lighteval/med_mcqa · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Calories required by one year old child is: September 2008	Ans. None (1100 calories/day) In general, if you want to know how many calories (per day) a child needs, a good rule of thumb for children up to 5 years of age is to begin with a base of 1,000 calories and add 100 calories for each year of your child's age. 1 year-old would need approximately 1000 + 100 calories for 1 year, or 1100 calories/day. A 2 year-old would need 1000 + 200 calories for 2 years, or 1200 calories/ day.	4	92 kcal/kg/day	102 kcal/kg/ day	112 kcal/kg/day	None	Social & Preventive Medicine	null	d7000581-59eb-44d9-b7bd-426258e43dd6	multi
A 36 years old multigravida at 34 weeks, with previous 2 normal vaginal delivery now presented with unstable lie. The most likely diagnosis it s case is:	Ans. b. Placenta pre	2	Oligohydramnios	Placenta pre	Pelvic tumor	Uterine anomalies	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	38e0e553-adbb-41b3-847a-255838ae022f	single
Pain originate in the pulp due to	null	2	free nerve ending in cell rich zone	free nerve ending at sub odontoblastic layer	Krause bulb at the center of the pulp	Meisseners corpuscles at cell rich zone	Dental	null	da99a434-7711-47c9-b16d-2b1d4cb5ec10	single
Paial recurrent larynegeal nerve palsy produces vocal cord in which position:	Ans. is d i.e. Paramedian	4	Cadaveric	Abducted	Adducted	Paramedian	ENT	null	74d59bcd-a9d3-494e-bb49-08e09e10cba0	single
The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase present in:	The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase present in heavy meromyosin. Two strands of heavy meromyosin are found in each myosin head - one of which is folded over as a protein mass. Light meromyosin is also found in myosin but is not involved in splitting ATP. Troponin and tropomyosin are located on the actin filament. Ref: Murray R.K. (2011). Chapter 49. Muscle & the Cytoskeleton. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e.	1	Heavy meromyosin	Light meromyosin	Tropomyosin	Troponin	Physiology	null	eb190980-38d4-4cf4-84ac-1f55336fefd4	single
Drugs is useful in the long term treatment of alcohol dependence: COMEDK 13	Ans. Acamprosate	1	Acamprosate	Chlordiazepoxide	Flumazenil	Imipramine	Forensic Medicine	null	02071765-db10-41ed-9c6e-db8f2230c8a3	single
All of the following occur in mitochondria except :	Reactions that take place in - Mitochondrion TCA cycle/ Citric acid cycle Beta oxidation of fatty acids Ketogenesis Respiratory chain Part of Gluconeogenesis & Urea cycle - Cytosol Glycolysis/EMP Pentose phosphate pathway Fatty acid synthesis Part of Gluconeogenesis & Urea cycle Glycogenolysis	2	Citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)	Glycogenolysis	Fatty acid oxidation	Electron transport chain	Physiology	null	fa0a9844-83a2-44d1-b939-2ddfd4175a7b	multi
Steroids act nuclear receptors which interact with DNA through	B i.e. Zinc finger motif	2	Helix turn helix	Zinc finger motif	Histidine	Leucine zipper	Biochemistry	null	7e6ec660-7c3b-46d6-8d18-db452c50b0ad	single
Which among the following is used in deflouridation of water?	Ans: a (Alum and Lime) Ref: Park, 19th ed, p. 511,582The addition of lime and alum in sequence followed by flocculation, sedimentation and filtration for defluridation of water is Nalgonda technique.The recommended level of fluorides in drinking water in India accepted as 0.5 to 0.8 mg/ltr.Endemic fluorosis.It has been observed in areas where the drinking water contains excessive amount of fluorine (3-5 mg/L).Intervention:i) Changing of water source - running surface water contains lower quantities of fluorides than ground water.ii) Chemical treatment - Nalgonda technique of deflouridation of waters It involves the addition of lime and alum in sequence followed by flocculation, sedimentation and filtration.BRIDGEStabilising bleaching powder by adding lime is called Clarke's methodNalgonda technique - developed by The National EnvironmentalEngineering Research Institute, Nagpur.	1	Alum and lime	Potassium permanganate	Ozonisation	Bromides	Social & Preventive Medicine	Environment and Health	e42912e0-9a8f-4da9-8778-fff2ef1d120d	single
Which of these drugs can be a cause of rhabdomyolysis?	Ans. D. All of theseMany drugs can cause rhabdomyolysis. They can cause rhabdomyolysis, both in therapeutic doses and in toxic doses. Some important drugs among these include antidepressants, antipsychotics, statins, corticosteroids, salicylates, many chemotherapeutic agents, and some anaesthetics.	4	Statins	Salicylates	Antidepressants	All of these	Pediatrics	Miscellaneous	cdfb5cfe-6762-467a-a144-5fc4967f7f69	multi
Which is cyclopropagative?	(A) propagative: The agent merely multiplies in the vector but no change in the form e.g plague bacilli in rat fleas (B) cyclopropagative : The agent changes in number and form e.g malaria parasite in mosquito (C) cyclodevelopmental: The disease agent undergoes only developmental but no multiplication e.g microfilaria in mosquito (refer pgno:98 park 23 rd edition)	1	Malaria	Plague	Filaria	None	Social & Preventive Medicine	Epidemiology	0b36a1cc-e6f5-4785-848b-a002195a6983	multi
Opioid antagonist that can be given orally?	Ans. a (Naltrexone) (Ref KDT 6th/464, 467)Naltrexone differs from naloxone in being orally active and having a long duration of action (1-2 days) which makes it suitable for 'opioid blockade' therapy of postaddicts.Opioids & Opioid AntagonistsAgonist-antagonists (k-analgesics)Partial/weak m agonist + K antagonistPure antagonistNalorphineBuprenorphineNaloxonePentazocine NaltrexoneButorphanol NalmefeneNALTREXONE# Pure Opioid Antagonist like naloxone# Chemically related to naloaxone# More potent than naloxone.# Differs from naloxone in that it is orally active and has longer duration of action (1-2 days).# USES:- Hence suitable for "opioid blockade therapy" of postaddicts: 50 mg/day orally.- Also useful to reduce alcohol craving- Used to prevent relapse of habit drinking.# S/E:- Nausea- Headache- Heptotoxicity (at high doses).THE OPIOID ANTAGONISTSIntroduction# The pure opioid antagonist drugs naloxone, naltrexone, and nalmefene.# These agents have a relatively high affinity for m opioid binding sites.# They have lower affinity for the other receptors but can also reverse agonists at d and k sites.Pharmacokinetics# Naloxone is usually given by injection and has short duration of action (1-2 hours) when given by this route.# Nalmefene, the newest of these agents, is a derivative of naltrexone but is available only for intravenous administration.# Like naloxone, nalmefene is used for opioid overdose but has a longer half-life (8-10 hours).# When given intravenously to a morphine-treated subject, the antagonist completely and dramatically reverses the opioid effects within 1-3 minutes.Clinical Use# Naloxone is a pure antagonist and is preferred over older weak agonist-antagonist agents that had been used primarily as antagonists, e.g., nalorphine and levallorphan.# NALOXONE in the treatment of acute opioid overdose.# Because of its long duration of action, NALTREXONE has been proposed as a maintenance drug for addicts in treatment programs. A single dose given on alternate days blocks virtually all of the effects of a dose of heroin.# NALTREXONE decreases the craving for alcohol in chronic alcoholics, and it is FDA approved for this purpose.	1	Naltrexone	Nalaxone	Nalbuophene	Pentazocin	Anaesthesia	Miscellaneous	cd648ae6-1c15-4a12-b69e-7a81a32e65e4	multi
Golden yellow jelly fungus is -	Ans. is 'c' i.e., Trenella mesenterica o The term jelly fungus is sometimes applied to any fungus with a jelly like fruiting body, but it is especially appropriate for the members of a group of texa traditionally assigned to the order Tremellaies.o Largest genus is Tremella. which consists of about 80 species.o Tremella mesenterica (witches butter) is a commonly encountered species which has orange to golden yellow fruiting bodies. Therefore it is also called as golden yellow jelly fungus or yellow brain or yellow trembler.	3	Ttursurans	Tmontegrophytes	Trenella mesenterica	Efloccosum	Microbiology	Mycology	5b58adfd-3fff-467d-b9de-e8379391b526	single
Which of the following is not transmitted through sexual route?	HEPATITIS E The infection caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) which was discovered in 1980, is essentially a water-borne disease. Formerly termed enterically transmitted hepatitis non-A, non-B (HNANB), HEV is a 29-nm to 32-nm RNA virus with 4 genotypes (type 1, 2, 3 and 4). Transmission The hepatitis E virus is transmitted mainly through the faecal-oral route, due to faecal contamination of drinking water. Other transmission routes have been identified, which include : (a) food-borne transmission from ingestion of products derived from infected animals; (b) transfusion of infected blood products (c) veical transmission from a pregnant woman to her foetus. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 218	2	Hep A	Hep E	Hep A & E	Hep D	Social & Preventive Medicine	Communicable diseases	24fbc882-0aee-47c2-b37f-ef9abb02c3a1	single
Gynaecomastia is seen in:a) Secondary syphilisb) Lepromatous leprosyc) HIVd) Klinefelter's syndrome	null	1	bcd	acd	ac	bd	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	c5b86583-e25f-4a25-b692-9e5641978649	single
Oil red Or staining is used for	ref Bancroft histology 7/e p83 Fresh cryostat sections must be used for oil red o stain	1	Frozen section	Glutaraldehyde fixed specimen	Alcohol fixed specimen	Formalin fixed specimen	Anatomy	General anatomy	4d8f9a1b-c512-4003-96e2-e23737b303fa	single
Whiplash injury of spine is due to	Whiplash injury This injury classically occurs in an occupant of a vehicle due to sudden acceleration which causes sudden extension followed by flexion. There may be fracture dislocation of cervical veebrae. Both accrleaccele and deceleration injuries are included in the category of whiplash injury. Hyperextension injuries are common. Whiplash injuries are common in front seat occupants. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 178	2	Hyperflexion	Hyperextension	Rotation	Side ward traction	Forensic Medicine	Mechanical injuries	7f13b6c4-7070-4cb3-8ef6-97544d268707	single
Retropharyngeal space lies between The - (Jipmer 13)	Ans-D	4	Base of skull to diaphragm	The base of the skull to the thoracic inlet	The base of the skull to post-cricoid cartilage	Base of skull to bifurcation of trachea	Unknown	null	1aee6244-766d-4d1d-b4b0-0fb0acb88c66	single
Chloride responsive alkalosis causes -a) Recurrent vomitingb) Bartter's syndromec) Milk alkali syndrome d) Over dose of diuretics	null	4	abc	ad	bc	acd	Medicine	null	8368cd99-1634-45f1-ac6a-e312fa492b71	single
Which of the following is not a granulomatous diseases	ref Robbins 9/e p98 Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is an inherited primary immunodeficiency disease(PIDD) which increases the body's susceptibility to infections caused by ceain bacteria and fungi.Granulomas are masses of immune cells that form at sites of infection or inflammation	4	Leprosy	TB	Sarcoidosis	Amebiasis	Anatomy	General anatomy	9b506a46-6ad9-4dc3-b2ae-1bb48904ffef	single
Mitochondrial chromosomal abnormality leads to -	Diseases associated with mitochondrial inheritance are rare and many of them affect the Neuromuscular System. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is a prototype of this disorder. It is a neurodegenerative disease that Manifests itself as progressive bilateral loss of central vision. Visual impairment is first noted between ages 15 and 35, and it leads to blindness. Cardiac conduction defects & minor neurologic manifestations have also been seen in some families. Mitochondrial diseases DNA in human may be found at two locations Nuclear DNA in nucleus Organelle DNA in the mitochondria Mitochondrial DNA is the only non-chromosomal DNA in human cells. Mitochondrial DNA is always maternally inherited. Why is it so, let’s see:- Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA are located in different places in the cell. During fertilization, the sperm and egg cell nuclei fuse to form an embryo. The egg cell is very large compared to the sperm, so although the cells’ nuclei fuse, the rest of the cell mass in the embryo comes from the egg only. Nuclear DNA is therefore co-inherited but the mitochondrial DNA, which is located outside of the nucleus, is always maternally inherited because all mitochondria in a foetus and later adult are derived from the Mitochondria in the mother’s egg. All children from affected mother will inherit the disease but it will not be transmitted from an affected father to his children.	1	Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy	Angelman syndrome	Prader-willi syndrome	Myotonic dystrophy	Pathology	null	ebf03250-8c7d-4bcb-8a14-8a7c8000e580	single
A young male is brought unconscious to the hospital with external injuries. CT brain showed No midline shift. Basal cistern were compressed with multiple small Haemorrhages. What is the likely diagnosis?	The patient in the clinical scenario having suffered from a traumatic injury was brought unconscious an this CT scan revealed multiple small hemorrhages thus leading to the diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury. It is typical presentation of a patient with diffuse axonal injury. There is a scattered dispersion of the axons following sudden rotational, accelerating or decelerating forces causing the injury. It is common in motor vehicle and auto pedestrian accidents and also in assaults and falls. Ref: The Axon By Stephen G. Waxman, Jeffery D. Kocsis; pages 504 - 508; Brain Injury and Mental Retardation By C. Thomas Gualtieri; page 64 - 65; Harrison's Textbook of Internal Medicine 16th edition; page 2448.	4	Cerebral contusion	Cerebral laceration	Multiple infarcts	Diffuse Axonal injuries	Radiology	null	c1696af7-b679-4c07-973e-72b35b40c43d	multi
Vitamin A dose in children of 1 -6years of age is -	Ans. is 'c' i.e., 2 Lakh IU o For treatment of vitamin A deficiency, oral vitamin A is given at a dose of 50000 IU, 100000 IU and 200000 IU in children <6 months, 6-12 months and > 1 year, respectively. The same dose is repeated next day and 4 weeks later.	3	50000IU	1Lakh IU	2LakhIU	41akhIU	Pediatrics	Vitamin A	e7da22a7-8bad-4ad0-95c4-fc3fca85e68a	single
Extension of enamel cord to meet the outer enamel epithelium is known as:	null	3	Enamel knot.	Enamel cord.	Enamel septum.	Enamel navel.	Dental	null	72e465ee-795b-4673-b799-f12e58a2c029	single
Meibomian glands secrete which component of sweat?	Ans. is 'd' i.e., Lipid The major function of lacrimal apparatus is to secrete and drain the tear. Tear film consists of 3 layers :- Mucous or mucin layer (innermost):- Secreted by conjunctival goblet cells, crypts of Henle, glands of Manz. Aqueous layer (intermediate) :- This forms the bulk of the tear. It is secreted by main lacrimal and accessory lacrimal glands. Lipid layer (outermost) :- Secreted by the Meibomion Zeis, and Moll glands.	4	Water (aqueous)	Mucin	Protein	Lipid	Ophthalmology	null	5ce070f6-8bef-4437-ab68-94a9a53d0768	single
Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by	Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis It is an acute inflammation of conjunctiva characterised by multiple conjunctival haemorrhages, conjunctival hyperaemia and mild follicular hyperplasia. The disease is caused by Picornavirus (enterovirus type 70) which are RNA viruses of small (pico) size. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:76	1	Enterovirus 70	Coxsackie virus	Enterovirus 72	Calcivirus	Ophthalmology	Conjunctiva	c8a7c416-417f-4cbc-9b94-65e01df36a0a	single
Which of the following drug is not the first line treatment for anovulatory abnormal uterine bleeding in a 13-year-old girl?	Ans. b. Mefenamic acid	2	Tranexemic acid	Mefenamic acid	Progesterone	Estrogen + progesterone	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	fa1ed43c-8ec3-4603-921a-40bf372fd410	single
Taking of ones clothes and running in public is called	Ans. (B). Exhibitionism(Ref: The essentials of forensic medicine and toxicology; Dr. KS Narayana Reddy, 33rd edition; Page no: 432)	2	Mooning	Exhibitionism	Voyeurism	Undinism	Forensic Medicine	Sexual Offenses	74662922-2b84-494a-b313-31a098bce0de	multi
All of the following are tuning fork tests to differentiate hearing loss, EXCEPT:	Tuning fork tests: Rinne's test Weber test Absolute bone conduction (ABC) test Schwabach's test Bing test Gelle's test Common tuning fork tests and their interpretation: Test Normal Conductive deafness SN deafness Rinne AC>BC (Rinne positive) BC>AC (Rinne negative) AC>BC Weber Not laterized Laterized to poorer ear Laterized to better ear ABC Same as examiner's Same as examiner's Reduced Schwabach's Equal Lengthened Shoened	3	Schwabach test	Gelles test	Burn's test	Rinne test	ENT	null	5c103b98-9ea0-47b1-bdd6-4749f1a864d2	multi
