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A 5-year-old girl came with history of progressively increasing pallor since bih and hepatosplenomegaly. Which is the most relevant test for achieving diagnosis?
|
Progressive increasing pallor along with hepatosplenomegaly in a five-year-old girl is consistent with a diagnosis of thalassemia. (Thalassemia intermedia) 'Hemoglobin electrophoresis' is the test of choice of diagnosing this condition and hence is the option of choice here.
| 1 |
Hb electrophoresis
|
Peripheral smear examination
|
Osmo c fragility test
|
Bone marrow examination
|
Physiology
|
All India exam
|
055fc135-e603-4705-8665-dfdb50c133ce
|
multi
|
Creatine is made up of all, except -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Alanine o Creatine and creatinine are not amino acids, but specialized products of amino acids. Creatine is synthesized from glycine, arginine and methionine. Synthesis start with formation of guanidoacetate from glycine and arginine in kidney. Further reactions takes place in liver and muscle.Thus, both creatine and creatinine are synthesized from arginine, glycine, and methionine.
| 2 |
Glycine
|
Alanine
|
Methionine
|
Arginine
|
Biochemistry
|
Miscellaneous (Structure & Function of Proteins)
|
591077e8-d0f6-4b9c-a74a-4e2ad01eadda
|
multi
|
which of the following class antidepressent used in the management of smoking sessation
|
NDRI * IMPOANCE Anti-depressant which does not deal with serotonin neurotransmission Also called as Zyban * MECHANISM Prevents reuptake of nor adrenaline and dopamine * DRUGS Bupropion * USE ADHD SMOKING CESSATION HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL DESIRE DISORDER * SIDE EFFECTS seizures Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, 955
| 3 |
SSRI
|
MAOI
|
NDRI
|
RIMA
|
Psychiatry
|
Pharmacotherapy in psychiatry
|
415f223c-c54c-4ee0-87bd-4dbcefe19c8e
|
single
|
False statement about bilirubin is
|
Bilirubin transpo: Bilirubin circulates in plasma noncovalently, bound to albumin. It is taken up across the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes by a carrier-mediated mechanism. Bilirubin uptake is mediated by a liver-specific sinusoidal organic anion transpo protein, (OATP1B1, SLC21A6) Then bilirubin is directed by cytosolic binding proteins (e.g., glutathione S-transferase B, fatty acid binding protein) to the ER. It is conjugated with uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid by the enzyme bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase (B-UGT). Conjugated bilirubin is directed toward the canalicular membrane, and it is transpoed into the bile canaliculus by an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent pump. The responsible protein is multidrug resistance-associated protein-2 (MRP2, ABCC2) Small amounts of bilirubin glucuronides are secreted across the sinusoidal membrane MRP3 (ABCC3) Conjugated bilirubin in plasma undergoes renal elimination Ref: Sleisenger and Fordtran's, E-9, P-324
| 3 |
Bilirubin circulating in plasma by covalently binding with albumin
|
Bilirubin is taken up across the sinusoidal (basolateral) membrane of hepatocytes by a carrier-mediated mechanism
|
Conjugated bilirubin in plasma undergoes stool elimination
|
Conjugated bilirubin is then directed primarily toward the canalicular (apical) membrane
|
Medicine
| null |
b2d73430-2b7d-4807-844f-10beab7ab25c
|
multi
|
The cause of death in cyanide poisoning is
|
Anoxic anoxia: caused by a complete lack of oxygen to the brain. It occurs when a person is in an environment without enough oxygen, such as at high altitudes.Anemic anoxia: Anoxia due to anemia is not severe at rest unless hemoglobin deficiency is marked. However anemic patients may have considerable difficulty during exercise due to limited ability to increase oxygen delivery to active site.Histotoxic Anoxia: Hypoxia due to inhibition of tissue oxidative processes occurs due to cyanide poisoning. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase. Methylene blue or nitrites are used to treat cyanide poisoning.Stagnant Anoxia: Occurs due to slow circulation and is a problem in organs like kidneys and hea during shock. It is also known as hypoperfusion anemia. Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology, 12th edition(South Asia), page: 621
| 3 |
Anoxic anoxia
|
Anaemic anoxia
|
Histotoxic anoxia
|
Stagnant anoxia
|
Physiology
|
Respiratory system
|
d775a7a2-af6d-4bdc-8d1e-54f4badf00e8
|
single
|
Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is most likely to cause mental retardation?
|
Ans. D. Trisomy 21An extra chromosome 21 is the most common genetic abnormality found in Down syndrome, and the abnormality most likely to cause mental retardation. Abnormalities in autosomal chromosomes are, in general, associated with mental retardation. The chromosomal aberration represented by 46 chromosomes with fusion of 15 and 21 produces a type of Down syndrome that, unlike trisomy 21, is usually inherited. Aberrations in sex chromosomes are not always associated with mental retardation, such as in XO (Turner's syndrome), XXY (Klinefelter's syndrome), and XXYY and XXXY (Klinefelter's syndrome variants) genotypes.Some children with Turner's syndrome have normal to superior intelligence.Girls with Turner's syndrome have gonadal agenesis and do not develop secondary sexual characteristics without medical intervention. Another hallmark feature is a webbed neck. In Klinefelter's syndrome and its variants, individuals have underdeveloped male genitalia and infertility and may develop gynecomastia beginning in adolescence.
| 4 |
Klinefelter's syndrome
|
Fusion of chromosomes 21 and 15
|
Turner's syndrome
|
Trisomy 21
|
Psychiatry
|
Child Psychiatry
|
c8f9e3a0-cfaa-4b68-9fa7-3b7dfe1b7a94
|
single
|
Which pa of subclan aery is affected by stenosis is:
|
Most common etiology of subclan stenosis is atherosclerosis, and it mostly affects the ostium or proximal pa of subclan aery. Ref: Peripheral and Cerebrovascular Intervention By Deepak L. Bhatt, Page 102
| 1 |
First pa
|
Second pa
|
Third pa
|
All pas are equally affected
|
Surgery
| null |
515cc7ea-4713-46a5-8062-4210b9aeef57
|
multi
|
Valley fever or desse rheumatism is caused by
|
Coccidioides causes primary pulmonary disease which can be mild influenza-like fever ( valley fever) to severe pneumonia. Ref: Textbook of Microbiology, Ananthanarayan and Paniker; 9th edition
| 1 |
Coccidioides
|
Cladosporium
|
Phialophora
|
Histoplasma
|
Microbiology
|
mycology
|
d7255879-305b-4051-ad48-1fbd79a666cd
|
multi
|
Ductus arteriosus obliterates to form:
|
Ans. D. Ligamentum arteriosumChanges in Fetal Circulation Just after Birth After birth, the placenta is separated from newborn and lung startsoxygenating the blood, i.e., respiration is established. Now the oxygenated blood comes to heart from the lungs. As a result, the following changes take place in fetal circulation:a. Umbilical vein, as it no longer carries any blood from the placenta, obliterates and forms a fibrous ligament called ligamentum teres hepatis.b. Ductus venosus obliterates to form a fibrous ligament called ligamentum venosum.c. As the lungs are inflated and the pulmonary circulation is established, pulmonary veins bring more blood to the left atrium. Now, as the pressure of blood in the left atrium is more than that in the right atrium the septum primum is pushed to the right and the foramen ovale is closed. At first the closure of foramen ovale is physiological, but later on septum primum fuses with the septum secundum and there is an anatomical closure of foramen ovale. The closed foramenovale forms fossa ovalis.d. Ductus Arteriosus obliterates to form a fibrous ligament called the ligamentum arteriosum.e. Umbilical arteries (right and left) obliterate. However, their proximal parts remain open. The proximal parts of umbilical arteries form superior vesical arteries whereas their distal parts form fibrous ligaments called medial umbilical ligaments.
| 4 |
Ligamentum venosum
|
Ligamentum teres
|
Ligamentum hepatis
|
Ligamentum arteriosum
|
Anatomy
|
Embryology
|
7265c51b-9dc7-4b93-b97b-4974ba8f4973
|
single
|
What is the likely source of infection for Pus from sphenoethmoidal recess?
|
Ans: (a) Sphenoid sinusRef: Dhingra's ENT 6th ed. /138* Spheno ethmoidal recess is situmated above the superior turbine. Sphenoid sinus opens into is* Sphenoid sinus. It has an anterior part & posterior part.Anterior Part: roof related to the olfactory tract, optic chiasma, frontal lobe while the lateral wall is related to optic nerve internal carotid artery & maxillary nerve.Posterior Part: Roorf is related to the pituitary gland in the sella tucica while each lateral wall is related to cavernous sinus, internal carotid artery and CN 3rd and all division of 5th nerve
| 1 |
Sphenoid sinus
|
Ethmoidal sinus
|
Maxillary sinus
|
Frontal sinus
|
ENT
|
Paranasal Sinuses
|
a5b9b119-bf29-4b03-9673-6ade4489dbf4
|
single
|
The above nail changes are seen in:
|
Salmon patch or translucent oil drop like discoloration beneath nail plate is calssically seen in Psoraisis.
