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Sweat glands receives cholinergic innervation from
|
(B) Post ganglionic sympathetic > On the basis of chemical mediator released, ANS can be divided into- Cholinergic Noradrenergic All preganglionic neurons Remaining post ganglionic sympathetic neurons Anatomically sympathetic post Ganglionic neurons which innervate sweat glands Anatomically sympathetic neurons which end on blood vessels and skeletal muscles (Sympathetic vasodilators)
| 2 |
Pre-gangl ionic para-sympathetic
|
Post ganglionic sympathetic
|
Preganglionic sympathetic
|
Post ganglionic parasympathetic
|
Physiology
|
Nervous System
|
7d40abb2-4296-459a-8dd5-b46f2776982d
|
single
|
Commonest cause of pyometra is :
|
Carcinoma cervix
| 2 |
Carcinoma endometrium
|
Carcinoma cervix
|
Carcinoma vagina
|
Uterine myoma
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
918adf73-f101-4abd-8265-ae6abf56584a
|
single
|
Periodontitis is caused by
| null | 3 |
Malnutrition
|
Supra gingival plaque
|
Bio-film
|
Faulty tooth brushing
|
Dental
| null |
13bda90e-8693-4ca3-bbae-4ee974353501
|
single
|
All of the following are conditions associated with negative nitrogen balance, EXCEPT:
|
Healthy adults will be at a state of nitrogen equilibrium, i.e. nitrogen intake = Nitrogen excreted. A high protein intake does not lead to positive nitrogen balance since high-protein intake also leads to protein degradation. Large intake of proteins is not advised since protein synthesis and protein degradation are energy-expensive processes. Positive Nitrogen Balance Negative nitrogen balance Intake is more than loss (Nitrogenintake > nitrogen excreted) Childhood growth Pregnancy Lactation Recovery after illness (Convalescence) Anabolic steroid intake Loss is more than the intake (Nitrogen excreted > Nitrogen intake) Infection Surgery Burns Trauma Malnutrition Hypehyroidism, Cushing syndrome
| 2 |
Burns
|
Convalescence
|
Infection
|
Malnutrition
|
Biochemistry
|
Classification and metabolism of amino acids
|
0a608359-7d3a-4694-8611-f855b9800234
|
multi
|
Highest concentration in extracellular compartment is of which ion-
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Na+ ComponentExtracellular fluid (ECF) (meq/1)Intracellular fluid (ICF) (meq/l)Na+K+C1-HCO3-Mg+2Ca+2PO4-21425.5103281[?]22[?]5414150410580 0001 75Protein (organic anion)5 (2g%)40 (16g %)
| 1 |
Na+
|
K+
|
Cl-
|
Ca2+
|
Physiology
|
Body Fluids
|
e4294802-7b06-4c2c-9f6b-87886f26c028
|
single
|
Which of the following is non poisoning snake ?
|
Viper, Kraft and sea snake are poisons snakes.
Rat snake is non-poisonous snake.
| 4 |
Viper
|
Krait
|
Sea snake
|
Rat snake
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
a94eb610-9f37-425e-8a73-32628d85d81e
|
single
|
All the following drugs are hallucinogens except
|
Pentostatin is an anticancer drug Hallucinogens-LSD,Phencyclidine,ketamine,mescaline etc Ref: Essentials of postgraduate psychiatry By JN Vyas 1st ed Pg. 326
| 4 |
Mescaline
|
Phencyclidine
|
Ketamine
|
Pentostatin
|
Psychiatry
|
Substance abuse
|
0d30d72e-7552-43fc-8684-e133d7dee8b3
|
multi
|
Pure opioid antagonist:
|
Ans. A. NaloxoneNaloxone, naltrexone and nalmefene are potent mu receptor antagonist with significant blocking action on kappa and delta. Naloxone is short acting and naltrexone is long acting. Naloxone is drug of choice for acute opioid poisoning. Naltrexone is used for maintenance therapy for opioid poisoning.
| 1 |
Naloxone
|
Buprenorphine
|
Pentazocine
|
Morphine
|
Pharmacology
|
C.N.S
|
39bd477e-d3df-41bd-a51f-b2f264aa6d3e
|
single
|
Which of the following is false about fibroadenoma?
|
Fibroadenomas are benign tumors usually seen in young females.
These are encapsulated and move freely within breast so they are called mouse in the breast.
| 4 |
Benign
|
Painless
|
Occurs in young females
|
Not capsulated
|
Surgery
| null |
3a134574-10b5-4090-b738-5adf41036af9
|
multi
|
Hormone-sensitive lipase is inhibited by
|
Anti-lipolytic EffectInsulin inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue due to inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase.The increased level of FFA in plasma in diabetes is due to the loss of this inhibitory effect on lipolysis.Ref: DM Vasudevan - Textbook of Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 283
| 2 |
Thyroid homone
|
Insulin
|
GH
|
ACTH
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of lipid
|
37cf72a4-4c01-4f94-9153-0a36ad5f0a1f
|
single
|
All of the following are known complication of pancreatitis except?
|
Pancreatic malignancy is not a complication of acute pancreatitis. The other complications of acute pancreatitis are pancreatic pseudocyst, intraperitoneal haemorrhage, pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumonia, ARDS, DIC, peptic ulcer disease, erosive gastritis, poal vein thrombosis, oliguria, azotaemia, acute tubular necrosis, hyperglycaemia, hypocalcaemia, fat emboli, Puscher's retinopathy, hyperiglyceridaemia etc.
| 3 |
Pancreatic abscess
|
Colonic necrosis
|
Pancreatic malignancy
|
Pancreatic fistula
|
Surgery
| null |
83deddbb-24c4-44e6-86b4-7cf59cc80385
|
multi
|
Which of the following is NOT a live attenuated vaccine?
| null | 4 |
Tuberculosis (BCG)
|
Typhoid
|
Varicella Zoster virus
|
Cholera
|
Microbiology
| null |
36108e33-8733-49ab-8acc-463ffed90088
|
single
|
100 % bioavailability is seen with which route
|
• Bioavailability is defined as the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation following administration by any route.
In case a drug is given orally, the bioavailability shall be less than 100%. This is due to
■ The incomplete extent of absorption
■ First pass metabolism
Routes of Administration, Bioavailability, and General Characteristics
| 2 |
Oral
|
Intravenous
|
Rectal
|
Subcutaneous
|
Pharmacology
| null |
9ded5cd7-c3dc-43c8-bde8-f34871c9bee7
|
single
|
Plasma volume is measured by
|
Plasma volume is measured using dyes like Evans blue that bind specifically to plasma proteins. It will not diffuse into the interstitium. (REF: TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY GEETHA N 2 EDITION, PAGE NO - 62)
| 2 |
Inulin
|
Evans blue
|
Mannitol
|
D2O
|
Physiology
|
General physiology
|
578fe72a-2a0c-4152-8f4c-9f163b589e2d
|
single
|
Scaling and root planning is performed
| null | 1 |
As initial treatment
|
Post surgically
|
In only gingival enlargements
|
after only antibiotics
|
Dental
| null |
24a7f153-7bb3-4ed9-b370-f8b09122cbf0
|
multi
|
Orbital lesions of childhood include all of the following except
|
Meningiomas: These are invasive tumours arising from the arachnoidal villi. Meningiomas invading the orbit are of two types: primary and secondary. (a) Primary intraorbital meningiomas: These are also known as 'optic nerve sheath meningiomas'. These produce early visual loss associated with limitation of ocular movements, optic disc oedema or atrophy, and a slowly progressive unilateral proptosis. During the intradural stage, it is clinically indistinguishable from optic nerve glioma. However, the presence of opticociliary shunt is pathognomonic of an optic nerve sheath meningioma. (b) Secondary orbital meningiomas: Those intracranial meningiomas which secondarily invade the orbit either arise from the sphenoid bone or involve it en route to the orbit. Orbital invasion may occur through : floor of anterior cranial fossa, superior orbital fissure and optic canal. Meningioma enplaque, affecting the greater and lesser wings of sphenoid and taking origin in the region of pterion, is the most common variety affecting the orbit secondarily. These tumours typically occur in middle- aged women. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-395,396
| 2 |
Cavernous haemangioma
|
Secondary orbital meningioma
|
Neurofibroma
|
Lymphangioma
|
Ophthalmology
|
Tumors
|
175fd2d0-f0da-4e01-a8cd-9752b9238e00
|
multi
|
Predictable and dose related drug induced hepatic injury is seen with all, EXCEPT:
|
There are two major types of chemical hepatotoxicity Direct toxicity-Predictable with sho latent period Idiosyncratic-Not predictable and it can happen at any time Examples of direct hepatotoxic effects Carbon tetrachloride Acetaminophen OCP INH causes idiosyncratic type reaction Hepatitis is infrequent and unpredictable Ref: Harrison, Edition-18, Page-2558