EMA-CO regime of chemotherapy is used in the treatment of?	Ans. A. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasiaPatients with high-risk tumors (high beta-hCG levels, disease presenting >=4 months after antecedent pregnancy, brain or liver metastasis, or failure of single-agent methotrexate) are initially treated with combination chemotherapy. EMA-CO (a cyclic non-cross-resistant combination of etoposide, methotrexate, and dactinomycin alternating with cyclophosphamide and vincristine); cisplatin, bleomycin, and vinblastine; and cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin are effective regimens. EMA-CO is now the regimen of choice for patients with high-risk disease because of excellent survival rates (>80%) and less toxicity.	1	Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia	Malignant Ovarian germ cell tumor	Endometrial carcinoma	CA cervix	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	Gestational Trophoblastic Disease	6e9a4af8-1f01-44cd-bc36-ad702ff8d035	single
Confounding factors can be eliminatined by all except-	Randomization is a statistical procedure by which the paicipants are allocated into groups usually called study and control groups to receive or not to receive an experimental, preventive or therapeutic procedure, manoeuvre, intervention. It is an attempt to eliminate bias and allow for comparability. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 90	3	Matching	Blinding	Randomization	Multivariate analysis	Social & Preventive Medicine	Epidemiology	16195818-6d7d-49df-b201-2fde578eeb4d	multi
As compared to UV light, visible light can cure	null	1	Greater depth of resin	Lesser depth of resin	Only superficial layer	None of the above	Dental	null	96deed91-601c-44e0-a356-a6443973c875	multi
The maintenance of posture in a normal adult \| human being depends upon	the connection between the afferent and efferent neurons is usually in the cns and activity in the reflex arc is modified by the multiple inputs converging on the efferent neurons or at any synaptic station within the reflex loop. Therefore integrity of reflex arc is necessary for maintenance of posture. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;23rd edition; pg:157.	1	Integrity of reflex arc	Muscle power	Type of muscle fibers	Joint movements in physiological range	Physiology	Nervous system	2a0e42b2-4dc3-4ceb-bed1-b8d12329b223	single
All of the following are indications for Anti D prophylaxis, EXCEPT:	Anti D prophylaxis is not given after intrauterine transfusion. Intrauterine transfusion is done to prevent the fetus from dying. If the hydropic fetus is too immature for early delivery, intrauterine transfusion is done. Transfusion is done through intraperitoneal and intravascular routes. This is performed using O-negative, cytomegalovirus negative, washed irradiated packed red cell. The volume to be transfused is roughly calculated by the formula: (weeks of gestation-20) multiplied by 10. Transfusion is repeated whenever fetal hemoglobin levels falls below 10gm/dl. Ref: Manual of Neonatal Care By John P. Clohey, 6th Edition, Pages 209-210 ; Textbook of Obstetrics By D.C.Dutta, 6th Edition, Page 334 ; Obstetrics and Gynaecology By Sarabatnam Arulkumaran, Page 68 ; COBGDT, 9th Edition, Page 299	3	Medical aboion for 63 days pregnancy	Amniocentesis at 16 weeks	Intrauterine transfusion at 28 weeks	Manual removal of Placenta	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	af45a83b-1c69-41e7-8189-f688c8fc26fa	multi
Hypeension is associated with all of the following except: March 2010	Ans. B: Excess exercise Modifiable risk factors: - Obesity - Excess salt intake Saturated fat in the diet - Environmental stress - Reduced physical activity Renovascular hypeension: It has two main causes: fibromuscular dysplasia and atheromatous stenosis. Hypeension secondary to other renal disorders: - Chronic renal failure - Kidney disease/renal aery stenosis: the normal physiological response to low blood pressure in the renal aeries is to increase cardiac output (CO) to maintain the pressure needed for glomerular filtration. - Renal segmental hypoplasia Hypeension secondary to endocrine disorders - Pheochromocytoma - caused by an excessive secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine which promotes vasoconstriction - Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) - Cushing's syndrome - an excessive secretion of glucocoicoids causes the hypeension Hyperparathyroidism - Acromegaly - Hypehyroidism -- Hypothyroidism Other causes: - Hormonal contraceptives - Atherosclerosis Liquorice (when consumed in excessive amounts) - Scieroderma - Neurofibromatosis - Drugs: In paicular, alcohol, nasal decongestants with adrenergic effects, NSAIDs, MAOIs, adrenoceptor stimulants, and combined methods of hormonal contraception (those containing ethinyl-estradiol) can cause hypeension while in use. - Malformed aoa, slow pulse, ischemia: these cause reduced blood flow to the renal aeries, with physiological responses as already outlined. - Coarcation of the aoa	2	Excess salt	Excess exercise	Phaeochromocytoma	Obesity	Social & Preventive Medicine	null	55502bde-a7d0-4c53-9a2b-d483ef3ce187	multi
Whitfield&;s ointment consists of -	WHITFIELD'S ointment:-3% salicylic acid + 6% benzoic acid. It is used as antifungals and keratolytic iadvl textbook of dermatology page 252	1	3% salicylic acid + 6% benzoic acid	3% benzoic acid + 6% salicylic acid	2% salicylic acid + 4% benzoic acid	2% benzoic acid + 4% salicylic acid	Dental	miscellaneous	1684d689-2468-4dcb-a93f-ec37ffe4d4f0	single
Lattice retinal degeneration seen in	Ans is 'a' i.e. . Myopia. Lattice degeneration of retina is seen in Myopia or more specifically, pathological myopia.Myopia is clinically of 3 types:-Developmental myopic -a congenital stationary* condition in which a child is bom with an abnormally long eye.Simple myopia :Commonest type of myopiaPathological myopia:is a degenerative and progressive conditionRefractive changes appear in childhood, and increases rapidly during the period of active growth upto 20 to 30 D by the age of 25 yrs.the eyeball gets elongated essentially due to the degeneration of the posterior half of sclera often leading to a scleral bulge at the posterior pole (.Posterior staphyloma)Fundus changes Myopic crescent:-present at the temporal edge of the optic disc (Optic disc is large and pale). Fosterfunch9s spots:-these are dark red circular patches due to choroidal Haemorrhage and subretinal neovascularization.Posterior staphyloma.Vitreous degenerations & HaemorrhageChorioretinal atrophic patches at posterior pole.Retinal haemorrhages and lattice degenerates* leading to retinal detachment*.	1	Myopia	Hypermetropia	Presbyopia	Anisocoria	Ophthalmology	Dystrophies and Degenerations	31a850f4-874e-4529-a047-cf18f62e47a8	single
Formication and delusion of persecution, both are together seen in:	C. i.e. Cocaine psychosis - Cocaine blocks reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine & serotonin; impairs nerve conduction (LA action) and Vt hypeensionQ. Cocaine causes no physical dependence but moderate/strong psychological dependence. It is unique in not producing significant toleranceQ. lnfact paranoid psychosis observed with cocaine abuse is produced by sensitization (or reverse tolerance)Q. Cocaine cause tactile hallucinations (Magnan's symptoms or formication or cocaine bugs or feeling of creeping insects) and paranoid psychosis (delusions & hallucinations)Q	3	LSD psychosis	Amphetamine psychosis	Cocaine psychosis	Cannabis psychosis	Psychiatry	null	434ad136-f356-4621-b9c9-936a745f2328	multi
A 32-year-old woman presents to you for evaluation of headache. The headaches began at age 18, were initially unilateral and worse around the time of her menses. Initially the use of triptans two or three times a month would provide complete relief. Over the past several years, however, the headaches have become more frequent and severe. Triptans provide only partial relief; the patient requires a combination of acetaminophen, caffeine, and butalbital to achieve some improvement. Prophylactic medications including beta-blockers, tricyclics, and topiramate have been unsuccessful in preventing the headaches, and she has been to the emergency room three times over the past 2 weeks for a "pain shot." The general physical examination is unremarkable. Her funduscopic examination shows no evidence of papilledema, and a careful neurological examination is likewise normal. What is the most likely explanation for her headache syndrome?	Patients who use medications for headache more than twice weekly are at risk of medication overuse headache. Any analgesic, including triptans themselves, can contribute, but opiates and barbiturates are the main culprits. In this setting, the migraine may "transform" into a chronic daily headache. Medication overuse headaches usually start in the morning and improve but do not completely resolve with analgesic therapy. The patient must completely discontinue the offending drug for 2 to 12 weeks for the headaches to resolve. Treating headaches during the period of abstinence can be very difficult. The physician should be vigilant about the development of another cause of headache (mass lesion, inflammatory disorder) in a patient with transformed migraines. CNS imaging and laboratory workup, not generally recommended in the patient with typical migraine, are sometimes indicated. In this patient without focal neurological findings, however, the most likely diagnosis is still medication overuse headache. Status migrainosus (continuous migraine) and CNS vasculitis are much less common than medication overuse headache. Pseudotumor cerebri usually causes papilledema.	2	Status migrainosus	Medication overuse headache	Space-occupying intracerebral lesion	CNS vasculitis	Medicine	C.N.S.	2af71883-fdb5-43d0-b407-d9b1c88221f2	multi
A person after 6 hours of consuming rice pudding in restaurant develops vomiting. True statement regarding food poisoning is	Bacillus cereus is an impoant cause of food poisoning. Two patterns: diarrheal and emetic. Diarrheal: associated with cooked meat and vegetables. Diarrhea and abdominal pain 8-16 hours after the ingestion of contaminated food. Vomiting rarely. Bacilli are not found in the fecal specimen of these patients. Emetic: associated with consumption of cooked rice, usually fried rice from restaurants. Nausea and vomiting 1-5 hours after the meal. Bacilli are present in large numbers in cooked rice and fecal samples from these patients. such strains produce a toxin resembling staphylococcal enterotoxin, which is a preformed toxin. The emetic toxin was produced only when the Bacillus cereus is grown in rice, not in other media. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 254	2	Caused by staphylococcus aureus	Preformed toxin	Caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus	Heat labile toxin	Microbiology	Bacteriology	f22b1a51-3851-472d-8160-48cbc914e125	multi
The optic foramen is located between	The optic foramen/canal is the opening of the optic canal. It is bounded medially by the body of the sphenoid and laterally by the lesser wing of sphenoid. Contents: Optic nerve and ophthalmic aery Ref: BD Chaurasia; 6th edition	3	Greater wing and lesser wing of sphenoid	Greater wing and body of sphenoid	Lesser wing and body of sphenoid	Lesser wing of sphenoid and ethmoid	Anatomy	Head and neck	12ed67dc-f57c-4093-ab30-ed8ca28093b8	single
Agoraphobia is	(A) Fear of open spaces PHOBIC DISORDERSFear of Situation or ObjectsPhobias* Dread of Open spaceAgoraphobia* Dread of VehiclesAmaxophobia* Dread of FloodsAntlophobia* Dread of ConfinementClaustrophobia* Dread of Being locked inClithrophobia* Dread of DogsCynophobia* Dread of Sexual intercourse or STDCypridcphobia* Dread of DrinkingDipsophobia* Dread of Surgical operationErgasiophobia* Dread of MarriageGamophobia* Dread of FoodGatophobia* Dread of WritingGraphophobia* Dread of WomenGynephobia* Dread of SunHeliophobia* Dread of SteelingKleptophobia* Dread of SpeakingLalophobia* Dread of RabiesLyssophobia* Dread of PregnancyMaieusiophobia* Dread of CorpseNecrophobia* Dread of OdoursOsmophobia* Dread of EatingSitophobia* Dread of TuberculosisPhthisiophobia* Dread of ChokingPnigophobia* Dread of FirePyrophobia* Dread of ColdPsychrophobia* Dread of DevilSatanophobia* Dread of DeathThanatophobia* Dread of Being Buried aliveTaphephobia* Dread of GodTheophobia* Dread of StrangersXenophobia> Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder which primarily consists of the fear of certain settings that may present unexpected challenges or demands.> These could include parking lots, shopping malls or restaurants.	1	Fear of open spaces	Fear of closed spaces	Fear of heights	Fear of crowded places	Psychiatry	Miscellaneous	42e6e206-6f59-4c05-9f95-e0ff36e0fd20	single
A 52-year-old woman is started on a low sodium diet. She feels well and is experiencing no symptoms. Her physical examination is normal except for a sustained cardiac apical impulse.For the patient placed on a dietary restriction, select the most likely diagnosis.	Some patients with hypertension are salt sensitive, and will lower their blood pressure with salt restriction. Low sodium diets are also recommended in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), ascites, or chronic renal failure.	3	diabetes	obesity	hypertension	irritable bowel syndrome	Medicine	Endocrinology	d2a8c684-df8f-4d57-9a4e-de5d6a6e3a75	multi
General fertility rate is a better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate because the denominator includes -	Birth rate → Simplest indicator of fertility No. of live births per 1000 estimated mid year population Birth rate = (No. of live birth during the year / estimated mid yr. Population) x 1000 General fertility rate → (No. of live births in an area during the year / mid year female population (15 to 45 yrs) in the same area) x 1000. General fertility rate is a better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate because the denominator is restricted to the no. of women in the child bearing age, rather than the whole population.	1	15 - 45 years of age female	Midyear population	Total woman population	Married woman population	Social & Preventive Medicine	null	350bea28-c3e3-4f5c-8891-5e5a1252e194	single
Which of the following does not present with hemoptysis: September 2010	Ans. C: Empyema The origin of blood can be known by observing its color. Bright red, foamy blood comes from the respiratory tract while dark red, coffee-colored blood comes from the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes hemoptysis may be rust colored. Causes of hemoptysis includes: Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Sarcoidosis Aspergilloma Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis Pneumonia Foreign body aspiration and Aspiration pneumonia Goodpasture's syndrome Wegener's granulomatosis Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Pulmonary embolism Anticoagulant use Trauma Lung abscess Mitral stenosis Tropical eosinophilia	3	Mitral stenosis	Pulmonary embolism	Empyema	Bronchiectasis	Medicine	null	edbafca6-1fb8-4580-b53a-bbed4e226486	single
EMLA constituent is -	Ans. is 'b' i.e., Lidocaine + Prilocaine Eutectic mixture of local Anaestheticso This is unique topical preparation which can anaesthetise intact skin.o It is a mixture of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5 prilocaine.o It acts slowly and the cream must held in contact with skin for at least l hour.o EMLA is used : to make venepuncture painless especially in children, and for procedure like skin grafting & circumcision.o As systemic absorption of prilocaine can cause methemoglobinemia, EMLA should not be used on mucocutaneous membrane or in very small child.	2	Lidocaine + Cocaine	Lidocaine + Prilocaine	Lidocaine + Bupivacaine	Bupivacaine + Prilocaine	Anaesthesia	Miscellaneous (Local and Regional Anesthesia)	9cdc310a-d3b4-46b8-b748-1df59355bcf3	single
True about mounting stones is	The use of an articulator makes it necessary to mount the casts using a gypsum-producing product. These materials are referred to as "mounting" stones or plasters. They are fast setting and have low setting expansion. The mounting plaster has a sufficiently low strength to permit easy trimming and facilitate separating the cast from the articulator mounting plates. Phillips Science of Dental Materials ed 12 pg 191	1	Fast setting	High expansion	High strength	All of the above	Dental	null	5ef3e3bd-1268-472f-bdc5-4d546a77f644	multi