| 3 |
Lichen planus
|
Alopecia areata
|
Psoriasis
|
Onycholysis
|
Dental
| null |
5d1e77c5-3bd1-45a2-a784-3ad9d4db8a9a
|
multi
|
Resource person for Training ofASHA are
|
Ans. is 'b i.e., AWW and ANM o Angan-Wadi Workers (AWW) and Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) act as resource persons far training of ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist).
| 2 |
AWW and MPW
|
AWW and ANM
|
MPW and ANM
|
ANM and MO
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
b1ed28c9-87c0-4759-942d-919cfd83f045
|
single
|
Most common site of tuberculosis of spine is?
|
Ans. (a) ThoracolumbarRef: Apley 387-389, Schwartz's Principles of Surgery 9th ed ch-29 M Tuli 3rded p-192
| 1 |
Thoracolumbar
|
Sacral
|
Cervical
|
Lumbosacral
|
Orthopaedics
|
Skeletal Infections
|
e591ca22-90d3-4b8e-9730-207ccf0df242
|
single
|
Advantages of wrought gold alloy clasp wires over cast gold clasps of the same cross sectional area are
| null | 3 |
Coarser grain
|
Higher yield strength
|
Greater flexibility
|
More accurate adaptation to the tooth
|
Dental
| null |
736eb304-cd67-4f89-acf4-91cde8a21911
|
multi
|
Angiography is the investigation of choice in:
|
Ans. Central serous retinopathy
| 4 |
Posterior vitreous detachment
|
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
|
Retinoschisis
|
Central serous retinopathy
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
b378fd4c-42e8-4169-8b23-d33b6f2b39a4
|
single
|
Half life of insulin is -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., 5 min o The half-life of insulin in the circulation in humans is about 5 min. Insulin binds to insulin receptors, and some is internalized. It is destroyed by proteases in the endosomes formed by the endocytotic process.
| 1 |
5min
|
1hr
|
12hr
|
24hr
|
Physiology
|
Endocrinology metabolism
|
315f34cb-d069-474b-908d-6f039a07c0f4
|
single
|
Cultivable (in vitro) hepatitis virus is -
|
HAV can be grown in some human and simian cell cultures and is the only human hepatitis virus which can be cultivated in vitro. REF:ANANTHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION PAGE NO-541
| 1 |
Hepatitis A
|
Hepatitis B
|
Hepatitis C
|
Hepatitis D
|
Microbiology
|
Virology
|
e8afffb4-4c1e-4c26-bc72-767d71a88c4c
|
single
|
High inguinal orchiectomy specimen showed teratoma testis with involvement of epididymis; stage is
| null | 1 |
T
1
|
T
2
|
T
3
|
T
4
b
|
Surgery
| null |
3ca27d0a-c2ba-42fd-8119-c72cc8883e41
|
single
|
Development of heart is from which of the following:
|
ANS. DThere has been a rising trend of asking embryology images in AIIMS. May session had asked the development of nucleus pulposus (Answer was notochord). Development of cerebral cortexDevelopment of palate and anomalies of it* Midline cleft lip: Due to non-fusion of 2 median nasal process* Harelip (not midline): Due to non-fusion of medial nasal process and maxillary process* Oblique facial cleft: Non-fusion of maxillary and lateral nasal process# Pharyngeal pouch and cleft# Another important area is remnants of various structuresRight umbilical veinDisappearsLeft umbilical veinLigamentum teresProximal part of umbilical arterySuperior vesical arteryDistal part of umbilical arteryLateral umbilical ligamentDuctus arteriosusLigamentum arteriosumDuctus venosusLigamentum venosumUrachusMedian umbilical ligamentObliterated umbilical arteryMedial umbilical foldInferior epigastric arteryLateral umbilical fold
| 4 |
Pharyngeal arches
|
Forebrain
|
Upper limb
|
Heart
|
Anatomy
|
Embryology
|
d954191f-e959-4efb-b0d2-62700b5d863f
|
single
|
Which of the following mutations in a tumor suppressor agent causes breast carcinoma
|
Ref Robbins 9/e p294 Mutation in p53 tumor suppressor gene is strongly associated with breast cancer,as well as many other sarcomas and carcinomas .this condition is called li Fraumeni syndrome Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant, hereditary disorder that pre-disposes carriers to cancer development This syndrome is also known as the sarcoma, breast, leukaemia and adrenal gland (SBLA) syndrome. The syndrome is linked to germline mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which encodes a transcription factor (p53) that normally regulates the cell cycle and prevents genomic mutations. The mutations can be inherited, or can arise from mutations early in embryogenesis, or in one of the parent's germ cells
| 2 |
P43
|
P53
|
P73
|
P83
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
7a08e5ae-33f4-4888-86f9-737d2a301947
|
single
|
Increased permeability in acute inflammation is due to
|
Formation of endothelial gaps in venules, i.e. immediate transient response is the most common mechanism causing increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation,
Mediators involved in this mechanism are
i. Immediate (more important): Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, neuropeptide substance P.
ii. Somewhat delayed: IL-1, TNF, IFNγ
| 1 |
Histamine
|
IL-2
|
TGF-p
|
FGF
|
Pathology
| null |
7dadbaf6-dac9-4748-805a-c661a159d7b9
|
single
|
Iodine gives red colour with
|
Amylose: Gives blue with iodine testAmylopectin: Gives reddish violet with iodine testGlycogen: With iodine-: deep red colour
| 4 |
Starch
|
Dextrin
|
Inulin
|
Glycogen
|
Biochemistry
|
All India exam
|
bbddee4f-f497-406e-ac27-7ea808c90543
|
single
|
Essential fatty acid -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Linoleic acid o The three polyunsaturatedfatty acids (PUFAs), namely, linoleic acidQ linolenic acidQ, and arachidonic acidQ are called essential fatty acids.o They are called essential fatty acids because human beings require these fatty acids but cannot synthesize themQ,o Humans lack the enzymes to introduce double bonds at carbon atom beyond C9 in the fatty acid chain,o Hence, human cannot synthesize linolenic acidQ and linolenic acid having double bonds beyond C9.o Arachidonic acid can be synthesized from linoleic acid.o Therefore, in deficiency of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid also becomes essential fatty acids,o Therefore linoleic acid is the most important essential fatty acidQ as it serves as a basis for the production of other EFA
| 1 |
Linoleic acid
|
Palmitoleic acid
|
Oleic acid
|
Arachidonic acid
|
Biochemistry
|
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
|
8166eee0-26f2-4582-9e64-78759875e1c4
|
single
|
Centrally acting anti hypertensive drug is -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Methyl Dopa Centrally Aeting Svmpatholvticso These drugs reduce sympathetic outflow from vesopressor centers in brainstem. Examples are :1 .Clonidine3.Guanabenz5. Rilmenidine2. Methyldopa4. Guanfacine6. MoxonidineClonidineo It acts (partial agonist) on a, receptors, especially a2A in brainstem - Stimulation of receptors in medulla (vasomotor centre) - decrease sympathetic outflow - fall in BP and bradycardia (also due to enhanced vagal tone).o a2A receptor stimulation is responsible for sedation produced by clonidine.o Clonidine also binds to a nonadrenergic receptor, imidazoline receptor, which may also mediate antihypertensive effect.o Rilmenidine and moxonidine are selective cerebral imidazoline receptor agonists with little or, action - equivalent antihypertensive action with low sedative property.o Rapid r'.v. injection of clonidine raises BP transiently due. to activation of peripheral postsynaptic vasoconstrictor a2B receptors at high concentrations so attained. Ora! doses producing lower plasma levels cause only fall in BP, because clonidine has lower intrinsic activity on a2B receptors which predominate in vascular smooth muscle,o Uses of clonidine# Hypertension# Opioid withdrawl# Menopausal syndrome# Alcohal withdrawal# Smoking cessation# Loose motions in diabetic neuropathy# Test for pheochromocytoma o Abrupt discontinuation of clonidine therapy can lead to rebound hypertension (treated with phentolamine); therefore this drug is not suitable for people having travelling job like business executives who are likely to miss the doses.Methvldopao It is a prodrug - a-methyl norepinephrine formed in the brain from methyldopa acts on a-receptor in brainstem- decrease sympathetic out flow.o In large doses, methyldopa inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase in brain and periphery - reduces NA synthesis and forms the false transmitter methyl-NA in periphery as well,o Methyldopa is DOCfor hypertension in pregnancy.Guanabenz and guanfacin are centrally active antihypertensive drugs that share the central otj-adrenoceptor- stimulating effects of clonidine.