| 3 |
Carbon tetrachloride
|
Acetaminophen
|
INH
|
Oral contraceptive agent
|
Pharmacology
| null |
5f65deef-86a7-446b-a481-7744ceca3516
|
multi
|
Alpha waves are typically seen in which of the following states:
|
Alpha waves are typically seen in a relaxed yet awake state. Alpha waves are one type of brain waves detected either by electroencephalography (EEG) that predominantly originate from the occipital lobe during wakeful relaxation with closed eyes. Alpha waves are reduced when eyes are opened (patient becomes ale : transition to Beta waves) or when patient drifts into sleep (Transition to Theta waves) Waves State Associated states Gamma waves Frequency: 32-100 Hz Conscious, Highly focused Heightened perception, Heightened learning & problem-solving tasks Beta waves Frequency: 13-32 Hz (Fast Dyschronous Activity) Conscious ale Active thinking (Active conversation; Making decisions; solving a problem; Focusing on a task; Learning a new concept Alpha Waves Frequency: 8-13 Hz (Synchronous Activity) Conscious Relaxed (Relaxed Awake with eyes closed) Physically and mentally relaxed They become detectable when the eyes are closed and the mind is relaxed They may also often be going during activities such as Yoga; mild meditation and visualisation Theta waves Frequency: 4-8 Hz (Slow rhythmic Activity) Reduced Consciousness Creativity, insight, dreams, reduced consciousness Most frequently, Theta waves are strongly detectable when we&;re dreaming in our sleep Deep Meditation and Dreaming Also in Day-dreaming Seen in Stage-1 NREM sleep Seen in REM sleep (Dreaming) Humans aroused at a time when they show the EEG characteristics of REM sleep generally repo that they were dreaming Delta waves Frequency : 0.5-4 Hz (Large Rhythmic Activity) Unconscious state Deep sleep (Dreamless) These are the slowest of all brain waves, and are strongest when we are enjoying restorative sleep in a dreamless state. Typically seen in NREM Sleep stage III and IV Ref: Guton and Hall 25th edition
| 2 |
Deep sleep
|
Relaxed awake
|
Awake ale
|
Highly focused
|
Physiology
|
Nervous system
|
eb3d461d-c537-437f-8e52-e6d29fca2281
|
multi
|
What is the cause of death in dry drowning
|
In cases of dry drowning, water does not enter the lungs, but death results due to laryngeal spasm. Larugeal spasm occurs when there is sudden-in-rush of water into nasopharynx and larynx.
| 4 |
Cardiac arrhythmia
|
Pulmonary edema
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Laryngeal spasm
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
d5da00bb-dc43-4894-af85-f24ffa0bf873
|
single
|
Treatment of tinea versicolor
|
itraconazole is used to treat pityriasis versicolor, a suggested regimen is 200 mg/d for 7 days, with a minimum cumulative dose of at least 1000 mg being required for effective therapy. Four weeks after the sta of therapy, cure rates of 80% to 90% have been repoed.
| 2 |
Fluticasone
|
Itraconazole
|
Oleamine oil
|
Turbinafin
|
Dental
|
Fungal infections, Scabies, Pediculosis
|
bc5542f4-840f-4065-8127-5f4604f55676
|
single
|
Topical antifungal used in treatment of Taenia carports
|
(Tolnaftate) (766-KDT 6th)Topical antifungal agents -Tolnaftate, Undecylenic acid, Benzoic acid, Quiniodochlor, Ciclopirox, Olamine, Sodium thiosulfateTolnaftate - effective drug for T. cruris and T. carporis - most cases respond in 1-3 weeks, because of poor penetrability it is less effective in T. pedis and other hyperkeratinized lesions* for the same reason it is ineffective in T. capitis-involving scalp and tinea unguim-involving nails
| 1 |
Tolnaftate
|
Itraconazole
|
Fluconazole
|
Griseofulvin
|
Medicine
|
Infection
|
77f0c07e-e3b4-43d4-a885-5cc5e9fb0118
|
single
|
Vein located in anterior interventricular sulcus -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Great cardiac vein Coronary (Atrioventricular) sulcusGreat cardiac vein, coronary sinus, Small cardiac vein, RCA, LCX.Anterior interventricular sulcusGreat cardiac vein, left anterior descending (interventricular) artery.Posterior interventricular sulcusMiddle cardiac vein, Posterior interventricular branch of RCA.
| 1 |
Great cardiac vein
|
Coronary sinus
|
Middle cardiac vein
|
Small cardiac vein
|
Anatomy
|
Pericardium & Heart
|
46a1bc47-75c2-47f0-866b-76ea04847995
|
multi
|
One of the drug is beta lactamase inhibitor:
| null | 2 |
Ampicillin
|
Sulbactum
|
Cloxacillin
|
Pencillin G
|
Pharmacology
| null |
86dae680-9e94-4989-ad0e-902fd2849c1a
|
single
|
Anaesthesia used in microlaryngoscopy is –
|
Actually, no option is absolutely correct. However, option 'c' is the best one.
Option a & b can be excluded as In microlaryngoscopy tube of smaller diameter (4-6 mm) are used.
Option 'd' can be excluded as microlaryngoscopy is done either in local or general anaesthesia (not in sedation).
Now we are left with option 'c'. Pollard tube was the earliest tube which was used for Microlaryngoscopy. However, newer and better tubes are now available.
| 3 |
Pollarad tube of 10 mm diameter with heavy sedation
|
Pollarad tube of 15 mm diameter with topical xylocaine
|
Pollarad tube with infiltration block
|
Heavy sedation on and endotracheal intubation
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
065a39fe-29a9-490f-9814-b8c8b980ae01
|
single
|
Triad of renal colic, swelling in loin which disappears after passing urine is called:
|
Ans. (c) Dietel's crisisRef: Bailey 26th Edition, Page 1293Dietel's Crisis: (Intermittent Hydronephrosis)* Swelling in loin with pain* Swelling disappears with pain also disappears* Large volume of urine passed
| 3 |
Kocher's triad
|
Saint's triad
|
Dietel's crisis
|
Charcot's triad
|
Surgery
|
Kidney & Ureturs
|
3e77fea2-187b-4418-967a-80420d989052
|
multi
|
In case of spasticity, the drug not used is :
| null | 4 |
Diazepam
|
Baclofen
|
Tizanidine
|
Amitryptiline
|
Pharmacology
| null |
035127dc-26d5-4f21-9ffe-8ba99ff61605
|
single
|
Nitric oxide is produced from?
|
ANSWER: (A) EndotheliumREF: Guyton's physiology 22nd edition page 199Nitric oxide should not be confused with nitrous oxide (N2O), an anesthetic and greenhouse gas, or with nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a brown toxic gas and a major air pollutant.Nitric oxide, known as the endothelium-derived relaxing factor, or 'EDRF', is biosynthesized endogenously from L-arginine, oxygen and NAD PH by various nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. Reduction of inorganic nitrate may also serve to make nitric oxide. The endothelium (inner lining) of blood vessels uses nitric oxide to signal the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, thus resulting in vasodilation and increasing blood flow.
| 1 |
Endothelium
|
RBC
|
Platelets
|
Lymphocytes
|
Physiology
|
Circulation: Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
|
e12c7f2e-4b94-4b5e-9c42-f0cf03aa7a5b
|
single
|
All the following are sporicidal agents except
|
Alcohol acts on bacteria fungi and some enveloped viruses but not spores.
| 4 |
Autoclave
|
Formaldehyde
|
Ethylene oxide
|
Alcohol
|
Microbiology
| null |
912c2dfb-8cc9-40c3-bf13-7491a545679c
|
multi
|
All are the phases of child sexual abuse except :
|
Bargainingis the stage of dying , not included in phase of child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse =Sexual behavior between achild and an adult or between two children when one of them is significantly older or uses coercion. =Phases Engagement: Sexual interaction Secrecy Disclosure Suppression
| 4 |
Engagement
|
Sexual interaction
|
Secrecy
|
Bargaining
|
Psychiatry
|
Child Psychiatry
|
8164d0f0-3070-4348-802a-9b81c3654945
|
multi
|
Dialysis allows for the exchange of particles across a semipermeable membrane by which of the following actions?
|
Osmosis allows for the removal of fluid from the blood by allowing it to pass through the semipermeable membrane to an area of high concentrate (dialysate), and diffusion allows for passage of particles (electrolytes, urea, and creatinine) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Option B: Fluid passes to an area with a higher solute concentration.