It is true that sarcoma - a) Are malignant tumours of mesenchyme origin b) Usualy spread by vascular invasion c) Metastasise frequently to regional lymph node d) Are only loosely invasive	Pathways of metastasis Distant metastasis of cancers may occur through one of three pathways. 1. Direct seeding of body cavities or surface It occurs when a malignant neoplasm penetrates into a natural open field. Most common cavity involved is peritoneal cavity, but other cavities may also be involved, e.g., pleural, pericardial, joint space, subarachnoid. Such seeding is particularly characteristic of carcinomas arising in the ovaries. Sometimes mucus secreting tumor of appendix (or less commonly ovary) fill the peritoneal cavity with a gelatinous neoplastic mass referred to as pseudomyxoma peritonei. 2. Lymphatic spread This is the most common method of metastasis for carcinomas. Sarcoma may also use this route. As tumors do not have lymphatics, this type of spread takes place through the lymphatic vessels located at the tumor margins. The pattern of lymph node involvement follows the natural routes of lymphatic drainage. The first node in a regional lymphatics that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor is called sentinel lymphnode. Some times local lymph nodes may be bypassed because of venous lymphatic anastomosis skip metastasis. 3. Hematogenous spread It is typical of sarcomas but is also seen in carcinomas. Veins are more commonly involved than arteries because veins have thinner walls that can be penetrated readily, in contrast arteries have thicker walls. With venous invasion, the tumor cells in blood follow the venous flow draining the site of neoplasm. So, liver and lung are the most frequent organs involved in hematogenous spread because all portal area drainage flows to the liver and all caval blood flows to the lung. Arterial spread may occur when tumor cells pass through the pulmonary capillary beds or pulmonary A-V shunts or when pulmonary metastasis give rise to additional tumor emboli.	1	ab	bc	cd	ac	Pathology	null	f7fe694b-36a1-4344-bf87-470484266112	multi
The rate-limiting step for norepinephrine synthesis	In the synthesis of Norepinephrine, Tyrosine is hydroxylated to 3,4dihydroxyphenylalanine by tyrosine hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyses the rate limiting reaction and require tetrahydrobiopterin as coenzyme.Ref: Biochemistry, U. Satyanarayana, Fouh edition, page no: 349	2	Conversion of phenylalanine to Tyrosine	Conversion of Tyrosine to DOPA	Conversion of DOPA to dopamine	Conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine	Biochemistry	Metabolism of protein and amino acid	dc6d88d7-3033-405f-9e19-264fad0067c3	multi
All of the following indicate Fetal distress except:	Fetal skull blood pH>7.32	4	Thick (pea-soup) meconium	Fetal hea rate 100/minute	Loss of beat-to-beat variation	Fetal skull blood pH>7.32	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	c9324ce3-7bf3-4039-96db-bc793a0bc471	multi
A 56-year-old man has been admitted to the ICU in respiratory distress. An endotracheal tube is placed for mechanical ventilation at a tidal volume of 900 mL, a rate of 12 breaths/min, and FiO2 50%. PEEP is 10 cm of water. Medications include subcutaneous heparin and aspirin. He now develops tachycardia and a blood pressure of 70/palpation mm Hg. Cardiac examination reveals multiple premature contractions. His arterial blood gas reveals a PO2 of 40 mm Hg. Most likely cause of this condition is?	The sudden onset of tachycardia and hypotension indicates an acute process. Since the patient is being mechanically ventilated with positive pressure, he is at increased risk of a bullous rupture from barotrauma, leading to a pneumothorax. Cardiac arrhythmia could lead to tachycardia and hypotension. Ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response may cause this from decreased ventricular filling. An ECG would aid in this diagnosis. In the setting of mechanical ventilation, however, a pneumothorax must be excluded first. Bronchial secretions usually have a progressively worsening presentation. Furthermore, the patient would exhibit desaturation, but not necessarily hypotension. Myocardial infarction may lead to cardiogenic shock from failure. However, this would most likely be a bit more progressive and less acute. Infarction must remain high on the differential diagnosis, and the patient may require vasopressors because of the shock. In the immediate setting, the pneumothorax is more likely, given the acuity of onset. Pulmonary embolus is on the differential diagnosis of electromechanical dissociation. This patient's risk of an embolus is increased because of prolonged immobilization. However, the subcutaneous heparin should be adequate prophylaxis against an embolism.	4	Cardiac arrhythmia	Bronchial secretions	Myocardial infarction	Pneumothorax	Unknown	null	39b42c52-ff6c-4bc6-ae30-89af10fbb469	single
Zoonosis is/are -	<p> Anthrax is an eg for zoonoses. Zoonoses means an infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from veebrate animals to man. Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:94. <\p>	1	Anthrax	Brucella	Leptospirosis	Chaga's disease	Social & Preventive Medicine	Communicable diseases	6b09b1ef-77fa-4929-bb6e-a3657dee79b4	single
Which of the following is a laboratory finding of Multiple myeloma	null	3	Bence jones protein	Hyperglobulinemia	Both	None	Pathology	null	cf7612ac-6794-46f0-bb67-4a3b4ee21898	multi
In extended supraomohyoid neck dissection, lymph Node dissection is done up to:	Selective Neck Dissection - Supraomohyoid neck dissection: Removal of level I-III LNs - Extended supraomohyoid neck dissection: Removal of level I-IV LNs - Posterolateral Neck Dissection: Removal of level II-V LNs + suboccipital LNs + retro auricular LNs - Lateral neck dissection: removal of level II-V LNs + Internal jugular vein - Central compament neck dissection: Removal of level VI LNs	3	II	III	IV	V	Surgery	Neck	b87f66a7-872d-454f-bc65-c576e76abf55	single
Which one of the following soft tissue sarcomas frequently metastasizes to lymph nodes	The types of sarcoma with the highest incidence of lymph node metastasis are angiosarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and epithelioid sarcoma. Other sarcomas which also spread to lymph nodes are synol sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, carcinosarcoma of uterus. Reference : page 311 SRB's manual of surgery 5th edition	3	Fibrosarcoma	Osteosarcoma	Embryonal Rhabdomysarcoma	Alveolar soft pa sarcoma	Surgery	Urology	136713a1-e0c5-489f-99a1-977e34829867	single
Which patter of inheritance of disease is associated with consanguinity?	CONSANGUINITY - condition in which closely related individuals are going to have the marriage. This can lead to expression of even those genes which are recessive in nature. Therefore, it is a risk factor for expression of AR disorder.	1	Autosomal recessive	Autosomal dominant	X linked recessive	X linked dominant	Pathology	FMGE 2018	90c6c881-65fd-4d82-8d23-49e1dc4270fb	single
Which is the ideal method of sterilization for snap a ray film holder?	null	4	Hot air oven	Cannot be sterilized as it is plastic	Chemical sterilization	Autoclave	Dental	null	84b92928-f3f8-43d0-9294-ad30277c5b13	single
Which cervical veebra that does not have a body or spinous process?	First cervical veebra is ring-shaped. It has neither a body nor a spine.Features of typical cervical, thoracic and lumbar veebra are given belowFeaturesCervical veebraThoracic veebraLumbar veebraBodySmall and broad from side to sideMedium size and hea-shapedLarge and kidney-shapedVeebral foramenLarge than the body and triangularSmall and circularTriangularSpinous processSmall and bifidLong and directed downwardsSho, flat and projected backwardInferior aicular facetDirected forward and downwardsDirected forwards, slightly downwards and mediallyDirected laterallyTransverse processHave foramen transversariumHas costal facets Long and slender	1	C1	C2	C3	C4	Microbiology	All India exam	bd8fdea3-94be-4404-9c13-c7638ddc7847	single
Which of the following is used to treat pain	There are various modalities of treatment which are tried for chronic pain:- i) Pharmacotherapy:- The various drugs (mentioned above) are used for chronic pain syndrome. The various routes can be used:- oral, intravenous, epidural, or Transcutaneous. ii) Neuro-surgical:- Anterolateral cordotomy, dorsal root entry zone lesion, selective rhizotomy, commissural myelotomy, sympathectoning mesencephalic tractomy, cordectomy iii) Chemical neurolysis:- Glycerol, alcohol, phenol e.g. intrathecal hyperbaric phenol. iv) Other:- Acupuncture, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, neuromodulation procedures (intracranial stimulation:- deep brain/subcortical and motor cortex stimulation), cryoablation.	3	Subcaudate tractotomy	Cingulotomy	Transcutaneous nerve stimulation	All of the above	Physiology	null	8111f999-a24e-47b3-ba55-7685f358e3c7	multi
All of the following viruses involve eye except	All the options are correct but since the least common is echovirus will be marked as the answer	3	Herpes zoster	Herpes simplex	Echo	Adenovirus -8	Ophthalmology	Conjunctiva	fe529f92-9a22-401a-a0e7-a3e5899b8286	multi
A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after sustaining a stab wound to the lower back. Examination shows right leg weakness in all muscle groups and loss of vibration and proprioception on the same side. There is loss of pain and temperature sensation but preserved motor strength in the left leg. He has no problems with bladder or bowel retention. Motor strength is preserved in the upper extremities. His presentation is most consistent with which one of the following spinal cord syndromes?	null	4	Anterior cord syndrome	Cauda equina syndrome	Central cord syndrome	Hemisection of the cord	Medicine	null	91b640f4-a70b-45c5-9a57-52cefd6b40a1	multi
Specificity is related to:	Ans. is 'b' ie true negatives Sensitivity -is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly those who have the disease that is 'true positives \Specificity -is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease. That is 'true negatives.9	2	True positive	True negative	False positive	False negative	Social & Preventive Medicine	Screening for Disease	135448bc-0d0c-44d5-a923-ff0d3811581b	multi
Semicircular canals are stimulated by -	null	3	Gravity	Linear acceleration	Rotation	Sound	ENT	null	cbcee93d-79a2-487f-9f0f-3eb8b52b3336	single
Commonest of female cause pseudohermaphrodism ?	Ans. is 'a' i.e., CAH Female pseudohermaphroditism. Gentotype is XX Gonads are ovaries External genitalia are virilized (male differentiation). As there is no mullarian inhibiting factor, mullarian duct develops into uterus tubes and ovary. But due to presence of androgen external genitalia are virilized. Causes are: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia(most common) 21 hydroxylase deficiency 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency Maternal virilizing tumor Arrhenoblastoma Maternal medications with androgen.	1	CAH	Maternal ovarian tumor	Maternal drug intake	Chromosomal abnormalites	Pediatrics	null	1165c069-adea-4433-adc3-a8d99eb8e6c0	single
An 8-month-old infant had stridor with respiratory difficulty which worsened on crying. On examination, laryngoscopy showed a red mass in the subglottic area. All the following are used in the treatment EXCEPT	History and examination suggest diagnosis is juvenile papilloma - They are viral in origin and multiple, often involving infants and young children. * They are mostly seen on the true and false cords and the epiglottis, glistening white, irregular growth, pedunculated * Or sessile, friable and bleeding easily	4	CO 2 laser vaporization	Coicosteroids	Tracheostomy	Radiotherapy	Surgery	null	5e70090c-42a6-4b29-a5f1-588135109036	multi
Household insecticide used for malaria	Malathion Malathion has the least toxicity of all organophosphorous compounds. The technical product is a yellow or clear- brown liquid with an unpleasant smell. Commercially, water- dispersible powders are available. Malathion is used in doses of 100-200 mg. per sq. ft., every 3 months. Because of its low toxicity, malathion has been recommended as an alternative insecticide to DDT. As a low volume (ULV) spray, malathion has been widely used for killing adult mosquitoes to prevent or interrupt dengue-haemorrhagic fever, and mosquito-borne encephalitis epidemics Ref:Park's TextbooK Of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pgno: 820	1	Malathion	Pyrethrum	Paris green	Permethrin	Social & Preventive Medicine	Environment and health	c93787f2-a1bb-467e-a1d2-fde1e29b3214	single
A 33-year-old man presented with a slowly progressive swelling in the middle l/3rd of his right tibia. X-rays examination revealed multiple sharply demarcated radiolucent lesions separated by areas of dense and sclerotic bone. Microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen revealed island of epithelial cells in a fibrous stroma. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis?	Ans- A Adamantinoma Adamantinoma characteristically presents in the tibial diaphysis of a middle aged person with mild to moderate discomfort, islands of epithelial cells in a fibrous stroma (hall mark) histologically, and bubbly bone destruction (radiolucent lesions separated by dense sclerotic bone) radiologically. Adamantinoma Key points Adamantine epithelioma or Lichtenstein dermal inclusion tumor. Almost exclusively found in tibial diaphysis Mild pain & palpable mass over anterior tibial border Islands of epithelial cells Bubble like defect in anterior tibial cortex, sometimes with thickening of surrounding bone Treatment is wide local excision Bone Tumor Most Common Site Unicameral/Solitary/Simple Bone cyst Metaphysis of proximal humerus > femur Aneurysmal Bone cyst Lower Limb Enchondroma Metaphysis of small bones of hands (& feet) Osteochondroma (Exostosis, m.c. benign bone tumor) Distal femur > upper tibia > proximal humerus Osteoid osteoma Femur> tibia (diaphysis) Osteosarcoma Distal femur > Upper tibia (metaphysis) Ewing's sarcoma Femur> Tibia (diaphysis) Fibrous dysplasia Upper end femur (22%) > Tibia (21%) > lower femur (12%) Chordroma Sacrum (most comnmon) > sphenooccipital region (clivus)> anterior vertebral body i.e. involves only axial skeleton Ivory osteoma or compact or Eburnated Osteoma Frontal sinus Adamantinoma Tibia (MC lone bone) Multiple myeloma Vertebrae Age predilection Tumor Age Range years) Ewing's tumor 5-15 Non ossifying fibroma Simple (unicameral) bone cyst 2-20 Aneurysmal bone cyst 5-20 Osteogenic sarcoma 10-20 Osteoclastoma (GCT) 20-40 Multiple myeloma Metastasis > 40	1	Adamantinoma	Osteofibrous dysplasia	Osteosarcoma	Fibrous cortical defect	Unknown	null	0c718912-5394-47e4-8a07-2502e0787692	single
False regarding Cytochrome P-450 enzymes :	cytochrome P450 a microsomal enzyme is a hemoprotein, which serves as the terminal oxidase. The name cytochrome P450 (abbreted as P450 or CYP ) is derived from the spectral propeies of this hemoprotein. In its reduced (ferrous) form, it binds carbon monoxide to give a complex that absorbs light maximally at 450 nm. They are involved in the metabolism of various drugs The relative abundance of P450s, compared with that of the reductase in the liver, contributes to making P450 heme reduction a rate-limiting step in hepatic drug oxidations. CYP is vital to the formation of cholesterol, steroids and arachidonic acid metabolites Reference: Katzung 13th edition pg: 55	4	They are involved in the production of steroids	They absorb maximum light at 450nm wavelength	They are present in endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells	They are non-heme proteins	Pharmacology	General anatomy	94074bed-c87e-442e-acc2-a7d3f5a81b1c	multi
(Incidence of disease among exposed - incidence among non-exposed) x 1000 / (Incidence among exposed) gives the value of-	Ans. is 'b' i.e. Attributable risk * Odds ratio is a measure of the strength of the association between risk factor & outcome. Diseased Not Diseased Exposed A B Not Exposed C D Odds ratio = AD/BC Relative risk = (Incidence of disease among exposed) x 1000 / (Incidence of disease among non-exposed) Attributable risk = (Incidence of disease among exposed - incidence among non-exposed) x 1000 / (Incidence among exposed) AR indicaes to what extent the disease under study can be attributed to the exposure. Population Attributable Risk = Incidence of disease in the total population - the incidence of disease among those who were not exposed attributable risk or excess risk is the difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population and an unexposed population.	2	Relative risk	Attributable risk	Odd ratio	None of the above	Unknown	null	f17c6b21-44c6-4eea-a624-b5768a942b0e	multi