| 2 |
Phenoxybenzamine
|
Methyl dopa
|
Propanolol
|
Prazosin
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Hypertensive
|
fcc56d00-74ea-4881-aa0f-7a8116bb1ce3
|
multi
|
Local anaesthetics act by?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Na channel inhibition inside gate Local anesthetics act by inhibiting Na' channels from inside. Mechanism of action of LA Local anaesthetics block generation and conduction of nerve impulse at all pa of neuron where they come in contact, without causing structural damage. Thus not only sensory but motor impulses and autonomic control is also interrupted. Mechanism of action Normally Na+ channel in axonal membrane has following phases : Recovery Resting (close) - Active (open) - Inactive (open) LAs prolong the inactive state --> channel takes longer to recover - refractory period of the fiber is increased. LAs first penetrate the axonol membrane to come inside and then their active species (cationic form) bind to Net' channel from inside. Cationic form (active form) is able to approach its receptor only when the channel is open at the inner face - So resting nerve is resistant to block as Na' channels are not activated and cationic form is not able to approach its receptor. So blockade develops rapidly when the nerve is stimulated repeatedly. Degree of blockade is frequency dependent greater blockade at higher frequency of stimulation. Exposure to higher concentration of Ca' reduces inactivation of Na' channels and lessens the block. Order of blockade of fibres B > C > AS> Ace, (3 & y (Autonomic > Sensory > Motor). Order of recovery is in reverse order. Among sensory afferent order of block is : Temperature (cold before heat) > Pain > touch > deep pressure. When applied to tongue, bitter taste is lost first followed by sweet and sour, and salty taste last of all. Myelinated nerves are blocked earlier than nonmyelinated. Smaller fibres are more sensitive than larger fibres.
| 1 |
Na channel inhibition inside gate
|
Na channel inhibition outside gate
|
K channel inhibition inside gate
|
K channel inhibition outside gate
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
72832056-1a34-4afc-b3c0-15ab645866f8
|
single
|
APACHE II score involves all except?
|
Ans. (d) Serum amylaseRef-.Harrison 19th edition, Chapter 267* Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II is the most commonly used Severity of illness scoring system in America* Age, type of ICU admission (after elective surgery vs. nonsurgical or after emergency surgery), a chronic health problem score, and 12 physiologic variables (the most severely abnormal of each in the first 24 h of ICU admission) are used to derive a score.* The predicted hospital mortality is derived from a formula that takes into account the II score, the need for emergency surgery, and a weighted, disease-specific diagnostic categoryVITALS* Rectal temperature, degC* Mean blood pressure, mmHg* Heart rate* Respiratory rate* Arterial Ph* Oxygenation* If Flo2>0.5,use(A-a)Do2* If Fo2 <0.5, use Pao2LABS* Serum sodium, meq/L* Serum potassium, meq/L* Serum creatinine, mg/dL* Hematocrit* WBC count, 103/mL* Glasgow Coma ScorePoints Assigned to AgeAge, Years<4545-5455-6465-74>75Points Assigned to Chronic HealthNoneIf patient is admitted after elective surgeryIf patient is admitted after emergency surgery or for reasons other than after elective surgery
| 4 |
GCS
|
Arterial PH
|
Mean BP
|
Serum amylase
|
Medicine
|
C.N.S.
|
ac1ed5cb-10a1-443f-9681-fec5b0b07000
|
multi
|
Extensive surgical debridement, decompression or amputation may be indicated in the following clinical setting except
|
Superficial thrombophlebitis management This is a superficial venous thrombosis. An abnormal endothelium is a much more common precipitating factor than in most DVTs. Common causes include external trauma (especially to varicose veins), venepunctures and infusions of hyperosmolar solutions and drugs. The presence of an intravenous cannula for longer than 24-48 hours often leads to local thrombosis. Some systemic diseases such as thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) and malignancy, especially of the pancreas, can lead to a flitting thrombophlebitis (throm bophlebitis migrans), affecting different veins at different times. Finally, coagulation disorders such as polycythaemia, thrombocytosis and sickle cell disease are often associated, as is a concomitant DVT. The surface vein feels solid and is tender on palpation. The overlying skin may be attached to the vein and in the early stages may be erythematous before gradually turning brown. A linear segment of vein of variable length can be easily palpated once the inflammation has died down. A full blood count, coagulation screen and duplex scan of the deep veins should usually be obtained. Any suggestion of an associated malignancy should be investigated usingappropriate endoscopy and imaging studies, such as an abdominal CT scan. Most patients are treated with non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs and topical heparinoid preparations and the condition resolves spontaneously. Rarely, infected thrombi require incision or excision. Ligation to prevent propagation into the deep veins is almost never required, although some advocate saphenofemoral ligation when the thrombus is seen on ultrasound to be at the SFJ. Associated DVT or thrombophilia is treated by anticoagulation. Ref: Bailey and love 27th edition Pgno : 990
| 2 |
Progressive synergistic gangrene
|
Acute thrombophlebitis
|
Acute haemolytic streptococcal cellulitis
|
Acute rhabdomyolysis
|
Surgery
|
Urology
|
3ab8556a-cfe0-4697-955b-ed8e6ac7025d
|
multi
|
Acetyl CoA is used for synthesis of following, except :
|
Acetyl-CoA is the third branch point of primary metabolic control, and coordinates carbohydrate, ketone, and fat/lipid pathways.Acetyl-CoA is the product of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid catabolism.Acetyl-CoA is a substrate for the citric acid cycle and can be oxidized to generate energy. It is not used for the synthesis of non ketogenic amino acids only. Ref:Valencik M.L., Mastick C.C. (2012). Chapter 10. Metabolism and Vitamins/Minerals. In L.W. Janson, M.E. Tischler (Eds), The Big Picture: Medical Biochemistry.
| 4 |
Carbohydrates
|
Ketone bodies
|
Cholesterol
|
Non-ketogenic amino acids only
|
Biochemistry
| null |
2dfc018a-a08b-442b-b15d-97089cadfd28
|
multi
|
All of the following are absolute indications for tonsillectomy, except
|
Recurrent throat infections, peritonsillar abcess, tonsillitis causing febrile seizures, hyperophy of tonsils causing sleep apnoea or speech interference and any suspicion of malignancy are absolute indications for tonsillectomy.
| 4 |
Recurrent attacks
|
Peritonsillar abscess
|
Suspected malignancy
|
Acute tonsillitis
|
ENT
| null |
045e8869-370f-448f-ab38-51026b71a102
|
multi
|
Which of the following is found in secondary granules of neutrophils?
|
Neutrophils have two main types of granules
The smaller specific (secondary) granules contain lysozyme, collagenase, gelatinase, lactoferrin, plasminogen activator, histaminase, and alkaline phosphatase.
The larger azurophil (primary) granules contain myeloperoxidase, bactericidal factors (such as defensins), acid hydrolases, and a variety of neutral proteases (elastase, cathepsin G, nonspecific collagenases, proteinase).
Reference-Robbins BASIC PATHOLOGY 10th edition pg-68
| 4 |
Catalase
|
Gangliosidase
|
Proteolytic enzyme
|
Lactoferrin
|
Pathology
| null |
7d79045b-b41e-43a2-a60a-fc716e0146bc
|
single
|
Deep peroneal nerve doesn't supply -
|
Muscles of anterior compartment of leg are supplied by deep peroneal nerve.
Muscles of lateral compartment of leg (Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis) are supplied by superficial peroneal nerve.
| 4 |
Tibialis anterior
|
Extensor hallucis longus
|
Extensor digitorum longus
|
Peroneus brevis
|
Anatomy
| null |
3139ed09-d99e-4d07-9dd4-4e6970ffb50c
|
multi
|
In carcinoma base of tongue pain is referred to ear through
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Glossopharyngeal Referred otalgiao As ear receives nerve supply from Vth (auriculotemporal branch), IXth (tympanic branch) and IXth (auricular branch) cranial nerves; and from C2 (lesser occipital) and C2 and C3 (greater auricular), pain may be referred from these remote areas.Via IXth cranial nerveDental: - Caries tooth, apical abscess, impacted molar, malocclusion.Oral cavity: - Benign or malignant ulcerative lesions of oral cavity or tongue.Temporomandibular joint disorders: - Bruxism, osteoarthritis, recurrent dislocation, ill-fitting denture.Sphenopalatine neuralgiaVia IXth cranial nerveOropharynx : - Acute tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, tonsillectomy. Benign or malignant ulcers of soft palate, tonsil and its pillars.Base of tongue: - Tuberculosis or malignancyElongated styloid process.Via Xth cranial cerve : Malignancy or ulcerative lesion of vallecula, epiglottis, larynx or laryngopharynx, oesophagus.Via C2 and C3 spinal nerves : Cervical spondylosis, injuries of cervical spine, caries spine.