Option C: The pores of a semipermeable membrane are small, thus preventing the flow of blood cells and protein molecules through it.
| 1 |
Osmosis and diffusion
|
Passage of fluid toward a solution with a lower solute concentration
|
Allowing the passage of blood cells and protein molecules through it.
|
Passage of solute particles toward a solution with a higher concentration.
|
Pathology
| null |
6029a6fb-2261-4a51-9f01-0af6cadb300e
|
multi
|
Not a x-ray feature of rheumatoid arthritis
| null | 4 |
Subchondral cysts
|
Subchondral osteopenia
|
Subchondral swelling
|
Osteophytes
|
Orthopaedics
| null |
2fda8187-c60b-4ea2-993e-1336ea82aab1
|
single
|
Long–term antipsychotic use may cause:
| null | 4 |
Depression
|
Mania
|
Schizophrenia
|
Tardive dyskinesia
|
Pharmacology
| null |
1e6c631b-b20e-49f8-bf95-9455483a9507
|
single
|
Villous polyp of rectum manifest -
|
• Villous adenoma causes profuse watery diarrhea and hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia and metabolic acidosis.
• Best treatment: Submucosal resection endoscopically or surgically (Provided cancerous change has been excluded).
| 2 |
Bleeding PR
|
Mucus diarrhoea with hypokalemia
|
Prolapse rectum
|
Obstruction
|
Surgery
| null |
9de7c98d-96fc-44fa-9c76-a0fadc9465a4
|
single
|
The best way to cultivate M.Leprae is
|
M.Leprae can be cultivable in both Nine banded armadillo and foot pad of mice. But Nine banded armadillo > foot pad of mice.
| 1 |
Nine banded armadillo
|
Foot pad of mice
|
Tissue culture
|
Guinea pig
|
Microbiology
| null |
837f5204-1804-4d33-9acd-d3deba9979c6
|
single
|
Dietary lipids are transported from intestine in -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Chylomicrons o Dietry (exogenous) triglycerides are transported from intestine to various tissues by chylomicrons. In these tissues, LPL (in blood vessels) hydrolyses TGs into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are taken up by tissues for their use. The chylomicron is converted to chylomicron remnants, which carry the remaining dietary lipids (cholesterol, remaining TGs) to liver.o So, the starting point of chylomicrons is intestine from where they take dietary lipids. Final destination is liver. Between, starting point (intestine) and final destination (liver) chylomicrons supply TGs to various tissues (which contain lipoprotein lipase in their blood vessels).
| 1 |
Chylomicrons
|
VLDL
|
LDL
|
HDL
|
Biochemistry
|
Cholesterol and Lipoproteins
|
fce26ef1-23ba-40fe-8c04-ff63e62acd93
|
single
|
In a UK study, it was found that there were more deaths from Asthma than the sale of Anti-asthma drugs. This is an example of
| null | 3 |
Cohort study
|
Case reference study
|
Ecological study
|
Experimental study
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
6acb3025-cd0b-4f58-a00c-956af77cccc2
|
single
|
Intracavitary electrocardiography is a diagnostic aid in-
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve Four chambered view in two dimension echocardiogram is diagnostic as it outlines the displaced tricuspid valve.
| 4 |
Tricuspid regurgitation
|
Endocardial fibroelastosis
|
Endomyocardial fibrosis
|
Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve
|
Pediatrics
| null |
7392185a-c072-420a-8bf7-84e7d15eecfb
|
single
|
Requirement of Potassium in child is
|
Requirement of potassium in child is 1-2 mEq/kg . Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition
| 1 |
1-2 mEq/kg
|
4-7 mEq/kg
|
10-12 mEq/kg
|
13-14 mEq/kg
|
Pediatrics
|
Fluid and electrolytes
|
ef21f5cb-63db-4534-ac68-b251471a45d7
|
single
|
Proteins are separated on the basis of size by
|
The most widely used method for determining the purity of a protein is SDS - PAGE - Poly-acryl-amide gel-electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Electrophoresis separates charged bio-molecules based on the rates at which they migrate in an applied electrical field.Since the charge-to-mass ratio of each SDS polypeptide complex is approximately equal, the physical resistance each peptide encounters as it moves through the acrylamide matrix determines the rate of migration. Since large complexes encounter greater resistance, polypeptides separate based on their relative molecular mass (M), Individual polypeptides trapped in the acrylamide gel are visualized by staining with dyes such as Coomassie blue.Ref: Harper 28th Ed. Page-23, Harper 27th Ed. Page: 24
| 1 |
SDS - PAGE
|
HPLC
|
Affinity Chromatography
|
Ion-exchange Chromatography
|
Biochemistry
|
Structure and function of protein
|
67cbedc0-cc76-4d09-8a49-2165b9b856d7
|
single
|
Myositis ossificans is an example of
|
Answer- C. MetaplasiaMetaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another differentiated cell typel. Epithelial metaplasia2. Connective tissue metaplasiaThis transformation occurs between the mesodermally derived tissues i.e., one type of connective tissue is replaced by another type ofconnective tissue.This is characterized by conversion of fibroblast - derived soft tissue into muscle, Cailage or bone.Example - Bone formation in muscle i.e., myositis ossificans.
| 3 |
Hyperophy
|
Hyperplasia
|
Metaplasia
|
Both hyperplasia & hyperophy
|
Pathology
| null |
7ae48d38-3687-4d1f-adbb-b83202f7a966
|
multi
|
Hoffa fracture is _____:
|
Ans. D. Coronal fracture of the posterior part of the femoral condylesCoronal fractures of the posterior condyle (AO type B3) are called Hoffa fractures.Hoffa fragments are more commonly unicondylar and usually originate from the lateral femoral condyle. They can be occasionally bicondylar.Note: Hoffa's syndrome is the affection of the infra-patellar fat pad due to direct trauma to the anterior knee.
| 4 |
Stellate patella fracture
|
Metaphyseo-diaphyseal dissociation of the proximal tibia
|
Medial collateral ligament avulsion from the femur
|
Coronal fracture of the posterior part of the femoral condyles
|
Orthopaedics
|
Injuries Around the Thigh & Knee
|
9864b853-a2b2-472e-ac6b-7a08d4b647e2
|
single
|
Ovary develop from :
|
Genital ridge Friends, I am giving you a very impoant tabls. Many questions can be solvod trom lhis very table. Male and female derivatives of embryonic urogenital structures. Embryonic structures Derivatives Male Female Labioscrotal swelling Scrotumo Labia majorao Urogenilal folds Ventral aspect ot penis Labia minora Geniial tubercleo Peniso Clitoriso Urogenital sinus Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Urethra except navicular lossa Urethral and paraurethral glands Prostate gland Vagina Prostatic utricle Baholin's glands Bulbo-uretheral glands ParamesoneDhric duct Appendix of tesies Hvdatid ol moroaoni. uterus. cewix fallopian tubes Mesonephric duct Ductus eoididvmis Duct of epoophoron Garlner's cvsl Seminal vesiclos Mesonephric tubules Ductuli etterentes Epoophoron Paradidymis Paraoophoron Undifferenliated gonads/ Testis Ovary Genital / gonadal ridge Coex Seminiferous tubules Ovarian tollicle Medulla Rete testis Rete ovarii Gubernaculum Gubernaculum testis Ovarian ligament Round ligament Also know : Germ cells are of endodermal origin and migrate from yolk sac to genital ridge between 20 - 30 days.deg Until the seventh week of development gonads do not develop male or female characteristic (i.e. are bipotential in nature).deg SRY gene located on the sho arm of Y chromosome, directly control the development of testis from the bipotential gonads.deg In a XX individual, without the active influence of Y chromosome, the bipotential gonad develops into an ovary two weeks later than testicular development.deg
| 2 |
Mullerian duct
|
Genital ridge
|
Genital tubercle
|
Mesonephric duct
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
c6978af4-ff14-4c60-bece-3058b187cb20
|
single
|
Most common malignancy in maxillary antrum is -
|
More than 80% of the malignant tumors of paransal sinus and of nose are of squamous cell variety. Rest are Adenocarcinoma, Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Melanoma and various types of sarcomas.