The earliest hematologic manifestation of megaloblastic anemia is	Microcytic anemiaMacrocytic anemiaSideroblastic anemiaIron deficiency anemiaThalassemiaAnemia of chronic disease Liver disease Hypothyroidism Folic acid & vitamin B12 deficiency Cytotoxic drugs Megaloblastic anemiaTriad - Oval macrocyte , Howel Jolly bodies , Hypersegmented neutrophilsBone marrow - hypercellular bone marrow with megaloblast along with the presence of abnormal granulocytic precursors ( giant metamyelocyte & band forms ) and large megakaryocytes with bizarre multilobate nuclei Peripheral smear - pancytopenia with presence of macrocyte (MCV>100 fl) lacking central pallor ; large hypersegmented neutrophils ( >5 lobes )(Refer: Robbins & Cotran's - Pathologic Basis of Disease, SAE, 1st edition, Vol I-pg no: 643-648)	2	Increase in MCV	Hypersegmented polymorphs	Thrombocytopenia	Leukopenia	Pathology	All India exam	72c382c1-fcd6-4798-8a9f-bc4a179c3769	single
Mutton for keratic precipitate and Busacca's nodules is seen in:	Ans. Granulomatous uveitis	1	Granulomatous uveitis	Non-granulomatous uveitis	Posterior uveitis	Choroiditis	Ophthalmology	null	a2d5c260-1618-4fd6-966d-086367e8681b	single
Early mediators of allergic rhinitis are -a) Leukotrieneb) IL-4c) IL-5d) Bradykinine) PAF	Allergic rhinitis is Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction	4	ab	bc	acd	abcde	ENT	null	0971d82b-132f-4d95-bc09-29dde0314c95	multi
What is the most likely cause of this finding in a man from Mexico who had a biopsy showing gram-negative bacilli?	Answer A. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatisRhinoscleroma is a chronic bacterial infection that is typically caused by the gram-negative bacillus K. rhinoscleromatis.	1	Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis	Mycobacterium leprae	Acinetobacter baumannii	Treponema pallidum	Medicine	Infection	de065b85-3d31-4926-8a40-2fd466950f75	multi
Human papillomavirus is most commonly associated with	Papillomavirus infects the skin or mucosa and causes benign tumors. The lesion is termed condyloma acuminatum. These tumors may undergo malignant conversion and become squamous cell carcinomas. Classification of the human papillomavirus is done by DNA hybridization, and to date 46 types have been recognized. Some types, such as 16 and 18 are more frequently associated with carcinoma, while others, such as 6 and 11, are associated with benign tumors or was.	3	Rectal polyps	Prostate cancer	Condyloma acuminatum	Hepatic carcinoma	Surgery	null	57964548-a9d9-46c5-8d55-275a9d0be79f	single
All are complication of ileal resection, Except -a) Megaloblastic anaemiab) Iron deliciency anaemiac) Gastric hyposecretiond) Malabsorption syndrome	null	1	bc	c	ac	ad	Medicine	null	41876b30-7b60-47d4-b6d6-4c3c3cff29c1	multi
Transcription is the process of -	Ans. is 'c' i.e., Synthesis of RNA o DNA stores genetic information Information about amino acid sequence of all the proteins is present in the form of genes in DNA.o The entire genetic material present in the DNA of an organism is known as genome.o The important role of DNA in transfer of information in living cells is called central dogma of molecular biology.o According to the central dogma, information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. This occurs in three steps:-DNA replication :- There is copying of parent DNA to form daughter DNA molecules having nucleotide sequence indentical to those of the parent DNA.Transcription:- This is the process in w'hich the genetic messages in DNA are rewritten in the form of RNA. In simple words. Synthesis of RNA from DNA is called transcription (flow of information from DNA to RNA).Translation:- In translation, the genetic message coded by RNA is translated by the ribosomes into the protein structure, i.e. synthesis of protein from RNA.	3	Protein synthesis	DNA replication	Synthesis of RNA	None	Biochemistry	Transcription	5a47d6a4-f651-4aae-a787-4573eb372cb4	multi
Epiphyseal dysgenesis is a feature of-	Epiphyseal dysgenesis means fragmented/punctate epiphysis. Epiphyseal dysgenesis is characteristic of hypothyroidism.	3	Hyperparathyroidism	Hypoparathyroidism	Hypothyroidism	Hyperthyroidism	Orthopaedics	null	81a0cf01-6234-48ca-91a4-dcc24bad97ab	single
The following lesion was noticed in a patient with history of involuntary weight loss. What is the diagnosis?	The image shows presence of asymmetric, velvety hyperpigmentation at the back of the neck of the patient suggestive of diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans. It is seen in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and internal malignancy. Choice B is seen in patients with internal malignancy and but has multiple pigmented skin lesions. Choice C is a is a crusty, scaly growth caused by damage from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Choice D has red inflamed lesions and is hence ruled out.	1	Acanthosis nigricans	Leser-Trelat sign	Actinic keratosis	Interiginous candida	Medicine	Diabetes Mellitus	72f03ed1-98fb-489d-b645-194a31146f60	single
In myasthenia gravis the neuromuscular junctions contain deposits of	Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor can be demonstrated in the serum of most patients with myasthenia gravis. This immunoglobulinsare deposited at the neuromuscular junction and can be demonstrated immunohistochemically in muscle biopsies. Ref - Harrison's internal medicine 20e pg 3232	4	Acetyicholine	Acetyicholine Receptor Antigens	Acetyicholinesterase	Immunoglobulin	Medicine	Miscellaneous	e47deac8-6fdc-4480-8776-2e70f1de47ac	single
When one drug decreases or inhibits the action of other it is called-	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Antagonism Antagonismo When one drug decreases or inhibits the action of other.o Effect of drugs A + B < effect of drug A + effect of drug B.o Antagonism may be :PhysicalBased on physical property'ChemicalThe two drugs react chemically and form an inactive product.Physiological,functionalThe two drugs act on different receptors or by different mechanisms, but have opposite overt effects on the same physiological function ie have pharmacological effect in opposite direction.ReceptorThe antagonist interferes with binding of the agonist with its receptor or inhibits the generation of response consequent to such binding.	1	Antagonism	Agonism	Inverseagonism	Synergism	Pharmacology	Pharmacokinetics	095a4b31-a636-4079-acaf-c2b33fe0ec74	multi
Best investigation to detect rupture of breast implant is	Linguine sign is seen in ruptured breast implant.	3	USG	Mammography	MRI	X - ray	Radiology	null	e672310b-7640-48ad-abbd-6b0c3993871b	single
Hypocalcemia in immediate post-op period following excision of parathyroid adenoma is due to	Hypocalcemia in immediate post-op period following excision of parathyroid adenoma is due to increased uptake by bones. It is known as Hungry Bone Syndrome	4	Stress	Hypercalciuria	Increased calcitonin	Increased uptake by bones	Physiology	All India exam	8dbda03b-f915-4a58-bd58-fe3ace15b88c	single
Gelle test is used for	Gelle&;s test is performed by placing a vibrating fork on the mastoid while changes in air pressure in the ear canal are brought about by Siegle&;s speculum. The test is positive in otosclerosis.Ref: Hazarika; 3rd ed; Pg 179	1	Otosclerosis	Noise-induced hearing loss	Sensorineural deafness	None of the above	ENT	Ear	248f9ca8-1ce6-4905-ab38-cc89bb2c988d	multi
Optimum minute ventilation is ensured by adjusting the following ventilation parameters	Minute ventilation is tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate.so these parameters must be adjusted to maintain optimum ventilation.	2	PEEP and FiO2	Tidal volume and respiratory rate	PEEP and respiratory rate	Tidal volume and PEEP	Anaesthesia	null	a10231ff-3aa3-4fb6-9021-bcb47e35d857	single
In Recurrent Chalazion histopathological examination is done to rule out	(Sebaceous cell carcinoma): (430- Nema 6th edition/457-Parson 21st)CHALAZION* Malignant changes occur but rare, However in all cases with recurrences or those occurring in elderly individuals the lesion should be biopsied to rule out a meibomian cell carcinoma. (444- Parson 21st/ed)* A recurring chalazion, histopathological examination to rule out adenocarcinoma of the meibomian gland* Meibomian gland carcinoma may be seen in elderly people (368- Khurana 5th/ed)Sebaceous gland carcinoma (385.Khurana 5th) - arising from meibomian glands. However Indian, literature reports the sebaceous gland carcinoma being the commonest malignancy of eyelid followed by basal and sequamous cell carcinoma.Common malignant tumours of the eyelidTypeCommon locationClinical featuresSpreadTherapyBasal cell carcinomaMedial canthus.lower lidNodule, central ulceration with pearly surface, telangiectasiaLocalResection, radiationSquamous cell carcinomaLower lid, from previous actinic keratosis- Ulcer with thickened margins, keratosis- PapillomatousLocal, lymph nodesResection, radiation cryotherapySebaceous cell carcinomaUpper lid- Nodule resembling chalazion, multifocal, females > males, recurrences commonLocal, intraeptielial, lymph nodesResection, cryotherapy exenterationMalignant melanomaPrevious nevi> 6 mm size pigmented lesion, vascularization, inflammationLocal, vascular, lymph nodesResction exnteration	3	Squamous cell Carcinoma	Adenoma carcinoma	Sebaceous cell carcinoma	Adenocystic carcinoma	Ophthalmology	Lid	8b199f11-d81e-4c29-9954-35d0580ca3e2	single
Auditory fatigue is seen at -	null	1	90 dB, 4000Hz	110 dB, 4000Hz	130 dB, 4000Hz	150 dB, 4000Hz	ENT	null	ce28bc79-6e65-4eab-ba0b-e16a5588b2fd	single
All are common sites of a berry aneurysm, EXCEPT-	Location of Berry aneurysms Berry aneurysms commonly arise at the bifurcation of major aeries. Approximately 85% of intracranial aneurysms arise on the anterior circulation, mostly on the circle of Willis. Three most common locations are: the terminal internal carotid aery middle cerebral aery bifurcation top of the basilar aery Ref : Harrison, 17/e p1726	2	Posterior cerebral aery	Veebral aery	Anterior cerebral aery	Middle cerebral aery	Surgery	Head and neck	4da74e0d-4aed-463a-a179-5529f86b570c	multi
Anticipation is seen in -	Ans. is 'c' i.e., Trinucleotide-repeat expansion Anticipation o Anticipation is a phenomenon where by the symptoms of a genetic disorders become apparent at an earlier age as it is passed to next generation. In most cases, an increased severity of symptoms is also noted. In triplet nucleotide repeat mutation, the DNA fragment is unstable and tends to expand fuher during cell division. So, in succesive generations the expanded repeat increases and the manifestations of disease may worsen or to be observed at an earlier age; this phenomenon is referred to as anticipation.	3	Translocation	Chromosome breaking	Trinucleotide-repeat expansion	Mitochondrial mutation	Pathology	null	2059bd87-c7ba-4645-99aa-6eac4fcadaf0	single
Which of the following has least GI toxicity ?	Ans. is 'c' i.e., Paracetamol o Paracetamol is one of the safest NSAIDs. It produces very little GI toxicity and can be administered in patients intolerant to other NSAIDs.	3	Indomethacin	Aspirin	Paracetamol	Phenylbutazone	Pharmacology	null	b74ffc88-c167-4ae5-8c1b-a0acb04d27d3	single
Maggots in nasal cavity are most commonly treated by-	Chloroform water or vapor must be instilled in order to anaesthetize or kill the maggots and so release their grip from the skin.	1	Chloroform diluted with water	Liquid paraffin	Systemic antibiotics	Lignocaine spray	ENT	null	d24c82ca-c626-424b-8c83-b86f9a98938e	single
Which is not a cause for Hamarlopia?	Peripheral coical cataract causes Nyctalopia. Central vitreous opacity, Congenital deficiency of cones and Central nuclear or polar cataracts can cause Hamarlopia (Day blindness). Ref: A K Khurana, 2nd Edition, Page 11.	3	Polar cataract	Congenital deficiency of cones	Peripheral coical cataract	Central corneal opacity	Ophthalmology	null	6564b97b-2f31-451a-8370-98ebccb7c23d	single
In "Thylstrup Fejereskov Index", 'Opaque white lines are more pronounced and frequently merge to form small cloudy areas scattered over the whole surface area', the score given is	null	1	2	4	6	7	Dental	null	afaccfd9-81f2-4147-8a87-02cdf3fc290e	multi
Study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities is	null	4	Economics	Bionomics	Socionomics	Ergonomics	Social & Preventive Medicine	null	8da4e818-d7f5-411d-be06-752596b99b64	single
Which of the following function is done by RNAi in a gene?	Ans. (c) Knock down(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 3-4)Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)Short RNA sequences introduced experimentally into cellsTheir action is similar to endogenous miRNAs.*Synthetic siRNAs targeted against specific mRNA have become useful laboratory tools to study gene function (so-called "knockdown technology")	3	Knock in	Knockout	Knockdown	Knock up	Pathology	Cellular Pathology	3d57c639-b165-4832-8b2d-a39c81a817e1	single
20 permanent teeth and 8 temporary teeth are seen at the age of :	A i.e. 10 years	1	10 years	11 years	9 years	12 years	Forensic Medicine	null	2b0fe1e7-4ed8-4dc6-9490-340cda5060aa	single
A reliable indicator of pubertal growth spurt on hand wrist films is sought as:	null	1	Ossification of adductor sessamoid	Appearance of hook of hamate	Ossification of all the carpal bones	Ossification of pisiform	Dental	null	8a7697a5-7d15-4d0c-b71e-dfcc457d5680	multi
Opioid antagonist that can be given orally –	Amongst opioid antagonists :- Naloxone is given iv or im, Nalmefene is given iv, im or sc, and Naltrexone is given orally.	1	Naltrexone	Naloxone	Nalbuphene	Pentazocine	Anaesthesia	null	328ab9ff-21d5-4e94-b8cf-0bf9e1df67d8	multi
A 3year old boy presented with recurrent attacks of pneumonia and otitis media since 1st bihday. Diagnosis is X-linked agammaglobulinemia and most likely offending organism is	X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIAPatients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), or Bruton agammaglobulinemia, have a profound defect in B-lymphocyte development resulting in severe hypogammaglobulinemia, an absence of circulating B cells, small to absent tonsils, and no palpable lymph nodes.Clinical ManifestationsMost boys afflicted with XLA remain well during the 1st 6-9 mo of life by viue of maternally transmitted IgG antibodies. Thereafter, they acquire infections with extracellular pyogenic organisms, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, unless they are given prophylactic antibiotics or immunoglobulin therapy. Infections include sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, or, less often, sepsis or meningitis. Infections with Mycoplasma are also paicularly problematic. Chronic fungal infections are seen; Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia rarely occurs. Viral infections are usually handled normally with the exceptions of hepatitis viruses and enterovirusesReference: Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics; 20th edition; Chapter 124; Primary Defects of Antibody Production	4	CMV	Mycoplasma	Pneumocystis jiroveci	Streptococcus pneumonia	Pediatrics	Respiratory system	67b8f411-49ef-4594-9a22-8c557996c2a6	single
The most common cyst of the oral region is -	Ans. (d) Periapical cystRef: Scott-Browns Otorhinolaryngology 7/e p 1924-1925Periapical Cyst (Radicular Cyst)* MC type of Jaw cyst* Inflammatory origin* Found at the apex of teeth.* Result in long standing Pulpitis.* Removal of irritant material and tooth extraction.	4	Dentigerous cyst	Keratosis cyst	Dermoid cyst	Periapical cyst	Surgery	Oral Cavity	256c76e7-f0c9-4e20-ae5b-db6dcfacd848	single
Which of the following is true regarding weakness in myasthenia gravis?	Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorder characterized by weakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles. The underlying defect is a decrease in the number of available acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at NMJs due to an antibody-mediated autoimmune attack. If weakness remains restricted to the EOMs for 3 years, it is likely that it will not become generalized, and these patients are said to have ocular MG. The limb weakness in MG is often proximal and may be asymmetric. Despite the muscle weakness, deep tendon reflexes are preserved. If ventilatory weakness becomes requires respiratory assistance, the patient is said to be in crisis. The diagnosis is suspected on the basis of weakness and fatigability in the typical distribution described above, without loss of reflexes or impairment of sensation or other neurologic function. Ref harrison 20th edition page 3232, 3233	1	Only skeletal muscles are involved	Deep tendon reflexes are lost	Associated with sensory loss	Associated with some degree of altered sensorium	Medicine	C.N.S	945e4683-c4a2-49b4-8261-c4bc2cab35ad	multi