| 3 |
Trochlea
|
Olfactory
|
Glossopharyngeal
|
Abducent
|
Unknown
| null |
49f1fecd-7312-4130-b863-bc903b143a14
|
single
|
Clinical feature(s) seen in Kwashiorkar is/are _______
|
Kwashiorkar is a form of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) characterized by edema and apathy. Edema is most likely to appear first on the feet and then in the lower legs. It can develop into generalized edema affecting the hands, arms and face. Moon face Skin changes include depigmentation of skin, dermatoses, dark, cracked peeling patches (flaky paint dermatosis) with pale skin underneath that is easily infected Hair is sparse, easily pulled out, and may turn reddish. Flag Sign: Alternating bands of hypopigmented and normal pigmented areas on hair strand The liver is often enlarged with fat (fatty liver) The children are miserable and apathetic and often refuse to eat Muscle wasting and growth failure is seen Villous atrophy of small intestine and diarrhea Marasmus (severe wasting) is characterized by simian facies, wrinkled old-man appearance, loose wrinkled skin with marked wasting of fat and muscle, and fretful and irritable behaviour Ref: Nelson Textbook of pediatrics 21st edition Pgno: 337
| 4 |
Loose wrinkled skin
|
Hunger pangs
|
Simian facies
|
Edema and apathy
|
Pediatrics
|
Nutrition
|
3e5973c2-aeb0-4eb2-af12-f3d0e279d71f
|
single
|
A 25 year old male presented with pigmentation of nose and pinna. After voiding, his urine becomes dark. His spine is most likely to show-
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Calcification of disc Clinical features of the patient suggests the diagnosis of AlkaptonuriaClinical problems arise from degenerative changes in articular cartilage with the development of ochronotic arthritis and from calcification of intervertebral discsOther clinical features areScleral pigmentation (Foci of grey brown pigments)Generalized darkening of concha, anthelix and finally helixPigmentation of heart valves, larynx, and tympanic membranes develops.Urine turns black on exposure
| 4 |
Atlantoaxial subluxation
|
Spondyloptosis
|
Basilar invagination
|
Calcification of disc
|
Medicine
|
Immunology and Rheumatology
|
5fa14400-41b8-4ce0-a818-366aa60d0d05
|
single
|
Following is a doctrine related to negligence -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e. Therapeutic misadventureo Diagnostic or Therapeutic misadventure is the occurrence of misadventure causing injury or death of the patient due to inherent risk of procedure or drug, e.g. adverse effects of a drug. It is unintentional.Doctrines related with negligence1) Resp Ipsa Loquitar (fact speaks for itself)2) Calculated risk doctrine3) Doctrine of common knowledge4) Diagnostic or Therapeutic misadventure5) Medical maloccurance (inevitable accident or Act of god)6) Novus Actus Interveniens (an unrelated action intervening)7) Contributory negligence8) Vicarious responsibility (Liability)9) Borrowed servant doctrine (captain of the ship doctrine)10) Product liability.
| 1 |
Therapeutic misadventure
|
Privileged communication
|
Professional secrecy
|
All of the above
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Medical Negligence
|
58e3aad7-3bf0-4c97-91f7-8921f050ee8c
|
multi
|
On one side kidney is normal, while other side kidney is contracted with scar, what is the most probable diagnosis?
| null | 1 |
Chronic pyelonephritis
|
Polycystic kidney
|
Renal artery stenosis
|
Tuberculosis of kidney
|
Pathology
| null |
273c5c46-008c-4682-ba1a-caff1e7f8bd4
|
single
|
If amphotericin B is administered, the patient should be premedicated with :
| null | 4 |
Diphenhydramine
|
Ibuprofen
|
Prednisone
|
Any of the above
|
Pharmacology
| null |
fd13bbce-af48-4b91-a89f-e543ee73ceda
|
multi
|
Cytokine causing fever -
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., IL-6 Pyrogeneso Pyrogenes are substances that cause fever,o Pyrogens may be exogenous or endogenousExogenous - Bacterial toxinsEndogenous - IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6, Interferons, Ciliory's neurotropic factoro These pyrogenes increase the level of PGE2 in the hypothalamus that elevates the thermoregulatory set point and causes fever.
| 1 |
IL-6
|
IFN-y
|
IL-18
|
EL-4
|
Pathology
|
Cellular Pathology
|
4974b9cf-fd74-44eb-91a2-7f8e757cde99
|
single
|
Best diagnosed with USG at first trimester
|
Ans. A. Anencephaly Ref: DC Dutta's obstetric p408ExplanationIn the first half of pregnancy, the diagnosis of anencephaly is made by elevated alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and confirmed by sonography.Question not recalled properly: Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome, its cause was asked.ExplanationCaused by low levels of vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin).The characteristic features are# Megaloblastic anemia.# Proteinuria (-50% cases)# Normal kidney function.Typically begins in infancy or early childhood.Symptoms include:# An inability to grow and gain weight at the expected rate (failure to thrive),# Pale skin (pallor),# Excessive tiredness (fatigue), and# Recurring gastrointestinal or respiratory infections.# Other features include mild neurological problems, such as weak muscle tone (hypotonia), numbness or tingling in the hands or feet, movement problems, delayed development, or confusion.Mutations in the AMN or CUBN gene. The AMN gene provides instructions for making a protein called amnionless, and the CUBN gene provides instructions for making a protein called cubilin which are in turn responsible for uptake of Vit bl2 in body.Management is symptomatic.
| 1 |
Anencephaly
|
NT defects
|
Meningocele
|
Option not recalled
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Diagnosis in Obstetrics
|
6c1cb10e-322b-4353-8013-8af60bb3496f
|
multi
|
GFR is increased when -
|
D i.e., Increased renal blood flow
| 4 |
Plasma oncotic pressure is increased
|
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is decreased
|
Tubular hydrostatic pressure is increased
|
increased renal blood blow
|
Physiology
| null |
455b0fb6-8f82-45ec-8b73-18dae822ad64
|
single
|
What is the investigation going on in Ophthalmology examination
|
Goldmann Applanation tonometry Gold standard. Based on Imbe Fick law. If cornea is thinner than reading is falsely low. If cornea is thicker, it is falsely high. Applanation tonometry Other Options Pachymetry: Corneal thickness Biometry: Calculation of Power of IOL to be implanted after cataract surgery LASER interferometry: used to detect the maximum visual potential of the eye
| 2 |
Pachymetry
|
Tonometry
|
Biometry
|
LASER interferometry
|
Ophthalmology
|
Glaucoma
|
9ff6b905-2f3e-494e-acd9-29b9f652c918
|
single
|
The most common site of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is
|
The commonest site of origin of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is fossa of Rosenmuller in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx.
Tumor can spread to the following areas:-
Cranium through foramen lacerum & ovale → cranial nerves involvement (III, IV, V, VI); facial pain, and ophthalmic symptoms.
Parapharyngeal space → cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII) involvement, Horner's syndrome, Trismus (Pterygoid muscle).
Retropharyngeal nodes → Neck pain & stiffness.
Eustachian tube → Serous OM.
Nose and orbit → Obstruction, epistaxis, proptosis.
Cervical nodes → Upper jugular and posterior triangle nodes enlargement.
Distant metastasis → Lung, liver, bone.
Middle ear → Rarely, tumor grows up the tube into the middle ear.
| 1 |
Fossa of Rosenmuller
|
Palatine tonsils
|
Antrochoanal region
|
Valleculae
|
ENT
| null |
d3e6c147-9f15-47dd-947a-d18672c91161
|
multi
|
All of them are true about ERG except
|
Electroretinography (ERG) is the record of changes in the resting potential of the eye induced by a flash of light. Components of normal electroretinogram (ERG) a-wave. It is a negative wave possibly arising from the rods and cones (photoreceptors). b-wave. It is a large positive wave which is generated by Muller's cells, but represents the activity of the bipolar cells . c-wave. It is also a positive wave representing metabolic activity of pigment epithelium (seen only in dark adapted eye). A flash ERG requires a large area of retina to be abnormal for being detectable and thus in macular disorder where only small pa of retina is involved , flash erg doesn't detect it
| 4 |
Measures the potential difference of the neurosensory layer of retina
|
The negative A wave is produced by the hyperpolarization of the photoreceptors
|
The positive B wave is due to the bipolar and Muller's cells
|
Flash ERG is a good for detection of macular diseases
|
Ophthalmology
|
Ophthalmology Q Bank
|
07316690-c74a-4cb6-a150-c7e5ffdffee4
|
multi
|
Contracted socket occurs because of all the following except:
|
Ans. Loss of fatty tissue during surgery of enucleation
| 4 |
Chronic low grade infection
|
Chronic mechanical irritation
|
Irradiation
|
Loss of fatty tissue during surgery of enucleation
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
51152600-c7d3-4f9c-8fac-32cd0ba10f44
|
multi
|
In a population of 100 prevalence of candida glabrata was found to be 80%. If the investigator has to repeat the prevalence with 95% confidence what will the prevalence be
|
Confidence Intervals for Population proportions (For 95% Confidence)
CI = P + 2 SEP = P + 2 √pq/n
Here, P=0.80 (80%); p=0.80;
q= 1-p = 1-0.80 = 0.20;
n=100 CI = 0.80 + 2 √0.8*0.2/100
= 0.80 + 0.08
= 0.72, 0.88 (72%, 88%)
| 2 |
78-82%
|
72-88%
|
76-84%
|
74-86%
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
e4ccb23b-38bb-4fa7-b97b-a64e391f75be
|
single
|
Trendelenburg test is positive in which of the following condition:
|
In L5 S1 PIVD Superior gluteal nerve is effected which supplies the abductors of hip i.e Gluteus medius and minimus causes trendelenburg gait. TRENDELENBURG SIGN Normally when the body weight is suppoed on one limb, the glutei (medius and minimus) of the suppoed side contract and raise the opposite and unsuppoed side of pelvis If the abductor mechanism is defective the unsuppoed side of pelvis drops- positive Trendelenburg's test. It is positive in the conditions in which any of the three??"fulcrum (Femoral Head), lever arm (neck length) or power (muscles/nerve) is affected. In other conditions superior gluteal nerve is not affected.