Maxillary sinus is the most frequently involved sinus. Other sites in decreasing order are nasal cavity, ethmoid sinuses, frontal and sphenoid sinus.
| 4 |
Muco-epidermoid Carcinoma
|
Adeno cystic Ca
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
Squamous cell Ca
|
ENT
| null |
8fc9b5a1-d960-47a6-a0ac-0e20695c7103
|
single
|
45 Year old homeless man has chronic cough and cavitatory lesion of lungs. His sputum is positive for acid fast bacilli which of the following is the peripheral form of defense by which his body fights this infection -
|
Infection with the tubercle bacilli induces cell mediated immunity which manifests as delayed hypersensitivity and resistance to infection (immunity ). The only specific immune mechanism effective against tubercle bacilli is cell mediated type. The helper T cell gets activated, releasing cytokines such as interferon gamma, interleukin 1 and 2, toxic necrosis factor alpha that exes different biological effects. Reference : Anathanarayan & paniker's 9th edition, pg no:350 <\p>
| 2 |
Antibody mediated
|
Cell mediated hypersensitivity
|
Ig A mediated hypersensitivity
|
Ig E mediated hypersensitivity
|
Microbiology
|
Immunology
|
e51093cc-6d41-4b2e-a293-ab4c40d2fec1
|
single
|
The contents of the paralingual space do NOT include the?
|
The paralingual space is a space inside the floor of the mouth. It is bounded by the mylohyoid muscle, the lateral tongue, the hyoid bone, and the oral mucosa. The paralingual space contains the deep poion of the submandibular gland, the lingual nerve and submandibular ganglion, the sublingual gland and fold, and the hypoglossal nerve. The lingual aery is not in the paralingual space.
| 2 |
Hypoglossal nerve
|
Lingual aery
|
Lingual nerve
|
Submandibular gland
|
Anatomy
| null |
74e13256-2322-44a2-8a8f-fcdb1d0c0916
|
single
|
Claw hand is caused by damage to?
|
Ans. a (Ulnar nerve). (Ref. Maheshwari, Orthopaedics, 2nd ed., 51)# Claw hand means hyperextension at metacarpophalangeal joints & flexion at the proximal & distal interphalangeal joints. This occurs due to paralysis of the lumbricals, which flex the metacarpo-phalangeal joint & extends the interphalangeal joints.# Paradoxically clawing is more marked in lower ulnar nerve palsy than in high due to the latter, flexor of the fingers (both the finger flexors) are also paralysed.# In ulnar nerve palsy only the medial 2 fingers develop clawing while all 4 fingers develops clawing in combined median & ulnar nerve palsies. NerveMuscle groupFunctional deficit or sign1.Long thoracicSerratus anteriorWinging scapula2.SuprsascapularInfraspinatus, SupraspinatusDifficulty in initiating arm abduction3.AxillaryDeltoid and teres minorInability to fully abduct arm4. Extensors of forearms, wrist proximal phalangesLoss of arm extension, loss of forearms extension, supination, es. and thumb abduction, loss of wrist extension (wrist drop), loss of proximal phalangeal extension and thumb extension.Saturday night palsy5.MusculocutaneousFlexors of arm and forearmWeak arm and forearm flexion,weak forearm supination.6.MedianWrist and hand flexors thenar muscles,Paralysis of flexor, pronator, and inability to fully flex the index and middle fingers, (sign of benediction), "pointing index finger", labourer's nerve7.UlnarWrist and hand flexorsInability to extend the distal and middle phalanges (clawhand); loss of thumb abduction, froment sign positiveTardy ulnar palsy- cubitus valgus.
| 1 |
Ulnar nerve
|
Radial nerve
|
Medial nerve
|
Axillary nerve
|
Orthopaedics
|
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
|
15b5a9e1-27c1-4385-a3af-339f39a8d62e
|
single
|
All of the following structures passes through deep inguinal ring, EXCEPT:
|
Deep inguinal ring: The deep (internal) inguinal ring is the beginning of the inguinal canal and is at a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis. It is just above the inguinal ligament and immediately lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels. It is the beginning of the tubular evagination of transversalis fascia that forms one of the coverings (the internal spermatic fascia) of the spermatic cord in men or the round ligament of the uterus in women. Ref: Gray's Basic Anatomy By Richard Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M. Mitchell, 2012, Page 144.
| 4 |
Spermatic cord
|
Internal spermatic fascia
|
Round ligament
|
Ilio inguinal nerve
|
Anatomy
| null |
f65aadec-5cf5-4be8-81e7-c81fcaa7ff36
|
multi
|
Which is not a mechanism of action of corrosive poison
|
Corrosives - mechanism of action - Corrosive poison erodes the surface in contact by extracting water from local tissue, coagulation of protein, conve hemoglobin to hematin.
| 1 |
Free radical oxidative injury
|
Extracting water from tissues
|
Coagulation of proteins
|
Conve haemoglobin to hematin
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Toxicology - 1
|
c537e5d7-a4a1-41a2-ba27-4faf728f5b96
|
single
|
The single most common cause of Neonatal meningitis is
|
(A) Group B streptococcus # Group-B streptococcus has assumed great clinical importance as the single most common cause of neonatal meningitis in the West.> Infection in the new born is classified as the early onset type occurring within a week of birth & the late onset type developing between the 2nd and 12th weeks of life.> More common early onset type presents as septicemia meningitis or pneumonia, and is often fatal> Infection is acquired from the maternal vagina during birth> In the late onset type, infection is more often obtained from the environment.
| 1 |
Group B streptococcus
|
Haemophilus
|
Meningococcus
|
Mycobacterium
|
Microbiology
|
Misc.
|
8fa176f7-f3ce-4f6f-b929-b7f58f6f2c3b
|
single
|
Normal excretion of protein in urine per day is:
|
A i.e. 100 mgThe amount of protein in urine is normally less than 100ing/ dayQ. Most of this is not filtered and comes from shed tubular cells.
| 1 |
100 mg
|
150 mg
|
400 mg
|
600 mg
|
Physiology
| null |
9fd5133a-1702-49eb-a501-21ace476cf51
|
single
|
Agent used for dilatation of pupil in children is
|
A i.e. Atropine
| 1 |
Atropine
|
Homatropine
|
Tropicamide
|
Phenylephrine
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
ce079c46-08a3-4cc4-a346-257a213781f2
|
single
|
A man had infection with Extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) Klebsiela pneumonae is staed with cefotaxim plus amikacin therapy. On culture sensitivity after 48 hrs ESBL Klebsiela were found. Which of the following would be the best next course of action?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Sta imipenem therapy in place of ceftriaxone Carbapenems like imipenem are the only beta lactams reliably efficacious against ESBL producing bacteria. Drugs used for ESBL producing bacteria are: A) beta-lactamase inhibitor combination o Clavulinic acid +Amoxcillin Clavulanic acid + Ticarcillin o Sulbactam + ampicillin o Tazobactam + piperacillin B) Cefamycins Cefoxitin, Cefotetan Carbapenems : Imipenem, meropenem
| 3 |
Continue with same antibiotic but in higher dose
|
Change ceftriaxone to ceftazidime
|
Sta imipenem therapy in place of ceftriaxone
|
Change Amikacin to Quinolones
|
Pharmacology
| null |
30abecb7-d754-4a38-bd37-8bc12e8ead0e
|
single
|
Which of these is the best way to transport a newborn with maintenance of warm temperature?
|
Ans. D. Kangaroo Mother CareThe Kangaroo mother care (KMC) was first developed in Columbia in the 1970s and has since been one of the best methods for maintenance of the warm temperature of a newborn. It is also recommended during neonatal transport to maintain the neonatal temperature.
| 4 |
Transport incubators
|
Hot bottles
|
Thermo Cool boxes
|
Kangaroo mother care
|
Pediatrics
|
New Born Infants
|
065ae33d-8558-4c10-a863-d03b6ae888f1
|
single
|
Psammoma bodies are seen in:
|
Ans. A: Papillary carcinoma of thyroid A psammoma body is a round collection of calcium, seen microscopically. The term is derived from the Greek word psammos meaning "sand." Psammoma bodies are commonly seen in ceain tumors such as: Papillary thyroid carcinoma Papillary renal cell carcinoma Serous papillary ovarian adenocarcinoma (cystadenocarcinoma) Endometrial adenocarcinomas (Papillary serous carcinoma -3%-4%) Meningioma Mesothelio ma Psammoma bodies usually have a laminar appearance.
| 1 |
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
|
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
|
Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid
|
Lymphoma of thyroid
|
Surgery
| null |
a5c6b1fd-dc38-4cbb-865c-6901edf3113f
|
single
|
Most common cause of acute retention of urine in child of 2 year age -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Meatal ulceratin with scabing o Dont get confuse by option 'a' ? Though posterior urethral valve is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy in children, it does not cause acute retention. It usually presents with chronic obstructive symptoms weak urinary stream, distended bladder, uremia or sepsis caused by infection in the obstructed urinary tract. o Meatal ulceration with scabbing can cause acute retention of urine. o Urethral stone may cause obstruction, but the most common presentation is hematuria with or without pain.