Calories required by one year old child is: September 2008

Ans. None (1100 calories/day) In general, if you want to know how many calories (per day) a child needs, a good rule of thumb for children up to 5 years of age is to begin with a base of 1,000 calories and add 100 calories for each year of your child's age. 1 year-old would need approximately 1000 + 100 calories for 1 year, or 1100 calories/day. A 2 year-old would need 1000 + 200 calories for 2 years, or 1200 calories/ day.

4

92 kcal/kg/day

102 kcal/kg/ day

112 kcal/kg/day

None

Social & Preventive Medicine

null

d7000581-59eb-44d9-b7bd-426258e43dd6

multi

A 36 years old multigravida at 34 weeks, with previous 2 normal vaginal delivery now presented with unstable lie. The most likely diagnosis it s case is:

Ans. b. Placenta pre

2

Oligohydramnios

Placenta pre

Pelvic tumor

Uterine anomalies

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

38e0e553-adbb-41b3-847a-255838ae022f

single

Pain originate in the pulp due to

null

2

free nerve ending in cell rich zone

free nerve ending at sub odontoblastic layer

Krause bulb at the center of the pulp

Meisseners corpuscles at cell rich zone

Dental

null

da99a434-7711-47c9-b16d-2b1d4cb5ec10

single

Paial recurrent larynegeal nerve palsy produces vocal cord in which position:

Ans. is d i.e. Paramedian

4

Cadaveric

Abducted

Adducted

Paramedian

ENT

null

74d59bcd-a9d3-494e-bb49-08e09e10cba0

single

The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase present in:

The energy for muscle contraction is supplied by the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase present in heavy meromyosin. Two strands of heavy meromyosin are found in each myosin head - one of which is folded over as a protein mass. Light meromyosin is also found in myosin but is not involved in splitting ATP. Troponin and tropomyosin are located on the actin filament. Ref: Murray R.K. (2011). Chapter 49. Muscle & the Cytoskeleton. In D.A. Bender, K.M. Botham, P.A. Weil, P.J. Kennelly, R.K. Murray, V.W. Rodwell (Eds), Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29e.

1

Heavy meromyosin

Light meromyosin

Tropomyosin

Troponin

Physiology

null

eb190980-38d4-4cf4-84ac-1f55336fefd4

single

Drugs is useful in the long term treatment of alcohol dependence: COMEDK 13

Ans. Acamprosate

1

Acamprosate

Chlordiazepoxide

Flumazenil

Imipramine

Forensic Medicine

null

02071765-db10-41ed-9c6e-db8f2230c8a3

single

All of the following occur in mitochondria except :

Reactions that take place in - Mitochondrion TCA cycle/ Citric acid cycle Beta oxidation of fatty acids Ketogenesis Respiratory chain Part of Gluconeogenesis & Urea cycle - Cytosol Glycolysis/EMP Pentose phosphate pathway Fatty acid synthesis Part of Gluconeogenesis & Urea cycle Glycogenolysis

2

Citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)

Glycogenolysis

Fatty acid oxidation

Electron transport chain

Physiology

null

fa0a9844-83a2-44d1-b939-2ddfd4175a7b

multi

Steroids act nuclear receptors which interact with DNA through

B i.e. Zinc finger motif

2

Helix turn helix

Zinc finger motif

Histidine

Leucine zipper

Biochemistry

null

7e6ec660-7c3b-46d6-8d18-db452c50b0ad

single

Which among the following is used in deflouridation of water?

Ans: a (Alum and Lime) Ref: Park, 19th ed, p. 511,582The addition of lime and alum in sequence followed by flocculation, sedimentation and filtration for defluridation of water is Nalgonda technique.The recommended level of fluorides in drinking water in India accepted as 0.5 to 0.8 mg/ltr.Endemic fluorosis.It has been observed in areas where the drinking water contains excessive amount of fluorine (3-5 mg/L).Intervention:i) Changing of water source - running surface water contains lower quantities of fluorides than ground water.ii) Chemical treatment - Nalgonda technique of deflouridation of waters It involves the addition of lime and alum in sequence followed by flocculation, sedimentation and filtration.BRIDGEStabilising bleaching powder by adding lime is called Clarke's methodNalgonda technique - developed by The National EnvironmentalEngineering Research Institute, Nagpur.

1

Alum and lime

Potassium permanganate

Ozonisation

Bromides

Social & Preventive Medicine

Environment and Health

e42912e0-9a8f-4da9-8778-fff2ef1d120d

single

Which of these drugs can be a cause of rhabdomyolysis?

Ans. D. All of theseMany drugs can cause rhabdomyolysis. They can cause rhabdomyolysis, both in therapeutic doses and in toxic doses. Some important drugs among these include antidepressants, antipsychotics, statins, corticosteroids, salicylates, many chemotherapeutic agents, and some anaesthetics.

4

Statins

Salicylates

Antidepressants

All of these

Pediatrics

Miscellaneous

cdfb5cfe-6762-467a-a144-5fc4967f7f69

multi

Which is cyclopropagative?

(A) propagative: The agent merely multiplies in the vector but no change in the form e.g plague bacilli in rat fleas (B) cyclopropagative : The agent changes in number and form e.g malaria parasite in mosquito (C) cyclodevelopmental: The disease agent undergoes only developmental but no multiplication e.g microfilaria in mosquito (refer pgno:98 park 23 rd edition)

1

Malaria

Plague

Filaria

None

Social & Preventive Medicine

Epidemiology

0b36a1cc-e6f5-4785-848b-a002195a6983

multi

Opioid antagonist that can be given orally?

Ans. a (Naltrexone) (Ref KDT 6th/464, 467)Naltrexone differs from naloxone in being orally active and having a long duration of action (1-2 days) which makes it suitable for 'opioid blockade' therapy of postaddicts.Opioids & Opioid AntagonistsAgonist-antagonists (k-analgesics)Partial/weak m agonist + K antagonistPure antagonistNalorphineBuprenorphineNaloxonePentazocine NaltrexoneButorphanol NalmefeneNALTREXONE# Pure Opioid Antagonist like naloxone# Chemically related to naloaxone# More potent than naloxone.# Differs from naloxone in that it is orally active and has longer duration of action (1-2 days).# USES:- Hence suitable for "opioid blockade therapy" of postaddicts: 50 mg/day orally.- Also useful to reduce alcohol craving- Used to prevent relapse of habit drinking.# S/E:- Nausea- Headache- Heptotoxicity (at high doses).THE OPIOID ANTAGONISTSIntroduction# The pure opioid antagonist drugs naloxone, naltrexone, and nalmefene.# These agents have a relatively high affinity for m opioid binding sites.# They have lower affinity for the other receptors but can also reverse agonists at d and k sites.Pharmacokinetics# Naloxone is usually given by injection and has short duration of action (1-2 hours) when given by this route.# Nalmefene, the newest of these agents, is a derivative of naltrexone but is available only for intravenous administration.# Like naloxone, nalmefene is used for opioid overdose but has a longer half-life (8-10 hours).# When given intravenously to a morphine-treated subject, the antagonist completely and dramatically reverses the opioid effects within 1-3 minutes.Clinical Use# Naloxone is a pure antagonist and is preferred over older weak agonist-antagonist agents that had been used primarily as antagonists, e.g., nalorphine and levallorphan.# NALOXONE in the treatment of acute opioid overdose.# Because of its long duration of action, NALTREXONE has been proposed as a maintenance drug for addicts in treatment programs. A single dose given on alternate days blocks virtually all of the effects of a dose of heroin.# NALTREXONE decreases the craving for alcohol in chronic alcoholics, and it is FDA approved for this purpose.

1

Naltrexone

Nalaxone

Nalbuophene

Pentazocin

Anaesthesia

Miscellaneous

cd648ae6-1c15-4a12-b69e-7a81a32e65e4

multi

Golden yellow jelly fungus is -

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Trenella mesenterica o The term jelly fungus is sometimes applied to any fungus with a jelly like fruiting body, but it is especially appropriate for the members of a group of texa traditionally assigned to the order Tremellaies.o Largest genus is Tremella. which consists of about 80 species.o Tremella mesenterica (witches butter) is a commonly encountered species which has orange to golden yellow fruiting bodies. Therefore it is also called as golden yellow jelly fungus or yellow brain or yellow trembler.

3

Ttursurans

Tmontegrophytes

Trenella mesenterica

Efloccosum

Microbiology

Mycology

5b58adfd-3fff-467d-b9de-e8379391b526

single

Which of the following is not transmitted through sexual route?

HEPATITIS E The infection caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) which was discovered in 1980, is essentially a water-borne disease. Formerly termed enterically transmitted hepatitis non-A, non-B (HNANB), HEV is a 29-nm to 32-nm RNA virus with 4 genotypes (type 1, 2, 3 and 4). Transmission The hepatitis E virus is transmitted mainly through the faecal-oral route, due to faecal contamination of drinking water. Other transmission routes have been identified, which include : (a) food-borne transmission from ingestion of products derived from infected animals; (b) transfusion of infected blood products (c) veical transmission from a pregnant woman to her foetus. Ref : Park 23rd edition Pgno : 218

2

Hep A

Hep E

Hep A & E

Hep D

Social & Preventive Medicine

Communicable diseases

24fbc882-0aee-47c2-b37f-ef9abb02c3a1

single

Gynaecomastia is seen in:a) Secondary syphilisb) Lepromatous leprosyc) HIVd) Klinefelter's syndrome

null

1

bcd

acd

ac

bd

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

c5b86583-e25f-4a25-b692-9e5641978649

single

Oil red Or staining is used for

ref Bancroft histology 7/e p83 Fresh cryostat sections must be used for oil red o stain

1

Frozen section

Glutaraldehyde fixed specimen

Alcohol fixed specimen

Formalin fixed specimen

Anatomy

General anatomy

4d8f9a1b-c512-4003-96e2-e23737b303fa

single

Whiplash injury of spine is due to

Whiplash injury This injury classically occurs in an occupant of a vehicle due to sudden acceleration which causes sudden extension followed by flexion. There may be fracture dislocation of cervical veebrae. Both accrleaccele and deceleration injuries are included in the category of whiplash injury. Hyperextension injuries are common. Whiplash injuries are common in front seat occupants. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 178

2

Hyperflexion

Hyperextension

Rotation

Side ward traction

Forensic Medicine

Mechanical injuries

7f13b6c4-7070-4cb3-8ef6-97544d268707

single

Retropharyngeal space lies between The - (Jipmer 13)

Ans-D

4

Base of skull to diaphragm

The base of the skull to the thoracic inlet

The base of the skull to post-cricoid cartilage

Base of skull to bifurcation of trachea

Unknown

null

1aee6244-766d-4d1d-b4b0-0fb0acb88c66

single

Chloride responsive alkalosis causes -a) Recurrent vomitingb) Bartter's syndromec) Milk alkali syndrome d) Over dose of diuretics

null

4

abc

ad

bc

acd

Medicine

null

8368cd99-1634-45f1-ac6a-e312fa492b71

single

Which of the following is not a granulomatous diseases

ref Robbins 9/e p98 Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is an inherited primary immunodeficiency disease(PIDD) which increases the body's susceptibility to infections caused by ceain bacteria and fungi.Granulomas are masses of immune cells that form at sites of infection or inflammation

4

Leprosy

TB

Sarcoidosis

Amebiasis

Anatomy

General anatomy

9b506a46-6ad9-4dc3-b2ae-1bb48904ffef

single

Mitochondrial chromosomal abnormality leads to -

Diseases associated with mitochondrial inheritance are rare and many of them affect the Neuromuscular System. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is a prototype of this disorder. It is a neurodegenerative disease that Manifests itself as progressive bilateral loss of central vision. Visual impairment is first noted between ages 15 and 35, and it leads to blindness. Cardiac conduction defects & minor neurologic manifestations have also been seen in some families. Mitochondrial diseases DNA in human may be found at two locations Nuclear DNA in nucleus Organelle DNA in the mitochondria Mitochondrial DNA is the only non-chromosomal DNA in human cells. Mitochondrial DNA is always maternally inherited. Why is it so, let’s see:- Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA are located in different places in the cell. During fertilization, the sperm and egg cell nuclei fuse to form an embryo. The egg cell is very large compared to the sperm, so although the cells’ nuclei fuse, the rest of the cell mass in the embryo comes from the egg only. Nuclear DNA is therefore co-inherited but the mitochondrial DNA, which is located outside of the nucleus, is always maternally inherited because all mitochondria in a foetus and later adult are derived from the Mitochondria in the mother’s egg. All children from affected mother will inherit the disease but it will not be transmitted from an affected father to his children.

1

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

Angelman syndrome

Prader-willi syndrome

Myotonic dystrophy

Pathology

null

ebf03250-8c7d-4bcb-8a14-8a7c8000e580

single

A young male is brought unconscious to the hospital with external injuries. CT brain showed No midline shift. Basal cistern were compressed with multiple small Haemorrhages. What is the likely diagnosis?

The patient in the clinical scenario having suffered from a traumatic injury was brought unconscious an this CT scan revealed multiple small hemorrhages thus leading to the diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury. It is typical presentation of a patient with diffuse axonal injury. There is a scattered dispersion of the axons following sudden rotational, accelerating or decelerating forces causing the injury. It is common in motor vehicle and auto pedestrian accidents and also in assaults and falls. Ref: The Axon By Stephen G. Waxman, Jeffery D. Kocsis; pages 504 - 508; Brain Injury and Mental Retardation By C. Thomas Gualtieri; page 64 - 65; Harrison's Textbook of Internal Medicine 16th edition; page 2448.

4

Cerebral contusion

Cerebral laceration

Multiple infarcts

Diffuse Axonal injuries

Radiology

null

c1696af7-b679-4c07-973e-72b35b40c43d

multi

Vitamin A dose in children of 1 -6years of age is -

Ans. is 'c' i.e., 2 Lakh IU o For treatment of vitamin A deficiency, oral vitamin A is given at a dose of 50000 IU, 100000 IU and 200000 IU in children <6 months, 6-12 months and > 1 year, respectively. The same dose is repeated next day and 4 weeks later.

3

50000IU

1Lakh IU

2LakhIU

41akhIU

Pediatrics

Vitamin A

e7da22a7-8bad-4ad0-95c4-fc3fca85e68a

single

Extension of enamel cord to meet the outer enamel epithelium is known as:

null

3

Enamel knot.

Enamel cord.

Enamel septum.

Enamel navel.

Dental

null

72e465ee-795b-4673-b799-f12e58a2c029

single

Meibomian glands secrete which component of sweat?

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Lipid The major function of lacrimal apparatus is to secrete and drain the tear. Tear film consists of 3 layers :- Mucous or mucin layer (innermost):- Secreted by conjunctival goblet cells, crypts of Henle, glands of Manz. Aqueous layer (intermediate) :- This forms the bulk of the tear. It is secreted by main lacrimal and accessory lacrimal glands. Lipid layer (outermost) :- Secreted by the Meibomion Zeis, and Moll glands.

4

Water (aqueous)

Mucin

Protein

Lipid

Ophthalmology

null

5ce070f6-8bef-4437-ab68-94a9a53d0768

single

Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by

Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis It is an acute inflammation of conjunctiva characterised by multiple conjunctival haemorrhages, conjunctival hyperaemia and mild follicular hyperplasia. The disease is caused by Picornavirus (enterovirus type 70) which are RNA viruses of small (pico) size. Ref;A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:76

1

Enterovirus 70

Coxsackie virus

Enterovirus 72

Calcivirus

Ophthalmology

Conjunctiva

c8a7c416-417f-4cbc-9b94-65e01df36a0a

single

Which of the following drug is not the first line treatment for anovulatory abnormal uterine bleeding in a 13-year-old girl?