| 2 |
L3 L4 PIVD
|
L5 S1 PIVD
|
Synovitis of the hip
|
Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome
|
Orthopaedics
|
Pelvis and Hip Injury
|
5d303c62-b64a-489d-884b-26244ac98d3d
|
single
|
Primitive streak develops from?
|
Around day 14, the epiblast cells form primitive streak,. Notochord is formed by the mesoderm cells developed by epiblast cells.
| 3 |
Mesoderm
|
Hypoblast
|
Epiblast
|
Neural plate
|
Anatomy
|
JIPMER 2017
|
0c42b8ac-dd4d-46bf-b973-82b0cba88d0f
|
single
|
Fluid flow in and out of the dentinal tubules is proportional to the tubule diameter by:
|
Fluid flow in dentin tubules follows Poiseuille’s law as all tubular structures:
| 4 |
Third power of the diameter
|
Sixth power of the diameter
|
Square of diameter
|
Fourth power of diameter
|
Dental
| null |
032f4678-6fba-431a-8e64-c1e1bed96c2e
|
single
|
Primary closure of incised wounds must be done within:
|
WOUNDS CAN BE CLOSED BY
Primary suture:
- Clean wounds
- Selected contaminated wounds after thorough wound toileting and debridement
Delayed primary suture:
- Heavily contaminated wounds
- Wounds in which wound toileting has been delayed for 6-8 hours
Left open to heal by secondary closure
| 3 |
2 hours
|
4 hours
|
6 hours
|
12 hours
|
Surgery
| null |
ec8c9812-a433-4583-abd0-17ac263f9e1c
|
single
|
Dose of MgSO4 in asthma is
|
Bronchodilators Bronchodilator therapy is central to the management of breathlessness. The inhaled route is preferred and a number of different agents delivered by a variety of devices are available. Choice should be informed by patient preference and inhaler assessment. Sho-acting bronchodilators may be used for patients with mild disease but longer-acting bronchodilators are usually more appropriate for those with moderate to severe disease. Significant improvements in breathlessness may be repoed despite minimal changes in FEV1, probably reflecting improvements in lung emptying that reduce dynamic hyperinflation and ease the work of breathing. Oral bronchodilator therapy, such as theophylline preparations, may be contemplated in patients who cannot use inhaled devices efficiently but their use may be limited by side-effects, unpredictable metabolism and drug interactions; hence the requirement to monitor plasma levels. Orally active, highly selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors remain under appraisal. Combined inhaled glucocoicoids and bronchodilators The fixed combination of an inhaled glucocoicoid and a LABA improves lung function, reduces the frequency and severity of exacerbations and improves quality of life. These advantages may be accompanied by an increased risk of pneumonia, paicularly in the elderly. LABA/inhaled glucocoicoid combinations are frequently given with a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA). LAMAs should be used with caution in patients with significant hea disease or a history of urinary retention. Oral glucocoicoids Oral glucocoicoids are useful during exacerbations but maintenance therapy contributes to osteoporosis and impaired skeletal muscle function, and should be avoided. Oral glucocoicoid trials assist in the diagnosis of asthma but do not predict response to inhaled glucocoicoids in COPD. Pulmonary rehabilitation Exercise should be encouraged at all stages and patients reassured that breathlessness, while distressing, is not dangerous. Multidisciplinary programmes that incorporate physical training, disease education and nutritional counselling reduce symptoms, improve health status and enhance confidence. Most programmes include two to three sessions per week, last between 6 and 12 weeks, and are accompanied by demonstrable and sustained improvements in exercise tolerance and health status. Oxygen therapy Long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy (LTOT) improves survival in selected patients with COPD complicated by severe hypoxaemia (aerial PaO2 < 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg)). It is most conveniently provided by an oxygen concentrator and patients should be instructed to use oxygen for a minimum of 15 hours/ day; greater benefits are seen in those who use it for more than 20 hours/day. The aim of therapy is to increase the PaO2 to at least 8 kPa (60 mmHg) or SaO2 to at least 90%. Ambulatory oxygen therapy should be considered in patients who desaturate on exercise and show objective improvement in exercise capacity and/or dyspnoea with oxygen. Oxygen flow rates should be adjusted to maintain SaO2 above 90%. Surgical intervention Bullectomy may be considered when large bullae compress surrounding normal lung tissue. Patients with predominantly upper lobe emphysema, preserved gas transfer and no evidence of pulmonary hypeension may benefit from lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), in which peripheral emphysematous lung tissue is resected with the aim of reducing hyperinflation and decreasing the work of breathing. Both bullectomy and LVRS can be performed thorascopically, minimising morbidity. Lung transplantation may benefit carefully selected patients with advanced disease (p. 567). Other measures Patients with COPD should be offered an annual influenza vaccination and, as appropriate, pneumococcal vaccination. Obesity, poor nutrition, depression and social isolation should be identified and, if possible, improved. Mucolytic agents are occasionally used but evidence of benefit is limited. Palliative care Addressing end-of-life needs is an impoant, yet often ignored, aspect of care in advanced disease. Morphine preparations may be used for palliation of breathlessness in advanced disease and benzodiazepines in low dose may reduce anxiety. Decisions regarding resuscitation should be addressed in advance of critical illnes Magnesium sulfate is a bronchodilator. It relaxes the bronchial muscles and expands the airways, allowing more air to flow in and out of the lungs. This can relieve symptoms of asthma, such as shoness of breath. initial loading dose 2 gm over a period of 20 minutes where infused Ref Davidson edition23rd pg 577
| 2 |
8 g i.v. over 20 minutes
|
2g infused over 20 minutes
|
2g i.v. over 40 minute
|
6 g i.V. over 40 minutes
|
Medicine
|
Respiratory system
|
cd92d5f0-697a-4575-9627-372c780d3e0d
|
single
|
A 10-year-old boy has a fracture of the femur. The biochemical evaluation revealed Hb 11.5 gm/dl and ESR 18 mm 1 hour, serum calcium 12.8 mg/dl, serum phosphorus 2.3 mg/dl, alkaline phosphatase 28 KA units and blood urea 32 mg/dl. Which of the following is the most probable diagnosis in his case?
| null | 3 |
Nutritional rickets
|
Renal rickets
|
Hyperparathyroidism
|
Skeletal dysplasia
|
Medicine
| null |
1403e13d-49ef-46f5-a09d-5b4e94a1da85
|
single
|
Trendelenburg test is positive due to injury to which of the following nerve?
|
Superior Gluteal A positive Trendelenburg is relatively non-specific and may indicate:Pain (e.g. due to osteoahritis of the hip joint)Weak hip abductors (gluteus medius, gluteus minimus)Sho femoral neck/ fracture of neckDislocation or subluxation of the hipNeuropathyGluteus medius and minimus are supplied by Superior Gluteal nerve. Trendelenburg testNormally when a person is made to stand on one leg, the hip abductors of the ipsilateral side raise the opposite and the unsuppoed side of the pelvis. If the abductor mechanism is defective, the unsuppoed side of the pelvis drops and this is known as positive Trendelenburg test.The abductor mechanism consists of:The hip abductors i.e. Glutei medius and minimus supplied by Superior Gluteal nerveThe fulcrum formed by the hip jointThe weight transmitted by the head and neck of femurFailure of any of the component of the abductor mechanism may result in positive Trendelenburg test.
| 3 |
Obturator
|
Sciatic
|
Superior Gluteal
|
Inferior Gluteal
|
Anatomy
| null |
b6e6c105-e7aa-4a62-9795-3cedeb34a6d4
|
single
|
True about area specific Curette is
| null | 4 |
Used in specific areas
|
Curved in two planes
|
One cutting edge is used
|
All of the above
|
Dental
| null |
fbb18cdd-fd65-4e17-a4e5-383606d62b89
|
multi
|
Nerve supply of opponens pollicis ?
|
Hand muscles supplied by median nerve are :- i) Thenar muscles (except adductor pollicis) :- Flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis. Adductor pollicis is supplied by ulnar nerve. ii) First two lumbricals. Hand muscles supplied by ulnar nerve are :? 1) Superficial terminal branch : It supplies palmaris brevis and skin of palmar surface of medial 1% fingers. 2) Deep terminal branch : It supplies adductor pollicis, all interossei, medial two (3rd & 4th)lumbricals and all hypothenar muscles except palmaris brevis (i.e. abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi).
| 3 |
Superficial branch of ulnar nerve
|
Deep branch of ulnar nerve
|
Median nerve
|
Posterior interosseous nerve
|
Anatomy
| null |
dbe45c6e-1d35-4144-bd42-c38a7b729e4a
|
single
|
A patient presented with splenomegaly, anemia & shows reticulocytosis with increased bone marrow cellularity. The diagnosis is:
|
Hemolytic anemia - reticulocytosis with splenomegaly is seen. Skull and skeletal deformities can occur in childhood due to a marked increase in hematopoiesis and resultant bone marrow expansion
| 2 |
Pernicious anemia
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
Myelofibrosis
|
Hairy cell leukemia
|
Medicine
|
Thalassemia
|
4da94c06-23ef-48cc-89ff-4d90acd1a09c
|
single
|
Laboratory test of ANUG is:
| null | 2 |
Complement fixation
|
Dark field examination
|
Tissue culture
|
Animal inoculation
|
Dental
| null |
fa303bdd-78b4-401c-bd0c-6eb5761b88fb
|
single
|
Which is pleuripotent stem cell ?