| 3 |
Posterior urethral valve
|
Duplication of renal pelvis
|
Meatal ulceration with scabbing
|
Urethral stones
|
Pediatrics
| null |
4c7eac94-1508-40c3-b92f-4a6ead6a3c09
|
single
|
The common causative agent in diarrhea in AIDS patients is -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Cryptosporidium
| 2 |
Toxoplasma
|
Cryptosporidium
|
Salmonellae
|
Mycobacteria
|
Microbiology
| null |
ac4e8640-5039-43da-9989-f10e6d50aeaa
|
single
|
RPGN is characterized by:
|
Ref: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th editionExplanation:RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE (CRESCENTIC. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (RPGN)RPGN is form of severe glomerular injury which does not denote to a specific etiologyit is characterized clinically bv rapid and progressive loss of renal function associated with severe oliguria and signs of nephritic syndromeIf untreated, death from renal failure occurs within weeks to months.The most common histologic picture is the presence of crescents in most of the glomeruli (crescentic glomerulonephritisThese crescents are produced by the proliferation of the parietal epithelial cells lining Bowman capsule and by the infiltration of monocytes and macrophages.Classification of RPGNTYPE I (ANTI-GBM ANTIBODY)Renal limitedGoodpasture syndromeTYPE II (IMMUNE COMPLEX)IdiopathicPost-infectious glomerulonephritisLupus nephritisHenoch-Schonlein purpuraIgA nephropathyTYPE III (PAUCI -IMMUNE)ANCA-associatedIdiopathicWegener granulomatosis Microscopic polvangiitisFirst type of RPGN is anti-GBM antibody- induced disease.It characterized by linear deposits of IgG and. in many cases. C3 in the GBM that are visualized by immunofluorescence.In some of these patients, the anti-GBM antibodies cross-react w ith pulmonary alveolar basement membranes to produce the clinical picture of pulmonary hemorrhage associated with renal failure (Goodpasture syndrome).Plasmapheresis to remove the pathogenic circulating antibodies is usually part of the treatment, which also includes therapy to suppress the underlying immune response.Second type of RPGN is due to immune complex deposition.It can be a complication of any of the immune complex nephritides, including postinfectious glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, and HenochSchonlein purpura.In all these cases, immunofluorescence studies reveal the granular pattern of staining characteristic of immune complex deposition.This type of RPGN frequently demonstrates cellular proliferation within the glomerular tuft, in addition to crescent formation.The third type of RPGN, is defined by the lack of anti-GBM antibodies or immune complexes by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy.Most patients with this type of RPGN have circulating anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) that produce cytoplasmic (c) or perinuclear (p) staining patternsMorphologyThe kidneys are enlarged and pale, often with petechial hemorrhages on the cortical surfaces.Depending on the cause, the glomeruli may show focal necrosis, diffuse or focal endothelial proliferation, and mesangial proliferation.The histologic picture is characteristics by the presence of distinctive crescents.Crescents are formed by proliferation of parietal cells and by migration of monocytes and macrophages inti} the urinary space.The crescents eventually obliterate Bowman space and compress the glomerular tuft.Fibrin strands are frequently prominent between the eel hilar layers in the crescents.The escape of fibrinogen into Bowman space and its conversion to fibrin are an important contributor to crescent formation.
| 1 |
Crescent formation
|
Splliting of basement membrance
|
Neutrophil infiltration of interstitium
|
Glomerulosclerosis
|
Pathology
|
Glomerular Diseases
|
e7968f41-e2aa-49ad-8e01-d4657def4f52
|
single
|
Example of Cou of Appeal: MAHE 11
|
Ans. High Cou
| 4 |
Sessions cou
|
Magistrate's cou
|
Coroner's cou
|
High Cou
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
26a82022-ef18-41bc-8263-c75d8641f0b4
|
single
|
Which of the following is labile cell -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Surface epithelium o When a cell proliferates, it pass through a cell cycle,o Cell cycle has a series of phases : -* Gtphase-Rest phase (Presynthetic phase)* Sphase-Synthetic phase in which synthesis of DNA takes place.* Gphase-Resting phase (Postsynthetic or postmitotic phase).* Mphase-Mitotic phase in which mitosis takes place. # Go phase-When cell is not proliferating, it remains in quiescent phase (Go).Based on their proliferative capacity, cells are divided into1. Labile cells (Continouslv dividing cells) or intermitotic cells.o Have capacity to proliferate and regenerate.o Have very short Go and almost always remain in cell cycle. Example are : -Surface epithelium (stratified squamous) of skin, oral cavity, vagina and cervix.Lining mucosa of all excretory ducts of glands (Salivary gland, pancreas, biliary duct).Columinar epithelium of GIT and uterus.Transitional epithelium of the urinary tract.Bone marrow cells and hematopoietic cells.Basal cells of epithelia.2. Stable or quiescent or reversible postimitotic cells,.o Have limited capacity to proliferate and regenerate.o Ramain in Go phase of cell cycle but can enter in G1 phase when stimulated i.e., they usually remain quiescent, but proliferate in response to stimuli. Example are -Parenchymal cells of liver, kidney and pancreas.Mesenchymal cells, e.g., fibroblast and smooth muscles.Vascular endotheliumOsteoblast, chondroblastResting lymphocytes and other leukocytes.3. Permanent or nondividing or irreversible postmitotic cells.o Cannot divide and regenerate.o These cells are nondividing and have left the cell cycle, i.e., they do not belong to any phase of cell cycle. Example are -NeuronsCardiac muscleSkeletal muscle
| 4 |
Cardiac cell
|
Liver parenchymal cell
|
Vascular endothelial cells
|
Surface epithelium
|
Pathology
|
Cellular Pathology
|
00904298-bddf-4024-a86a-9c9e2fa27be0
|
single
|
To find out whether the water has been properly chlorinated, the test used is -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Oh o-toludine test
| 2 |
Horrock's test
|
Oho-toludine test
|
Presumptive col i form test
|
Total bacterial count
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
9ff4ac08-707d-4ec9-9ed5-08b1f03d0533
|
single
|
Whoever malignantly does an act which is likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life is punishable under
|
- Sec.270 IPC - Whoever malignantly does an act which is likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life is punishable up to 2 years or with fine or both - Sec.269 IPC - Whoever negligently does an act which is likely to spread infection of any disease dangerous to life is punishable up to 6 months or with fine or both - Sec. 299 IPC -Culpable (punishable) homicide - Sec. 370 IPC - Whoever commits the offence of trafficking shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than seven years, but which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine
| 2 |
Sec. 269 IPC
|
Sec. 270 IPC
|
Sec. 299 IPC
|
Sec. 370 IPC
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Indian Legal system, Legal sections & Cou procedures
|
60164c63-a137-4fbc-bc84-fb1dbbf2f7a7
|
single
|
Prophylactic antifungal drug used in HIV patients:
|
A i.e. ItraconazoleRef: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th edition, page 1252Explanation:Prophylactic Antifungal for Opportunistic Infections in HIV PatientsFluconazole 400 mg daily:For Coccidiodes immitis when CD4 count <250.For Cryptococcus neoformans when CD4 count <100.Itraconazole 200 mg daily:For Histoplasma capsulatum when CD4 count <150.For Penicillium marneffi CD4 count <100.
| 1 |
Itraconazole
|
Posaconazole
|
Terconazole
|
Voriconazole
|
Medicine
|
Infection
|
d83a0df3-7fa0-453c-94a4-aaacba475325
|
single
|
Pharmocodynamics deals with: September 2005
|
Ans. B: Mechanism of action of a drug Pharmacodynamics is the study of the physiological effects of drugs on the body or on microorganisms or parasites within or on the body and the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. Pharmacokinetics/PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to the determination of the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. It is applied mainly to drug substances, though in principle it concerns itself with all manner of compounds ingested or otherwise delivered externally to an organism, such as nutrients, metabolites, hormones, toxins.
| 2 |
Mode of excretion of a drug
|
Mechanism of action of a drug
|
Transpo of drug across the biological membranes
|
Latency of onset
|
Pharmacology
| null |
4631cdc7-dfc0-4d6c-8d5c-73a49ca5ae85
|
single
|
Treatment of erythroplakia
| null | 2 |
Excision
|
Excision and regular follow up
|
Radiotherapy
|
Steroid injection
|
ENT
| null |
10d89bb9-982a-41c2-a978-2fb13dbb3d14
|
single
|
4 year old child with severe wasting and voracious apetite without pedal edema -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e,, Marasmus o See explanation of previous question.