Ans. b. Mefenamic acid

2

Tranexemic acid

Mefenamic acid

Progesterone

Estrogen + progesterone

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

fa1ed43c-8ec3-4603-921a-40bf372fd410

single

Taking of ones clothes and running in public is called

Ans. (B). Exhibitionism(Ref: The essentials of forensic medicine and toxicology; Dr. KS Narayana Reddy, 33rd edition; Page no: 432)

2

Mooning

Exhibitionism

Voyeurism

Undinism

Forensic Medicine

Sexual Offenses

74662922-2b84-494a-b313-31a098bce0de

multi

All of the following are tuning fork tests to differentiate hearing loss, EXCEPT:

Tuning fork tests: Rinne's test Weber test Absolute bone conduction (ABC) test Schwabach's test Bing test Gelle's test Common tuning fork tests and their interpretation: Test Normal Conductive deafness SN deafness Rinne AC>BC (Rinne positive) BC>AC (Rinne negative) AC>BC Weber Not laterized Laterized to poorer ear Laterized to better ear ABC Same as examiner's Same as examiner's Reduced Schwabach's Equal Lengthened Shoened

3

Schwabach test

Gelles test

Burn's test

Rinne test

ENT

null

5c103b98-9ea0-47b1-bdd6-4749f1a864d2

multi

EMA-CO regime of chemotherapy is used in the treatment of?

Ans. A. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasiaPatients with high-risk tumors (high beta-hCG levels, disease presenting >=4 months after antecedent pregnancy, brain or liver metastasis, or failure of single-agent methotrexate) are initially treated with combination chemotherapy. EMA-CO (a cyclic non-cross-resistant combination of etoposide, methotrexate, and dactinomycin alternating with cyclophosphamide and vincristine); cisplatin, bleomycin, and vinblastine; and cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin are effective regimens. EMA-CO is now the regimen of choice for patients with high-risk disease because of excellent survival rates (>80%) and less toxicity.

1

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

Malignant Ovarian germ cell tumor

Endometrial carcinoma

CA cervix

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

6e9a4af8-1f01-44cd-bc36-ad702ff8d035

single

Confounding factors can be eliminatined by all except-

Randomization is a statistical procedure by which the paicipants are allocated into groups usually called study and control groups to receive or not to receive an experimental, preventive or therapeutic procedure, manoeuvre, intervention. It is an attempt to eliminate bias and allow for comparability. Ref: 25th edition, Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Page no. 90

3

Matching

Blinding

Randomization

Multivariate analysis

Social & Preventive Medicine

Epidemiology

16195818-6d7d-49df-b201-2fde578eeb4d

multi

As compared to UV light, visible light can cure

null

1

Greater depth of resin

Lesser depth of resin

Only superficial layer

None of the above

Dental

null

96deed91-601c-44e0-a356-a6443973c875

multi

The maintenance of posture in a normal adult | human being depends upon

the connection between the afferent and efferent neurons is usually in the cns and activity in the reflex arc is modified by the multiple inputs converging on the efferent neurons or at any synaptic station within the reflex loop. Therefore integrity of reflex arc is necessary for maintenance of posture. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology;23rd edition; pg:157.

1

Integrity of reflex arc

Muscle power

Type of muscle fibers

Joint movements in physiological range

Physiology

Nervous system

2a0e42b2-4dc3-4ceb-bed1-b8d12329b223

single

All of the following are indications for Anti D prophylaxis, EXCEPT:

Anti D prophylaxis is not given after intrauterine transfusion. Intrauterine transfusion is done to prevent the fetus from dying. If the hydropic fetus is too immature for early delivery, intrauterine transfusion is done. Transfusion is done through intraperitoneal and intravascular routes. This is performed using O-negative, cytomegalovirus negative, washed irradiated packed red cell. The volume to be transfused is roughly calculated by the formula: (weeks of gestation-20) multiplied by 10. Transfusion is repeated whenever fetal hemoglobin levels falls below 10gm/dl. Ref: Manual of Neonatal Care By John P. Clohey, 6th Edition, Pages 209-210 ; Textbook of Obstetrics By D.C.Dutta, 6th Edition, Page 334 ; Obstetrics and Gynaecology By Sarabatnam Arulkumaran, Page 68 ; COBGDT, 9th Edition, Page 299

3

Medical aboion for 63 days pregnancy

Amniocentesis at 16 weeks

Intrauterine transfusion at 28 weeks

Manual removal of Placenta

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

af45a83b-1c69-41e7-8189-f688c8fc26fa

multi

Hypeension is associated with all of the following except: March 2010

Ans. B: Excess exercise Modifiable risk factors: - Obesity - Excess salt intake Saturated fat in the diet - Environmental stress - Reduced physical activity Renovascular hypeension: It has two main causes: fibromuscular dysplasia and atheromatous stenosis. Hypeension secondary to other renal disorders: - Chronic renal failure - Kidney disease/renal aery stenosis: the normal physiological response to low blood pressure in the renal aeries is to increase cardiac output (CO) to maintain the pressure needed for glomerular filtration. - Renal segmental hypoplasia Hypeension secondary to endocrine disorders - Pheochromocytoma - caused by an excessive secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine which promotes vasoconstriction - Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) - Cushing's syndrome - an excessive secretion of glucocoicoids causes the hypeension Hyperparathyroidism - Acromegaly - Hypehyroidism -- Hypothyroidism Other causes: - Hormonal contraceptives - Atherosclerosis Liquorice (when consumed in excessive amounts) - Scieroderma - Neurofibromatosis - Drugs: In paicular, alcohol, nasal decongestants with adrenergic effects, NSAIDs, MAOIs, adrenoceptor stimulants, and combined methods of hormonal contraception (those containing ethinyl-estradiol) can cause hypeension while in use. - Malformed aoa, slow pulse, ischemia: these cause reduced blood flow to the renal aeries, with physiological responses as already outlined. - Coarcation of the aoa

2

Excess salt

Excess exercise

Phaeochromocytoma

Obesity

Social & Preventive Medicine

null

55502bde-a7d0-4c53-9a2b-d483ef3ce187

multi

Whitfield&;s ointment consists of -

WHITFIELD'S ointment:-3% salicylic acid + 6% benzoic acid. It is used as antifungals and keratolytic iadvl textbook of dermatology page 252

1

3% salicylic acid + 6% benzoic acid

3% benzoic acid + 6% salicylic acid

2% salicylic acid + 4% benzoic acid

2% benzoic acid + 4% salicylic acid

Dental

miscellaneous

1684d689-2468-4dcb-a93f-ec37ffe4d4f0

single

Lattice retinal degeneration seen in

Ans is 'a' i.e. . Myopia. Lattice degeneration of retina is seen in Myopia or more specifically, pathological myopia.Myopia is clinically of 3 types:-Developmental myopic -a congenital stationary* condition in which a child is bom with an abnormally long eye.Simple myopia :Commonest type of myopiaPathological myopia:is a degenerative and progressive conditionRefractive changes appear in childhood, and increases rapidly during the period of active growth upto 20 to 30 D by the age of 25 yrs*.the eyeball gets elongated essentially due to the degeneration of the posterior half of sclera often leading to a scleral bulge at the posterior pole (.Posterior staphyloma)*Fundus changes Myopic crescent*:-present at the temporal edge of the optic disc (Optic disc is large and pale). Fosterfunch9s spots*:-these are dark red circular patches due to choroidal Haemorrhage and subretinal neovascularization.Posterior staphyloma*.Vitreous degenerations & Haemorrhage*Chorioretinal atrophic patches at posterior pole.Retinal haemorrhages and lattice degenerates* leading to retinal detachment*.

1

Myopia

Hypermetropia

Presbyopia

Anisocoria

Ophthalmology

Dystrophies and Degenerations

31a850f4-874e-4529-a047-cf18f62e47a8

single

Formication and delusion of persecution, both are together seen in:

C. i.e. Cocaine psychosis - Cocaine blocks reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine & serotonin; impairs nerve conduction (LA action) and Vt hypeensionQ. Cocaine causes no physical dependence but moderate/strong psychological dependence. It is unique in not producing significant toleranceQ. lnfact paranoid psychosis observed with cocaine abuse is produced by sensitization (or reverse tolerance)Q. Cocaine cause tactile hallucinations (Magnan's symptoms or formication or cocaine bugs or feeling of creeping insects) and paranoid psychosis (delusions & hallucinations)Q

3

LSD psychosis

Amphetamine psychosis

Cocaine psychosis

Cannabis psychosis

Psychiatry

null

434ad136-f356-4621-b9c9-936a745f2328

multi

A 32-year-old woman presents to you for evaluation of headache. The headaches began at age 18, were initially unilateral and worse around the time of her menses. Initially the use of triptans two or three times a month would provide complete relief. Over the past several years, however, the headaches have become more frequent and severe. Triptans provide only partial relief; the patient requires a combination of acetaminophen, caffeine, and butalbital to achieve some improvement. Prophylactic medications including beta-blockers, tricyclics, and topiramate have been unsuccessful in preventing the headaches, and she has been to the emergency room three times over the past 2 weeks for a "pain shot." The general physical examination is unremarkable. Her funduscopic examination shows no evidence of papilledema, and a careful neurological examination is likewise normal. What is the most likely explanation for her headache syndrome?

Patients who use medications for headache more than twice weekly are at risk of medication overuse headache. Any analgesic, including triptans themselves, can contribute, but opiates and barbiturates are the main culprits. In this setting, the migraine may "transform" into a chronic daily headache. Medication overuse headaches usually start in the morning and improve but do not completely resolve with analgesic therapy. The patient must completely discontinue the offending drug for 2 to 12 weeks for the headaches to resolve. Treating headaches during the period of abstinence can be very difficult. The physician should be vigilant about the development of another cause of headache (mass lesion, inflammatory disorder) in a patient with transformed migraines. CNS imaging and laboratory workup, not generally recommended in the patient with typical migraine, are sometimes indicated. In this patient without focal neurological findings, however, the most likely diagnosis is still medication overuse headache. Status migrainosus (continuous migraine) and CNS vasculitis are much less common than medication overuse headache. Pseudotumor cerebri usually causes papilledema.

2

Status migrainosus

Medication overuse headache

Space-occupying intracerebral lesion

CNS vasculitis

Medicine

C.N.S.

2af71883-fdb5-43d0-b407-d9b1c88221f2

multi

A person after 6 hours of consuming rice pudding in restaurant develops vomiting. True statement regarding food poisoning is

Bacillus cereus is an impoant cause of food poisoning. Two patterns: diarrheal and emetic. Diarrheal: associated with cooked meat and vegetables. Diarrhea and abdominal pain 8-16 hours after the ingestion of contaminated food. Vomiting rarely. Bacilli are not found in the fecal specimen of these patients. Emetic: associated with consumption of cooked rice, usually fried rice from restaurants. Nausea and vomiting 1-5 hours after the meal. Bacilli are present in large numbers in cooked rice and fecal samples from these patients. such strains produce a toxin resembling staphylococcal enterotoxin, which is a preformed toxin. The emetic toxin was produced only when the Bacillus cereus is grown in rice, not in other media. Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Anathanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Page no: 254

2

Caused by staphylococcus aureus

Preformed toxin

Caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus

Heat labile toxin

Microbiology

Bacteriology

f22b1a51-3851-472d-8160-48cbc914e125

multi

The optic foramen is located between

The optic foramen/canal is the opening of the optic canal. It is bounded medially by the body of the sphenoid and laterally by the lesser wing of sphenoid. Contents: Optic nerve and ophthalmic aery Ref: BD Chaurasia; 6th edition

3

Greater wing and lesser wing of sphenoid

Greater wing and body of sphenoid

Lesser wing and body of sphenoid

Lesser wing of sphenoid and ethmoid

Anatomy

Head and neck

12ed67dc-f57c-4093-ab30-ed8ca28093b8

single

Agoraphobia is

(A) Fear of open spaces PHOBIC DISORDERSFear of Situation or ObjectsPhobias* Dread of Open spaceAgoraphobia* Dread of VehiclesAmaxophobia* Dread of FloodsAntlophobia* Dread of ConfinementClaustrophobia* Dread of Being locked inClithrophobia* Dread of DogsCynophobia* Dread of Sexual intercourse or STDCypridcphobia* Dread of DrinkingDipsophobia* Dread of Surgical operationErgasiophobia* Dread of MarriageGamophobia* Dread of FoodGatophobia* Dread of WritingGraphophobia* Dread of WomenGynephobia* Dread of SunHeliophobia* Dread of SteelingKleptophobia* Dread of SpeakingLalophobia* Dread of RabiesLyssophobia* Dread of PregnancyMaieusiophobia* Dread of CorpseNecrophobia* Dread of OdoursOsmophobia* Dread of EatingSitophobia* Dread of TuberculosisPhthisiophobia* Dread of ChokingPnigophobia* Dread of FirePyrophobia* Dread of ColdPsychrophobia* Dread of DevilSatanophobia* Dread of DeathThanatophobia* Dread of Being Buried aliveTaphephobia* Dread of GodTheophobia* Dread of StrangersXenophobia> Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder which primarily consists of the fear of certain settings that may present unexpected challenges or demands.> These could include parking lots, shopping malls or restaurants.

1

Fear of open spaces

Fear of closed spaces

Fear of heights

Fear of crowded places

Psychiatry

Miscellaneous

42e6e206-6f59-4c05-9f95-e0ff36e0fd20

single

A 52-year-old woman is started on a low sodium diet. She feels well and is experiencing no symptoms. Her physical examination is normal except for a sustained cardiac apical impulse.For the patient placed on a dietary restriction, select the most likely diagnosis.

Some patients with hypertension are salt sensitive, and will lower their blood pressure with salt restriction. Low sodium diets are also recommended in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), ascites, or chronic renal failure.

3

diabetes

obesity

hypertension

irritable bowel syndrome

Medicine

Endocrinology

d2a8c684-df8f-4d57-9a4e-de5d6a6e3a75

multi

General fertility rate is a better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate because the denominator includes -

Birth rate → Simplest indicator of fertility No. of live births per 1000 estimated mid year population Birth rate = (No. of live birth during the year / estimated mid yr. Population) x 1000 General fertility rate → (No. of live births in an area during the year / mid year female population (15 to 45 yrs) in the same area) x 1000. General fertility rate is a better measure of fertility than the crude birth rate because the denominator is restricted to the no. of women in the child bearing age, rather than the whole population.

1

15 - 45 years of age female

Midyear population

Total woman population

Married woman population

Social & Preventive Medicine

null

350bea28-c3e3-4f5c-8891-5e5a1252e194

single

Which of the following does not present with hemoptysis: September 2010

Ans. C: Empyema The origin of blood can be known by observing its color. Bright red, foamy blood comes from the respiratory tract while dark red, coffee-colored blood comes from the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes hemoptysis may be rust colored. Causes of hemoptysis includes: Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Sarcoidosis Aspergilloma Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis Pneumonia Foreign body aspiration and Aspiration pneumonia Goodpasture's syndrome Wegener's granulomatosis Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Pulmonary embolism Anticoagulant use Trauma Lung abscess Mitral stenosis Tropical eosinophilia

3

Mitral stenosis

Pulmonary embolism

Empyema

Bronchiectasis

Medicine

null

edbafca6-1fb8-4580-b53a-bbed4e226486

single

EMLA constituent is -

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Lidocaine + Prilocaine Eutectic mixture of local Anaestheticso This is unique topical preparation which can anaesthetise intact skin.o It is a mixture of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5 prilocaine.o It acts slowly and the cream must held in contact with skin for at least l hour.o EMLA is used : to make venepuncture painless especially in children, and for procedure like skin grafting & circumcision.o As systemic absorption of prilocaine can cause methemoglobinemia, EMLA should not be used on mucocutaneous membrane or in very small child.