|
Answer- A. Embryonic stem cellStem cellsEmbryonic stem cells : These are pleuripotent cellsAdutt stem cells
| 1 |
Embryonic stem cell
|
Tissue stem cell
|
Adult stem cell
|
Hematopoietic stem cell
|
Pathology
| null |
5253206a-3350-434a-9d8d-182361ab086e
|
single
|
Which of the following statement is true regarding time of ovulation?
|
Ans. c. Occurs after follicular ripening by FSH (Ref: Williams Obstetrics 23/e p355-356: Ganong 22/e p438: Shaw's 13/e p212)Follicular phase is under control of FSH and LH. Both FSH and LH is responsible for follicular ripening, but a surge in LH secretion triggers ovulation.OvulationLH surge is primarily caused by 'positive feedback' from sustained levels of estrogen.A surge in LH secretion triggers ovulation.A surge in LH secretion triggers ovulation and ovulation normally occurs about 9 hours after the peak of LH surge at midcycle.Tests of OvulationBasal body temperature:BBT falls at the time of ovulation by about 1/2 degree FahrenheitQ.Subsequently, during the progestational half of the cycle the temperature is slightly raised above the preovulatory level, and the rise is order of 1/2 to 1 degreeQ.This phenomenon is due to the thermogenic action of progesteroneQ, and is therefore presumptive evidence of presence of functioning corpus luteum and hence ovulation.Endometrial BiopsyDone preferably one or two days before the onset of menstruationQSecretary changes prove that the cycle has been ovulatoryQEndometrium should be subjected to guinea pig inoculation and culture to rule out genital tuberculosis which is present in 5-10 % of Indian women complaining of sterilityToday, endometrial biopsy is omitted as a routine investigation or infertility and ovulation best monitored by serial ultrasound scanning. Endometrial biopsy is taken only in suspected tubercular endometritisFern TestCervical mucus, when viewed under low power microscope it shows during the oestrogenic phase, a characteristic pattern of fern formationQ.This feming disappears after ovulation, and if previously present its disappearance is presumptive evidence of corpus luteum activity.The ferning is due to the presence of sodium chloride in the mucus secreted under estrogen effectQOvulation mucus has the property of great elasticity and will withstand stretching upto 10 cm, phenomenon is k/a Spinnbarkeit or thread testQ for estrogen activity.UltrasoundUltrasound has now become the standard procedure for monitoring maturation of the graffian follicle, and in detecting imminent ovulation in in-vitro fertilization and timing intercourse.This requires daily ultrasonic visualization of ovaries from 10th to 16th day of menstrual cycle.
| 3 |
Occurs before LH surge
|
Occurs after biphasic rise in basal body temperature
|
Occurs after follicular ripening by FSH
|
Occurs after disappearance of cervical mucus thickening
|
Physiology
|
Sex Hormones
|
145c914b-4e49-46a7-950d-5b12e8beb4c6
|
multi
|
Not true regarding Choledochal cyst
|
Choledochal cyst Cystic dilation of the biliary ducts, more common in females Clinical features. Classical triad : Pain, jaundice (intermittent) & abdominal mass(10%). Most common symptom in infants : Jaundice (in 80%) Most common symptom in patients >2 years of age : Abdominal pain. In children, the major clinical symptoms are recurrent abdominal pain (81.8%), nausea & vomiting (65.5%), mild jaundice (43.6%), an abdominal mass (29%), and fever (29%) In adults, abdominal pain (87%), and jaundice (42%), and present frequently. Less common clinical findings include nausea (29%), cholangitis (26%), pancreatitis (23%), and an abdominal mass(13%) Treatment of choice is Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1511
| 4 |
Epigastric mass
|
Jaundice
|
Pain in abdomen
|
Cystojejunostomy is the treatment of choice
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
59afed95-2a68-4532-b556-679715e25a2c
|
multi
|
Maximum contribution to atomospheric air is-
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., N2 * The constituents of air:-# Major - Nitrogen (N2) - 78.1 %, Oxygen (O2) - 20.93%, Carbon dioxide (CO2) - 0.03%# Minor - Argon, neon, krypton, xenon, helium, water vapour, traces fo ammonia, suspended matter (dust, bacteria, spores, vegetable debris).
| 1 |
N2
|
O2
|
CO2
|
Helium
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Environment and Health
|
735f7a0f-5bef-4714-b9ee-e0849a025d03
|
single
|
Ring Enhancing lesion In AIDS patient is Most Likely due to?
|
*Toxoplasmosis and CNS lymphoma are the major differentials for a Ring Enhancing lesion in AIDS Patients Toxoplasmosis produces Eccentric target sign within a ring Enhancing lesion
| 4 |
Cryptococcosis
|
Hydatid Cyst
|
Neurocysticercosis
|
Toxoplasmosis
|
Radiology
|
Neuroradiology
|
5232a258-3e43-481c-b532-093247683875
|
single
|
Which group of drugs is most effective for the healing of Non steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) induced gastric ulcer-
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Proton pump inhibitors o Drug of choice for NSAIDs induced peptic ulcer ---> PPIs o Most specific drug for NSAIDs induced peptic ulcer --> Prostaglandin analogue.
| 3 |
Prostaglandin analogues
|
H2-receptor antagonists
|
Proton pump inhibitors
|
Antacids
|
Pharmacology
| null |
eb379b18-9f1c-476e-8bf8-d7379165ce9d
|
single
|
Mature RBC contains all except -
|
Ans:B .) Enzymes of TCA cycle Erythrocytes (RBC) lack mitochondria (so TCA cycle enzymes) and completely rely on glucose as their metabolic fuel. They metabolize it by anaerobic glycolysis.
| 2 |
Enzyme of HMP shunt pathway
|
Enzyme of TCA cycle
|
Glycoytic enzymes
|
Pyridine nubleotides
|
Biochemistry
| null |
20d27f25-9a0e-45a3-90cb-770510dd8905
|
multi
|
A patient developed fixed drug eruptions after taking ceain medications. Which of the following drug will give rise to these skin lesions in this patient?
|
A fixed drug eruption (FDE) is an adverse cutaneous reaction to an ingested drug, characterized by the formation of a solitary (but at times multiple) erythematous patch or plaque. Most commonly implicated agents in fixed drug eruptions: Tetracyclines (tetracycline, minocycline) Sulfonamides, other sulfa drugs Metronidazole, nystatin, salicylates, NSAIDs, phenylbutazone, phenacetin Barbiturates Oral contraceptives Quinine (including quinine in tonic water), quinidine Phenolphthalein Food coloring (yellow): in food or medications Ref: (2013). Section 23. Adverse Cutaneous Drug Reactions1. In Wolff K, Johnson R, Saavedra A.P. (Eds), Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology, 7e.
| 4 |
Phenolphthalein
|
Aspirin
|
Dapsone
|
All of the above
|
Skin
| null |
4ae73ffd-8a1a-4027-a0f2-53aedcc25fef
|
multi
|
A woman with amenorrhea is having negative progesterone challenge test but has bleeding on combined estrogen-Progesterone challenge. What can be the cause -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Pituitary tumor Negative progesterone challenge test - which rules out PCOD - (otherwise too, PCOD is a cause of secondary amenorrhea).When next step was done i.e., estrogen, progesterone combined test - It comes out to be positive i.e., compament I system (uterus, endometrium and outflow tract) is normal if properly stimulated by estrogen which rules out mullerian agenesis and ashermann syndrome.Positive estrogen progesterone combined test means the defect is in the production of estrogen i.e., either ovaries, pituitary or hypothalamus.
| 4 |
Anovulation
|
Asherman syndrome
|
Pregnancy
|
Pituitary tumor
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
62677977-9490-48c1-9bdf-53aeb9c29e52
|
multi
|
Multiple bih are commonest among .
|
Negroes
| 4 |
Indians
|
Mongol
|
Caucasians
|
Negroes
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
e502d008-2b2d-4d51-bf8d-16e223930803
|
single
|
Given immediately in hemorrhagic shock:
|
Ans. (c) CrystalloidsRef: Bailey & Love 26th ed. /16-17* Crystalloid is the first fluid of choice for resuscitation. Immediately administer 2 L of isotonic sodium chloride solution or lactated Ringer's solution in response to shock from blood loss. Fluid administration should continue until the patient's hemodynamics become stabilized. Because crystalloids quickly leak from the vascular space, each liter of fluid expands the blood volume by 20-30%; therefore, 3 L of fluid needs to be administered to raise the intravascular volume by 1 L.* About the use of RL and NS in hemorrhagic shock, it has been shown that Resuscitation with NS modulates hypercoagulability after trauma and results in increased fluid requirements Administration of RL during resuscitation appears to have no effect on the hypercoagulable state induced by trauma. This hypercoagulable state may reduce bleeding and be protective initially, but may lead to thromboembolic complications later in the course of trauma admission. Due to this reason RL may be preferred in the trauma (hemorrhagic shock) in the initial phase over NS.* As the RL is a little hypotonic solution large volume of RL in patients with head injury may lead to cerebral oedema therefore NS may be preferred over LR in patients of hemorrhagic shock with head injury. (Also remember that head injuries may also precipitate hyponatremia. The most common metabolic abnormality after head injury is SLADH).