| 2 |
Kwashiorkar
|
Marasmus
|
Both
|
None
|
Pediatrics
|
Nutrition
|
7c138375-fbb4-48c2-acdf-e148f17a66f2
|
multi
|
Gluconeogensis affect A/E :
|
D i.e. Growth hormone
| 4 |
Lactate
|
Glycerol
|
Alanine
|
Growth hormone
|
Biochemistry
| null |
4accd279-bfd7-418d-b16e-8f8a7debf6fb
|
single
|
Duodenal blow out following Billroth gastrectomy most commonly occurs on which day:
|
Ans. (b)4th dayRef: Shackelford 7th Edition, Page 930, 944* Most common on 4th to 7th postoperative day.* No need to do surgery immediately. Only USG-guided drainage is enough. Most of them settle by maximum 1 month.
| 2 |
2nd day
|
4th day
|
6th day
|
12th day
|
Surgery
|
Stomach & Duodenum
|
152a8f39-93cb-4f74-a464-889033465444
|
single
|
Parotid fatty change is a sign of:
| null | 2 |
Aging
|
Alcoholism.
|
Malnutrition.
|
None.
|
Pathology
| null |
830da951-1007-4c21-9a6c-9a856849ddf8
|
multi
|
A 42-year-old woman gives birth to a neonate with multiple congenital abnormalities. Physical findings included a flat facial profile, slanted eyes, epicanthal folds, Brushfield spots, short nose, short neck, dysplastic ears, clinodactyly, a large protruding tongue, and a pronounced heart murmur. As an adult, the brain of the patient will show histopathologic changes that are seen in patients with which of the following neurologic diseases?
|
One of the most intriguing neurologic features of Down syndrome is its association with Alzheimer disease. The morphologic lesions characteristic of Alzheimer disease progress in all patients with Down syndrome and are universally demonstrable by age 35 years. These changes in the brain include (1) granulovacuolar degeneration, (2) neurofibrillary tangles, (3) senile plaques, and (4) loss of neurons. The senile plaques and cerebral blood vessels of both Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome always contain an amyloid composed of the same fibrillar protein (b-amyloid protein). The other choices are unrelated to Down syndrome.Diagnosis: Down syndrome
| 1 |
Alzheimer disease
|
Huntington disease
|
Krabbe disease
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
Pathology
|
Genetics
|
f909123d-df45-4ce8-af78-6851ebae2cbf
|
single
|
A patient was treated for mantle cell Hodgkin lymphoma with radiation therapy. After 6 months he develops an electric shock-like pain along the spine on flexing his neck. What is the diagnosis?
|
Disease Features Cervical Ahritis Presents with stiffness in neck muscles and reduced neck movements Lhermite Sign -Seen in cervical spinal cord pathology -When neck flexion produces an unpleasant electric shock sensation radiating down the extremities Uthoff Sign -Multiple sclerosis -Worsening of symptoms like fatigue, optic neuritis with an increase in body temperature. Spinal cord compression Presents with deficits like paraplegia, bladder and bowel involvement
| 2 |
Cervical ahritis
|
Cervical spinal cord pathology
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
Spinal cord compression
|
Medicine
|
CNS
|
82b76c25-53e1-4487-b3c0-5ba4208916f5
|
single
|
A 43 year old man with continuous vomiting is suspected of having acute cholecystitis. On palpation guarding of the abdomen was present. Which of the following investigation exclude acute cholecystitis in this patient?
|
Ultrasonography is the most useful radiologic test for diagnosing acute cholecystitis. It has a sensitivity and specificity of 95%. In addition to being a sensitive test for documenting the presence or absence of stones, it will show the thickening of the gallbladder wall and the pericholecystic fluid. Focal tenderness over the gallbladder when compressed by the sonographic probe (sonographic Murphy's sign) also is suggestive of acute cholecystitis. Biliary radionuclide scanning (HIDA scan) may be of help in the atypical case. Lack of filling of the gallbladder after 4 hours indicates an obstructed cystic duct and, in the clinical setting of acute cholecystitis, is highly sensitive and specific for acute cholecystitis. A normal HIDA scan excludes acute cholecystitis. Ref: Oddsdottir M., Pham T.H., Hunter J.G. (2010). Chapter 32. Gallbladder and the Extrahepatic Biliary System. In F.C. Brunicardi, D.K. Andersen, T.R. Billiar, D.L. Dunn, J.G. Hunter, J.B. Matthews, R.E. Pollock (Eds), Schwaz's Principles of Surgery, 9e.
| 4 |
Ultrasound
|
ERCP
|
OCG
|
Radionuclide imaging
|
Radiology
| null |
9574e11b-2f14-45c3-a970-974e13f1634b
|
single
|
Plumbism is caused by: (PGI June 2009)
|
Ans: A (Lead poisoning) Plumbism/Saturnism/Chronic Lead Poisoning: Short Review# Lead poisioning is nearly always of the chronic type.# Although chronic poisoning correctly describes prolonged exposure, manifestations often are acute.The main signs & symptoms are :Facial pallor Q -is one of the earliestQ & most consistent sign.Anaemia with punctuate basophiliaQLead line -Burtonian blue line Q (seen on only near dirty or carious teeth in upper jaw as an early sign Q.lt is due to epithelial deposits of sulphur granules) is seen on gums in 50-70% of cases# Colic & constipation QLead palsy & paralysisEncephalopathy QRenovascular manifestationsReproductive system manifestationsAlso knowSimilar blue lines are also seen in : Hg, Cu , Ag , Bi & Fe poisoning0
| 1 |
Lead poisoning
|
Mercury poisoning
|
Thallium poisoning
|
Copper poisoning
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques
|
3f517ae0-3751-41aa-a853-cfba5ca1af40
|
multi
|
What is true about Mollaret meningitis?
|
Harrison's principles of internal medicine 17th edition. *Most of cases of recurrent viral or aseptic meningitis including cases previously diagnosed as mollaret's meningitis are likely due to HSV-2.
| 1 |
Is caused by herpes simplex 2 in most of the cases
|
A recurrent, benign, septic meningitis
|
It is now referred to as "Benign rcurrent neutrophilic . . Meningitis"
|
All of the above
|
Medicine
|
C.N.S
|
4d2077b8-e2e3-4794-96ac-245fe2ddbf00
|
multi
|
Intrapleural Pressure during forceful expiration is
|
Intrapleural Pressure: (ITP) / Intrathoracic Pressure
It is the pressure within pleural space (space between visceral and parietal pleura)
At beginning of inspiration = -2.5 mm Hg / - 5 cm H2O
At end of inspiration = - 6.0 mm Hg / - 10 cm H2O
At end of expiration = - 2.5 mm Hg / - 5 cm H2O
Forceful inspiration = - 20 mm Hg
Forceful expiration = + 20 to + 30 mm Hg
| 4 |
- 20 mm Hg
|
+ 5 mm Hg
|
- 5 mm Hg
|
+ 20 mm Hg
|
Physiology
| null |
05e9307e-42d9-421c-981b-327da06fb425
|
single
|
Auspitz sign is seen in :
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e. Plaque-type psoriasis Auspitz sign is a feature of plaque psoriasisPlaque psoriasis or psoriasis vulgaris in the most common form of psoriasis.Auspitz signIt is a bedside test to confirm the clinical presentation of psoriasis.There are 3 steps to this testStep A -Gently scrape the lesion with a glass slide. This accentuates the silvery scales Scrape off all the scales. Step B-As you continue to scrape the lesion, a glistening white adherent membrane appears. Step C-On removing the membrane, punctate bleeding points become visible.The other bedside test for Psoriasis is: - Grattage test * Scales in a psoriatic plaque can be accentuated by grating with a glass slide
| 2 |
Pustular psoriasis
|
Plaque type psoriasis
|
Lichen planus
|
Pityriasis rubra pilaris
|
Unknown
| null |
65a76a4b-6c0d-441e-b6ee-8ad1dc45c361
|
single
|
Which of the following drugs can produce dramatic improvement in patients with Type II lepra reaction?
|
Ans. a (Thalidomide). (Ref. Harrison, Internal Medicine, 15th ed., 1038)Treatment of Type I Lepra reactionTreatment of Type II Lepra reaction# Best with corticosteroids.# Thalidomide ineffective in Typel reaction and clofazimine questionable.# In mild reaction give antipyretics# Then glucocorticoids# Thalidomide causes dramatic improvement probably attributable to its reduction of TNF levels and IgM synthesis and slowing of PMN migration.