2

Lidocaine + Cocaine

Lidocaine + Prilocaine

Lidocaine + Bupivacaine

Bupivacaine + Prilocaine

Anaesthesia

Miscellaneous (Local and Regional Anesthesia)

9cdc310a-d3b4-46b8-b748-1df59355bcf3

single

True about mounting stones is

The use of an articulator makes it necessary to mount the casts using a gypsum-producing product. These materials are referred to as "mounting" stones or plasters. They are fast setting and have low setting expansion. The mounting plaster has a sufficiently low strength to permit easy trimming and facilitate separating the cast from the articulator mounting plates. Phillips Science of Dental Materials ed 12 pg 191

1

Fast setting

High expansion

High strength

All of the above

Dental

null

5ef3e3bd-1268-472f-bdc5-4d546a77f644

multi

It is true that sarcoma - a) Are malignant tumours of mesenchyme origin b) Usualy spread by vascular invasion c) Metastasise frequently to regional lymph node d) Are only loosely invasive

Pathways of metastasis Distant metastasis of cancers may occur through one of three pathways. 1. Direct seeding of body cavities or surface It occurs when a malignant neoplasm penetrates into a natural open field. Most common cavity involved is peritoneal cavity, but other cavities may also be involved, e.g., pleural, pericardial, joint space, subarachnoid. Such seeding is particularly characteristic of carcinomas arising in the ovaries. Sometimes mucus secreting tumor of appendix (or less commonly ovary) fill the peritoneal cavity with a gelatinous neoplastic mass referred to as pseudomyxoma peritonei. 2. Lymphatic spread This is the most common method of metastasis for carcinomas. Sarcoma may also use this route. As tumors do not have lymphatics, this type of spread takes place through the lymphatic vessels located at the tumor margins. The pattern of lymph node involvement follows the natural routes of lymphatic drainage. The first node in a regional lymphatics that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor is called sentinel lymphnode. Some times local lymph nodes may be bypassed because of venous lymphatic anastomosis skip metastasis. 3. Hematogenous spread It is typical of sarcomas but is also seen in carcinomas. Veins are more commonly involved than arteries because veins have thinner walls that can be penetrated readily, in contrast arteries have thicker walls. With venous invasion, the tumor cells in blood follow the venous flow draining the site of neoplasm. So, liver and lung are the most frequent organs involved in hematogenous spread because all portal area drainage flows to the liver and all caval blood flows to the lung. Arterial spread may occur when tumor cells pass through the pulmonary capillary beds or pulmonary A-V shunts or when pulmonary metastasis give rise to additional tumor emboli.

1

ab

bc

cd

ac

Pathology

null

f7fe694b-36a1-4344-bf87-470484266112

multi

The rate-limiting step for norepinephrine synthesis

In the synthesis of Norepinephrine, Tyrosine is hydroxylated to 3,4dihydroxyphenylalanine by tyrosine hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyses the rate limiting reaction and require tetrahydrobiopterin as coenzyme.Ref: Biochemistry, U. Satyanarayana, Fouh edition, page no: 349

2

Conversion of phenylalanine to Tyrosine

Conversion of Tyrosine to DOPA

Conversion of DOPA to dopamine

Conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine

Biochemistry

Metabolism of protein and amino acid

dc6d88d7-3033-405f-9e19-264fad0067c3

multi

All of the following indicate Fetal distress except:

Fetal skull blood pH>7.32

4

Thick (pea-soup) meconium

Fetal hea rate 100/minute

Loss of beat-to-beat variation

Fetal skull blood pH>7.32

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

c9324ce3-7bf3-4039-96db-bc793a0bc471

multi

A 56-year-old man has been admitted to the ICU in respiratory distress. An endotracheal tube is placed for mechanical ventilation at a tidal volume of 900 mL, a rate of 12 breaths/min, and FiO2 50%. PEEP is 10 cm of water. Medications include subcutaneous heparin and aspirin. He now develops tachycardia and a blood pressure of 70/palpation mm Hg. Cardiac examination reveals multiple premature contractions. His arterial blood gas reveals a PO2 of 40 mm Hg. Most likely cause of this condition is?

The sudden onset of tachycardia and hypotension indicates an acute process. Since the patient is being mechanically ventilated with positive pressure, he is at increased risk of a bullous rupture from barotrauma, leading to a pneumothorax. Cardiac arrhythmia could lead to tachycardia and hypotension. Ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response may cause this from decreased ventricular filling. An ECG would aid in this diagnosis. In the setting of mechanical ventilation, however, a pneumothorax must be excluded first. Bronchial secretions usually have a progressively worsening presentation. Furthermore, the patient would exhibit desaturation, but not necessarily hypotension. Myocardial infarction may lead to cardiogenic shock from failure. However, this would most likely be a bit more progressive and less acute. Infarction must remain high on the differential diagnosis, and the patient may require vasopressors because of the shock. In the immediate setting, the pneumothorax is more likely, given the acuity of onset. Pulmonary embolus is on the differential diagnosis of electromechanical dissociation. This patient's risk of an embolus is increased because of prolonged immobilization. However, the subcutaneous heparin should be adequate prophylaxis against an embolism.

4

Cardiac arrhythmia

Bronchial secretions

Myocardial infarction

Pneumothorax

Unknown

null

39b42c52-ff6c-4bc6-ae30-89af10fbb469

single

Zoonosis is/are -

<p> Anthrax is an eg for zoonoses. Zoonoses means an infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from veebrate animals to man. Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:94. <\p>

1

Anthrax

Brucella

Leptospirosis

Chaga's disease

Social & Preventive Medicine

Communicable diseases

6b09b1ef-77fa-4929-bb6e-a3657dee79b4

single

Which of the following is a laboratory finding of Multiple myeloma

null

3

Bence jones protein

Hyperglobulinemia

Both

None

Pathology

null

cf7612ac-6794-46f0-bb67-4a3b4ee21898

multi

In extended supraomohyoid neck dissection, lymph Node dissection is done up to:

Selective Neck Dissection - Supraomohyoid neck dissection: Removal of level I-III LNs - Extended supraomohyoid neck dissection: Removal of level I-IV LNs - Posterolateral Neck Dissection: Removal of level II-V LNs + suboccipital LNs + retro auricular LNs - Lateral neck dissection: removal of level II-V LNs + Internal jugular vein - Central compament neck dissection: Removal of level VI LNs

3

II

III

IV

V

Surgery

Neck

b87f66a7-872d-454f-bc65-c576e76abf55

single

Which one of the following soft tissue sarcomas frequently metastasizes to lymph nodes

The types of sarcoma with the highest incidence of lymph node metastasis are angiosarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and epithelioid sarcoma. Other sarcomas which also spread to lymph nodes are synol sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, carcinosarcoma of uterus. Reference : page 311 SRB's manual of surgery 5th edition

3

Fibrosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Embryonal Rhabdomysarcoma

Alveolar soft pa sarcoma

Surgery

Urology

136713a1-e0c5-489f-99a1-977e34829867

single

Which patter of inheritance of disease is associated with consanguinity?

CONSANGUINITY - condition in which closely related individuals are going to have the marriage. This can lead to expression of even those genes which are recessive in nature. Therefore, it is a risk factor for expression of AR disorder.

1

Autosomal recessive

Autosomal dominant

X linked recessive

X linked dominant

Pathology

FMGE 2018

90c6c881-65fd-4d82-8d23-49e1dc4270fb

single

Which is the ideal method of sterilization for snap a ray film holder?

null

4

Hot air oven

Cannot be sterilized as it is plastic

Chemical sterilization

Autoclave

Dental

null

84b92928-f3f8-43d0-9294-ad30277c5b13

single

Which cervical veebra that does not have a body or spinous process?

First cervical veebra is ring-shaped. It has neither a body nor a spine.Features of typical cervical, thoracic and lumbar veebra are given belowFeaturesCervical veebraThoracic veebraLumbar veebraBodySmall and broad from side to sideMedium size and hea-shapedLarge and kidney-shapedVeebral foramenLarge than the body and triangularSmall and circularTriangularSpinous processSmall and bifidLong and directed downwardsSho, flat and projected backwardInferior aicular facetDirected forward and downwardsDirected forwards, slightly downwards and mediallyDirected laterallyTransverse processHave foramen transversariumHas costal facets Long and slender

1

C1

C2

C3

C4

Microbiology

All India exam

bd8fdea3-94be-4404-9c13-c7638ddc7847

single

Which of the following is used to treat pain

There are various modalities of treatment which are tried for chronic pain:- i) Pharmacotherapy:- The various drugs (mentioned above) are used for chronic pain syndrome. The various routes can be used:- oral, intravenous, epidural, or Transcutaneous. ii) Neuro-surgical:- Anterolateral cordotomy, dorsal root entry zone lesion, selective rhizotomy, commissural myelotomy, sympathectoning mesencephalic tractomy, cordectomy iii) Chemical neurolysis:- Glycerol, alcohol, phenol e.g. intrathecal hyperbaric phenol. iv) Other:- Acupuncture, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, neuromodulation procedures (intracranial stimulation:- deep brain/subcortical and motor cortex stimulation), cryoablation.

3

Subcaudate tractotomy

Cingulotomy

Transcutaneous nerve stimulation

All of the above

Physiology

null

8111f999-a24e-47b3-ba55-7685f358e3c7

multi

All of the following viruses involve eye except

All the options are correct but since the least common is echovirus will be marked as the answer

3

Herpes zoster

Herpes simplex

Echo

Adenovirus -8

Ophthalmology

Conjunctiva

fe529f92-9a22-401a-a0e7-a3e5899b8286

multi

A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after sustaining a stab wound to the lower back. Examination shows right leg weakness in all muscle groups and loss of vibration and proprioception on the same side. There is loss of pain and temperature sensation but preserved motor strength in the left leg. He has no problems with bladder or bowel retention. Motor strength is preserved in the upper extremities. His presentation is most consistent with which one of the following spinal cord syndromes?

null

4

Anterior cord syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome

Central cord syndrome

Hemisection of the cord

Medicine

null

91b640f4-a70b-45c5-9a57-52cefd6b40a1

multi

Specificity is related to:

Ans. is 'b' ie true negatives Sensitivity -is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly those who have the disease that is 'true positives \Specificity -is defined as the ability of a test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease. That is 'true negatives.9

2

True positive

True negative

False positive

False negative

Social & Preventive Medicine

Screening for Disease

135448bc-0d0c-44d5-a923-ff0d3811581b

multi

Semicircular canals are stimulated by -

null

3

Gravity

Linear acceleration

Rotation

Sound

ENT

null

cbcee93d-79a2-487f-9f0f-3eb8b52b3336

single

Commonest of female cause pseudohermaphrodism ?

Ans. is 'a' i.e., CAH Female pseudohermaphroditism. Gentotype is XX Gonads are ovaries External genitalia are virilized (male differentiation). As there is no mullarian inhibiting factor, mullarian duct develops into uterus tubes and ovary. But due to presence of androgen external genitalia are virilized. Causes are: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia(most common) 21 hydroxylase deficiency 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency Maternal virilizing tumor Arrhenoblastoma Maternal medications with androgen.

1

CAH

Maternal ovarian tumor

Maternal drug intake

Chromosomal abnormalites

Pediatrics

null

1165c069-adea-4433-adc3-a8d99eb8e6c0

single

An 8-month-old infant had stridor with respiratory difficulty which worsened on crying. On examination, laryngoscopy showed a red mass in the subglottic area. All the following are used in the treatment EXCEPT

History and examination suggest diagnosis is juvenile papilloma - They are viral in origin and multiple, often involving infants and young children. * They are mostly seen on the true and false cords and the epiglottis, glistening white, irregular growth, pedunculated * Or sessile, friable and bleeding easily

4

CO 2 laser vaporization

Coicosteroids

Tracheostomy

Radiotherapy

Surgery

null

5e70090c-42a6-4b29-a5f1-588135109036

multi

Household insecticide used for malaria

Malathion Malathion has the least toxicity of all organophosphorous compounds. The technical product is a yellow or clear- brown liquid with an unpleasant smell. Commercially, water- dispersible powders are available. Malathion is used in doses of 100-200 mg. per sq. ft., every 3 months. Because of its low toxicity, malathion has been recommended as an alternative insecticide to DDT. As a low volume (ULV) spray, malathion has been widely used for killing adult mosquitoes to prevent or interrupt dengue-haemorrhagic fever, and mosquito-borne encephalitis epidemics Ref:Park's TextbooK Of Preventive and Social Medicine 25th Ed Pgno: 820

1

Malathion

Pyrethrum

Paris green

Permethrin

Social & Preventive Medicine

Environment and health

c93787f2-a1bb-467e-a1d2-fde1e29b3214

single

A 33-year-old man presented with a slowly progressive swelling in the middle l/3rd of his right tibia. X-rays examination revealed multiple sharply demarcated radiolucent lesions separated by areas of dense and sclerotic bone. Microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen revealed island of epithelial cells in a fibrous stroma. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis?

Ans- A Adamantinoma Adamantinoma characteristically presents in the tibial diaphysis of a middle aged person with mild to moderate discomfort, islands of epithelial cells in a fibrous stroma (hall mark) histologically, and bubbly bone destruction (radiolucent lesions separated by dense sclerotic bone) radiologically. Adamantinoma Key points Adamantine epithelioma or Lichtenstein dermal inclusion tumor. Almost exclusively found in tibial diaphysis Mild pain & palpable mass over anterior tibial border Islands of epithelial cells Bubble like defect in anterior tibial cortex, sometimes with thickening of surrounding bone Treatment is wide local excision Bone Tumor Most Common Site Unicameral/Solitary/Simple Bone cyst Metaphysis of proximal humerus > femur Aneurysmal Bone cyst Lower Limb Enchondroma Metaphysis of small bones of hands (& feet) Osteochondroma (Exostosis, m.c. benign bone tumor) Distal femur > upper tibia > proximal humerus Osteoid osteoma Femur> tibia (diaphysis) Osteosarcoma Distal femur > Upper tibia (metaphysis) Ewing's sarcoma Femur> Tibia (diaphysis) Fibrous dysplasia Upper end femur (22%) > Tibia (21%) > lower femur (12%) Chordroma Sacrum (most comnmon) > sphenooccipital region (clivus)> anterior vertebral body i.e. involves only axial skeleton Ivory osteoma or compact or Eburnated Osteoma Frontal sinus Adamantinoma Tibia (MC lone bone) Multiple myeloma Vertebrae Age predilection Tumor Age Range years) Ewing's tumor 5-15 Non ossifying fibroma Simple (unicameral) bone cyst 2-20 Aneurysmal bone cyst 5-20 Osteogenic sarcoma 10-20 Osteoclastoma (GCT) 20-40 Multiple myeloma Metastasis > 40

1

Adamantinoma

Osteofibrous dysplasia

Osteosarcoma

Fibrous cortical defect

Unknown

null

0c718912-5394-47e4-8a07-2502e0787692

single

False regarding Cytochrome P-450 enzymes :

cytochrome P450 a microsomal enzyme is a hemoprotein, which serves as the terminal oxidase. The name cytochrome P450 (abbreted as P450 or CYP ) is derived from the spectral propeies of this hemoprotein. In its reduced (ferrous) form, it binds carbon monoxide to give a complex that absorbs light maximally at 450 nm. They are involved in the metabolism of various drugs The relative abundance of P450s, compared with that of the reductase in the liver, contributes to making P450 heme reduction a rate-limiting step in hepatic drug oxidations. CYP is vital to the formation of cholesterol, steroids and arachidonic acid metabolites Reference: Katzung 13th edition pg: 55

4

They are involved in the production of steroids

They absorb maximum light at 450nm wavelength

They are present in endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells

They are non-heme proteins

Pharmacology

General anatomy

94074bed-c87e-442e-acc2-a7d3f5a81b1c

multi

(Incidence of disease among exposed - incidence among non-exposed) x 1000 / (Incidence among exposed) gives the value of-

Ans. is 'b' i.e. Attributable risk * Odds ratio is a measure of the strength of the association between risk factor & outcome. Diseased Not Diseased Exposed A B Not Exposed C D Odds ratio = AD/BC Relative risk = (Incidence of disease among exposed) x 1000 / (Incidence of disease among non-exposed) Attributable risk = (Incidence of disease among exposed - incidence among non-exposed) x 1000 / (Incidence among exposed) AR indicaes to what extent the disease under study can be attributed to the exposure. Population Attributable Risk = Incidence of disease in the total population - the incidence of disease among those who were not exposed attributable risk or excess risk is the difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population and an unexposed population.