| 3 |
Packed RBC
|
Colloids
|
Crystalloids
|
Isotonic fluids
|
Surgery
|
Shock
|
33c5c465-cede-4f8e-8a99-9130a4dd3726
|
multi
|
Structures passing through the sigmoid (mandibular) notch are:
|
The upper border of the ramus of mandible is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid process anteriorly and the condyloid process posteriorly, separated by a deep concavity, the mandibular notch, or sigmoid notch. It allows the passage of the masseteric nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) division of the trigeminal nerve), masseteric artery and masseteric vein.
| 3 |
Auriculotemporal nerve
|
Mandibular nerve
|
Masseteric nerve and vessels
|
Chorda tympani
|
Anatomy
| null |
56bae87c-e4fd-4917-836d-50c4efb72115
|
single
|
All are first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, except: TN 06; UPSC 08; Karnataka 11; NIMHANS 11; NEET 13; PGI 14
|
Ans. Perplexity
| 4 |
Audible thoughts
|
Thought broadcasting
|
Voice arguing or discussing or both
|
Perplexity
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
a024155b-39c1-4ed3-bfb9-17f61086557d
|
multi
|
Intralobar sequestration of lung takes its blood supply from -
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Descending abdominal aorta o A sequestration consists of normally developed bronchioles and alveoli supplied by systemic rather than pulmonary arteries.o This blood supply is from the Aorta either above or below the diaphragm.o Mostly fapprox 95%) this is from the descending thoracic aorta.o Other characteristic features of sequestration -They occur most commonly in the lower lobes, L > RLung sequestrations are of two typesIntralobar (~75%)Extralobar (~25%)o Draing through pulmonary veinso Are in communication with tracheobronchial tree o Prone to infection and lung abscess formationo Drain into the azygous venous systemo Do not communicate with lungo Commonly asymptomatico Associated with congenital diaphragmatic herniaTreatmentIntralobar sequestration - LobectomyExtralobar sequestration - Excision
| 2 |
Internal mammary artery'
|
Descending abdominal aorta
|
Pulmonary artery
|
None of the above
|
Surgery
|
Miscellaneous (Lung)
|
31e4b89a-2134-4643-ad21-2e35db11a5ff
|
multi
|
a 25 year old female presented to the hospital on 3rdday of menstruation with complaints of high fever vomiting and rash on her trunk and extremities. on investigations she had leukocytosis and negative blood culture. she is diagnosed as :
|
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute, febrile illness produced by a bacterial exotoxin, with a fulminating downhill course involving dysfunction of multiple organ systems. It is not unusual for the syndrome to develop from a site of bacterial colonization rather than from an infection. A woman with TSS may develop rapid onset of hypotension associated with multiorgan system failure. Medical Management I/V fluids to stabilize blood pressure I/V antibodies to fight source of infection For GAS infection- clindamycin (600 mg -900 mg IV 8h) Or combined therapy, in which penicillin G (4 million U IV 8h) is combined with clindamycin. ref : ananthanaryana 9th ed
| 3 |
staphylococcal food poisoning
|
scalded skin syndrome
|
toxic shock syndrome
|
varicella zoster infection
|
Microbiology
|
All India exam
|
98c89f05-78e6-4707-9a87-5f58c9d5541d
|
single
|
In centrilobular (centriacinar) emphysema, there is an abnormal, permanent enlargement of the -
|
. Respiratory bronchioles
| 1 |
Respiratory bronchioles
|
Alveolar ducts
|
Small bronchi
|
Bronchioles
|
Pathology
| null |
0ce08041-75d4-4142-8ffd-479727108fb7
|
multi
|
Absent ankle jerk and extensor plantar response is found in -
| null | 1 |
Friedreich's ataxia
|
Tabes dorsalis
|
SACD
|
Vit B deficiency
|
Medicine
| null |
1349d9a4-85de-4a0b-9c22-fed2a40be6ee
|
single
|
Adrenaline is added to lignocaine to prolong its effect and decrease its absorption into blood stream in a ratio of :
| null | 3 |
1:50,000
|
1:100,000
|
1:200,000
|
1:500,000
|
Pharmacology
| null |
aaff3b32-064a-4b4b-a486-2c9f453524b5
|
single
|
The treatment for a child with cherubism is
| null | 2 |
surgical excision
|
cosmetic surgery after puberty
|
radiation
|
Enbloc dissection
|
Pathology
| null |
1396001d-1606-4185-9338-20aea9759565
|
single
|
Final common pathway of metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids and protein metabolism is?
|
ANSWER: (C) TCAREF: Lippincott's biochemistry 4th ed page 109, Harper's 28th ed page 306See Biochemistry 2013 Session 2 for details of TCA/kerb cycle cyde is an aerobic pathway, because O2. is required as the final electron acceptor. Most of the body's catabolic pathways converge on the TCA cyde. Reactions such as the catabolism of some amino adds generate intermediates of the cycle and are called anaplerotic reactions. The citric add cycle also participates in a number of important synthetic reactions. For example, the cycle functions in the formation of glucose from the carbon skeletons of some amino acids, and it provides building blocks for the synthesis of some amino acids and heme.
| 3 |
Glucogenesis
|
Gycolysis
|
TCA
|
HMP pathway
|
Biochemistry
|
Kerbs Cycle
|
aa1c6808-490b-4f14-bea3-166204b191a3
|
single
|
Stapes footplate covers :
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e. Oval window Oval window is present in the medial wall of the middle ear. It is covered by foot plate of stapes.The other window round window is also present on the medial wall. It is covered by secondary tympanic membrane.Role of these 2 windows in hearingOval window -It receives sound vibration and transmits it to labyrinth.Round window -It acts as a relief window - Absence or damage of either of these windows will lead to loss of movement of cochlear fluids resulting in conductive hearing loss.
| 2 |
Round window.
|
Oval window.
|
Inferior sinus tympani.
|
Pyramid
|
ENT
|
Anatomy of Middle Ear (Otitis Media)
|
250b27e1-ef5c-4d9c-a2f5-941f667658d6
|
single
|
Newborn 7 days old with vomiting and dehydration clinical examination was normal except for hyperpigmentation of nipple. Electrolytes Na: 120 meq. K: 9 meq. most likely diagnosis -
|
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to a defect in CYP21A2 is suggested by episodes of acute adrenal insufficiency with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, dehydration & vomiting
| 1 |
Cong, adrenal hyperplasia
|
Primary hypothyroidism
|
Panhypopituitarism
|
Pyloric stenosis
|
Medicine
| null |
6f42d1c8-efc6-4530-8639-a82d86abeee4
|
multi
|
Volume of air taken in and given out during normal respiration is referred to as:
|
B i.e. T V
| 2 |
IRV
|
TV
|
ERV
|
VC
|
Physiology
| null |
49287ccd-a21d-4b27-9998-0f6b82efd783
|
single
|
Which of following anti-gout drugs act by inhibiting the enzyme xanthine oxidase?
|
DRUGS USED IN CHRONIC GOUT Group Mechanism Drugs Uric acid synthesis inhibitors Xanthine oxidase inhibitors Allopurinol, Febuxostat Uricosuric agents URAT-1 transpoer inhibitors Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone, Benzbromarone, Lesinurad Recombinant uricase Cause oxidation of urate to allantoin Rasburicase, Pegloticase
| 3 |
Probenecid
|
Rasburicase
|
Allopurinol
|
Sulfinpyrazone
|
Pharmacology
|
NSAIDs, Gout and Rheumatoid Ahritis
|
f9aabc30-53a9-42e5-867c-765c2ae6d687
|
multi
|
Salvizol is a root canal irrigants with composition:
|
SALVIZOL
Salvizol is a detergent suggested for irrigating root canals during instrumentation. It is a root canal chelating irrigant, N1-decamethylene-bis-4-aminoquinaldinium-diacetate. Kaufman et al, has showe that salvizol, with a neutral pH level has a broad spectrum of bactericidal.
| 1 |
N1- decamethylene-bis-4aminoquinaldinium-dia-cerate.
|
bis-dequalinium acetate.
|
4-chlorophenyl rings.
|
None.
|
Dental
| null |
1538ad81-c5d6-44f8-8eae-8e7f79db9e1a
|
multi
|
All the following statements about leukotriene modifers in the management of bronchial asthma are true except
|
Leukotriene modifers ( monteleukast,zafirulukast) may be considrrco as alternatives to low dose inhaled coicosteroids in patients with mild persistent asthma . Has no role in treating acute severe asthma Ref Harrison 19th edition pg 1673
| 1 |
May be used for acute asthma
|
May be used for exercise induced asthma
|
Zileuton is leukotriene modifer
|
May uncover chrug Strauss syndrome
|
Anatomy
|
Respiratory system
|
ff19a991-e8b2-49be-aa7a-53a50259d184
|
multi
|
Which of the following passes through the foramen magnum?