| 1 |
Thalidomide
|
Steroids
|
Dapsone
|
Clofazamine
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti Microbial
|
60d51210-f7d2-45ed-9cf3-e13f95ea9dc0
|
single
|
Maximum level of beta HCG is seen on which day of gestation?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 9 weeks o Maximum levels of beta HCG occur on 66th day of pregnancy, i.e. 9 weeks 3 days.Human Chorionic Gonadotropino Produced almost exclusively in placenta, low levels in fetal kidneyo Molecular weight - 36000 - 40000 Da.o Highest carbohydrate content of any hormone - 30 percent.o It has a long half life - 36 hours as against only 2 hours of LH; as the carbohydrate component, and especially the terminal sialic acid, protects the molecule from catabolismo Alpha subunit of LH, FSH, TSH and HCG are structurally related to each other. Recombination of alpha and beta subunits of these four hormones gives a molecule with biological activity characteristic of the hormone from which the beta subunit was derivedo Principal form in plasma - Intact hCGo Principal form in urine - beta core fragment (terminal hCG degradation product).Functionsa) Maintainence of corpus luteum till 6 weeks of pregnancy.b) Stimulation of fetal testicular testosterone secretion which is maximum approximately when hCG levels peak. Thus at a critical time in male sexual differentiation, hCG enters fetal plasma from the syncytiotrophoblast. In the fetus, it acts as an LH surrogate to stimulate Leydig cell replication and testosterone synthesis to promote male sexual differentiation. Before approximately 110 days, there is no vascularization of the fetal anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus. Thus, pituitary LH secretion is minimal,and hCG acts as LH before this time. Thereafter as hCG levels fall, pituitary LH maintains modest testicular stimulation.c) Immunosuppressive activity, inhibits maternal processes of immunorejection of the fetus as a homograft.d) Stimulates maternal thyroid (thyrotropic action).e) Promotes relaxin secretion from corpus luteum.o Choriocarcinoma is associated with increased secretion of beta - hCG that is glycosylated to a greater degree, so called hyperglycosylated hCG, sometimes called invasive trophoblast antigen.
| 2 |
6 weeks
|
9 weeks
|
28 weeks
|
36 weeks
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Endocrinology in Relation to Reproduction
|
3273951e-5f3b-4362-8bf6-c114c569d7af
|
single
|
Which among the following class of antibiotics are relatively safer to use in patients on Warfarin therapy-
|
Newer Cephalosporins (Cefamandole, Moxalactum, and Cefoperazone) cause hypoprothrombinemia. Thus, when anticoagulants are given with cephalosporins they have an additive anticoagulant action. * Imidazoles like ketoconazole and fluconazole affect hepatic drug metabolism and lead to raised plasma level of warfarin. * Macrolides inhibit hepatic oxidation of many drugs leading to raised plasma level of warfarin.
| 3 |
Cephalosporins
|
Imidazoles
|
Penicillins
|
Macrolides
|
Surgery
| null |
b2e71b18-6673-4141-a8d6-586aeafefce1
|
single
|
Potts surgery:
|
Ans. A. Left pulmonary artery and descending aorta Ref: Park's Pediatric Cardiology for Practitioners 6th/ed pl29Explanation1. Classic Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt, anastomosed between the subclavian artery and the ipsi- lateral PA, is usually performed for infants older than 3 months because the shunt is often thrombozed in young infants.2. Modified BT shunt, a Gore-Tex interposition shunt is placed between the subclavian artery and the ipsilateral PA. This is the most popular procedure for any age. The surgical mortality rate is 1% or less.3. The Waterston shunt, anastomosed between the ascending aorta and the right PA, is no longer performed because of a high incidence of surgical complications.4. The Potts operation, anastomosed between the descending aorta and the left PA, is no longer performed.
| 1 |
Left pulmonary artery and descending aorta
|
Left pulmonary artery and ascending aorta
|
Main pulmonary artery and aorta
|
Left pulmonary artery and subclavian artery
|
Pediatrics
|
C.V.S.
|
b863a1a9-e446-4acf-a297-82d25ed7f028
|
single
|
All of the following viruses cause pneumonia except-
|
complications of mumps include epididymo orchitis,meningitis ,meningoencephalitis, and less common comolicatiin include ahritis ,oophoritis ,pancreatitis etc. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO:508
| 2 |
Cytomegalovirus
|
Mumps
|
Measles
|
Retrovirus
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
d5e34879-8537-45a4-8b39-721b3a13a5fe
|
multi
|
The most common primary cause of intraocular tumor in children -
|
Malignant tumor arising from the neurosensory cells of retina due to deletion of RB gene located on the long arm of chromosome 13(13q14). Ref: ak khurana 6th edition
| 1 |
Retinoblastoma
|
Rhabdomyosarcoma
|
Neuroblastoma
|
Melanoma
|
Ophthalmology
|
Tumors
|
e0339cbc-49b6-4a8a-986c-585174fb213b
|
single
|
Srand of DNA from which mRNA is formed by transcription is called:
|
Ans: a (Template) Ref: Vasudevan, 4th ed, p. 405; 5th ed, p. 424* Template strand is the one which is translocated to give mRNA.* As the codons are present in mRNA, DNA strand having the same sequence of mRNA is called coding strand / anti template strand.
| 1 |
Template
|
Anti template
|
Coding
|
Transcript
|
Biochemistry
|
Molecular Genetics
|
a7ef5c1e-225b-40cc-abf8-07db67d48492
|
multi
|
Most impoant prognostic factor for breast carcinoma is: March 2005
|
Ans. B: Lymph node involvement Prognostic factors include staging, (i.e., tumor size, location, grade, whether disease has traveled to other pas of the body), recurrence of the disease, and age of patient. The best indicators of likely prognosis in breast cancer remain tumour size and lymph node status, which are components of stage of a tumour. The higher the stage at diagnosis, the worse is the prognosis. The stage is raised by the invasiveness of disease to lymph nodes, chest wall, skin or beyond, and the aggressiveness of the cancer cells. The stage is lowered by the presence of cancer-free zones and close-to-normal cell behaviour (grading). Size is not a factor in staging unless the cancer is invasive. For example, Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) involving the entire breast will still be stage zero and consequently an excellent prognosis with a 10yr disease free survival.
| 2 |
Age of the patient
|
Lymph node involvement
|
Genetic factors
|
Family history
|
Surgery
| null |
da4a4a14-2a9a-4267-82bb-10e4ead216d8
|
single
|
In traumatic brain injury, changes in brain metabolism are seen. All are true EXCEPT
|
In Traumatic brain injury anaerobic condition prevails. So brain cells switch to anerobic metabolism producing increasing amount of lactate (Option B is correct). Now if this lactate is getting utilized as energy source within brain cells through TCA it is associated with good prognosis (means tissue is recovering from injury), However, if the lactate is not getting utilized in brain cells and it will be expoed out from cell in to CSF. This outcome means severe damage to brain cells so that they are not able to utilize lactate. Hence increased lactate levels in CSFare associated with poor prognosis. (but D is wrong) Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is decreased due to hypoxic conditions. (Option A is correct) Now if this lactate is getting utilized as energy source within brain cells through TCA it is associated with good prognosis (means tissue is recovering from injury). However, if the lactate is not getting utilized in brain cells and it will be expoed out from cell in to CSF. This outcome means severe damage to brain cells so that they are not able to utilize lactate. Hence increased lactate levels in CSF are associated with poor prognosis. (but D is wrong) Also, increase lactate uptake from the circulation into brain cells is seen as the injured brain uses lactate as fuel. (Option C is correct)
| 4 |
There is a decrease of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity
|
There is accumulation of lactate in brain
|
There is | lactate uptake from circulation
|
| CSF lactate is associated with good prognosis
|
Biochemistry
|
Glycolysis
|
1774459c-bab9-4c05-abe3-98450bebb73a
|
multi
|
Ketone bodies are synthesised in:
|
Ketone bodies are two molecules, acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate.The term "ketone body" is historical: only acetoacetate is an actual ketone.Ketone bodies are synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA.
| 2 |
Muscle
|
Liver
|
Kidney
|
Brain
|
Biochemistry
| null |
ba566093-1337-44c6-accb-5abbcd4c30b2
|
single
|
Pastia's lines are seen in
|
Pastia's lines :
Rash gets concentration in axilla and grain.
