment of calcium ions that initiates muscle contraction?
|
Troponin T binds the troponin components to tropomyosin; troponin I inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin; and troponin C contains the binding sites for the Ca2+ that helps to initiate contraction.
Ganong 23 rd ed, pg 96
| 3 |
Troponin I
|
Troponin T
|
Troponin C
|
Myosin
|
Physiology
| null |
a598b1c5-5602-4fdc-b792-d397cddf94c8
|
single
|
Most important bactericidal agent is
|
H2O2- MPO- halide system is the most efficient bactericidal system of neutrophils
| 4 |
Cationic basic protein
|
Lactoferrin
|
Lysozyme
|
Reactive O2 species
|
Pathology
| null |
ed0e3326-1f31-48a7-b5e6-dfdf02a9abc1
|
single
|
According to a newer hypothesis Ewings, sarcoma arises from -
|
Marrow tumors (medullary cavity tumors) : - Ewings sarcoma, Plasma cell tumor, multiple myeloma, Lymphoma.
| 3 |
Epiphysis
|
Diaphysis
|
Medullary cavity
|
Cortex
|
Orthopaedics
| null |
e17f78ac-1d18-46d3-adbd-fb6d1edfd286
|
single
|
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