|
Foramen magnum transmits Lower end of medulla Anterior spinal aery Posterior spinal aery 4th pa of veebral aery Spinal pa of XIth nerve Other structures: Apical ligament and tip of dens, membrana tectoria, veical band of Cruciate Ligament.
| 1 |
Veebral aery
|
XII cranial nerve
|
Cranial pa XIth nerve
|
Internal carotid aery
|
Anatomy
|
Cranial cavity
|
b72479e8-cef8-4efb-8110-f8e674fd0fe8
|
single
|
The most common cause of trismus is due to infection in muscle:
|
The most common cause of trismus is due to infection adjacent to muscles of jaw closure i.e., masseter, medial pterygoid, temporalis mostly due to involvement of pericoronal, submasseteric, and pterygo mandibular spaces.
| 2 |
Masseter
|
Medial pterygoid
|
Temporalis
|
All of the above
|
Surgery
| null |
6adc7aa4-93f0-4bf8-840e-c436dd9f6e38
|
multi
|
A soldier from Siachen came in emergency. How will you rule out hypothermia?
|
Ans. (B) Rectal temperature style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif">(Ref: ?)Preferred is two sites temperature check--rectal and esophageal.In the given clinical scenario rectal temperature would be preferred site to measure the core body temperature.During the low or high temperature like in Siachen, the axillary and the oral temperature are highly misleading and should not be used to measure the core body temperature.Infrared tympanic thermometer measures the temperature of the eardrum which is the representative of core body temperature. However, more often the thermometer is not inserted adequately or for safety reason they are manufactured in such way that they do not reach deep into ear canal or contains cerumen which can disturb the measurement. Hence the Infrared thermometer more commonly delivers the temperature of ear canal, cerumen and hence not a reliable method of measuring he core body temperature.
| 2 |
Oral temperature
|
Rectal temperature
|
Nasal temperature
|
Infrared tympanic probe
|
Medicine
|
Infection
|
c9e64b59-0bbc-4586-9f2b-af26f288072a
|
single
|
Intestinal angina is a symptom complex of the following-
| null | 2 |
Postprandial abdominal pain, weight loss, acute mesenteric vessel occlusion
|
Postprandial abdominal pain, weight loss, chronic mesenteric vessel occlusion
|
Preprandial abdominal pain, weight loss, chronic mesenteric vessel occlusion
|
Preprandial abdominal pain, weight gain acute mesenteric vessel occlusion
|
Medicine
| null |
1ac8c6a9-6ddd-4894-b751-7cd884f1007c
|
single
|
Which of these doesn't present with granulomatous Vasculitis?
|
Ans. (d) Microscopic polyangitisRef: Harrison 19th ed. / 2186* MPA is characterized by pauci-immune, necrotizing, small vessel vasculitis without clinical or pathological evidence of granulomatous inflammation* The family of vasculitic granulomatoses comprise# Wegener s granulomatosis# Necrotising sarcoidal granulomatosis# Churg-Strauss syndrome# Lymphomatoid granulomatosis# Polyarteritis nodosa# Bronchocentric granulomatosis# Giant cell arteritis# Systemic lupus erythematosus.
| 4 |
Polyarteritis nodosa
|
Wegeners
|
Churg strauss syndrome
|
Microscopic polyangitis
|
Medicine
|
Immunology and Rheumatology
|
46b5220e-c194-4d2d-85ac-edf334c286a1
|
single
|
The drug possessing antagonistic action at histamine, serotonin and muscarinic receptors is :
| null | 3 |
Promethazine
|
Terfenadine
|
Cyproheptadine
|
Hydroxyzine
|
Pharmacology
| null |
e3aa9a46-6044-4638-9cf9-b1c3692f895c
|
single
|
Following can be used in the treatment of myoclonic seizures except –
|
Drugs used in myoclonic epilepsy
Valproate (DOC)
Lamotrigine
Topiramate
Clonazepam
Felbamate
Zonisamide
| 2 |
Valporate
|
Carbamazepine
|
Topiramate
|
Zonisamide
|
Pediatrics
| null |
6cdded3b-3a13-458c-bcbc-bb158541a1f2
|
multi
|
Which histopathological type of odontogenic keratocyst is commoner, more invasive & has a greater tendency for recurrence?
| null | 2 |
Orthokeratinised
|
Parakeratinised
|
Non-keratinised
|
Diskeratinised
|
Pathology
| null |
01b12082-4c81-4de7-bc29-8e270ffd8339
|
single
|
Mushroom cap sign in MRI is seen in:-
|
Rectosigmoid endometriosis: - The endometrial deposit on rectum causes proliferation of muscularis propria and the surrounding tissues which is seen as "mushroom cap sign" in T2 weighted MRI.
| 4 |
IIeocaecal TB
|
Pulmonary endometriosis
|
Ovarian endometriosis
|
Rectal endometriosis
|
Radiology
|
Women Imaging
|
f2e310b1-00ed-42bc-a457-d35731e94aad
|
single
|
Left axis deviation is seen in which of the following cyanotic congenital heart disease
|
Left axis deviation seen in tricuspid atresia (TA), since it is the only cyanotic congenital heart disease with Left ventricle dominance
| 3 |
TAPVC
|
TGA
|
TA
|
TOF
|
Medicine
| null |
7c152931-ecc4-4619-b471-478c922dae45
|
single
|
A patient presents with fever. Peripheral smears shows band across the erythrocytes. Diagnosis is ?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., P malariae Band across erythrocytes (band-form trophozoites) is characteristic of P malariae.
| 4 |
P Falciparum
|
P vivax
|
P ovate
|
P malariae
|
Microbiology
| null |
d15156dd-6810-4cbc-a473-b4825f37f41a
|
single
|
Which of the following statements about 'Late Expanding Phase of Demographic Cycle' is TRUE?
|
In late expanding phase of demographic cycle death rates declines faster than the bih rate and there is a steady decrease in the demographic gap. In this state population grow at a steadily decreasing rate. Most of the developing countries are now at early expanding and late expanding stages of demographic cycle. Ref: Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine By K. Park, 19th Edition, Page 379; Foundations of Community Medicine By Dhaar, 2nd Edition, Page 667
| 3 |
Bih Rate is lower than Death Rate
|
High Death Rate and High Bih Rate
|
Death Rate declines more than Bih Rate
|
Death Rate begins to decline while Bih Rate remains unchanged
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
e338a46c-10d4-4a71-85de-bb3e9ad66237
|
multi
|
Which among the following is NOT a feature of Consolidation?
|
ANSWER: (D) Trachea shifted to side of consolidationREF: Oxford Handbook of Clinical Examination and Practical Skills by James Thomas, TanyaMonaghan Page 212"Trachea is in midline in consolidation because consolidation does not change the mediastinalposition"SIGNS OF CONSOLIDATION:Increased vocal fremitusDullness on percussionBronchial breath soundsTrachea in midline
| 4 |
Increased Vocal fremitus
|
Dull note on percussion
|
Bronchial breath sounds
|
Trachea shifted to side of consolidation
|
Medicine
|
Pneumonia, Bronchiectasis, and Lung Abscess
|
04824ae9-dc1d-4b93-9e79-93394865ada5
|
single
|
A drug that is NOT contraindicated in G–6 PD deficiency is :
| null | 4 |
Primaquine
|
Nitrofurantoin
|
Dapsone
|
INH
|
Pharmacology
| null |
6a4bf30a-5c3b-407e-a813-fa07e533e85a
|
single
|
Commonest salivary gland tumour in children -
|
Most common tumor of salivary gland in children - Hemangioma.
Most common malignant tumor of salivary gland in children - Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma.
After hemangioma, pleomorphic adenoma is the most Common salivary gland neoplasm.
| 4 |
Lymphoma
|
Adenoid cystic Ca
|
Pleomorphic adenoma
|
Mucoepidermoid Ca.
|
Pathology
| null |
c5196421-d1f9-4cfc-95b0-1055be5dbeab
|
single
|
Best way to prevent hypotension during spinal anesthesia
|
A i.e. Preloading with crystalloids
| 1 |
Preloading with crystalloids
|
Mephentermine
|
Dopamine
|
Tredelenbug's position
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
c1fb2fc0-8c36-43b8-ae66-fb37eeba2623
|
multi
|
All ofthe following are associated with normal pressure spontaneous CSF leaks, Except -
| null | 1 |
Pseudo tumor Cerebri
|
Empty Sella Syndrome
|
Encephalocele
|
Meningiocele
|
Medicine
| null |
1060b908-721a-4f0a-ae58-8b37e61b3092
|
multi
|
Following pattern in DNA electrophoresis is seen in
|
.
| 1 |
Apoptosis
|
Necrosis
|
Dyplasia
|
Metaplasia
|
Anatomy
|
All India exam
|
5044b7a0-0fae-41cf-b43b-db46e5d18274
|
single
|
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