It is seen in Scarlet fever.
| 4 |
Measles
|
Varicella
|
Syphilis
|
Scarlet fever
|
Pediatrics
| null |
b49b3bbb-ef01-4ab7-a1e7-63d0474edb9a
|
single
|
In anal sex what is the child passive agent called-
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Catamite Sodomyo Anal intercourse between two males or between a male and female is referred to as sodomy.o It is also called buggery.o It is called gerontophilia when the passive agent is adult,o It is called paederasty when the passive agent is a child,o Catamite is the name given to the child who is the passive agento A pedophilia is an adult who repeatedly engages in n sexual activities with children.
| 1 |
Catamite
|
Paedolite
|
Paedophile
|
Paederasty
|
Unknown
| null |
e2be20c5-8f5c-4009-af69-385707ed1618
|
multi
|
In posterior capsular cataract, treatment is
|
B i.e. Nd-YAG laser Nd. YAG (Neodymium-Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet) laser is used for posterior capsulotomy in after cataract.Q After cataract/ Secondary cataract/ Posterior Capsular Opacification (PCO) - It is the opacity which persists or develops after ECCE - It may present as thickened posterior capsule or dense membranous after cataract or Soemmering's ringQ (thick ring of after cataract formed behind the iris, enclosed between the two layers of capsule) or Elschnig's pearlsQ (vacuolated subcapsular epithelial cells are clustered like soap bubbles along the posterior capsule) - It is treated by Nd-YAG-laser posterior capsulotomyQ (Neodymium-Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet laser) or surgical membranectomy Laser Wavelength (nm) Clinical Application of LASERS in Ophthalmology Nd: YAG 1064Q Posterior capsulotomy Q, iridotomy, vitreolysis. Femtosecond laser 1053 Refractory surgery, lamellar corneal surgery. Diode laser 800 Retinal photocoagulation* Krypton laser 714 Retinal photocoagulation* Frequency doubled Nd: YAG 532 Retinal photocoagulation*, cyclophoto-coagulation Argon green 514 Retinal photocoagulation*, trabeculoplasty, iridoplasty, pupillo-mydriasis Excimer (Argon-fluoride) 193 Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK), LASIK, LASEK Retinal photocoagulation includes treatment for diabetic retinopathy, other causes of retinal neovascularization or oedema, retinal breaks, central serous retinochoroidopathy, subretinal neovascular membranes, small retinal tumors, angiomas. Argon green laser is m.c. used for this.
| 2 |
Krypton Laser
|
Nd-YAG Laser
|
Argon Laser
|
CO2 Laser
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
bb1ce2ff-1eee-43fd-8783-8bf8eed8448e
|
single
|
The premolar with the occlusal groove pattern that may simulate the letter "Y" is:
| null | 3 |
Maxillary first
|
Maxillary second
|
Mandibular second
|
Mandibular first
|
Dental
| null |
8b200bc8-3b72-47d0-b055-a37ef68d619b
|
single
|
Pleomorphic adenoma is most commonly found in:
| null | 1 |
Parotid gland.
|
Sublingual gland.
|
Submandibular gland.
|
lacrimal gland.
|
Pathology
| null |
60b905fe-9756-432c-985c-d5591d600c24
|
single
|
A 2 yrs old child comes with 1 year h/o of generalised edema. His B.P. is 107/70mm urine examination shows hyaline cast, proteinuria +++, WBC & RBC are nil. the likely diagnosis is -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Selective proteinuria It is a case of nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change disease (MCD). o MCD is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children* Microscopic findings of urine in MCD Protenuria o Principally albumin (which is a low molecular weight protein) a High molecular weight proteins are seen in minimal amounts. a This type of proteinuria is known as selective proteinuria. WBC --> Absent o RBC --> Absent o hyaline cast ---> can be seen o Focal segmental Glomeruloclerosis can also cause nephrotic syndrome but the urine examination in these patients will reveal protein, WBC's and RBC's .
| 1 |
Selective proteinuria
|
Uremia
|
Focal segmental glonurulosclerosil
|
Low serum complement level
|
Pediatrics
| null |
f6ab33ae-bf88-45e3-a9bb-79dfbc375e96
|
single
|
A patient's urine is collected for 2 hours, and the total volume is 600 milliliters during this time. Her urine osmolarity is 150 mOsm/L, and her plasma osmolarity is 300 mOsm/L. What is her "free water clearance"?
|
Free water clearance is calculated as: urine flow rate (600 ml/2 h, or 5 ml/min) - osmolar clearance (urine osmolarity x urine flow rate/plasma osmolarity). Therefore, free water clearance is equal to +2.5 ml/min.
| 2 |
+5.0 ml/min
|
+2.5 ml/min
|
0.0 ml/min
|
-2.5 ml/min
|
Physiology
|
Excretory System
|
639e976e-0b6b-45a2-8d30-007a1e08c4e2
|
single
|
An increased incidence of vitiligo is found in:
|
D i.e. Diabetes mellitus
| 4 |
Psoriasis
|
Nutritional deficiency
|
Old age
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
Skin
| null |
a1f84e1d-25b4-44f7-9f36-d9609cdcc27d
|
single
|
Appendicitis like syndrome is caused by:
|
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis causes mesentric adenitis leading to Pseudoappendicitis.
| 1 |
Y.pseudotuberculosis
|
Pasteurella multocida
|
Bacillus cereus
|
Y.pestis
|
Microbiology
| null |
7ec2218e-05e1-4518-896e-001956899b9e
|
single
|
A patient of renal failure has been diagnosed with cholera, so which of the tetracyclines is most suitable for the patient:
|
All tetracyclines are excreted primarily in the urine except doxycycline. Doxycycline is excreted in the faeces and thus can be used in the presence of renal failure.
| 2 |
Minocycline.
|
Doxycycline.
|
Oxytetracycline.
|
All of the above.
|
Pharmacology
| null |
40a41410-74d9-414c-8738-b3f06155fe45
|
multi
|
All of the following may be associated with Beta 2 agonist treatment, EXCEPT:
|
Beta 2 agonists stimulate the uptake of potassium into the cells which results in hypokalemia and not hyperkalemia as mentioned above. Beta 2 agonists administered in the parenteral form or as nebulisation can be used in the management of hyperkalemia by promoting cellular intake. Ref: Harrison's Textbook of Internal Medicine 16th Edition, Pages 263; Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Edition, Pages 143-44, 247; K D Tripathi Textbook of Pharmacology, 5th Edition, Pages 109-111
| 1 |
Hyperkalemia
|
Hyperglycemia
|
Detrusor relaxation
|
Relaxation of gut and bronchial muscles
|
Pharmacology
| null |
60882dbf-cc50-4a7e-aa91-89e257ed3b87
|
multi
|
The maximum age for growth of lymphoid tissue –
|
The growth of lymphoid tissue is most notable during mid-childhood.
Children between 4 and 8 years of age often have hypertrophied tonsils and large lymph nodes, which is infact a sign of lymphoid hyperplasia.
| 2 |
3–4 years
|
5–7 years
|
7–11 years
|
11–14 years
|
Pediatrics
| null |
a5d04d20-3e2d-4976-a088-48fccc4100c5
|
single
|
All are true about Rotator cuff syndrome except:
|
Ans: (Fracture) Ref: Apley's System of Orthopedics and Fractures, 9th ed, pg 341.Explanation:The most common cause of pain around the shoulder is a disorder of the rotator cuff.This is sometimes referred to rather loosely as 'rotator cuff syndrome'It comprises at least four conditions with distinct clinical features and natural history:Supraspinatus impingement syndrome and tendinitisTears of the rotator cuffAcute calcific tendinitisBiceps tendinitis and/or rupture.Clinical FeaturesThree patterns are encountered:Subacute tendinitis - the painful arc syndrome \ due to vascular congestion, microscopic haemorrhage and oedema.Chronic tendinitis - Recurrent shoulder pain due to tendinitis and fibrosis.Cuff disruption - Recurrent pain, weakness and loss of movement due to tears in the rotator cuff.
| 1 |
Fracture
|
Weakness
|
Tendinitis
|
Rupture
|
Orthopaedics
|
Injuries Around Shoulder
|
fab8e806-06ef-49c2-b2e7-6386b089c609
|
multi
|
What is another name for buccal coitus?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Sin of Gomorrah Buccal coitus (coitus per os/sin of gomorrah) In this, the male organ is introduced into mouth, usually of a young child. Fellatio is oral stimulation of penis by male or female. Cunnilingus is oral stimulation of female genitals.
| 2 |
Buggery
|
Sin of Gomorrah
|
Cunnilingus
|
Fetishism
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
8cf094d5-ad95-4ce8-b0c0-8acbcfecf0ce
|
single
|
Larvae of which of the following resides in the muscle?
|
Infection of Trichinella is initiated by ingestion of ble larvae in raw or undercooked meat. Digestive action liberates the larvae. The liberated larvae develop into adults in the duodenum and jejunum, where they mate and bear offspring. The adult worms are expelled in the stool. The newborn larvae penetrate the intestinal wall, enter the lymphatic system, and move the bloodstream to areas of implantation. The newborn larvae have been implicated in cardiac and neurologic trichinosis. The life cycle is completed with the larvae invading a striated muscle cell.
| 1 |
Trichenella
|
Asaris
|
Hook worm
|
Pin worm
|
Microbiology
| null |
f117e9be-200b-4661-8874-84a532ce1bdb
|
single
|
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