2

Relative risk

Attributable risk

Odd ratio

None of the above

Unknown

null

f17c6b21-44c6-4eea-a624-b5768a942b0e

multi

The earliest hematologic manifestation of megaloblastic anemia is

Microcytic anemiaMacrocytic anemiaSideroblastic anemiaIron deficiency anemiaThalassemiaAnemia of chronic disease Liver disease Hypothyroidism Folic acid & vitamin B12 deficiency Cytotoxic drugs Megaloblastic anemiaTriad - Oval macrocyte , Howel Jolly bodies , Hypersegmented neutrophilsBone marrow - hypercellular bone marrow with megaloblast along with the presence of abnormal granulocytic precursors ( giant metamyelocyte & band forms ) and large megakaryocytes with bizarre multilobate nuclei Peripheral smear - pancytopenia with presence of macrocyte (MCV>100 fl) lacking central pallor ; large hypersegmented neutrophils ( >5 lobes )(Refer: Robbins & Cotran's - Pathologic Basis of Disease, SAE, 1st edition, Vol I-pg no: 643-648)

2

Increase in MCV

Hypersegmented polymorphs

Thrombocytopenia

Leukopenia

Pathology

All India exam

72c382c1-fcd6-4798-8a9f-bc4a179c3769

single

Mutton for keratic precipitate and Busacca's nodules is seen in:

Ans. Granulomatous uveitis

1

Granulomatous uveitis

Non-granulomatous uveitis

Posterior uveitis

Choroiditis

Ophthalmology

null

a2d5c260-1618-4fd6-966d-086367e8681b

single

Early mediators of allergic rhinitis are -a) Leukotrieneb) IL-4c) IL-5d) Bradykinine) PAF

Allergic rhinitis is Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

4

ab

bc

acd

abcde

ENT

null

0971d82b-132f-4d95-bc09-29dde0314c95

multi

What is the most likely cause of this finding in a man from Mexico who had a biopsy showing gram-negative bacilli?

Answer A. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatisRhinoscleroma is a chronic bacterial infection that is typically caused by the gram-negative bacillus K. rhinoscleromatis.

1

Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis

Mycobacterium leprae

Acinetobacter baumannii

Treponema pallidum

Medicine

Infection

de065b85-3d31-4926-8a40-2fd466950f75

multi

Human papillomavirus is most commonly associated with

Papillomavirus infects the skin or mucosa and causes benign tumors. The lesion is termed condyloma acuminatum. These tumors may undergo malignant conversion and become squamous cell carcinomas. Classification of the human papillomavirus is done by DNA hybridization, and to date 46 types have been recognized. Some types, such as 16 and 18 are more frequently associated with carcinoma, while others, such as 6 and 11, are associated with benign tumors or was.

3

Rectal polyps

Prostate cancer

Condyloma acuminatum

Hepatic carcinoma

Surgery

null

57964548-a9d9-46c5-8d55-275a9d0be79f

single

All are complication of ileal resection, Except -a) Megaloblastic anaemiab) Iron deliciency anaemiac) Gastric hyposecretiond) Malabsorption syndrome

null

1

bc

c

ac

ad

Medicine

null

41876b30-7b60-47d4-b6d6-4c3c3cff29c1

multi

Transcription is the process of -

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Synthesis of RNA o DNA stores genetic information Information about amino acid sequence of all the proteins is present in the form of genes in DNA.o The entire genetic material present in the DNA of an organism is known as genome.o The important role of DNA in transfer of information in living cells is called central dogma of molecular biology.o According to the central dogma, information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. This occurs in three steps:-DNA replication :- There is copying of parent DNA to form daughter DNA molecules having nucleotide sequence indentical to those of the parent DNA.Transcription:- This is the process in w'hich the genetic messages in DNA are rewritten in the form of RNA. In simple words. Synthesis of RNA from DNA is called transcription (flow of information from DNA to RNA).Translation:- In translation, the genetic message coded by RNA is translated by the ribosomes into the protein structure, i.e. synthesis of protein from RNA.

3

Protein synthesis

DNA replication

Synthesis of RNA

None

Biochemistry

Transcription

5a47d6a4-f651-4aae-a787-4573eb372cb4

multi

Epiphyseal dysgenesis is a feature of-

Epiphyseal dysgenesis means fragmented/punctate epiphysis. Epiphyseal dysgenesis is characteristic of hypothyroidism.

3

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Orthopaedics

null

81a0cf01-6234-48ca-91a4-dcc24bad97ab

single

The following lesion was noticed in a patient with history of involuntary weight loss. What is the diagnosis?

The image shows presence of asymmetric, velvety hyperpigmentation at the back of the neck of the patient suggestive of diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans. It is seen in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and internal malignancy. Choice B is seen in patients with internal malignancy and but has multiple pigmented skin lesions. Choice C is a is a crusty, scaly growth caused by damage from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Choice D has red inflamed lesions and is hence ruled out.

1

Acanthosis nigricans

Leser-Trelat sign

Actinic keratosis

Interiginous candida

Medicine

Diabetes Mellitus

72f03ed1-98fb-489d-b645-194a31146f60

single

In myasthenia gravis the neuromuscular junctions contain deposits of

Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor can be demonstrated in the serum of most patients with myasthenia gravis. This immunoglobulinsare deposited at the neuromuscular junction and can be demonstrated immunohistochemically in muscle biopsies. Ref - Harrison's internal medicine 20e pg 3232

4

Acetyicholine

Acetyicholine Receptor Antigens

Acetyicholinesterase

Immunoglobulin

Medicine

Miscellaneous

e47deac8-6fdc-4480-8776-2e70f1de47ac

single

When one drug decreases or inhibits the action of other it is called-

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Antagonism Antagonismo When one drug decreases or inhibits the action of other.o Effect of drugs A + B < effect of drug A + effect of drug B.o Antagonism may be :PhysicalBased on physical property'ChemicalThe two drugs react chemically and form an inactive product.Physiological,functionalThe two drugs act on different receptors or by different mechanisms, but have opposite overt effects on the same physiological function ie have pharmacological effect in opposite direction.ReceptorThe antagonist interferes with binding of the agonist with its receptor or inhibits the generation of response consequent to such binding.

1

Antagonism

Agonism

Inverseagonism

Synergism

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

095a4b31-a636-4079-acaf-c2b33fe0ec74

multi

Best investigation to detect rupture of breast implant is

Linguine sign is seen in ruptured breast implant.

3

USG

Mammography

MRI

X - ray

Radiology

null

e672310b-7640-48ad-abbd-6b0c3993871b

single

Hypocalcemia in immediate post-op period following excision of parathyroid adenoma is due to

Hypocalcemia in immediate post-op period following excision of parathyroid adenoma is due to increased uptake by bones. It is known as Hungry Bone Syndrome

4

Stress

Hypercalciuria

Increased calcitonin

Increased uptake by bones

Physiology

All India exam

8dbda03b-f915-4a58-bd58-fe3ace15b88c

single

Gelle test is used for

Gelle&;s test is performed by placing a vibrating fork on the mastoid while changes in air pressure in the ear canal are brought about by Siegle&;s speculum. The test is positive in otosclerosis.Ref: Hazarika; 3rd ed; Pg 179

1

Otosclerosis

Noise-induced hearing loss

Sensorineural deafness

None of the above

ENT

Ear

248f9ca8-1ce6-4905-ab38-cc89bb2c988d

multi

Optimum minute ventilation is ensured by adjusting the following ventilation parameters

Minute ventilation is tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate.so these parameters must be adjusted to maintain optimum ventilation.

2

PEEP and FiO2

Tidal volume and respiratory rate

PEEP and respiratory rate

Tidal volume and PEEP

Anaesthesia

null

a10231ff-3aa3-4fb6-9021-bcb47e35d857

single

In Recurrent Chalazion histopathological examination is done to rule out

(Sebaceous cell carcinoma): (430- Nema 6th edition/457-Parson 21st)CHALAZION* Malignant changes occur but rare, However in all cases with recurrences or those occurring in elderly individuals the lesion should be biopsied to rule out a meibomian cell carcinoma. (444- Parson 21st/ed)* A recurring chalazion, histopathological examination to rule out adenocarcinoma of the meibomian gland* Meibomian gland carcinoma may be seen in elderly people (368- Khurana 5th/ed)Sebaceous gland carcinoma (385.Khurana 5th) - arising from meibomian glands. However Indian, literature reports the sebaceous gland carcinoma being the commonest malignancy of eyelid followed by basal and sequamous cell carcinoma.Common malignant tumours of the eyelidTypeCommon locationClinical featuresSpreadTherapyBasal cell carcinomaMedial canthus.lower lidNodule, central ulceration with pearly surface, telangiectasiaLocalResection, radiationSquamous cell carcinomaLower lid, from previous actinic keratosis- Ulcer with thickened margins, keratosis- PapillomatousLocal, lymph nodesResection, radiation cryotherapySebaceous cell carcinomaUpper lid- Nodule resembling chalazion, multifocal, females > males, recurrences commonLocal, intraeptielial, lymph nodesResection, cryotherapy exenterationMalignant melanomaPrevious nevi> 6 mm size pigmented lesion, vascularization, inflammationLocal, vascular, lymph nodesResction exnteration

3

Squamous cell Carcinoma

Adenoma carcinoma

Sebaceous cell carcinoma

Adenocystic carcinoma

Ophthalmology

Lid

8b199f11-d81e-4c29-9954-35d0580ca3e2

single

Auditory fatigue is seen at -

null

1

90 dB, 4000Hz

110 dB, 4000Hz

130 dB, 4000Hz

150 dB, 4000Hz

ENT

null

ce28bc79-6e65-4eab-ba0b-e16a5588b2fd

single

All are common sites of a berry aneurysm, EXCEPT-

Location of Berry aneurysms Berry aneurysms commonly arise at the bifurcation of major aeries. Approximately 85% of intracranial aneurysms arise on the anterior circulation, mostly on the circle of Willis. Three most common locations are: the terminal internal carotid aery middle cerebral aery bifurcation top of the basilar aery Ref : Harrison, 17/e p1726

2

Posterior cerebral aery

Veebral aery

Anterior cerebral aery

Middle cerebral aery

Surgery

Head and neck

4da74e0d-4aed-463a-a179-5529f86b570c

multi

Anticipation is seen in -

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Trinucleotide-repeat expansion Anticipation o Anticipation is a phenomenon where by the symptoms of a genetic disorders become apparent at an earlier age as it is passed to next generation. In most cases, an increased severity of symptoms is also noted. In triplet nucleotide repeat mutation, the DNA fragment is unstable and tends to expand fuher during cell division. So, in succesive generations the expanded repeat increases and the manifestations of disease may worsen or to be observed at an earlier age; this phenomenon is referred to as anticipation.

3

Translocation

Chromosome breaking

Trinucleotide-repeat expansion

Mitochondrial mutation

Pathology

null

2059bd87-c7ba-4645-99aa-6eac4fcadaf0

single

Which of the following has least GI toxicity ?

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Paracetamol o Paracetamol is one of the safest NSAIDs. It produces very little GI toxicity and can be administered in patients intolerant to other NSAIDs.

3

Indomethacin

Aspirin

Paracetamol

Phenylbutazone

Pharmacology

null

b74ffc88-c167-4ae5-8c1b-a0acb04d27d3

single

Maggots in nasal cavity are most commonly treated by-

Chloroform water or vapor must be instilled in order to anaesthetize or kill the maggots and so release their grip from the skin.

1

Chloroform diluted with water

Liquid paraffin

Systemic antibiotics

Lignocaine spray

ENT

null

d24c82ca-c626-424b-8c83-b86f9a98938e

single

Which is not a cause for Hamarlopia?

Peripheral coical cataract causes Nyctalopia. Central vitreous opacity, Congenital deficiency of cones and Central nuclear or polar cataracts can cause Hamarlopia (Day blindness). Ref: A K Khurana, 2nd Edition, Page 11.

3

Polar cataract

Congenital deficiency of cones

Peripheral coical cataract

Central corneal opacity

Ophthalmology

null

6564b97b-2f31-451a-8370-98ebccb7c23d

single

In "Thylstrup Fejereskov Index", 'Opaque white lines are more pronounced and frequently merge to form small cloudy areas scattered over the whole surface area', the score given is

null

1

2

4

6

7

Dental

null

afaccfd9-81f2-4147-8a87-02cdf3fc290e

multi

Study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities is

null

4

Economics

Bionomics

Socionomics

Ergonomics

Social & Preventive Medicine

null

8da4e818-d7f5-411d-be06-752596b99b64

single

Which of the following function is done by RNAi in a gene?

Ans. (c) Knock down(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 3-4)Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)*Short RNA sequences introduced experimentally into cells*Their action is similar to endogenous miRNAs.*Synthetic siRNAs targeted against specific mRNA have become useful laboratory tools to study gene function (so-called "knockdown technology")

3

Knock in

Knockout

Knockdown

Knock up

Pathology

Cellular Pathology

3d57c639-b165-4832-8b2d-a39c81a817e1

single

20 permanent teeth and 8 temporary teeth are seen at the age of :

A i.e. 10 years

1

10 years

11 years

9 years

12 years

Forensic Medicine

null

2b0fe1e7-4ed8-4dc6-9490-340cda5060aa

single

A reliable indicator of pubertal growth spurt on hand wrist films is sought as:

null

1

Ossification of adductor sessamoid

Appearance of hook of hamate

Ossification of all the carpal bones

Ossification of pisiform

Dental

null

8a7697a5-7d15-4d0c-b71e-dfcc457d5680

multi

Opioid antagonist that can be given orally –

Amongst opioid antagonists :- Naloxone is given iv or im, Nalmefene is given iv, im or sc, and Naltrexone is given orally.

1

Naltrexone

Naloxone

Nalbuphene

Pentazocine

Anaesthesia

null

328ab9ff-21d5-4e94-b8cf-0bf9e1df67d8

multi

A 3year old boy presented with recurrent attacks of pneumonia and otitis media since 1st bihday. Diagnosis is X-linked agammaglobulinemia and most likely offending organism is

X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIAPatients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), or Bruton agammaglobulinemia, have a profound defect in B-lymphocyte development resulting in severe hypogammaglobulinemia, an absence of circulating B cells, small to absent tonsils, and no palpable lymph nodes.Clinical ManifestationsMost boys afflicted with XLA remain well during the 1st 6-9 mo of life by viue of maternally transmitted IgG antibodies. Thereafter, they acquire infections with extracellular pyogenic organisms, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, unless they are given prophylactic antibiotics or immunoglobulin therapy. Infections include sinusitis, otitis media, pneumonia, or, less often, sepsis or meningitis. Infections with Mycoplasma are also paicularly problematic. Chronic fungal infections are seen; Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia rarely occurs. Viral infections are usually handled normally with the exceptions of hepatitis viruses and enterovirusesReference: Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics; 20th edition; Chapter 124; Primary Defects of Antibody Production

4

CMV

Mycoplasma

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Streptococcus pneumonia

Pediatrics

Respiratory system

67b8f411-49ef-4594-9a22-8c557996c2a6

single

The most common cyst of the oral region is -

Ans. (d) Periapical cystRef: Scott-Browns Otorhinolaryngology 7/e p 1924-1925Periapical Cyst (Radicular Cyst)* MC type of Jaw cyst* Inflammatory origin* Found at the apex of teeth.* Result in long standing Pulpitis.* Removal of irritant material and tooth extraction.

4

Dentigerous cyst

Keratosis cyst

Dermoid cyst

Periapical cyst

Surgery

Oral Cavity

256c76e7-f0c9-4e20-ae5b-db6dcfacd848

single

Which of the following is true regarding weakness in myasthenia gravis?

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorder characterized by weakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles. The underlying defect is a decrease in the number of available acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at NMJs due to an antibody-mediated autoimmune attack. If weakness remains restricted to the EOMs for 3 years, it is likely that it will not become generalized, and these patients are said to have ocular MG. The limb weakness in MG is often proximal and may be asymmetric. Despite the muscle weakness, deep tendon reflexes are preserved. If ventilatory weakness becomes requires respiratory assistance, the patient is said to be in crisis. The diagnosis is suspected on the basis of weakness and fatigability in the typical distribution described above, without loss of reflexes or impairment of sensation or other neurologic function. Ref harrison 20th edition page 3232, 3233

1

Only skeletal muscles are involved

Deep tendon reflexes are lost

Associated with sensory loss

Associated with some degree of altered sensorium

Medicine

C.N.S

945e4683-c4a2-49b4-8261-c4bc2cab35ad

multi